Aib Ga30+ - 45+ 2013 (2020 - 05 - 10 02 - 10 - 34 Utc)
March 31, 2023 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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Atgas Mhpmh
Hdg-dkoemte` rhtary smrew mhlpresshrs
IA =2+, IA =9+, IA =9, IA 05+, IA 05
Lakuag `e dkstruéíh
Lakuag `e Dkstruéões para Mhlpresshres
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IA =2 , IA =9 , IA =9 = 9, IA 05 , IA 05
Khta `e Mhpyrdif Quagquer ush kíh authrdza`h hu a mýpda `h mhkteÿ`h hu `e quagquer parte `h leslh ä prhdjd`h. Dsth renere-se partdmugarlekte a larmas mhlermdads, `ekhldkaéíh `e lh`eghs, kÿlerh `as peéas e `hs `esekfhs. Este lakuag ä vágd`h para mhlpresshres mhl kÿlerh `e särde superdhr a JZR266251.
K² 2215 222= 4> - 29/:21=
Yej-sdte? fttp?//www.atgasmhpmh.mhl.jr
IAZAKPDA] A Atgas Mhpmh asseiura ah Mhktratakte, `urakte h perìh`h e mhk`déões a`dakte renerd`hs, iaraktda quakth ah mhkserth hu reparaéíh, a tìtugh iratudth, `h prh`uth vek`d`h hu `e seus mhlphkektes hu amessýrdhs `e najrdmaéíh prýprda que vekfal a apresektar mhlprhva`hs `enedths `e najrdmaéíh, `es`e que kíh seoal prhvekdektes `e lag ush hu mugpa `h Mhktratakte. Hs prazhs `e iaraktda síh mhkta`hs a partdr `a `ata `a eldssíh `a(s) khta(s) ndsmag(ds), estek`ek`h-se? a.
para mhlpres mhlpresshres shres estamd estamdhkárdh hkárdhs hu phrtáteds phrt áteds? ? 16 (`ezhdth) (`e zhdth) leses leeses apýs aeeeldssí ldssíhh leses `a khtapara ndsmag ndsma hu 1: (`hze) (`hze) leses leses apýs apýs a ektreia tämkdma, prevagemek`h hsprazh que hmhrrer prdledrh, :0 (vdkte quatrh) hgegelekth mhlpresshr.
j.
para hutrhs equdpalekths? equd palekths? pegh perìh`h per ìh`h `e 16 (`ezhdth) (`ezhdth ) leses apýs a eldssíh `a khta ndsmag hu 1: (`hze) leses apýs a ektreia tämkdma, prevagemek`h h prazh que hmhrrer prdledrh.
Kekful reparh, lh`dndmaéíh hu sujstdtudéíh, sujstdtudéíh, a tìtugh `e iarak iaraktda, tda, prhrrhiará hs prazhs amdla amdla,, quer para h equdpalekth el sd, quer para hs amessýrdhs hu mhlphkektes sujstdtuì`hs. As iaraktdas dkstdtuì`as pegh presekte dkstrulekth renerel-se exmgusdvalekte ahs mhlphkektes `e najrdmaéíh prýprda. Mhl regaéíh a mhlphkektes, lhthres e amessýrdhs najrdma`hs phr termedrhs, as iaraktdas síh as estajegemd`as peghs respemtdvhs najrdmaktes, e `e sua exmgusdva resphksajdgd`a`e. A endmámda `as presektes iaraktdas está mhk`dmdhka`a â dle`data mhlukdmaéíh phr esmrdth `h Mhktratakte â Atgas Mhpmh shjre h `enedth mhkstata`h, sek`h expressalekte prhdjd`a quagquer dktervekéíh `h Mhktratakte Mhktratakt e hu `e termedrhs kh prh`uth hu equdpalekth, shj peka `e per`a `a iaraktda. Faverá per`a `e iaraktda khs mashs `e? a.
mhlpresshre mhlpresshress estamdhkár estamdhkárdhs dhs dkstaga` dkstaga`hs hs hu lhkta`hs lhkta`hs pegh pegh Mhktratak Mhktratakte, te, sel vdsthrda vdsthrda e aprhvaéíh aprhvaéíh `a `a Atgas Atgas Mhpmh3 Mhpmh3 exmeth exmeth hs hs lh`eghs IV.
j.
ausïkmda `e Ektreia Pämkdma, Pämkdma, pega Atgas Mhpmh3
m.
lakutekéíh lakutekéíh dka`equ dka`equa`a a`a hu dkmhrreta dkmhrreta `hs equdpalekths equdpalekths hu prh`uths, prh`uths, dkmgudk dkmgudk`h? `h? (d) reagdzaéíh reagdzaéíh `e `e lh`dndmaéõ lh`dndmaéões es kíh authrdza`as3 e (dd) dkhjservêkmda `as dkstruéões `a Atgas Mhpmh quakth â lakutekéíh, gujrdndmaéíh `endmdekte hu drreiugar3
`.
elprei elpreihh `e peéas peéas hu ames amessýr sýrdhs dhs kíh kíh hrdidk hrdidkads ads hu hu kíh aprhv aprhva`h a`hss pega pega Atga Atgass Mhpmh3 Mhpmh3
e.
ush dka dka`eq `equa` ua`hh hu hu dkmhr dkmhrret rethh `h `hss equd equdpal palekt ekths hs hu prh`u prh`uths ths33
n. i.
shjrem shjremari ariaa `e trajag trajagfh fh kíh prev prevdal dalekt ektee authrdz authrdza`a a`a pega pega Atgas Atgas Mh Mhpmh pmh,, phr esmrd esmrdth3 th3 `esi `esias aste te khr khrla lagg `hs `hs equd equdpa pale lekt kths hs hu hu prh` prh`ut uths hs33
f.
`akhs `emhrr `emhrrekte ektess `e mash nhrtudt nhrtudthh hu `e nhréa ladhr ladhr,, mhlh hs resugta` resugta`hs hs `e dkmïk`dh, dkmïk`dh, dkuk`a dkuk`aéões éões,, `epre`aéíh `epre`aéíh,, ireve, tulugth hu aéões `akhsas `h iïkerh, ektre hutrhs3
d.
traksp traksphrt hrtee dka`equa dka`equa`h, `h, arlaze arlazekal kalekt ekthh drreiuga drreiugarr hu prhghk prhghkia` ia`hh prhvd`ek prhvd`ekmda mda`h `h pegh Mhktra Mhktratak takte3 te3 e
o o..
estar h Mhktratakte el lhra hu dka`dlpgekte dka`dlpgekte kh paialekth `h preéh estajegemd`h estajegemd`h pegh mhktrath `e ^ek`a ^ek`a e Mhlpra.
Kekful `enedth `e najrdmaéíh najrdmaéíh ph`erá ser mhksd`era`h lhtdvh ousth para h Mhktratakte Mhktratakte nagtar ah mulprdlekth `as hjrdiaéões que gfe dkmuljel ka nhrla `este dkstrulekth e `a prhphsta dkmgusa. Hs servdéhs regamdhka`hs âs presektes iaraktdas seríh exemuta`hs kas hndmdkas prevdalekte authrdza`as pega Atgas Mhpmh, sek`h `e resphksajdgd`a`e `h Mhktratakte a ektreia e retdra`a `hs prh`uths kesses ghmads, e as respemtdvas `espesas `e traksphrte e seiurh. A mrdtärdh exmgusdvh `a Atgas Mhpmh, hs servdéhs el iaraktda ph`eríh ser presta`hs khs estajegemdlekths `h Mhktratakte. Keste mash, th`as as `espesas regamdhka`as regamdhka`as mhl qudghletraiel hu passaiel aärea, telph `e vdaiel, agdlektaéíh e fhspe`aiel `e tämkdmhs e/hu lemêkdmhs `everíh ser paias pegh Mhktratakte. :
2215 222= 4>
Ìk`dme 1 1.1 1.: 1.= 1.0
Rremauéões `e seiurakéa Ìmhkes `e seiurakéa Rremauéões `e seiurakéa ierads Rremauéões `e seiurakéa `urakte a dkstagaéíh Rrem Rremau auéõ éões es `e `e seiu seiura raké kéaa `uar `uarkt ktee h nukmdhkalekth Rremau Rremauéõe éõess `e seiura seiurakéa kéa `uarkte `uarkte a lakut lakuteké ekéíh íh hu reparh ◃
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P Aevgdashpr`dkemmdphartge ne nukmdhkalekth Mhrte `e nukmdhkalekth Avdsh `e assdstïkmda @esghmalekth atraväs `e th`as as tegas Am Ames essh sh âs âs telp telper erat atur uras as `e `e saì` saì`aa e `h phkth `e hrvagfh Amessh âs fhras `e nukmdhkalekth Amessh âs partd`as `h lhthr Amessh âs fhras `h lý`ugh Amessh âs fhras `e nukmdhkalekth el maria Amessh ah regä `e maria Ames messh sh/r /rea earl rlee `h tel telph phrd rdza za`h `hrr `e ass assds dstï tïkm kmda da ]egeéíh ]egeéíh ektre ektre mhktrhg mhktrhgee ghmag, ghmag, re relhth lhth hu hu phr GAK Amessh/lh` Amessh/lh`dndmaé dndmaéíh íh `h mhktrhge mhktrhge `h ek`ereéh MAK Amessh/lh`dndmaéíh `e DR, DR, IAPEY IAPEYA AT e lásmara `e suj-re`e Amessh/lh` Amessh/lh`dndmaé dndmaéíh íh `hs parêletrhs parêletrhs `a jak`a `e pressíh Lh`dndmaéíh `a segeéíh `a jak`a `e pressíh Amessh/lh` Amessh/lh`dndmaé dndmaéíh íh `hs `hs parêletr parêletrhs hs ``hh telphrdza`hr `e assdstïkmda Ames Amessh sh/l /lh` h`dn dndm dmaé aéíh íh `a uk ukd` d`a` a`ee `e `e tel telpe pera ratu tura ra Amessh/lh`dndmaéíh `a ukd`a`e `e pressíh Atdvaéíh Atdvaéíh `a repartd`a repartd`a authlát authlátdma dma apýs apýs nagfa nagfa `e mhrrekte Amessh/lh Amessh/lh`dndma `dndmaéíh éíh `h `h telph telph `e atrash atrash `e maria Amessh/lh Amessh/lh`dndma `dndmaéíh éíh `h telph `e
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4 4 1: 10 15 19 19 16 51
5: 5: 5= 50
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==..05 =.> =.9 =.6 =.4
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Zeiuga`hr Egectrhkdchk® Zeiuga`hr Egectrhkdchk® Radkeg `e mhktrhge Ìmhkes utdgdza`hs kh vdshr
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= =.1 =.: =.=
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9
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=.:4 Amessh/lh`d Amessh/lh`dndmaé ndmaéíh íh `hs parêletrhs parêletrhs `e prhteéíh =.=2 Pe Pegas `e teste =.=1 ]ervd`hr YEJ =.=: Rarêletrhs prhiraláveds ◃
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0 0.1 0.: 0.= 0.0 0.5 0.> 0.9 0.6 0.4 0.12 0.11 0.1: 0.1= 0.10 0.15 0.1>
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>5 >5 >> >> >>
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>0
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>=
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para`a lìkdl =.:9 para Atdv`a aéílìkdlh h `a phrhteéíh phr RA]]YHZ@ =.:6 =.:6 Atdvar a `eterldkaéíh `a pressíh relhta `e maria/`esmaria ◃
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2215 222= 4>
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>>
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>9
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>6 >4 >4 9=
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9> 9> 99 96 62 6: 6: 60 65 65 6> 66 64 42 42 41 45
00..1196 ] Leervkdu`hpraY ssw hr` `h usuárdh EJ 0.14 Rarêletrhs prhiraláveds ◃
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5 5.1 5.: 5.=
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> >.1 >.: >.= >.0
Dkstagaéíh @esekfhs `dleksdhkads Rrhphsta `e dkstagaéíh Gdiaéões egätrdmas Rdmthiralas
9 9.1 9.: 9.= 9.0 9.5 9.>
Dkstruéões `e nukmdhkalekth Rartd`a dkdmdag Ates `a partd`a Rartd`a @urakte h nukmdhkalekth ^erdndmaéíh `h vdshr Rara`a
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125 12> 129 126 124
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120 125 125
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445> 44
12: 12: 12:
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H]Md (hpmdhkag) D k t r h `u é í h Hperaéíh Mh Mhgh ghma maéí éíhh e nu nukm kmdh dhka kale lekt kthh (mhldssdhkalekth) 5.0 Rdmthiralas 5.5 Pegas e avdshs `h Egectrhkdchk® 5.> @a`hs @a`hs apre apresek sekta` ta`hs hs `ura `urakte kte h nukmd nukmdhka hkalek lekth th khrlag 5.9 Avds hs 5.6 Lakutekéíh 5.4 Cdts `e assdstïkmda 5.12 ]hguéíh `e prhjgelas ◃
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111 111 11= 11> 119 11 6 116 114 1:2 1:1 1:: 1::
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>1 >1 >1 >: >: >: >: >=
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Zeiuga`hr Egectrhkdchk® Irapfdm Zeiuga`hr Egectrhkdchk® Irapfdm Radkeg `e mhktrhge Ìmhkes utdgdza`hs Pega prdkmdpag Amessh a lekus Leku `e ektra`as Leku `e saì`as Mh M h k t a ` hr e s ]egeéíh `h lh`h `e mhktrhge Leku assdstïkmda Leku setphdkt (vaghr estajegemd`h) Leku fdstýrdmh `e evekths Lh`dndmaéíh `as `endkdéões ierads Leku dknh (dknhrlaéíh) Leku `h regýidh selakag Leku teste
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55>> 59 59 56
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=.:>
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=.:5
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=.:: =.:= =.:0
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=.14
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=.19
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=.12 =.11 =.1: =.1= =.10 =.15 =.1>
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5 5 5 5
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@esmrdéíh ierag D kt r h ` ué í h Ng Nguxh `e ar ]dstela `e ýgeh ]dstela `e renrdieraéíh ]dstela `e mhk`eksa`hs ]dstela `e reiugaiel ]dstela egätrdmh ]ema`hr `e ar ◃
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: :.1 :.: :.= :.0 :.5 :.> :.9 :.6
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1.5
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9.9
Zetdra`a `e nukmdhkalekth
1:=
>9 =
6 6.1 6.: 6.= 6.0 6.5
Lakutekéíh Rrhirala `e lakutekéíh prevektdva Espemdndmaéões `e ýgeh Arlazekaiel apýs dkstagaéíh Cdts `e assdstïkmda Egdldkaéíh `h laterdag usa`h
4 4.1 4.:
Aoustes e prhme`dlekths `e assdstïkmda Lhthr `e amdhkalekth Ndgtrh `e ar
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12
]hguéíh `e prhjgelas
11 11.1 11.: 11.= 11.0 11.5 11.> 11.9 11.6
@a`hs tämkdmhs Gedturas kh vdshr @dleksíh `hs majhs egätrdmhs e nusìveds Dkterrupthres `h sema`hr Rarêletrhs `h `dsoukthr (Q15) Rarêletrhs `h regä `e shjremaria (N:1) Mhk`déões `e renerïkmda e gdldtaéões @a`hs `h mhlpresshr @a`hs tämkdmhs `h reiuga`hr Ege Egectrh trhkdchk®
1:
Dk Dkst stru ruéõ éões es pa para ra utd utdgd gdza zaéí éíhh `h reservatýrdh `e ar
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Hrdektaéões para dkspeéíh
10
@d @dre retd tdva vass reg regat atdv dvas as a eequ qudp dpal alek ekth thss shj pressíh ◃
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Dknhrlatdvh aljdektag
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Dkst Dkstru ruéõ éões es pa para ra ut utdg dgdz dzaé aéíh íh `h va vash sh separa`hr `e ar-ýgeh
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109 106
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1= 0 1=0 1=0 1=4 1=4 1=4 1=4 102 105 10>
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11::46 1=2 1=2
1= 1
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1: 6 1:6 1:6
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1=
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15
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L Zeus`nradkaé`ahr`ees ýgeh e `h ndgtrh `e ýgeh ^ágvugas `e seiurakéa Dkstruéões `e lakutekéíh `h sema`hr ◃
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44..=0 4.5 4.>
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1: = 1:= 1:9 1:9 1:9 1:9
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104 10 4
As dkstruéões mhl regaéíh ah prhme`dlekth `e arlazekaiel e lakutekéíh `hs mhlphkektes egätrdmhs (dkvershr, mfave `e partd`a shnt start, padkeg egätrdmh, lhthres egätrdmhs) `evel ser mhksugta`as khs lakuads `h nhrkeme`hr (el nhrlath egetrðkdmh) que ä ektreiue oukth mhl h mhlpresshr". 0
2215 222= 4>
1
Rremaué auéões `e `e se seiurakéa
1.1 Ìm Ìmhhke kess ` `ee se seiurak urakéa éa
9.
H prhp prhprde rdetá tárdh rdh ä res resph phks ksáv áveg eg phr phr lakte lakterr a ukd` ukd`a` a`ee el esta`h `e nukmdhkalekth seiurh. As peéas e amessýrdhs `evel ser sujstdtuì`as se nhrel dka`equa`hs para ul nukmdhkalekth seiurh
6.
Kíh ä pperl erldtd dtd`h `h ak`a ak`arr hu perlak perlakeme emerr ka ukd`a` ukd`a`ee hhuu khs khs seus mhlphkektes.
Expgdmaéíh Rerdih `e vd`a
1. 1.== Rr Rrem emau auéõ éões es ` `ur urak akte te a dkst dkstag agaé aéíh íh A Atgas Mhpmh kíh se resphksajdgdza phr quadsquer `akhs hu nerdlekths resugtaktes `h nath `e se keigdiekmdar estas premauéões, hu `evd`h â kíh hjservêkmda `hs mud`a`hs kemessárdhs ka dkstagaéíh, hperaéíh, lakutekéíh hu reparh, leslh que kíh expressalekte lekmdhka`as.
Avdsh Khta dlphrtakte dlphrtakte
1.:
Rre Rremau mauéõe éõess `e `e sseiu eiurak rakéa éa `urakt `uraktee a dks dkstag tagaéí aéíhh
1.
1.
H hper hpera`h a`hrr `eve `eve a`ht a`htar ar prát prátdma dmass `e tra trajag jagfh fh seiu seiuras ras e respedtar th`hs hs requdsdths e `dsphsdéões `d sphsdéões geiads ghmads regamdhka`hs mhl seiurakéa `h trajagfh.
A láqud láqudka ka ape apekas kas `eve `eve ser ser geva gevakta kta`a `a mhl mhl a aou`a aou`a `e `e equdpalekth a`equa`h e `e amhr`h mhl a geidsgaéíh g eidsgaéíh `e seiurakéa ghmag. Reéas shgtas hu artdmuga`as `everíh ser aperta`as `e nhrla seiura, aktes `e se prhme`er ah gevaktalekth `a láqudka. Ä estrdtalekte prhdjd`h passar hu perlakemer ka zhka `e rdsmh sdtua`a ajadxh `e ula
:.
]e agiula agiula `as seiudk seiudktes tes `eterl `eterldka dkaéõe éõess kí kíhh es estdv tdver er el el mhknhrld`a`e mhl a geidsgaéíh ghmag, `eve apgdmar-se a lads rdihrhsa.
maria suspeksa. amegeraéíh a `esamegeraéíh `esamegeraé íh kh gevaktalekth `everíhAser laktd`ase`ektrh `e gdldtes seiurhs. Usar mapamete `e prhteéíh ah trajagfar ka área `e equd palekths suspekshs hu `e egevaéíh.
=.
Hs trajagf trajagfhs hs `e dks dkstaga tagaéíh éíh,, hper hperaéí aéíh, h, lakutek lakutekéíh éíh e repa repa-rh apekas `evel ser enetua`hs phr tämkdmhs authrdza`hs e mhl nhrlaéíh espemdagdza`a.
0.
Kí Kíhh se mhks mhksd`e d`era ra h mhlp mhlpres ressh shrr mapa mapazz `e prh` prh`uz uzdr dr ar ar respdráveg. Rara se hjter ar respdráveg, h ar mhlprdld`h `eve ser a`equa`alekte purdndma`h, `e amhr`h mhl a geidsgaéíh e khrlas ghmads.
5.
Aktes Aktes `e quagqu quagquer er hperaé hperaéíh íh `e lakute lakutekéí kéíh, h, reparh reparh hu aouste, hu `e quagquer verdndmaéíh que kíh seoa `e rhtdka, parar par ar h mhlp m hlpres resshr, shr, pres p ressdh sdhkar kar h jhtíh jh tíh `e para` pa ra`aa `e
Rremauéões ierads
eleriïkmda, Agäl `esgdiar a ekerida egätrdma e`e`espressurdzar mhlpresshr. `dssh, h semmdhka`hr mhrrekte `eve`ev e-h rá ser ajerth e jghquea`h. El ukd`a`es agdlekta`as phr ul mhkvershr `e nrequïkmda, aiuar`e seds ldkuths aktes `e enetuar quagquer reparh egätrdmh.
>.
:.
A ukd`a` ukd`a`ee `estd `estdkaka-se se a utd utdgdz gdzaéí aéíhh el ddkte kterdh rdhr. r. ]e a ukd` ukd`a`e a`e nhr dkstaga`a kh exterdhr, `evel ser thla`as premauéões espemdads3 mhksugtar h seu nhrkeme`hr.
=.
Mhghm Mhghmar ar a láq láqud udka ka el el ul ghmag ghmag hk`e hk`e h ar aljd aljdek ekte te seo seoaa h lads nresmh e gdlph phssìveg. ]e kemessárdh, dkstagar ul `uth `e suméíh. Kíh hjstrudr a ektra`a `e ar. @eve-se ter h mud`a`h `e ldkdldzar a ektra`a `e uld`a`e kh ar `e a`ldssíh.
0.
Quads Quadsque querr ngaki ngakies es meias meias,, juoõe juoões, s, talpa talpass e samhs samhs aktdm aktdmhkhk`eksaéíh `everíh ser relhvd`hs aktes `e se prhme`er â gdiaéíh `hs tujhs.
5.
]e a láqudka estdver equdpa`a mhl ula nukéíh `e repartd`a r epartd`a authlátdma apýs nagfa `e mhrrekte e se esta nukéíh estdver atdva, mhksd`erar que a láqudka ä parte authlatdmalekte quak`h a mhrrekte nhr restajegemd`a, dsth kh mash `e a láqudka estar trajagfak`h kh lhlekth `e dkterrupéíh `a mhrrekte!
As lakiue lakiuedra drass ``ee aarr `ever `everíh íh ser `h talakf talakfhh mhrr mhrreth eth e a`equa`as para a pressíh `e trajagfh. Kíh utdgdzar lakiuedras iastas, `akdndma`as hu `eterdhra`as. Hs tujhs `e `dstrdjudéíh e as gdiaéões `everíh ser `h talakfh mhrreth e a`equa`hs para a pressíh `e trajagfh.
>.
H ar aspd aspdra` ra`hh `ever `everáá ser ser dsekt dsekthh `e iase iases, s, vaph vaphres res hu partìmugass dkngaláveds, partìmuga dkngaláveds, mhlh, phr exelpgh, `dsshgvektes, `dsshgvektes, que phssal prhvhmar dkmïk`dhs hu expghsões dkterkhs.
9.
Kí Kíhh jrdk jrdkma marr mhl mhl h ar mhl mhlprd prdld ld`h `h.. Kíh Kíh apgd apgdma marr h ar â prýprda pege hu `drdidr ul oath `e ar a agiuäl. Kukma usar h ar para gdlpar suoedra `as rhupas. Ah usar ar mhlprdld`h para gdlpar equdpalekths, nazï-gh mhl irak`e mud`a`h e usar prhteéões hmugares.
Rrepar Rreparar ar a ekt ektra` ra`aa ``ee ar ar `e nhrla nhrla qque ue rhupas rhupas garias garias kíh seoal suia`as.
6.
Mertdnd Mertdndmar mar-se -se `e que h tujh tujh `e agìvdh agìvdh `h mhlpre mhlpressh sshr r para h resnrda`hr ndkag hu para a re`e `e ar ph`e se expak`dr mhl h maghr e `e que kíh está el mhktath mhl laterdads dkngaláveds hu perth `hs leslhs.
2215 222= 4>
5
4.
Kíh ph`e ph`e ser ser exerm exermd`a d`a qu quagq agque uerr nhréa nhréa exte exterdh rdhrr shjre shjre a vágvuga `e saì`a `e ar3 h tujh gdia`h kíh `eve estar suoedth a teksões.
12. 12.
]e estdve estdverr dkstaga dkstaga`h `h ul mhktrhge mhktrhge relhth, relhth, a láqud láqudka ka `everá `everá phssudr ul sdkag jel vdsìveg mhl a dk`dmaéíh? REZDIH? Esta láqudka ä mhktrhga`a â `dstêkmda e ph`e partdr sel avdsh. Aktes `e se enetuar quagquer hperaéíh `e lakutekéíh hu reparh, h hpera`hr `eve mertdndmar-se `e que a láqudka está e `e que a mfaveasierag está que ajerta e jghquea`a. Rarapara`a ula ladhr prhteéíh, pesshas mhktrhgal láqudkas â `dstêkmda `everíh thlar as premauéões a`equa`as, para se mertdndmarel `e que kíh kíh fá kdkiuäl verdndmak`h. verdndmak`h.
11.
As láqudk láqudkas as resnrda resnrda`as `as a ar ar `everíh `everíh ser ser dkstaga dkstaga`as `as `e `e nhrla a prhphrmdhkarel prhph rmdhkarel ul nguxh `e ar `e renrdieraéíh a`equa`h e `e nhrla a que h ar expegd`h kíh kíh remdrmuge para a ektra`a `e ar `h mhlpresshr, hu para para a ektra`a `e `e ar `e renrdieraéíh.
1:.
As gdiaéõ gdiaéões es egätrdm egätrdmas as `evel `evel mhrres mhrresphk`e phk`err ahs mý`dihs mý`dihs ghmads. As láqudkas `evel estar gdia`as â terra e prhteid`as mhktra murths-mdrmudths atraväs `e nusìveds el th`as as nases. @eve ser dkstaga`h ul semmdhka`hr `e mhrrekte prýxdlh `h mhlpresshr. mhlpresshr.
1=.
10. 10.
15.
Kh mash mash `e láqudk láqudkas as mhl mhl sdstela sdstela `e `e partd`a partd`a/par /para`a a`a authlátdma, hu se a nukéíh `e repartd`a authlátdma apýs nagfa `e mhrrekte estdver atdva`a, `eve estar ndxa`h ul sdkag mhl a dksmrdéíh ‗Esta láqudka ph`e partdr p artdr sel avdsh“ oukth ah padkeg `e dkstrulekths. El sdstela sdstelass `e várdhs mhlpresshr mhlpresshres, es, `ever `everíh íh ser ser ddkstag kstaga`as a`as vágvugas lakuads para dshgar ma`a ul `hs mhlpresshres. Kíh usar vágvu v ágvugas gas aktd-ret aktd -rethrkh hrkh (vágvu (v ágvugas gas `e retekéíh ret ekéíh)) para dshgalekth `e sdstelas `e pressíh.
As tujuga tujugaéõe éõess e hutras hutras peéas peéas mhl mhl ula telp telpera eratura tura ssuu perdhr perd hr a 92 ²M (156 ²N), e que phssal phssal ser thma`as thma`as amd`ek amd`ektagtaglekte phr hpera`hres `urakte h nukmdhkalekth khrlag, `evel ser prhteid`as hu dshga`as. Hutras tujugaéões mhl telperaturas egeva`as `evel ser mgaralekte assdkaga`as.
19.
Rara láqudkas láqudkas resnrda`a resnrda`ass a áiua, áiua, h sdstela sdstela `e áiua áiua `e renrdieraéíh dkstaga`h nhra `a láqudka `eve ser prhteid`h phr ul `dsphsdtdvh `dsphsdtdvh `e seiurakéa seiurakéa mhl ula pressíh pressíh `endkd`a `e amhr`h mhl a pressíh láxdla `e ektra`a `e áiua `e renrdieraéíh.
16. 16.
]e h mfíh mfíh kíh kíh nhr nhr pgakh pgakh hu pu`er pu`er estar estar suoedt suoedthh a dkmgdk dkmgdkaéõe aéõess vardáveds, mhksugtar a Atgas Mhpmh.
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ph`eríh kíh ser apgdmáveds â sua sua láqudka.
1.0 Rrem Rremau auéõ éões es ` `ee se seiu iura raké kéaa `u `ura rakte kte h nukmd nukmdhk hkaalekth A Atgas Mhpmh kíh se resphksajdgdza r esphksajdgdza phr quadsquer `akhs hu nerdlekths resugtaktes `h nath `e se keigdiekmdar estas premauéões, hu `evd`h â kíh hjservêkmda `hs mud`a`hs kemessárdhs ka dkstagaéíh, hperaéíh, lakutekéíh hu reparh, leslh que kíh expressalekte lekmdhka`as.
Rremauéões `urakte h nukmdhkalekth 1.
Kíh`urakte thmar thmar kas tujuga tujugaéõe éõess hhuu mhlp m`h hlphke hkekte ktess ``hh mmhlp hlpres res-shr h nukmdhkalekth leslh.
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Utdgdz Utdgdzar ar apek apekas as h tdph tdph e talak talakfh fh mhrr mhrreth eth `e extr extreld eld`a` `a`es es e gdiaéões `e lakiuedra. Ah shprar phr ula lakiuedra lakiuedr a hu ula gdkfa `e ar, mertdndmar-se `e que a extreld`a`e ajerta está seiura mhl ndrleza. Ula extreld`a`e extreld`a` e shgta ph`ee lexer ph` lex er-se se jrusm jr usmaa e sujd sujdtal talekt ektee e ph`erá ph`e rá mausar ma usar nerdlekths. Aktes Aktes `e `esgdiar ula lakiuedra, mertdndmarse `e que está mhlpgetalekte `espressurdza`a.
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As pessha pesshass que que mhkt mhktrhg rhgal al láqu láqudka dkass â `ds `dstêk têkmda mda `everí `everíhh thlar as premauéões a`equa`as, para se mertdndmarel `e que kíh fá kdkiuäl verdnmak`h hu trajagfak`h ka láqudka. Rara tag, `eve ser andxa`h ul avdsh a`equa`h kh equdpalekth `e partd`a relhta.
0.
Kíh hperar hperar a láqud láqudka ka se se exdst exdstdr dr a phssdj phssdjdgd dgd`a` `a`ee `e ekt ektra` ra`aa `e iases, vaphres hu partìmugas dkngaláveds hu týxdmhs.
5.
Kíh hperar hperar a láqu láqudka dka ajadxh ajadxh hu amd amdla la `hs seus seus vvagh aghres res gdldte.
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Lakter Lakter th`as th`as as phr phrtas tas `a estrutu estrutura ra nem nemfa` fa`as as `urakt `uraktee h nukmdhkalekth. As phrtas apekas ph`el ser ajertas `urakte murths perìh`hs `e telph, phr exelpgh para enetuar verdndmaéões `e rhtdka. Usar prhtethres aurdmugares ah ajrdr ula phrta. Khs mhlpresshres mhlpresshres sel estrutura, usar prhteéíh aurdmugar kas prhxdld`a`es `a láqudka.
9.
As pessha pes`eshas s que que este eshkhra steoal oal atdkoa el aljdek alj tes hu saga sagas el el`J(A) que que h kìveg pressíh hudektes ugtrapasse hss62 `everíh usar prhtemthres aurdmugares.
Kíh relhv relhver er hu `akdndm `akdndmar ar hs `dsph `dsphsdt sdtdvh dvhss `e seiura seiurakéa kéa,, as prhteéões, hu hs dshgalekths dkstaga`hs ka láqudka. Ma`a reservatýrdh hu auxdgdar dkstaga`h nhra `a láqudka para mhkt er ar a ula pressíh preshu síh superdhr supe`dsphsdtdvhs rdhr a atlhsnärdm atlhsnärdma a `eve `everá rá estarmhkter prhteid`h phr ul lads `e gdjeraéíh `e pressíh, mhknhrle h kemessárdh.
1>.
Mhksugtar taljäl as premauéões `e seiurakéa seiudktes? Rremauéões `e seiurakéa `urakte h nukmdhkalekth e Rremauéões `e seiurakéa `urakte a lakutekéíh. Estas premauéões apgdmal-se a láqudkas que prhmessel hu mhksulal mhksulal ar hu iás dkerte. H prhmessalekth prhmessale kth `e quagquer hutrh iás requer premauéões `e seiurakma a`dmdhkads, espemìndmas `as apgdmaéões aqud kíh lekmdhka`as. Agiulas premauéões síh `e maráter ierag e
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6.
Rerd Rerdh` h`dm dmal alek ekte te,, verd verdnd ndma marr se? se? • Ph`as as prhteéõe prhteéõess estíh kh `evd`h `evd`h guiar guiar e jel ndxas • Ph Ph`as `as as lakiuedras lakiuedras e/hu e/hu tujhs que se se ekmhktral ekmhktral `ektrh `a láqudka estíh el jhl esta`h, seiurhs e sel rhéar uks khs hutrhs • Kíh exdstel exdstel vazalekt vazalekths hs • Ph`hs hs ndxa`hres estíh aperta`hs • Ph`hs hs majhs egätrdmhs estíh seiurhs e el jhl esta`h • As vágvugas `e seiurakéa e hutrhs `dsphsdtdvhs `e gdjeraéíh hu tdkta `e pressíh kíh estíh hjstruì`hs phr suoedra • A vá vágvuga gvuga `e saì`a saì`a `e ar e a re`e re`e `e ar, ar, hu seoa, tujhs, tujhs, amhpgalekths, mhgethres, vágvugas, lakiuedras, etm., estíh el jhl esta`h, sel apresektarel sdkads ` e `esiaste hu `akhs
1. 1.55 Rr Rrem emau auéõ éões es ` `ee se seiu iura raké kéaa `u `ura rakt ktee a la laku ku-tekéíh hu reparh A Atgas Mhpmh kíh se resphksajdgdza phr quadsquer `akhs hu nerdlekths n erdlekths resugtaktes `h nath `e se keigdiekmdar estas premauéões, hu `evd`h â kíh hjservêkmda `hs mud`a`hs kemessárdhs ka dkstagaéíh, hperaéíh, lakutekéíh hu reparh, leslh que kíh expressalekte lekmdhka`as.
Rremauéões `urakte a lakutekéíh hu reparh 1.
Usar Usar selpr selpree h equdpa equdpalek lekth th `e `e sseiu eiurak rakéa éa mhrret mhrrethh (mhlh (mhlh ýmughs `e seiurakéa, guvas, magéa`h `e seiurakéa, etm.).
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Utdgdz Utdgdzar ar apek apekas as as as nerra nerralek lektas tas mhrret mhrretas as para para h trajag trajagfh fh `e lakutekéíh e reparh.
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Ut Utdg dgdz dzar ar apek apekas as peé peéas as shj shjre ress ssag agek ekte tess ieku iekuìka ìkass
0.
El mhlpre mhlpresshr sshres es resnrd resnrda`hs a`hs a áiua áiua mhl thrres thrres `e renrdrenrdieraéíh `e mdrmudth ajerth, ä kemessárdh thlar le`d`as `e prhteéíh para evdtar h mresmdlekth `e jamtärdas khmdvas, tads mhlh Geidhkegga hu pkeulhpfdga.
Ph`h e quagq quagquer uer tra trajag jagfh fh `e `e lakut lakuteké ekéíh íh ``eve eve ser eneenetua`h apekas quak`h a láqudka estdver resnrda`a.
5.
Ul sdkag sdkag `e avd avdsh sh mhl ula dksmrd dksmrdéíh éíh ‗Praja ‗Prajagfh gfhss eel l mursh mursh33
11. 11.
Kíh relhver relhver hu `akdndmar `akdndmar h laterda laterdagg `e dshga dshgalekth lekth amÿstdmh. amÿstdmh.
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1:.
Kíh relhver relhver hu `akdndmar `akdndmar hs hs `dsphsdtd `dsphsdtdvhs vhs `e seiurak seiurakéa, éa, as prhteéões hu hs dshgalekths dkstaga`hs ka láqudka. Ma`a reservatýrdh `e pressíh hu auxdgdar dkstaga`h nhra `a láqudka para mhkter ar a ula pressíh superdhr â atlhsnärdma `everá estar prhteid`h phr ul hu lads `dsphsdtdvhs `e gdjeraéíh `e pressíh, mhknhrle h kemessárdh.
As pessha pesshass que que mhkt mhktrhg rhgal al láqu láqudka dkass â `dstêk `dstêkmda mda `everí `everíhh thlar as premauéões a`equa`as, para se mertdndmarel `e que kíh fá kdkiuäl verdndmak`h hu trajagfak`h ka láqudka. Rara tag, `eve ser andxa`h ul avdsh a`equa`h kh equdpalekth `e partd`a relhta.
9.
Nemfar Nemfar a vágv vágvuga uga `e saì`a saì`a `e ar ar `h mhlpre mhlpressh sshrr ak aktes tes `e gdiar hu `esgdiar ul tujh.
6.
Aktes Aktes `e relh relhver ver quagqu quagquer er mhlp mhlphke hkekte kte pressu pressurdz rdza`h a`h,, dshgar a láqudka `e th`as as nhktes `e pressíh `e nhrla endmaz e `espressurdzar h sdstela mhlpgeth.
4.
Kíh utdgdza utdgdzarr `dssh `dsshgve gvekte ktess dknga dkngaláv láveds eds hu tetr tetraa mmghre ghreth th `e `e marjhkh ka gdlpeza `a peéa. ]eiudr as premauéões `e seiurakéa kh que respedta ahs vaphres týxdmhs `hs gìqud`hs `e gdlpeza.
12 12..
@urakte @urakte a lakuteké lakutekéíh íh e reparh reparh,, lakter lakter a láxdla láxdla gdlpez gdlpeza. a. Laktekfa a gdlpeza tapak`h as peéas e ajerturas exphstas mhl pakh, papeg hu ndta gdlphs.
11.
Kíh shg`ar shg`ar hu enetuar enetuar quagque quagquerr hperaéí hperaéíhh que ekvhgva ekvhgva maghr perth `h sdstela `e ýgeh. Hs takques `e ýgeh `evel ser thtaglekte puria`hs, phr exelpgh, atraväs `e gdlpeza phr vaphr, vaphr, aktes `e se enetuar tads hperaéões. Kíh shg`ar hu lh`dndmar, seoa `e que lh`h nhr, remdpdektes shj pressíh. press íh.
1:.
]elpre ]elpre que que fhuver fhuver agiu agiula la dk`dma dk`dmaéíh éíh hu quag quagque querr sussus pedta `e super aquemdlekth `e ula peéa dkterka `e ula láqudka, a láqudka `everá ser para`a, las kíh `everíh ser retdra`as quadsquer mhjerturas `e dkspeéíh aktes `e
4.
12.
]e nhr utdgdza` utdgdza`hh aarr ``ee rrenrd enrdiera ieraéíh éíh quekte quekte `hs mhlpres mhlpresshre shress el sdstelas `e aquemdlekth `e ar, phr exelpgh para par a aquemer ula saga `e trajagfh, a`htar le`das `e prhteéíh mhktra a phgudéíh `h ar e phssìveg mhktaldkaéíh `h ar respdráveg.
Mhksugtar taljäl as premauéões `e seiurakéa seiudktes? Rremauéões `e seiurakéa `urakte a dkstagaéíh e Rremauéões `e seiurakéa `urakte a lakutekéíh. Estas premauéões apgdmal-se a láqudkas que prhmessel hu mhksulal ar hu iás dkerte. H prhmessalekth `e quagquer hutrh iás requer premauéões `e seiurakéa a`dmdhkads, espemìndmas `a apgdmaéíh, que kíh síh aqud lekmdhka`as. Agiulas premauéões síh ierads e ajrakiel `dvershs tdphs `e láqudkas e equdpalekths3 phr dssh, agiuks phkths ph`el kíh ser apgdmáveds â sua láqudka.
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kíh partdr“ `everá ser andxa`h kh equdpalekth `e partd`a.
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ter `emhrrd`h telph sundmdekte para a láqudka resnrdar ” dsth para evdtar h rdsmh `e mhljustíh esphktêkea `h vaphr `h ýgeh assdl que ektrar ar. 1=. 1=.
Kíh utdgdzar utdgdzar ula ula nhkte nhkte `e `e guz guz mhl mhl mfala mfala para dkspemdhka dkspemdhkar r h dkterdhr `e ula láqudka, `e ul remdpdekte remdpd ekte shj pressíh, etm.
10. 10.
Mertdndmar-s Mertdndmar-see ``ee que que kkekful ekfulaa nerralek nerralekta, ta, peéa shgta hu traph ä `edxa`h `ektrh `a láqudka hu shjre a lesla.
prhmessel hu mhksulal mhksulal ar hu iás dkerte. H prhmessalekth prhmessale kth `e quagquer hutrh iás requer premauéões `e ` e seiurakma a`dmdhkads, a`d mdhkads, espees pemìndmas `as apgdmaéões aqud kíh lekmdhka`as. Agiulas premauéões síh `e maráter ierag e ph`eríh kíh ser apgdmáveds â sua sua láqudka.
1 5. 5. Ph`hs hs `dsph `dsphsdtd sdtdvhs vhs `e reiuga reiugaiel iel e seiurak seiurakéa éa `everíh `everíh ser agvh `hs `evd`hs mud`a`hs, para se iaraktdr h nukmdhkalekth mhrreth `hs leslhs. Kíh `evel ser `esatdva`hs. 1>. 1>.
Aktes Aktes `e authrd authrdzar zar a utdgdzaé utdgdzaéíh íh `a láqudka láqudka apýs apýs lakut lakutekéí ekéíhh hu vdsthrda, verdndmar se as pressões `e hperaéíh, as tel pe pera ratu tura rass e hs h s ppar arêl êlet etrh rhss `a s ffhr hras as e stíh st íh m hrre hr reth ths. s. ^erdndmar se th`hs hs `dsphsdtdvhs `e mhktrhge e `e mhrte `e nukmdhkalekth estíh lhkta`hs e se estíh nukmdhkads. ]e tdver sd`h relhvd`a, verdndmar verdnd mar se a prhteéíh `h amhpgalekth `h edxh `h lhthr `h mhlpresshr nhd redkstaga`a. r edkstaga`a.
19.
]elpre ]elpre que h egelekt egelekthh separa` separa`hr hr nhr nhr sujstdt sujstdtuì`h, uì`h, exaldkar h tujh `e agìvdh e h dkterdhr `h reservatýrdh `h separa`hr `e ýgeh para ver se fá `epýsdths `e marjhkh3 marjh kh3 se estes nhrel exmessdvhs, `everíh ser relhvd`hs.
16. 16.
Rrhteier Rrhteier h lhthr lhthr,, h ndgtrh ndgtrh `e ar, ar, hs mhlphk mhlphkekte ektess egätrdmh egätrdmhss e `e reiugaiel, etm., para dlpe`dr a ektra`a `e uld`a`e khs leslhs, phr exelpgh, `urakte a gdlpeza a vaphr.
14. 14.
Mertdndm Mertdndmar-s ar-see `e que th`h th`h h laterd laterdag ag `e dshga dshgalek lekth th amÿstdm amÿstdmh, h, phr exelpg ex elpgh, h, ka estrutu est rutura ra e khs sdstel sd stelas as `e ektra`a ektr a`a e saì`a `e ar `h mhlpresshr, está el jhl esta`h. ]e fhuver `akhs, sujstdtuì-gh phr laterdag iekuìkh `a Atgas Mhpmh, para dlpe`dr que h kìveg `e pressíh amÿstdma aulekte.
:2. :2.
Kíh utdgdz utdgdzar ar `dsshg `dsshgvekt vektes es máustd máustdmhs mhs qque ue phssa phssal l `akdndmar `akdndmar laterdads `e re`e `e ar, phr exelpgh, hs vashs `e phgdmarjhkath.
:1. :1.
Kh lakusedh `h iás renrdierakte, `estamal-se `estamal-se as seiudktes premauéões `e seiurakéa? • Kíh dkagar dkagar hs hs vaphres vaphres `h `h iás renrdierakte renrdierakte.. Asseiu Asseiurar rar que a área `e trajagfh ä a`equa`alekte vektdga`a3 se emessárdh, usar prhteéões respdratýrdas. • Usar selpre selpre guvas guvas espemd espemdads. ads. Kh Kh mash `e h iás iás renrdrenrdierakte ektrar el mhktath mhktat h mhl a pege, gavar a pege mhl áiua. ]e h gìqud`h renrdierakte ektrar el mhktath mhl a pege, `ephds `e atravessar a rhupa, kíh rasiar hu tdrar a lesla3 gavar a rhupa mhl áiua ajuk`akte shj pressíh atä at ä que th`h h renrdierakte renrd ierakte tekfa t ekfa saì`h3 saì`h 3 el seiud`a, prhmurar assdstïkmda lä`dma. Mhksugtar taljäl as premauéões `e seiurakéa seiudktes? Rremauéões `e seiurakéa `urakte h nukmdhkalekth e Rremauéões `e seiurakéa `urakte a lakutekéíh. Estas premauéões apgdmal-se a láqudkas que
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: :.1
@esmrdéíh ierag Dktrh`uéíh
Dktrh`uéíh Hs mhlpresshres IA =2 + a IA 05+ síh mhlpresshres `e paranush `e ul estáidh, dkoeta`hs a ýgeh, amdhka`hs phr ul lhthr egätrdmh. Hs mhlpresshres estíh `dsphkìveds el versíh resnrda`a a ar. Hs mhlpresshres síh mhktrhga`hs phr ul reiuga`hr Egectrhkdchk®.
IA Yhrcpga Yhrcpgame me Hs IA Yhrcpgame Yhrcpgame estíh aghoa`hs kula estrutura mhl dshgalekth amÿstdmh. H lý`ugh `e mhktrhge egetrðkdmh está dkstaga`h ka phrta `h ga`h `dredth. Ul Ul mhlpartdlekth egätrdmh, que mhktäl a mfave `e partd`a `h lhthr, está está ghmagdza`h atrás `este padkeg. Ä nhrkemd`h ul mhgethr `e mhk`eksa`hs mhl @rekh Egetrðkdmh `e Áiua (EY@) para aversíh pgus(+) e Y]@ :5 para a versíh stak`ar`.
^dsta `daktedra, IA =2+ a IA 05+
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^dsta trasedra, IA =2+ a IA 05+
Zenerïkmda
Khle
1 AN AZ
Mhlpartdlekth egätrdmh Ndgtrh `e ar Zeservatýrdh `e ar (Zeservatýrdh `h separa`hr `e ýgeh) ^ágvuga `e saì`a `e ar Zesnrda`hr `e ar Zesnrda`hr`e ýgeh ^ágvuga `e retekéíh`e ar e `e ýgeh ýg eh ]aì`as authlátdmas `e mhk`eksa`hs ]aì`as lakuads `e mhk`eksa`hs,
A^ Ma Mh M^/^s @a @l
@Z E EZ NK L1 HN ]= UA
]ema`hr Egelekth mhlpresshr Zeiuga`hr Egectrhkdchk®/Egectrhkdchk® Irapfdm ^ektdga`hr `e renrdieraéíh renrd ieraéíh Lhthr `e amdhkalekth Ndgtrh `e ýgeh Jhtíh `e para`a `e eleriïkmda ^ágvuga `e a`ldssíh
IA Yhrcpgame Yhrcpgame Nugg-Neature Nug g-Neature Hs mhlpresshres IA Yhrcpgame Nugg-Neature estíh aghoa`hs kula estrutura mhl dshgalekth amÿstdmh. H lý`ugh `e mhktrhge egetrðkdmh está dkstaga`h ka phrta `h ga`h `dredth. Ul mhlpartdlekth egätrdmh, que mhktäl a mfave `e partd`a `h lhthr, está ghmagdza`h atrás `este padkeg. Hs mhlpresshres síh nhrkemd`hs mhl ul sema`hr `e ar. H sema`hr `e ar, h sema`hr está dkteira`h ka estrutura mhl dshgalekth amÿstdmh. H sema`hr egdldka hs mhk`eksa`hs `h ar mhlprdld`h, renrdierak`h h ar atä prýxdlh `h phkth `e mhkiegalekth. Hs mhk`eksa`hs síh authlatdmalekte `reka`hs.
12
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^dsta `daktedra, IA =2+ a IA 05+ Nugg-Neature
^dsta trasedra, IA =2+ a IA 05+ Nugg-Neature 2215 222= 4>
11
:.:
Nguxh `e ar
Nguxhiralas
Nguxhirala, IA Yhrcpgame
Zenerïkmda
@esmrdé mrdéíh íh
A J M @ N I
Ar `e a`ldssíh Ldstura ar/ýgeh Ýgeh Ar mhlprdld`h ÿld`h Mhk`eksa`hs Ar mhlprdld`h semh
1:
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Nguxhirala, IA Yhrcpgame Nugg-Neature
@esmrdéíh H ar mapta`h atraväs `h ndgtrh (AN) e `a vágvuga `e ektra`a ajerta (D^) para h egelekth mhlpresshr (E) ä mhlprdld`h. H ar mhlprdld`h e h ýgeh nguel para h reservatýrdh `e ar/separa`hr `e ýgeh (AZ) atraväs `a vágvuga `e retekéíh (M^). H ar ä `esmarreia`h atraväs `a vágvuga `e saì`a (A^), (A^), atraväs `a vágvuga `e pressíh lìkdla (^p) e `h resnrda`hr `e ar (Ma). H resnrda`hr `e ar ä nhrkemd`h mhl ul mhgethr `e mhk`eksa`hs mhk`eksa`hs (LP). Khs mhlpresshres Nugg-Neature, h ar ngud atraväs `h sema`hr `e ar (@Z) aktes `e ser `esmarreia`h atraväs `a vágvuga `e saì`a (A (A^). ^). Mhksugtar Mhksugt ar taljäl a seéíh ]ema`hr ]e ma`hr `e ar. @urakte h nukmdhkalekth el maria, maria , a vágvuga `e pressíh lìkdla (^p) laktäl a pressíh kh reservatýrdh reservatýr dh `h separa`hr (AZ) amdla `e ul vaghr lìkdlh, kemessárdh para gujrdndmaéíh. gujrd ndmaéíh. Ula vágvuga `e retekéíh dkteira`a ddlpe`e lpe`e que h ar mhlprdld`h `e ser gdjerta`h para a atlhsnera `urakte h nukmdhkalekth el agìvdh. Quak`h h mhlpresshr ä para`h, a vágvuga `e retekéíh (M^) e a vágvuga `e ektra`a (D^) nemfal, dlpe`dk`h que h ar mhlprdld`h (e h ýgeh) seoal gdjera`hs para h ndgtrh `e ar.
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1=
:.=
]dstela `e ýgeh
Nguxhirala
]dstela `e ýgeh
Zener Zen erïkm ïkmdas das @esmr @esmrdéí déíhh 1 A J M @ N
Nguxh `e ar mhlprdld`h para a vágvuga `e saì`a `e ar (ukd`a`es Yhrcpgame) Yhrcpgame) Nguxh `e ar mhlprdld`h para h sema`hr `e ar (mhlpresshres mhl sema`hr dkteira`h) A`ldssíh `e ar Ldstura ar/ýgeh Ýgeh Ar mhlprdld`h ÿld`h Mhk`eksa`hs
@esmrdéíh Kh reservatýrdh `e ar/separa`hr `e ýgeh (AZ), a ladhrda `h ýgeh ä egdldka`a `a ldstura `e ar/ýgeh phr mektrdnuiaéíh. H ýgeh restakte ä egdldka`h pegh separa`hr `e ýgeh (H]). H ýgeh ä remhgfd`h ka parte dknerdhr `h reservatýrdh `e ar/separa`hr `e ýgeh (AZ), que serve mhlh reservatýrdh `e ýgeh. H sdstela `e ýgeh ä nhrkemd`h mhl ula vágvuga jy-pass terlhstátdma (J^). Quak`h a telperatura `h ýgeh se ekmhktra ajadxh `e ul `eterldka`h vaghr, a vágvuga jy-pass terlhstátdma (J^) mhrta h nhrkemdlekth para h resnrda`hr `e ýgeh (Mh) e h resnrda`hr `e ýgeh ä mhkthrka`h. A pressíh `h ar nhréa h ýgeh `h reservatýrdh `e ar/separa`hr `e ýgeh (AZ) atraväs `h ndgtrh `e ýgeh (HN) e `a vágvuga `e retekéíh `e ýgeh (^s) para h egelekth mhlpresshr (E). A vágvuga jy-pass (J^) mhleéa a ajrdr h nhrkemdlekth `h resnrda`hr (Mh) quak`h a telperatura `h ýgeh tdver aulekta`h para h vaghr estajegemd`h. estajegemd `h. A aprhxdla`alekte aprhxdla`alekt e 15 ²M (:9 ²N) amdla `h vaghr estajegemd` estajegemd`h, h, th`h h ýgeh passa atraväs `h resnrda` resnrda`hr hr `e ýgeh. A vágvuga `e retekéíh`e ýgeh (^s) dlpe`e que h egelekth mhlpresshr ndque dkuk`a`h mhl ýgeh quak`h h mhlpresshr ä para`h. A vágvuga ä ajerta pega pressíh `e saì`a `h egelekth, quak`h h mhlpresshr ektra el nukmdhkalekth.
10
2215 222= 4>
:.0
]dstela `e renrdieraéíh
Nguxhirala
]dstela `e renrdieraéíh, mhlpresshres resnrda`hs a ar
Zener Zenerïkm ïkmdas das @esmr @esmrdéí déíhh A J M @ E
Ar `e a`ldssíh Ldstura ar/ýgeh Ýgeh Ar mhlprdld`h ÿld`h Mhk`eksa`hs
@esmrdéíh H sdstela `e renrdieraéíh dkmgud resnrda`hr `e ar (Ma) e resnrda`hr `e ýgeh (Mh). Khs mhlpresshres resnrda`hs a ar, h nguxh `e ar `e renrdieraéíh ä iera`h phr ul vektdga`hr (NK).
2215 222= 4>
15
:.5
]dstela `e mhk`eksa`h mhk`eksa`hss
@rekhs egetrðkdmhs `e áiua
Hs mhlpresshres tïl ul `rekh egetrðkdmh `e áiua (EY@) para a versíh pgus (+) e ul `rekh lemêkdmh `e áiua (Y]@) para a versíh stak`ar`. Hs mhk`eksa`hs `h resnrda`hr `e ar amulugal-se kul mhgethr. Quak`h hs mhk`eksa`hs atdkiel ul `eterldka`h kìveg, síh `esmarreia`hs atraväs `a saì`a `e `rekh authlátdma (@a). Khs mhlpressh mhlpresshres res Nugg-Neatu Nugg-Neature re ä nhrkemd`h nhrkemd`h ul `rekh egetrðkdmh egetrðkdmh `e áiua a`dmdhkag (EY@1) para a versíh pgus (+) e ul `rekh lemêkdmh `e áiua (Y]@1) para a versíh stak`ar`. H mhgethr `e mhk`eksa`hs `h trhma`hr `e maghr ä `reka`h pega EY@1 e `esmarreia`h atraväs `h `rekh authlátdmh (@a1).
@rekhs `e mhk`eksa`hs, exelpgh tìpdmh
Zene Zenerï rïkm kmda da
@e @esd sdik ikaé aéíh íh
@a @l @a @a11
Gdiaéíh `rekh authlátdmh @rekh lakuag Gdiaéíh `rekh authlátdmh `h sema`hr (apekas kas ukd`a`es Nugg-Neature) Gdiaéíh `rekh lakuag `h sema`hr (apekas kas ukd`a`es Nugg-Neature)
@l11 @l
Mhksugtar taljäl a seéíh Nguxh `e ar. H teste `h `rekh egetrðkdmh `e áiua ph`e ser enetua`h pressdhkak`h jrevelekte h jhtíh `e teste (1) ka parte superdhr `h `rekh. Rara h `rekh lemêkdmh `e áiua kíh exdste teste, phräl ä kemessárdh amhlpakfar perdh`dmalekte se h leslh está puriak`h (`rekak`h).
:.>
]dstela `e reiugaiel
Nguxhirala
Oukth a ma`a saì`a `e `rekh authlátdma está ula gdiaéíh `e `rekh `e mhk`eksa`hs lakuag (@l) para `rekh lakuag `hs mhk`eksa`hs.
]dstela `e reiugaiel (nukmdhkak`h el maria)
Nukmdhkalekth el maria @rekhs `e mhk`eksa`hs egetrðkdmhs, exelpgh tìpdmh
Quak`h a pressíh `a re`e ä dknerdhr â pressíh `e maria, a vágvuga `e shgekýd`e (T1) ä atdva`a. Zesugta`hs? • • •
H esp espaé aéhh pphr hr mdla mdla `a vágv vágvug ugaa ``ee ``es esma maria ria (U (U^) ^) ä ggdi dia` a`hh â pressíh `e ýgeh `h separa`hr/reservatýrdh (1) atraväs `a vágvuga shgekýd`e. A vágv vágvuga uga `e `esmar `esmaria ia (U^) (U^) ``esg esghma hma-se -se par paraa jadx jadxh, h, nemfak nemfak`h `h a gdiaéíh ahs makads (:) e (=). A suj sujpr pres essí síhh ``hh ege egele lekt kthh mhl mhlpr pres essh shrr naz naz mhl mhl qu quee h ïljhgh `e maria (GR) se `esghque para jadxh e que a vágvuga `e ektra`a (D^) ajra thtaglekte.
A prh`uéíh `e ar ä restajegemd`a (122 %), h mhlpresshr nukmdhka el maria. @rekhs `e mhk`eksa`hs lemêkdmhs, exelpgh tìpdmh 1>
2215 222= 4>
Nukmdhkalekth el agìvdh ]e h mhksulh `e ar nhr dknerdhr â saì`a `e ar `h mhlpresshr, a pressíh `a re`e aulekta. Quak`h a pressíh `a re`e atdkie a pressíh `e agìvdh, a vágvuga shgekýd`e ä (T1) ä `esatdva`a. Zesugta`hs? • • • •
A pres pressíh síh amd amdla la `a vágvug vágvugaa ` `ee ` `esm esmari ariaa (U^) (U^) ä gdje gdjera` ra`aa para a atlhsnera e h espaéh phr mdla `a vágvuga (U^) `edxa `e estar gdia`h â pressíh `e ýgeh `h separa`hr/reservatýrdh (1). A vagvuga vagvuga `e `e `esmaria smaria (U^) ` `esghma esghma-se -se pa para ra md mdla, la, gdiak`h gdiak`h a pre pressíh ssíh ` `h h ýgeh ýgeh `h separa separa`hr/re `hr/reservatý servatýrdh rdh (1) (1) ahs makads makads (:) e (=). A pressí pressíh h kh mak makag ag (:) (:) nnará ará h ïl ïljhg jhgh h `e `e ma maria ria (GR) `es `esghm ghmar-se ar-se p para ara mdla, prhvhmak`h prhvhmak`h h nemfalekth nemfalekth `a v vágvuga ágvuga `e ek ektra`a tra`a (D^), ekquakth a pressíh ä ira`uaglekte gdjera`a para a atlhsnera. A pressí pressíh h kh sep separa ara`hr `hr/re /reserv servatý atýrdh rdh eestaj stajdgd dgdza za a ul v vagh aghrr jadxh. Ul Ulaa pequeka quakt quaktd`a`e d`a`e `e ar ä laktd`a pa para ra ia iarak raktdr tdr ula pressíh lìkdla, kemessárda para gujrdndmaéíh `urakte nukmdhkalekth el agìvdh.
A prh`uéíh `e ar e para`a, h mhlpresshr nukmdhka el agìvdh.
:.9
]dstela egätrdmh
Mhlphkektes egätrdmhs H sdstela egätrdmh ä mhlphsth peghs seiudktes mhlphkektes?
Mhlpartdlekth egätrdmh `h IA =2+ a IA 05+ , exelpgh tìpdmh
2215 222= 4>
19
@dairalas egätrdmhs
F
^ R . . = . . . . z . . . F h ? . . í . é . . a E t I k A ? Q e P G E l H Z d g ^ N A
T G K H M E D
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r h K H ` a D m r M h r e s R r r ` h a h h H ` ` m h e ` ` a ] a m s s m a E e e m h r P ) e s h e s ` K 1 s s h t r ` h h k E A e r h m m ` r o h P d u d r t K r h k k h s a h t k H ` ð ð m ` d u A r a o ` r G R a t t e a ? s r t e d e s l : h L m k h g h m g r r = d H e s e h m ` ? h N k e s n h M ( ? 4 k h , ` s 1 h : e r k a k e s k e r 1 N e , ? = t r e a r l u g r N r t t C , 6 2 ` h , e ` ? a 1 N 4 ? ? , 2 n 1 e h 1 : P s 0 = k n C 9 P N e J N P J k g g a r u r N P @ H @ A G A P ] K D
@dairala egätrdmh egätrd mh 12:6 6>41 4:-21-22 16
2215 222= 4>
@dairala egätrdmh 12:6 6>41 4:-2:-22 2215 222= 4>
14
Z H @ A G D P K E ^ A D M K Ï P H R E @ H P D U M Z D M
@dairala egätrdmh egätrd mh 12:6 6>41 4:-2=-22 :2
2215 222= 4>
Z H @ A M E ] A D M K Ï P H R E @ H P D U M Z D M
@dairala egätrdmh 12:6 6>41 4:-20-22
:1
2215 222= 4>
Z H @ A M E ] A D M K Ï P H R E @ H P D U M Z D M
@dairala egätrdmh egätrd mh 12:6 6>41 4:-25-22
::
2215 222= 4>
H Í É A P K E L D G A E G H Z P K H M E @ H P D U M Z M D
@dairala egätrdmh 12:6 6>41 4:-2>-22
:=
2215 222= 4>
E G H Z P K H M E @ H P D U M Z D M
@dairala egätrdmh egätrd mh 12:6 6>41 4:-29-22
:0
2215 222= 4>
5 C L H G U @ Ý L
@dairala egätrdmh 12:6 6>41 4:-26-22
:5
2215 222= 4>
9 : V : H Í V E K H M
@dairala egätrdmh egätrd mh 12:6 6>41 4:-24-22
:>
2215 222= 4>
] D A K H D M R H ] H P A P K H M
@dairala egätrdmh 12:6 6>41 4:-12-22
:9
2215 222= 4>
@dairala egätrdmh 12:6 6>41 4:-11-22
:6
2215 222= 4>
@dairala egätrdmh 12:6 6>41 4:-1:-22
:4
2215 222= 4>
@dairala egätrdmh egätrd mh 12:6 6>41 4:-1=-22
=2
2215 222= 4>
h í s s e r p r h t u ` s + k ^ a r h t h í ` é a h t h k ` g a e r a í é g a l k a r d e e d u g P ] ] A i d n ? ? ? ? k 1 : = 0 h M
? ] A P H K
h ` h í é e t h r p a a r a p h ` a r e ` d s k h a m ` d r h t l a d x p e á ` l h g d e t v u d m r s d u m N h r \ t A u m S
h í s s e r p e ` g a + d m ^ k h e r í e é n a d t ` k a a g t h r d l e r k d g u e ` A P ] s ? ? ? k 1 : = a r P
r r h h h s é ? ` e a a t r í a g d r t h r a k p p e l e h v ` a ` h m h h a ` ` x t m r r d e h t e t h h k h h ` h m l l e r h h ` e ` ` a s d h h ` a d r í l h á e é r í r a t é h t x h a F t r e k h ? a e d ` h k t d r a l d á ` g k e r a ] h a e h f v ` í h r . e r ` s h a é t d j d a k h t m t k h e h ï l t Z ] á h . . r e h R 1 : s ` \ J S
r h ` a m e s h ` r h ` a g d t k e v h ` h í é a t h r r a m d n d r e ^ \ M S
? s e r h t m e k h m s h k h í é a r i u d n k h M
? s h s ) t u n n ) ) t a s g n j r e t n j a r j g 5 1 p t h g 4 ( 5 ( ( s t a h l l l ` k K K 2 K e h 9 : u m 1 : a q 2 r r h a > 6 1 P R L L L \ E S
5 = V = , 0 = = V 1 = 1 , = 1 = V 4 = , 6 9 : 5 V : , 9 = : V 1 :
0 1 : 1 2 1 6 > 0 :
) t ) n ) t t j n s g n d j 9 g a : j g ( k 0 d ( ( l l l l r K e K K 2 t = > 1 a 2 r a > 6 1 R L L L
0 1 I Y A a g h t d j , e t k e l h s e r j h m M e ² 5 e 9 s 2 u > ? h e í t h é a m g d f h s m d a l r a h R m \ N S
A ^ 9 1 ^ 2 = : e t k e d g m h ` d m e k r h n h t k e l a p d u q r . E . R . M \ I S
e ` h t e a t ` k m h í h h é k r a h t a t p h e j r u e h q p d ` t l e N u a K o o h e ? s v r h d r d a t u a t h t d t ` m k k s a ï h j i m l r u r r s h e h n , s l p e r k e r s u a e e t r t a ` e h a p n ` ` l g g u h o u h a t n í r s h x a e . h l p e g d e ` h k a r r h k u h k t e d d a s r m h t a ` m d s m a m k r p j ï h h a h u i H ] r K ` R l a e \ f s \ e \ l H g a F D n e S S l S
@dairala egätrdmh 12:6 6>41 4: 10 22 =1
2215 222= 4>
F
^ R . = . . . . . z . . . F . . í h ? . é . . a E t I k A ? Q e P E l G H Z d g ^ N A
T G K H M E D
A
\ A S I i /
G i E ] s s U g a N M ? V M A E D L
. . . . . . .
r a h e e g ` ý r h a e ` ` ` a r a a r h t r p k t e g e d n s R R R a a t a @ @ @ t g t g e g @ R e e @ @ @ @ h h h ` ` ` h h h a a í í r r a r ] s s í D i i i s s s s r e e t A e e t t h r e r r e K k k k ` d d d p p p H a D h e e e h m r r r h g ` e d ` g t r r s ` h R M g t d g t d n n h n r r ` a g h a í a g a ` d d h h h H D a a m m d m m s r r a r ` ` ` D a e k k k ] k a a D M a a m s s ] M e m a p p p E r e e r a e r e ] m h p e e r H P s e e f f M f e s s ` h t d n m ] e H ) m t m n d x d n K t e h t 1 r ` s d d d H ` ` h h k r E d t r A e h ` e g ` r r r ` m ` w w u w h P d r t r o K e h r h h t s s h h s e k t h s k t v a k d h t H d A ð u ` e m u u g l u R R k g h ` t a o G t r e a ` R ` ` ` h R u ? s r g d a a e h a t s s s ` a k d e s l : L m t s m h g g g k k h ` k ý ` a k e m ? s e r r = t H h e e e a a a h n h N ` r s ? g t r t e ( k h ` r r l M t g , @ e d v u s 1 : 4 e ? h t n @ ? ? t ? ? a k ? ? v h a g s k h 1 í t r 1 N e = t p e 1 , : f = r : é d 1 a r ? l a 1 u C g 2 ? t 6 2 ` r t r N 2 2 c 1 1 m v 1 a d , , n ] r P P P h ? 2 ] ? ? a 1 N ? n , 4 : h @ @ @ : t @ t @ ] @ @ D 0 5 L e 1 9 P s 0 = d c R d R k D / R R M ] T R n N P C J P N g k R R R 2 g a h ] @ @ u r H N @ L P @ H @ A G A P ] K D
A A . . . . . .
I K D 1 5 P : 1 P N Q E ]
@dairala egätrdmh egätrd mh 12:6 6>41 4=-21-22 =:
2215 222= 4>
@dairala egätrdmh 12:6 6>41 4=-2:-22 ==
2215 222= 4>
Z H @ A G D P K E ^ A D M K Ï P H R E @ H P D U M Z D M
@dairala egätrdmh egätrd mh 12:6 6>41 4=-2=-22 =0
2215 222= 4>
Z H @ A M E ] A D M K Ï P H R E @ H P D U M Z D M
@dairala egätrdmh 12:6 6>41 4=-20-22 2215 222= 4>
Z H @ A M E ] A D M K Ï P H R E @ H P D M U Z D M
=5
@dairala egätrdmh egätrd mh 12:6 6>41 4=-25-22 =>
2215 222= 4>
H Í É A P K E L D G A E G H Z P K H M E @ H P D U M Z D M
@dairala egätrdmh 12:6 6>41 4=-2>-22 2215 222= 4>
E G H Z P K H M E @ H P D U M Z D M
=9
@dairala egätrdmh egätrd mh 12:6 6>41 4=-29-22 =6
2215 222= 4>
5 C L H G U @ Ý L
@dairala egätrdmh 12:6 6>41 4=-26-22 2215 222= 4>
: H D H Í ] K A R V E E @ H G U @ Ý L
=4
@dairala egätrdmh egätrd mh 12:6 6>41 4=-24-22 02
2215 222= 4>
9 : V : H Í V E K H M
@dairala egätrdmh 12:6 6>41 4=-12-22 01
2215 222= 4>
6 : V : H Í V E K H M
D M ] H A F G A N ) : H Í ] ] E Z R P E ]
= = V = H Í V E K H M
@dairala egätrdmh 12:6 6>41 4=-1:-22 2215 222= 4>
0 = V = H Í V E K H M
0=
@dairala egätrdmh egätrd mh 12:6 6>41 4=-1=-22 00
2215 222= 4>
5 = V = H Í V E K H M
@dairala egätrdmh 12:6 6>41 4=-10-22 2215 222= 4>
] D A K H D M R H ] H P A P K H M
05
@dairala egätrdmh egätrd mh 12:6 6>41 4=-15-22 0>
2215 222= 4>
@dairala egätrdmh 12:6 6>41 4=-1>-22 2215 222= 4>
09
@dairala egätrdmh egätrd mh 12:6 6>41 4=-19-22 06
2215 222= 4>
@dairala egätrdmh 12:6 6>41 4=-16-22 04
2215 222= 4>
h í s s e r p r h t u ` s + k ^ a r t h h í ` é a h t í é e ` h k a g a a d r a l r k g r e d g e u A P ] ] i ? ? d n ? ? k 1 : = 0 h M
? ] A P H K
h í s s e r p e ` g a + d m ^ k h e í r e é n a d t ` k r a g h e a t r l r k g u d e d ` A P ] s ? ? ? k 1 : = a r P
r h h h r s í é ? ` a a e r t a d r g h p t a k l r p e h e a v ` ` h m h h a ` ` x t m r r d e h t e t h k h h ` h h m l l e r h h ` e ` ` a s d h h ` a d r í l h á e é r í r a t é h t x h a F t r e k h ? a e d h ` d t r k l a d k á g e r a ] h ` a e f v ` h h r . ` e s r a í é d d h t j t a h h m t k h k e l ï t Z ] á h . . r e h R 1 : s ` \
h ` h í é e t h r p a a r a p h ` a r e ` d s k h a m ` d r h t a l d p x e á ` l h g t e d v u d m r s d u m N h r \ t u A S m J S
r h ` a m e s h ` r h ` a g d t k e v h ` h í é a t h r r a m d n d r e ^ \
? s e r h t m e k h m s h k h í é a u r i d n k h M
? s h s ) t u n n ) t j ) a g n t r s n e 5 j a r j g 1 p t h g 4 ( 5 ( ( s t l h a l K l K ` k h K e m 9 : 2 u a 1 : q r 2 r h a > 6 1 P R L L L \ E M S S
5 = V = , 0 = = V 1 = 1 , = 1 = V 4 = , 9 6 : 5 V : , 9 = : V 1 :
0 1 : 1 2 1 6 > 0 :
) t ) n ) t t n s g n j d j 9 j a g g ( : k ( ( 0 d l l r l l K e K t = K 2 > 1 a 2 r a > 6 1 R L L L
0 1 I Y A a g h t d j , e t k e l h s e r j h m M e ² 5 e 9 s 2 u > ? h e í t h é a m g d f h s m d a l r a h R m \ N S
A ^ 9 1 ^ 2 = : e t k e d g m h ` d m e k r h n h t k e l a p d u q r . E . R . M \ I S
e ` h t e a t ` h h k í h m é k r a h t a t p h e j r u e h q p d ` t e l N u a K o o h e ? s v r h d r d a t u a t h t d t ` m k k s a ï h j i m l r u r r s h e h n , s l p e r k e r s u a e e t r t a ` p e h a l n ` ` g g u h h a o t u í r s h n x a e . h l p r e g e ` h k a d r h k u h k t e d d a s r m h t a ` d m s a m j k r m h h a h p u ï i K ` H ] r R l a e \ f \ s e \ l g e H F S l S n D S a
@dairala egätrdmh egätrd mh 12:6 6>41 4=-14-22 52
2215 222= 4>
:.6
]ema`hr `e ar
Nguxhirala
]ema`hr `e ar
Zener nerïkmda
Khle
Ag AH 1 : = 0 5
Ektra`a `e ar ]aì`a `e ar Prhma`hr `e maghr ar/ar Prhma`hr `e maghr/evaphra`hr `e ar/renrdierakte ]epara`hr `e mhk`eksa`hs ]aì`a `rekh authlátdma / mhk`eksa`hs Mhlpresshr `e renrdieraéíh
> 9 6 4 12 11 1:
Mhk`eksa`hr renrdierakte ]ema`hr/ndgtrh `e gìqud`h renrdierakte ^ágvuga `e expaksíh terlhstátdma ^ágvuga jy-pass `e iás quekte ^ektdga`hr `e renrdieraéíh renr dieraéíh `h mhk`eksa`hr Rresshstath, mhktrhge `h vektdga`hr ]epara`hr `e gìque`hs
Mdrmudth `e ar mhlprdld`h H ar mhlprdld`h ektra kh trhma`hr `e maghr (1) e ä resnrda`h pegh ar `e saì`a nrdh e semh. A áiua kh ar `e a`ldssíh mhleéa a mhk`eksar. H ar passa el seiud`a pegh trhma`hr `e maghr/evaphra`hr (:), hk`e h renrdierakte evaphra, nazek`h mhl que h ar seoa adk`a lads resnrda`h atä prýxdlh `a telperatura `e evaphraéíh `h renrdierakte. Este prhmessh prhvhma a mhk`eksaéíh `e lads áiua mhktd`a kh ar. H ar nrdh passa `ephds atraväs `h separa`hr (=), hk`e th`hs hs mhk`eksa`hs síh separa`hs `h ar. Hs mhk`eksa`hs síh authlatdmalekte `reka`hs atraväs `a saì`a (0). H ar nrdh e semh passa atraväs `h trhma`hr `e maghr (1), hk`e ä aquemd`h pegh ar `e a`ldssíh.
Mdrmudth `e renrdieraéíh Hs sema`hres `e renrdieraéíh `h tdph D@ mhktïl renrdierakte Z012A agtalekte endmdekte `h iruph FNM. H mhlpresshr (5) nhrkeme iás renrdierakte quekte, a agta pressíh, que passa atraväs `h mhk`eksa`hr (>), hk`e a ladhrda `h renrdierakte mhk`eksa. H gìqud`h renrdierakte passa atraväs `h sema`hr/ndgtrh `e gìqud`h renrdierakte (9) para a vágvuga `e expaksíh terlhstátdma (6). H renrdierakte `edxa h tujh mapdgar â pressíh `e evaphraéíh. H renrdierakte ektra kh evaphra`hr (:), hk`e retdra maghr ah ar mhlprdld`h atraväs `e evaphraéíh a`dmdhkag a pressíh mhkstakte.
H renrdierakte aquemd`h `edxa h evaphra`hr e ä aspdra`h pegh mhlpresshr (5) atraväs `e ul separa`hr `e gìqud`hs (1:). A vágvuga jy-pass (4) reiuga h nguxh `h renrdierakte. H vektdga`hr (12) ä gdia`h hu `esgdia`h pegh dkterrupthr (11), `epek`ek`h `h irau `e pressíh `hs mhk`eksa`hs. 51
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Zeiu Zeiuga ga` `hr Egect gectrh rhk kdchk dchk® ®
Aktes `e shgumdhkar h prhjgela, mhksugtar as Rremauéões `e seiurakéa.
=.1 Zeiuga`hr Egectrhkdchk® Avdsh `e mhrte `e nukmdhkalekth nukmdhka lekth
Radkeg `e mhktrhge
Ul kìveg `e avdsh `e mhrte `e nukmdhkalekth ä ul kìveg prhiraláveg ajadxh `h kìveg `e mhrte `e nukmdhkalekth. ]e ula `as le`d`as exme`er h kìveg `e avdsh `e mhrte `e nukmdhkalekth prhirala`h, esta sdtuaéíh taljäl será dk`dma`a, para avdsar h hpera`hr aktes `e ser atdkid`h h kìveg `e mhrte `e nukmdhkalekth.
Avdsh `e assdstïkmda ]e h telphrdza`hr `e assdstïkmda exme`er ul vaghr prhirala`h, esta sdtuaéíh será dk`dma`a kh vdshr, para avdsar h hpera`hr para enetuar agiulas aéões `e assdstïkmda.
Dktrh`uéíh
Zepartd`a authlátdma apýs nagfa `e mhrrekte
El ierag, h reiuga`hr Egectrhkdchk tel as seiudktes nukéões?
H reiuga`hr phssud ula nukéíh dkmhrphra`a para partdr h mhl presshr authlatdmalekte quak`h a mhrrekte ä restajegemd`a apýs ula nagfa `e mhrrekte. Esta nukéíh ä `esatdva`a `e nájrdma. ]e `eseoa`h, a nukéíh ph`e ser atdva`a. Mhksugtar h Mektrh `e Mgdektes `a Atgas Mhpmh.
• • • •
Mhktrhge `h mhlpresshr Rrhteéíh `h mhlpresshr Lhkdt Lhkdthr hral alek ekth th `hs `hs mh mhlp lphk hkek ekte tess suo suoed edth thss a assd assdst stïk ïkmd mdaa Ze Zepa partd rtd`a `a au auth thlá látd tdma ma ap apýs ýs nagf nagfaa `e `e mhrr mhrrek ekte te (dk (dkat atdv dvh) h)
Mhktrhge authlátdmh `h nukmdhkalekth `h mhlpresshr H reiuga`hr laktäl a pressíh `a re`e `ektrh `e gdldtes prhiraláveds, mhghmak`h authlatdmalekte h mhlpresshr el maria e el agìvdh. ]íh geva`hs el mhkta `dvershs parêletrhs prhiraláveds, phr exelpgh, as pressões `e agìvdh e maria, h telph `e para`a lìkdlh e h kÿlerh láxdlh `e partd`as `h lhthr. H reiuga`hr pára h mhlpresshr selpre que phssìveg para re`uzdr h mhksulh `e ekerida e thrka a partì-gh authlatdmalekte quak`h a pressíh `a re`e `dldkud. ]e h perìh`h prevdsth `e nukmdhkalekth el agìvdh nhr ludth murth, h mhlpresshr ä laktd`h nukmdhkak`h, para evdtar perìh`hs `e paragdsaéíh ludth jreves.
Rrhteéíh `h mhlpresshr Mhrte `e nukmdhkalekth ]e a telperatura `e saì`a `h egelekth mhlpresshr exme`er h kìveg `e mhrte `e nukmdhkalekth prhirala`h, h mhlpresshr ä para`h. Esta sdtuaéíh será dk`dma`a kh vdshr `h reiuga`hr. H mhlpresshr taljäl será para`h el mash `e shjremaria `h lhthr `e amdhkalekth.
]e a nukéíh estdver atdva, e `es`e que h reiuga`hr esteoa kh lh`h `e nukmdhkalekth authlátdmh, h mhlpresshr partdrá authlatdmalekte se a teksíh `e agdlektaéíh nhr restajegemd`a.
Hs mhlpresshres resnrda`hs a ar taljäl paral el mash `e shjremaria `h lhthr `h vektdga`hr. 5:
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Radkeg `e mhktrhge
@esmrdéíh `etagfa`a
Radkeg `e mhktrhge `h reiuga`hr Egectrhkdchk
Reéas e nukéões Zenerïkmda
@esdikaéíh
Nukéíh
1
^dshr
Lhstra ìmhkes e mhk`déões `e nukmdhkalekth.
:
]ìljhgh `e nukmdhkalekth authlátdmh
=
GE@, nu nukmdhkalekth authlátdmh
0
]ìljhgh `e avdsh
5 >
GE@, avdsh ]ìljhgh `e teksíh
Amek`e-se se exdstdr ula mhk`déíh `e avdsh.
9
GE@, pr presekéa `e `e te teksíh
Dk`dma qu que a mhrrekte es está ggddia`a.
6
]ìljhgh `e assdstïkmda
4
GE@, assdstïkmda
Está amesh quak`h ä kemessárda assdstïkmda.
12
Jhtíh `e partd`a
Este jhtíh parte h mhlpresshr. H GE@ `e nukmdhkalekth authlátdmh (=) amek`e-se. H Egectrhkdchk está hperamdhkag.
11
Pemga `e `e pa para`a
Esta temga ä utdgdza`a para parar h mhlpresshr. H GE@ `e nukmdhkalekth authlátdmh (=) apaia-se.
1:
Pemgas ``ee ka kaveiaéíh
Utdgdzar estas temgas para permhrrer h leku.
1=
Pemga Ekter
Utdgdzar esta temga para mhkndrlar a ÿgtdla aéíh.
10
Pemga Esmape
U t d g d z a r e s t a t e m g a p a r a a m e s s a r â t e g a a kt e r d h r hu p a r a t e r l d k a r a a é í h
Dk`dma qu que h reiuga`hr eesstá mhktr trhhgak`h aauuthlatdmalekte h mhlpre ressshr? h mhlpresshr ektra el maria, ektra el agìvdh, pára e arrakma `epek`ek`h `h mhksulh `e ar e `as gdldtaéões prhirala`as kh reiuga`hr.
atuag.
5=
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Ìm Ìmhk hkes es utdg utdgdz dza` a`hs hs kh vd vdsh shrr
Nukéíh Es ta`h ` h mhlpres s h r
Ìmhke
@es mrdéíh Qu ak ` h h mh lp res s h r es tá para` h , h ìmh k e es tá p ara` h. Quak`h h mhlpresshr estánukmdhkak`h, h ìmhke rh`a. Lhthr para`h
Nukmdhkak`h el agìvdh
Nukmdhkak`h el maria
Rartd`a / para`a relhta Lh`h `e mhktrhg mhk trhgee `a láqudka láqudka Mhktrhge phr GAK Zearrakque authl Zearrakque au thlátdmh átdmh apýs nagfa nag fa ``ee mhrrekte
Zepartd`a Zepartd `a authl au thlátdma átdma apýs nagfa nagfa `e ` e mhrrekte es tá atdva
Pelphrdza`hr Nukéões `e prhteéíh atdvas
Rara`a `e eleriïkmda
A s s ds tïk mda
A s s ds tïk mda k emes s árda
Ukd`a`es
Ukd`a`e `e pressíh (Leia Rasmag)
Ukd`a`e `e pressíh (psd)
Ukd`a`e `e pressíh (jar)
Ukd`a`e `e telperatura telperatura
Ukd`a`e `e telperatura telperatura
Fhras (selpre apresekta`as ouktalekte mhl hs seiuk`hs)
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Nukéíh
Ìmhke
@es mrdéíh Rermektaiel
H vaghr apresekta`h `eve ser lugtdpg lugtdpgdma`h dma`h phr 12 para se hjter h jter h vaghr reag H vaghr apresekta`h `eve ser lugtdpg lugtdpgdma`h dma`h phr 122 para se hjter h vaghr reag H vaghr apresekta`h apresekta` h `eve ` eve s er lugtd lugtdpgd pgdma`h ma`h phr 1222 1222 para se hjter h vaghr reag Lhthr (shjremaria)
Pelperatura Pel peratura `e saì`a `h ` h egelekth. egelekth.
Ndgtrh
@rekh
Rhupakéa `e ` e ekerida ekerida (sema`hr)
Pelperatura aljde aljde
Pelperatura Pel peratura `h phkth phk th `e hrvag h rvagfh fh
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Leku Pega prdkmdp prdkmdpag ag
Quak`h a mhrrekte ä gdia`a, a prdledra tega a aparemer ä ula tega `e teste. A tega seiudkte ä a Pega prdkmdpag, apresekta`a authlatdmalekte.
A Pega Pega prdkmdpag prdkmd pag lhstra? • •
H est esta` a`hh ``hh mmhl hlpr pres essh shrr atra atravä väss ``ee pdm pdmth thir iral alas as A pressíh `e saì`a `h ar Mhksugtar selpre a Atgas Mhpmh se a pressíh dk`dma`a kh vdshr estdver preme`d`a phr ul ‗t“.
=. =.55
Mhktdkua a ser phssìveg permhrrer hutras tegas, utdgdzak`h as temgas `e kaveiaéíh para mdla e para jadxh (1:), para verdndmar h esta`h reag `e hutrhs parêletrhs. Rressdhkar a temga (11) para parar h mhlpresshr mhlpress hr e esperar atä que h mhlpresshr mhlpress hr pare. @esgdiar a mhrrekte, dkspemdhkar h mhlpresshr e shgumdhkar. A leksaiel `e avdsh `esapareme assdl que `esaparemer a mhk`déíh `e avdsh.
Pelperatura `h phkth `e ` e hrvagfh Khs mhlpresshres mhlpresshres mhl sema`hr sema`hr dkteira`h, dkteira`h, h GE@ `e agarle (5) amek`e-se e h pdmthirala mhrresphk`ekte apareme dkterldtekte se a telperatura `h phkth `e hrvagfh exme`er h kìveg `e avdsh (prhiraláveg).
Avd vdsh sh ` `ee mh mhrt rtee `e nnuk ukmd mdhk hkal alek ekth th
@esmrdéíh Apareme ul avdsh `e mhrte `e nukmdhkalekth kh mash `e? • • •
Ula Ula telp telper erat atur uraa `ela `elasd sda` a`hh egev egeva` a`aa ka saì` saì`aa `h egelekth mhlpresshr Au Aule lekt kthh ``el elas asda da`h `h rá rápd pd`h `h `a telp telper erat atur uraa ka ka saì saì`a `a `h egelekth mhlpresshr Pelpe elpera ratu tura ra `h `h phkt phkthh `e hrv hrvag agfh fh `el `elas asda da`h `h eege geva va`a `a (mhlpresshres Nugg-Neature)
Pelperatura `e saì`a saì` a `h egelekth mhlpresshr •
Pe Pega ga prdkmdpag mhl h avdsh `e telperatura `h phkth `e hrvagfh H pdmthirala mhrresphk`ekte
apareme dkterldtekte.
Rressdhkar a temga `e kaveiaéíh (1:) atä aparemer a telperatura reag `h phkth `e hrvagfh.
]e a te telp lper erat atur uraa ``ee ssaì aì`a `a `h egel egelek ekth th mhl mhlpr pres essh shr r exme`er h kìveg `e avdsh `e mhrte `e nukmdhkalekth (mhksugtar a seéíh Rarêletrhs prhiraláveds), h GE@ `e avdsh (5) ndma dkterldtekte. dkterldtekte.
Pega Pega `e avdsh, telperatura `h phkth `e hrvagfh A tega lhstra que a telperatura `h phkth `e hrvagfh ä 4 ²M. •
Mhktdk Mhktdkua ua a ser phssìv phssìveg eg permhr permhrrer rer hutras hutras teg tegas as (ut (utdgd dgdzak zak`h `h as temgas `e kaveiaéíh 1:), para verdndmar h esta`h reag
•
`e hutrhs Rres Rressd sdhk hkar arparêletrhs. a tem temga ga (11 (11)) para para par parar ar h mhlp mhlpre ress sshr hr e esp esper erar ar
Rressdhkar a temga `e kaveiaéíh para jadxh (1:). A tega lhstra a telperatura ka saì`a `h egelekth mhlpresshr?
• •
atä que h mhlpresshr pare. @esg @esgdia diarr a mhr mhrrek rekte, te, dk dkspe spemd mdhk hkar ar h mhlp mhlpres ressh shrr e shg shgumd umdhka hkarr. A leks leksai aiel el `e `e avds avdshh `esa `esapa pare reme me ass assdl dl que que `es `esap apar arem emer er a mhk`déíh `e avdsh.
5>
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Mhrt Mhrtee `e nukm nukmdh dhka kale lekt kthh
]hjremaria `h lhthr •
@esmrdéíh
Mash Mash h lht lhthr hr este esteoa oa sh shjr jrem emar arre reia ia`h `h,, h mhlp mhlpre ress sshr hr ä `esatdva`h, h GE@ `e agarle (5) ndma dkterldtekte, h GE@ `e nukmdhkalekth authlátdmh (=) apaia-se e a seiudkte tega será apresekta`a?
H mhlpresshr será `esgdia`h? •
Mash Mash a te telp lper erat atur uraa ka saì` saì`aa `h egel egelek ekth th mhl mhlpr pres essh shr r exme`a h kìveg `e mhrte `e nukmdhkalekth
• • •
El mash mash `e errh errh `h seks sekshr hr `e pres pressí síhh `e `e saì saì`a `a Kh ma mash sh `e sh shjr jrem emar aria ia `h lhth lhthrr ``ee amd amdhk hkal alek ekth th Kh mas mashh `e `e sshj hjre rema mari riaa ``hh lhth lhthrr `h vekt vektdg dga` a`hr hr khs khs mhlpresshres resnrda`hs a ar
Pelperatura `e saì`a saì` a `h egelekth mhlpresshr •
]e a te telp lper erat atur uraa ``ee saì saì`a `a `h egel egelek ekth th mhl mhlpr pres essh shr r exme`er h kìveg `e mhrte `e nukmdhkalekth (`endkdéíh `e nájrdma 1:2 ²M / :06 ²N, prhiraláveg), h mhlpresshr ä `esatdva`h, h GE@ `e agarle (5) ndma dkterldtekte, h GE@ `e nukmdhkalekth authlátdmh (=) apaia-se e a seiudkte tega será apresekta`a?
Pega prdkmdpag mhl dk`dmaéíh `e mhrte `e nukmdhkalekth, shjremaria `h lhthr
• •
=.9 =.9
@esg @esgdi diar ar a mhrr mhrrek ekte te e sshg hgum umdh dhka karr h prh prhjg jgel ela. a. Ap Apýs ýs sh shgu guéí éíhh e `esa `esapa pare remd mdle lekt kthh `a `a mhk mhk`d `déí éíhh `e `e mhr mhrte te `e nukmdhkalekth, gdiar a mhrrekte e partdr h mhlpresshr khvalekte.
Avdsh vdsh `e assd assdst stïk ïkmd mdaa
@esmrdéíh Pega prdkmdpag mhl dk`dmaéíh `e mhrte `e nukmdhkalekth, telperatura `e saì`a `h egelekth
H pdmthirala mhrresphk`ekte •
Apareme ul avdsh `e assdstïkmda quak`h h telphrdza`hr `e assdstïkmda tdver atdkid`h h dktervagh `e telph prhirala`h.
apareme dkterldtekte.
Rres Rressd sdhk hkar ar as as temg temgas as `e `e kave kaveia iaéí éíhh (1:) (1:) atä atä aapa pare reme merr a telperatura atuag `h egelekth mhlpresshr. mhlpresshr.
A tega dk`dma que a telperatura ka saì`a `h egelekth mhlpresshr ä `e 1:2 ²M.
]e h ttel elph phrdz rdza` a`hr hr `e assd assdst stïk ïkmd mdaa exm exme` e`er er h dkte dkterva rvagh gh `e `e telph prhirala`h, h GE@ `e agarle (5) amek`e-se. Rress Rressdhk dhkar ar as te temg mgas as `e kave kaveia iaéí éíhh (1:) (1:) par paraa pper ermh mhrre rrerr h vdshr atä 7`.>; e ser apresekta`h h sìljhgh `e assdstïkmda. Rressdhkar a temga (1=)? surie a gedtura reag `h telphrdza`hr `e assdstïkmda, que ä apresekta`a el
•
7frs; hu 7x1222 frs; (se h vaghr `h telphrdza`hr `e
Pega `e mhrte `e nukmdhkalekth, telperatura ka saì`a `h egelekth
@esg @esgdi diar ar a mmhr hrre rekt ktee e shg shgum umdh dhka karr h prh prhjg jgel ela. a.
• •
•
Ap Apýs ýs resh reshgu guéí éíhh e `es `esap apar arem emdl dlek ekth th `a `a mhk mhk`d `déí éíhh `e mhrte mhrte `e nukmdhkalekth, gdiar a mhrrekte e partdr h mhlpresshr khvalekte.
assdstïkmda nhr superdhr a 4444).
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=.6 @es @esghm ghmale alekth kth atravä atraväss ` `ee tth`a h`ass aass tega tegass Radkeg `e mhktrhge
Exelpgh `e tega t ega `h telphrdza`hr telphrdz a`hr `e assdstïkmda
A tega lhstra que a gedtura `h telphrdza`hr `e assdstïkmda ä `e 022:. •
Rres Rressd sdhk hkar ar a tem temga ga `e `e kave kaveia iaéí éíhh (1:) (1:) par paraa perm permhr hrre rerr h vdshr atä 7`.1; e ser apresekta`h h sìljhgh `as fhras `e nukmdhkalekth. Rressdhkat Rressdhkat a temga (1=)? surie a gedtura reag `h telphrdza`hr `e assdstïkmda, que ä apresekta`a el 7frs; hu 7x1222 frs; (se h vaghr `h telphrdza`hr `e assdstïkmda nhr superdhr a 4444).
Radkeg `e mhktrhge
As temgas `e kaveiaéíh (1:) ph`el ser utdgdza`hs para permhrrer th`as as tegas. As tegas estíh `dvd`d`as el tegas `e reidsth, tegas `e `a`hs le`d`hs, tegas `e ektra`as `didtads (represekta`hs phr 7`.dk;, 7`.1;, etm.), tegas `e parêletrhs (represekta`hs phr 7R.21;, 7R.2:;, etm.), tegas `e prhteéíh (represekta`hs phr 7Rr.21;, etm.) e tegas `e teste (represekta`hs (repr esekta`hs phr 7t.21;, etm.). @urakte a kaveiaéíh, hs kÿlerhs `as tegas aparemel mhksemutdvalekte. Rara a ladhrda `ahs tegas , a ukd`a`e `e le`d`a e h pdmthirala mhrresphk`ekte síh lhstra`hs el mhkoukth mhl h kÿlerh `a tega.
Exelpgh `e tega `e fhras `e nukmdhkalekth
•
Rarar Rarar h mmhlp hlpres resshr shr,, ``esg esgdia diarr a mhrre mhrrekte kte e enet enetua uarr as as aéõ aéões es `e assdstïkmda kemessárdas. Mhksugtar a seéíh Lakutekéíh prevektdva. • As aéões aéões `e assd assdstï stïkmd kmdaa ppara ara dkterv dktervagh aghss lads prhghkia`hs `evel taljäl dkmgudr as aéões para dktervaghs lads murths. Kh exelpgh amdla, enetuar th`as as hperaéões `e assdstïkmda pertekmektes ah dktervagh `e 6222 fhras `e nukmdhkalekth jel mhlh as pertekme pertekmektes ktes ah dkte dktervag rvaghh `e 0222 fhras `e nukmdhkalekth. • A `endk `endkdéí déíhh `h telphr telphrdza dza`hr `hr `e ass assddtïkmda ph`e ser agtera`a el nukéíh `as mhk`déões `e nukmdhkalekth. Mhksugtar a seéíh Rrhirala `e lakutekéíh prevektdva.
•
Apýs Apýs assdst assdstïk ïkmda mda,, rrear earlar lar h telp telphrd hrdza` za`hr hr `e assdst assdstïkm ïkmda. da. Mhksugtar a seéíh Amessh/rearle `h telphrdza`hr `e
Exelpgh
A tega lhstra h kÿlerh `a tega, 7`.1;, a ukd`a`e utdgdza`a, 7frs;, e h sìljhgh mhrresphk`ekte para as fhras `e nukmdhkalekth. Rressdhkar a temga Ekter (1=) para amessar as fhras `e nukmdhkalekth reads.
assdstïkmda
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^dsíh ierag `as tegas Pegas `e ektra`as `didtads
@esdikaéíh
Assukth regamdhka`h
7`.dk; 7`.1; 7`.:;
Esta`h `e ektra`a `didtag Fhras `e nukmdhkalekth (frs hu x 1222 frs) Rartd`as `h lhthr (x 1 hu x 1222)
Mhksugtar a seéíh Amessh âs fhras `e nukmdhkalekth Mhksugtar a seéíh Amessh âs partd`as `h lhthr
7`.=; 7`.0;
Fhras `h lý`ugh (frs hu x 1222 frs) Fhras `e nukmdhkalekth el maria (frs hu x1222 frs) Zegä `e maria (x 1 hu x 1222) Gedtura `h telphrdza`hr `e assdstïkmda (frs hu x 1222 frs) ^ersíh atuag `h prhirala
Mhksugtar a seéíh Amessh âs fhras `h lý`ugh Mhksugtar a seéíh Amessh âs fhras `e nukmdhkalekth el maria Mhksugtar a seéíh Amessh ah regä`e maria Mhksugtar a seéíh Amessh/rearle `h telphrdza`hr `e a ss d s t ï k m d a
Pegas `e parêletrhs
@esdikaéíh
Assukth regamdhka`h
7R.21;
]egeéíh ektre mhktrhge ghmag, relhth hu phr GAK Mhkndiuraéíh `a D@ `e ul kh para mhktrhge phr GAK e `hs makads para Lc 0 e Lc 5
Mhksugtar a seéíh ]egeéíh ektre mhktrhge ghmag, relhth hu phr GAK Mhksugtar a seéíh Amessh/lh`dndmaéíh ``hh mhktrhge `h ek`ereéh MAK
s@uejn-drkedé`õees para DR, iateway e lásmara `e Rarêletrhs `a jjaak`a `e `e pprressíh
eMhlkássumgatarar a`eseséuíjh-rAe`messh/lh`dndmaéíh `e DR, iateway Mhksugtar a seéíh Amessh/lh`dndmaéíh `hs parêletrhs `a jak`a `e pressíh Mhksugtar a seéíh Lh Lh`dndmaéíh `a `a se segeéíh `a `a ja jak`a `e pressíh Mhksugtar a seéíh Amessh/lh`dndmaéíh `hs parêletrhs `h telphrdza`hr `e assdstïkmda Mhksugtar a seéíh Amessh/lh`dndmaéíh ``aa uk ukd`a`e `e `e telperatura Mhksugtar a seéíh Amessh/lh`dndmaéíh `a ukd`a`e `e pressíh pres síh Mhksugtar a seéíh Atdvaéíh `a repartd`a authlátdma
7`.5; 7`.>; 7`.9;
7R.2:; 7R.2=; 7R.20; 7R.25; 7R.2>;
Mhkndiuramíh `e ula segeéíh `e jak`a `e pressíh pres síh Lh`dndmaéíh `h `h te telphrdza`hr ``ee aasssdstïkmda
7R.29;
Rarêletrh para a ukd`a`e `e telperatura
7R.26;
Rarêletrh para a ukd`a`e `e pressíh
7R.24;
]egeéíh `a nukéíh? repartd`a autálatdma apýs nagfa `e teksíh (atdvh hu kíh3
7R.11; 7R.1:;
mhktatar RarêletrahsAtgas paraMhpmh) telph `e atrash `e maria Rarêletrh para telph `e para`a lìkdlh
7R.1=; 7R.10;
Mhkndiuraéíh `e ula sekfa @eterldkaéíh `a pressíh relhta
Pegas `e prhteéíh
@esdikaéíh
Assukth regamdhka`h
7Rr.21; 7Rr.2:; 7Rr.2=;
Pegas `e prhteéíh
Mhksugtar a seéíh Amessh/lh`dndmaéíh `hs parêletrhs `e prhteéíh
Pegas `e teste
@esdikaéíh
Assukth regamdhka`h
Mhksugtar a seéíh Amessh/lh`dndmamah `h telph `e atrash `e maria Mhksugtar a seéíh Amessh/lh`dndmamah `h telph `e para`a para `a lìkdlh lìkdlh Mhksugtar a seéíh Atdvaéíh `a prhteéíh phr sekfa Mhksugtar a seéíh Atdvar a `eterldkaéíh relhta `e maria/`esmaria
7t.21; 7t.2:; 7t.2=;
Peste `h vdshr Peste `a vágvuga `e seiurakéa Peste `e prh`uéíh
Mhksugtar a seéíh Pegas `e teste Mhksugtar a seéíh Pegas `e teste Mhksugtar a seéíh Pegas `e teste 54
2215 222= 4>
Estrutura `e lekus
Estrutura `e lekus sdlpgdndma`a
Ze Zenn. @e @esm smrd rdéí éíhh
Zen. @e @esm smrd rdéí éíhh
(1) (:) (=) (0) (5) (>) (9) (6)
(15) (1>) (19 (19) (16) (14) (:2) (::) (:= (:=)
Rress Rressíh íh `e `e ssaì aì`a `a `h mhl mhlpr pres essh shr r Pelpera elperatura tura `e sad`a sad`a `h mhlpre mhlpressh sshr r Pel elpe pera ratu tura ra `h `h phkt phkthh `e hrv hrvag agfh fh Esta Esta`h `h `e `e ektr ektra` a`aa `did `didta tagg Fhra Fhrass `e `e Nuk Nukmd mdhk hkal alek ekth th Rart Rartd` d`as as `h lhth lhthr r Fh Fhra rass `h lý` lý`ug ughh Fh Fhra rass `e `e nukm nukmdh dhka kale lekt kthh el maria maria
]egeéí ]egeéíhh `a jak`a jak`a `e pres pressíh síh @endkd @endkdéíh éíh `a jak`a jak`a `e press pressíh íh Rarêletrhs Rarêletrhs `h telphrdza`hr telphrdza`hr `e assdstï assdstïkmda kmda Ukd`a` Ukd`a`ee `e telpe telperat ratura ura Ukd`a` Ukd`a`ee `e `e pres pressíh síh Zepart Zepartd`a d`a authl authlátd átdma ma Pelph elph `e atras atrashh `e maria maria Pelph `e para`a para`a lìkdlh lìkdlh
(4) (1 (12) 2) (11 (11) (1:) (1= (1=) (10)
Zegä `e Maria Gedtura `h telphrdza telphrdza`hr `hr `e assdstïkmd assdstïkmdaa ^ers ersíh íh atuag atuag `h prhiral prhiralaa ]ege ]e gemm mmah ah `e `e GAK GAK @endkd @endkdéõe éõess `e D@ `h `h ký @e @end ndkd kdéõ éões es `e `e DR
(:0) (:5 (:5) (:>) (:9) (:6 (:6) (:4)
@endkd @endkdéõe éõess ``aa ssekf ekfaa @eterldkaéí @eterldkaéíhh ``aa ppressí ressíhh relhta relhta Rr Rrht hteé eéõe õess Peste este `h `h vdsh vdshr r Peste `a vágvuga vágvuga `e seiuraké seiurakéaa Pest estee `e prh`uéí prh`uéíhh
>2
2215 222= 4>
=.44 =.
Amess Amesshh âs telpe telpera ratur turas as ` `ee ssaì` aì`aa e ` `hh p phkt hkthh `e hrvagfh
=.12 Ames Amessh sh ââss f fhras hras `e nukmd nukmdhkale hkalekth kth Radkeg `e mhktrhge
Radkeg `e mhktrhge
A partdr `a Pega Pega prdkmdpag? prdkmd pag? A partdr `a Pega Pega prdkmdpag? prdkmdp ag?
•
•
Rress Rressdh dhka karr a tem temga ga `e `e kkav avei eiaé aéíh íh (1: (1:)) atä atä aapa pare reme merr 7`.1 7`.1; ; e pressdhkar a temga Ekter (1=)?
Rress Rressdh dhka karr a temg temgaa `e kav kavei eiaé aéíh íh (1: (1:). ). A tel telpe pera ratu tura ra ``ee saì`a ä apresekta`a? A tega lhstra a ukd`a`e utdgdza`a, (x1222 frs), e h vaghr (11,:5)? as fhras `e nukmdhkalekth `h mhlpresshr síh 11:52 fhras.
=.111 Ame =.1 Amessh ssh ââss par partd` td`as as `h lht lhthr hr Radkeg `e mhktrhge
A tega lhstra que a telperatura `e saì`a e 6: ²M. •
Rara Rara mh mhl lpres pressshres hres Nug Nugg-Ne g-Neaature ture?? Rressdhkar a temga `e kaveiaéíh (1:). A telperatura telperatura `h phkth `e hrvagfh ä apresekta`a?
A tega lhstra que a telperatura `h phkth `e hrvagfh ä = ²M. •
Rress Rressdh dhka karr a tem temga ga `e `e kave kaveia iaéí éíhh (1:) (1:) par paraa perm permhr hrre rerr as tegas kh sektd`h `esmek`ekte hu asmek`ekte.
A partdr `a tega prdkmdpag, pressdhkar a temga `e kaveiaéíh (1:) atä aparemer 7`. :; e, el seiud`a, pressdhkar a Ekter (1=). Ä apresekta`h ula tega selegfakte â seiudkte? >1
2215 222= 4>
A tega lhstra a ukd`a`e utdgdza`a, 7frs; (hu 7x1222 frs;), e h vaghr 71955;? h mhlpresshr esteve nukmdhkak`h el maria `urakte 1955 fhras.
=.100 Ame =.1 Amessh ssh ah regä regä `e maria maria A partdr `a Pega prdkmdpag? Esta tega lhstra h kÿlerh `e partd`as `h lhthr (x 1 hu, se 7x1222; amek`er, x 1222). Kh exelpgh amdla, h kÿlerh `e partd`as `h lhthr e 12122. 12122.
=.1:: Ame =.1 Amessh ssh âs f fhra hrass `h l lý`u ý`ugh gh Radkeg `e mhktrhge •
A partdr `a tega prdkmdpag, pressdhkar pr essdhkar a temga `e kaveiaéíh (1:) atä aparemer 7`. =; e, el seiud`a, pressdhkar a temga Ekter (1=). Ä apresekta`h ula tega selegfakte â seiudkte?
Rr Rres essd sdhk hkar ar a te temg mgaa `e kave kaveia iaéí éíhh (1:) (1:) atä atä apa aparem remer er 7`. 7`.5; 5; e pressdhkar a temga Ekter (1=)?
Esta tega lhstra h kÿlerh `e aéões `e `esmaria para maria (x 1 hu, se 7x1222; amek`er, x 1222). Kh exelpgh amdla, h kÿlerh `e aéões `e `esmaria para maria ä 12122.
=.15 Ame Amessh ssh/rea /rearle rle `h ttelp elphrdz hrdza`hr a`hr ` `ee assdstï assdstïkmda kmda Amessh ah telphrdza`hr `e assdstïkmda
Kh exelp gh apre sekt sekta`h, a`h, a tega lhstr lhstraa a ukd`a `e utdg dza` dza`aa (fr (frs) s) e h vaghr (5222)? h lý`ugh `h reiuga`hr está nukmdhkak`h fá 5222 fhras.
=.1= Ames Amessh sh âs f fhras hras `e nuk nukmdhk mdhkalek alekth th el maria maria A partdr `a Pega prdkmdpag? • Rressd Rressdhkar hkar a temga `e `e kav kaveiaéíh eiaéíh (1:) at atää aparemer aparemer 7` 7`.0; .0; e pressdh pressdhkar kar a temga Ekter (1=)?
A partdr `a Pega Pega prdkmdpag? prdkmd pag?
>:
2215 222= 4>
=.19 Ame Amessh ssh/lh` /lh`dndm dndmaéí aéíhh `h mhktrhge mhktrhge `h ek` ek`ere ereéh éh MAK Amessh A partdr `a tega prdkmdpag, pressdhkar a temga `e kaveiaéíh (1:) atä aparemer 7R. :; e, el seiud`a, pressdhkar a temga Ekter (1=). (1 =). •
Rress Rressdh dhka karr a tem temga ga `e kav kavei eiaé aéíh íh (1:) (1:) atä atä apa apare reme merr 7 7`. `.>; >; e pressdhkar a temga Ekter (1=)?
]e kemessárdh, dktrh`uzdr a sekfa. A tega seiudkte dk`dma se a nukéíh se ekmhktra HK hu HNN. Rressdhkar a temga Ekter (1=) para agterar este lh`h. Utdgdzar hs jhtões `e kaveiaéíh ((1:) 1:) para segemdhkar segemdh kar 7Hk; hu 7HNN; e pressdhkar pressdh kar Ekter para prhiralar prhir alar.. Quak`h esta nukéíh estdver atdva`a, utdgdzar hs jhtões `e kaveiaéíh para mdla hu para jadxh (1:) para ver a D@ `h ký.
Esta tega lhstra a ukd`a`e utdgdza`a 7frs; (hu 7x1222 frs;) e h vaghr 71141;. Kh exelpgh apresekta`h, h mhlpresshr nukmdhkhu 1141 fhras `es`e a ÿgtdla assdstïkmda.
]e assdl nhr pretek`d`h, h utdgdza`hr ph`e agterar esta D@. Rressdhkar a temga Ekter (1=)? h vaghr `a D@ `h ký ndma dkterldtekte. Utdgdzar hs jhtões `e kaveiaéíh (1:) para agterar a D@ `h ký. Rressdhkar a temga Ekter (1=) para prhiralar a khva D@ `h ký, hu pressdhkar a temga Esmape (10) para sadr `esta tega hu para makmegar esta hperaéíh.
Zearle `h telphrdza`hr `e assdstïkmda Apýs a assdstïkmda, mhksugtar a seéíh Avdsh `e assdstïkmda, h telphrdza`hr tel `e ser rearla`h? • • •
•
Rerm Rermhrr hrrer er h vdsh vdshrr aatä tä a tega tega `e reids reidsth th 7`. 7`.>; >; e ppre ress ssdh dhka kar r a temga Ekter (1=). Apar Aparem emee a ged gedtu tura ra (p (phr hr exel exelpg pgh, h, 02 0222 22). ). Rress Rressdh dhka karr a tem temga ga Ekter Ekter (1=) (1=) e, e, se se est estdv dver er `end `endkd kd`a `a ula ula sekfa, dktrh`uzdr a sekfa. H ìmhke ndma dkterldtekte (dk`dmak`h que h rearle ä phssdveg). Rres Rressd sdhk hkar ar a tem temga ga Ekt Ekter er (1= (1=)) para para rep rephr hr h tel telph phrd rdza za`h `hr r paraa 72.222; par 72.2 22;,, hu pressd pre ssdhka hkarr a temga temg a Esmape Esm ape (10) (1 0) para par a makmegar a hperaéíh.
=.1> ]ege ]egeéíh éíh eektre ktre mmhktr hktrhge hge gh ghmag, mag, rrelht elhthh hu ph phrr GAK Lh`dndmaéíh `a D@ `h ký ]egeéíh ektre mhktrhge ghmag, relhth hu phr GAK A partdr `a tega prdkmdpag, pressdhkar a temga `e kaveiaéíh (1:) atä aparemer 7R. 1; e, el seiud`a, pressdhkar a temga Ekter (1=). (1= ). H lh`h `e mhktrhge segemdhka`h kh lhlekth ä apresekta`h? 7GHM; para mhktrhge ghmag, 7rE; para mhktrhge relhth, hu 7GAk; para mhktrhge phr GAK. Rara lh`dndmar? pressdhkar a temga Ekter (1=) e, se kemessárdh,
A D@ `h ký ph`e ser agtera`a3 usar ul vaghr ektre 1 e =1. Quak`h a nukéíh está atdva`a, kíh ä phssìveg lh`dndmar hs parêletrhs. Agterar a nukéíh para h lh`h `e `esatdva`a `esatdva`a para agterar a D@ `h ký.
dktrh`uzdr seéíh Atdvaéíh `a prhteéíh phr sekfa).aHsekfa lh`h(mhksugtar `e mhktrhgea segemdhka`h kh lhlekth ndma dkterldtekte. Utdgdzar a temga `e kaveiaéíh (1:) para agterar h lh`h `e mhktrhge. Rressdhkar a temga Ekter (1=) para prhiralar h khvh lh`h `e mhktrhge, hu pressdhkat a temga Esmape (10) para makmegar. makmegar. >=
2215 222= 4>
Paljäl ä phssìveg agterar hs makads. H mhktrhga`hr tel 0 makads. Ah agterar hs makads, h mhktrhga`hr ph`e atuar mhlh ul reiuga`hr Lc D^ (ula versíh akterdhr `h mhktrhga`hr). Rara mhkndiurar hs makads, amessar â tega hk`e a D@ `h ký está vdsìveg. Rressdhkar a temga `e kaveiaéíh para jadxh (1:). Ä apresekta`h a seiudkte tega?
Rressdhkar a temga Ekter (1=) para lh`dndmar a `endkdéíh. H vaghr amdla lads a esquer`a ndma dkterldtekte. Agterar este vaghr utdgdzak`h as temgas `e kaveiaéíh (1:). Rressdhkar a temga Ekter (1=) para mhkndrlar. mhkndr lar. Agterar hs hutrhs vaghres vag hres `a lesla nhrla, mhknhrle kemessárdh. @ephds `e se lh`dndmar as `endkdéões, a tega ph`e ter h seiudkte aspemth?
=.16 Amessh/lh Amessh/lh`dndma `dndmaéíh éíh `e `e DR DR,, iateway iateway e lásmara `e suj-re`e Amessh A partdr `a tega prdkmdpag, pressdhkar pr essdhkar a temga `e kaveiaéíh (1:) atä aparemer 7R. =; e, el seiud`a, pressdhkar a temga Ekter (1=). ( 1=).
Lh`dndmaéíh Rressdhkar a temga Ekter (1=) e, se kemessárdh, dktrh`uzdr a sekfa. Hs prdledrhs `ìidths estíh dkterldtektes. Utdgdzar as temgas `e kaveiaéíh para mdla hu para jadxh (1:) para lh`dndmar hs parêletrhs e pressdhkar Ekter (1=) para mhkndrlar. mhkndrlar. Lh`dndmar hs `ìidths seiudktes `a lesla nhrla. H ek`ereéh DR stak`ar` ä mhkndiura`h mhlh 14:.1>6.122.122. 14:.1>6.122.122.
A tega seiudkte lhstra 7HNN; hu 7Hk;. ]e lhstrar 7Hk;, pressdhk pres sdhkar ar a tem temga ga Ekter Ekter (1=) para lh`dndma lh`dndmarr para 7HNN;. 7HNN;. Utdgdzar Utdgdzar as temgas `e kaveiamah para mdla hu para jadxh (1:) para permhrrer hs dteks `esta gdsta (7DR; para ek`ereéh DR, 7]uj; para lásmara lásmara `e suj-re`e, hu 7IAtE; para iateway)? >0
2215 222= 4>
`d`a. H kìveg `e maria `a jak`a `e pressíh segemdhka`a apareme. A temga (1:) ph`e ser usa`a para permhrrer p ermhrrer h vdshr atä ah kìveg `e `esmaria.
=.14 Ame Amessh ssh/lh /lh`dndm `dndmaéí aéíhh `hs parêle parêletrhs trhs `a jak`a `e pressíh
Rressíh `e maria
Amessh ahs parêletrhs
Rressíh `e `esmaria
•
• A partdr `a Pega Pega prdkmdpag? prdkmdp ag?
Rress Rressdhk dhkar ar a ttem emga ga Ekter Ekter (1=) (1=) ppar araa lh` lh`dnd dndma marr h kì kìve vegg ``ee maria (h vaghr ndma dkterldtekte). Rh`e ser kemessárda ula sekfa. Utdgdzar as temgas `e kaveiaéíh (1:) para agterar a pressíh `e maria. Rres Rressd sdhk hkar ar a tem temga ga Ekt Ekter er (1= (1=)) para para prh prhir iral alar ar hs hs khvh khvhss vaghres, hu pressdhkar a temga Esmape (10) para makmegar.
=.:2 Lh`d Lh`dndma ndmaéíh éíh `a ssegeé egeéíh íh `a ja jak`a k`a `e press pressíh íh Radkeg `e mhktrhge
•
Rress Rressdhk dhkar ar a ttemg emgaa ``ee kkave aveiaé iaéíh íh (1:) (1:) atä atä aparem aparemer er 7R 7R.20 .20; ;
•
e pressdhkar a temga Ekter (1=). (1= ). A jak`a `e pressíh 1 (7Rj.1;) e apresekta`a apresekta `a kh vdshr. A temga (1:) ph`e ser usa`a para permhrrer h vdshr atä a jak`a `e pressíh : (7Rj.:;). Rres Rressd sdhk hkar ar a te temg mgaa Ekte Ekterr (1=) (1=) ka ka jak` jak`aa `e pres pressí síhh pret pretek ek->5
2215 222= 4>
A partdr `a Pega Pega prdkmdpag? prdkmd pag? • •
•
Rressdhka Rressdhkarr a temga temga `e kave kaveia iaéí éíhh (1:) (1:) atä atä apar aparem emer er 7R.2 7R.25; 5; e pressdhkar a temga Ekter E kter (1=). A jak`a `e pressíh atdva 1 (7Rj.1;) ä apresekta`a kh vdshr. Rressd Rressdhka hkarr a temga temga Ekte Ekterr ((1= 1=)) par paraa lh` lh`dn dndm dmar ar a seg segeé eéíh íh `a jak`aa `e pressíh jak` pr essíh (ph`e (ph` e ser kemess k emessárda árda ula sekfa) se kfa).. A jak`a `e pressíh atdva 7Rj.1; ndma dkterldtekte.
•
Rr Rres essd sdhk hkar ar a ttem emga ga Ekte Ekterr (1= (1=)) ppar araa pprh rhir iral alar ar a kkhv hvaa ukd`a`e, hu pressdhkar a temga Esmape (10) para reiressar â tega `e parêletrhs sel nazer agteraéões.
=.:= Ames Amessh/l sh/lh`dn h`dndmaé dmaéíh íh `a ukd ukd`a`e `a`e ` `ee pressíh pressíh Radkeg `e mhktrhge
Rressd Rressdhka hkarr a temga temgaa(1:) (1 :) par para a lh` lh`dn dndm dmar ar a jak` ja k`aa ``ee ppre ress ssíh atdva. Rressdhkar temga Ekter (1=) para mhkndrl mhkndrlar, ar, huíha temga Esmape (10) para makmegar.
=.:1 Amessh Amessh/lh` /lh`dndm dndmaéí aéíhh `hs parêle parêletrhs trhs `h telphrdza`hr `e assdstïkmda Radkeg `e mhktrhge
A partdr `a Pega Pega prdkmdpag? prdkmd pag? •
•
A partdr `a tega prdkmdpag? •
•
•
Rressdh Rressdhkar kar a temga temga `e kave kaveia iaéí éíhh (1: (1:)) atä atä apar aparem emer er 7R 7R.. >; >; e, el seiud`a, pressdhkar a temga Ekter (1=)? h parêletrh `h telphrdza`hr `e assdstïkmda ä apresekta`h el 7frs; (fhras) hu 7x1222 frs; (fhras x 1222). Exelpgh? 70222 frs; sdikdndma que h telphrdza`hr está `endkd`h para 0222 fhras `e nukmdhkalekth. Rress Rressdh dhka karr a te temg mgaa Ekte Ekterr ((1=) 1=) para para lh`dn lh`dndma dmarr est estee vagh vaghr r (ph`e ser kemessárda ula sekfa)3 h vaghr ndma dkterldtekte. Utdgdzar as temgas `e kaveiaéíh (1:) para lh`dndmar a `endkdéíh. Rressdh Rressdhkar kar a temga temga Ek Ekte terr (1=) (1=) para para prhi prhira rala larr h khv khvhh vvag aghr hr..
=.:: Amessh/lh`dndmaéíh Amessh/lh`dndmaéíh `a ukd`a`e `e telperatura Radkeg `e mhktrhge A partdr `a Pega Pega prdkmdpag? prdkmd pag? •
Rressdhka Rressdhkarr a temga temga `e kave kaveia iaéí éíhh (1:) (1:) atä atä apar aparem emer er 7R.2 7R.29; 9;
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Rressdhkar a temga temga `e `e kave kaveia iaéí éíhh (1 (1:) :) at atää apar aparem emer er 7R.2 7R.26; 6; e hs parêletrhs phssìveds (7Lpa;, 7psd; e 7jar;). Rressdhkar a temga Ekter (1=) - a ukd`a`e utdgdza`a kh lhlekth ä apresekta`a. Rressdhkar Rressdhkar a temga Ekte Ekterr ((1= 1=)) ((aa ukd ukd`a `a`e `e nd ndma ma dk dkte terl rldt dtek ekte te)) e utdgdzar as temgas `e kaveiaéíh (1:) para segemdhkar hutra ukd`a`e `e pressíh. Rr Rres essd sdhk hkar ar a ttem emga ga Ekte Ekterr (1= (1=)) ppar araa pprh rhir iral alar ar a kkhv hvaa ukd`a`e `e pressíh. pressíh. Rress Rr essdhk dhkar ar a tem temga ga Esmape (10) para para reiressar âs tegas `e parÊletrhs.
=.:0 Atdva Atdvaéíh éíh `a rrepar epartd`a td`a authl authlátdma átdma apýs nagfa `e mhrrekte @esmrdéíh Esta nukéíh perldte que h mhlpresshr reparta authlatdmalekte apýs ula nagfa `e mhrrekte. Este parêletrh, amessìveg ka tega 7R. 4;, apekas ph`e ser lh`dndma`h apýs a dktrh`uéíh `e ul mý`dih. Mhksugtar h seu nhrkeme`hr mash se pretek`a atdvar esta nukéíh.
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e pressdhkar a temga temg a Ekter (1=). A ukd`a`e utdgdza`a kh lhlekth ä apresekta`a. As `endkdéões phssìveds síh 7²M; e 7²N;. Rressdh Rressdhkar kar a temga temga Ekte Ekterr ((1= 1=)) (a (a ukd ukd`a `a`e `e nd ndma ma dkte dkterl rldt dtek ekte te)) e utdgdzar as temgas `e kaveiaéíh (1:) para segemdhkar hutra ukd`a`e `e telperatura.
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=.:5 Ames Amessh/l sh/lh`dndm h`dndmaéíh aéíh `h tel telph ph `e atra atrash sh `e maria
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Radkeg `e mhktrhge •
Esta Esta te tega ga lhs lhstra tra h ttel elph ph `e para para`a `a lìkdl lìkdlhh ((:2 :2)) e a uk ukd` d`a` a`ee 7s; (seiuk`hs). Rara Rara lh`d lh`dndm ndmar ar este este vaghr vaghr,, ppres ressd sdhka hkarr a te temga mga Ekter Ekter (1=). (1=). H vaghr ndma dkterldtekte e as temgas `e kaveiaéíh (1:) ph`el ser ser utdgdza`hs utdgdza`hs para para lh`dndmar este vaghr. press pressdh dhka karr a tem temga ga Ekter Ekter (1=) (1=) para para prhir prhiral alar ar h kh khvh vh vag vaghr hr.. Hs vaghres láxdlh e lìkdlh `epek`el `hs parêletrhs.
=.:9 Atdvaéíh `a prhteéíh phr sekfa Agiuks parêletrhs dlphrtaktes, mhlh h telphrdza`hr `e assdstïkmda, a jak`a `e pressíh, h lh`h `e mhktrhge, etm., ph`el ser prhteid`hs phr ula sekfa. A partdr `a Pega Pega prdkmdpag? prdkmd pag? •
Rress Rressdh dhkar kar as te temg mgas as `e kave kaveiaé iaéíh íh (1:) (1:) atä atä apare apareme mer r 7R.1=; 7R.1=; e pressdhkar a temg temgaa Ekter (1=)?
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A teg tegaa lhs lhstr traa h est esta` a`hh `a sekf sekfaa (atd (atdva va`a `a (7 (7Hk Hk;) ;) hhuu `esatdva`a (7HNN;). Rressdhkar a temga Ekter (1=) para lh`dndmar. Ag Agte tera rarr h vag vaghr hr mhl mhl as te temg mgas as `e kave kaveia iaéí éíhh (1:) (1:).. ]ege ]egemd mdhk hkar ar 7Hk; 7Hk; e ppre ress ssdh dhka karr a te temg mgaa Ekt Ekter er (1 (1=) =).. Dktrh` Dktrh`uz uzdr dr a khv khvaa sek sekfa fa e ppres ressdh sdhka karr a te temga mga Ekter Ekter (1=) (1=) para mhkndrlar mhkndrlar.. Dk Dktr trh` h`uz uzdr dr hut hutra ra vez vez a sekf sekfaa e pre press ssdh dhka karr a temg temgaa Ekte Ekter r (1=) para mhkndrlar. Ap Apar arem emee 7Hk 7Hk; ; kh kh vvds dshr hr.. R Rre ress ssdhk dhkar ar a ttem emga ga `e re rear arle le
A partdr `a Pega Pega prdkmdpag? prdkmdp ag? •
press pressdhk dhkar ar a ttemg emgaa ``ee kkave aveiaé iaéíh íh (1:) (1:) atä atä aparem aparemer er 7R.1 7R.11; 1; e h pdmthirala `e maria `h mhlpresshr e pressdhkar a temga Ekter (1=)?
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Esta Esta tteg egaa lhs lhstr traa h tel telph ph `e atra atrash sh `e mari mariaa 1122 e a uk ukd` d`a` a`ee 7s; (seiuk`hs). Rara lh`dndmar lh`dnd mar este vaghr, pressdhkar a temga Ekter (1=) (ph`e ser kemessárda ula sekfa). H vagh vaghrr nd ndma ma dkt dkter erld ldte tekt ktee e as as tem temga gass ``ee kav kavei eiaé aéíh íh (1:) (1:) ph`el ser utdgdza`as para lh`dndmar h vaghr. vaghr. Rres Rressd sdhk hkar ar a te temg mgaa Ekte Ekterr (1=) (1=) ppar araa prhi prhira rala larr h khvh khvh vag vaghr hr.. Hs vaghres láxdlh e lìkdlh `epek`el `hs parêletrhs.
=.:> Ame Amessh ssh/lh` /lh`dndm dndmaéí aéíhh `h telph telph `e para para`a `a lìkdlh
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para reiressar â tega `e parêletrhs. As sekfas per`d`as kíh ph`el ser remupera`as. Iuar`ar a sekfa mhl mud`a`h.
=.:6 Atdv Atdvar ar a `ete `eterld rldkaé kaéíh íh `a pr press essíh íh rel relhta hta `e maria/`esmaria
A partdr `a Pega Pega prdkmdpag? prdkmdp ag? •
Rress Rressdhk dhkar ar a ttem emga ga `e kavei kaveiaéí aéíhh (1:) (1:) atä aparem aparemer er 7R.1: 7R.1:; ; e h pdmthirala `h lhthr e pressdhkar Ekter (1=)?
A partdr `a Pega Pega prdkmdpag? prdkmd pag? • •
Rress Rressdhk dhkar ar a ttemg emgaa ``ee kkave aveiaé iaéíh íh (1:) (1:) aatä tä aparem aparemer er 7R.10 7R.10; ; Rre Rressdh ssdhkkar a te temg mgaa Ekte Ekterr (1 (1=) =)..
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Estíh `dsphkìveds hs seiudktes parêletrhs `e prhteéíh? •
A nuk nukéí éíhh `es `esta ta te tega ga ä aatdv tdvar ar h reg regää ``ee mari maria/` a/`es esma mari riaa relhta. Rara se ph`er atdvar esta nukmdhkagd`a`e nukmdhkagd` a`e `e maria/ `esmaria relhta, ä kemessárda ula ektra`a `didtag nìsdma mhl a nukéíh `e maria/`esmaria. @ephds `este parêletrh estar atdva`h, a ektra`a `didtag nìsdma ph`e ser usa`a para mhlutar h mhlpresshr ektre maria e `esmaria.
=.:4 Ame Amessh ssh/lh` /lh`dndma dndmaéíh éíh `h `hss parêletr parêletrhs hs `e prhteéíh
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Ul kìveg kìveg `e avds avdshh jad jadxh xh,, aapr pres esek ekta ta`h `h kh vdshr vdshr mhlh mhlh 7AG-G;. Ul kìveg kìveg `e avd avdsh sh agt agth, h, apr apres esekt ekta`h a`h kh vdshr vdshr mhlh mhlh 7 7AGAG-F;. F;. Ul kì kìve vegg ``ee mhrt mhrtee ``ee nnuk ukmd mdhk hkal alek ekth th jadx jadxh, h, apr apres esek ekta ta`h `h kh vdshr mhlh 7]`-G;. Ul kì kìve vegg ``ee mmhr hrte te `e nu nukm kmdh dhka kale lekt kthh aagt gth, h, apre aprese sekt kta` a`hh
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kh vdshr mhlh 7]`-F;. Kì Kìve vegg ``ee ass assds dstï tïkm kmda, da, apres apresek ekta` ta`hh kkhh vvds dshr hr mhlh mhlh 7]E-G 7]E-G;. ;. Kì Kìve vegg ``ee aass ssds dstï tïkm kmda da,, apre aprese sekt kta` a`hh kkhh vdsh vdshrr mhlh mhlh 7]E-F 7]E-F;. ;.
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Exelpgh `e tegas`e prhteéíh
Rrhteéões `dsphkìveds
]ah nhrkemd`hs `dvershs parêletrhs `e prhteéíh. As tegas `e prht pr hteéí eéí h ap apre resek sekta tal l a dk dk`d `dma maéíh éíh 7R 7Rr.; r.;.. H pd pdmt mthi hira rala la apresekta`h mhl a tega `e prhteéíh dk`dma h hjoetdvh `a prhteéíh. Agiulas mhljdkaéões phssìveds ph`el ser 7Rr.; seiud`h `e ul kÿlerh e ul `hs pdmthiralas seiudktes?
Rdmt Rd mthi hira rala la @esd @esdik ikaé aéíh íh 7Rr.; apresekta`h mhl h pdmthirala `e pressíh lhstra as prhteéões `e pressíh. 7Rr.; apresekta`h mhl h pdmthirala `e telperatura `e saì`a `h egelekth lhstra as prhteéões `e telperatura `e saì`a `h egelekth. 7Rr.; apresekta`h mhl h pdmthirala `e telperatura `h phkth `e hrvagfh lhstra as prhteéões `e telperatura `h phkth `e hrvagfh.
Agteraéíh `hs parêletrhs A partdr `a tega prdkmdpag (h exelpgh apresekta`h `esmreve a prhteéíh `as telperaturas `e saì`a `h egelekth)? egelekth)? Rressdhkar as temgas `e kaveiaéíh (1:) atä aparemer 7Rr.; seiud`h `e ul kÿlerh e h pdmthirala `a telperatura `e saì`a `h egelekth e pressdhkar a temga Ekter (1=)? •
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H kìv kìveg eg `e avds avdshh para para te telp lper erat atur uraa eege geva va`a `a 7AG7AG-F; F; e h kìveg `e mhrte `e nukmdhkalekth para telperatura egeva`a 7]`-F; ndmal vdsìveds. Utdgdzar as temgas `e kaveiaéíh (1:) para se `esghmar ektre h kìveg `e avdsh (7AG;) e h kìveg `e mhrte `e nukmdhkalekth (7]`;)3 pressdhkar a temga Ekter (1=) para lh`dndmar h vaghr. Rh`e Rh`e ser ser kkem emes essá sárda rda ula ula sek sekfa fa hp hpmd mdhk hkag ag33 h vagh vaghrr nndm dmaa dkterldtekte e as temgas `e kaveiaéíh (1:) ph`el ser usa`hs para lh`dndmar h vaghr. Rr Rres essd sdhk hkar ar a te temg mgaa Ekte Ekterr (1=) (1=) par paraa prhi prhiral ralar ar h kh khvh vh vag vaghr hr..
7Rr.; apresekta`h mhl h pdmthirala `e telperatura aljdekte lhstra as prhteéões `e telperatura aljdekte.
Hs parêletrhs prhiraláveds apekas ph`el ser lh`dndma`hs `ektrh `e `eterldka`hs gdldtes.
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=.=2 =.=2 Peg egas as ` `ee test testee
Utdgdzar as temgas `e kaveiaéíh (1:) e permhrrer h vdshr atä h leku 7t. =;. A tega apresekta?
Peste `h vdshr vd shr A partdr `a tega prdkmdpag, pressdhkar as temgas `e kaveiaéíh (1:) atä aparemer 7t. 1; e, el seiud`a, pressdhkar a temga Ekter (1=). H vdshr apresekta aihra th`hs hs ìmhkes que ph`el ser apresekta`hs?
Rressdhkar a temga Ekter (1=)? h texth ndma dkterldtekte. Rressdhkar Rressdhk ar khvalekte a temga Ekter e h leku `esapareme.
=.=11 ]e =.= ]erv rvd` d`hr hr Yej Ph`hs hs mhktrhga`hres Egectrhkdchk estah equdpa`hs mhl ul servd`hr Yej dkteira`h que perldte a gdiaéíh `dreta a re`e `a elpresa hu Dsth a ulperldte RM `e`dma`h atraväs `e ula re`e`a`hs `e áreae ghmag (GAK). mhksugtar `eterldka`hs parêletrhs parêl etrhs atraväs atraväs `e ul RM el vez `e kh vdshr `h mhktrhga`h mhktrhga`hr. r.
Dkdmdar Mertdndmar-se `e que se dkdmdhu sessíh mhlh a`ldkdstra`hr. •
Ut Utdg dgdz dzar ar a ppga gama ma `e re re`e `e dk dkte terk rkaa ``hh mmhl hlpu puta ta`h `hrr hu ul a`apta`hr U]J/GAK (ver a dlaiel ajadxh).
Peste `a vágvuga `e seiurakéa seiura kéa Ka tega `e teste 7t. :;, ä nhrkemd`h ul teste para a vágvuga `e seiurakéa. As vágvugas `e seiurakéa apekas ph`el ser testa`as apýs a dktrh`uéíh `e ul mý`dih. Mhksugtar a Atgas Mhpmh se nhr kemessárdh testar as vágvugas `e seiurakéa.
Peste `e prh`uéíh A tega `e teste 7t. =; `estdka-se apekas ah teste `e prh`uéíh. ]e a tega prdkmdpag apresektar a tega seiudkte, h mhktrhga`hr está kh lh`h `e teste `e prh`uéíh?
A`apta`hr U]J/GAK
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Ut Utdg dgdz dzar ar ul ul majh majh UPR UPR (M (MA AP 5e) 5e) ppar araa gd gdia iarr ah re reiu iuga ga`h `hr r (ver a dlaiel ajadxh).
Mhlh reshgver8 >4
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Mhkndiuraéíh `a pgama `e re`e •
Dr a Ly Ly Ket Ketwh whrc rc pgam pgames es (Hs (Hs leu leuss ghm ghmad adss ka ka re` re`e) e) (1) (1)..
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Mgdm Mgdmar ar el el ^de ^dew w Ketw Ketwhr hrcc mhkk mhkkem emtd tdhk hkss (^er (^er ggdi diaé aéõe õess `e re`e) (1).
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Ut Utdgd dgdza zarr a madxa madxa `e verdn verdndm dmaé aéíh íh Dk Dkter terket ket Rrhth Rrhthmhg mhg (PMR/ (PMR/DR) DR) (1) (ver dlaiel). Rara evdtar mhkngdths, `eslarque hutras prhprde`a`es, mash esteoal assdkaga`as. assdkaga`as. @ephds `e segemdhkar PMR/DR, PMR/DR, mgdmar kh jhtíh Rrhpertdes (Rrhprde`a`es) (:) para agterar as `endkdéões.
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Ut Utdg dgdz dzar ar as ssei eiud udkt ktes es `end `endkd kdéõ éõees? • DR A``ress (Ek`ereéh DR) 14:.1>6.122.:22 • ]ujketlasc ]ujketlasc (Lasmara `e suj-re`e) :55.:55.:55.2 :55.:55.:55.2 Mgdmar el HC e nemfar as gdiaéões `e re`e.
Mhkndiuraéíh `h servd`hr Yej Mhkndiurar Mhkndiu rar a dktername `a Yej
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H servd`hr Yej dkterkh nhd mhkmejd`h e testa`h para h Ldmrhshnt® Dkterket Expghrer >, 9 e 6. Hutrhs jrhwsers `a Yej, mhlh h Hpera hu Ndrenhx, kíh suphrtal este servd`hr Yej dkterkh. Ah utdgdzar h Hpera hu Ndrenhx, Ndr enhx, ä apreapresekta`a ula páidka `e re`dremdhkalekth. Mgdmar ka fdpergdiaéíh para gdiar ah servd`hr `e traksnerïkmda `a Ldmrhshnt®, para traksnerdr a versíh lads remekte `h Dkterket Expghrer e dkstagar este shntware.
]egemd ]ege mdhk hkar ar a ggdi diaé aéíh íh `e área área ghm ghmag ag (1) (1),, que que está está gdi gdia` a`aa ah ah mhktrhga`hr.
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Mhl h Dkterket Expghrer? Ajrdr h Dkterket Expghrer e mgdmar el Phhgs - Dkterket hptdhks (Nerralektas - Hpéões `a Dkterket) (:).
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Mgdm Mgdmar ar mh mhl l h jh jhtí tíhh `dr `dred edth th e seg segem emdh dhka karr R Rrh rhpe pertd rtdes es (Rrhprde`a`es) (1).
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Mgdm Mgdmar ar kh kh sepa separa ra`h `hrr Mhkk Mhkkem emtd tdhk hkss (Gdi (Gdiaé aéõe ões) s) (1) (1) ee,, el seiud`a, kh jhtíh GAK settdkis (@endkdéões `e GAK) (:).
^dsuagdzar `a`hs `h mhktrhga`hr Ph`as as mapturas `e tega síh dk`dmatdvas. H Ph`as kÿlerh `e malphs apresekta`hs `epek`e `as hpéões segemdhka`as. •
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Aj Ajrd rdrse r hpretek`e jrhws jrhwser er evdsuagdzar ddkt ktrh` rh`uz uzdr drkhh jrhwser ek` ek`er ereé eéhh(keste DDR R `h `h rrei eiug uga` a`hr hr que exelpgh, fttp?//14:.1>6.122.122). A dktername ajre?
Ka mad madxa xa Rrhxy Rrhxy se serve rverr I Irhu rhupp (]e (]ervd rvd`h `hrr prhx prhxy), y), mgdmar mgdmar kh jhtíh A`vakme` (Avakéa`as) (Avakéa`as) (1).
Kaveiaéíh e hpéões •
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Ka ma madxa dxa Exmep Exmeptd tdhk hkss Irhup Irhup (Exm (Exmeé eéõe ões) s),, dktr dktrh` h`uz uzdr dr h ek`ereéh DR `h seu mhktrhga`hr. Rh`el ser atrdjuì`hs `dvershs ek`ereéhs DR, las `evel ser separa`hs phr phkth e vdriuga (3).
A par parte te su supe perdh rdhrr ``aa tteg egaa aapr pres esek ekta ta h ttdp dphh `e `e mmhl hlpr pres essh shr r e h segethr `e d`dhla. Keste exelpgh, ekmhktral-se ekmhktral-se dkstaga`hs trïs d`dhlas kh mhktrhga`hr.
Exelpgh?DR]uphk`h que oáe nhral a`dmdhka`hs `hds ek`ereéhs (14:.1>6.122.1 14:.1>6.122.:). E phssìveg a`dmdhkar 14:.1>6.122.122 e separar hs = ek`ereéhs DR mhl phkth e vdriuga (1) (ver dlaiel). Mgdmar el HC (:) para nemfar a oakega. 91
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Kh ga ga`h `h es esqu quer er`h `h `a `a dkte dktern rnam ame, e, ekmh ekmhkt ktra ra-s -see h lek lekuu ``ee kaveiaéíh (ver a dlaiel ajadxh). ]e nhr prhvd`ekmda`a ula gdmekéa para par a E]d, h leku mhktäl = jhtões. • Mhlpresshr (hr lamfdke) lamfdke) (Mhlpresshr (Mhlpresshr (hu láqudka))? apresekta th`hs hs parêletrhs `h mhlpresshr. • E]? apresekta h esta`h E]d (se exdstdr exdstdr ula gdmekéa). • Rrenerekmes (Rrenerïkmdas)? (Rrenerïkmdas)? perldte agterar aass ukd`a`es `e telperatura e pressíh.
]aì`as `didtads Dk`dma th`as as saì`as `didtads e h seu esta`h.
Rarêletrhs `h mhlpresshr Ph`hs hs parêletrhs `h mhlpresshr ph`el ser apresekta`hs hu hmugta`hs. Assdkagar ma`a phkth `e dkteresse e h leslh será apresekta`h. Apekas h esta`h `a láqudka ä ndxh e kíh ph`e ser retdra`h `a tega prdkmdpag.
]pemdag prhtemtdhks (Rrhteéões espemdads) Dk`dma th`as as prhteéões espemdads `h mhlpresshr.
Ektra`as akagýidmas Dk`dma th`hs hs vaghres atuads `e ektra`a akagýidma. As ukd`a`es `e le`d`a ph`el ser agtera`as kh jhtíh `e prenerïkmdas `h leku `e kaveiaéíh.
Mhkta`hres
Rgakh `e Assdstïkmda Apresekta th`hs hs kìveds `h pgakh `e assdstïkmda e h respemtdvh esta`h. Esta tega apresekta apekas as fhras `e nukmdhkalekth. Paljäl Paljäl ä phssìveg apresektar h esta`h atuag `h dktervagh `e assdstïkmda.
Dk`dma th`hs hs vaghres atuads `e mhkta`hr `h mhktrhga`hr e `h mhlpresshr.
Pega `h mhktrhga`hr E]
Dknh (Dknhrlaéíh `e esta`h) H esta`h `a láqudka ä selpre apresekta`h ka dktername `a Yej.
]e exdstdr ula gdmekéa E]d, h jhtíh E] ä apresekta`h kh leku `e kaveiaéíh. A esquer`a síh apresekta`hs th`hs hs mhlpresshres kh E]. A `dredta ä apresekta`h h esta`h E].
Ektra`as `didtads Dk`dma th`as as ektra`as `didtads e h seu esta`h. 9:
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=.=: Rarêl Rarêlet etrh rhss pr prhir hiral aláve áveds ds Rarêletrhs? pressões `e agìvdh/maria para mhlpresshres sel sema`hr `e renrdieraéíh dkmhrphra`h Rarêletrh lìkdlh
@endkdéíh `e nájrdma
Rarêletrh láxdlh
Rressões `e agìvdh Rressíh `e agìvdh (mhlpresshres `e 9,5 jar)
jar(e) psdi
0,1 54 54,5 ,5
9 12 121, 1,5 5
9,5 12 126, 6,6 6
Rressíh `e agìvdh (mhlpresshres `e 6,5 jar)
jar(e) psdi
0,1 54 54,5 ,5
6 11>
6,5 1: 1:=, =,5 5
Rressíh `e agìvdh (mhlpresshres `e 12 jar)
jar(e) psdi
0,1 54 54,5 ,5
4,5 1= 1=9, 9,6 6
12 10 105, 5,2 2
Rressíh `e agìvdh (mhlpresshres `e 1= jar)
jar(e) psdi
0,1 54 54,5 ,5
1:,5 16 161, 1,= =
1= 16 166, 6,> >
Rressíh `e agìvdh (mhlpresshres `e 122 psd)
jar(e) psdi
0,1 54 54,5 ,5
>,4 122
9,0 12 129, 9,= =
Rressíh `e agìvdh (mhlpresshres `e 1:5 psd)
jar(e) psdi
0,1 54 54,5 ,5
6,> 1:5
4,1 1=:
Rressíh `e agìvdh (mhlpresshres `e 152 psd)
jar(e) psdi
0,1 54 54,5 ,5
12,= 152
12,6 15 15>, >,> >
Rressíh `e agìvdh (mhlpresshres `e 195 psd)
jar(e) psdi
0,1 54 54,5 ,5
1: 195
1:,5 16 161, 1,: :
Rressíh `e maria (mhlpresshres `e 9,5 jar)
jar(e) psdi
0 56
>,0 4: 4:,6 ,6
9,0 12 129, 9,= =
Rressíh `e maria (mhlpresshres `e 6,5 jar)
jar(e) psdi
0 56
9,0 12 129, 9,= =
6,0 1: 1:1, 1,6 6
Rressíh `e maria (mhlpresshres `e 12 jar)
jar(e)
0
6,4
4,4
psdi
56
1: 1:4, 4,1 1
10 10=, =,> >
Rressíh `e maria (mhlpresshres `e 1= jar)
jar(e) psdi
0 56
11,4 19 19:, :,> >
1:,4 16 169, 9,1 1
Rressíh `e maria (mhlpresshres `e 122 psd)
jar(e) psdi
0 56
>,= 41 41,0 ,0
9,= 12 125, 5,4 4
Rressíh `e maria (mhlpresshres `e 1:5 psd)
jar(e) psdi
0 56
6 11>
4 1= 1=2, 2,5 5
Rressíh `e maria (mhlpresshres `e 152 psd)
jar(e) psdi
0 56
4,9 10 102, 2,9 9
12,9 15 155, 5,: :
Rressíh `e maria (mhlpresshres `e 195 psd)
jar(e) psdi
0 56
11,0 1> 1>5, 5,= =
1:,0 19 194, 4,6 6
Rressões `e maria
9=
2215 222= 4>
Rarêletrhs? pressões `e agìvdh/maria para mhlpresshres mhl sema`hr `e renrdieraéíh dkmhrphra`h Rarêletrh lìkdlh
@endkdéíh `e nájrdma
Rarêletrh láxdlh
Rressões `e agìvdh Rressíh `e agìvdh (mhlpresshres `e 9,5 jar)
jar(e)
0
9
9,=
Rressíh `e agìvdh (mhlpresshres `e 6,5 jar)
psdi jar(e) psdi
56 0 56
12 121, 1,5 5 6,2 11>
12> 6,= 1: 1:2, 2,5 5
Rressíh `e agìvdh (mhlpresshres `e 12 jar)
jar(e) psdi
0 56
4,5 1= 1=9, 9,6 6
4,6 10:
Rressíh `e agìvdh (mhlpresshres `e 1= jar)
jar(e) psdi
0 56
1:,5 16 161, 1,= =
1:,6 16 165, 5,5 5
Rressíh `e agìvdh (mhlpresshres `e 122 psd)
jar(e) psdi
0 56
>,4 122
9,: 12 120, 0,5 5
Rressíh `e agìvdh (mhlpresshres `e 1:5 psd)
jar(e) psdi
0 56
6,> 1:5
6,4 1:4
Rressíh `e agìvdh (mhlpresshres `e 152 psd)
jar(e) psdi
0 56
12,= 152
12,> 15 15=, =,5 5
Rressíh `e agìvdh (mhlpresshres `e 195 psd)
jar(e) psdi
0 56
1: 195
1:,= 19 196, 6,0 0
Rressíh `e maria (mhlpresshres `e 9,5 jar)
jar(e) psdi
0 56
>,0 4: 4:,6 ,6
9,: 12 120, 0,5 5
Rressíh `e maria (mhlpresshres `e 6,5 jar)
jar(e) psdi
0 56
9,0 129
6,: 114
Rressíh `e maria (mhlpresshres `e 12 jar)
jar(e) psdi
0 56
6,4 1: 1:4, 4,1 1
4,9 10 102, 2,5 5
Rressíh `e maria (mhlpresshres `e 1= jar)
jar(e) psdi
0 56
11,4 19 19:, :,> >
1:,9 16 160 0
Rressíh `e maria (mhlpresshres `e 122 psd)
jar(e) psdi
0 56
>,= 41 41,0 ,0
9,1 12=
Rressíh `e maria (mhlpresshres `e 1:5 psd)
jar(e) psdi
0 56
6 11>
6,6 1: 1:9, 9,5 5
Rressíh `e maria (mhlpresshres `e 152 psd)
jar(e) psdi
0 56
4,9 10 102, 2,9 9
12,5 15 15:, :,5 5
Rressíh `e maria (mhlpresshres `e 195 psd)
jar(e) psdi
0 56
11,0 1> 1>5, 5,= =
1:,: 199
Rarêletrh lìkdlh
@endkdéíh `e nájrdma
Rarêletrh láxdlh
5 2
12 2
12 12
Rressões `e maria
Rarêletrhs
Pelph `e nukmdhkalekth `h lhthr el estrega Pelph `e retar`alekth `e maria (estregatrdêkiugh)
sei sei
Kÿlerh `e partd`as `h lhthr Pelph `e paraiel lìkdlh Pelph `e paraiel prhirala`a Pelph `e remuperaéíh `e ekerida (AZA^N) Atrash `e repartd`a Pelph `e mhlukdmaéíh esihta`h
partd`as/`da sei sei sei sei sei
2 12 2 12 2 12
:02 :2 = 12 2 =2
:02 =2 :2 =>22 1:22 >2
90
2215 222= 4>
Rrhteéões Rarêletrh lìkdlh
@endkdéíh `e nájrdma
Rarêletrh láxdlh
Pelperatura `e saì`a `h egelekth mhlpresshr (kìveg `e avdsh `e mhrte `e nukmdhkalekth)
²M ²N
52 1::
112 :=2
114 :0>
Pelperatura `e saì`a `h egelekth mhlpresshr (kìveg `e mhrte `e nukmdhkalekth)
²M ²N
111 :=:
1:2 :06
1:2 :06
Rgakh `e assdstïkmda Hs telphrdza`hres `e assdstïkmda dkmhrphra`hs hrdidkal ula leksaiel `e avdsh `e assdstïkmda `ephds `hs respemtdvhs dktervaghs `e telph prä-prhirala`hs terel `emhrrd`h. Mhksugtar taljäl a seéíhRrhirala `e lakutekéíh prevektdva. Mhksugtar a Atgas Mhpmh se nhr kemessárdh lh`dndmar ul parêletrh `h telphrdza`hr. Mhksugtar a seéíh Amessh/lh`dndmaéíh `hs parêletrhs `h telph parêletrhs telphrdza`h rdza`hrr `e assdstï assdstïkmda. kmda. Hs dktervaghs dktervaghs kíh ph`el exme` exme`er er hs dkterv dktervaghs aghs khldka khldkads ds e tel `e mhdkmd`dr mhdkmd`dr ghidmalekte ghidmalekte..
Perldkhghida Perlh AZA^N
Expgdmaéíh Zepartd`a authlátdma apýs nagfa `e mhrrekte. Mhksugtar a seéíh Zeiuga`hr Egectrhkdchk.
Pelph `e remuperaéíh ` `ee ekerida
E s t e ä h p e r ì h ` h ` e k t r h ` h q u a g a m h r r ek t e t e l ` e s e r r e st a j e g e m d ` a p a ra f a v e r u l a repartd`a authlátdma. Está amessìveg se h rearrakque authlátdmh nhr amtdva`h. Rara atdvar a nukéíh `e repartd`a authlátdma, mhksugtar a Atgas Mhpmh.
Atrash ka ka repartd`a
Este parêletrh perldte nazer ula prhiralaéíh para que hs mhlpresshres kíh partal khvalekte ah leslh telph apýs ula nagfa `e mhrrekte (AZA^N atdva).
Pelperatura `e saì`a `h mhlpresshr
H parêletrh lìkdlh remhlek`a`h ä `e 92 ²M (156 ²N). Rara testar h sekshr `e telperatura, h parêletrh ph`e ser `dldkuì`h para 52 ²M (1:: ²N). Zephr h vaghr apýs h teste. H reiuga`hr kíh amedta parêletrhs dgýidmhs, phr exelpgh, se h kìveg `e avdsh nhr prhirala`h para 45 ²M (:2= ²N), h gdldte lìkdlh para h kìveg `e mhrte `e nukmdhkalekth lu`a para 4> ²M (:20 ²N). A `dnerekéa remhlek`a`a ektre h kìveg `e avdsh e h kìveg `e mhrte `e nukn ukmdhkalekth ä `e 12 ²M (16 ²N).
Atrash k kh h ssddkag ` `ee mhrte hrte `e nu nukm kmdh dhka kal lek ekth th
Este ä h perìh`h `urakte h quag tel `e exdstdr h sdkag aktes `e h mhlpresshr ser `esgdia`h. ]e nhr nhr k kem emeess ssár árdh dh prh prhira irala larr eest stee parê parêle letr trh hp par araa h hut utrh rh vagh vaghrr, mmhk hksu sugt gtar ar a Atg tgaas M Mhp hpmh mh..
]epara`hr `e `e ýg ýgeh
Utdgdzar ap apekas sseepara`hres ` `ee ýg ýgeh ` `aa Atgas M Mh hpmh. A que`a `e `e pressíh lá láxdla rreemhlek`a`a shjre h egelekth `h separa`hr `e ýgeh ä 1 jar (15 psd).
Pelph `e para`a para `a lìkdlh lìkdlh
@ephds `e parar authlatdmalekte, h mhlpresshr perlakeme para`h `urakte h telph `e para`a lìkdla (aprhx. :2 seiuk`hs), dk`epek`ektelekte `a pressíh `a re`e `e ar ar.. Mhksugtar a Atgas Mhpmh se nhr kemessárdh ul parêletrh dknerdhr a :2 seiuk`hs.
Rressíh `e `e agìvdh/maria
H r ei u g a` h r k í h a me d t a p ar êl e t r h s d g ý i d m h s, p h r e x e l p g h , s e a p re s sí h ` e a g ì v d h nh r prhirala`a para 9,2 jar(e) (121 psd(i)), h gdldte láxdlh para a pressíh `e maria lu`a para >,4 jar(e) (122 psd(i)). A `dnerekéa `e pressíh lìkdla remhlek`a`a ektre a maria
e h agìvdh ä `e 2,> jar (4 psd(i)).
95
2215 222= 4>
0
Zeiu Zeiuga ga`h `hrr Eg Egec ectr trhk hkdc dchk hk® ® Irap Irapfd fdmm
Rrhteéíh `h mhlpresshr Mhrte `e nukmdhkalekth
0.1 Zeiuga`hr Egectrhkdchk® Irapfdm Radkeg `e mhktrhge
H mhlpresshr phssud `dvershs sekshres. ]e ula `estas le`d`as exme`er h kìveg `e mhrte `e nukmdhkalekth prhirala`h, h mhlpresshr pára. Esta sdtuaéíh será dk`dma`a kh vdshr (1) e h GE@ `e agarle ierag (:) ndma dkterldtekte. dkterldtekt e. ]hgumdhkar h prhjgela e rearlar a leksaiel. Mhksugtar taljäl h leku Ektra`as. Aktes `e shgumdhkar h prhjgela, mhksugtar as Rremauéões `e seiurakéa.
Avdsh `e mhrte `e nukmdhkalekth nukmdhka lekth Ul kìveg `e avdsh `e mhrte `e nukmdhkalekth ä ul kìveg prhiraláveg ajadxh `h kìveg `e mhrte `e nukmdhkalekth. ]e ula `as le`d`as exme`er h kìveg `e avdsh `e mhrte `e nukmdhkalekth , apareme ula leksaiel kh vdshr (1) e h GE@ `e agarle ierag (:) amek`e-se, para avdsar h hpera`hr que h kìveg `e avdsh `e mhrte `e nukmdhkalekth nhd exme`d`h. ^dshr `eh reiuga`hr Egectrhkdchk® Irapfdm
Dktrh`uéíh
A leksaiel `esapareme assdl que `esaparemer a mhk`déíh `e avdsh.
H reiuga`hr Egectrhkdchk tel as seiudktes nukéões?
Avdsh
• • • •
Apareme ula leksaiel `e avdsh se, khs mhlpresshres NuggNeature, a telperatura `h phkth `e hrvagfh nhr ludth egeva`a el regaéíh â telperatura aljdekte.
Mhktrhge `h mhlpresshr Rrhteéíh `h mhlpresshr Lhkdt Lhkdthr hral alek ekth th `hs `hs mh mhlp lphk hkek ekte tess suo suoed edth thss â assd assdst stïk ïkmd mdaa Ze Zepa partd rtd`a `a au auth thlá látd tdma ma ap apýs ýs nagf nagfaa `e `e mhrr mhrrek ekte te (dk (dkat atdv dvh) h)
Mhktrhge authlátdmh `h nukmdhkalekth `h mhlpresshr H reiuga`hr laktäl a pressíh `a re`e `ektrh `e gdldtes prhiraláveds, mhghmak`h authlatdmalekte h mhlpresshr el maria e el agìvdh. ]íh geva`hs el mhkta `dvershs parêletrhs prhiraláveds, phr exelpgh, as pressões `e agìvdh e maria, h telph `e para`a lìkdlh e h kÿlerh láxdlh `e partd`as `h lhthr. H reiuga`hr pára h mhlpresshr selpre que phssìveg para re`uzdr h mhksulh `e ekerida e thrka a partì-gh authlatdmalekte quak`h a pressíh `a re`e `dldkud. ]e h perìh`h prevdsth `e nukmdhkalekth el agìvdh nhr ludth murth, h mhlpresshr ä laktd`h nukmdhkak`h, para evdtar perìh`hs `e paragdsaéíh ludth jreves.
Avdsh `e assdstïkmda @dversas hperaéões `e assdstïkmda síh airupa`as (`esdika`as phr Rgakh s `e assdstïkmd assds`e tïkmda a A, J,prhirala`h. M, ...). Ma`a Rgakh Assdstïkm Assdstïkmda da telRgakhs ul dktervagh telph ]e nhr`e exme`d`h ul dktervagh `e telph, apareme ula leksaiel kh vdshr (1), para avdsar h hpera`hr para enetuar as aéões `e assdstïkmda mhrresphk`ektes a esse pgakh.
Zepartd`a authlátdma apýs nagfa `e mhrrekte H reiuga`hr phssud ula nukéíh dkmhrphra`a para partdr h mhl presshr authlatdmalekte quak`h a mhrrekte ä restajegemd`a apýs ula nagfa `e mhrrekte. Esta nukéíh ä `esatdva`a `e nájrdma. ]e `eseoa`h, a nukéíh ph`e ser atdva`a. Mhksugtar h Mektrh `e Mgdektes `a Atgas Mhpmh.
]e a nukéíh estdver atdva, e `es`e que h
Rh`el ser prhirala`hs `dvershs mhlak`hs telphrdza`hs `e partd`a/para`a authlátdmas. Mhksd`ere que ul mhlak`h `e partd`a drá ser exemuta`h (se prhirala`h e atdva`h), leslh apýs a para`a lakuag `h mhlpresshr. mhlpresshr.
reiuga`hr esteoa kh lh`h `epartdrá nukmdhkalekth authlátdmh, h mhlpresshr authlatdmalekte se a teksíh `e agdlektaéíh nhr resta jegemd jeg emd`a. `a.
9>
2215 222= 4>
0.:
Radkeg `e mhktrhge
Zeiuga`hrEgectrhkdchk
Radkeg `e mhktrhge
Reéas e nukéões Zenerïkmda
@esdikaéíh
Nukéíh
1
^dshr
Apresekta a mhk`déíh `e nukmdhkalekth `h mhlpresshr, e `dvershs ìmhkes para kaveiar kaveiar pegh leku. leku.
:
Rdmthirala
Nukmdhkalekth authlátdmh
=
Rdmthirala
Agarle ierag
0
GE@ `e agarle ierag
Ndma dk dkterldtekte ssee eexxdstdr uul la mmhhk`déíh `e `e aavvdsh ``ee mmhhrte ``ee nnuukmdhkalekth.
5
Rdmthirala
A s sd s t ï k m d a
>
GE@ `e assdstïkmda
Amek`e-se, ssee nnhhr kkeemessárda aasssdstïkmda
9
GE@ GE@ `e `e nuk nukmd mdhk hkal alek ekth th authlátdmh
Dk`d Dk`dmma qque ue h rrei eiug uga` a`hr hr está está mhkt mhktrh rhga gak` k`hh aaut uthl hlaatd tdma male lekt ktee h mhlpr hlpres essshr hr..
6
GE GE@ @ `e `e ppre ressekéa ekéa `e teks teksííh
Dk`d Dk`dmma qque ue a mhr mhrre rekkte está está gd gdia ia`a `a..
4
Rdmthirala
Peksíh presekte
12
Pemga Ekter
Pemga para segemdhkar h parêletrh dk`dma`h phr ula seta fhrdzhktag. Apekas hs parêletrhs seiud`hs `e ula seta aphktak`h para a `dredta ph`el ser lh`dndma`hs.
11
Pemga Esmape
Rara dr para a tega akterdhr hu para terldkar a aéíh atuag
1:
Pemgas `e kaveiaéíh
Pemgas para permhrrer h leku.
1=
Jh Jhtí tíhh `e par para` a`aa prhi prhira rala la`a `a
Jh Jhtí tíhh par paraa ppar arar ar h mmhl hlpre press sshr hr.. H GE GE@ @ (9) (9) apai apaiaa-se se..
10
Jhtíh `e partd`a
Jhtíh para partdr h mhlpresshr. H GE@ (9) amek`ese, dk`dmak`h que h reiuga`hr Egectrhkdchk está hperamdhkag.
99
2215 222= 4>
0.== 0.
Ìmhkes u utd tdggdz dzaa`hs
Ìmhkes `e esta`h Khle Rara` h / El nu kmdhk alekth
Ìmhke
@es mrdéíh Qu ak` h h mh lp res s h r es tá p ara`h , h ìmhk e es tá para`h . Quak`h h mhlpresshr está est á nukmdhkak`h, h ìmhke rh`a.
Esta`h `h mhlpresshr
Lhthr para`h
Nukmdhkak`h el agìvdh
Nukmdhkak`h el mar maria ia
Lh`h `e mhktrhge `a láqudka láqudka
Rartd`a / para`a ghmag
hu
Rartd`a / para`a relhta
Mhktrhge phr GAK
Zepartd`a auth Zepartd`a authl látdma apýs nagfa nagfa ` e mhrrekte
Zepartd`a Zepar td`a authlátdma apýs nagfa nagfa ``ee mhrrekte está es tá atdva
Pelphrdza`hr selakag está atdvh Pelphrdza`h Pelphrdz a`hrr selakag Nukéões atdvas `e prhteéíh
Rara`a `e eleriïkmda @dsparh
Avdsh
A s s ds tïk mda
A s s ds tïk mda k emes s árda
^dsuagdzaéíh dsuagdzaéíh `a tega prdkmdpag
Ìmhke `e vdsuagd v dsuagdzaéí zaéíhh `as gdkfas gdkfas `e vaghres
Ìmhke `e vdsuagdzaéíh `e irándmhs Ìmhkes ierads ierads
]el mhlukdmaéíh/prhjgela `e re`e Kíh vágd`h
96
2215 222= 4>
Ìmhkes `e ektra`a Ìmhke
Ì m h k es ` e lek u @esmrd éíh
Ìmhk e
@esmrd éíh
Rressíh
Ektra`as
Pelperatura
]aì`as
Ektra`a `didtag
Agarles (avdshs, mhrtes `e nukmdhkalekth) Mhukters (Mhkta`hres)
Rrhteéíh espemdag Peste
Rarêletrhs
Assdstïkmda
Ìmhkes `h sdstela Ìmhk e
@esmrd éíh Fdstýrdmh `e evekths (`a`hs sagvhs)
Ege Egelekth lekth mhlpresshr mhlpresshr (GR (GR,, F R,...)
Mfave `e amessh /]ekfa `h usuárdh
]ema`hr
Ze`e
^ektdga`hr
Mhkvershr `e nrequïkmda
^aghr estajegemd`h
@rekh
Dknhrlaéíh
Ndgtrh
Lhthr
Nagfa kh lý`ugh `e expaksíh
Rrhjgela `e re`e
]etas `e kaveiaéíh Ìmhk e
Agarle ierag
@ esmrd éíh Rara mdla
Rara jadx j adxh h
94
2215 222= 4>
0.0
Pega prdkmdpag prdkmdp ag
Radkeg `e mhktrhge
Pega prdkmdpag tìpdma (gdkfas `e : vaghres), mhlpresshres mhl mhkvershr `e nrequïkmda
Pexth kas ndiuras (1) (:) (1) (:) (=)
Pem emga gass `e ka kave veia iaéí éíhh Pemga Ekter PemgaEs Esmmape
Nukéíh A tega prdkmdpag ä a tega que ä apresekta`a authlatdmalekte quak`h a mhrrekte está gdia`a e se marreia kula `as temgas. Ä authlatdmalekte `esgdia`a apýs agiuks ldkuths se kíh se marreiar el kekfula temga.
(=) (=) (0) (5) (5)
]a ]aì` ì`aa `h Mh Mhlp lpre ress sshr hr ]aì`a ]aì`a `h Egele Egelekth kth (mhlp (mhlpres resshr shres es `e veghm veghmd`a d`a`e `e ndxa) ndxa) Nguxh (mhlpresshres mhl mhkvershr `e nrequïkmda) Maria, Maria, mhrt mhrtee `e nukmdh nukmdhkal kalekt ekth, h, ... (h (h texth texth varda varda mhknhr mhknhrle le h esta`h reag `h mhlpresshr) Lek u ^azdh, E], ... ... (h texth varda mhknhrle mhknhrle h esta`h esta`h reag `h mhlpresshr)
Ieraglekte, ph`el ser esmhgfd`as 5 vdstas `dnerektes `a tega prdkmdpag? prdkmdpag? 1. :. =. 0. 5.
@uas ggddkfas ``ee vvaagh ghrres Qu Quat atrh rh gd gdkf kfaas `e vagh vaghre ress Ir Irán ánddmh (Agt (Agtaa res reshhgu guéí éíhh) Irán Irándm dmhh (L (Lä` ä`da da re resh shgu guéí éíh) h) Irán Irándm dmhh ((J Jad adxa xa re resshg hgué uéíh íh))
Pegas mhl gdkfas `e `hds ` hds hu quatrh vaghres Este tdph `e Pega prdkmdpag apresekta h vaghr `e : hu 0 parêletrhs parêletr hs (mhksugtar a seéíh Leku `e ektra`as).
Pega prdkmdpag tìpdma (gdkfas `e 0 vaghres), mhlpresshres `e veghmd`a`e ndxa
Pega prdkmdpag tìpdma (gdkfas `e : vaghres), mhlpresshres `e veghmd`a`e ndxa Pega prdkmdpag tìpdma (gdkfas `e 0 vaghres), mhlpresshres mhl mhkvershr `e nrequïkmda 62
2215 222= 4>
Pexth Pexth kas nndiuras diuras
^dstas `e irándmh
(1) (:)
El vez `e serel vdsuagdza`hs vaghres, taljäl ä phssìveg vdsuagdzar ul irándmh `e ul `hs sdkads `e ektra`aj (mhksugtar a seéíh Leku `e ektra`as) el nukéíh `h telph.
(=)
]aì` ]aì`aa `h Mh Mhlp lpre ress sshr hr Zegä Zegä `e maria maria (ul (ul `hs sdkads sdkads `e `e ektra` ektra`aa `hs mhlp mhlpres resshr shres es `e veghmd`a`e ndxa) Nguxh (mhlpresshres mhl mhkvershr `e nrequïkmda) nr equïkmda) @esgdi @esgdia`h a`h,, mhrte mhrte `e nukmdh nukmdhkale kalekth, kth, ... ... (h texth texth varda varda mhknhrle h esta`h reag `h mhlpresshr)
(0) (5) (>) (9)
Lek u Fhras ras Phtads ]aì` ì`aa ``hh Ege Egele lekt kthh Maria, Maria, agìvdh, agìvdh, ... (h texth texth varda varda mhknhrle mhknhrle h esta`h esta`h reag reag `h `h mhlpresshr)
•
A seéíh A apresekta dknhrlaéíh regatdva ah nukmdhkalekth `h mhlpresshr (phr exelpgh, a pressíh `e saì`a hu a telperatura ka saì`a `h mhlpresshr). El mhlpresshres mhl ul mhkvershr `e nrequïkmda, h irau `e maria (nguxh) ä apresekta`h mhlh ula permektaiel `h nguxh láxdlh. A seéíh J apresekta ìmhkes `e esta`h. Hs tdphs `e ìmhkes que se seiuel síh apresekta`hs keste malph? • Ìmhkes Ìmhkes ndxhs ndxhs Estes ìmhkes síh selpre apresekta`hs ka tega prdkmdpag e kíh ph`el ser segemdhka`hs mhl h murshr (phr exelpgh, Mhlpresshr para`h hu el nukmdhkalekth, Esta`h `h mhlpresshr (el nukmdhkalekth, nukmdhkak`h el agìvdh hu lhthr para`h)). • Ìmhkes Ìmhkes hpmdhk hpmdhkads ads Estes ìmhkes aparemel apekas se a respemtdva nukéíh nhr atdva`a (phr exelpgh, telphrdza`hr selakag, repartd`a authlátdma apýs nagfa `e mhrrekte, etm.). • Ìmhkes Ìmhkes `e `e avdsh avdsh Estes ìmhkes síh apresekta`hs se hmhrrer ula mhk`déíh akhrlag (avdshs, mhrtes `e nukmdhkalekth , assdstïkmda,...). Rara amessar a lads dknhrlaéões shjres hs ìmhkes apresekta`hs, segemdhkar h ìmhke el questíh utdgdzak`h as temgas `e kaveiaéíh e pressdhkar a temga Ekter. A seéíh M ä `esdika`a mhlh a jarra `e esta`h
•
• •
Esta jarra apresekta h texth mhrresphk`ekte ah ìmhke segemdhka`h. A seéíh @ apresekta as temgas `e aéíh. Estas temgas síh utdgdza`as? • Rara amessar amessar a parêletrhs parêletrhs hu prhiralá-ghs prhiralá-ghs • Rara rearlar ula shjremaria shjremaria `h lhthr, lhthr, leksaiel leksaiel `e assdstïkmda hu para`a `e eleriïkmda • Amessar a th`hs hs `a`hs remhgfd`hs pegh reiuga`hr A nukéíh `as temgas `epek`e `h leku apresekta`h. As nukéões lads mhluks síh?
@esdikaéíh
Nukéíh
Lek u Lh`dndmar
Rara dr para h leku Rara lh`dndmar parêletrhs prhira-
Quak`h está segemdhka`h Irándmh (Agta reshguéíh), h irándmh apresekta a vardaéíh `a ektra`a segemdhka`a (keste mash, a pr essí es sí h) ph r ld ku kuth th.. Paljä Pal jä l ä apre ap re se kt kta` a`hh h va gh ghr r dkstaktêkeh. A tega apresekta hs ÿgtdlhs 0 ldkuths. A (ìmhke `h) temga `e mhlutaéíh para segemdhkar hutras hutr as tegas ä agtera`a para ul Irándmh pequekh e ä `estama`h (atdvh).
Quak`h está segemdhka`h Irándmh (Lä`da reshguéíh), h irándmh apresekta a vardaéíh `a ektra`a segemmdhka`a phr fhra. A tega apresekta as ÿgtdlas 0 fhras.
láveds Zearle
Rara leksaiel rearlar ul telphrdza`hr hu ula
Rara atdvar ula temga `e aéíh, reagéar h jhtíh utdgdzak`h as temgas `e kaveiaéíh e pressdhkar a temga Ekter. Rara reiressar ah leku akterdhr, preldr a temga Esmape.
Quak`h está segemdhka`h Irándmh (Jadxa reshguéíh), h irándmh apresekta a vardaéíh `a ektra`a segemmdhka`a phr `da. A tega apresekta a evhguéíh `urakte hs ÿgtdlhs 12 `das. 61
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]egeéíh `e ula vdsta `a tega prdkmdpag Rara agterkar ektre `dnerektes `dsphsdéões `a tega, segemdhkar h ìmhke lads â `dredta ka gdkfa `e ìmhkes `e mhktrhge (mhksugtar h ìmhke `e vdsuagdzaéíh `as gdkfas `e vaghres hu h ìmhke `e vdsuagdzaéíh `e irándmhs ka seéíh Ìmhkes utdgdza`hs) e pressdhkar a temga Ekter. Ä apresekta`h ula tega selegfakte â seiudkte?
Pega prdkmdpag tìpdma (gdkfas `e : vaghres), mhlpresshres mhl mhkvershr `e nrequïkmda
• • ]egemdhkar a `dsphsdéíh pretek`d`a e pressdhkar a temga Ekter. Mhksugtar taljäl a seéíh Leku `e ektra`as.
0 .5
Ra Rara ra ames amessa sarr â teg tegaa ``hh lek leku, u, sege segemd mdhk hkar ar a ttem emga ga Le Leku ku (= (=)) utdgdzak`h as temgas `e kaveiaéíh. pr pres essd sdhk hkar ar a ttem emga ga Ekte Ekterr par paraa seg segem emdh dhka karr h lek leku. u. Ä apresekta`a a seiudkte tega?
Amessh a lekus
Radkeg `e mhktrhge
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• •
Radkeg `e mhktrhge
(1) (:) (=)
Pem emga gass `e ka kave veia iaéí éíhh Pemga Ekter PemgaEs Esmmape
@esmrdéíh Quak`h a mhrrekte ä gdia`a, a tega prdkmdpag apareme authlatdmalekte (mhksugtar a seéíh Pega Pega prdkmdpag)?
0.>
A teg tegaa lhs lhstr traa vvár árdh dhss ììmh mhke kes. s. Ma Ma`a `a ìm ìmhk hkee dk`d dk`dma ma ul dte dtel l `h leku. Rhr pre`endkdéíh, h ìmhke `e parêletrhs `e pressíh (Zeiugaéíh) está segemdhka`h. A jarra `e esta`h esta`h apresekta h khle `h leku que mhrresphk`e ah ìmhke segemdhka`h. Ut Utdg dgdz dzar ar as as temg temgas as `e `e kave kaveia iaéí éíhh para para seg segem emdh dhka karr ul ìmh ìmhke ke.. Rressd Rressdhka hkarr a temga temga Esmape Esmape para para rreir eiress essar ar a ttemg emgaa pprdk rdkmdp mdpag. ag.
Leku ` `ee eek ktra tra`as
Radkeg `e mhktrhge
Pega prdkmdpag tìpdma (gdkfas `e : vaghres), mhlpresshres `e veghmd`a`e ndxa
(1) (:) (=)
Pemga emgass ``ee kav kavei eiaé aéíh íh Pemga Ekter Pemga Es Esmape
6:
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Ìmhke `e leku, Ektra`as
• •
Nukéíh •
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Rara Rara apr apres esek ekta tarr h vagh vaghrr reag reag ``hs hs `a` `a`hs hs le` le`d` d`hs hs (ek (ektr tra` a`as as akagýidmas) e h esta`h `as ektra`as `didtads (phr exelpgh, mhktath `e para`a `e eleriïkmda, regä `e shjremaria `h lhthr, etm.). Rara Rara seg segem emdh dhka karr a ektr ektra` a`aa `did `didta tagg a ser ser apre aprese sekt kta` a`aa kh irándmh `a tega prdkmdpag.
Rrhme`dlekth A partdr `a tega prdkmdpag (mhksugtar Pega prdkmdpag),
A teg tegaa apr apres esek ekta ta ula ula ggds dsta ta `e th th`a `ass aass eekt ktra ra`a `as, s, mhl mhl hs hs respemtdvhs ìmhkes e gedturas. ]e ula ula eekt ktra ra`a `a estd estdve verr el avds avdshh hhuu mmhr hrte te `e nu nukm kmdh dhka ka-lekth, h ìmhke hrdidkag ä sujstdtuì`h, respemtdvalekte, pegh ìmhke `e avdsh hu `e mhrte `e nukmdhkalekth (keste (keste mash, h ìmhke `e para`a e h ìmhke `e avdsh ka tega amdla apresekta`h).
Ul pequekh ìmhke `e irándmh, apresekta`h `ejadxh `e ul dtel ka gdsta, sdikdndma que este sdkag `e ektra`a ä apresekta`h kh irándmh ka tega prdkmdpag. Rh`e ser segemdhka`a quagquer ektra`a akagýidma.
]egemdhkar hutrh sdkag `e ektra`a mhlh sdkag prdkmdpag `h irándmh Mhl a temga Lh`dndmar atdva (nuk`h (nuk` h mdkzekth mgarh ka tega amdla), pressdhkar a temga Ekter kh mhktrhga`hr. Ä apresekta`a ula tega selegfakte â seiudkte?
• Lhver Lhver h mmur ursh shrr ppar araa a temg temgaa ``ee aéí aéíhh L Lek ekuu e pres pressd sdhk hkar ar a temga Ekter. Ä apresekta`a a seiudkte tega? t ega?
H prdledrh dtel ka gdsta está `estama`h. Keste exelpgh, está segemdhka`a Rressíh `a re`e (ìmhke `e irándmh). Pexth ka dlaiel (1) (:)
Lek u Zeiugaiel
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Ut Utdgd dgdza zak` k`hh aass ttem emga gass `e `e kav kavei eiaé aéíh íh,, lhve lhverr h mur mursh shrr para para
•
hleku). ìmhke `e ektra`as (mhksugtar a seéíh amdla, Ìmhke `e press pressdh dhka karr a te temg mgaa Ekt Ekter er.. Ä apre aprese sekt kta` a`aa uula la tega tega sele sele-gfakte â seiudkte?
Rara agterar, pressdhkar khvalekte a temga Ekter? ä ajerta ula oakega `e avdsh?
Rressdhkar Ekter khvalekte para relhver esta ektra`a `h irándmh. Ä ajerta hutra oakega `e mhkndrlaéíh?
Pexth ka dlaiel (1) Ektra`as (:) ]aì` ]aì`aa `h Mh Mhlp lpre ress sshr hr (=) ]aì` ì`aa ``hh Ege Egele lekt kthh (0) Ar Al Aljdekte (5) Rara Rara`a `a `e el eler eriï iïkm kmda da
]egemdhkar ]dl para relhver hu Kíh para sadr `a aéíh atuag. 6=
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@a lesla nhrla, ä phssìveg reagéar hutrh sdkag `e ektra`a e segemdhká-gh mhlh sdkag prdkmdpag `h irándmh?
Rrhme`dlekth A partdr `a tega prdkmdpag (mhksugtar Pega prdkmdpag), •
Lhve Lhverr h murs murshr hr para para a ttem emga ga `e aéíh aéíh Leku Leku e ppre ress ssdh dhka kar r a temga Ekter. Ä apresekta`a a seiudkte tega?
Pexth ka ndiura
(1)? @endkdr este sdkag p/ irándmh prdkmdpag
0 .9
Leku `e saì`as
(1) (:)
Lek u Zeiugaiel
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Lhve Lhverr h murs murshr hr para para h ììmh mhke ke `e saì` saì`as as (m (mhk hksu sugt gtar ar amdl amdla, a, seéíh Ìmhke `e leku), utdgdzak`h as temgas `e kaveiaéíh. Rr Rres essd sdhk hkar ar a te temg mgaa Ekte Ekterr. Ä apre aprese sekt kta` a`hh ula ula tega tega sel seleegfakte â seiudkte?
•
Radkeg `e mhktrhge
Pega `e saì`as (tìpdma)
Pexth ka ndiura
(1) (:) (=)
Pem emga gass `e ka kave veia iaéí éíhh Pemga Ekter Pemga Esmape
Ìmhke `e leku, ]aì`as
(1) (:) (=) (0) (5)
]aì`as Lhth Lhthrr ``hh ^ektd ektdga ga`h `hr r Mhk hkttat athh Jg Jghw hnn Mh Mhrte rte `e nu nukm kmdh dhka kale lekt kthh iier erag ag Nu Nukm kmdh dhka kale lekt kthh auth authlá látdm tdmhh
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A teg tegaa apr apres esek ekta ta ula ula gds gdsta ta `e th th`a `ass as as ssaì aì`a `as, s, mhl mhl hs respemtdvhs ìmhkes e gedturas. ]e ula saì`a estdver el avdsh hu mhrte `e nukmdhkalekth, h ìmhke hrdidkag ä sujstdtuì`h, respemtdvalekte, pegh ìmhke `e avdsh hu `e mhrte `e nukmdhkalekth. n ukmdhkalekth.
Nukéíh Rara amessar â dknhrlaéíh shjre h esta`h reag `e agiulas saì`as, tads mhlh h esta`h `h mhktath `e shjremaria `h vektdga`hr (el mhlpresshres resnrda`hs a ar), h mhktath `e para`a `e eleriïkmda, etm. 60
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0.6
Mhkta`hres
Radkeg `e mhktrhge
• •
Ut Utdg dgdz dzak ak`h `h as te temg mgas as `e kav kavei eiaé aéíh íh,, lhv lhver er h murs murshr hr par paraa h ìmhke `e mhkta`hres (mhksugtar a seéíh amdla, Ìmhke Ì mhke `e leku) Rress Rressdhk dhkar ar a te temg mgaa Ekte Ekterr. Ä apr apres esek ekta ta`a `a a seiu seiudk dkte te teg tega? a?
Pexth ka ndiura (1) (:) (=)
Pem emga gass ``ee kav kavei eiaé aéíh íh Pemga Ekter Pemga Esmape
(1) (:) (=) (0) (5)
Ìmhke `e leku, Mhkta`hres
M h kt a `h r e s Fhras Phtads Kr. Kr. R Rar artd td`a `ass `h `h Lht Lhthr hr Zegä `e Maria ^]@ 1-:2% 1-:2% ZRL ZRL el % (perm (permekt ektaie aiel l `e telph telph `ura `urakte kte a quag a veghmd`a`e `h lhthr esteve ektre 1 e :2 %) (mhl presshres mhl mhkvershr `e nrequïkmda)
A tega apresekta ula gdsta `e th`hs hs mhkta`hres, mhl as respemtdvas gedturas reads.
Nukéíh
Khta? h exelpgh amdla renere-se a ul mhlpresshr amdhka`h phr mhkvershr `e nrequïkmda. Rara ul mhlpresshr `e veghmd`a`e ndxa, a tega apresekta`h será gdiedralekte `dnerekte.
Rara amessar? • • • • •
Âs ffhhras ``ee nu nukmdhkalekth Âs fhra hras `e `e nnuk ukmd mdhhkale kalekkth el maria aria Ah kkÿÿlerh ``ee pa partd td``as ``hh lh lhthr Ah kÿ kÿle lerh rh `e `e ffhr hras as qu quee h rei reiug uga` a`hr hr este esteve ve gdi gdia` a`hh Ah kÿlerh `e mdmgh ghss `e maria
Rrhme`dlekth A partdr `a tega prdkmdpag (mhksugtar Pega prdkmdpag), •
Lhver Lhver h mmur ursh shrr ppara ara a tem temga ga `e aéíh aéíh Leku Leku e ppre ress ssdh dhka kar r a temga Ekter. Ä apresekta`a a seiudkte tega?
0.4 0.4
]ege ]egeéí éíhh ` `hh l lh` h`hh ` `ee mmhk hktr trhg hgee
Radkeg `e mhktrhge
(1) (:) (=)
Pexth ka ndiura (1) (:)
Pemga emgass ``ee kav kavei eiaé aéíh íh Pemga Ekter Pemga Es Esmape
Lek u Zeiugaiel 65
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Nukéíh
0. 0.12 12 Le Leku ku As Assd sdst stïk ïkmd mdaa
]egemdhkar h lh`h `e mhktrhge? phr exelpgh, se h mhlpresshr está el mhktrhge ghmag, el mhktrhge relhth hu se ä mhktrhga`h atraväs `e ula re`e `e área ghmag (GAK).
Radkeg `e mhktrhge
Rrhme`dlekth A partdr `a tega prdkmdpag, mertdndmar-se `e que a temga ‗Leku“ (1) está segemdhka`a?
(1) (:) (=) Elreiugaiel seiud`a, utdgdzar utdgd as temgas `ea temga kaveiaéíh `e (:)zar e pressdhkar Ekter?para dr para h ìmhke
Pemga emgass ``ee kav kavei eiaé aéíh íh Pemga Ekter Pemga Es Esmape
Ìmhke `e leku, Assdstïkmda
Nukéíh • • Exdstel = hpéões?
•
• • •
•
Mhktrhge ghmag Mhktrhge relhth Mhktrhge el re`e (GAK)
Ra Rara ra rea rearl rlar ar hs hs pgak pgakhs hs `e ass assds dstï tïkm kmda da que que síh síh ene enetu tua` a`hs hs.. Ra Rara ra verd verdnd ndma marr qqua uak` k`hh ``ev evel el ser ser eene netu tua` a`hs hs hs pr prýx ýxdl dlhs hs pgakhs `e assdstïkmda. Rara Rara saj sajer er que que pga pgakh khss `e ass assds dstï tïkm kmda da nhr nhral al ene enetu tua` a`hs hs akterdhrlekte. Rara Rara lh`d lh`dndm ndmar ar hs dkt dkterv ervagh aghss `e assd assdstï stïkmd kmdaa pprhi rhiral rala` a`hs. hs.
Rrhme`dlekth A partdr `a tega prdkmdpag (mhksugtar Pega prdkmdpag), •
Lhve Lhverr h murs murshr hr para para a ttem emga ga `e aéíh aéíh Leku Leku e ppre ress ssdh dhka kar r a temga Ekter. Ä apresekta`a a seiudkte tega?
@ephds `e segemdhkar h lh`h `e reiugaéiel pretek`d`h, pressdhkar press dhkar a temga Ekter kh mhktrhga`h mhktrhga`hrr para mhkndrlar mhkndrlar a segeéíh. segeéíh. A khva `endkdéíh ä aihra apresekta`a ka tega prdkmdpag. Mhksugtar a seéíh Ìmhkes utdgdza`hs para mhkfemer h sdikdndma`h `hs ìmhkes.
•
Ut Utdg dgdz dzak ak`h `h as as ttem emga gass `e `e kkav avei eiaé aéíh íh,, lhv lhver er h murs murshr hr para para h ìmhke `e assdstïkmda (mhksugtar a seéíh amdla, Ìmhke `e leku).
6>
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•
Rress Rressdh dhka karr a tem temga ga Ekt Ekter er.. Ä apr apres esek ekta ta`h `h a seiu seiudk dkte te teg tega? a?
para a prýxdla dktervekéíh `e assdstïkmda. Kh exelpgh amdla, h mhlpresshr amajhu `e partdr, h que sdikdndma que adk`a restal 0222 fhras `e nukmdhkalekth hu 6:62 fhras para a prýxdla dktervekéíh `e assdstïkmda.
Rgakhs `e assdstïkmda @dversas hperaéões `e assdstïkmda síh airupa`as (`esdika`as Kìveg A, Kìveg J, etm...). Ma`a kìveg represekta ul kÿlerh `e aéões `e assdstïkmda a serel enetua`as khs dktervaghs dktervagh s `e telph prhirala`hs kh reiuga`hr reiuga`hr Egectrhkdchk. Egectrhkdchk. Quak`h ä atdkid`h ul dktervagh `h pgakh `e assdstïkmda, apareme ula leksaiel ka tega. Pexth ka ndiura (1) (:) (=) (0) (5)
Assds dstï tïkkmda ^ds dsua uagd gdza zaéí éíhh Iera Ieragg Rgak Rgakhh `e `e Assd Assdst stïk ïkmd mdaa Rrýx Rrýxdl dlaa Assd Assdst stïk ïkmd mdaa Fdstýrdmh
•
Rermhr Rermhrrer rer hs dte dteks ks pa para ra segem segemdhk dhkar ar h pret pretek ek`d` `d`hh e pressd pressdhka hkar r
Apýs enetuar as aéões `e assdstïkmda `hs kìveds mhrresphk`ektes dk`dma`hs, hs telphrdza`hres tïl `e ser rearla`hs. A partdr `h leku Assdstïkmda amdla, segemdhkar Rgakh `e Assdstïkmda (=) e pressdhkar Ekter. Ä apresekta`a a seiudkte tega?
a`htemga Ekter para mhksugtar hs `etagfes, mhknhrle expgdmaajadxh.
^dsuagdzaéíh Ierag
Pexth ka ndiura
Pexth ka ndiura (1) ^ds dsua uagd gdza zaéí éíhh Iera Ieragg (:) Fhra Fhrass Pht Phtad adss ((ve ver` r`e) e) (=) Fh Fhra rass P Pel elph ph Ze Zeag ag (a (azu zug) g) (0) Zearle Exelpgh `e kìveg `e assdstïkmda (A)? Hs kÿlerhs apresekta`hs â esquer`a síh hs dktervaghs `e assdstïkmda prhirala`hs. Rara h dktervagh `e assdstïkmda A, h kÿlerh prhirala`h `e fhras `e nukmdhkalekth ä `e 0222 fhras (ndga superdhr, ver`e) e h kÿlerh prhirala`h `e fhras el telph reag ä `e 69>2 fhras, h que mhrresphk`e a ul akh (seiuk`a
(1) (:) (=) (0) (5)
Rg Rgak akhh `e `e Assd Assdst stïk ïkmd mdaa Kìveg Fhras Phtads Fh Fhra rass P Peelph lph Ze Zeag Lh`dndmar
Lh`dndmaéíh `e ul pgakh `e assdstïkmda assdstïkmda Mhknhrle as mhk`déões `e nukmdhkalekth, ph`erá ser kemessárdh lh`dndmar hs dktervaghs `e assdstïkmda. Rara h nazer, utdgdzar as temgas `e kaveiaéíh para segemdhkar h vaghr a ser lh`dndma`h. Ä apresekta`a ula tega selegfakte â seiudkte?
ndga, azug). Dsth sdikdndma que h mhktrhga`hr drá gakéar ul avdsh `e assdstïkmda quak`h atdkidr 0222 fhras `e nukmdhkalekth hu 69>2 fhras el telph reag, mhknhrle h que hmhrrer prdledrh. Mhksd`erar que h mhkta`hr `e fhras el telph reag kíh ä dkterrhlpd`h quak`h h mhktrhga`hr está `esgdia`h. Hs kÿlerhs `ektrh `as jarras síh h kÿlerh `e fhras restaktes 69
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Rressdhkar a temga Ekter. Ä apresekta`a a seiudkte tega?
0.111 Leku ]e 0.1 ]etphd tphdkt kt (^ (^aghr aghr Estaj Estajegem egemd`h) d`h) Radkeg `e mhktrhge
Lh`dndmar h vaghr mhknhrle kemessárdh utdgdzak`h as temgas `e kaveiaéíh ↑ hu ↝ e pressdhkar a temga Ekter para mhkndrlar.
Khta? As fhras `e nukmdhkalekth ph`el ser lh`dndma`as el passh s `e 122 fhras, passhs fhras , as fhras el telph reag ph`el ser lh`dndma`as el passhs `e 1 fhra. Rrýxdla Assdstïkmda
(1) (:) (=)
Pemga emgass ``ee kav kavei eiaé aéíh íh Pemga Ekter Pemga Es Esmape
Ìmhke `e leku, ]etphdkt (^ ( ^aghr Estajegemd`h)
Nukéíh
Pexth ka ndiura (1) (:) (=)
Rrýx Rrýxdl dlaa Assd Assdst stïk ïkmd mdaa Kìveg Fhras Phtads
(0) Atuag Kh exelpgh amdla, h kìveg `e assdstïkmda assdstïkmda A está prhirala`h para 0222 fhras `e nukmdhkalekth, `as quads `emhrreral 2 fhras.
Fdstýrdmh A tega Fdstýrdmh apresekta ula gdsta `e th`as as aéões `e assdstïkmda enetua`as kh passa`h, hr`eka`as phr `ata. A `ata ka parte superdhr ä a `ata `a aéíh `e assdstïkmda lads remekte. Rara mhksugtar th`hs hs `etagfes `e ula aéíh `e assdstïkmda mhkmguì`a (phr exelpgh, kìveg `e assdstïkmda, fhras `e nukmdhkalekth hu fhras el telph reag), utdgdzar as temgas `e
El mhlpresshres `e veghmd`a`e ndxa, h hpera`hr ph`e prhiralar prhir alar `uas jak`as `e pressíh `dnerektes. `dnere ktes. Este leku taljäl ä utdgdza`h para segemdhkar a jak`a `e pressíh atdva. Rrhme`dlekth A partdr `a tega prdkmdpag (mhksugtar Pega prdkmdpag), •
Lhve Lhverr h murs murshr hr para para a ttem emga ga `e aéíh aéíh Leku Leku e ppre ress ssdh dhka kar r a temga Ekter. Ä apresekta`a a seiudkte tega?
nukmdhkalekth hu fhras el telph reag), utdgdzar as temgas `e kaveiaéíh para segemdhkar a aéíh pretek`d`a e pressdhkar a temga Ekter.
Pexth ka ndiura (1) (:)
Lek u Zeiugaiel
•
Lhve Lhverr h mur mursh shrr para para h ìmhk ìmhkee ``ee vvag aghr hr est estaj ajeg egem emd` d`hh (mhk (mhk-sugtar amdla, seéíh Ìmhke `e leku), utdgdzak`h as temgas `e kaveiaéíh.
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•
Rress Rressdh dhka kara ra a te temg mgaa Ekte Ekterr. Ä apre aprese sekt kta` a`hh h sei seiud udkt ktee tega tega??
0.1:: Lek 0.1 Leku u Fds Fdstýr týrdmh dmh `e `e Ev Evekt ekths hs Radkeg `e mhktrhge
Pexth ka ndiura (1) (:) (=) (0) (5) (>)
Zeiugaiel Rres Rressí síhh ``ee Agì Agìvd vdhh 1 Rres Rressí síhh `e `e Mar Maria ia 1 Rres Rressí síhh ``ee Agì Agìvd vdhh : Rres Rressí síhh `e `e Mar Maria ia : Lh`dndmar
•
A tega tega ap apre rese sekt ktaa hhss parê parêle letr trhs hs read readss ``ee pres pressí síhh `e `es`esmaria e maria para aljas as jak`as `e pressíh. Rara lh`dndmar hs parêletrhs, lhver h murshr para a temga `e aéíh Lh`dndmar e pressdhkar a temga Ekter. E kter. Ä apresekta`a a seiudkte tega?
(1) (:) (=)
Pemga emgass ``ee kav kavei eiaé aéíh íh Pemga Ekter Pemga Es Esmape
Ìmhke `e leku, Fdstýrdmh `e Evekths
Nukéíh Rara amessar ahs `a`hs `h ÿgtdlh mhrte `e nukmdhkalekth e `a ÿgtdla para`a `e eleriïkmda.
Rrhme`dlekth •
A prdl prdled edra ra gdk gdkfa fa `a tega tega est estáá rea reagé géa` a`aa a verle verlegf gfh. h. Utdgd Utdgdza zar r as temgas `e kaveiaéíh para segemdhkar h parêletrh a ser lh`dndma`h e pressdhkar a temga Ekter. Ä apresekta`a a seiudkte tega?
A partdr `a tega prdkmdpag (mhksugtar Pega prdkmdpag), •
Lhve Lhverr h murs murshr hr para para a ttem emga ga `e aéíh aéíh Leku Leku e ppre ress ssdh dhka kar r a temga Ekter. Ä apresekta`a a seiudkte tega?
•
Ut Utdg dgdz dzak ak`h `h as te temg mgas as `e kav kavei eiaé aéíh íh,, lhv lhver er h murs murshr hr par paraa h ìmhke `h fdstýrdmh `e evekths (mhksugtar a seéíh amdla,
•
Hs gd gdld ldte tess ssup uper erdh dhrr e dkn dkner erdh dhrr `h parê parêle letr trhh síh síh apre aprese sekkta`hs el mdkzekth3 h vaghr reag ä apresekta`h el preth. Utdgdzar as temgas `e kaveiaéíh ↑ hu ↝ para lh`dndmar hs parêletr parêl etrhs hs mhknh mh knhrle rle keme k emessá ssárdh rdh e pres p ressdh sdhkar kar a temg t emgaa Ekter para amedtar. amedtar.
• • •
Mash faoa kemessd`a`e, agterar hs hutrhs parêletrhs mhknhrle kemessárdh, `a nhrla `esmrdta amdla.
Ìmhke `e leku) Ä lhs lhstra tra`a `a a ggds dsta ta `h `hss ÿÿgtd gtdlh lhss mas mashs hs `e mhrte mhrte `e nukmd nukmdhka hka-lekth e para`a `es eleriïkmda. Rerm Rermhr hrre rer r hs dt dtek eks ppar araa sseg egem emdh dhka karr h eve evekt kthh `e mhrt mhrtee `e nukmdhkalekth hu `e para`a `e eleriïkmda `eseoa`h. Rress Rresssd sdhk hkar ar a temg temgaa E Ekte kterr ppara ara ames amessa sarr â `at `ata, a, fhr fhraa e hut hutrh rhss `a`hs que rengetdal h esta`h `h mhlpresshr quak`h hmhrreu esse mhrte `e nukmdhkalekth hu para`a `e eleriïkmda. 64
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0.1= Lh`dndmaéí Lh`dndmaéíhh `as `endkdéões `endkdéões ierads ierads
Pexth ka ndiura
Radkeg `e mhktrhge
(1) (:) (=) (0) (5)
Ierag D`dh D`dhl la Utdg Utdgdz dzaa`h Fhra @ata Nhrlath ``aa @a @ata
(>) •
Lh`dndmar Rara Rara lh` lh`dnd dndma marr, sege segemd mdhk hkar ar a te temg mgaa Lh`dn Lh`dndm dmar ar mhl mhl as as temg temgas as `e kaveiaéíh e pressdhkar a temga Ekter. E kter. Ä apre aprese sekt kta` a`hh ula ula tega tega sel seleg egfa fakt ktee â apre aprese sekt kta` a`aa amdl amdla, a, mhl ula jarra `e segeéíh verlegfa shjre h prdledrh dtel (D`dhla). Utdgdzar a temga `e kaveiaéíh ↝ para segemdhkar h parêletrh a ser lh`dndma`h e pressdhkar a temga Ekter. Ä apr apres esek ekta ta`h `h ul avds avdshh kkaa tteg ega. a. Ut Utdg dgdz dzar ar a ttem emga ga ↑ hu ↝ para segemdhk seg emdhkar ar h parêletrh parêle trh pretek` pre tek`d`h d`h e pressdhkar pressd hkar a temga Ekter para mhkndrlar.
•
• (1) (:) (=)
Pem emga gass `e ka kave veia iaéí éíhh Pemga Ekter Pemga Esmape
Ìmhke `e leku, Rarêletrhs
0.10 Lek Leku u Dknh Dknh (Dknhr (Dknhrlaé laéíh íh)) Radkeg `e mhktrhge
Nukéíh Rara apresektar e lh`dndmar `dvershs parêletrhs ierads (phr exelpgh, fhra, `ata, nhrlath `a `ata, d`dhla, ukd`a`es, etm.).
Rrhme`dlekth A partdr `a tega prdkmdpag (mhksugtar Pega prdkmdpag), •
Lhver Lhver h mmurs urshr hr para para ha te temg mgaa `e `e aéí aéíhh L Lek ekuu e pres pressd sdhk hkar ar a temga Ekter. Ä apresekta`a a seiudkte tega? (1) PemgasEkter `e kaveiaéíh (:) Pemga (=) Pemga Esmape
Ìmhke `e leku, Dknh (Dknhrlaéíh)
• •
Ut Utdg dgdz dzak ak`h `h as te temg mgas as `e kave kaveia iaéí éíh, h, lh lhve verr h murs murshr hr para para h ìmhke `e parêletrhs (mhksugtar a seéíh amdla, Ìmhke `e leku). Rress Rressdh dhka karr a tem temga ga Ekt Ekter er.. Ä apre aprese sekt kta` a`aa a sei seiud udkte kte tega tega??
Nukéíh
Rara apresektar h ek`ereéh `e Dkterket `a Atgas Mhpmh.
Rrhme`dlekth A partdr `a tega prdkmdpag (mhksugtar Pega prdkmdpag), •
Lhve Lhverr h murs murshr hr para para a ttem emga ga `e aéíh aéíh Leku Leku e ppre ress ssdh dhka kar r
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Hjservaéíh dlphrtakte? Kh Egectrhkdchk Egectrhkdchk ä phssìveg segemdhkar `dnerektes telphrdza`hres kul `da. (atä 6 aéões). Mhktu`h, kíh ä phssìveg prhiralar : aéões ah leslh telph. A shguéíh? `edxar pegh lekhs 1 ldkuth ektre : aéões. Rhr exelpgh? Rartd`a `h Mhlpresshr? 25f223 Aouste Rressíh :? 25f21 (hu lads tar`e). • •
a temga Ekter. Ä apresekta`a a seiudkte tega? Ut Utdgd dgdza zak` k`hh aass ttem emga gass `e `e kav kavei eiaé aéíh íh,, lhve lhverr h mur mursh shrr para para h ìmhke `e dknhrlaéões (mhksugtar a seéíh amdla, Ìmhke `e leku). Rress Rressdh dhka karr a tem temga ga Ekt Ekter er.. H ek` ek`er ereé eéhh `e Dkte Dkterk rket et `a `a Atga Atgass Mhpmh ä apresekta`h ka tega.
Rrhme`dlekth A partdr `a tega prdkmdpag (mhksugtar Pega prdkmdpag), •
Lhve Lhverr h mur mursh shrr para para a te temg mgaa `e aéíh aéíh Leku Leku e pres pressd sdhk hkar ar a temga Ekter. Utdgdzar as temgas `e kaveiaéíh para segemdhkar h ìmhke `h telphrdza`hr. t elphrdza`hr.
0.155 Lek 0.1 Leku u `h re regýi gýidh dh sela selakag kag Radkeg `e mhktrhge
Pexth ka ndiura
1)
Pemgas `e `e kkaaveiaéíh
(:=)
Pemga Eksmtear pe
(1) (:)
L e ku Pel elph phrd rdza za`h `hrr sela selaka kagg
•
Rress Rressdh dhka karr a tem temga ga Ekt Ekter er kh kh mhkt mhktrh rhga ga`h `hrr. Ä apr apres esek ekta ta`h `h a seiudkte tega?
(1) (:) (=) (0) (5)
Pel elph phrd rdza za`h `hrr sela selaka kagg Pajeg ajegaa ``ee Aé Aéõe õess ]el ]elak akag ag Mdmgh ]e ]elakag E s t a `h Zegý Zegýid idhh ]el ]elak akag ag Dk Dkat atdv dvhh
Ìmhke `e leku, Zegýidh selakag
Nukéíh •
Rrhi Rrhira rala larr mmhl hlak ak`h `hss `e `e ppar artd td`a `a/p /par ara` a`aa ttel elph phrdz rdza` a`hs hs
• • •
para h mhlpresshr Rrhi Rrhira rala larr mhla mhlak` k`hs hs `e `e mhlu mhluta taéí éíhh telp telphr hrdz dza` a`hs hs par paraa a jak`a `aa`hs re`e Rh`e Rh`el l`eser serpressíh prh prhir iral ala` hs qu quat atrh rh esq esque uela lass ``ee sel selak akaa `dnerektes. Rh`e Rh`e se serr pprhi rhira rala la`h `h ul mdmg mdmghh ``ee sel selak akas as33 ul ul mdm mdmgh gh `e selakas ä ula sequïkmda `e 12 selakas. Rara ma`a selaka `h mdmgh, ph`e ser segemdhka`h ul `hs quatrh esquelas `e selaka prhirala`hs.
(>)
Pelph elph `e Nukmdh Nukmdhkal kalekt ekthh Zestak Zestakte te
H prdledrh dtel kesta gdsta está `estama`h el verlegfh. ]egemdhkar h dtel pretek`d`h e pressdhkar a temga Ekter kh mhktrhga`hr para lh`dndmar.
Rrhiralar esquelas `e selaka •
]egemm ]egemmdhk dhkar ar Pajega ajega `e Aéões Aéões ]elak ]elakag ag e press pressdhk dhkar ar Ekte Ekterr. Ä ajerta ula oakega khva. H prdledrh dtel ka gdsta está 41
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`estama`h el verlegfh. Rressdhkar a temga Ekter kh mhktrhga`hr para lh`dndmar Pajega `e Aéões ]elakag 1.
(1) (:) (=) (0) (5)
Pajeg ajegaa `e Aéõ Aéões es ]el ]elak akag ag Rgak Rgakhh `e Aéõe Aéõess ]ela ]elaka kagg 1 Pajeg ajegaa `e `e Aé Aéõe õess ] ]el elak akag ag : Pajeg ajegaa `e `e Aé Aéõe õess ] ]el elak akag ag = Pajeg ajegaa `e `e Aé Aéõe õess ] ]el elak akag ag 0
•
Ä apre aprese sekt kta` a`aa ula ula gdst gdstaa sela selaka kag. g. A hpé hpéíh íh ]ei ]eiuk uk`a `a ä authlatdmalekte segemdhka`a e `estama`a el verlegfh. Rressdhkar a temga Ekter kh mhktrhga`hr para `endkdr ula aéíh para este `da.
•
Ä aaje jerta rta ula ula kkhv hvaa ooak akeg egaa ``ee aavd vdsh sh.. ]eg ]egem emdh dhka karr uula la aéíh aéíh a partdr `esta gdsta mhl as temgas `e kaveiaéíh kh mhktrhga`hr. @ephds `e segemdhkar, segemdhkar, pressdhkar a temga Ekter para mhkndrlar?
(1) (:) (=) (0) (5) (>) (9)
]ei ]eiuk uk`a `a-n -needr draa Aéõ es Zelhver Rartd`a Rara`a Ao Aous uste te Rres Rressí síhh 1 Lh`dndmar
•
Ä ajer ajerta ta ula ula oake oakega ga khv khva. a. A aéíh aéíh ä aihr aihraa vvds dsìv ìveg eg kh kh prdprdledrh `da `a selaka.
1) (:)
Rgak Rgakhh ``ee Aéõ éões es ]ela ]elaka kagg 1 ]eiu ]eiuk` k`aa-ne -nedr draa
(1) (:)
]ei ]eiuk uk`a `a-n -needr draa Rartd`a
(0=) (5) (>) (9) (6)
Peuraérat-an-enderdara Q Qudkta-nedra ]exta-nedra ] á j a` h @hldkih
((=0))
]ahgv`adnrd mar L
•
Rara Rara aame mess ssar ar a ffhra hra,, uutdg tdgdza dzarr aass ttem emgas gas `e kavei kaveiaé aéíh íh kh mhktrhga`hr e pressdhkar a temga Ekter para mhkndrlar.
•
Ä ajer ajerta ta ula ula oak oakeg egaa khva khva.. A temg temgaa `e aéíh aéíh Lh` Lh`dnd dndma marr está está segemdhka`a.. Rressdhkar a temga Ekter kh mhktrhga`hr para segemdhka`a mrdar ula aéíh.
(1) (:)
]eiu ]eiuk` k`aa-ne -nedr draa Lh`dndmar
(1) (:) (=) (0)
]ei ]eiuk uk`a `a-n -needr draa Rartd`a ]agvar Lh`dndmar
4:
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•
Ä ajer ajerta ta ula ula oak oakeg egaa `e avds avdsh. h. Utd Utdgd gdza zarr a ttem emga ga ``ee kave kaveia iaéí éíhh
Rressdhkar a temga Esmape para sadr `esta oakega.
↑ hu ↝ para lh`dndmar h vaghr `as fhras. Utdgdzar as temgas `e kaveiaéíh ↑ hu ↝ para amessar ahs
•
A aéí aéíhh ä apres apresek ekta` ta`aa sshj hj h ``da da para para a qu quag ag está está pg pgake akeoa oa`a. `a.
(1) (:) (=) (0) (5) (>) (9) (6)
Rg Rgak akhh `e Aéõe Aéõess ]ela ]elaka kagg 1 ]eiu ]eiuk` k`aa - Rart Rartd` d`aa Peréa-ne neddra Quarta-nedra Qudkta-nedra ]exta-nedra ] á ja ` h @hldkih
ldkuths.
(1) (:) (=) (0)
]eiu iuk` k`aa-nned edra ra Fhra ]agvar Lh`dndmar
•
Rressd Rressdhka hkarr a temga temga Esmape Esmape kh mhktrh mhktrhga` ga`hr hr.. A temga temga `e aéí aéíhh Lh`dndmar está segemdhka`a. Utdgdzar as temgas `e kaveiaéíh para segemdhkar a aéíh ]agvar.
Rressdhkar a temga Esmape kh mhktrhga`hr para sadr `esta tega. Rrhiralar h mdmgh `e selakas Ul mdmgh `e selakas ä ula sequïkmda `e 12 selakas. Rara ma`a selaka `h mdmgh, ph`e ser segemdhka`h ul `hs quatrh esquelas `e selaka prhirala`hs.
(1) (:) (=)
]eiu iuk` k`aa-nned edra ra Rartd`a ]agvar
(0)
Lh`dndmar
•
Ä aaje jert rtaa uula la kh khva va oak oakeg egaa `e `e aavd vdsh sh.. Utd Utdgd gdza zarr as as tem temga gass `e `e kaveiaéíh kh mhktrhga`hr para segemdhkar as aéões mhrretas. Rressdhkar a temga Ekter para mhkndrlar.
•
]ege ]egemd mdhk hkar ar Mdm Mdmgh gh ]el ]elak akag ag a partd partdrr `a gd gdst staa kh leku leku prdk prdkmd mdpa pagg Zegýidh ]elakag.
(1) (:) (=) (0) (5) (>)
Pel elph phrd rdza za`h `hrr ssel elak akag ag Pajeg ajegaa ``ee Aé Aéõe õess ]el ]elak akag ag Mdmgh ]e ]elakag E s t a `h Zegý Zegýid idhh ]el ]elak akag ag Dk Dkat atdv dvhh Pelph elph `e Nukmdh Nukmdhkal kalekt ekthh Zestak Zestakte te
•
Ä apr apres esek ekta ta`a `a ula ula gd gdst staa `e 12 sela selaka kas. s.
(1) (=) (0) (5) (>) (9)
]ei ]eiuk uk`a `a-n -needr draa Pel a me mert rtez ezaa8 Kíh ]dl ]agvar Lh`dndmar 4=
2215 222= 4>
(1) (:) (=) (0) (5) (>)
Mdmgh ] ]eelakag ]elaka 1 ]elaka : ]elaka = ]elaka 0 Lh`dndmar
Rressdhkar `uas vezes a temgah Ekter kh mhktrhga`hr para lh`dndmar a prdledra selaka. •
Ä ajer ajerta ta ula ula oak oakeg egaa khva khva.. ]ege ]egemd mdhk hkar ar a aéíh aéíh,, phr phr exel exelpg pgh? h? Pajega `e Aéões ]elakag 1
(1) (:) (=) (0) (5) (>)
Mdmgh ] ]eelakag ]elaka 1 Rgak Rgakhh `e Aéõe Aéõess ]ela ]elaka kagg 1 Pajeg ajegaa `e `e Aé Aéõe õess ] ]el elak akag ag : Pajeg ajegaa `e `e Aé Aéõe õess ] ]el elak akag ag = Lh`dndmar
•
^erdn erdndm dmar ar h eest sta` a`hh ``hh Zeg Zegýi ýidh dh ]e ]ela laka kag. g.
Utdgdzar a temga Esmape kh mhktrhga`hr para reiressar ah leku prdkmdpag Zegýidh ]elakag. ] elakag. ]egemdhkar h esta`h `h Zegýidh ]elakag.
(1) (:) (=) (0)
Pel elph phrd rdza za`h `hrr ssel elak akag ag Pajeg ajegaa ``ee Am Améõ éões es ]ela ]elaka kagg Mdmgh ] ]eelakag Esta`h
(1) (:) (=) (0)
Pel elph phrd rdza za`h `hrr sela selaka kagg ]elaka Zegý Zegýid idhh ]el ]elak akag ag Dk Dkat atdv dvhh ]elaka 1
•
Rr Rres essd sdhk hkar ar a te temg mgaa Esma Esmape pe kh mhk mhktr trhg hga` a`hr hr par paraa ssad adrr `est `estaa oakega. H esta`h dk`dma que a ]elaka ]elaka 1 está está atdva.
(1) (:) (=) (0) (5)
Pel elph phrd rdza za`h `hrr sela selaka kagg Pajeg ajegaa ``ee Aé Aéõe õess ]el ]elak akag ag Mdmgh ]e ]elakag E s t a` h Pelph elph `e Nukmdh Nukmdhkal kalekt ekthh Zestak Zestakte te
•
Rr Rres essd sdhk hkar ar a te temg mgaa Esma Esmape pe kh mhk mhktr trhg hga` a`hr hr par paraa reir reires essa sar r ah leku prdkmdpag Zegýidh ]elakag. ]egemdhkar ]egemdhk ar Pelph Pelph `e Nukmdhkalekth Zestakte a partdr `a gdsta e pressdhkar a temga Ekter kh mhktrhga`hr para lh`dndmar.
(1) (:)
Pel elph phrd rdza za`h `hrr sela selaka kagg Pajeg ajegaa ``ee Aé Aéõe õess ]el ]elak akag ag
(5) (>)
Ze Zegý gýid idhh ]el ]elak akag ag Dk Dkat atdv dvhh Pel elph ph `e Nuk Nukmd mdhk hkal alek ekth th Zest Zestak akte te
(=) (0) (5)
Mdmgh ]e ]elakag E s t a` h Pelph elph `e Nukmdh Nukmdhkal kalekt ekthh Zestak Zestakte te
•
Ä aaje jerta rta ula ula ooak akeg egaa kkhv hva. a. ]ege ]egemd mdhk hkar ar ]e ]ela laka ka 1 ppara ara `endk `endkdr dr h Zegýidh ]elakag mhlh atdvh.
•
Este Este tel telph phrd rdza za`h `hrr ä utdg utdgdz dza` a`hh quak quak`h `h h tel telph phrd rdza za`h `hr r selakag se ekmhktra `endkd`h e, phr `eterldka`hs lhtdvhs, ä kemessárdh que h mhlpresshr mhktdkue nukmdhkak`h `urakte, phr exelpgh, 1 fhra. Esta hpéíh ph`e ser `endkd`a kesta tega. Este telphrdza`hr ä akterdhr â aéíh `h Zegýidh ]elakag.
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Utdgdzak`h as temgas `e kaveiaéíh (1), lhver h murshr para h ìmhke `e teste (mhksugtar a seéíh amdla, Ìmhke `e leku).
(1) (:) (=)
•
Rress Rressdhk dhkar ar a ttem emga ga Ek Ekte terr (:)3 (:)3 apa apare reme me a ssei eiud udkt ktee tteg ega? a?
•
H tes teste te `a vágv vágvug ugaa `e `e sei seiur urak akéa éa sý ph ph`e `e ser ser ene enetua tua`h `h phr pesshag authrdza`h, estak`h prhteid`h phr ul mý`dih `e seiurakéa. ]ege ]egemd mdhk hkar ar h dt dtel el `h tes teste te `h vds vdshr hr e pr pres essd sdhk hkar ar a te temg mgaa Ekter. Ä apresekta`h ula tega para dkspemdhkar h vdshr3 ah leslh telph, th`hs hs GE@s síh ameshs.
Pel elph phrd rdza za`h `hrr ssel elak akag ag Paj ajeg egaa ``ee Aé Aéõe õess ]el ]elak akag ag Pel elph ph `e Nukm Nukmdh dhka kale lekt kthh Zesta Zestakt ktee
0.1> 0.1> Le Leku ku Pes Peste te Radkeg `e mhktrhge
•
0. 0.19 19 Le Leku ku R Ras assw swhr hr` ` `h Usuárdh Radkeg `e mhktrhge
Ìmhke `e leku, lek u, Peste Peste
Nukéíh •
Rara Rara ene enetu tuar ar ul ul test testee `h vds vdshr hr,, hu seo seoa, a, par paraa verd verdnd ndma marr se h vdshr e hs GE@s adk`a estíh dktaths.
Rrhme`dlekth
(1) (:) (=)
A partdr `a tega prdkmdpag (mhksugtar Pega prdkmdpag)?
Ìmhke `e leku, Rasswhr` (]ekfa)
• Lhver h murshr para a temga `e aéíh Leku e pressdhkar a
Pemga emgass ``ee kav kavei eiaé aéíh íh Pemga Ekter Pemga Es Esmape
temga Ekter (:)3 apareme h seiudkte tega?
Nukéíh ]e a hpéíh `e sekfa estdver atdva`a, ä dlphssìveg que pesshas kíh authrdza`as lh`dndquel parêletrhs. 45
2215 222= 4>
Rrhme`dlekth
Mhkndiuraéíh `a pgama `e re`e
A partdr `a tega prdkmdpag (mhksugtar Pega prdkmdpag),
•
Dr a Ly Ly Ket Ketwh whrc rc pg pgam ames es (H (Hss leu leuss gghm hmad adss kkaa rre` e`e) e) (1 (1). ).
•
Mg Mgdm dmar ar el el ^de ^dew w Ketw Ketwhrc hrc mhkk mhkkem emtd tdhk hkss (^er (^er gdi gdiaé aéõe õess `e re`e) (1).
•
• • •
Lhver Lhver h mmur ursh shrr ppar araa a te temg mgaa ``ee aéí aéíhh Lek Lekuu e pres pressd sdhk hkar ar a temga Ekter. Ä apresekta`h a seiudkte tega?
Ut Utdg dgdz dzak ak`h `h as te temg mgas as `e kave kaveia iaéí éíh, h, lh lhve verr h murs murshr hr para para h ìmhke `e sekfae (mhksugtar (mhksugtar a seéíh amdla, Ìmhke `e leku). Rre resssdhkar a temga Ek Ekte terr. ]ege ]e gemd mdhk hkar ar a te temg mgaa Lh`d Lh`dnd ndma marr mhl mhl as as temg temgas as `e kave kaveia iaéí éíhh e pressdhkar a temga Ekter. El seiud`a, lh`dndmar a sekfa mhknhrle kemessárdh.
0.166 ]e 0.1 ]erv rvd` d`hr hr Yej Ph`hs hs mhktrhga`hres Egectrhkdchk estíh equdpa`hs mhl ul servd`hr Yej dkteira`h que perldte a gdiaéíh `dreta â re`e `a elpresa hu a ul RM `e`dma`h atraväs `e ula re`e `e área ghmag (GAK). Dsth perldte mhksugtar `eterldka`hs `a`hs e parêletrhs parêl etrhs atraväs atraväs `e ul RM el vez `e kh vdshr `h mhktrhga`h mhktrhga`hr. r.
•
]egem ]egemdhk dhkar ar a ggdia diaéí éíhh ``ee área área ghmag ghmag (1) (1),, qque ue está está gdi gdia` a`aa ah ah mhktrhga`hr.
Dkdmdar Mertdndmar-se `e que se dkdmdhu sessíh mhlh a`ldkdstra`hr. •
Ut Utdg dgdz dzar ar a U]J/GAK ppga gama ma `e re re`e `e dk dkte rkaa `h `h ajadxh). mmhl hlpu puta ta`h `hrr hu hu uul l a`apta`hr (ver aterk dlaiel •
A`apta`hr U]J/GAK
•
Ut Utdg dgdz dzar ar ul ul majh majh UPR UPR (MA (MAP 5e) 5e) ppar araa gdia gdiarr ah reiu reiuga ga`h `hr r (ver a dlaiel ajadxh).
Mg Mgdma dmarr mmhl hl h jjhtí htíhh ``dre dredth dth e segem segemdhk dhkar ar Rrhper Rrhpertde tdess ((Rrh Rrh- prde`a`es) (1).
•
Ut Utdgd dgdza zarr a madxa madxa `e verdn verdndm dmaé aéíh íh Dk Dkter terket ket Rrhth Rrhthmhg mhg (PMR/ (PMR/DR) DR) (1) (ver dlaiel). Rara evdtar mhkngdths, `eslarque hutras prhprde`a`es, mash esteoal assdkaga`as. assdkaga`as. @ephds `e segemdhkar PMR/DR, PMR/DR, mgdmar ka temga Rrhpertdes (Rrhprde`a`es) (:) para agterar as `endkdéões.
4>
2215 222= 4>
•
• • •
Ka madx madxaa Rrhx Rrhxyy ser serve verr Irhu Irhupp (]er (]ervd vd`h `hrr prhx prhxy) y),, mg mgdm dmar ar ka ka temga A`vakme` (Avakéa`as) (1).
Ut Utdg dgdz dzaar aass sseeiu iudk dkte tess `en `endk dkdé déõe ões? s? DRA` A``r `res esss (Ek` (Ek`er ereé eéhh DR) DR) 14:. 14:.1> 1>6. 6.12 122. 2.:2 :222 ]ujk ]ujket etla lasc sc (Lá (Lásm smar araa `e su sujj-re re`e `e)) :55. :55.:5 :55. 5.:5 :55. 5.22 Mgdmar el HC e nemfar as gdiaéões `e re`e.
Mhkndiuraéíh `h servd`hr Yej Mhkndiurar Mhkndiur ar a dktername `a Yej H servd`hr Yej dkterkh nhd mhkmejd`h e testa`h para h Ldmrhshnt® Dkterket Expghrer >, 9 e 6. Hutrhs jrhwsers jrhwser s `a Yej, Yej, mhlh h Hpera hu Ndrenhx, kíh suphrtal este servd`hr Yej Yej dkterkh. Ah utdgdzar h Hpera hu Ndrenhx, ä apresekta`a ula páidka `e re`dremdhkalekth. Mgdmar ka fdpergdiaéíh para gdiar ah servd`hr `e traksnerïkmda `a Ldmrhshnt®, para traksnerdr a versíh lads remekte `h Dkterk et Expghrer e dkstagar este shntware. •
Ka madxa Exmeptdhks Irhup (Exmeéões), dktrh`uzdr h ek`ereéh ek`ereéh DR `h seu mhktrhga`hr. Rh`el ser atrdjuì`hs `dvershs ek`ereéhs DR, DR, las `evel ser separa`hs phr phkth e vìriuga (3). Exelpgh? ]uphk`h que oá nhral a`dmdhka`hs `hds ek`ereéhs DR (14:.1>6.122.1 e 14:.1>6.122.:). Ä phssìveg a`dmdhkar 14:.1>6.122.122 e separar hs = ek`ereéhs DR mhl phkth e vìriuga (1) (ver dlaiel). Mgdmar el HC (:) para nemfar a oakega.
Mhl h Dkterket Expghrer? Ajrdr h Dkterket Expghrer e mgdmar el Phhgs - Dkterket hptdhks (Nerralektas - Hpéões `a Dkterket) (:).
^dsuagdzar `a`hs `h mhktrhga`hr •
Mgdm Mgdmar ar kh kh sepa separa ra`h `hrr Mhkk Mhkkem emtd tdhk hkss (Gdi (Gdiaé aéõe ões) s) (1) (1) ee,, el seiud`a, ka temga GAK settdkis (@endkdéões `e GAK) (:).
Ph`as as mapturas `e tega síh dk`dmatdvas. dk`dmatdva s. H kÿlerh `e malphs apresekta`hs `epek`e `as hpéões segemdhka`as. •
Aj Ajrd rdrr h jrhws jrhwser er e ddkt ktrh` rh`uz uzdr dr h ek` ek`er ereé eéhh DDR R `h `h rrei eiug uga` a`hr hr que se pretek`e vdsuagdzar kh jrhwser (keste exelpgh, fttp?//14:.1>6.122.122). A dktername ajre?
49
2215 222= 4>
Kaveiaéíh e hpéões
Dknh (Dknhrlaéíh `e esta`h)
•
H esta`h `a láqudka ä selpre apresekta`h ka dktername `a Yej.
A par parte te sup super erdh dhrr `a te tega gaíí apr apres esek ekta ta h tdph tdph `e mhlp mhlpre ress sshr hr e h segethr `e d`dhla. Keste Kest e exelpgh, ekmhktral-s ekmhk tral-see dkstaga`hs trïs d`dhlas kh mhktrhga`hr.
Ektra`as `didtads Dk`dma th`as as ektra`as `didtads e h seu esta`h.
•
• •
Kh ga ga`h `h es esqu quer er`h `h `a `a dkte dktern rnam ame, e, ekmh ekmhkt ktra ra-s -see h lek lekuu ``ee kaveiaéíh (ver a dlaiel ajadxh). ]e nhr prhvd`ekmda`a ula gdmekéa para par a E]d, h leku mhktäl = jhtões. Mh Mhlp lpre ress sshr hr (hr (hr lam lamfd fdke ke)) (Mhl (Mhlpr pres essh shrr (hu (hu láqu láqudk dka) a))? )? apresekta th`hs hs parêletrhs `h mhlpresshr.
]aì`as `didtads Dk`dma th`as as saì`as `didtads e h seu esta`h.
E] E]??nere aapr pres esek ekta hener eest sta` a`h hmdas E]d Eas)? ]d)?(se (sper exd eldte xdst stdr ul ula a gdm gdmek ).a`es Rrene Rre rekm kmes esta(Rr (Rren erïk ïkmd peerld tedraagt gter erar ar aassekéa ukd` ukéa). d`a` es `e telperatura e pressíh.
]pemdag prhtemtdhks (Rrhteéões espemdads) Dk`dma th`as as prhteéões espemdads `h mhlpresshr.
Rgakh `e Assdstïkmda Rarêletrhs `h mhlpresshr Ph`hs hs parêletrhs `h mhlpresshr ph`el ser apresekta`hs hu hmugta`hs. Assdkagar ma`a phkth `e dkteresse e h leslh será apresekta`h. Apekas h esta`h `a láqudka ä ndxh e kíh ph`e ser retdra`h `a tega prdkmdpag.
Apresekta th`hs hs kìveds `h pgakh `e assdstïkmda e h respemtdvh esta`h. Esta tega apresekta apekas as fhras `e nukmdhkalekth. Paljäl Paljäl ä phssìveg apresektar h esta`h atuag `h dktervagh `e assdstïkmda.
Ektra`as akagýidmas Dk`dma th`hs hs vaghres atuads `e ektra`a akagýidma. As ukd`a`es `e le`d`a ph`el ser agtera`as kh jhtíh `e prenerïkmdas `h leku `e kaveiaéíh.
Pega `h mhktrhga`hr E] ]e exdstdr ula gdmekéa E]d, h jhtíh E] ä apresekta`h kh leku `e kaveiaéíh. Â esquer`a síh apresekta`hs th`hs hs mhlpresshres kh E]. Â `dredta ä apresekta`h h esta`h E].
Mhkta`hres Dk`dma th`hs hs vaghres atuads `e mhkta`hr `h mhktrhga`hr e `h mhlpresshr.
Ula phssìveg tega E]d 46
2215 222= 4>
0.14 Rarêl Rarêlet etrh rhss pr prhir hiral aláve áveds ds Rarêletrhs? pressões `e agìvdh/maria para mhlpresshres sel sema`hr `e renrdieraéíh dkmhrphra`h
Rarêletrh lìkdlh
@endkdéíh `e nájrdma
Rarêletrh láxdlh
Rressões `e agìvdh Rressíh `e agìvdh (mhlpresshres `e 9,5 jar)
jar(e) psdi
0,1 54 54,5 ,5
9 12 121, 1,5 5
9,5 12 126, 6,6 6
Rressíh `e agìvdh (mhlpresshres `e 6,5 jar)
jar(e) psdi
0,1 54 54,5 ,5
6,2 11 11>, >,2 2
6,5 1: 1:=, =,= =
Rressíh `e agìvdh (mhlpresshres `e 12 jar)
jar(e) psdi
0,1 54 54,5 ,5
4,5 1= 1=9, 9,6 6
12 10 105, 5,2 2
Rressíh `e agìvdh (mhlpresshres `e 1= jar)
jar(e) psdi
0,1 54 54,5 ,5
1:,5 16 161, 1,= =
1= 16 166, 6,> >
Rressíh `e agìvdh (mhlpresshres `e 122 psd)
jar(e) psdi
0,1 54 54,5 ,5
>,4 122
9,0 12 129, 9,= =
Rressíh `e agìvdh (mhlpresshres `e 1:5 psd)
jar(e) psdi
0,1 54 54,5 ,5
6,> 1:5
4,1 1=:
Rressíh `e agìvdh (mhlpresshres `e 152 psd)
jar(e) psdi
0,1 54 54,5 ,5
12,= 152
12,6 15 15>, >,> >
Rressíh `e agìvdh (mhlpresshres `e 195 psd)
jar(e) psdi
0,1 54 54,5 ,5
1: 195
1:,5 16 161, 1,: :
Rressíh `e maria (mhlpresshres `e 9,5 jar)
jar(e) psdi
0 56
>,0 4: 4:,6 ,6
9,0 12 129, 9,= =
Rressíh `e maria (mhlpresshres `e 6,5 jar)
jar(e) psdi
0 56
9,0 12 129, 9,= =
6,0 1: 1:1, 1,6 6
Rressíh `e maria (mhlpresshres `e 12 jar)
jar(e) psdi
0 56
6,4 1: 1:4, 4,1 1
4,4 10 10=, =,> >
Rressíh `e maria (mhlpresshres `e 1= jar)
jar(e) psdi
0 56
11,4 19 19:, :,> >
1:,4 16 169, 9,1 1
Rressíh `e maria (mhlpresshres `e 122 psd)
jar(e) psdi
0 56
>,= 41 41,0 ,0
9,= 12 125, 5,4 4
Rressíh `e maria (mhlpresshres `e 1:5 psd)
jar(e) psdi
0 56
6 11>
4 1= 1=2, 2,5 5
Rressíh `e maria (mhlpresshres `e 152 psd)
jar(e)
0
4,9
12,9
Rressões `e maria
Rressíh `e maria (mhlpresshres `e 195 psd)
psdi
56
10 102, 2,9 9
15 155, 5,: :
jar(e) psdi
0 56
11,0 1> 1>5, 5,= =
1:,0 19 194, 4,6 6
44
2215 222= 4>
Rarêletrhs? pressões `e agìvdh/maria para mhlpresshres mhl sema`hr `e renrdieraéíh dkmhrphra`h Rarêletrh lìkdlh
@endkdéíh `e nájrdma
Rarêletrh láxdlh
Rressões `e agìvdh Rressíh `e agìvdh (mhlpresshres `e 9,5 jar)
jar(e) psdi
0 56
9 12 121, 1,5 5
9,= 12>
Rressíh `e agìvdh (mhlpresshres `e 6,5 jar)
jar(e) psdi
0 56
6,2 11>
6,= 1: 1:2, 2,5 5
Rressíh `e agìvdh (mhlpresshres `e 12 jar)
jar(e) psdi
0 56
4,5 1= 1=9, 9,6 6
4,6 10:
Rressíh `e agìvdh (mhlpresshres `e 1= jar)
jar(e) psdi
0 56
1:,5 16 161, 1,= =
1:,6 16 165, 5,5 5
Rressíh `e agìvdh (mhlpresshres `e 122 psd)
jar(e) psdi
0 56
>,4 9 122
,: 12 120, 0,5 5
Rressíh `e agìvdh (mhlpresshres `e 1:5 psd)
jar(e) psdi
0 56
6,> 1:5
6,4 1:4
Rressíh `e agìvdh (mhlpresshres `e 152 psd)
jar(e) psdi
0 56
12,= 152
12,> 15 15=, =,5 5
Rressíh `e agìvdh (mhlpresshres `e 195 psd)
jar(e) psdi
0 56
1: 195
1:,= 19 196, 6,0 0
Rressíh `e maria (mhlpresshres `e 9,5 jar)
jar(e) psdi
0 56
>,0 4: 4:,6 ,6
9,: 12 120, 0,5 5
Rressíh `e maria (mhlpresshres `e 6,5 jar)
jar(e) psdi
0 56
9,0 129
6,: 114
Rressíh `e maria (mhlpresshres `e 12 jar)
jar(e) psdi
0 56
6,4 1: 1:4, 4,1 1
4,9 10 102, 2,5 5
Rressíh `e maria (mhlpresshres `e 1= jar)
jar(e) psdi
56
11,4 19 19:, :,> >
1:,9 160
Rressíh `e maria (mhlpresshres `e 122 psd)
jar(e)
0
>,=
9,1
Rressíh `e maria (mhlpresshres `e 1:5 psd)
psdi jar(e) psdi
56 0 56
41 41,0 ,0 6 11>
12= 6,6 1: 1:9, 9,5 5
Rressíh `e maria (mhlpresshres `e 152 psd)
jar(e) psdi
0 56
4,9 10 102, 2,9 9
12,5 15 15:, :,5 5
Rressíh `e maria (mhlpresshres `e 195 psd)
jar(e) psdi
0 56
11,0 1> 1>5, 5,= =
1:,: 199
Rarêletrh
@endkdéíh
Rarêletrh
Rressões `e maria
Rarêletrhs
Pelph `e nukmdhkalekth `h lhthr el estrega Pelph `e retar`alekth `e maria (estregatrdêkiugh) Kÿlerh `e partd`as `h lhthr Pelph `e paraiel lìkdlh Pelph `e paraiel prhirala`a Pelph `e remuperaéíh `e ekerida (AZA^N) Atrash `e repartd`a Pelph `e mhlukdmaéíh esihta`h
sei sei partd`as/`da sei sei sei sei sei
lìkdlh
`e nájrdma
láxdlh
5 2 2 12 2 :2 2 12
12 2 :02 :2 = :2 2 =2
12 12 :02 =2 :2 =>22 1:22 >2
122
2215 222= 4>
Rrhteéões Rarêletrh lìkdlh
@endkdéíh `e nájrdma
Rarêletrh láxdlh
Pelperatura `e saì`a `h egelekth mhlpresshr (kìveg `e avdsh `e mhrte `e nukmdhkalekth)
²M ²N
52 1::
112 :=2
114 :0>
Pelperatura `e saì`a `h egelekth mhlpresshr (kìveg `e mhrte `e nukmdhkalekth)
²M ²N
111 :=:
1:2 :06
1:2 :06
Rgakh `e assdstïkmda Hs telphrdza`hres `e assdstïkmda dkmhrphra`hs hrdidkal ula leksaiel `e avdsh `e assdstïkmda `ephds `hs respemtdvhs dktervaghs `e telph prä-prhirala`hs terel `emhrrd`h. Mhksugtar taljäl a seéíh Rrhirala `e lakutekéíh prevektdva. Mhksugtar a Atgas Mhpmh se nhr kemessárdh lh`dndmar ul parêletrh `h telphrdza`hr. Hs dktervaghs kíh ph`el exme`er hs dktervaghs khldkads e tïl `e mhdkmd`dr ghidmalekte. Mhksugtar a seéíh Lh`dndmaéíh `e parêletrhs ierads.
Perldkhghida Perlh
Expgdmaéíh
AZA^N
Zepartd`a authlátdma apýs nagfa `e mhrrekte. Mhksugtar a seéíh Zeiuga`hr Egectrhkdchk.
Pelph `e remuperaéíh ` `ee ekerida
E s t e ä h p e r ì h ` h ` e k t r h ` h q u a g a m h r r ek t e t e l ` e s e r r e st a j e g e m d ` a p a ra f a v e r u l a repartd`a authlátdma. Está amessìveg se h rearrakque authlátdmh nhr amtdva`h. Rara atdvar a nukéíh `e repartd`a authlátdma, mhksugtar a Atgas Mhpmh.
Atrash ka ka repartd`a
Este parêletrh perldte nazer ula prhiralaéíh para que hs mhlpresshres kíh partal khvalekte ah leslh telph apýs ula nagfa `e mhrrekte (AZA^N atdva).
Pelperatura `e saì`a `h mhlpresshr
H parêletrh lìkdlh remhlek`a`h ä `e 92 ²M (156 ²N). Rara testar h sekshr `e telperatura, h parêletrh ph`e ser `dldkuì`h para 52 ²M (1:: ²N). Zephr h vaghr apýs h teste. H reiuga`hr kíh amedta parêletrhs dgýidmhs, phr exelpgh, se h kìveg `e avdsh nhr prhirala`h para 45 ²M (:2= ²N), h gdldte lìkdlh para h kìveg `e mhrte `e nukmdhkalekth lu`a para 4> ²M (:20 ²N). `dnerekéa remhlek`a`a ektre h kìveg `e avdsh e h kìveg `e mhrte `e nukn ukmdhkalekth ä `eA12 ²M (16 ²N).
Atrash k kh h ssddkag ` `ee mhrte hrte `e nu nukm kmdh dhka kal lek ekth th
Este ä h perìh`h `urakte h quag tel `e exdstdr h sdkag aktes `e h mhlpresshr ser `esgdia`h. ]e nhr nhr k kem emeess ssár árdh dh prh prhira irala larr eest stee parê parêle letr trh hp par araa h hut utrh rh vagh vaghrr, mmhk hksu sugt gtar ar a Atg tgaas M Mhp hpmh mh..
]epara`hr `e `e ýg ýgeh
Utdgdzar ap apekas sseepara`hres ` `ee ýg ýgeh ` `aa Atgas M Mh hpmh. A que`a `e `e pressíh lá láxdla rreemhlek`a`a shjre h egelekth `h separa`hr `e ýgeh ä 1 jar (15 psd).
Pelph `e para`a lìkdlh para`a lìkdlh
@ephds `e parar authlatdmalekte, h mhlpresshr perlakeme para`h `urakte h telph `e para`a lìkdla (aprhx. :2 seiuk`hs), dk`epek`ektelekte `a pressíh `a re`e `e ar ar.. Mhksugtar a Atgas Mhpmh se nhr kemessárdh ul parêletrh dknerdhr a :2 seiuk`hs.
Rressíh `e `e agìvdh/maria
H r ei u g a` h r k í h a me d t a p ar êl e t r h s d g ý i d m h s, p h r e x e l p g h , s e a p re s sí h ` e a g ì v d h nh r prhirala`a para 9,2 jar(e) (121 psd(i)), h gdldte láxdlh para a pressíh `e maria lu`a para >,4 jar(e) (122 psd(i)). A `dnerekéa `e pressíh lìkdla remhlek`a`a ektre a maria e h agìvdh ä `e 2,> jar (4 psd(i)).
121
2215 222= 4>
5
H]Md (hpmdhkag)
5.: 5.:
Nukmdhkalekth
Iekeragd`a`es
5 .1
Dktrh`uéíh
H ar mhlprdld`h prh`uzd`h phr mhlpresshres dkoeta`hs a ýgeh mhktäl ula pequeka quaktd`a`e `e ýgeh. @urakte a renrdieraéíh `h ar kh resnrda`hr ndkag e kh sema`hr `e renrdieraéíh (el mhlpresshres mhl sema`hr `e renrdieraéíh dkteira`h), nhrlal-se mhk`eksa`hs que mhktïl ýgeh. H H]Md ä ul `dsphsdtdvh para tratalekth `e mhk`eksa`hs, mhkmejd`h para separar a ladhr parte `este ýgeh `hs mhk`eksa`hs, ajshrvek`h-h atraväs `hs ndgtrhs sujstdtuìveds, evdtak`h assdl a mhktaldkaéíh `h aljdekte. Ege ä mapaz `e `emhlphr e ajshrver a ladhr parte `as elugsões estáveds. H H]Md ä dluke a mfhques e vdjraéões `evd`h ah ush `e ndgtrhs e ph`e ser usa`h mhl th`hs hs tdphs `e `rekhs. Hs mhk`eksa`hs satdsnazel hs requdsdths `a geidsgaéíh aljdektag. H H]Md está dkstaga`h `ektrh `e ula madxa separa`a artdmuga`a mhl a marekaiel `h mhlpresshr. Kíh síh aneta`hs phr mfhques e vdjraéões `evd`h ah ush `e ndgtrhs e ph`el ser utdgdza`hs mhl th`h h tdph `e `rekhs. Hs mhk`eksa`hs satdsnazel hs requdsdths `a geidsgaéíh aljdektag.
@dairala `h nguxh `e mhk`eksa`hs
1
Ektra`a `e `e mmhhk`eksa`hs
=: 0 5 > 9 6 4
P Nadgl trhpahg`eehneìsgdpmuhla @rek @rekhs hs para para assd assdst stïk ïkmd mdaa mhl mhl vág vágvu vuga ga Gdiaéíh ``aa ddkkoeéíh ``ee ar ar Ndgtrh HIM Ndgtrh `e marjhkh atdva`h ]aì` ]aì`aa `e te test stee `e mhk` mhk`ek eksa sa`h `hss ]aì`a `e mhk`eksa`hs
H aghoalekth `h H]Md =942 ä mhlphsth phr = reservatýrdhs dktergdia`hs. Hs mhk`eksa`hs que mhktïl ýgeh síh dkoeta`hs (1) el oaths `esmhktìkuhs kul êkiugh `esmek`ekte para `ektrh `h prdledrh reservatýrdh, que nukmdhka mhlh mêlara `e expaksíh. A talpa espemdaglekte `esekfa`a phssud ula mhljdkaéíh `e hrdnìmdhs hrdnìmd hs para gdjeraéíh `e pressíh e ula espula (:). A thtagd`a`e `h `dsphsdtdvh H]Md está gdvre `e pressíh, ula vez que ega ä gdjera`a keste phkth. Kh prdledrh reservatýrdh, ul ndgtrh ngutuakte (=) nedth `e ndjras sdktätdmas espemdads remhgfe a ladhr parte `hs fd`rhmarjhkeths `dretalekte separa`hs a partdr `hs mhk`eksa`hs. H ndgtrh anuk`a-se â le`d`a que vad ndmak`h satura`h mhl fd`rhmarjhkeths e, assdl, h prhiressh `a `uraéíh `h ndgtrh ph`e ser le`d`h phr ul dk`dma`hr dk`dma`hr pphusa`h husa`h kh samh. Ekmhktrase dkstaga`h ul vdshr mhkvekmdhkag para perldtdr a dkspeéíh vdsuag `a phsdéíh `h ndgtrh e `h kìveg `e mhk`eksa`hs. Agäl `dssh, exdste ul sekshr `e phsdéíh (6- ^dsta `h H]Md3 1- ^dsta `a ektra`a `h H]Md) gdia`h ah reiuga`hr Egectrhkdchk® Irapfdm `h mhlpresshr para supervdsdhkar a `uraéíh `h ndgtrh sel
kemessd`a`e `e se ajrdr a marekaiel `h mhlpresshr. H]Md `ektrh `a madxa kul mhlpresshr IA
A saì`a `h prdledrh reservatýrdh ekmhktra-se kh nuk`h e está gdia`a â leta`e superdhr `h seiuk`h reservatýrdh. Kh seiuk`h reservatýrdh, hs mhk`eksa`hs prä-ndgtra`hs síh mhghma`hs el mhktath mhl ul samh `e ndgtrh (>), mfedh mhl aridga irakugar hgehnìgdma (HIM - Hgehpfdgdm Irakugar Mgay). Ä dkoemta`h ar khs mhk`eksa`hs atraväs `e ula gdiaéíh (5) ka parte dknerdhr `h seiuk`h reservatýrdh. Este nguxh `e ar `emhlpõe as elugsões estáveds, aulektak`h h prhmessh `e ajshréíh `e ýgeh para a HIM. H nhrkemdlekth `e ar taljäl evdta a nhrlaéíh `e
12:
2215 222= 4>
`eterldka`as jamtärdas akaerýjdmas. Rhr hutrh ga`h, a talpa `h seiuk`h reservatýrdh phssud hrdnìmdhs `e vektdgaéíh, para evdtar amÿlugh `e pressíh. H nguxh `e ar ä relhvd`h `h resnrda`hr ndkag (el ukd`a`es resnrda`as a ar) hu `h separa`hr `e áiua (Y]@) (el ukd`a`es resnrda`as a áiua). Ul jhmag dkteira`h mhl ndgtrh gdldta h nguxh `e ar (aprhxdla`alekte 052 g/f el mhk`déões `e renerïkmda), ah leslh telph que ula vágvuga
atraväs `e ul tujh que gdia aljas as leta`es dknerdhres `hs reservatýrdhs. Ul ndgtrh `e marjhkh atdva`h (9) gdlpa lads hs mhk`eksa`hs e estes, `ephds `e gdlphs, sael pega gdiaéíh (4). Ula saì`a `e teste (6) ekmhktra-se phsdmdhka`a phr jadxh `a saì`a khrlag. Aljas as saì`as estíh gdia`as â pgama `e `rekh `h mhlpresshr peghs respemtdvhs tujhs.
shgekýd`e iarakte que h ar mhlprdld`h ä usa`h quak`h h mhlpresshr kíh está nhrkemek`h ar.
Ka parte dknerdhr `hs reservatýrdhs, síh nhrkemd`hs tujhs `e `rekh mhl vágvugas (0), para ula assdstïkmda lads námdg.
Ul dkterrupthr `e kìveg (9(9 - ^dsta `h H]Md), gdia`h ah reiuga`hr Egectrhkdchk® Irapfdm `h mhlpresshr, lhkdthrdza h kìveg `e mhk`eksa`hs kh seiuk`h reservatýrdh. @urakte h nukmdhkalekth khrlag, este dkterrupthr ekmhktra-se ka phsdéíh `e nemfa`h, pegh que quagquer akhlagda (ul kìveg `e mhk`eksa`hs `elasda`h egeva`h) naz ajrdr h mdrmudth mdrm udth e `dsparar h agarle, que ndma vdsìveg kh vdshr `h Egectrhkdchk® (mhksugtar seéíh Avdshs).
Mhl esta mhkndiuraéíh, h prhmessh `e gdlpeza ph`e ser mhlpreek`d`h mhlh `dvd`d`h phr reservatýrdh?
Hs mhk`eksa`hs prhsseiuel para h termedrh reservatýrdh,
• • •
Rrdle Rrdledrh drh re rese serva rvatýr týrdh? dh? pr prä-s ä-sep epara araéí éíhh e ajsh ajshréí réíhh ``aa lad ladhr hr parte `h ýgeh gdvre e `dretalekte separáveg ]eiu ]eiuk` k`hh rres eser erva vatý týrd rdh? h? `emh `emhlp lphs hsdé déíh íh `a elug elugsí síhh e ajshréíh `h ýgeh Per erme medr drhh rres eser erva vatý týrdh rdh?a ?ajs jshr hréí éíhh `h ýg ýgeh eh re rest stak akte te
^dsta `h H]Md
1 : = 0 5 > 9 6
Akeg `e ndxaéíh Palpa `e espula Ghmagd Ghmagdzaé zaéíh íh `hs `hs remdpde remdpdekte ktess para aalhs lhstra tra e `h later laterdag dag `e gdia gdiaéíh éíh (apek (apekas as `urakt `uraktee h traksph traksphrte rte)) @rek @rekhs hs pa para ra as assd sdst stïk ïkmd mdaa mhl mhl vág vágvu vuga ga Raranushs `e ndxaéíh Ajraé raéa`edra `h mmaajh e tujh Dk Dkte terr rrup upth thrr ``ee eext xtra rava vassalek alekth th ]ekshr ]ekshr `a phsd phsdéíh éíh `h ndgt ndgtrh rh e dk`dma dk`dmaéíh éíh vds vdsuag uag `a pphsd hsdéíh éíh `h ndgt ndgtrh rh 12=
2215 222= 4>
5. 5.==
^dstas `etagfa`a
Mhgh Mhghma maéí éíhh el nu nukm kmdh dhka kale lekt kthh
^dsta `a ektra`a `h H]Md
1 :
]ekshr ``aa phsdéíh `h `h ndndgtrh Gdia Gdiaéõ éões es `e ektr ektra` a`aa `e mh mhk` k`ek eksa sa`h `hss
1. :. =. 0.
^dsta `a saì`a `h H]Md
1 :
]aì`a `e mhk`eksa`hs ]aì` ]aì`aa `e te tesste `e mh mhk` k`ek eksa sa`h `hss
^erdndma erdndmarr se as vágv vágvugas ugas `e `rekh `rekh `h H]Md H]Md (0) estí estíhh nemfa nemfa-`as. @esape @esaperta rtarr h akeg akeg ``ee nndxa dxaéíh éíh (1) `a talpa talpa `h prdledr prdledrhh reservatýrdh `h H]Md e relhver a talpa (:). Ze Zelh lhve verr h M@-Z M@-ZHL HL e a mad madxa xa (=) (=) mhl mhl h rem remdp dpde dekt ktee `e tes teste te e h remdpdekte `e renerïkmda e iuar`á-ghs kul ghmag seiurh perth `h mhlpresshr. Reiar Reiar ka ka gdiaé gdiaéíh íh D]H 9-Z ¼ e ka vágv vágvuga uga `e esne esnera ra I · mhl ve`akte e aparanusá-gas kas rhsmas mhrresphk`ektes ka pgama `e `rekh ka parte dknerdhr esquer`a `h padkeg `daktedrh `h mhlpresshr (Rgama `e `rekh). Nemfar a vágvuga `e alhstra `e mhk`eksa`hs.
5.
Rgama `e `rekh
1 :
>.
Gdia Gdiaéí éíhh ``ee saì saì`a `a `e mh mhk` k`ek eksa sa`h `hss ``hh H]M H]Mdd ^ágv ^ágvug ugaa `e al alhs hstr traa `e mh mhk` k`ek eksa sa`h `hss
Gdiar Gdiar ul ul tujh tujh `e saì`a saì`a que mhk`uz mhk`uzaa aahh ssdst dstela ela `e esihesihths (`dêletrh dkterdhr `e 14 ll). Ula vez que h H]Md nukmdhka â pressíh atlhsnärdma, a tujugaéíh `e saì`a tel `e estar selpre phsdmdhka`a ajadxh `a gdiaéíh `e saì`a kh H]Md `h reservatýrdh =, a lekhs que seoa dkstaga`a ula jhlja (kíh dkmguì`a) mapaz `e nukmdhkar a semh. Mertd Mertdndm ndmar ar-se -se `e que que h ndgt ndgtrh rh ka ka prdle prdledra dra thrr thrree tel tel nhrla nhrla mdrmugar e ph`e lhver-se gdvrelekte para mdla e para jadxh. Mhghmar áiua gdlpa ah ghkih `a aresta dkterdhr `a prdledra
120
2215 222= 4>
9. 6.
thrre atä a áiua traksjhr`ar pega gdiaéíh `e saì`a hu atä a áiua atdkidr a parte dknerdhr `a mêlara `h sekshr (vdsìveg atraväs `h vdshr). H ndgtrh hgehnìgdmh (reservatýrdh 1) mhleéa a ngutuar. Mertdndmar-se `e que h jraéh `h sekshr (6) está vhgta`h para mdla e aphda`h ka aresta `h samh `h ndgtrh. ^erdndm erdndmar ar se kíh kíh exdst exdstel el vaza vazalek lekths ths kas kas gdiaé gdiaéões ões ektr ektree hs reservatýrdhs 1, : e =. ]e `etemtar agiul vazalekth, mhksugtar a avarda = ka seéíh ]hguéíh `e prhjgelas. Ze Zemh mhghm ghmar ar a talp talpaa ka prdle prdledra dra thr thrre, re, apert apertar ar h aake kegg `e ndxaéíh e nemfar a estrutura `h mhlpresshr. mhlpresshr. •
•
5.0
Ph`hs h`hs hs tujhs tujhs `e `e saì` saì`aa nhra nhra `h `h mhlpr mhlpress esshr hr `evel ser phsdmdhka`hs a ul kìveg ajadxh `a gdiaéíh `e `rekh `e saì`a `h mhlpresshr (Rgama `e `rekh), pegh lekhs atä ah phkth hk`e estdver dkstaga`a ula jhlja. ]e kkíh íh fhuv fhuver er ula ula jjhlj hljaa dksta dkstaga` ga`a, a, a tujutujugaéíh `e saì`a `eve ser dkstaga`a mhl ula gdiedra dkmgdkaéíh `esmek`ekte el `dreéíh ahs esihths.
]aì`a ]aì`a authl authlátd átdma ma `e `e mhk`e mhk`eksa ksa`hs `hs (kíh (kíh pre pressu ssurdz rdza`a a`a!) !) ]aì`a ]aì`a `e `e teste teste lakuag lakuag kemess kemessárd árdaa pe perdh rdh`dm `dmale alekte kte ]aì` ]aì`aa lak lakua uagg ``ee mmhk hk`e `eks ksa` a`hs hs
90
Mhksug Mhkreparh sugtar tar h laku lakuag ag aktes aktes `e `e ene enetua tuarr quagqu quagquer er lakut lakuteké ekéíh íh hu
Peg egas as e av avds dshs hs ` `hh Egec Egectr trhk hkdc dchk hk® ®
Hs seiudktes parêletrhs dlphrtaktes `h H]Md ph`el ser mhksugta`hs kh vdshr `h Egectrhkdchk®? •
@a @a`hs `hs ap apres resek ekta` ta`hs hs `u `urak rakte te h nuk nukmdh mdhka kalek lekth th khrlag
A tega `e partd`a khrlag kh reiuga`hr Egectrhkdchk® E gectrhkdchk® Irapfdm `everá ser selegfakte ah apresekta`h ka dlaiel seiudkte.
Rressdhkar a seta Ekter para amessar a tega seiudkte.
Rdmthiralas
91 9: 9=
5.5 5.5
5.>
A `ura `uraéí éíhh rres esta takt ktee `h `h ndg ndgtrh trh,, exp expre ress ssaa shj shj nhrl nhrlaa `e `e per per-mektaiel el mhlparaéíh mhl ndgtrhs khvhs (122%)
Zene Zenerï rïkm kmda da
@esm @esmrd rdéí éíhh
(1) (:) (=) (0) (5) (>)
]aì`a `h mhlpresshr ]aì`a `h egelekth Maria ^azdh L eku Zeiugaiel
Rressdhkar a seta vdra`a para a `dredta e pressdhkar pr essdhkar Ekter para amessar ah sujleku Ektra`as. Aqud ä apresekta`a a `uraéíh restakte `hs ndgtrhs H]Md, expressa shj nhrla `e permektaiel, el mhlparaéíh mhl ndgtrhs khvhs (122%).
•
H est esta` a`hh ``hh ddkt kter erru rupt pthr hr `e extr extrav avas asal alek ekth th
Rara mhksugtar estes `a`hs, seiudr hs passhs apresekta`hs kas seéões seiudktes. H H]Md ä d`ektdndma`h pegh Egectrhkdchk® Irapfdm mhl h seiudkte sìljhgh?
Zene Zenerï rïkm kmda da
@esm @esmrd rdéí éíhh
(1)
@uraéíh restakte `h H]Md 125
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Rara verdndmar h esta`h `h sekshr `e extravasalekth `h H]Md, preldr a seta `e sektd`h `esmek`ekte agiulas vezes. ‗Kíh“ dk`dma que kíh exdste perdih `e extravasalekth.
Zene Zenerrïk ïkmd mdaa
@esm @esmrd rdéí éíhh
(1) (:) (=) (0) (5)
R r h t e é õe s A s s ds t ï km da Kìveg Jadxh Zearlar
Quak`h h ndgtrh atdkidr ula `uraéíh ajadxh `e 12%, este avdsh perlakeme perlake me atdvh atä khvhs ndgtrhs serel dkserd`hs dkserd`hs mhrretalekte mhrretalekte (h jraéh `h sekshr ka thrre 1 `eve ndmar aphda`h ka aresta `h ndgtrh!). @ephds `hs khvhs ndgtrhs estarel dkstaga`hs mhrretalekte e `a permektaiel estar amdla `e 12% (khrlaglekte, ektre 42% e 122%), pressdhkar Ekter para rearlar h esta`h.
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@e @esm smrd rdéí éíhh
(1)
Extravasalekth `h H]Md
5 .9
Ä apresekta`a a seiudkte tega e h avdsh `e assdstïkmda `esapareme.
Avdshs
Assdstïkmda kemessárda Este avdsh dk`dma que a `uraéíh restakte `hs ndgtrhs ä dknerdhr a 12%. Keste mash, ä kemessárdh ekmhlek`ar ul cdt `e assdstïkmda mhl ndgtrhs khvhs. H GE@ ‗Assdstïkmda“ amek`ese kh ga`h `dredth `h Egectrhkdchk® Irapfdm. Rara mhksugtar h avdsh, lhver h murshr para h ìmhke `e avdsh, mhlh se lhstra ka tega seiudkte.
Avdsh `e extravasalekth Este ä ul agarle `e prhteéíh, que dk`dma que h kìveg `e áiua kh H]Md está `elasda`h agth. H GE@ `e avdsh amek`e-se kh ga`h `dredth `h Egectrhkdchk® Egectrhkdchk ® Irapfdm. Keste mash, mhksugtar a seéíh Lakutekéíh, avarda :. ]e h prhjgela kíh nhr reshgvd`h el telph ÿtdg, ph`el hmhrrer vazalekths `e áiua `h H]Md para h mfassd `h mhlpresshr e leslh para h exterdhr `h mhlpresshr. Rara mhksugtar h avdsh, lhver h murshr atä ah sìljhgh `e avdsh, mhlh aqud se lhstra?
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@e @esm smrd rdéí éíhh
(1) (:)
]aì`a `h mhlpresshr A s sd s t ï k m d a
Apýs pressdhkar Ekter, ä apresekta`h a seiudkte tega, mhl a `uraéíh restakte e h lìkdlh para assdstïkmda (12%). H texth ‗servdme 12 (assdstïkmda 12)“ estará pdsmak`h.
Zene Zenerrïk ïkmd mdaa (1) (:)
@esm @esmrd rdéí éíhh ]aì`a `h mhlpresshr Avdsh
Rressdhkar h jhtíh Ekter para amessar ahs sujlekus. Rressdhkar a temga `e sektd`h `esmek`ekte agiulas vezes atä mfeiar a tega seiudkte? 12>
2215 222= 4>
• Mertdndmar-s Mertdndmar-see `e que hs hs mhk`eksa` mhk`eksa`hs hs kíh ektral el mhktath mhl hs hgfhs, jhma, etm. • ]e h mhlpress mhlpresshr hr kíh nhr usa`h usa`h `urakte `urakte ul perìh`h `e telph ghkih, ph`e hmhrrer a nhrlaéíh `e jamtärdas kh dkterdhr `h H]Md. @epek`ek`h `a quaktd`a`e `e jamtärdas, ä amhksegfáveg gdlpar h H]Md aktes `e mhghmar h mhlpresshr khvalekte el nukmdhkalekth.
^erdndmaéíh `a quagd`a`e `hs mhk`eksa`hs Kesta tega, Kesta tega, ph`e ver que nhd eldtd`h eldtd`h ul avds avdshh `e extravasa extravasalekth lekth (‗]dl“ dkterldtekte), dk`dmak`h dk`dmak`h que h kìveg `e áiua kh H]Md ä `elasda`h agth. @ephds `e reshgver h prhjgela (mhksugtar a seéíh ]hguéíh `e prhjgelas, avarda : hu =), este avdsh `esapareme authlatdmalekte.
Ula vez phr selaka, `eve ser remhgfd`a ula alhstra para teste `urakte h nukmdhkalekth `h mhlpresshr. 1.
:. =. 0.
Ze Zene nerï rïkm kmda da
@e @esm smrd rdéí éíhh
(1) (:) (=) (0)
Rrhteéões Extravasalekth `h H]Md Zearlar Avdsh
5.6
Lakutekéíh ^erdndmar hs ndgtrhs reiugarlekte mhknhrle expgdma`h ajadxh, para evdtar a ektra`a `e mhk`eksa`hs kíh trata`hs ka re`e `e esihths. Zemhgfer ula alhstra `hs mhk`eksa`hs
Ajrdr Ajrdr a vágvug vágvugaa para para rem remhgf hgfaa ``ee aalhs lhstra tra `e mhk`ek mhk`eksa` sa`hs hs ka parte gaterag `h mhlpresshr (pgama `e `rekh) `urakte 5 seiuk`hs e egdldkar hs mhk`eksa`hs remhgfd`hs `e amhr`h mhl a geidsgaéíh ghmag renerekte a áiua mhktek`h ýgeh (dsth ä, a áiua que perlakeme kh tujh `e saì`a `e teste ektre h H]Md e h padkeg trasedrh `h mhlpresshr). Zeajrd Zeajrdrr a vágvug vágvugaa ``ee ttest estee e rem remhgf hgfer er hs mhk`ek mhk`eksa` sa`hs hs kh remdpdekte teste. Mhlp Mhlpar arar arpara a turv turvaé aéíh íh `a `a alhs alhstr traa mhl mhl h remdp remdpde dekt ktee `e renerïkmda, que phssud ula turvaéíh `e 15 ppl. ]e a tur turvaé vaéíh íh `a `a alhst alhstra ra para para teste teste nhr nhr supe superdh rdhrr â tur turvaé vaéíh íh `e renerïkmda, `eve `ar-se dkìmdh a ul pe`d`h `e assdstïkmda, a ser enetua`h kul perìh`h `e telph `e : selakas. A phsdéíh vertdmag `a saì`a `e teste iarakte a exdstïkmda `e marjhkh atdva`h gdlph el quaktd`a`e sundmdekte amdla `esta phsdéíh para lakter hs mhk`eksa`hs el vaghres dknerdhres a 15 ppl `urakte, pegh lekhs, : selakas (vágd`h para mhlpresshres IA 42 mhl sema`hr a trajagfar :0 fhras phr `da el mhk`déões `e renerïkmda).
ula vez phr selaka. • ]e hs ndgtrhs ndgtrhs kíh kíh nhrel dkstaga dkstaga`hs `hs mhrretamhrretalekte, h H]Md ph`e `edxar sadr mhk`eksa`hs que mhktïl ýgeh. • Quak`h Quak` síh dkstaga` dkstaga`hs hs `e ndgtrhs ndgtsaì`a rhs `eph`e marjhkh marjhkh atdva`hh khvhs, a áiua apresektar-se dkdmdaglekte esmura (`evd`h ah pý `e marjhkh). Dsth kíh ä preou`dmdag. • Ma`a ndgtrh ndgtrh khvh khvh ä nhrkemd`h nhrkemd`h mhl mhl ula etd etd queta. A phsdéíh phsdéíh mhrreta `h ndgtrh está assdkaga`a ka etdqueta. • Hs ndgtrhs ndgtrhs usa`hs usa`hs ph`el ph`el ser ser pesa`hs. pesa`hs.
Zemdpdekte Zemdpde kte `e teste/alhstra teste/alhstra (1) e remdpdekte remdpdekte `e renerïkmda (:)
Ndgtrh hgehnìgdmh Dkdmdaglekte, h ndgtrh hgehnìgdmh (=- @dairala `h nguxh `e mhk`eksa`hs) drá ngutuar quase phr mhlpgeth khs mhk`eksa`hs e apekas a parte dknerdhr drá nukmdhkar mhlh ledh `e ndgtraiel. Ah ajshrver ma`a vez lads ýgeh, h ndgtrh drá anuk`ar-se e laterdag ndgtrakte khvh será exphsth ahs mhk`eksa`hs. Quak`h h thph 129
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`h ndgtrh atdkidr a supernìmde `hs mhk`eksa`hs kh prdledrh reservatýrdh, h ndgtrh estará satura`h e tel `e ser sujstdtuì`h. Dsth ä traksldtd`h authlatdmalekte ah reiuga`hr Egectrhkdchk® atraväs `h sekshr `e kìveg (1- ^dsta `a ektra`a `h H]Md), las h mgdekte taljäl ph`e nazer esta verdndmaéíh vdsuaglekte atraväs atr aväs `h vdshr.
Dkstruéões para sujstdtudéíh `h ndgtrh Estas dkstruéões esmgaremel quads hs passhs kemessárdhs para a reagdzaéíh `e lakutekéíh e para iaraktdr h nukmdhkalekth a`equa`h apýs a lakutekéíh. ]íh estes hs passhs a enetuar `urakte a lakutekéíh? 1. :. =.
0.
5.
>.
9. 6.
Rarar Rarar h mhlpre mhlpressh sshrr e nem nemfar far a vvágv ágvuga uga `e saì` saì`aa `e ar. ar. @esgdiar a mhrrekte. Ajrdr/ Ajrdr/rel relhve hverr h padk padkeg eg ggate aterag rag `h mhlp mhlpres resshr shr â nrekt nrektee `h H]Md. Rhsdm Rhsdmdhk dhkar ar hs hs tujhs tujhs `e `rek `rekhh gdia gdia`hs `hs âs vág vágvug vugas as `e `e `rek `rekhh para assdstïkmda (0- @dairala `h nguxh `e mhk`eksa`hs e ^dsta ^dsta `h H]Md) shjre ul remdpdekte e ajrdr as vágvugas. Esperar atä hs `rekhs estarel thtaglekte `esmarreia`as e egdldkar hs mhk`eksa`hs remhgfd`hs `e amhr`h mhl a geidsgaéíh ghmag. @esape @esaperta rtarr hs paranu paranushs shs que ndx ndxal al h H]Md H]Md â pgama pgama `e jase `h mhlpresshr e separar hs tujhs e majhs `h reservatýrdh :. H H]Md ph`e ektíh ser relhvd`h rel hvd`h `h mhlpresshr. Hs tujhs e majhs egätrdmhs gdia`hs tïl mhlprdlekth sundmdekte para perldtdr perldtd r a relhéíh `h H]Md sel h `esgdiar, las a tarena `eve ser reagdza`a mhl mud`a`h, iaraktdk`h que hs tujhs e majhs kíh ndmal hjstruì`hs. @esape @esaperta rtarr hs akäd akädss `e ndx ndxaé aéíh, íh, retdra retdrarr as talp talpas as e relhve relhver r hs = samhs `e ndgtrhs. Hs jag`es khs quads hs khvhs ndgtrhs síh nhrkemd`hs ph`el ser usa`hs para iuar`ar hs ndgtrhs usa`hs. Gdlp Gdlpar ar h H]M H]Mdd mmhl hl ái áiua ua e uul l pak pakh. h. Kíh usar quagquer tdph `e sajíh hu `eteriekte, ula vez que estes ph`el mhkter `dspersaktes`as passìveds `e `eterdhrar `e `emhlphsdéíh elugsões ýgeháiua. a mapamd`a`e Nemf Ne mfar ar as as vágv vágvug ugas as `e `rek `rekhh para para ass assds dstï tïkm kmda da.. Zetdra Zetdrarr hs ndgt ndgtrhs rhs khvhs khvhs `h `h cdt cdt `e assdst assdstïkm ïkmda. da. Mertdnd Mertdndmar mar-se `e que h ndgtrh jrakmh para h reservatýrdh 1 tel nhrla mdrmugar.. ]e estdver egìptdmh el resugta`h `h traksphrte, mdrmugar apertá-gh atä atdkidr ula ul a nhrla mdrmugar, `e lh`h a ph`er lhver-se gdvrelekte para mdla e para jadxh kh reservatýrdh 1. Dkserdr hs ndgtrhs khvhs khs reservatýrdhs, `e amhr`h mhl as etdquetas mhrresphk`ektes. Mertdndmarse `e que h jraéh `h sekshr (6-^dsta `h H]Md) está vhgta`h vhgt a`h
11.
1:. 1=. 10.
gdiaéões `e saì`a kh reservatýrdh = (^dsta `a saì`a `h H]Md). @edtar @edtar áiua áiua gdlpa gdlpa ah ghkih ghkih `a ares aresta ta dkterdh dkterdhrr `h reserreservatýrdh 1 atä a áiua traksjhr`ar pegh tujh `e saì`a (1^dsta `a saì`a `h H]Md) hu atä a áiua atdkidr at dkidr a parte dknerdhr `a mêlara `h sekshr (vdsìveg atraväs `h vdshr). H ndgtrh hgehnìgdmh mhleéa a ngutuar. Kíh elpurrar h ndgtrh para jadxh. Zemhghm Zemhghmar ar a talpa talpa kh reserv reservatýr atýrdh dh e apert apertar ar h akeg akeg `e `e ndxaéíh. Nemfar Nemfar/rep /rephsd hsdmdh mdhkar kar a estrut estrutura ura `h mhlpre mhlpressh sshr. r. Zedkdm Zedkdmdar dar h mhkta`h mhkta`hrr `e assdstï assdstïkmd kmdaa kh Egectrhk Egectrhkdch dchk®. k®. Mhksugtar a seéíh Avdshs `h Egectrhkdchk.
5.4 Cdts dts ` `ee aass ssds dstï tïkm kmda da A Atgas Mhpmh tel `dsphkìveg ula iala mhlpgeta `e cdts `e assdstïkmda. Hs cdts `e assdstïkmda dkmguel th`as as peéas kemessárdas para assdstïkmda ahs equdpalekths e hneremel hs jekenìmdhs `as peéas iekuìkas `a Atgas Mhpmh, laktek`h hs musths `e lakutekéíh re`uzd`hs.
Cdt `e assdstïkmda assds tïkmda `h H]Md
1 : =
Ndgtrh hgehnìgdmh Jag` Jag`es es (ph (ph`e `el l ser ser usa` usa`hs hs par paraa reme remeje jerr hs ndg ndgtr trhs hs usa usa`h `hss apýs a lakutekéíh) Ndgtrh HIM
para mdla e aphda`h ka aresta `h samh `h ndgtrh kh prdledrh reservatýrdh. 4. Mhghm Mhghmar ar `e `e khvh khvh as as talpa talpass : e = khs khs rese reserva rvatý týrdh rdhss e apertar hs akäds `e ndxaéíh. 12. Zemhghma Zemhghmarr h H]Md H]Md kh dkterdhr dkterdhr `h mhlpre mhlpresshr sshr e ndxá-gh ndxá-gh â pgama `e jase phr ledh `hs paranushs paranushs (L6). Per h mud`a`h mud`a`h `e kíh hjstrudr hs tujhs e majhs, e iaraktdr que estes kíh ph`el ektrar el mhktath mhl hutrhs mhlphkektes `h mhlpresshr. Usar hs suphrtes `e majhs kh reservatýrdh : para ndxar as partes re`uk`aktes `hs tujhs e majhs. Iaraktdr que h tujh `e saì`a e h tujh `e teste kíh estíh, el kekful phkth, lads agths `h que as respemtdvas
0 5
G uv a s Ndgtrh `e marjhkh atdva`h
Zenerïkmda `a peéa Cdt `h ndgtrh H]Md?
126
◃
◃
◃
◃
◃
:421 19=0 22
2215 222= 4>
5.122 ]h 5.1 ]hgu guéí éíhh `e p prh rhjge jgela lass -
Mhk`déíh
Avarda
]hguéíh
1
Ektrhu ludth ýgeh kh H]Md.
Nukmdhkalekth dkmhrreth `h mhlpresshr
]ujstdtudr th`hs hs ndgtrhs. Gdlpar hs reservatýrdhs. ^erdndmar h mhlpresshr.
:
H Egectrhkdchk® apresekta ul avdsh `e extravasalekth hu exdste ul extravasalekth vdsìveg (atraväs `h vdshr).
Ula seéíh `h tujh `e saì`a está kula phsdéíh lads egeva`a `h que a respemtdva gdiaéíh `e saì`a.
Zephsdmdhkar h tujh `e saì`a para ula phsdéíh ajadxh `h kìveg `a gdiaéíh `e saì`a (^dsta `a saì`a `h H]Md) (verdndmar h dkterdhr e h exterdhr `h mhlpresshr).
Ul ndgtrh está satura`h.
]ujstdtudr hs ndgtrhs e gdlpar h H]Md.
H nguxh `e ar dkoeta`h ä `elasda`h egeva`h.
]ujstdtudr h ndgtrh (0- Dkoeéíh `e ar kh H]Md).
Fá ul vazalekth kula gdiaéíh. Ul amhpgalekth `e pressíh tel ul vazalekth.
Rarar h mhlpresshr. Ajrdr h padkeg gaterag e dkspemdhkar h H]Md (relhver as talpas `hs reservatýrdhs). ^erdndmar se as vágvugas `e `rekh (0- @dairala `h nguxh `e mhk`eksa`hs e ^dsta `h H]Md) ka parte dknerdhr `hs reservatýrdhs 1 e : estíh nemfa`as. @rekar h H]Md e tektar reshgver h prhjgela. prhjg ela. ]e fhuver ul vazalekth kula gdiaéíh, retdrar h tujh mhrresphk`ekte e mhrtágh a `dredta lads 1 ml. ]e dsth kíh nukmdhkar, pe`dr ula khva gdiaéíh (peéa shjressagekte).
Kíh fá vazalekths kas gdiaéões, las h kìveg `e áiua kh reservatýrdh : hu = atdkie h thph `h `h rreeservatýrdh.
Mertdndmar-se `e que th`hs hs phkths `h tujh `e saì`a estíh phsdmdhka`hs ajadxh `a gdiaéíh `e saì`a kh reservatýrdh = (^dsta `a saì`a `h H]Md)
=
Exdste áiua kh pavdlekth el re`hr `h mhlpresshr (e kh mfassd `h mhlpresshr).
ekhkíh fá quagquer jghquedh ]e (taljäl exterdhr `h mhlpresshr). fhuver restrdéões estruturads que exdoal h phsdmdhkalekth `h tujh `e saì`a amdla `h kìveg `a gdiaéíh `e saì`a kh reservatýrdh =, dkstagar ula jhlja (que ph`e nukmdhkar a semh) kh mdrmudth `e saì`a. ]e as dk`dmaéões amdla nhrel respedta`as e h kìveg ``aa ái áiua
Ze l h ve r t h` h s h s n ddgg t r h s , g d l p a r h H]Md e ekmhlek`ar ul cdt `e
atdk atdkid idrr h thph thph `h res reserva ervatý týrd rdhh :, hu ssee h kìveg ``aa ái áiua kh kh reservatýrdh 1 atdkidr, pegh lekhs, h vdshr.
assd assdsstï tïkm kmda da `e nd ndgt gtrh rhss para para su sujs jstd tdtu tudr dr hs ndgtrhs. ^erdndmar h nguxh `h separa`hr `h reservatýrdh e `a gdkfa `e rethrkh, e sujstdtuì-ghs el mash `e akhlagdas. ]e nhr kemessárdh evdtar a th`h h musth quagquer extravasalekth, shgdmdtar ah mektrh `e assdstïkmda a prhiralaéíh `h Egectrhkdchk® para `esgdiar h mhlpresshr el mash `e ul agarle `e extravasalekth. 124
2215 222= 4>
-
Mhk`déíh
0
H telph que `elhra atä a turvaéíh `a alhstra `e teste ser superdhr ah gdldte `a alhstra `e renerïkmda ä ludth lads murth `h que h espera`h, tek`h el mhkta a `uraéíh prevdsta para h ndgtrh. Mhksugtar taljäl a seéíh @a`hs t ämk d mh s .
Avarda
]hguéíh Aquak`h `a assdstïkmda ahs ndgtrhs, `eve ser exemuta`h h seiudkte prhme`dlekth `e teste apýs a `rekaiel `hs reservatýrdhs? @esgdiar h tujh `e ar `h H]Md ka parte dknerdhr `h reservatýrdh : e hrdektar h tujh `e ar atraväs `as `dvdsýrdas para a parte phsterdhr `a marekaiel `h mhlpresshr. Nemfar th`hs hs padkäds `h mhlpresshr, partdr h mhlpresshr e esperar atä que nukmdhke el maria. Mertdndmar-se Mertdndmar -se `e que exdste ul nguxh `e ar a sadr `h tujh `e ar (`eve ser ektre 052 e 1222 g/f) (ektre 15,4 e =5,= mu nt/f). Rarar h mhlpresshr. mhl presshr.
Ng Ngux uxhh ``ee ar ar dk dksu sund ndmd mdek ekte te `ura `urakt ktee h te teste.
1 : = 0 5
@esapert rtaar h ndg dgtr trhh (0 (0-- ^ds dstta `a ektr traa`a `h H]Md) e retdrá-gh. Gdlpar h ndgtrh e h jhmag mhl ar mhlprdld`h mhlprdld`h e ul pakh pakh semh. Mertdndmar-se `e que h tujh `e ar kíh thma el kekful hutrh mhlphkekte e kíh está hjstruì`h. Zepetdr h prhme`dlekth `e teste. ]e h nguxh `e ar que sad `h tujh `e ar adk`a kíh nhr sundmdekte, ekmhlek`ar ula vágvuga shgekýd`e shjressagekte (=- Dkoeéíh `e ar kh H]Md). ]e h nguxh `e ar sundmdekte `urakte h teste nhd sundmdekte, verdndmar se exdstel mhk`eksa`hs hgehshs espesshs khs = reservatýrdhs. @ephds, verdndmar h egelekth separa`hr `e ýgeh e h nguxh `a gdkfa `e rethrkh `h mhlpresshr, e ekmhlek`ar hs cdts `e assdstïkmda mhrresphk`ektes se esses mhlphkektes kíh estdverel nukmdhkak`h mhrretalekte.
Zesnrda`hr ndndkag ((Y Y]@) Pujh Pujh `e ar para para h H]M H]Md, d, re rese serv rvat atýr ýrdh dh : ^ágvuga shgekýd`e Ndgtrh Gdiaéíh el T
>
Pujh `e ar para h EY@
Dkoeéíh `e ar kh H]Md
Exdstel `dsphsdtdvhs `e seiurakéa authlátdmhs e lakuads para evdtar h extravasalekth. Agäl `h dkterrupthr `e extravasalekth authlátdmh (9- ^dsta `h H]Md), lhkta`h kula mêlara gaterag kh seiuk`h reservatýrdh e que eldte ul agarle quak`h h kìveg `e mhk`eksa`hs ä `elasda`h egeva`h, h mgdekte ph`e verdndmar a exdstïkmda `e ul kìveg `e mhk`eksa`hs egeva`h atraväs `h vdshr. Kula apremdaéíh mash a mash, ph`e-se ph`e-se hptar phr `esgdiar h mhlpresshr mhlpresshr authlatdmalekte el mash `e agarle `e extravasalekth. extravasalekth. ]e hmhrrer ul extravasalekth, a áiua resd`uag `aì resugtakte `eve ser trata`a mhlh áiua que mhktäl ýgeh e `eve ser egdldka`a `e amhr`h mhl a geidsgaéíh ghmag. 112
2215 222= 4>
Mektrh `e iravd`a`e
Pdph
mhl sema`hr
mhl sema`hr
mhl sema`hr
sel sema`hr
sel sema`hr
sel sema`hr
G
Y
F
G
Y
F
IA =2+
ll
522
42=
942
5::
6:0
>4>
IA =9
ll
519
66=
99:
55:
6:0
>>9
IA =9+
ll
5:4
665
9=6
5=5
6:0
952
IA 05
ll
515
696
610
5:2
6:0
952
IA 05+
ll
5=1
660
9>:
5==
6=1
915
@dleksões? +/- 52 ll (1,49 phg.) Resh
Pdph
Ukd`a`e
Resh, ukd`a`e mhl sema`hr
Resh, ukd`a`e sel sema`hr
IA =2+
ci
1242
1224
IA =9
ci
1249
121:
IA =9+
ci
11:5
1202
IA 05
ci
11:5
1202
IA 05+
ci
119:
126:
Reshs (ýgeh dkmguì`h)? +/- 52 ci (112 gj) @dleksões @dleksõ es e peshs el tajegas para ukd`a`es ukd` a`es arrenemd`as arrenem d`as a ar, =62^-0>2^. =62^-0>2^.
11:
2215 222= 4>
>.:
Rrhphsta `e dkstagaéíh
Exelpgh `e saga `h mhlpresshr
0
11j 11a 1 10
>
4
5
=
AGP. 1
6
ldk.1222
^dew A
AGP. :
ldk.1222
ldk.1222
AGP. =
ldk.1222
^dsta A
^dsta gaterag 9
12 AGP. 0
: 1:
A `dreéíh `h nguxh `e resnrdalekth oalads
`eve ser dkvertd`a. 1=
Exelpgh `e saga `h mhlpresshr
11=
2215 222= 4>
@esmrdéíh 1
Dkst Dkstag agar ar h mhl mhlpr pres essh shrr kul pav pavdl dlek ekth th fhr fhrdz dzhk hkta tagg sýgd sýgd`h `h,, que suphrte `evd`alekte h pesh.
:
Rh Rhsd sdéí éíhh `a `a vá vágv gvug ugaa ``ee sa saì` ì`aa `e ar mhlp mhlprdl rdld` d`h. h.
=
H mhlp mhlprd rdle lekt kthh thta thtagg láxd láxdlh lh `a `a tuju tujuga gaéí éíhh (dkm (dkmgu gudk dk`h `h a tujugaéíh `e dktergdiaéíh ektre h mhlpresshr e h reservatýrdh) ph`e ser magmuga`h `a seiudkte nhrla? `p < (G x 052 x Qm1,65) / (`5 x p) ` < @dêletrh dkterdhr `h tujh `e saì`a, el ll `p < Que`a `e pressíh (láxdla remhlek`a`a < 2,1 jar/ 1,5 psd) G < Mhlprdlekth `h tujh `e saì`a, el l p < Rressíh ajshguta ka saì`a `h mhlpresshr, mhlpresshr, el jar(a) Qm < ^azíh ^azíh `e ar gdvre gdvr e `h mhlpresshr, mhlpressh r, el g/s
0
^ektdga ektdgaéíh éíh?? aass ireg iregfas fas `e ektra` ektra`aa e h vekt vektdga dga`hr `hr `evel `evel ser dkstaga`hs `e lh`h a evdtar quagquer remdrmugaéíh `e ar `e renrdieraéíh renrdieraéíh para h mhlpresshr hu sema`hr. sema`hr. A veghmd`a`e láxdla `h ar atraväs `as iregfas ä `e 5 l/s (1>,5 päs/s). A telperatura láxdla `h ar ka a`ldssíh `h mhlpresshr ä `e 0> (115mhlpresshres ²N) (lìkdlh 2 resnrda`hs ²M / =:da`hs ²N). Rara as agterkatdvas 1 e²M = `hs resnr a aar, r, a mapamd`a`e `e vektdgaéíh requerd`a para gdldtar a telperatura `a saga `h mhlpresshr ph`e ser magmuga`a `a seiudkte nhrla? • Qv < (1,2> (1,2> K + 1,:@)/` 1,:@)/`P P H ar `e renrdieraéíh `h sema`hr ph`e ser hrdekta`h para h exterdhr Qv < Mapamd`a`e `e vektdgaéíh requerd`a, el l=/s K < Rhtïkmda `e ektra`a `h mhlpresshr, el cY @ < Ektra`a `e phtïkmda egätrdma `h sema`hr, el cY `P < Aulekth `e telperatura ka saga `h mhlpresshr Rara as agterkatdvas : e 0? a mapamd`a`e `h vektdga`hr `eve mhrresphk`er â mapamd`a`e `h vektdga`hr `h mhl presshr a ula maria `e pressíh diuag â que`a `e pressíh pressíh shjre as mhk`utas `e ar. Rara mhlpresshres resnrda`hs a áiua, a mapamd`a`e `e vektdgaéíh requerd`a para gdldtar a telperatura `a saga `h mhlpresshr ph`e ser magmuga`a `a seiudkte nhrla? • Qv < (2,1= (2,1= K + 1,:@)/` 1,:@)/`P P Láx. que`a `e pressíh a`ldssìveg shjre hs mhk`uthres, aktes hu `ephds `h mhlpresshr < =2 Ra.
5
Hs tu tujh jhss ``ee ``re rekh kh pa para ra h mhg mhget ethr hr `e `e `re `rekh kh kíh kíh `ev `evel el leriugfar ka áiua `h mhgethr `e `rekh. A Atgas Mhpmh tel separa`hres `e ýgeh/áiua (tdph H]@ hu H]Md) para separar a ladhr parte `h ýgeh `hs mhk`eksa`hs, `e lh`h
6
Ndgtrh Ndgtrh,, td tdph ph @@ @@ para para apgdm apgdmaé aéõe õess iiera erads ds.. H ndgt ndgtrh rh ret retäl äl part ìmugas partìmug as sýgd`as sýgd` as atä 1 lìmrhk mhl mh l ula passaiel passai el `e ýgeh láx. `e 2,5li/l=. Ul ndgtrh `e egeva`a endmdïkmda, tdph R@, ph`e ser dkstaga`h a ousakte `e ul ndgtrh @@. Este ndgtrh ndgtr h retäl partìmugas par tìmugas sýgd`as atä 2,21 lìmrhk, lìmrhk, mhl ula passaiel `e ýgeh láx. `e 2,21 li/l=. Kh mash `e serel dk`eseoáveds vaphres e h`hres `e ýgeh, `eve ser dkstaga`h ul ndgtrh `e tdph Q@ a ousakte `h ndgtrh R@. Zemhlek`a-se a dkstagaéíh `e tujhs jy-pass shjre ma`a ndgtrh mhl vágvugas `e esnera, `e nhrla a dshgar hs ndgtrhs `urakte as hperaéões `e assdstïkmda, sel perturjar h nhrkemdlekth `e ar mhlprdld`h.
4
Dkstag Dkstagar ar h rres eserv ervatý atýrdh rdh `e ar (hpmdh (hpmdhkag kag)) kkula ula sag sagaa kíh kíh exphsta a telperaturas `e mhkiegalekth, kul pavdlekth sýgd`h e kdvega`h que suphrte `evd`alekte h seu pesh.
12
]dstela ]dstela jy-pass jy-pass para mhkthrka mhkthrkarr h sema`hr sema`hr `urakte `urakte as hperaéões `e assdstïkmda (`dsphkìveg mhlh hpéíh3 mhksugtar a AtgasMhpmh).
11 11aa Rara evdtar evdtar h rethrkh rethrkh `h ar `e exaustíh exaustíh para para a ektra`a ektra`a `e renrdieraéíh, `eve ser `edxa`h espaéh sundmdekte amdla `a ukd`a`e para evamuar h ar `e exaustíh. Agterkatdvalekte, `eve ser dkstaga`a ula mhk`uta mhk`u ta `e ar `e exaustíh. Mhksugt Mhks ugtar ar `e ` e AGP.1 AGP.1 a AGP.0 AGP.0 11 11jj Khs mhlpres mhlpresshres shres resnrda`hs resnrda`hs a áiua? áiua? Nguxh Nguxh `e áiua áiua e pressíh a aoustar el nukéíh `as mhk`déões `h ghmag. ghmag. Rara a quagd`a`e `a áiua `e renrdieraéíh, mhksugtar a seéíh Zequdsdths `a áiua `e renrdieraéíh. H mgdekte `eve dkstagar ula vágvuga `e mhrte `e áiua e ula vágvuga `e puria `e áiua kh tujh `e ektra`a e kh tujh `e saì`a `e áiua `h mhlpresshr. ]e estdverel est dverel dkstaga`as dkst aga`as vágvugas vágvugas `e mhrte `e áiua kh tujh `e ektra`a e `e saì`a `e áiua `h mhl presshr, dkstagar ul `dsphsdtdvh `e seiurakéa mhl ula pressíh press íh `endkd` `en dkd`aa `e amhr`h amhr `h mhl a pressí p ressíhh láxdla láxd la `e ektra`a `e áiua `e renrdieraéíh (mhksugtar a seéíh Mhk`déões `e renerïkmda e gdldtaéões) ektre h tujh `e saì`a `e áiua `h mhlpresshr e a vágvuga `e mhrte. Ah hperar a ukd`a`e, h hpera`hr `eve mertdndmar-se mertdndmar-se `e que h sdstela `e áiua `e renrdieraéíh kíh ph`e ser jghquea`h. H amdla dk`dma`h taljäl se apgdma ah sdstela `e áiua `e renrdieraéíh `a remuperaéíh `e ekerida. ekerida . Zelhver hs juoões juoõ es `e ` e pgástd pg ástdmh mh (se ( se nhrke n hrkemd`h md`hs) s) `hs tujhs tujh s ``ee áiua ái ua `h mhlpresshr e gdiar hs tujhs ah mdrmudth `e áiua `e renrdieraéíh.
a iaraktdr que hs mhk`eksa`hs mhk`eks a`hs satdsnazel hs requdsdths `a geidsgaéíh aljdektag. >
Lý`ug Lý`ughh ``ee mhk mhktr trhg hgee mhl mhl padk padkeg eg `e lhkd lhkdth thrd rdza zaéí éíh. h.
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Ma Majh jh `e `e agdl agdlek ekta taéí éíhh a ser ser `dl `dlek eksd sdhk hka` a`hh e dkst dkstag aga` a`hh phr phr ul egetrdmdsta. Rara preservar h irau `e prhteéíh `h mhlpartdlekth egätrdmh e prhteier hs respemtdvhs mhlphkektes `e pý `h aljdekte, ä hjrdiatýrdh usar ula oukta `h majh a`equa`a, quak`h gdiar h majh `e agdlektaéíh agdlektaéíh ah mhlpresshr. mhlpresshr.
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Ira`ea Ira`ealek lekth th `h ar `e `e rrenr enrdie dieraé raéíh, íh, sema`h sema`hrr.
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]e fhuv fhuver er ula ula mhk`u mhk`uta ta ka ektra` ektra`aa `e ar, ar, h seksh sekshrr `e telperatura aljdekte tel `e ser rephsdmdhka`h para lhkdthrdza lhkdt hrdzarr a telperatura t elperatura `e ektra`a.
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^ágv ^ágvug ugaa ``ee sei seiur uraakéa kéa
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]eiurakéa H hpera`hr `eve apgdmar th`as as premauéões `e seiurakéa regevaktes, dkmgudk`h as lekmdhka`as keste lakuag.
Nukmdhkalekth kh exterdhr/el agtdtu`e Hs mhlpresshres `e veghmd`a`e ndxa ph`el ser mhlermdagdza`hs mhl hpéíh `e prhteéíh mhktra a mfuva. Mhl esta hpéíh, este mhlpresshr ph`e ser dkstaga`h kh exterdhr, kul ghmag ajrdia`h hk`e kíh faoa mhk`déões para hmhrrïkmda `e mhkiegalekthh. Mash hmhrra mhkiegaiekth, mhkiegaiek th, thlar as le`d`as a`equa`as para evdtar `akh `akhss ka láqudka e kh equdpalekth auxdgdar. Keste mash, e taljäl kh mash `e nukmdhkalekth amdla `hs 1222 l (==22 päs), mhksugtar a Atgas Mhpmh.
Lhvdlektaéíh/egevaéíh H mhlpresshr ph`e ser `esghma`h phr ul elpdgfa`hr, utdgdzak`h as rakfuras ka estrutura. Phlar mud`a`h para kíh `akdndmar a estrutura `urakte a egevaéíh hu traksphrte. Aktes `e gevaktar, thrkar a dkstagar hs paranushs `e ndxaéíh `e traksphrte. Mertdndmarse `e que hs iarnhs aparemel kh hutrh ga`h g a`h `a estrutura. H mhlpresshr ph`e ser taljäl egeva`h dkserdk`h vd vdias ias kas rakfuras. Mertdndmar-se `e que as vdias kíh `esgdzal e que aparemel kh hutrh ga`h `a estrutura `a lesla nhrla. As mhrrektes `evel ser laktd`as paragegas â estrutura phr ledh `e expakshres `e mhrrektes, `e nhrla a kíh `akdndmar h mhlpresshr. H equdpalekth `e egevaéíh `eve ser mhghma`h `e nhrla a que h mhlpresshr seoa gevakta`h ka perpek`dmugar. Gevaktar gektalekte e evdtar thrmer. Kh mash `e ukd`a`es equdpa`as mhl a hpéíh `e `dsphsdtdvh `e egevaéíh, kíh ä perldtd`h egevar h mhlpresshr se as peéas `a marekaiel hu hs suphrtes `e egevaéíh kíh estdverel mhlpgetalekte dkstaga`hs dkstaga`hs.. Quak`h h mhlpresshr está sek`h gevakta`h, ä taljäl prhdjd`h ndmar `ejadxh `a maria hu enetuar atdvd`a`es `e lakutekéíh kh leslh.
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Gdiaéões egätrdmas Rara preservar h irau `e prhteéíh `h mhlpartdlekth egätrdmh e prhteier hs respemtdvhs mhlphkektes `e pý `h aljdekte, ä hjrdiatýrdh usar ula oukta `h majh a`equa`a, quak`h gdiar h
Lh`hs `e mhktrhge `h mhlpresshr el mhlpresshres mhl h reiuga`hr Egectrhkdchk® Kh mash `e mhlpre mhl presshr sshres es equdpa` equ dpa`hs hs mhl ul reiuga rei uga`hr `hr Egectrhkdchk®, mhksugtar a seéíh ]egeéíh ektre mhktrhge ghmag, relhth hu phr GAK, se se pretek`er trhmar para hutrh lh`h `e mhktrhge.
majh `e agdlektaéíh ah mhlpresshr.
Khta? Mhksugtar `dairalas egätrdmhs dtel :.9 páidka 16. Dkstruéões 1. :. =. 0. 5.
Nhrk Nhrkeeme merr uul l sem semmd mdhk hka` a`hr hr.. ^erd erdndm ndmar ar se se hs majhs majhs `h `h lhthr lhthr e hs ndhs `ektrh `ektrh `h mhlp mhlpar ar-tdlekth egätrdmh se ekmhktral `evd`alekte aperta`hs khs respemtdvhs terldkads. ^erd erdndm ndmar ar hs nus nusìve ìveds ds e h parê parêlet letrh rh `h regä regä `e shjre shjremar maria. ia. Mhksugtar a seéíh @dleksíh `hs majhs egätrdmhs. Gdiar Gdiar hs hs majhs majhs `e agdl agdlekt ektaéí aéíhh aahs hs resp respemt emtdvh dvhss terld terldkad kadss G1, G: e G=. Gdiar Gdiar h ppar aran anus ushh ``hh mmhk hk`u `uth thrr `e `e ter terra ra (RE). (RE).
Kh mash `e mhlpre mhl presshr sshres es equdpa` equ dpa`hs hs mhl ul reiuga rei uga`hr `hr Egectrhkdchk® Irapfdm, mhksugtar taljäl a seéíh ]egeéíh `h lh`h `e mhktrhge.
Rh`el ser segemdhka`hs hs seiudktes lh`hs `e mhktrhge? •
•
Mhktrhge ghmag? h mhlpresshr reaie apekas a mhlak`hs dktrh`uzd`hs atraväs `hs jhtões kh padkeg `e mhktrhge. Hs mhlak`hs `e partd`a/para`a `h mhlpresshr atraväs `a nukéíh `e regýidh estíh atdvhs, se prhirala`h. Mhktrhge relhth? h mhlpresshr reaie apekas a mhlak`hs `hs dkterrupthres exterkhs. A para`a `e eleriïkmda perlakeme perl akeme atdv a tdva. a. Hs mhlak` mhl ak`hs hs `e par partd` td`a/p a/para ara`a `a `h `h mhlpresshr atraväs `a nukéíh `e regýidh mhktdkual a ser phssìveds.
Dk`dmaéíh `h esta`h `h mhlpresshr el mhlpresshres equdpa`hs mhl ul reiuga`hr Egectrhkdchk® H reiuga`hr Egectrhkdchk ä nhrkemd`h mhl ul regä auxdgdar (C25) para dk`dmaéíh relhta `e ul mhrte `e nukmdhkalekth. Este mhktath KH (KH < khrlaglekte ajerth) nemfa se th`as as mhk`déões nhrel khrlads e ajre se fhuver nagfa `e mhrrekte hu mhrte `e nukmdhkalekth.
Hpéões? • Ra Rart rtd` d`aa e para para`a `a re relh lhth th (d (dkt kter erru rupt pthr hr ]1 ]1') ') • Ma Mari ria/ a/`e `esm smar aria ia re relh lhta tass ((Dk Dkte terr rrup upth thrr ]0') ]0') • @ete @eterl rldk dkaé aéíh íh `e `e pres pressí síhh relh relhta ta (dk (dkte terr rrup upth thrr ]— mhlj mhljdk dka` a`hh mhl h dkterrupthr `e pressíh ]0') Lak`ar verdndmar as lh`dndmaéões pega Atgas Mhpmh. Rarar h mhlpresshr e `esgdiar a mhrrekte aktes `e gdiar equdpalekth exterkh. Apekas síh perldtd`hs mhktaths gdvres `e phtekmdag.
Mhktath `e maria láxdla? 12 A/:52 ^ MA. Rarar h mhlpresshr e `esgdiar a mhrrekte aktes `e gdiar equdpalekth exterkh. Mhksugtar a Atgas Mhpmh. •
Dk`dmaéíh `h ul esta`h `h mhlpresshr el Irapfdm mhlpresshres equdpa`hs mhl reiuga`hr Egectrhkdchk® H reiuga`hr Egectrhkdchk ä nhrkemd`h mhl mhktaths auxdgdares gdvres `e phtekmdag KA (KA < khrlaglekte ajerth) (C25, C29 e C26) para dk`dmaéíh relhta `e? • • •
ma maria ria/a /agìv gìvdh dh lakua lakuagg hhuu nnukm ukmdh dhkal kalek ekth th authl authlátd átdmh mh (C29) (C29) mhk`déíh `e avdsh (C26) mhk` mhk`dé déíh íh `e mh mhrt rtee ``ee nnuk ukmd mdhk hkal alek ekth th (C25 (C25))
Mhktrhge phr GAK? h mhlpresshr ä mhktrhga`h atraväs `e ula re`e ghmag. Mhksugtar a Atgas Mhpmh.
Mhksugtar a seéíh ]dstela egätrdmh para ghmagdzar hs mhkemthres. mhkemthr es.
Exelpgh? C25 ä ul mhktath KA (KA < khrlaglekte ajerth). ]erá nemfa`h se th`as as mhk`déões estdverel khrlads e será ajerth kh mash `e nagfa `e mhrrekte hu mhrte `e nukmdhkalekth. nukmdhkalekth. Mhktath `e maria láxdla? 12 A/:52 ^ MA. Rarar h mhlpresshr e `esgdiar a mhrrekte aktes `e gdiar equdpalekth exterkh. Mhksugtar a Atgas Mhpmh.
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Rdmthiralas
@esmrdéíh
Rdmthiralas
Zen. Zen. @esd @esdik ikaé aéíh íh 1
@re rekh kh au auth thlá látd tdmh mh `e mhk` mhk`ek eksa sa`h `hss
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Avdsh? pprresekéa `e `e te teksíh
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Avds vdsh? h? `esgd `esgdiar iar a mhrr mhrrekt ektee e `espre `espressu ssurdz rdzar ar h mh mhlpr lpress esshr hr aktes aktes `e `e quagqu quagquer er repar reparhh
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Avdsh? aktes `e prhme`er prhme`er âs gdiaéões gdiaéões egätrdmas egätrdmas `h mhlpresshr mhlpresshr,, mhks mhksugtar ugtar h lakuag `e dkstruéões dkstruéões para verdndm verdndmar ar h sektd`h sektd`h `e rhtaéíh `h lhthr
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Jdká Jdkárd rdhs hs pa para ra para paranu nush shss `e `e aéh aéh (Ne) (Ne) hu hu gat gatíh íh (Mu_ (Mu_k) k)
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Gujrdndmar Gujrdndmar gdiedralek gdiedralekte te a oukta `h ndgtrh ndgtrh `e ýgeh, ýgeh, ekrhsmá-g ekrhsmá-ghh e apertar apertar â líh (aprhx. (aprhx. leda leda vhgta) vhgta)
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Avds vdsh? h? parar parar h mhlp mhlpres resshr shr akt aktes es `e repara repararr hhss vvekt ektdga dga`hre `hress
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Avdsh? `esgdiar `esgdiar a mhrrekte mhrrekte aktes aktes `e relhver relhver a mhjertur mhjerturaa `e prhteéíh prhteéíh `ektrh `ektrh `h mhlpart mhlpartdlekth dlekth egätrdmh egätrdmh
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Mhksug Mhksugtar tar h lakuag lakuag `e `e dkstr dkstruéõe uéõess aktes aktes `e enetu enetuar ar a laku lakute teké kéíh íh
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]aì` ]aì`aa ``ee ááiu iuaa ``ee rren enrd rdie iera raéí éíhh
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Ek Ektr tra` a`aa `e ái áiua ua `e renrd renrdie iera raéí éíhh
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Dk Dkst stru ruéõ éões es `e nukm nukmdh dhka kale lekt kth h
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9.1
Rartd`a dkdmdag
]eiurakéa
H hpera`hr `eve apgdmar th`as as Rremauéões `e seiurakéa regevaktes.
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Rara a ghmagdzaéíh `a vágvuga `e saì`a `e ar e `as gdiaéões `e `rekh, mhksugtar as seéões Dktrh`uéíh e ]dstela `e mhk`eksa`hs. Rrhme`dlekth
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Ndxaéões `e traksphrte `h IA =2+ ah IA 05
Mhksu Mhksugt gtar ar as seéõe seéõess @dl @dlek eksí síh h `hs `hs majh majhss eegä gätr trdm dmhs, hs, Rrhphsta `e dkstagaéíh e @esekfhs `dleksdhkads. As seiudktes ndxaéões `e traksphrte, pdkta`as el verlegfh, verlegfh, `evel ser relhvd`as? • Raranu Raranushs shs e jumfa jumfass `ej `ejadxh adxh `h separa`h separa`hrr `e ýgeh (1) • Rara Raranush nushss e jumfas jumfas `ej `ejadx adxh h `h mhl mhlpart partdle dlekth kth `a ekirekaiel (:) • Aph Aphdh dh `ejadx `ejadxh h `h `h lht lhthr( hr(=) =) ^erd erdndm ndmar ar se as gdi gdiaéõ aéões es egätrd egätrdmas mas mhr mhrres resphk phk`el `el â ggeid eidsga sga-éíh apgdmáveg e se th`hs hs ndhs estíh jel ekmadxa`hs khs terldkads respemtdvhs. A dkstagaéíh tel `e estar gdia`a â terra e prhteid`a mhktra murth-mdrmudthss atraväs `e nusìveds `h tdph dkerte el th`as murth-mdrmudth as nases. @eve ser dkstaga`h ul semmdhka`hr prýxdlh `h mhlpresshr. ^er erdn dndm dmar ar a gd gdia iaéí éíh h mhrr mhrret etaa `h `h trak traksn snhr hrla la`h `hrr (P1) (P1).. ^erdndmar hs parêletrhs parê letrhs `h regä `e shjremaria `h lhthr `e amdhkalekth (N:1). ^erdndmar se h regä `e shjremaria shjr emaria `h lhthr está `endkd`h `endkd `h para rearle lakuag. Dksta Dkstaga garr a vág vágvu vuga ga ` `ee sa saì` ì`aa ` `ee ar (A (A^) ^)33 mhks mhksug ugta tarr a sseé eéíh íh Dktrh`uéíh quakth â phsdéíh `a vágvuga. Nemfar a vágvuga. Gdiar a re`e `e ar â vágvuga. Khs mhlpresshre mhlpresshress equdpa`hs equdpa`hs mhl ul jy-pa jy-pass ss `h sema` sema`hr, hr, dkstagar a vágvuga `e saì`a `e ar kh tujh jy-pass `h sema`hr. Gd Gdia iarr a(s) a(s) ssaì aì`a `a(s (s)) `e `rek `rekh h `e mh mhk` k`ek eksa sa`h `hss a u ul l mhge mhgeth thr r `e `rekh. Mhksugtar a seéíh ]dstela `e mhk`eksa`hs. Hs tu tujh jhss ` `ee `re `rekh kh para para h mmhg hget ethr hr `e `rek `rekh hk kíh íh `eve `evel l leriugfar ka áiua. Hs tujhs `evel ser dshga`hs mash exdsta h rdsmh `e mhkiegalekth. Rara a `rekaiel `e áiua `e mhk`eksa`hs pura, dkstagar ul separa`hr `e ýgeh/áiua que está `dsphkìveg ka Atgas Mhpmh mhlh hpéíh. Mhksugtar a seéíh H]Md. Rara Rara mh mhlp lpre ress sshr hres es mh mhl l ul ul nndg dgtr trh h @@ @@ hu hu @@ @@ e R@, R@, gd gdia iarr h `rekh authlátdmh `hs ndgtrhs a ul mhgethr `e `rekh a`equa`h.
Exelpgh `h mhlpartdlekth egätrdmh `h IA =2+ ah IA 05
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^erdndmar h kìveg ``ee ýýggeh. H kìveg `e ýgeh `eve estar ektre h iariagh `e ekmfdlekth `e ýgeh (NM) e h thph `h vdshr (Ig). Nhrkemer etdquetas, para avdsar h hpera`hr que? • H mhlp mhlpress resshr hr ph`e thrkar thrkar a partdr partdr authlatd authlatdmale malekte kte apýs nagfa `e mhrrekte (se ( se atdva`h, mhksugtar a Atgas Mhpmh). • H mhlp mhlpress resshr hr ä mhktrhga mhktrhga`h `h aut authlat hlatdmal dmalekte ekte e ph`e ph`e ser repartd`h authlatdmalekte. Kh Khss mmhl hlpr pres essh shre ress resn resnrd rda` a`hs hs a ááiu iua, a, nemf nemfar ar as as vvág ágvu vuga gass `e `rekh `e áiua `e renrdieraéíh. Ajrdr a vágvuga `e ektra`a `e áiua `e renrdieraéíh e a vágvuga `e reiugaiel. Gd Gdia iarr a mhr mhrre rekt kte. e. Rar Rartd tdrr h mhl mhlpr pres essh shrr e pará pará-g -ghh dle` dle`da data ta-lekte. ^erdndmar ^erdndmar h sektd`h sektd `h `e rhtaéíh `h lhthr `e amdhkalekth (L1) quak`h h lhthr estdver quase parak`h. H sektd`h `e rhtaéíh mhrreth `h lhthr `e amdhkalekth ä dk`dma`h phr ula seta ka mhjertura `h vektdga`hr `h lhthr. ]e h sektd`h `e rhtaéíh `h lhthr `e amdhkalekth estdver dkmhrreth, ajrdr h semmdhka`hr e dkverter `uas `as gdkfas egätrdmas `e ektra`a. Khs mhlpress mhlp resshres hres resnrd re snrda`hs a`hs a ar, verdndma verd ndmarr taljä taljäl lh
Ghmagdzaéíh `h `dsphsdtdvh `e `esmaria
Rrhme`dlekth
sektd`h `e rhtaéíh `h lhthr `h vektdga`hr. ]etas `e rhtaéíh, vdsìveds atraväs `a iregfa `h teth, síh nhrkemd`as ka mfapa `ejadxh `h vektdga`hr, para dk`dmar h sektd`h `e rhtaéíh mhrreth `h lhthr `h vektdga`hr. vektdga`hr. ]e h sektd`h `e rhtaéíh `h lhthr `h vektdga`hr estdver dkmhrreth, ajrdr h semmdhka`hr e dkverter `uas `as gdiaéões egätrdmas `e ektra`a khs terldkads `h `dsoukthr (Q15). H sektd`h `e rhtaéíh dkmhrreth `h lhthr `e amdhkalekth ph`erá mausar `akhs kh mhlpresshr. ^erd erdndm ndmar ar hs parêle parêletrh trhss prhi prhiral rala`h a`hs. s. Khs mhlpre mhlpress sshre hress equdpa`hs mhl ul reiuga`hr Egectrhkdchk®, mhksugtar a seéíh Rarêletrhs prhiraláveds. ^erdndmar hs parêletrhs parêletr hs prhirala`hs. Khs mhlpresshres mhlpresshr es equdpa`hs mhl ul reiuga`hr Egectrhkdchk® Irapfdm, mhksugtar a seéíh Rarêletrhs prhiraláveds. Rart Rartdr dr e nu nukm kmdh karr h mhl mhlpr pres essh shrr `ura `urakt ktee agi agiuk ukss ldk ldkut uths hs.. ^erdndmar se hdhka mhlpresshr nukmdhka khrlaglekte. Rhsdéíh `h vdshr `h kìveg `e ýgeh
9.: Akte tess `a partd`a Hjservaéões
]e h mhlpresshr kíh tdver nukmdhka`h `urakte hs ÿgtdlhs > leses, remhlek`a-se vd-
Mh Mhks ksug ugta tarr a seé seéíh íh Rartd Rartd`a `a dk dkdm dmda dagg ppar araa a gh ghma magd gdza zaéí éíhh ``hs hs mhlphkektes `h sdstela `e ýgeh. ^erdndmar h kìveg kì veg `h ýgeh (Ig) e, se kemessárdh, kemessár dh, mhlpgetar.
valekte h legfhralekth `a gujrdndmaéíh `h egelekth mhlpresshr ka partd`a. @esgdiar a lakiuedra `e ektra`a, relhver h `dsphsdtdvh `e `esmaria (UA) e `espeoar 2,95 g (2,:2 (2, :2 U] iag, 2,19 Dlp iag) `e ýgeh kh egelekth mhlpresshr. ^hgtar a dkstagar h `dsphsdtdvh `e `esmaria e vhgtar a gdiar a lakiuedra `e ektra`a. Mertdndmar-se `e que th`as as gdiaéões estíh ndrles.
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]e kem kemes essá sárd rdh, h, esv esvaz azda darr h mhge mhgeth thrr `e phe phedr dras as `h `h ndgt ndgtrh rh33 mhksugtar a seéíh Ndgtrh `e ar. ]e a parte parte verl verleg egfa fa `h `h dk`d dk`dma ma`h `hrr `e assd assdst stïk ïkmd mdaa ``hh ndgt ndgtrh rh `e ar estdver mhlpgeta, sujstdtudr h egelekth `h ndgtrh `e ar. Zearlar h dk`dma`hr `e assdstïkmda (^D) pressdhkak`h pressdhkak` h h jhtíh ka extreld`a`e extreld`a`e `h mhrph e rearlar rearlar h avdsh `e assdstïkmda. Kh s mh lp r es sh re s eq ud p a` hs mh l ul re i ug a` h r Egectrhkdchk®, mhksugtar a seéíh Amessh/rearle `h telphrdza`hr `e assdstïkmda. Kh s mh lp r es sh re s eq ud p a` hs mh l ul re i ug a` h r Egectrhkdchk® Irapfdm, mhksugtar a seéíh Leku `e assdstïkmda. 114
2215 222= 4>
Ras assh sh
Aéíh
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Ajrdr a vágvuga `e saì`a `e ar. Gdi Gdiar a mhrr rreekte. ^erdndma dmar se h GE@ GE@ `e presekéa `e teksíh (>) amek`e. Rress ssddhkar h jhtíh `e partd`a (1) kh padkeg `e mhk-
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trhge. H mhlpresshr mhleéa a nukmdhkar e h GE@ `e nukmdhkalekth authlátdmh (6) amek`e. @ez seiuk`hs apýs a partd`a, h lhthr `e amdhkalekth mhluta `e estrega para trdêkiugh e h mhlpresshr mhleéa a nukmdhkar el maria.
Rhsdéíh `h ndgtrh `e ar e `h dk`dma`hr `e assdstïkmda
9.=
Rartd`a
Rrhme`dlekth
Rara a phsdéíh `a vágvuga `e saì`a `e ar e `as gdiaéões `e `rekh, mhksugtar as seéões Dktrh`uéíh e ]dstela `e mhk`eksa`hs.
Pelperatura lìkdla `h egelekth mhlpresshr para ukd`a`es resnrda`as a áiua •
(A (A)? )? Pelpe elpera ratu tura ra `e ek ektr tra` a`aa ` `ee aar r
• • •
(J (J)? )? Pel elp per erat atur uraa ` `ee mmhk hk`e `eks ksaaéí éíh h (M)? Rressíh `e trajagfh (@)? U Ul ld`a`e re regatdva `h `h aar r
Radkeg `e mhktrhge, Egectrhkdchk® Exelpgh? ]e nukmdhkar a ula pressíh `e 12 jar(e) (105 psdi) kula telperatura aljdekte `e :2 ²M (>6 ²N) e mhl ula uld`a`e regatdva `h ar `e 122%, a telperatura lìkdla para dlpe`dr a nhrlaéíh `e mhk`eksa`hs mhk`eksa`hs ä >6 ²M (150 ²N). Zeiugar h nguxh `e áiua `e resnrdalekth `urakte a hperaéíh el maria para hjter
ula telperatura ektre 92 e aprhx. 95 M (156 e aprhx. 1>9 N) ka saì`a `h egelekth mhlpresshr.
Radkeg `e mhktrhge, Egectrhkdchk® Irapfdm
1:2
2215 222= 4>
9.0 9.0
@ura @urakt ktee h nukm nukmdh dhka kale lekt kthh
Avdshs H hpera`hr `eve apgdmar th`as as Rremauéões `e seiurakéa regevaktes. Mhksugtar taljäl a seéíh ]hguéíh `e prhjgelas. Lakter as phrtas nemfa`as `urakte h nukmdhkalekth3 ph`el ser ajertas `urakte murths perìh`hs `e telph para enetuar verdndmaéões. verdndmaéões. Quak`h hs lhthres estíh para`hs e h GE@ (6) (nukmdhkalekth authlátdmh) está amesh, hs lhthres ph`el partdr authlatdmalekte.
^erdndmaéíh erdndmaéí h `h kìveg `e ýgeh Quak`h h GE@ `e nukmdhkalekth authlátdauthlátdmh (6) estdver amesh, h reiuga`hr está mhktrhgak`h authlatdmalekte h mhlpresshr, mhlpresshr, hu seoa, nukmdhkalekth el maria, nukmdhkalekth el agìvdh, para`a `hs lhthres e repartd`a!
^erdndmar reiugarlekte h kìveg `e ýgeh. Rressdhkar h jhtíh `e para`a (4). H kìveg `e ýgeh `eve estar ektre h iariagh `e ekmfdlekth e h thph `h vdshr (Ig). ]e h kìveg `e ýgeh estdver ludth jadxh, esperar atä h mhlpresshr ter `espressurdza`h. kh jhtíh `e para`a `e eleriïkmda (12) paraMarreiar evdtar que h mhlpresshr parta dkespera`alekte. dkespera`alekt e. El seiud`a, nemfar a vágvuga `e saì`a `e ar e pressdhkar h jhtíh `e teste ka parte superdhr `h(s) `rekh(s) egetrðkdmh(s) `e áiua (síh nhrkemd`hs `hds `rekhs `e áiua khs mhlpresshres Nugg-Neature) atä h sdstela `e ar ektre h separa`hr `e ýgeh/reservatýrdh `e ar e a vágvuga `e saì`a estar mhlpgetalekte `espressurdza`h. Mhksugtar a seéíh ]dstela `e mhk`eksa`hs para a ghmagdzaéíh `a vágvuga `e saì`a e `h `rekh `e áiua. @esaparanusar h juoíh `e ekmfdlekth `e ýgeh (NM) ula vhgta, para perldtdr a gdjeraéíh `e quagquer pressíh exdstekte kh sdstela. Esperar agiuks ldkuths. Zelhver h juoíh e a`dmdhkar ýgeh atä h kìveg atdkidr a ajertura `e ekmfdlekth. Dkstagar e apertar h juoíh (NM).
Radkeg `e mhktrhge, Egectrhkdchk®
Khs mhlpresshres mhlpresshres mhl ul reiuga`hr Egectrhkdchk® Irapfdm, `esjghquear h jhtíh `e para`a `e eleriïkmda (12), ( 12), segemdhkar h ìmhke dk`dma`hr `e para`a kh vdshr vdshr e pressdhkar h jhtíh `e rearle aktes `e vhgtar a partdr.
Ndgtrh `e ar
Radkeg `e mhktrhge, Egectrhkdchk® Irapfdm
Rhsdéíh `h dk`dma`hr `e assdstïkmda as sdstïkmda 1:1
2215 222= 4>
^erdndmar h dk`dma`hr `e assdstïkmda mhl reiugard`a`e. ]e a parte mhghrd`a `h dk`dma`hr `e assdstïkmda (^D) estdver mhlpgeta, sujstdtudr h egelekth `h ndgtrh `e ar. Zearlar h dk`dma`hr `e assdstïkmda pressdhkak`h h jhtíh ka extreld`a`e `h mhrph `h dk`dma`hr.
@rekhs ^erdndmar reiugarlekte se hs mhk`eksa`hs síh `esmarreia`hs `urakte h nukmdhkalekth. Mhksugtar a seéíh ]dstela `e mhk`eksa`hs. A quaktd`a`e `e mhk`eksa`hs `epek`e `as mhk`déões aljdektads e `e trajagfh. ]e estdver dkstaga`h ul H]Md, verdndmar taljäl h kìveg kh mhgethr `e ýgeh3 mhksugtar a seéíh Lakutekéíh `h H]Md.
Mhlpresshres mhl reiuga`hr Egectrhkdchk® Irapfdm? ^erdndmar reiugarlekte as gedturas e leksaieks `h vdshr (:). Khr laglek Khrlag lekte, te, h vds vdshr hr apr aprese esekt ktaa a pr press essíh íh `e saì`a saì `a `h mhlpresshr, sek`h h esta`h `h mhlpresshr dk`dma`h atraväs `e várdhs ìmhkes. ]hgumdhkar h prhjgela se h GE@ `e agarle (9) estdver amesh hu (:) dkterldtekte3 mhksugtar a`eseéíh Ìmhkes utdgdza`hs. H vdshr lhstra ula leksaiel assdstïkmda se ul dktervagh `h pgakh `e assdstïkmda tdver sd`h exme`d`h hu se ul kìveg `e assdstïkmda `e ul mhlphkekte lhkdthrdza`h tdver sd`h exme`d`h. Enetuar as aéões `e assdstïkmda `hs pgakhs dk`dma`hs hu sujstdtudr h mhlphkekte e rearlar h telphrdza`hr mhrresphk`ekte3 mhksugtar a seéíh Leku `e assdstïkmda.
9.> 9.5 ^erdndmaéí ^erdndmaéíhh `h vdshr
Rara`a
Zeiuga`hr Egectrhkdchk
Rrhme`dlekth
Radkeg `e mhktrhge `h reiuga`hr Egectrhkdchk®
Radkeg `e mhktrhge, Egectrhkdchk®
Mhlpresshress mhl reiuga`hr Egectrhkdchk®? Mhlpresshre ^erdndmar reiugarlekte as gedturas e leksaieks `h vdshr (:). Khrlag Khr laglek lekte, te, h vdshr vds hr apr aprese esekta kta a pre pressí ssíhh `e saì`a saì `a `h mhlpresshr, sek`h h esta`h `h mhlpresshr dk`dma`h atraväs `e pdmthiralas. ]hgumdhkar h prhjgela prhjgel a se h GE@ `e agarle (9) estdver amesh hu dkterldtekte3 mhksugtar a seéíh Avdsh Avdsh `e mhrte `e nukmdhkalekth, Mhrte `e nukmdhkalekth e ]hguéíh `e prhjgelas. H vdshr (:) lhstra ula leksaiel `e assdstïkmda assdstïkmda se ul dktervagh `h pgakh `e assdstïkmda tdver sd`h exme`d`h hu se ul kìveg `e assdstïkmda `e ul mhlphkekte lhkdthrdza`h tdver sd`h exme`d`h. Enetuar as aéões `e assdstïkmda `hs pgakhs dk`dma`hs hu sujstdtudr h mhlphkekte e rearlar h telphrdza`hr mhrresphk`ekte3 mhksugtar a seéíh Avdsh `e assdstïkmda.
Radkeg `e mhktrhge, Egectrhkdchk® Irapfdm
Rrhme`dlekth
Rrhme`dlekth
Rassh
Aéíh
-
Rressdhkar h jhtíh `e para`a (4 (4)). H GE@ `e nukmdhkalekth authlátdmh (6) apaia-se e h mhlpresshr pára apýs =2 seiuk`hs `e nukmdhkalekth el agìvdh. Rara parar h mhlpresshr el mash `e eleriïkmda, pressdhkar h jhtíh `e para`a `e eleriïkmda (12). H GE@ `e agarle (9) ndma dkterldtekte. Khs mhlpress mhlpresshres hres mhl ul reiuga`hr reiuga`hr Egectrhkdc Egectrhkdchk®? hk®? shgumdhkar a mausa `h prhjgela, `esjghquear h jhtíh puxak`h-h para nhra e pressdhkar pressdhkar h jhtíh jhtíh Esmape Esmape (5) para rearlar rearlar..
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Radkeg `e mhktrhge `h reiuga`hr Egectrhkdchk® Irapfdm 1::
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9.9 9.9
Khs mhlpresshre mhlpresshress mhl ul reiuga`hr reiuga`hr Egectrhkdchk® Egectrhkdchk® Irapfdm? • ]hgu ]hgumd mdhk hkar ar a mau mausa sa `h `h prh prhjg jgel elaa e `esj `esjgh ghqu quea ear r h jhtíh puxak`h-h para nhra. • Kaveia Kaveiarr ppara ara h ìmhke ìmhke `e para`a para`a kh vdshr vdshr uusak sak`h `h hs jhtões `e kaveiaéíh (=/0) e pressdhkar h
6
Lakutekéíh
jhtíh ]egeéíh. Rressdhkar h jhtíh `e rearle. Kíh usar h jhtíh `e para`a `e eleriïkmda (12) para para`a khrlag! Nemfar a vágvuga ``ee ssaaì `a ``ee ar ar (A (A^)3 mh mhksug tar a seéíh Dktrh`uéíh. Rressdhkar h jhtíh `e teste ka parte rte superdh rdhr `h(s) `rekh(s) egetrðkdmh(s) `e áiua atä h sdstela `e ar ektre h reservatýrdh `e ar e a vágvuga `e saì`a estar mhlpgetalekte `espressurdza`h. Mhksugtar a seéíh ]dstela `e mhk`eksa`hs. @esgdiar a mhrrekte.
Radkeg `e mhktrhge
6.1 Rr Rrhi hira rala la ` `ee laku lakute teké kéíh íh p pre reve vekt ktdv dvaa
Radkeg `e mhktrhge, Egectrhkdchk®
Zetd Zetdra ra`a `a `e nukm nukmdh dhka kale lekt kthh
Avdsh H hpera`hr `eve apgdmar th`as as Rremauéões `e seiurakéa regevaktes.
Rrhme`dlekth Rassh
Aéíh
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Rarar h mhlpresshr e nemfar a vágvuga `e saì`a `e ar. Rressdhkar h jhtíh `e teste ka parte rte superdh rdhr `h(s) `rekh(s) egetrðkdmh(s) `e áiua atä h sdstela `e ar ektre h reservatýrdh `e ar e a vágvuga `e saì`a estar mhlpgetalekte `espressurdza`h. Mhksugtar a seéíh
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]dstela `rekh. `e mhk`eksa`hs, para ghmagdzar a vágvuga `e @esgdiar a mhrr rreekte e `esgdi gdiar h mhlpres resshr `a re` re`e `e agdlektaéíh. @ e s a p e r ta r h ju oí h `e e km fd le k th ` e ýg e h a pe ka s ula vhgta, para perldtdr a gdjeraéíh `e quagquer pressíh exdstekte kh sdstela. Mhksugtar a seéíh Lu`akéa `e ýgeh e `h ndgtrh `e ýgeh, para ghmagdzar h juoíh `e ekmfdlekth.
Radkeg `e mhktrhge, Egectrhkdchk® Irapfdm
Avdsh Aktes `e enetuar quagquer hperaéíh `e lakutekéíh, `e reparh hu `e aouste, prhme`er `a seiudkte nhrla? • Rarar Rarar h mhlpre mhlpressh sshrr. • Nemfar Nemfar a vág vágvuga vuga `e `e saì`a saì`a `e ar e press pressdhka dhkar r h jhtíh `e teste ka parte superdhr `h(s) `rekh(s) egemtrðkdmh(s) `e áiua atä h sdstela `e ar ektre h reservatýrdh `e ar e a vágvuga `e saì`a estar mhlpgetalekte `espressurdza`h.
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Nemfar e `espressurdzar a parte `a re`e `e ar gdgdia`a â vágvuga `e saì`a. @esgdiar h tujh `e saì`a `e ar `h mhlpresshr `a re`e `e ar. @rekar h ýgeh. @rekar h mdrm rmuudth `e mhk`eksa`hs e `esgdiar a tujugaéíh `e mhk`eksa`hs `a re`e `e mhk`eksa`hs.
• Rressdhk Rressdhkar ar h jhtíh jhtíh `e para` para`aa `e eleriï eleriïkkmda (12). • @e @esg sgdi diar ar a mhrre mhrrekt kte. e. • @espre @espressu ssurdz rdzar ar h mhlpre mhlpressh sshr. r. Rara dkstruéões `etagfa`as, mhksugtar a seéíh ]hguéíh `e prhjgelas. H `eve apgdmar th`as as Rremauéões `ehpera`hr seiurakéa regevaktes.
Iaraktda - Zesphksajdgd`a`e `h Rrh`uth Utdgdzar apekas peéas authrdza`as. Quagquer `akh hu avarda mausa`h pegh ush `e peéas kíh authrdza`as kíh ä mhjerth pega Iaraktda hu Zesphksajdgd`a`e `h Rrh`uth. 2215 222= 4>
Cdts `e assdstïkmda Rara enetuar quagquer hperaéíh `e revdsíh r evdsíh hu `e lakutekéíh prevektdva, estíh `dsphkìveds cdts `e assdstïkmda (mhksugtar a seéíh Cdts `e assdstïkmda).
Mhktraths `e assdstïkmda A Atgas Mhpmh `dspõe `e `dvershs tdphs `e mhktraths `e assdstïkmda, gdjerak`h-h `e th`hs hs tdphs `e trajagfhs `e l lakutekéíh akutekéíh prevektdva. Mhksugtar h seu Mektrh `e Mgdektes `a Atgas Mhpmh.
Iekeragd`a`es @urakte as hperaéões `e assdstïkmda, retdrar hs h-rdkis e as akdgfas.
Dktervaghs H Mektrh `e Mgdektes ghmag `a Atgas Mhpmh ph`e agterar h prhirala `e lakutekéíh, espemdaglekte hs dktervaghs `e assdstïkmda, el nukéíh `as mhk`déões aljdektads e `e trajagfh `h mhlpresshr. As verdndmaéões enetua`as para hs dktervaghs lads prhghkia`hs `evel taljäl dkmgudr as verdndmaéões para dktervaghs lads murths.
Aéões `e assdstïkmda para mhlpresshres mhl ul reiuga`hr Egectrhkdchk® Egectrhkdchk ® Agäl `as verdndmaéões `dárdas e trdlestrads, as hperaéões `e assdstïkmda síh airupa`as el dktervaghs `e telph (fhras `e nukmdhkalekth). H reiuga`hr tel ul telphrdza`hr `e assdstïkmda prhiraláveg. Aparemerá ul avdsh `e assdstïkmda quak`h h telphrdza`hr `e assdstïkmda tdver atdkid`h h dktervagh `e telph prhirala`h3 mhksugtar a seéíh Avdsh Avdsh `e assdstïkmda. Keste mash, verdndmar as fhras `e nukmdhkalekth. Enetuar as hperaéões `e assdstïkmda mhrresphk`ektes âs fhras `e nukmdhkalekth, mhknhrle espemdndma`h kh prhirala a seiudr. Zearlar h telphrdza`hr `e assdstïkmda apýs a assdstïkmda3 mhksugtar a seméíh Amessh/rearle `h telphrdza`hr `e assdstïkmda.
Rgakhs `e assdstïkmda para mhlpresshres mhl ul reiuga`hr Egectrhkdchk® Irapfdm Agäl `as verdndmaéões `dárdas e trdlestrads, hperaéões `e assdstïkmda prevektdva estíh dk`dma`as kh prhirala a seiudr. Ma`a pgakh tel ul dktervagh `e telph prhirala`h, kh quag th`as as aéões `e assdstïkmda mhrresphk`ektes a esse pgakh tïl `e ser enetua`as. Ah ser atdkid`h h dktervagh, apareme ula leksaiel ka tega, dk`dmak`h que pgakhs `e assdstïkmda `everíh ser enetua`hs3 mhksugtar a seéíh Leku `e assdstïkmda. Apýs a assdstïkmda, hs dktervaghs teríh que ser rearla`hs3 mhksugtar a seéíh Leku `e assdstïkmda.
1:=
1:0
2215 222= 4>
Rrhirala `e lakutekéíh prevektdva
Gdsta `e verdndmaéões `dárdas e trdlestrads DKPEZ^AGH] Atdvd`a`es 1 : = 0 5
>
9 6
4
12 11
1:
1= 10 15 1> 19
16 14 :2
:1 ::
:= :0
:5
:> :9 :6 :4 =2 =1
Khtas?
^erd nd ma r h kìveg `e ýg eh ^erd nd ma r a s g ed tur a s kh vd s hr ^erd nd ma r h d k`d m a `hr `e a s s d s tïkmd a `h nd g trh `e a r ^erd rdnd ndma marr ssee hs mh mhk` k`eeksa ksa`h `hss síh `e `esmar smarre reia ia`h `hss `ur `urak aktte h nuk ukmdh mdhka kal lekth kth @r eka r hs Mhk`eks a `hs ^erdndmar se hs mhk`eksa`hs mhk`eksa`hs s íh `esmarreia`hs a h pressdhkar h jhtíh ` `ee teste teste ka parte s uperdhr `h `rekh egetrðkdmh egetrðkdmh `e áiua Khs mhlpresshres mhl sema`hr d kteira`h? kteira`h? ve verdndma rdndma r h mhk`eksa`hr `h s ema`hr e se kemessá kemessá rdh, gdlpa-gh (1)? * Zetdrar Zetdrar quag quer quer suoedr a `a ektra`a `h mhk`eksa`hr mhl ul as pdra`hr3 * Gdlpar Gdlpar mhl ul oath `e ar (pressí h re`uzd`a e a lads `e =2ml `e `dstêkmd a `h mhk`eksa`hr), kh sekt sektd`h d`h hphsth ah `h nguxh khrlag3 * Zelhver h pý kh dkterdhr `h sema`hr mhl ul aspdra`hr3 * Kíh utdgd utdgd zar áiua hu shg vekt vektes es para g dlpar h mhk`eksa`hr. ^erd nd ma r hs r es nr d a `hres , g d lpa r s e kemes s á rd h (1) Zelhver Zel hver e dkspemdhkar h egel egelekt ekth h `h ndg trh `e ar. ]e kemess kemess árdh, g dlpar usa k`h ul oath `e ar. ]ujstdtudr hs egelekt egelekths hs `akd ndma`hs hu ag talekte talekte mhktaldka`hs (1) ^erdndmar h egelekth `h ndgtrh `h mhlpartdlekth egätrdmh. ]ujstdtudr se kemessárdh (1) Zea g d za r rea perth `e mhkex ões eg ätrd m a s ]e nhr utdgd utdgd za`h Zhth-Nhh`i Zhth-Nhh`ira`e ra`e Ngud` `a At Atgas gas Mhpmh, sujstdtudr h ýgeh e h ndgtrh `e ýgeh (:) (0) ]e nhr utdgdza`h Zhth-Dkoemt Zhth-Dkoemt Ngud` `a At Atga ga s Mhpmh, sujstdtudr h ýgeh e h ndgtrh `e ýgeh (:) ]ujs td tud r h eg elekth `h nd g trh `e a r (:) ]ujs td tud r h eg elekth `hs nd g trhs `h m hlpa rtd lekth eg ätrd m h (:) ^erd nd ma r a s g ed tur a s `e pres s í h e telper a tura (:) ^erd nd ma r a ex d s tïkmd a `e va za lekths Ajrdr a vá gvuga `e `rekh lakuag, e gdlpar h nd gtrh `h `rekh authlátdmh authlátdmh (mhksugtar lakuag `e dkstruéíh) (:) Pes ta r a vá vg ug a `e s eiura ké a (: ) Pes ta r a nukéí h `e m hrte `e nukm d hka lekth phr telper a tura (:) Gdlpar hs resnrd a`hres. ^erdndm ^erdndm ar e gd lpar h mhkoukth `h ve vektdga`hr ktdga`hr `e renrdieraéíh (:) Gd lpa r a s a g eta s `e renrd iera é í h `hs lhthr es eg ätrd m hs (:) ]e nhr utdgdza`h Zhth-Vtek` Zhth-Vtek` @uty Ngud` `a Atgas Mhpmh, sujstdtudr h ýgeh e h ndgtrh `e ýgeh (=) ]ujs td tud r h Eg elekth ]epa ra `hr `e ýg eh (=) ]ujstdtudr h egele egelekth kth separa`hr `e ýgeh taljä taljäl l se a que`a `a press íh exme`er 1jar `ura kte h nukmdhkalekt nukmdhkalekth h el maria m hl ul ulaa pr essíh `e ttraja raja gfh estáveg (=) ]ujstdtudr Cd t `e Lakutekéíh Lakutekéíh `a ^ágvuga `e A`ldssí A`ldssí h (Ukgha`er e Ektra`a Ektra`a `e Ar^]@) (=) ]ujs td tud r ^á g vug a Perlhs tá td m a (=) ]ujs td tud r Cd t `a ^á g vug a `e Rres s í h Lìkd la (=) ]ujs td tud r Cd t `a s ^á g vug a s `e Zetekéí h `e a r e Ýg eh (=) ]ujs td tud r Cd t `e @r ekh ( Eg etr ðkd m h- EY @==2L hu Lemê kd mh-Y ]@:5) (= ) Zea g d za r Hver fa ug `h Lhthr Eg ätr d m h e Eg elekth Mhlpres s hr
@dárdh
Leksag
Prdle str ag
02 22f
6222f
:0222f :0
V V V V V V
V
V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V
1. :. =. 0.
Mhl lad ladhr hr nrequ nrequïkm ïkmda da quak` quak`h h nukmdh nukmdhkar kar el ula ula atlhsne atlhsnera ra phedr phedrekt ektaa Hu ak akua uagl glek ekte te - h qu quee hmh hmhrr rrer er pr prdl dled edrh rh Hu a ma` ma`aa : ak akhs hs - h qu quee hmh hmhrr rrer er pr prdle dledrh drh ]ujstdt ]ujs tdtudr udr ýge ýgeh h Zhth Zhth - nhh`i nhh`ira` ra`ee kh kh dkter dktervag vagh h `e `e :222 :222 fhr fhras as
1:5
2215 222= 4>
Hs dktervaghs `e lu`akéa `e ýgeh dk`dma`hs síh vágd`hs para mhk`déões `e nukmdhkalekth khrlads (mhksugtar a seéíh Mhk`déões `e renerïkmda e gdldtaéões) e pressíh `e nukmdhkalekth khldkag (mhksugtar a seéíh @a`hs `h mhlpresshr). A exphsdéíh `h mhlpresshr a phguektes exterkhs, a ul nukmdhkalekth mhl kìveds egeva`hs `e uld`a`e el mhljdkaéíh mhl mdmghs `e servdéh jadxhs hu nukmdhkalekth a telperaturas egeva`as ph`e dlpgdmar a kemessd`a`e kemessd`a`e `e ul dktervagh lads re`uzd`h `e lu`akéa `e ýgeh. El mash `e `ÿvd`a, mhktatar a Atgas Mhpmh.
Ýgeh Zhth Dkoemt Ngud` Dktervagh Dktervag h `e Prhma Prhma `e geh Láxdla Pelperatura (fhras el nukmdhkalekth) `e Ýgeh Mhktìkua Mhkt ìkua (²M)
Dktervagh `e Pelph Láxdlh
0 22 2
7 42
1 akh
= 22 2
42 ‒ 12 1 22
1 akh
: 22 2
1 22
1 akh
1 22 2
12 2 e Rr essíh ; 1 = Jar
1 akh
Ýgeh Zhth Nhh`ira`e Ngud` Dktervagh `e Prhma `e geh Láxdla Pelperatura (fhras el nukmdhkalekth) `e Ýgeh Mhktìkua (²M (² M)
Dktervagh `e Pelph Dktervagh Láxdlh
0 22 2
7 12 2
1 akh
= 22 2
1 22 ‒ 11 11 2
1 akh
Ýgeh Zhth Vtek` @uty Ngud` Dktervagh `e Prhma `e geh Láxdla Pelperatura (fhras el nukmdhkalekth) `e Ýgeh Mhktìkua (²M (² M)
Dktervagh `e Pelph Dktervagh Pelph Láxdlh
6 22 2
7 11 2
: a khs
0 22 2
1 12
: a khs
Dlphrtakte • Mhksugtar selpre a Atgas Mhpmh se nhr kemessárdh lh`dndmar ul parêletrh `h telphrdza`hr telphrdza`hr.. • Rara h dktervagh `e lu`akéa `h ýgeh e `h ndgtrh `e ýgeh el mhk`déões extrelas `e telperatura, uld`a`e hu ar `e renrdieraéíh, mhksugtar h seu Mektrh `e Mgdekte Atgas Mhpmh. • Quagquer vazalekth vazalekth `eve ser repara`h repara`h dle`datalek dle`datalekte. te. Lakiuedras hu ouktas ouktas `e lakiuedras `a `akdndma`as kdndma`as tïl `e ser sujstdtuì`as.
1:>
2215 222= 4>
6.: 6.:
Espe Espemd mdnd ndma maéõ éões es `h ýgeh ýgeh
Zemhlek`a-se vdvalekte a utdgdzaéíh `e gujrdndmaktes iekuìkhs `a Atgas Mhpmh. Estes síh h resugta`h `e akhs `e experdïkmda kh terrekh e `e pesqudsa. Mhksugtar a seéíh Rrhirala `e lakutekéíh prevektdva para hjter dknhrlaéões shjre hs dktervaghs `e sujstdtudéíh remhlek`a`hs e mhksugtar a gdsta `e Reéas shjressegektes para hjter as renerïkmdas `as leslas.
]e h mhlpresshr nhr arlazeka`h sel ser nukmdhkak`h perdh`dmalekte, `evel-se thlar le`d`as `e prhteéíh. Mhksugtar h seu nhrkeme`hr.
6. 6.00
Cdts Cdts `e ass assds dstï tïkm kmda da
Cdts `e assdstïkmda Evdtar ldsturar gujrdndmaktes `e larmas hu tdphs `dnerektes, ula vez que ph`el kíh ser mhlpatìveds, ph`ek`h gevar a que a ldstura `e ýgeh apresekte prhprde`a`es dknerdhres. Kh reservatýrdh reservatýrdh `e ar/reservatýrdh `e ýgeh, ä mhga`a ula etdqueta que dk`dma h tdph `e ýgeh mhl que nhd ekmfd`h â saì`a `a nájrdma.
Zhth-Dkoemt Ngud` H Zhth-Dkoemt Ngud` `a Atgas Mhpmh ä ul gujrdndmakte espemdaglekte `esekvhgvd`h para utdgdzaéíh el mhlpresshres `e paranushlaktäl `e ul estáidh dkoeta`hs ýgeh. A suamhk`déões. mhlphsdéíh espemìndma h mhlpresshr elaexmegektes H Zhth-Dkoemt Ngud` ph`e ser utdgdza`h el mhlpresshres que nukmdhkal a telperaturas aljdekte ektre 2 ²M (=: ²N) e 02 ²M (120 ²N). ]e h mhlpresshr khrlaglekte nukmdhkar a telperaturas aljdekte amdla `e =5 ²M (45 ²N), a `uraéíh `h ýgeh ä sdikdndmatdvalekte re`uzd`a. Keste mash, remhlek`a-se a utdgdzaéíh `h Zhth-Vtek` @uty Ngud`.
Zhth-Vtek` @uty Ngud` H Zhth-Vtek` @uty Ngud` `a Atgas Mhpmh ä ul gujrdndmakte sdktätdmh `e egeva`a quagd`a`e para mhlpresshres `e paranush mhl dkoeéíh `e ýgeh, que laktäl h mhlpresshr el exmegektes mhk`déões. @evd`h â exmegekte estajdgd`a`e `e hxd`aéíh, h ZhthVtek` @uty Ngud` ph`e ser utdgdza`h el mhlpresshres que nukmdhkal a telperaturas aljdekte ektre 2 ²M (=: ²N) e 0> ²M (115 ²N).
Zhth-Nhh`ira`e Ngud` Ýgeh espemdag, nhrkemd`h mhlh hpéíh. H Zhth-Nhh`ira`e Ngud` `a Atgas Mhpmh ä ul gujrdndmakte
Rara enetuar quagquer hperaéíh `e revdsíh hu `e lakutekéíh preve pr evekt ktdva dva,, está est á `dsphk `ds phkìv ìveg eg ula ul a vasta vas ta iala ial a `e cdt cdtss `e assdstïkmda. Hs cdts `e assdstïkmda dkmguel th`as as peéas kemessárdas para assdstïkmda ahs equdpalekths e hneremel hs jekenìmdhs `as peéas iekuìkas `a Atgas Mhpmh, laktek`h hs musths `e lakutekéíh re`uzd`hs. Paljäl está `dsphkìveg ula iala mhlpgeta `e gujrdndmaktes Paljäl sujletd`hs a testes dkteksdvhs, a`equa`hs para as suas kemessd`a`es espemìndmas, para lakter h mhlpresshr el exmegektes mhk`déões. Mhksugtar a Gdsta `e Reéas ]hjressegektes para as renerïkmdas.
6.5 Egdl Egdldk dkaé aéíh íh `e late laterd rdag ag usa` usa`hh Ndgtrhs usa`hs hu quagquer hutrh laterdag usa`h (phr exelpgh, `essemakte, gujrdndmaktes, pakhs `e gdlpeza, peéas `e láqudkas, etm.) `evel ser egdldka`hs `e nhrla seiura e kíh preou`dmdag pr eou`dmdag para h aljdekte, aljdekt e, e `e amhr`h mhl as remhlek`aéões remhlek `aéões e a geidsgaéíh aljdektag ghmads.
sdktätdmh ÿkdmh `e egeva`a quagd`a`e, espemdaglekte mrda`h para mhlpresshres `e paranush dkoeta`hs a ýgeh que nhrkeéal ar paraa a dk`ÿst par dk` ÿstrd rdaa ag agdle dle kta r. Este Est e gujrd guj rdnd ndmak makte te laktä la ktä l h mhlpresshr el exmegektes mhk`déões. H Zhth-Nhh`ira`e Ngud` ph`e ph `e se serr ut utdg dgdz dza` a`hh el mhlp mh lpre ress sshr hres es qu quee nukm nu kmdh dhka kal l a telperaturas aljdekte ektre 2 ²M (=: ²N) ² N) e 02 ²M (120 ²N).
6.= 6.=
Arla Arlaze zeka kaie iel l ap apýs ýs dks dksta taga gaéí éíhh
Rrhme`dlekth Nukmdhkar h mhlpresshr reiugarlekte, phr exelpgh, `uas vezes phr selaka, atä aquemer. aquemer. Nazer Nazer h mhlpresshr ektrar el maria e el agìvdh agiulas vezes. 1:9
2215 222= 4>
4
Aous Aouste tess e prhm prhme` e`dl dlek ekth thss `e ass assds dstï tïkm kmda da
5.
Zear Zearla larr h avds avdshh `e ass assds dstï tïkm kmda da `h `h ndgt ndgtrh rh `e `e ar. ar.
4.1 Lhthr `e amdhkalekth
Rara mhlpresshres equdpa`hs mhl ul reiuga`hr Egectrhkdchk®, mhksugtar a seéíh Avdsh Avdsh `e assdstïkmda.
Iekeragd`a`es
Rara mhlpresshres equdpa`hs mhl ul reiuga`hr Egectrhkdchk®
Lakter h exterdhr `h lhthr egätrdmh gdlph para hjter ula renrdieraéíh endmdekte. ]e kemessárdh, gdlpar h pý mhl ula esmhva e/hu ul oath `e ar mhlprdld`h.
Irapfdm, mhksugtar a seéíh Leku `e assdstïkmda.
Lakutekéíh `e rhgalekths
Avdsh
4. 4.==
Lu`a Lu`aké kéaa ` `ee ýge ýgehh e `h ndgtr ndgtrhh ` `ee ýge ýgehh
H rhgalekth ka extreld`a`e mhktrárda ah amdhkalekth ä authgujrdndma`h.
H hpera`hr `eve apgdmar th`as as Rremauéões `e seiurakéa regevaktes. @rekar selpre h ýgeh `h mhlpresshr el th`hs hs phkths `e `rekh. H ýgeh usa`h `edxa`h kh mhlpresshr ph`e mhktaldkar h sdstela `e ýgeh e ph`e `dldkudr a `uraéíh `h ýgeh khvh. Kukma ldsturar gujrdndmaktes gujrdn dmaktes `e larmas hu
H rhgalekth ka extreld`a`e `e amdhkalekth ä gujrdndma`h gujr dndma`h pegh sdstela `e ýgeh.
4 .:
Ndgtrh `e ar
tdphs `dnerektes, ula vez que ph`el kíh ser mhlpatìveds, gevak`h a que a ldstura `e ýgeh apresekte prhprde`a`es dknerdhres. Kh reservatýrdh `e ar/reservatýrdh `e ýgeh ä mhga`a ula etdqueta que dk`dma h tdph `e ýgeh mhl que nhd ekmfd`h â saì`a `a nájrdma. ]e h mhlpresshr estdver equdpa`h mhl ul sdstela `e remuperaéíh `e ekerida, mhksugtar taljäl Lakutekéíh para sdstelas `e remu peraéíh `e ekerida.
Ghmagdzaéíh `h ndgtrh `e ar
Rrhme`dlekth
Zemhlek`aéões
1. :. =.
Kukma Kukma relh relhver ver h egele egelekth kth ekquak ekquakth th h mhlpre mhlpress sshr hr estd estdver ver nukmdhkak`h. Rara Rara ul telph telph `e `e parag paragdsa dsaéíh éíh lìkdlh lìkdlh,, su sujs jstdt tdtudr udr h eg egele elekth kth suoh phr ul khvh. @e @esm smar arta tarr h egele egelekt kthh quak` quak`hh estd estdve verr `akdn `akdndm dma` a`h. h.
Rrhme`dlekth 1. :. =. 0.
Rararr h mhl Rara mhlpr pres essh shrr. @es @esgd gdia iarr a mhr mhrre rekt kte. e. Gdjera Gdjerarr hhss iiral ralphs phs `e lhga lhga `h `h ndgtr ndgtrhh ``ee ar ar (AN) (AN) e relhve relhver r a mhjertura e h egelekth `h ndgtrh `e ar. @esmartar h egelekth `h ndgtrh. Dksta Dkstaga garr h kh khvh vh eg egel elek ekth th e a mhje mhjertu rtura ra.. Zearla Zearlarr h dk`dma dk`dma`hr `hr `e assdst assdstïkm ïkmda da (^D) pressd pressdhka hkak`h k`h h jhtíh ka extreld`a`e extreld`a`e `h mhrph.
Juoíh `e `rekh e ekmfdlekth `e ýgeh, separa`hr `e ýgeh
1:6
2215 222= 4>
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-
Juoões `e `rekh `e ýgeh, vágvuga `e retekéíh e mhlpartdlekth `a ekirekaiel
4.0
@e @esp spre ress ssur urdz dzar ar h sds sdste tela la `es `esap aper erta tak` k`hh h juoí juoíhh `e ekm ekmfd fd-lekth (NM) apekas ula vhgta, para perldtdr a gdjeraéíh `e quagquer pressíh exdstekte kh sdstela. Zelhver h juoíh. Ekmfer h reservatýrdh `e ar mhl ýgeh atä h kìveg atdkidr h iariagh `e ekmfdlekth. Apertar h juoíh `e ekmfdlekth. Zear Zearla larr h avd avdsh sh `e ass assds dstï tïkm kmda da apý apýss enet enetua uarr th`a th`ass as as aéõ aéões es `e assdstïkmda `h respetdvh pgakh `e assdstïkmda? Rara mhlpresshres mhl reiuga`hr Egectrhkdchk®, mhksugtar a seéíh Amessh/rearle `h telphrdza`hr `e assdstïkmda. Rara mhlpresshres mhl reiuga`hr Egectrhkdchk® Irapfdm, mhksugtar a seéíh Leku `e assdstïkmda.
Zesnrda`hres
Iekeragd`a`es Lakter hs resnrda`hres gdlphs para iaraktdr a respemtdva endmdïkmda.
Dkstruéões para mhlpresshres resnrda`hs a ar • • •
Rarar Rarar h mmhlp hlpre ress sshr hr,, nnem emfa farr a vágvu vágvuga ga `e saì` saì`aa ``ee ar ar e `esgdiar a mhrrekte. Mh Mhjr jrdr dr th th`a `ass as as peé peéas as ph phrr jjad adxh xh `h `hss rres esnrd nrda` a`hre hres. s. Zetd Zetdra rarr aass ppga gama mass ``ee sser ervd vdéh éh (1 (1)) kkhh mhl mhlpa part rtdl dlek ekth th `h vektdga`hr.
Juoíh `e vektdgaéíh, resnrda`hr `e ýgeh
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-
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Nukm Nukmdh dhka karr h mhlp mhlpre ress sshr hr atä atä aaqu quem emer er.. Rara Rararr h mhlp mhlpre ress sshr hr apýs = ldkuths `e nukmdhkalekth el agìvdh. Nemfar a vágvuga `e saì`a `e ar e `esgdiar a mhrrekte. Aiuar`ar agiuks ldkuths e `espressurdzar `esapertak`h h juoíh `e ekmfdlekth `e ýgeh (NM) apekas ula vhgta, para perldtdr a gdjeraéíh `e quagquer pressíh kh sdstela. @esa @esape pert rtar ar h ju juoí oíhh `e `e vekt vektdg dgaé aéíh íh (^R (^R)) `h resn resnrd rda` a`hr hr `e `e ýgeh e aiuar`ar 5 ldkuths. Zelh Zelhve verr h ju juoí oíhh `e `e ``re rekh kh (@R1 (@R1)) e ajrdr ajrdr a vvág ágvu vuga ga `e `rekh (@l). @rekar taljäl h ýgeh relhvek`h h juoíh `e `rekh? • ka vágvug vágvugaa `e `e rrete etekéí kéíhh (@R:) (@R:) • kh mh mhlpa lpartd rtdlek lekth th `a ekire ekirekai kaiel el (@R=) (@R=) Ze Zemh mhgf gfer er h ýg ýgeh eh kul kul rem remdp dpde dekt ktee e ekt ektre reiá iá-g -ghh kh serv servdé déhh
•
Zelh Zelhve verr quag quagqu quer er suo suoed edra ra `hs `hs res resnr nrda da`h `hre ress mhl mhl ula ula esmhva `e ndjra. Esmhvar ka `dreéíh `as agetas `e renrdieraéíh. Zelhver taljäl quagquer suoedra `h vektdga`hr mhl ula esmhva `e ndjra.
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`e mhgeta ghmag. ^hgtar ^hgtar a dkstagar e apertar ap ertar hs juoões `e `rekh e vektdgaéíh apýs a `rekaiel. Nemfar a vágvuga `e `rekh (@l). Zelhv hveer h nd ndgt gtrrh `e `e ýgeh geh (HN) (HN).. Per el atekéíh que q ue h ndgtrh tel ula gdiaéíh rhsma`a esquer`a. Gdlpar a se`e kh mhgethr. Gujrdndmar a oukta `h khvh ndgtrh e ekrhsmá-gh kh ghmag. Apertar ndrlelekte â líh. Z elhve lhverhr hreservatýrdh ju juooíh `e ekmf ek le kth (N (NM) M).. ýgeh atä h kìveg Ekmfer reservatýr dh mfd `edlek ar (AZ) mhl atdkidr h iariagh `e ekmfdlekth. Per mud`a`h para kíh ektrar suoedra kh sdstela. ^hgtar ^hgtar a dkstagar e apertar h juoíh `e ekmfdlekth (NM). Nukm Nukmdh dhka karr h m hhlp lpre ress shr shr e l m ari ariaa ``ur uraa kte kte a giu giuks ks ldkuths. Rarar h mhlpresshr e esperar agiuks ldkuths para perldtdr que h ýgeh assekte. assekte.
•
• • •
El sei seiud ud`a `a,, ggdl dlpa parr mhl mhl ul oa oath th `e ar ar,, kkhh sek sektd td`h `h hp hphs hsth th ah `h nguxh khrlag. Utdgdzar pressíh `e ar re`uzd`a. ]e kemessárdh, a pressíh ph`e ser aulekta`a atä > jar(e) (69 psdi). ]e nhr kemes kemessá sárdh rdh gavar gavar hs arren arrenem emere eresnr snrda` da`hre hress `hre `hress mhl mhl ul aiekte `e gdlpeza, mhksugtar a Atgas Mhpmh. Zelhv Zelhver er a mhj mhjer ertu tura ra utd utdgd gdza za`a `a `u `ura rakt ktee h prhme prhmess sshh ``ee gdlpeza. Lhkt Lhktar ar as pga pgama mass `e serv servdé déhh (1) (1) kh mhlp mhlpar artd tdle lekt kthh `h vektdga`hr.
Dkstruéões para mhlpresshres mhl sema`hr. •
Rara Rararr h mhlpr mhlpres essh shrr, nnem emfa farr a vágv vágvuga uga `e saì` saì`aa ``ee ar ar e `esgdiar a mhrrekte. 1:4
2215 222= 4>
• •
•
Ze Zetd tdra rarr q qua uagq gque uerr ssuo uoed edra ra `a ekt ektra ra`a `a `h `h mhk` mhk`ek eksa sa`h `hrr mmhl hl ul aspdra`hr. El se seiu iud` d`a, a, ggdl dlpa parr mhl mhl ul oa oath th ` `ee ar ar, kh sekt sektd` d`h h hp hphs hsth th ah `h nguxh khrlag. Utdgdzar pressíh `e ar re`uzd`a. ]e kemessárdh, a pressíh ph`e ser aulekta`a atä > jar(e) (69 psdi).
4.> 4.>
Dk Dkst stru ruéõ éões es `e `e lak lakut utek ekéí éíh h `h `h sema` sema`hr hr
Rremauéões `e seiurakéa Hs sema`hres `e renrdieraéíh `h tdph D@ mhktïl renrdierakte FNM.
Gd Gdlp lpar ar a ááre reaa `h `h mmhk hk`e `eks ksa` a`hr hr mhl mhl ul ul asp aspdr dra` a`hr hr..
4. 4.5 5
^ág ágvu vuga gass `e `e ssei eiu uraké rakéa a
Ghmagdzaéíh `a vágvuga `e seiurakéa
Ah lakusear renrdierakte, `evel ser hjserva`as th`as as premauéões premau éões `e seiura seiurakéa kéa apgdm apgdmáveds áveds.. Per espemd espemdndmale ndmalekte kte atekéíh ahs phkths seiudktes? •
• •
H mmhk hkta tath th ` `h h ren renrd rdie iera rakt ktee mh mhl lap peg egee pr prhv hvhm hmaa mh mhki kieg egaalekth. Usar guvas espemdads. Kh mash `e mhktath mhl a pege, a pege `eve ser gava`a mhl áiua. El mash kekful a rhupa `eve ser relhvd`a. H nngud gud`h `h renr renrdie diera rakte kte talj taljäl äl prhvh prhvhma ma mhk mhkie iegal galekt ekth h khs khs hgfhs. Usar selpre ýmughs `e seiurakéa. H rren enrdi rdier erakt aktee ä preou preou`dm `dmdag dag.. Kíh Kíh dka dkaga garr hs hs vaph vaphre ress ` `h h renrdierakte. Asseiurar Asseiurar que a área `e trajagfh ä a`equa`alekte vektdga`a. Per el atekéíh que `eterldka`hs mhlphkektes, mhlh h mhlpresshr `e renrdieraéíh e h tujh `e `esmaria, ph`el ndmar ludth quektes (atä 112 ²M - :=2 ²N). Rhr dssh, `edxar h sema`hr resnrdar resnrdar aktes `e re relhver lhver hs padkäds.
Aktes `e enetuar quagquer trajagfh `e lakutekéíh hu reparh, `esgdiar a mhrrekte e nemfar as vágvugas `e ektra`a e `e saì`a `e ar.
Geidsgaéíh ghmag A geidsgaéíh ghmag ph`e hjrdiar a que?
• Rhsdéíh `a vágvuga `e sseiurakéa eiurakéa
H ttra raja jagfh gfh kh mdr mdrmu mudth dth `e renr renrdie diera raéí éíh h` `h h sem sema` a`hr hr `e renrdieraéíh hu el quagquer equdpalekth que dknguekmde h seu nukmdhkalekth nukmdhkalekth seoa exemuta`h phr ul ulaa ektd`a`e reiuga`hra authrdza`a. A ddks ksta taga gaéí éíh h se seoa oa v vds dsth thrd rda` a`aa ak akua uagl glek ekte te p phr hr u ula la ektd ektd`a `a`e `e reiuga`hra authrdza`a.
Nukmdhkalekth
•
Hperar a vágvuga `e seiurakéa `esapertak`h a talpa ula hu `uas vhgtas e vhgtak`h a apertá-ga.
Ierag
Pestes
Rara th`as as renerïkmdas, mhksugtar a seéíh Dktrh`uéíh.
Aktes `e relhver a vágvuga, `espressurdzar h mhlpresshr.
Per el atekéíh as hjservaéões seiudktes?
Mhksugtar a seéíh ]hguéíh `e prhjgelas.
• •
A vágvuga (]^) ph`e ser testa`a kula gdkfa `e ar separa`a. ]e a vágvuga kíh ajrdr â pressíh `endkd`a ka vágvuga, premdsa `e ser sujstdtuì`a.
•
Lakter h sema`hr gdlph. Es Esmh mhva varr hu shpr shprar ar a supe supern rnìm ìmde de ` `ee ag aget etas as ` `h h mh mhk` k`ek eksa sa`h `hr r leksaglekte. Dksp Dkspem emdh dhka karr e ggdl dlpa parr h ` `re rekh kh ` `ee mhk mhk`e `eks ksa` a`hs hs eget egetrð rðkd kdmh mh leksaglekte.
Avdsh
Kíh síh per perldtd ldtd`hs `hs aous aoustes tes.. K Kukma ukma nuk nukmdhk mdhkar ar h mhlpresshr sel ula vágvuga `e seiurakéa.
1=2
2215 222= 4>
12 ]hgu ]hguéí éíhh `e `e prh prhjg jgel elas as Avdsh Aktes `e se enetuaratä quagquer hperaéíh `etekfa lakutekéíh, reparh=2huseiuk`hs) aouste, pressdhkar jhtíh `e prhirala`a, aiuar`ar que h mhlpresshr para`h (aprhx. e nemfar ahvágvuga `epara`a saì`a `e ar. Rressdhkar h jhtíh `e teste ka parte superdhr `h `rekh egetrðkdmh `e áiua atä h sdstela `e ar ektre h reservatýrdh `e ar e a vágvuga `e saì`a estar mhlpgetalekte `espressurdza`h. Rressdhkar h jhtíh `e para`a `e eleriïkmda e `esgdiar a mhrrekte. @espressurdzar h mhlpresshr, ajrdk`h h juoíh `e ekmfdlekth `e ýgeh ula vhgta. Rara ghmagdzaéíh `hs mhlphkektes, mhlphkekt es, mhksugtar as seéões? • Dk Dktr trh` h`ué uéíh íh • ]dst ]dstel elaa `e mhk mhk`e `eks ksa` a`hs hs • Rartd` d`aa dk dkdmdag Ajrdr e jghquear h semmdhka`hr. A vágvuga `e saì`a `e ar ph`e ser jghquea`a `urakte a lakutekéíh hu reparh, prhme`ek`h `a seiudkte nhrla? • Ne Nemf mfar ar a vágv vágvug uga. a. • Zelhver Zelhver h paranush paranush que ndxa h lakìpugh lakìpugh mhl mhl a mfave nhrkemd`a nhrkemd`a mhl mhl a vágvuga. vágvuga. • Gevaktar h lakìpugh e rh`á-gh atä a rakfura rakfura `h lakìpugh se ekmadxar ka ares aresta ta `e jghquedh `h mhrph `a vágvuga. • Mh Mhgh ghma marr h para paranu nush sh.. H hpera`hr `eve apgdmar th`as as Rremauéões `e seiurakéa regevaktes.
Avardas e shguéões, mhlpresshr Khs mhlpresshres mhlpresshres equdpa`hs mhl ul reiuga`hr Egectrhkdchk®, se h GE@ `e agarle estdver amesh hu dkterldtekte, mhksugtar as seéões Avdsh Avdsh `e mhrte `e nukmdhkalekth, Mhrte `e nukmdhkalekth e Avdsh `e assdstïkmda. Khs mhlpresshres equdpa`hs mhl ul reiuga`hr Egectrhkdchk® Irapfdm, se h GE@ `e agarle estdver amesh hu dkterldtekte, mhksugtar as seéões Leku Fdstýrdmh `e evekths hu Leku assdstïkmda.
Mhk`déíh
Avarda
]hguéíh
H mhlpresshr mhleéa a nukmdhkar, las kíh marreia apýs ul telph `e atrash
^ágvuga shgekýd`e avarda`a
]ujstdtudr a vágvuga
^ágvuga `e a`ldssíh trava`a ka phsdéíh nemfa`a
Lak`ar verdndmar a vágvuga
^azalekth ka kas la lakiuedras ``ee ar `e mhktrhge
]ujstdtudr a lakiuedra mmhhl va vazalekth
^ágvuga `e pressíh lìkdla mhl vazalekth (quak`h a re`e está `espressurdza`a)
Lak`ar verdndmar a vágvuga
Mhlpresshr kíh agdvda, vágvuga `e seiurakéa `d s pa r a Hs mh mhk`eksa`hs kí kíh sí síh `esmarreia`hs `h separa`hr `e mhk`eksa`hs `urakte h nukmdhkalekth el maria ]aì`a hu pressíh `e ar `h mhlpresshr ajadxh `h khrlag
^ágvuga shgekýd`e avarda`a
]ujstdtudr a vágvuga
^ágvuga `e a`ldssíh kíh nemfa
Lak`ar verdndmar a vágvuga
Lakiuedra `e `esmaria hjstruì`a
^erdndmar e, se kemessárdh, mhrrdidr
Mhksulh `e ar exme`e a vazíh `e ar `h mhlpresshr
^erdndmar h equdpalekth gdia`h
Eg Egel eleekth kth ``hh nndg dgtr trhh ``ee ar ar hhjjst stru ruì` ì`hh
]ujs ]ujstd tdtu tudr dr h eege gele lekt kthh ``hh nndg dgtr trhh
Nukmdhkalekth dkmhrreth `a vágvuga shgekýd`e
]ujstdtudr a vágvuga 1=1
2215 222= 4>
Mhk`déíh
Avarda
]hguéíh
^azale zalekt kthh kkas as lak lakiu iued edra rass ``ee ar ar `e mhktrhge
]ujs ]ujstd tdtu tudr dr as la laki kiue uedr draas mhl mhl vaz vazalek alekth th
^ágvuga `e a`ldssíh kíh ajre mhlpgetalekte
Lak`ar verdndmar a vágvuga
]epara`hr `e ýgeh hjstruì`h
Lak`ar sujstdtudr h egelekth
^azalekth `e ar
Lak`ar reparar hs vazalekths
^ágv ^ágvug ugaa `e `e sei seiur urak akéa éa kíh kíh eest stak akqu quee
Lak` Lak`ar ar su sujs jstd tdtu tudr dr a vvág ágvu vuga ga
Egelekth mhlpresshr avarda`h
Mhksugtar a Atgas Mh Mhpmh
Nguxh `e ýgeh exmessdvh atraväs `h ndgtrh `e ektra`a `e ar apýs para`a
^ágvuga `e retekéíh kíh estakque, hu vágvuga `e retekéíh `e ýgeh e k t u pd ` a
]ujstdtudr as peéas `enedtuhsas. ]ujstdtudr h eg e gelekth `h ndgtrh `e ar
Mhksulh `e ýgeh exmessdvh3 passaiel `e ýgeh atraväs `a gdkfa `e `esmaria
Ýgeh dkmhrreth hrdidka espula
Lu`ar para ýgeh mhrreth
Kìveg `e ýgeh ludth egeva`h
^erdndmar se fá ekmfdlekth exmessdvh.
]epara`hr ``ee ýg ýgeh `e `enedtuhsh
Gdjerar a pressíh e `rekar h ýgeh atä atdkidr h kìveg mhrreth. mhrreth. ]ujstdtudr h egelekth `h separa`hr `e ýgeh
Nu Nukm kmdh dhka kale lekt kthh dkm dkmhr hrre reth th `a gd gdkf kfaa `e rethrkh
]u ]ujs jstd tdtu tudr dr a vvág ágvu vuga ga aktd aktd-r -ret ethr hrkh kh ka gd gdkf kfaa `e rethrkh
Nukmdhkalekth dkmhrreth `a vágvuga `e ektra`a
Lak`ar verdndmar a vágvuga
Nukmdhkalekth dkmhrreth `a vágvuga `e pressíh lìkdla
Lak`ar verdndmar a vágvuga
^ágvuga `e seiurakéa avarda`a
Lak`ar sujstdtudr a vágvuga
Egelekth mhlpresshr avarda`h
Mhksugtar a Atgas Mh Mhpmh
Egelek Ege lekth th separa separa`hr `hr `e ýgeh ýgeh hhjst jstruì` ruì`hh
Lak`ar Lak`ar sujstd sujstdtud tudrr h egelek egelekth th
Kìveg `e ýgeh ludth jadxh
^erdndmar e mhrrdidr
Khs mhlpresshres resnrda`hs a ar, ar, ar `e renr renrdi dier eraé aéíh íh dksu dksund ndmd mdek ekte te,, hhuu telp telper erat atur uraa `h `h ar ar `e `e ren renrd rdie iera raéí éíhh ludth egeva`a
^erdndmar erdndmar restrdéí restrdéíhh `h ar `e renrdier renrdieraéíh aéíh,, hu le legf gfhr hrar ar a vvek ektd tdga gaéí éíhh ``aa ssag agaa ``hh mhl mhlpr pres es-sh shrr. Ev Evdt dtar ar a re remd mdrm rmug ugaé aéíh íh `h ar `e re renr nrdi dier eraaéíh. ]e dkstaga`h, verdndmar a mapamd`a`e `h vektdga`hr `a saga `h mhlpresshr
^ágvuga `e seiurakéa `dspara apýs nukmdhkalekth el maria
Pelperatura `e saì`a `h egelekth mhlpresshr hu telperatura `h ar `e saì`a amdla `h khrlag
Khs mhlpresshres resnrda`hs a áiua, nguxh `a áiua `e renrdieraéíh dksundmdekte
Aulektar h nguxh `e áiua
Khs mhlpresshres resnrda`hs a áiua, restrdéíh kh sdstela `e áiua `e renrdieraéíh
Mhksugtar a Atgas Mhpmh
Zesnrda`hr `e ýgeh hjstruì`h
Gdlpar h resnrda`hr
Nukmdhkalekth dkmhrreth `a vágvuga terlhstátdma
Lak`ar testar a vágvuga
Zesnrda`hr `e ar hjstruì`h
Gdlpar h resnrda`hr
Egelekth mhlpresshr avarda`h
Mhksugtar a Atgas Mh Mhpmh
1=:
2215 222= 4>
Avardas e shguéões, shguéõ es, sema`hr Rara th`as as renerïkmdas a`dakte, mhksugtar a seéíh ]ema`hr `e ar.
Mhk`déíh
Avarda
]hguéíh
Rhkth `e `e hhrrvagfh sshhj pr pressíh ludth egeva`h
Pelperatura `e ektra`a `e ar ludth egeva`a
^erdndmar e mhrrdidr3 se kemessárdh, gdlpar h resnrda`hr ndkag `h mhlpresshr
Pelperatura aljdekte ludth egeva`a
^erdndmar e mhrrdidr3 se kemessárdh, mhk`uzdr h ar `e renrdieraéíh atraväs `e ul mhk`uthr a partdr `e ul guiar lads nresmh, hu lu`ar a phsdéíh `h mhlpresshr
Esmassez `e renrdierakte
^erdndmar h mdrmudth el jusma `e vazalekths e prhme`er â remaria.
H mhlpresshr `e renrdieraéíh kíh nukmdhka
Mhksugtar `a `a`hs a seiudr.
Rressíh `h evaphra`hr ludth egeva`a
Mhksugtar `a`hs a seiudr.
Rressíh kh mhk`eksa`hr
Mhksugtar `a`hs a seiudr.
ludth egeva`a Dkterrupthr `e mhktrhge `h vektdga`hr avarda`h
]ujstdtudr
Rás Rás `h `h vveektdga`hr hu hu lh lhthr ``hh vektdga`hr avarda`hs
^erdndmar vektdga`hr/lhthr `h vektdga`hr, se kemessárdh sujstdtudr.
Pelperatura aljdekte ludth egeva`a
^erdndmar e mhrrdidr3 se kemessárdh, mhk`uzdr h ar `e renrdieraéíh atraväs `e ul mhk`uthr a partdr `e ul guiar lads nresmh, hu lu`ar a phsdéíh `h mhlpresshr
Ektupdlekth exterdhr `h mhk`eksa`hr
Gdlpar h mhk`eksa`hr.
A agdlektaéíh egätrdma para h mhlpresshr nhd dkterrhlpd`a dkterrhlpd`a
^erdndmar e, se kemessárdh, mhrrdidr.
A tepéírehstsährrl`demare`nhrdi théríh `hpmrhl rdl iehra raé `dsparhu
H a gnaul kmedkhtkhasrreqsunr akda`rhel hs. re ressl pehmthtdrvhvhs getkarh rhg nrd
]dstela `e `rekh egetrðkdmh e ktupd `h
Lak`ar dkspemdhkar h sdstela. Gdlpar h ndgtrh `h `rekh authlátdmh ajrdk`h a vágvuga `e `rekh lakuag. lakua g. ^erdndmar ^erdndmar h nukmdhkanukm dhkalekth `h `rekh pressdhkak`h h jhtíh `e teste.
Rressíh kh mhk`eksa`hr ludth egeva`a hu ludth jadxa
H mhlpresshr pára hu kíh parte
H `rekh `e `e mmhhk`eksa`hs egetrðkdmh perlakeme dkatdvh
H mh mhgethr ``ee mmhhk`eksa`hs `esmarreia mhktdkualekte ar e áiua
@rekh authlátdmh avarda`h
^erdndmar h sdstela. ]e kemessárdh, sujstdtudr h `rekh authlátdmh.
A pressíh `h evaphra`hr ä ludth egeva`a hu ludth jadxaa el agìvdh jadx agìvdh
^ágvuga jy-pass `e iás quekte dkmhrremtalekte reiuga`a hu avarda`a
Lak`ar aoustar a vágvuga jy-pass `e iás que kte .
R ressíegeva`a h kh mhhu k`eludth ks a `hr ludth jadxa jad xa
^er amdla
Esmassez ``ee re renrdierakte
]e kemessárdh, verdndmar h mdrmudth el jusma `e vazalekths e prhme`er â remaria
1==
2215 222= 4>
11 @a`h @a`hss tä tämmkd kdmh mhss 11.1
Gedturas kh vdshr
Zeiuga`hr Egectrhkdc Egectrhkdchk® hk® Irapfdm
Radkeg `e mhktrhge, Egectrhkdchk®
As gedturas ajadxh síh vágd`as kas mhk`déões `e renerïkmda (mhksugtar a seéíh Mhk`déões `e renerïkmda e gdldtaéões).
Zenerïkmda
Gedtura
Rressíh `e saì`a `e ar
Lh`uga ektre as pressões `e agìvdh e `e maria prhirala`as.
Pelpera elperatur turaa `e saì`a saì`a `h `h egelek egelekth th mhlpr mhlpress esshr hr
Rara Rara ukd ukd`a `a`e `ess resn resnrd rda` a`as as a ar? ar? aprh aprhx. x. >2 ²M (1 (126 26 ²N) ²N) aamd mdla la `a te telp lper erat atur uraa `e ektra`a `h ar `e renrdieraéíh. Rara ukd`a`es resnrda`as resnrda` as a áiua? aprhx. >2 ²M (126 ²N) amdla `a tel peratura `e ektra`a `a áiua `e renrdieraéíh.
Pelperatura `h phkth `e hrvagfh
Mhksugtar a seéíh @a`hs `h mhlpresshr.
Pelperatura ``ee ssaaì` ì`aa ``ee ááiiua ``ee re renrd nrdieraéíh
Dknerdhr a 52 ²M (1:: ²N).
11.:
@dleksíh `hs majhs egätrdmhs egätrdm hs
Dlphrtakte • @dleksdhka @dleksdhkalekth lekth `eve ser `e `e amhr`h amhr`h mmhl hl a khrla KJZ5012 KJZ5012 • A teksíh teksíh khs terldkads terldkads `h `h mhlpresshr mhlpresshr kíh kíh ph`e `esvda `esvdar-se r-se el lads lads `e 12 % `a `a teksíh khldka khldkag.g. Mhktu`h, Mhktu`h,
remhlek`a-se vdvalekte que se laktekfa a que`a `e teksíh ah ghkih `hs majhs `e agdlektaéíh a ula mhrrekte khldkag mhl ul vaghr dknerdhr a 5 % `a teksíh khldkag. • ]e hs majhs majhs nhrel airupa`hs mhl hutrhs majhs `e agdlektaéíh, agdlektaéíh, ph`erá ser kemessárdh kemessárdh usar majhs majhs `e `dleksíh superdhr â magmuga`a para as mhk`déões `e nukmdhkalekth khrlads. • Utdgdzar Utdgdzar a ektra`a ektra`a `h `h majh hrdidkag. hrdidkag. Mhksugtar Mhksugtar a seéíh @esekfhs @esekfhs `dleks `dleksdhkads dhkads.. Rara preservar h irau `e prhteéíh `h mhlpartdlekth egätrdmh e prhteier hs respemtdvhs mhlphkektes `e pý `h aljdekte, ä hjrdiatýrdh usar ula oukta `h majh a`equa`a ah gdiar h majh `e agdlektaéíh ah mhlpresshr. mhlpresshr. • ]erá apgdmáve apgdmáveg reiuga ghma g, se `e nhrservdéh lads lads rdihrhsa rdih `hh que qlas ue hs vaghres vagrdlhs hres ajadxh ajaadxh prhphsth prh`e phsths. s. `evd`h As mhrrektes mhrre ktes gsíh síahreiugalektaé magmuga`as magmulektaéíh ga`as mhl míh hlghmag, h nathr ser vdéh mhlpget mhrhsa lpgeth suierdlhs suie a`déíh a`déíh 12% `evd`h a vaghres `e teksíh superdhres hu dknerdhres ahs khrlads. Hs nusìveds mhrresphk`el ahs vaghres láxdlhs magmuga`hs para h nathr `e servdéh mhlpgeth e 12% para vaghres `e teksíh superdhres e dknerdhres ahs khrlads. • Mud`a`h? • ^erdndque selpre `uas vezes a mapamd`a`e mapamd`a`e `h nusìveg el regaéíh â `dlek `dleksíh síh magmuga`a `h majh. ]e keme kemesssárdh, re`uza a mapamd`a`e `h nusìveg hu aulekte a `dleksíh `h majh. • H mhlprdlekth `h majh kíh `everá `everá exme`er h mhlprdlekth mhlprdlekth láxdlh `endkd`h `endkd`h pega khrl khrlaa KJZ5012. 1=0
2215 222= 4>
Mhrrektes e nusìveds Aprhvaéíh DEM
D (1)
D (:)
A 1:0 90 >: 1>2 45 94 1>2 45 94 149
M apam`h d `anusìveg `e láx. : iG/iI A 1>2 122 62 :22 1:5 122 :22 1:5 122 ::0
^ ::2 =62 002 ::2 =62 002 ::2 =62 002 ::2
Fz >2 >2 >2 >2 >2 >2 >2 >2 >2 >2
A 115 92 56 104 42 95 104 42 95 16>
M apam`h d `anusìveg `e láx. 1 iG/iI A 1>2 62 62 :22 122 122 :22 122 122 ::0
IA 05
=62 002 ::2
>2 >2 >2
110 40 140
1>2 1:5 ::0
116 46 :25
1>2 1:5 ::0
IA 05+
=62 002
>2 >2
116 46
1>2 1:5
1:= 12:
1>2 1:5
Espemdndmaéíh `h mhlpresshr Pdph
IA =2+
IA =9
IA =9+
(1)? mhrrekte kas gdkfas `e agdlektaéíh â maria láxdla e teksíh khldkag (mhlpresshres sel sema`hr dkteira`h). (:)? mhrrekte kas gdkfas `e agdlektaéíh â maria láxdla e teksíh khldkag (mhlpresshres mhl sema`hr dkteira`h).
1=5
2215 222= 4>
@dleksíh `h majh `e amhr`h mhl a khrla DEM
As tajegas que se seiuel dk`dmal as mapamd`a`es `e traksphrte `e ekerida `e majhs para = läth`hs `e dkstagaéíh dks tagaéíh lads mhluks, magmuga`as `e amhr`h mhl a khrla >2=>0-5-5: - dkstagaéões egätrdmas `e e`dnìmdhs, parte 5 - equdpalekth `e segeéíh e mhkstruéíh, e seéíh 5: - mapamd`a`es `e traksphrte `e ekerida el sdstelas `e majgaieks. As mhrrektes perldtd`as síh vágd`as para majhs mhl dshgalekth el R^M mhl trïs mhk`uthres `e mhjre marreia`hs (telperatura láxdla `h mhk`uthr? 92 ²M).
Läth`h `e dkstagaéíh J:, `e amhr`h mhl a tajega J.5:.1. Majh lugtdaxdag kula mhk`uta el pare`e `e la`edra
Mhrrekte láxdla perldtd`a el nukéíh `a telperatura aljdekte para h läth`h `e dkstagaéíh J: Pelperatura aljdekte ] eé íh `h majh
= 2 ²M
02 ²M
0 5 ²M
5 2 ²M
5 5 ²M
0 llº
7 :9 A
7 := A
7 :1 A
7 14 A
7 1> A
> llº
7 =0 A
7 =2 A
7 :9 A
7 :0 A
7 :1 A
12 llº
7 0> A
7 02 A
7 => A
7 == A
7 :6 A
1> llº
7 >: A
7 50 A
7 04 A
7 00 A
7 =6 A
:5 llº
7 62 A
7 >= A
7 59 A
7 04 A
=5 llº
7 44 A
7 6> A
7 96 A
7 92 A
7 >2 A
52 llº
7 116 A
7 12= A
7 4= A
7 60 A
7 9: A
92 llº
7 104 A
7 1=2 A
7 116 A
7 12> A
7 41 A
45 llº
7 194 A
7 15> A
7 101 A
7 1:9 A
7 124 A
1:2 llº
7 :2> A
7 194 A
7 1>= A
7 10> A
7 1:> A
7 92 A
Läth`h `e dkstagaéíh M, `e amhr`h mhl a tajega J.5:.1. Majh lhkhmhk`uthr hu lugtdaxdag el pare`e `e la`edra
Mhrrekte láxdla perldtd`a el nukéíh `a telperatura aljdekte para h läth`h `e dkstagaéíh M Pelperatura aljdekte 0 5 ²M 5 2 ²M
] eé íh `h majh
= 2 ²M
02 ²M
5 5 ²M
0 llº
7 =: A
7 :6 A
7 :5 A
7 := A
7 :2 A
> llº
7 01 A
7 => A
7 =: A
7 :4 A
7 :5 A
12 ll
7 59 A
7 52 A
7 05 A
7 02 A
7 =5 A
1> llº
7 9> A
7 >> A
7 >2 A
7 50 A
7 0> A
:5 llº
7 4> A
7 60 A
7 9> A
7 >6 A
7 54 A
=5 llº
7114 A
7 120 A
7 40 A
7 60 A
7 9= A
52 llº
7 100 A
7 1:5 A
7 110 A
7 12: A
7 66 A
92 llº
7 160 A
7 1>2 A
7 105 A
7 1=1 A
7 11: A
45 llº
7 ::= A
7 140 A
7 19> A
7 156 A
7 1=> A
1:2 llº
7 :54 A
7 ::5 A
7 :25 A
7 160 A
7 156 A
Läth`h `e dkstagaéíh N, `e amhr`h mhl a tajega J.5:.1. Majhs lhkhmhk`uthres, el mhktamth mhl ar gdvre @dstêkmda `a pare`e kíh dknerdhr ah `dêletrh `e ul majh
1 =>
2215 222= 4>
Mhrrekte láxdla perldtd`a el nukéíh `a telperatura aljdekte para h läth`h `e dkstagaéíh N
] eéíh `h majh :5 llº =5 llº 52 llº 92 llº 45 llº 1:2 llº
= 2 ²M 7 112 A 7 1=9 A 7 1>9 A 7 :1> A 7 :>0 A 7 =26 A
02 ²M 7 4> A 7 114 A 7 105 A 7 166 A 7 :=2 A 7 :>6 A
Pelperatura aljdekte 0 5 ²M 5 2 ²M 7 69 A 7 96 A 7 126 A 7 49 A 7 1=: A 7 114 A 7 191 A 7 15= A 7 :24 A 7 169 A 7 :0= A 7 :14 A
5 5 ²M 7 >9 A 7 60 A 7 12: A 7 1=: A 7 1>1 A 7 166 A
Läth`h `e mágmugh para DEM? • •
•
•
Ma Majh jhss `e agd agdle lekt ktaé aéíh íh sdl sdlpg pges es (= (= nase nasess + RE - mhk mhknd ndiu iura raéí éíhh (1))? (1))? • A`dmdh A`dmdhkar kar 12 12 % â mhrrekte mhrrekte thtag thtag `h mhlpresshr mhlpresshr (DthtRamc hu DthtNN `as tajegas) • Dkstag Dkstagar ar h nusìveg nusìveg remhlek`a remhlek`a`h `h el el ma`a ma`a majh majh Majh Majh ``ee aagdl gdlekt ektaéí aéíhh parag paragegh egh (: x = nases nases + RE RE - mhkndi mhkndiura uraéí éíhh (:))? (:))? • A`dmdh A`dmdhkar kar 12 12 % â mhrrekte mhrrekte thtag thtag `h mhlpresshr mhlpresshr (DthtRamc hu DthtNN `as tajegas) e `dvd`dr phr : • Lugtdpgdmar a mmhrrekte hrrekte perlakekte a`ldssìveg `hs majhs phr 2,6 (mhksugtar a tajega A.5:.19 (5:-E1)) • Dksta Dkstagar gar nusìveds nusìveds mhl leta`e leta`e `a mapamd`a`e mapamd`a`e láxdla láxdla `h nusìveg nusìveg remhlek`a`a remhlek`a`a el ma`a majh. majh. M l na nasseskar : x 12 mmhrrekte hlrekte h elthtag (=) (=)? `h mhlpres • hA`dmdh A`dmdhkar 1=2+%REâ mh mhr mhlpresshr shr (D (DthtRamc hu DthtNN `as tajegas) e `dvd`dr phr ∟= • Lugtdpgdmar a mmhrrekte hrrekte perlakekte a`ldssìveg `hs majhs phr 2,6 (mhksugtar a tajega A.5:.19 (5:-E1)) • Mapam Mapamd`a`e d`a`e `h nusìveg? nusìveg? a mapamd`a` mapamd`a`ee láxdla `h nusìveg nusìveg remhlek`a` remhlek`a`aa `dvd`d`a `dvd`d`a phr ∟= el ma`a majh. @dleksíh `h majh RE? • Rara maj majhs hs `e agdlektaéí agdlektaéíhh atä =5 llº? a lesla lesla `dleks `dleksíh íh `hs majhs majhs `e agdlektaéíh agdlektaéíh • Rara maj majhs hs `e agdlektaéí agdlektaéíhh superdhres superdhres a =5 llº? leta`e leta`e `a `dleksíh `dleksíh `hs majhs majhs `e agdlektaéíh agdlektaéíh
^erdndmar selpre a que`a `e teksíh ah ghkih `h majh (ä remhlek`a`h ul vaghr dkn dknerdhr erdhr a 5 % `a teksíh khldkag).
Exelpgh? Dtht < 64 A, a telperatura aljdekte láxdla ä 05 ²M, nusìveg remhlek`a`h < 122 A •
Ma Majh jhss `e agd agdle lekt ktaé aéíh íh sdl sdlpg pges es (= (= nase nasess + RE - mhk mhknd ndiu iura raéí éíhh (1))? (1))? • D < 64A + 12 % < 64 64 x 1,1 1,1 < 49,4 49,4 A • A taj tajega ega para J: e telperatura telperatura aljdekte aljdekte < 05 ² M perldte ula mhrrekte láxdla láxdla `e 4= A para ul majh `e 52 llº. Rara ul majh `e 92 llº, a mhrrekte láxdla láxd la perldtd`a ä 116 A, h que ä sundmdekte. Mhlh tag, utdgdzar ul u l majh `e = x 92 llº + =5 llº. ]e nhr utdgdza`h h läth`h M, 52 llº ll º ä sundmdekte. (=5 llº para h läth`h N) < = A x 2,6 2,6 < 52,0 A. @este lh`h, síh sundmdektes : majhs parageghs parageghs `e = x :5 llº + :5 llº. • Dksta Dkstagar gar nusìveds nusìveds `e 52 52 A el ma`a majh majh el vez vez `e 122 A.
Hs mágmughs `hs nusìveds para DEM síh enetua`hs `e amhr`h mhl a khrla >2=>0-0-0= regatdva a dkstagaéões egätrdmas `e e`dnìmdhs, parte 0? 0? prhteéíh para seiurakéa seiurakéa - seéíh seéíh 0=? prhteéíh mhktra shjremarias shjremarias `e mhrrekte. mhrrekte. As mapamd`a`es `hs nusìveds nusìveds síh síh magmuga`as magmuga`as `e nhrla a prhteier h majh mhktra murth-mdrmudths. H tdph `e nusìveg aL ä remhlek`a`h, sek`h que h tdph iI/iG taljäl ä perldtd` perl dtd`h. h.
1=9
2215 222= 4>
Lh`egh Lh `egh Peksíh Peksíh (^) +
IA=2
IA=9
+
IA=9
IA05
IA05+
Nrequ Nrequïkm ïkmda da (Fz) @dleksíh `hs majhs (ll:)
::2
>2
: x(= x=5 )+= 5
=62
>2
: x(= x1> )+1 >
002
>2
: x(= x12 )+1 2
::2
>2
: x(= x52 )+5 2
=62
>2
: x(= x:5 )+: 5
002
>2
: x(= x1> )+1 >
::2
>2
: x(= x52 )+5 2
=62
>2
: x(= x:5 )+: 5
002
>2
: x(= x1> )+1 >
::2
>2
: x(= x92 )+9 2
=62 002
>2 >2
: x(= x=5 )+= 5 : x(= x:5 )+: 5
::2
>2
: x(= x92 )+9 2
=62
>2
: x(= x=5 )+= 5
002
>2
: x(= x:5 )+: 5
@dleksdhkalekth reagdza`h `e amhr`h mhl a khrla KJZ5012 para as seiudktes mhk`déões? -
-
]er ]eráá apg apgdmá dmáveg veg a rreiu eiugal galekt ektaéí aéíh h ghm ghmag, ag, mmash ash sseoa eoa lads lads rd rdihr ihrhsa hsa ` `h h que hs va vaghre ghress ajadxh ajadxh p prhph rhphsth sthss Lät Läth`h h`h `e ddksta kstagaé gaéíh íh M, `e aamhr mhr`h `h mh mhl l a taje tajega ga J. J.5:. 5:.1 1 (Majh (Majh lhkh lhkhmhk mhk`ut `uthr hr hu lu lugtd gtdaxd axdag ag el pare` pare`ee `e la` la`edr edra) a) A que que`a `a ` `ee tek teksíh síh k kíh íh p ph`e h`e eexme`e xme`err 5% `a te teksíh ksíh khldka khldkag. g. Rh Rh`e `e se serr kemessárdh kemessárdh utdgdzar utdgdzar majhs majhs `e se seéíh éíh superdh superdhrr â dk`dma`a dk`dma`a para mulprdr este requdsdth3 Mhlprdlekth láxdlh `hs majhs < =2l3 Láxdla telperatura aljdekte `e 0> M ^erdndmar h `dleksdhkalekth `hs nusdveds, phds `eve ser dkstaga`h mhl leta`e `a mapamd`a`e láxdla `h nusdveg remhlek`a`a el ma`a majh para esta mhk`déíh `e majhs : x = + RE - mhkndiuraéíh (:). Rara hutr hutras as mhk`dé mhk`déões ões e h hutrh utrhss lh`eghs lh`eghs `e maj majhs, hs, as sseéõ eéões es `ev `evel el se serr re`dlek re`dleksdhk sdhka`a a`ass verd verdndma ndmarr as dks dkstrué truéões. ões. ²
1=6
2215 222= 4>
11.= Dkterrupthres `h sema`hr Iekeragd`a`es Hs `dsphsdtdvhs `e reiugaiel e seiurakéa síh `endkd`hs `e nájrdma para hjter ul ýtdlh `eselpekfh `h sema`hr. Kíh agterar as `endkdéões `e quadsquer `dsphsdtdvhs. `ds phsdtdvhs.
11.0 11.0 Rarêletrhs `h `dsoukthr (Q15) ( Q15) `h lhthr `h vektdga`hr @dsoukthr Lhthr (Q15) ‒ Lhthr ^ektdga`hr (Za`dag Nak) Mhlpr e sshr IA=2+
IA=9 / =9+
IA05 / 05+
Pe ek ks í íh h (^) : :2 = 62 0 02 : :2 = 62 0 02 : :2 = 62
Nr equï kmd a (Fz) (Fz) >2 >2 >2 >2 >2 >2 >2 >2
@dsou @dsoukth kthrr Q15 (A) 0, > :, > :, > 0, > :, > :, > >, 0 =, 4
0 02
>2
=, 5
11.5 Rarêletrhs `h regä regä `e shjremaria (N:1) - lhthr prdkmd prdkmdpag pag Zegä `e ]hjremaria (N:1) ‒ Lhthr Rrdkmdpag Mhlpr e sshr IA=2+
IA=9 / =9+
IA05 / 05+
11 11.> .>
Pe ek ks í íh h (^) : :2 = 62 0 02 : :2 = 62 0 02 : :2 = 62
Nr equï kmd a (Fz) >2 >2 >2 >2 >2 >2 >2 >2
Zegä N:1 (A) 99 05 =4 45 55 09 1 14 >4
0 02
>2
>2
Mhk`dmões `e renerïkmda e gdldtamões
Mhk`déões `e renerïkmda
Rressíh `e ektra`a `e ar (ajshguta) Rressíh `e ektra`a `e ar (ajshguta) Pelperatura `e ektra`a `e ar Pelperatura `e ektra`a `e ar Uld`a`e regatdva Rressíh `e trajagfh ◃
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1 jar 10,5 psd :2 ²M >6 ²N 2% Mhksugtar a seéíh @a`hs `h mhlpresshr
Gdldtes Rressíh `e trajagfh láxdla Rressíh `e trajagfh lìkdla Rressíh `e trajagfh lìkdla Pelperatura láxdla `a ektra`a `e ar Pelperatura láxdla `a ektra`a `e ar Pelperatura lìkdla `a ektra`a `e ar Pelperatura lìkdla `a ektra`a `e ar ◃
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Mhksugtar a seéíh @a`hs `h mhlpresshr 0 jar(e) 56 psdi 0> ²M 115 ²N 2 ²M =: ²N
1=4
2215 222= 4>
11.9
@a`hs `h mhlpresshr mhlpress hr
Mhk`déões `e renerïkmda Ph`hs hs `a`hs espemdndma`hs ajadxh síh apgdmáveds el mhk`déões `e renerïkmda3 mhksugtar a seéíh Mhk`déões `e renerïkmda e gdldtaéões.
IA =2+ 122 psd
1:5 psd
152 psd
195 psd
Nrequïkmda
Fz
>2
>2
>2
>2
Rressíh láxdla (`e `esmaria), ukd`a`es sel sema`hr
jar(e) psdi
9,0 129
4,1 1=:
12,6 159
1:,5 161
Rressíh láxdla (`e `esmaria), ukd`a`es Nugg-Neature
jar(e) psdi
9,: 120
6,4 1:4
12,> 150
1:,= 196
Rressíh `e trajagfh `e renerïkmda, ukd`a`es sel sema`hr
jar(e) p s di
>,4 122
6,> 1:5
12,= 152
1: 195
Rressíh `e trajagfh `e renerïkmda, ukd`a`es Nugg-Neature
jar(e) p s di
>,4 122
6,> 1:5
12,= 152
1: 195
Que`a `e pressíh shjre h sema`hr, ukd`a`es Nugg-Neature
jar(e) p s di
2,1= 1,4
2,1= 1,4
2,1= 1,4
2,1= 1,4
^aghr estajegemd`h, vágvuga terlhstátdma
²M ²N
02 120
02 120
02 120
>2 102
Pelperatura `h ar que `edxa a vágvuga `e saì`a (aprhx.), ukd`a`es resnrda`as a ar, sel sema`hr
²M ²N
9 05
9 05
9 05
9 05
Pelperatura `h ar que `edxa a vágvuga `e saì`a (aprhx.), ukd`a`es Nugg-Neature
²M ²N
= =9,0
= =9,0
= =9,0
= =9,0
Rhkth `e hrvagfh shj pressíh, ukd`a`es Nugg-Neature
²M
=
=
=
=
^eghmd`a`e `h edxh `h lhthr
²N r/ldk
=9,0 =592
=9,0 =592
=9,0 =592
=9,0 =592
Rhtïkmda khldkag `h lhthr
cY fp
=2 02,:
=2 02,:
=2 02,:
=2 02,:
Rhtïkmda `h sema`hr el pgeka maria, ukd`a`es
cY
1,>
1,>
1,>
1,>
Nugg Neature
fp
:,1
:,1
:,1
:,1
Rhtïkmda `h sema`hr `urakte h nukmdhkalekth el agìvdh, ukd`a`es Nugg-Neature
cY
1,0
1,0
1,0
1,0
Z012A
Z012A
Z012A
Z012A
Pdph `e renrdierakte, ukd`a`es Nugg-Neature Quaktd`a`e `e renrdierakte, ukd`a`es Nugg-Neature
ci gj
2,4 1,4
2,4 1,4
2,4 1,4
2,4 1,4
Mapamd`a`e `e ýgeh, ukd`a`es resnrda`as a ar
g U] iag Dlp iag
15,> 0,1: =,0=
15,> 0,1: =,0=
15,> 0,1: =,0=
15,> 0,1: =,0=
Kìveg `e pressíh shkhra (seiuk`h (s eiuk`h a khrla D]H :151 (:220))
`J(A `J(A))
92
92
92
92
102
2215 222= 4>
IA =9
122 psd
1:5 psd
152 psd
195 psd
Nrequïkmda
Fz
>2
>2
>2
>2
Rressíh láxdla (`e `esmaria), ukd`a`es sel sema`hr
jar(e) psdi
9,0 129
4,1 1=:
12,6 159
1:,5 161
Rressíh láxdla (`e `esmaria), ukd`a`es Nugg-Neature
jar(e) psdi
9,: 120
6,4 1:4
12,> 150
1:,= 196
Rressíh `e trajagfh `e renerïkmda, ukd`a`es sel sema`hr
jar(e) psdi
>,4 122
6,> 1:5
12,= 152
1: 195
Rressíh `e trajagfh `e renerïkmda, ukd`a`es Nugg-Neature
jar(e) ps d i
>,4 122
6,> 1:5
12,= 152
1: 195
Que`a `e pressíh shjre h sema`hr, ukd`a`es Nugg-Neature
jar(e) ps d i
2,1= 1,4
2,1= 1,4
2,1= 1,4
2,1= 1,4
^aghr estajegemd`h, vágvuga terlhstátdma
²M
02
02
02
>2
²N
120
120
120
102
Pelperatura `h ar que `edxa a vágvuga `e saì`a (aprhx.), ukd`a`es resnrda`as a ar, sel sema`hr
²M ²N
9 05
9 05
9 05
9 05
Pelperatura `h ar que `edxa a vágvuga `e saì`a (aprhx.), ukd`a`es Nugg-Neature
²M ²N
= =9,0
= =9,0
= =9,0
= =9,0
Rhkth `e hrvagfh shj pressíh, ukd`a`es Nugg-Neature
²M ²N
= =9,0
= =9,0
= =9,0
= =9,0
^eghmd`a`e `h edxh `h lhthr
r/ldk
=592
=592
=592
=592
Rhtïkmda khldkag `h lhthr
cY fp
=9 04,>
=9 04,>
=9 04,>
=9 04,>
Rhtïkmda `h sema`hr el pgeka maria, ukd`a`es Nugg-Neature
cY fp
1,> :,:
1,> :,1
1,> :,1
1,> :,1
Rhtïkmda `h sema`hr `urakte h nukmdhkalekth el agìvdh, ukd`a`es Nugg-Neature
cY
1,0
1,0
1,0
1,0
Z012A
Z012A
Z012A
Z012A
1 :,:
2,4 1,4
2,4 1,4
2,4 1,4
Pdph `e renrdierakte, ukd`a`es Nugg-Neature Quaktd`a`e `e renrdierakte, ukd`a`es Nugg-Neature
ci gj
Mapamd`a`e `e ýgeh, ukd`a`es resnrda`as a ar
g U] iag Dlp iag
15,> 0,1: =,0=
15,> 0,1: =,0=
15,> 0,1: =,0=
15,> 0,1: =,0=
Kìveg `e pressíh shkhra (seiuk`h a khrla D]H :151 (:220))
`J(A) `J(A)
9:
9:
9:
9:
101
2215 222= 4>
IA =9+ 122 psd
1:5 psd
152 psd
195 psd
Nrequïkmda
Fz
>2
>2
>2
>2
Rressíh láxdla (`e `esmaria), ukd`a`es sel sema`hr
jar(e) psdi
9,0 129
4,1 1=:
12,6 159
1:,5 161
Rressíh láxdla (`e `esmaria), ukd`a`es Nugg-Neature
jar(e) psdi
9,: 120
6,4 1:4
12,> 150
1:,= 196
Rressíh `e trajagfh `e renerïkmda, ukd`a`es sel sema`hr
jar(e) psdi
>,4 122
6,> 1:5
12,= 152
1: 195
Rressíh `e trajagfh `e renerïkmda, ukd`a`es Nugg-Neature
jar(e) p s di
>,4 122
6,> 1:5
12,= 152
1: 195
Que`a `e pressíh shjre h sema`hr, ukd`a`es Nugg-Neature
jar(e) p s di
2,1= 1,4
2,1= 1,4
2,1= 1,4
2,1= 1,4
^aghr estajegemd`h, vágvuga terlhstátdma
²M ²N
02 120
02 120
02 120
>2 102
Pelperatura `h ar que `edxa a vágvuga `e saì`a (aprhx.), ukd`a`es resnrda`as a ar, sel sema`hr
²M ²N
9 05
9 05
9 05
9 05
Pelperatura `h ar que `edxa a vágvuga `e saì`a (aprhx.), ukd`a`es Nugg-Neature
²M ²N
= =9,0
= =9,0
= =9,0
= =9,0
Rhkth `e hrvagfh shj pressíh, ukd`a`es Nugg-Neature
²M ²N
= =9,0
= =9,0
= =9,0
= =9,0
^eghmd`a`e `h edxh `h lhthr
r/ldk
=592
=592
=592
=592
Rhtïkmda khldkag `h lhthr
cY fp
=9 04,>
=9 04,>
=9 04,>
=9 04,>
Rhtïkmda `h sema`hr el pgeka maria, ukd`a`es Nugg-Neature
cY fp
1,> :,:
1,> :,1
1,> :,1
1,> :,1
Rhtïagìvdh, kmda `ukd`a`es h sema`hrNugg-Neature `urakte h nukmdhkalekth el
cY
1,0
1,0
1,0
1,0
Z012A
Z012A
Z012A
Z012A
1 :,:
2,4 1,4
2,4 1,4
2,4 1,4
Pdph `e renrdierakte, ukd`a`es Nugg-Neature Quaktd`a`e `e renrdierakte, ukd`a`es Nugg-Neature
ci gj
Mapamd`a`e `e ýgeh, ukd`a`es resnrda`as a ar
g U] iag Dlp iag
:1 5,55 0,>:
:1 5,55 0,>:
:1 5,55 0,>:
:1 5,55 0,>:
Kìveg `e pressíh shkhra (seiuk`h a khrla D]H :151 (:220))
`J(A)) `J(A
>6
>6
>6
>6
10:
2215 222= 4>
IA 05 122 psd
1:5 psd
152 psd
195 psd
Nrequïkmda
Fz
>2
>2
>2
>2
Rressíh láxdla (`e `esmaria), ukd`a`es sel sema`hr
jar(e) psdi
9,0 129
4,1 1=:
12,6 159
1:,5 161
Rressíh láxdla (`e `esmaria), ukd`a`es Nugg-Neature
jar(e) psdi
9,: 120
6,4 1:4
12,> 150
1:,= 196
Rressíh `e trajagfh `e renerïkmda, ukd`a`es sel sema`hr
jar(e) psdi
>,4 122
6,> 1:5
12,= 152
1: 195
Rressíh `e trajagfh `e renerïkmda, ukd`a`es Nugg-Neature
jar(e) ps d i
>,4 122
6,> 1:5
12,= 152
1: 195
Que`a `e pressíh shjre h sema`hr, ukd`a`es Nugg-Neature
jar(e) ps d i
2,1= 1,4
2,1= 1,4
2,1= 1,4
2,1= 1,4
^aghr estajegemd`h, vágvuga terlhstátdma
²M ²N
02 120
02 120
02 120
>2 102
Pelperatura `h ar que `edxa a vágvuga `e saì`a (aprhx.), ukd`a`es resnrda`as a ar, sel sema`hr
²M ²N
9 05
9 05
9 05
9 05
Pelperatura `h ar que `edxa a vágvuga `e saì`a (aprhx.), ukd`a`es Nugg-Neature
²M ²N
= =9,0
= =9,0
= =9,0
= =9,0
Rhkth `e hrvagfh shj pressíh, ukd`a`es Nugg-Neature
²M ²N
= =9,0
= =9,0
= =9,0
= =9,0
^eghmd`a`e `h edxh `h lhthr
r/ldk
=592
=592
=592
=592
Rhtïkmda khldkag `h lhthr
cY fp
05 >2,0
05 >2,0
05 >2,0
05 >2,0
Rhtïkmda `h sema`hr el pgeka maria, ukd`a`es Nugg-Neature
cY fp
1,> :,:
1,> :,1
1,> :,1
1,> :,1
Rhtïkmda `h sema`hr `urakte h nukmdhkalekth el agìvdh, ukd`a`es Nugg-Neature
cY
1,0
1,0
1,0
1,0
Z012A
Z012A
Z012A
Z012A
1 :,:
2,4 1,4
2,4 1,4
2,4 1,4
Pdph `e renrdierakte, ukd`a`es Nugg-Neature Quaktd`a`e `e renrdierakte, ukd`a`es Nugg-Neature
ci gj
Mapamd`a`e `e ýgeh, ukd`a`es resnrda`as a ar
g U] iag Dlp iag
1>,> 0,=4 =,>5
1>,> 0,=4 =,>5
1>,> 0,=4 =,>5
1>,> 0,=4 =,>5
Kìveg `e pressíh shkhra (seiuk`h a khrla D]H :151 (:220))
`J(A)) `J(A
95
95
95
95
10=
2215 222= 4>
IA 05+ 122 psd
1:5 psd
152 psd
195 psd
Nrequïkmda
Fz
>2
>2
>2
>2
Rressíh láxdla (`e `esmaria), ukd`a`es sel sema`hr
jar(e) psdi
9,0 129
4,1 1=:
12,6 159
1:,5 161
Rressíh láxdla (`e `esmaria), ukd`a`es Nugg-Neature
jar(e) psdi
9,: 120
6,4 1:4
12,> 150
1:,= 196
Rressíh `e trajagfh `e renerïkmda, ukd`a`es sel sema`hr
jar(e) psdi
>,4 122
6,> 1:5
12,= 152
1: 195
Rressíh `e trajagfh `e renerïkmda, ukd`a`es Nugg-Neature
jar(e) p s di
>,4 122
6,> 1:5
12,= 152
1: 195
Que`a `e pressíh shjre h sema`hr, ukd`a`es Nugg-Neature
jar(e) p s di
2,1= 1,4
2,1= 1,4
2,1= 1,4
2,1= 1,4
^aghr estajegemd`h, vágvuga terlhstátdma
²M ²N
02 120
02 120
02 120
>2 102
Pelperatura `h ar que `edxa a vágvuga `e saì`a (aprhx.), ukd`a`es resnrda`as a ar, sel sema`hr
²M ²N
9 05
9 05
9 05
9 05
Pelperatura `h ar que `edxa a vágvuga `e saì`a (aprhx.), ukd`a`es Nugg-Neature
²M ²N
= =9,0
= =9,0
= =9,0
= =9,0
Rhkth `e hrvagfh shj pressíh, ukd`a`es Nugg-Neature
²M ²N
= =9,0
= =9,0
= =9,0
= =9,0
^eghmd`a`e `h edxh `h lhthr
r/ldk
=592
=592
=592
=592
Rhtïkmda khldkag `h lhthr
cY fp
05 >2,0
05 >2,0
05 >2,0
05 >2,0
Rhtïkmda `h sema`hr el pgeka maria, ukd`a`es Nugg-Neature
cY fp
1,9 :,=
1,> :,:
1,> :,:
1,> :,1
Rhtïkmda `h sema`hr `urakte h nukmdhkalekth el agìvdh, ukd`a`es Nugg-Neature
cY
1,5
1,0
1,0
1,0
Z012A
Z012A
Z012A
Z012A
1 :,=
1 :,:
1 1,:
2,4 1,4
Pdph `e renrdierakte, ukd`a`es Nugg-Neature Quaktd`a`e `e renrdierakte, ukd`a`es Nugg-Neature
ci gj
Mapamd`a`e `e ýgeh, ukd`a`es resnrda`as a ar
g U] iag Dlp iag
:= >,26 5,2>
:= >,26 5,2>
:= >,26 5,2>
:= >,26 5,2>
Kìveg `e pressíh shkhra (seiuk`h a khrla D]H :151 (:220))
`J(A)) `J(A
9=
9=
9=
9=
100
2215 222= 4>
11.6 @a`hs @a`hs tämkdmhs tämkdmhs `h reiug reiuga`h a`hrr Egectrhkd Egectrhkdchk chk® ® Iekeragd`a`es Rarêletrh
^aghr
Peksíh `e agdlektaéíh Pdph `e prhteéíh
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Uld`a`e perldssìveg Eldssíh `e ruì`h
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Uld`a`e regatdva 42 % ]el mhk`eksaéíh DEM>1222->-=
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• -12 ²M…..+>2 ²M • -=2 ²M…..+92 ²M
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DEM>22>6-:
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DR50 (nrekte) DR:1 (atrás)
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Dlukd`a`e ah ruì`h Lhktaiel
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:0 ^ AM / 1> ^A 52/>2 Fz (+02%/-=2%) :0 ^ @M / 2,9 A
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Aljdekte e telperatura Iala `e telperaturas • Nukmdhkalekth • Arlazekaiel
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DEM>1222->-:
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Rhrta `h mhlpartdlekth
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]aì`as `didtads Rarêletrh
^aghr
Kÿlerh `e saì`as
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Pdph
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Peksíh khldkag AM Peksíh khldkag @M
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> (rei (reiuga` uga`hr hr Egec Egectrhkd trhkdchk® chk® - renª 1422 5:22 22 ….14 ….1422 22 5:22 24) 4 (reiuga`hr Egectrhkdchk® Irapfdm - renª 1422 5:22 12 ….1422 5:22 14)
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Zegä (mhktaths dsekths `e teksíh)
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:52 ^ AM / 12 A láx. =2 ^ @M / 12 A láx.
Ektra`as `didtads Rarêletrh Kÿlerh `e ektra`as
^aghr ◃
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0 (rei (reiuga` uga`hr hr Egec Egectrhk trhkdchk dchk® ® - renª 1422 5:22 22 ….14 ….1422 22 5:22 24) 12 (reiuga`hr Egectrhkdchk® Irapfdm Irapfdm - renª 1422 5:22 12 ….1422 5:22 14)
Agdlektaéíh pegh reiuga`hr Rrhteéíh `e agdlektaéíh Rrhteéíh `e ektra`a
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:0 ^ @M Rrhteéíh mhktra murth-mdrmudth mhl terra Kíh dshga`h
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Ektra`as akagýidmas Rarêletrh Ektra`as ` `ee pr pressíh
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Ektra`as `e `e tteelperatura
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1 (reiuga`hr Egectrhkdchk® - renª 1422 5:22 22 ….1422 5:22 24) : (reiuga`hr Egectrhkdchk® Irapfdm - renª 1422 5:22 12 ….1422 5:22 14) ◃
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= (reiuga`hr Egectrhkdchk® - renª 1422 5:22 22 ….1422 5:22 24) 5 (reiuga`hr Egectrhkdchk® Irapfdm - renª 1422 5:22 12 ….1422 5:22 14)
2215 222= 4>
1: Dks Dkstru truéõe éõess par para a utd utdgdz gdzaéí aéíh h `h rese reserva rvatýr týrdh dh `e ar
1:.1
Dknhrlaéões ierads
H reservatýrdh `e ar mhlprdld`h Atgas Mhpmh ä ul vash `e pressíh mhkstruì`h seiuk`h rìid`as khrlas tämkdmas, vdsak`h ula utdgdzaéíh seiura `urakte th`a a sua vd`a ÿtdg. Eljhra sua lakutekéíh e hperaéíh seoal sdlpges e mhkvekmdhkads ä dlphrtakte atek`er as remhlek`aéões `este iuda, phds a ruptura `e ul vash shj pressíh ä selpre ul amd`ekte `e iraves mhkseq÷ïkmdas.
1:.: Zesphks Zesphksajd ajdgd`a gd`a`e `e `h usuárdh usuárdh Aktes `e sua dkstagaéíh , `everíh ser atek`d`as th`as as exdiïkmdas estajegemd`as pega KZ1= `h Ldkdstärdh `h Prajagfh `h dtel 1=.> ah dtel 1=.12.
1: 1:.= .= Dk Dkst stag aga aéíh éíh • • • • • • •
Aktes `e ddkstagar kstagar seu seu reserva reservatýrdh týrdh `e aarr mhlprd mhlprdld`h ld`h `eve `everá rá ser ser aate tek` k`d` d`h h h dtel dtel 1=.9 `a KZ1= LPJ. Este va vash sh nhd mh mhkstr kstruì`h uì`h p para ara arlaz arlazeka ekalek lekth th `e ar mhlprd mhlprdld`h ld`h el el `dve `dvershs rshs td tdphs phs `e apgdm apgdmaéõ aéões. es. Ra Rara ra ush mhl mhl hutrhs hutrhs iases iases hu para ar `e respdraéíh fulaka `everíh ser nedtas a`equaéões `e prhoeth e tratalekth dkterkh. Dkst Dkstage age ul puri puria`h a`hrr ka par parte te dkne dknerdh rdhrr `h vash (nhr (nhrkem kemd`h d`h mhl h equd equdpal palekt ekth). h). Kdve Kdvege ge h vash mh mhrret rretalek alekte te para eevdta vdtarr a sua que` que`aa e p phss hssdj djdgd dgdta tarr `r `rek ekai aiel el sund sundmd mdek ekte te.. H vash `eve ser dkstaga`h shjre ula supernìmde que sup suphr hrte te se seu up pes esh h mfe mfedh dh `e ái áiua ua `ura `urakt ktee h te test stee f fd` d`rh rhst stát átdm dmh. h. Dks Dkstag tagee a tujuga tujugaéíh éíh `e `e ar mh mhlpr lprdld dld`h `h mhl mhl sup suphrt hrtes es `e la`edra la`edra que a les lesla la kíh nhrme nhrme h masmh masmh hu ngakies ngakies `h va vash sh.. Kíh mmhke hkemte mte h v vash ash â tujug tujugaéí aéíh h que aapre presek sekte te vdj vdjraé raéíh. íh. ] ]ee kemessá kemessárdh, rdh, utdgd utdgdze ze ul amhp amhpgal galekt ekth h ngex ngexìve ìveg. g.
1: 1:.0 .0 Hpera peraéí éíh h • • • •
Akt Aktes es `e `e ssua ua ektra` ektra`aa eel l nukm nukmdhk dhkale alekth kth,, `eve `everíh ríh ser atek`d atek`d`hs `hs hs ddtek tekss 1=.6 e 1=.12 `a KZ1= LPJ. `espre ssurdza`h . @esmhknde `a gedtura Akte Aktess ` `ee shg shgttar quag quagq quer uer mmh hkexí kexíh, h, tekfa merteza `e que h vash esteoa `espressurdza`h gedt ura `h lakðletrh3 ajra agiula vágvuga `e puria atä sektdr que kíh fá lads pressíh. Ruriue h mhk`ek mhk`eksa`h sa`h ka nreq÷ï nreq÷ïkmda kmda kemes kemessárda sárda para que kíh amulu amuluge ge q quaktd` uaktd`a`e a`e superd superdhr hr a ledh gdtrh. Quak`h equdp equdpa`h a`h mhl puria`hr authlátdmh, verdndque rhtdkedralekte h seu nukmdhkalekth. Mrd Mrdee h fá fájdth jdth `e verdn verdndma dmarr se a p pres ressíh síh eestá stá ` `ekt ektrh rh `h esp espemd emdndm ndma`h a`h k kaa pga pgama ma `e `e d`e d`ektd ktdndm ndmaéí aéíh. h.
1: 1:.5 .5 Lak Lakutek utekéí éíh h • •
Akt Aktes es `e `e en enetu etuar ar q quag uagque querr la lakut kuteké ekéíh íh el sseu eu vas vash, h, ` `eve everá rá ser ser atek atek`d` `d`h h h dte dtel l 1=.4 `a KZ1= LPJ. H vash`eve ser dkspemdhka`h e testa`h fd`rhstatdmalekte mhknhrle dtel 1=.12 `a KZ1= LPJ.3 esta dkspeéíh `everá ser
105
• • •
reagdza`a phr ul "Rrhndssdhkag Fajdgdta`h". Lakt Laktekfa ekfa h vash mhkvekde mhkvekdektel ktelekte ekte pdkt pdkta`h, a`h, exte exterkal rkalekte ekte e dkte dkterkal rkalekte ekte,, se ph phssìve ssìveg, g, dssh dssh aulekta aulektará rá a vd vd`a `a `e seu equdpalekth e iaraktdrá ul ar gdvre `e partìmugas `e ýxd`h `e nerrh. nerr h. Oalads shg`e quagquer peéa `dretalekte kas partes pressurdza`as `h vash sel mhksugtar h najrdmakte. Ah pre presekmda sekmdarr trdkm trdkmaa el mmfapa fapa hu shg shg`a, `a, ` `enhrla enhrlaéíh éíh kas kas mf mfapas apas k kh h nhrlath nhrlath `e jhgfas hu est estagd`h agd`hss `urakte `urakte a pressurdzaé pressurdzaéíh, íh, esvazde-h rapd`alekte e kíh remhghque el hperaéíh sel que se naéa ula dkspeéíh e teste fd`rhstátdmh.
1:.> 1:. > Dk Dknh nhrla rlaéõ éões es ndk ndkad adss H najrdmakte `e seu equdpalekth está â `dsphsdéíh `d sphsdéíh para quagquer dknhrlaéíh. Mhksugte-h.
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2215 222= 4>
1= Hr Hrde dekt ktaé aéõe õess p par ara a dk dksp speé eéíh íh
1=.1 1=.1 Hrdekt Hrdektaéõ aéões es para para dkspe dkspeéíh éíh Hrdektaéões Ka @emgaraéíh `e mhknhrld`a`e / @emgaraéíh `h najrdmakte, síh apresekta`as e/hu lekmdhka`as as khrlas farlhkdza`as farlhkdza`as e/hu hutras khrlas utdgdza`as ka mhkmepéíh. A @emgaraéíh `e mhknhrld`a`e / @emgaraéíh `h najrdmakte naz parte `a `hmulektaéíh que amhlpakfa este mhlpresshr. Hs requdsdths geiads ghmads e/hu a utdgdzaéíh nhra `hs gdldtes e/hu `as mhk`déões espemdndma`as pegh najrdmakte ph`el dlpgdmar a kemessd`a`e `e hutrhs perìh`hs `e dkspeéíh, mhknhrle lekmdhka`h ajadxh.
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@dretdvas regatdvas a equdpalekths shj pressíh
Mhlphkektes ajrakid`hs pega @dretdva 49/:=/ME regatdva a Equdpalekths shj Rressíh A tajega que se ekmhktra a seiudr mhktäl a dknhrlaéíh kemessárda para a dkspeéíh `e th`hs hs equdpalekths shj pressíh dkmguì`hs ka mateihrda DD e superdhres, `e amhr`h mhl a @dretdva regatdva a Equdpalekths shj Rressíh 49/:=/ME e th`hs hs equdpalekths shj pressíh, `e amhr`h mhl a @dretdva 69/020/MEE, regatdva ahs remdpdektes shj pressíh sdlpges.
Pdph `e mhlpresshr
Mhlphkekte
@esmrdéíh
^hgule
Rressíh `e prhoeth
Pelperatura lìkdla e láxdla `e prhoeth
Mg a s s e RE@
IA =2+ a IA 05+
1>:5 5>01 44 26=2 1226 =4 26=2 1226 02 26=: 1222 96 26=: 1222 94
Zeservatýrdh ^ágvuga `e seiurakéa ^ágvuga `e seiurakéa ^ágvuga `e seiurakéa ^ágvuga `e seiurakéa
0=,1 g -
15 jar(e) -
-12²M/1:2²M -
DD D^ D^ D^ D^
Pdph `e mhlpresshr
Mhlphkekte
@esmrdéíh
Kÿlerh `e mdmghs (1)
Espessura lìkdla `as pare`es
Zequdsdths para dkspeéíh vdsuag ((: :)
Zequdsdths para dkspeéíh fd`rhstátdma (: (:)
IA =2+ a IA 05+
1>:5 5>01 44 26=2 1226 =6 26=2 1226 02 26=: 1222 96 26=: 1222 94
Zeservatýrdh ^ágvuga `e seiurakéa ^ágvuga `e seiurakéa ^ágvuga `e seiurakéa ^ágvuga `e seiurakéa
:x12> -
6 ll -
12 a khs -
12 akhs -
Hs mhlpresshres estíh el mhknhrld`a`e mhl a Mateihrda dknerdhr a DD `a @dretdva RE@. (1 (1)) (: (:))
H kÿlerh kÿlerh `e mdmghs mdmghs re renere-s nere-see ah kÿlerh kÿlerh `e mdmgh mdmghss `es`e hs 2 jar jar(e) (e) atä â pressíh pressíh láxdla. láxdla. Hutras tämkdmas tämkdmas `e ddkspeéí kspeéíh, h, tads mhlh dkspeéí dkspeéíh h ugtra-sý ugtra-sýkdma kdma hu rad radh-V, h-V, síh equ equdvage dvagektes ktes a testes testes fd`rhstátdmhs fd`rhstátdmhs para para este equdpalekth.
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15 Dkstr Dkstruéões uéões para utdgdz utdgdzaéíh aéíh ` `h h vash separ separa`hr a`hr `e ar ar-ýgeh -ýgeh
1
Este vash ph`e mhkte mhkterr ar pressur pressurdza`h dza`h e ph` ph`ee se serr phtekmdag phtekmdaglekte lekte perdihsh perdihsh se h eq equdpale udpalekth kth nhr lag lag utd utdgdza`h gdza`h..
:
Este vash vash `eve `eve ser aapeka pekass usa` usa`h h mhlh sepa separa`h ra`hrr `e ar ar-ýge -ýgeh h e `ev `evee ser hpera` hpera`h h `ektrh `ektrh `hs `hs gdld gdldtes tes espemd espemdndma ndma`hs `hs ka pgaqueta `e `a`hs.
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Kekfula Kekfula ag agteraé teraéíh íh `e `eve ve ser ser nedta nedta kh vash p phr hr shg shg`aiel `aiel,, pern pernuraéí uraéíh h hu hutrhs läth`hs läth`hs lemêkdmh lemêkdmhss sel a aut authrdza hrdzaéíh éíh phr phr esmrdth `h najrdmakte.
0
Quak`h Quak`h fhu fhuver ver a kemess kemessd`a`e d`a`e `a suj sujstdtudé stdtudéíh íh `a vágvug vágvugaa `e seiura seiurakéa, kéa, esta ` `everá everá seiudr dkteiraglekt dkteiraglektee a espemdndmaéí espemdndmaéíh h `h najrdmakte `h equdpalekth.
5
Usar Usar shle shlekt ktee ýg ýgeh eh esp espem emdn dndm dma` a`h h pegh pegh na najr jrdm dmak akte te..
>
El mash mash `e ush dk` dk`evd` evd`h h `h equd equdpal palekt ekth h (telp (telpera eratura tura `h ýg ýgeh eh lud ludth th jad jadxa xa hu ghkih ghkih dkterva dktervagh gh `e `es `esgdia gdialek lekth) th) mer merta ta quaktd`a`e `e mhk`eksa`h ph`e amulugar kh vash separa`hr `e ýgeh que `eve ser mhrretalekte `reka`h. Rara dssh, `esgdiar h equdpalekth `a re`e egätrdma, esperar atä que resnrde e `espressurdze. `espressur dze. @rekar h mhk`eksa`h pega vágvuga `e `rekaiel `e ýgeh, phsdmdhka`a ka parte dknerdhr `h vash separa`hr `e ar-ýgeh.
A geidsgaéíh ghmag ph`e exdidr a dkspeéíh perdý`dma `h vash separa`hr `e ar-ýgeh.
1> Dk Dknh nhrl rlat atdv dvh h al aljd jdek ekta tagg
^erdndmar h mhkteÿ`h `h arqudvh arqudvh Dknhrlatdvh Dknhrlatdvh Aljdektag irava`h irava`h kh M@ `e lakuads nhrkemd`h oukth mhl h equdpalekth Atgas Atgas Mhpmh. Este arqudvh mhktel as hrdektaéões shjre hs aspemths aljdektads ekvhgvd`hs ka utdgdzaéíh `hs equdpalekths Atgas Mhpmh.
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