Aggravating Circumstances: Legal Research
October 13, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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Ikldi ]kskdrec Dllrdvdt`gl E`reujstdgeks
My2 G`ff` Bhy Mdrrhld Adg`kiik Buak ^dsdjhgtk
]K^H]Q H[QI@GK 4
Akog`t`hg.. Akog`t`hg............ .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... ..............= ....=
=
Mds`s......... Mds`s................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................................. ........................= =
5
F`gas h Dllrdvdt`g Dllrdvdt`gl l E`reujstdg E`reujstdgeks....... eks................. .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................. ........= =
1
A`st`get` A`st`get`hg....... hg................. .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... ..................................... ...........................= =
;
Drt`eik Drt`eik 41 h tck ]kv`ska ]kv`ska ^kgdi Ehak.............. Ehak........................ .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... ...............................5 .....................5
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Dllrdvdt`g Dllrdvdt`gl l E`reujstdg E`reujstdgeks eks (^rhpkr).......... (^rhpkr).................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... ............................................1 ..................................1 4.
Qdf`gl Qdf`gl Davdgtdlk Davdgtdlk h ^umi`e ^umi`e Hek.............. Hek........................ .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... ....................................... .............................1 1
=.
Ehgtkjpt Ehgtkjpt hr @gsuit @gsuit th ^umi`e ^umi`e Dutchr`t`ks.... Dutchr`t`ks.............. .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... ........................................; ..............................;
5.
A`srkldra A`srkldra h ]dgf, Dlk, Hr Ukx dga Awkii`gl Awkii`gl h tck Hkgaka Hkgaka ^drty....... ^drty................. .................... ...................................; .........................;
1.
Dmusk Dmusk h Ehgoakgek Ehgoakgek dga Hmv`hus Hmv`hus [glrdtkuig [glrdtkuigkss........ kss.................. .................... .................... .................... .................... ............................... .....................? ?
;.
^didek ^didek dga Htckr ^ideks h Ehjj`ss`hg Ehjj`ss`hg h Hkgsk............ Hkgsk...................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... ................< ......<
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G`lct-t`jk, G`lct-t`jk, [g`gcdm`t [g`gcdm`tka ka ^idek, Hr Mdga.............. Mdga........................ .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... ....................3 ..........3
4>
4>.
]k`tkrdt`hg ]k`tkrdt`hg hr Cdm`tudi`ty.. Cdm`tudi`ty............ .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .......................4= .............4=
44.
^r`ek, ]kwdra hr ^rhj`sk.......... ^rhj`sk.................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... ...................................4= .........................4=
4=.
My Jkdgs Jkdgs h @gugadt @gugadt`hg, `hg, O`rk, O`rk, Kte............ Kte...................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .........................................45 ...............................45
45.
Kv`akgt Kv`akgt ^rkjka`tdt` ^rkjka`tdt`hg....... hg................. .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... ..........................................45 ................................45
41.
Erdt, Erdt, Ordua hr A`slu`sk...... A`slu`sk................ ..................... ..................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .....................41 ...........41
4;.
Uupkr`hr Uupkr`hr Utrkgltc Utrkgltc Hr Jkdgs Jkdgs th th \kdfkg \kdfkg Akkgsk... Akkgsk............. .................... .................... .................... .................... ....................................4; ..........................4;
4?.
Qrkdeckry...... Qrkdeckry................ .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... ................................. .......................4; 4;
4. D`a H J`ghr Hr My Jkdgs Jkdgs h Jhthr Jhthr _kc`eiks.. _kc`eiks............ .................... .................... .................... .................... ...........................................4? .................................4? =4. <
Erukity....... Erukity................. .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... ................. .......4< 4<
Htckr Dllrdvdt`g Dllrdvdt`gl l E`reujstd E`reujstdgeks...... geks................ .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... ........................................43 ..............................43
Dllrdvdt`gl E`reujstdgeks 4 AKO@G@Q@HG Dllrdvdt`gl e`reujstdgeks drk tchsk wc`ec skrvk th cdvk tck pkgdity `jphska `g `ts jdx`juj pkr`ha hr ecdglk tck gdturk h tck er`jk.
= MDU@U Qck lrkdtkr pkrvkrs`ty h tck hkgsk ds schwg my2 d. tck jht`vd jht`vdt`g t`gl l phwkr phwkr mkc`ga mkc`ga tck det m. tck p pide idek k wckrk wckrk tck tck det det wds wds ehjj ehjj`tt `ttka ka e. tc tck k jkd jkdgs gs dg dga a wdy wdyss u usk ska a a. tck t`jk k. tck p pkrs krshgd hgdii e`reuj e`reujstd stdgek gek h h tck hkg hkgakr akr . tck pkrshgd pkrshgdii ee`re `reujs ujstdg tdgek ek h h ttck ck v`et v`et`j `j
5 F@GAU HO DLL]D_DQ@GL E@]E[JUQDGEKU d. Lkgkr`e ― ― tcdt wc`ec lkgkrdiiy dppi`ks th dii er`jks. er`jks. m. Upke`oe ― ― tcdt wc`ec dppi`ks th d pdrt`euidr okihgy okihgy . e. Tudi`y`gl ― Tudi`y`gl ― tcdt wc`ec ecdglks tck gdturk h tck kihgy dga kikvdtks `t th d c`lckr edtklhry . a. @gckrkgt ― ― tcdt wc`ec `s d pdrt d pdrt ho tck okihgy dga dga tckrkhrk ahks ght `gerkdsk tck pkgdity. k. Upke`di ― ― tcdt wc`ec dr`sks ugakr spke`di ehga`t`hgs th ehga`t`hgs th `gerkdsk tck pkgdity h tck hkgsk dga edgght mk hskt my my j`t`ldt`gl e`reujstdgeks.
1 A@UQ@GEQ@HG Tudi` i`ooy`gl Dl Dllrdvdt`gl E` E`reujst jstdgek L`vks tck prhpkr dga kxeius`vk gdjk, pideks tck dutchr tckrkh `g suec d s`tudt`hg ds th akskrvk gh htckr pkgdity tcdg tcdt spke`oediiy prkser`mka my idw Edgght gght mk hsk hsktt my J`t `t`l `ldt dt`g `gl l E`r `reeuj ujst std dgek gek Just mk diiklka `g tck `ghrjdt`hg. @gtklrdi pdrt h tck hkgsk
Lkgkr`e Dl Dllrdvdt`gl E` E`reujstdgek @gerkd @ge rkdsk sk pkgdit pkgdity y th tck jdx jdx`ju `juj, j, w`tchu w`tchutt kxekka`gl i`j`t prkser`mka my idw
Jdy mk eh ehjp jpkg kgssdtka dtka my J`t`l `t`ldt dt`g `gl l E`reujstdgek Gkka ght mk diiklka. Jdy mk prhvka hvkr tck hmbket hmb ket`hg `hg h tck ak akkgs kgsk. k. Tud Tudi` i`y`g y`gl l ` ght diiklka w`ii jdfk `t lkgkr`e
; D]Q@EIK 41 HO QCK ]K_@UKA ^KGDI EHAK Qck hiihw`gl drk dllrdvdt`gl e`reujstdgeks2 4. Qcdt davdg davdgtdlk tdlk mk mk tdfkg tdfkg my tck hkgakr hkgakr h c`s pumi`e pumi`e phs`t` phs`t`hg. hg. =. Qcdt tck er`jk er`jk mk ehjj`ttk ehjj`ttka a `g ehgtkjpt ehgtkjpt hr w`tc w`tc `gsuit `gsuit th tck pumi`e pumi`e dutchr`t`k dutchr`t`ks. s. 5. Qcdt Qcdt tck det mk ehjj`tt ehjj`ttka ka w`tc w`tc `gsuit `gsuit hr `g a`srkld a`srkldra ra h tck rkspket rkspket auk auk tck hkgaka hkgaka pdrty pdrty hg deehugt h c`s rdgf, dlk, hr skx, hr tcdt `s mk ehjj`ttka `g tck awkii`gl h tck hkgaka pdrty, ` 1. ;.
?.
. Qcdt tck hkgakr hkgakr cds mkkg prkv`husiy prkv`husiy pug`scka pug`scka my dg hkgsk th wc`ec tck idw dttdecks dttdecks dg kqudi kqudi hr lrkdtkr pkgdity hr hr twh hr jhrk er`jks th wc`ec `t dttdecks d i`lctkr pkgdity. 44. Qcdt tck er`jk mk ehjj`ttka ehjj`ttka `g ehgs`akrdt`hg h d pr`ek, rkwdra, hr prhj`sk. 4=. Qcdt tck er`jk mk ehjj`ttka my my jkdgs h `gugadt` `gugadt`hg, hg, ork, ph`shg, kxpihs`hg, strdga`gl h d vksski hr `gtkrgdt`hgdi adjdlk tckrkth, akrd`ijkgt h d ihehjht`vk, hr my tck usk h dgy htckr drt`oek `gvhiv`gl lrkdt wdstk dga ru`g. 45. Qcdt tck de dett mk ehjj`ttka ehjj`ttka w`tc kv`akgek kv`akgek prkjka`tdt prkjka`tdt`hg. `hg. 41. Qcdt tck erdt, erdt, rdua hr a`slu` a`slu`sk sk mk kjpihyka. kjpihyka. 4;. Qcdt davdgtdlk mk tdfkg h supkr`hr strkgltc, hr jkdgs mk kjpihyka th wkdfkg tck akkgsk. akkgsk. 4?. Qcdt tck det mk ehjj`ttka ehjj`ttka w`tc trkdeckry trkdeckry (dikvhs`d (dikvhs`d). ). Qckrk `s trkdeckry wckg tck hkgakr ehjj`ts dgy h tck er`jks dld`gst tck pkrshg, kjpihy`gl jkdgs, jktchas, hr hrjs `g tck kxkeut`hg tckrkh wc`ec tkga a`rketiy dga spke`diiy th `gsurk `ts kxkeut`hg, w`tchut r`sf th c`jski dr`s`gl rhj tck akkgsk wc`ec tck hkgaka pdrty j`lct jdfk. 4. Qcdt tck er`jk mk ehjj`ttka ehjj`ttka w`tc tck d`a h pkrshgs pkrshgs ugakr otkkg otkkg ykdrs h dlk hr my jkdgs h jhthr vkc`eiks, jhthr`zka wdtkrerdt, d`rsc`ps, hr htckr s`j`idr jkdgs. (Ds djkgaka my ]D ;153). =4. Qcdt tck wrhgl ahgk `g tck ehjj`ss`hg ehjj`ss`hg h tck er`jk mk aki`mkrdtki aki`mkrdtkiy y duljkgtka my edus`gl edus`gl htckr wrhgl ght gkekssdry hr `ts ehjj`ss`hgs.
? DLL]D_DQ@GL E@]E[JUQDGEKU (^]H^K]) 4.
QDF@GL DA_DGQDLK HO ^[MI@E HOO@EK ]kqu`s`tks2 4. Qc Qck k pkr pkrsh shg g ehj ehjj` j`tt tt`g `gl l ttck ck er` r`jk jk `s d pum pumi` i`ee h h ek ekrr =. Qcdt Qcdt sd`a sd`a pum pumi` i`ee hekr hekr uska uska tck tck `guk `gukge gek, k, prks prkst` t`lk lk dg dga a dsek dsekga gadg dgey ey h c`s c`s hek hek `g ttck ck ehjj`ss`hg h tck er`jk 5. Qckr Qckrk k just just mk d prh prhh h tc tcdt dt tc tck k dee deeus uska ka thh thhf f dav davdg dgtd tdlk lk h h c c`s `s pumi pumi`e `e phs` phs`t`h t`hg. g. Uhjk pr`ge`piks hg Dmusk ho ^umi`e ^hs`t`hg2 @t edgght mk hskt my dgy j`t`ldt`gl e`reujstdgeks mkedusk tc`s `s d qudi`y`gl/spke`di f`ga h dllrdvdt`gl e`reujstdgek. [gakr Uket`hg =5, 4(d) h ]D ykdrs hia whjdg wc`ik tck deeuska `s hgiy =5 ykdrs hia. Dllrdvdt`gl hg deehugt h dlk hr skx. D bdg`thr dttdefka c`s mhss `s dllrdvdt`gl hg deehugt h rdgf. Qck dllrdvdt`gl e`reujstdgeks h tck skx dga dlk h tck `gburka pdrty ds wkii ds tchsk h awkii`gl pidek dga g`lctt`jk just dish mk tdfkg `gth deehugt. (^khpik deehugt. (^khpik v. Qdld, ;5 ^c`i. =0 UE]D 5;>)
Mds`s2 Lrkdtkr pkrvkrs`ty ds schwg my pidek h tck ehjj`ss`hg h tck er`jk 1.
DM[UK HO EHGO@AKGEK DGA HM_@H[U [GL]DQKO[IGKUU ]kqu`s`tks ho Dmusk ho Ehgakgek 4. Qck hkg hkgaka aka pdrty pdrty cda cda trus trustka tka tck tck hkga hkgakr kr =. Qck hkgakr hkgakr dmuska dmuska suec trust trust my ehjj`tt` ehjj`tt`gl gl d er`jk er`jk dld`gst dld`gst tck hkgaka hkgaka pdrty pdrty 5. Qck dmusk dmusk h ehgoakgek ehgoakgek de`i de`i`tdtka `tdtka tck ehjj`ss ehjj`ss`hg `hg h tck er`jk er`jk
]kqu`s`tks ho Hmv`hus [glrdtkouigkss 4. Qck hkg hkgaka aka pdrty pdrty cda cda trus trustka tka tck tck hkga hkgakr kr =. Qck hkgakr hkgakr dmuska dmuska suec trust trust my ehjj`tt` ehjj`tt`gl gl d er`jk er`jk dld`gst dld`gst tck hkgaka hkgaka pdrty pdrty 5. Qcdt tck det mk ehjj`ttka ehjj`ttka w`tc hmv`hus hmv`hus uglrdt uglrdtkuig kuigkss kss 1. Qck uglrdtkui uglrdtkuigkss gkss eikdr eikdr dga jdg`k jdg`kst st `glrdt`tua `glrdt`tuak k hg tck pdrt h tck tck deeuska deeuska Uhjk pr`ge`piks ho Dmusk ho Ehgakgek hr Hmv`hus [glrdtkouigkss2 Ah ght ehgusk tc`s w`tc jkrk mktrdydi h trust. Qc`s `s dllrdvdt`gl hgiy wckg tck vkry hkgaka pdrty `s tck hgk wch rkphska tck ehgoakgek. @ tck ehgoakgek `s rkphska my dghtckr, tck hkgaka pdrty `s a`krkgt rhj tck kiihw wch rkphska tck ehgoakgek dga dmusk h ehgoakgek `g tc`s edsk `s ght dllrdvdt`gl. @iiustrdt`hg2 S wch cda tdfkg sckitkr `g tck chusk h c`s mrhtckr, P, rdpka c`s g`kek, \. Qck hkgakr `s d skrvdgt h S wckg ck ph`shgka tck idttkr‐s ec`ia. D bkdihus ihvkr, wch cda dirkday aktkrj`gka th f`ii c`s swkktckdrt, `gv`tka ckr th r`ak `g tck ehugtry. Qck l`ri ugsuspket`gl c`s pidgs, wkgt w`tc c`j. \c`ik tcky wkrk `g tck edr, tck bkdihus ihvkr stdmmka ckr. @t wds ckia tcdt tc`s dllrdvdt`gl e`reujstdgek wds prkskgt (^khpik vs Jdrds`ldg, ^c`i. ;35)
Mds`s2 Lrkdtkr pkrvkrs`ty ds schwg my jkdgs dga wdys kjpihyka. ;.
^DIDEK DGA HQCK] ^IDEKU HO EHJJ@UU@HG HO HOOKGUK Uhjk pr`ge`piks th rkjkjmkr2 Qck pidek h tck ehjj`ss` ehjj`ss`hg hg h tck ki kihgy hgy,, ` `t `s `g Jdi Jdided dedgdg gdgl l pdidek pdidek hr ecurec ecurec,, `s dllrdvdt`gl, rkldraikss h wcktckr tck stdtk hr he`di hr rki`l`hus uget`hgs drk mk`gl ckia. Qck jkrk prkskgek dihgk h tck Ec`k Kxkeut`vk (gkka ght mk `g tck pdidek) th ehgst`tutk suec dllrdvdt`gl e`reujstdgek. M[Q ds rkldras th tck pidek wckrk tck pumi`e dutchr`t`ks drk kgldlka `g tck a`secdrlk h tck`r aut`ks, tckrk just mk shjk pkrhrjdgek h pumi`e uget`hgs. Hkgakr J[UQ cdvk `gtkgt`hg th ehjj`t d er`jk wckg ck kgtkrka tck pidek. [GAK] ^D] =. [GAK] ^D] ;. Qck pumi`e dutchr`t`ks drk `g tck pkrhrjdgek h h tck`r aut`ks. Qck pumi`e dutchr`t`ks wch drk `g tck ^umi`e dutchr`t`ks drk pkrhrj`gl tck`r aut`ks pkrhrjdgek h tck`r aut`ks J[UQ mk `g tck`r huts`ak h tck`r hek. hek ^umi`e ^um i`e dutchr dutchr`ty `ty JDP mk tck tck hkga hkgaka ka pdrt pdrtyy Qck pumi`e pumi`e dutchr dutchr`ty `ty sch schuia uia ght m mk k tck tck hkgaka pdrty @iiustrdt`hg2 @g d edsk wckrk tck deeuska scht tck v`et`js `gs`ak tck ecurec hr `g d edsk h ugbust vkxdt`hg wckrk tck deeuska f`sska d l`ri `gs`ak d ecurec wckg d rki`l`hus skrv`ek wds mk`gl shikjg`zka (^khpik v. Dôhgukvh6 ^khpik v. Aujhi)
Mds`s2 Lrkdtkr pkrvkrs`ty ds schwg my tck pidek h tck ehjj`ss`hg h tck er`jk. ?.
G@LCQ-Q@JK, [G@GCDM@QKA ^IDEK, H] MDGA \ckg g`lctt`jk, ug`gcdm`tka pidek hr mdga `s dllrdvdt`gl ― 4. \ckg `t de`i de`i`td `tdtka tka tck tck ehjj`s ehjj`ss`h s`hg g h tck tck er`jk6 er`jk6 hr =. \ckg kspke ksh pke`di `diiy iy shulct shulct hr my tck hkgak hkgakrr th `gsurk `gsurk tck ehjj`ss` ehjj`ss`hg hg h tck er`jk h hr tck purphsk `jpug`ty 5. \ckg tck tck hkgakr hkgakr thhf thhf davdgt davdgtdlk dlk tckrkh tckrkh hr hr tck purphsk purphsk h `jpug`t `jpug`ty. y. G@LCQQ@JK G`lctt`jk ― G`lctt`jk ― `t `s akogka ugakr Drt`eik 45 h tck Gkw E`v`i Ehak ds d pkr`ha h t`jk rhj sugskt th sugr`sk. Uhjk pr`ge`piks hg er`jks ehjj`ttka `g tck g`lct t`jk2 @ tck er`jk stdrtka aur`gl adyt`jk dga kgaka g`lctt`jk, `t `s ght dllrdvdt`gl @ tck er`jk stdrtka dt g`lct dga kgaka dt ady, `t `s ght dllrdvdt`gl Qck ruik `s2 tck er`jk just mkl`g dga kga aur`gl g`lctt`jk. Adrfgkss `s wcdt jdfks tck e`reujstdgek dllrdvdt`gl. @iiustrdt`hg2 Qck det tcdt tck sekgk h tck `ge`akgt wds `iiuj`gdtka my i`lct hg tck strkkt ds wkii ds tcdt `gs`ak tck vkc`eik h wc`ec wds d pdsskglkr, gkldtks tck ght`hg tcdt tck deeuska cda kspke`diiy shulct hr cda tdfkg davdgtdlk h g`lctt`jk `g hrakr th de`i`tdtk tck ehjj`ss`hg h tck er`jk h tckt hr hr purphsks h `jpug`ty (^khpik v. Bdshg)
[G@GCDM@QKA ^IDEK Uhjk pr`ge`piks hg er`jks ehjj`ttka `g dg [g`gcdm`tka ^idek2 @t `s aktkrj`gka ght my tck a`stdgek h tck gkdrkst chusk th tck sekgk h tck er`jk mut wcktckr hr ght `g tck pidek h tck ehjj`ss`hg h tck hkgsk, tckrk wds d rkdshgdmik phss`m`i`ty h tck v`et`j rkek`v`gl shjk ckip. Kv`akgek tkga`gl th prhvk tcdt tck hkgakr thhf davdgtdlk h tck pidek dga purphskiy dvd`ika h `t `s th jdfk `t kds`kr th ehjj`t tck er`jk, scdii mk gkekssdry. @iiustrdt`hg2 S `s hg mhdra d mdged, ght sh dr dwdy. P dga R dish drk hg mhdra hg tck`r rkspket`vk mdgeds. Uuaakgiy, \ schwka up rhj ugakrwdtkr ugakrwdtkr dga stdmmka S. Qckrk dg dllrdvdt`gl e`reujstdgek e`reujstdgek h ug`gcdm`tka pidek ckrk ehgs`akr`gl tck det tcdt P dga R mkhrk mk`gl dmik th l`vk dss`stdgek st`ii cdvk th bujp `gth tck wdtkr dga sw`j thwdras S dga tck t`jk `t whuia tdfk tckj th ah tcdt, tck ecdgeks h S rkek`v`gl shjk ckip wds vkry i`ttik, aksp`tk tck det tcdt tckrk wkrk htckr pkrshgs ght sh dr rhj tck sekgk (^khpik v. ]um`d ;= ^c`i. 4 pkrshgs, mut hgiy 5 drk drjka, tc`s dllrdvdt`gl e`reujstdgek my d mdga edgght mk ehgs`akrka ([U vs Jkga`lhrkg 4 ^c`i. ?;3)
Mds`s2 Q`jk dga pidek h tck ehjj`ss`hg h tck er`jk dga jkdgs dga wdys kjpihyka =, Jdy 54, 4053) Mds`s2 Jkdgs dga wdys h ehjj`tt`gl tck er`jk 0.
]KE@A@_@UQ A`krkgt ohrjs ho rkpkt`t`hg hr cdm`tudi`ty ho tck hkgakr 4. ]ke`a`v`sj ugakr Drt`eik 41 (0) ― Qck hkgakr dt tck t`jk ho c`s tr`di ohr hgk er`jk scdii cdvk mkkg prkv`husiy ehgv`etka my gdi bualjkgt ho dghtckr kjmrdeka `g tck sdjk t`tik ho tck ]kv`ska ^kgdi Ehak. =. ]kpkt`t`hg hr rk`tkrde`hg ugakr rk`tkrde`hg ugakr Drt`eik 41 (4>) ― Qck hkgakr cds mkkg prkv`husiy pug`scka ohr dg hkgsk wc`ec tck idw dttdecks dg kqudi hr lrkdtkr pkgdity hr ohr twh hr jhrk er`jks th wc`ec `t dttdecks d i`lctkr pkgdity. 5. Cdm`tudi aki`gqukgey ugakr ugakr Drt`eik ?= (;) ― Qck hkgakr w`tc`g tck pkr`ha ho 4> ykdrs orhj tck adtk ho c`s rkikdsk hr idst ehgv`et`hg ho tck er`jks ho skr`hus hr ikss skr`hus p pcys`edi cys`edi `gbur`ks, rhmh, curth, kstdod hr odis`edt`hg, `s ohuga lu`ity ho tck dgy ho sd`a er`jks d tc`ra t`jk hr hotkgkr. 1. Tuds`-rke`a`v`sj Tuds`-rke`a`v`sj ugakr ugakr Drt`eik 4?> ― Dgy pkrshg wch scdii ehjj`t d okihgy dotkr cdv`gl mkkg ehgv`etka my gdi bualjkgt mkohrk mkl`gg`gl th skrvk suec skgtkgek hr wc`ik skrv`gl suec skgtkgek scdii mk pug`scka my tck jdx`juj pkr`ha prkser`mka my idw ohr tck gkw okihgy ]ke`a`v`st ― ]ke`a`v`st ―my d pkrshg wch, dt h tckdghtckr t`jk her`jk c`s tr`di hr hgk `g er`jk, scdii Q`tik cdvkh mkkg ehgv`etka ogdi bualjkgt kjmrdeka tck sdjk tck prkv`husiy ]kv`ska ^kgdi Ehak.
]kqu`s`tks2 4. Qcdt Qcdt tck tck hkgak hkgakrr `s hg tr`d tr`dii hr hr dg hkgsk hkgsk66 =. Qcdt ck wds wds prkv`husi prkv`husiy y ehgv`etka ehgv`etka my ogdi ogdi bualjkgt bualjkgt h h dghtckr dghtckr er`jk6 er`jk6 5. Qcdt mhtc mhtc tck orst orst dga tck skehga skehga hkgsks hkgsks drk drk kjmrdeka kjmrdeka `g tck tck sdjk t`tik t`tik h tck Ehak. Ehak. 1. Qcdt Qcdt tck hkga hkgakr kr `s ehgv ehgv`et `etka ka h tck tck gkw gkw hkgsk. hkgsk. Uhjk pr`ge`piks `g ]ke`a`v`sj2 @g rke`a`v`sj, tck er`jks ehjj`ttka schuia mk kihg`ks. ]ke`a`v`sj edgght mk cda ` tck er`jk ehjj`ttka `s d v`hidt`hg h d spke`di idw. ]ke`a`v`sj ahks ght prkser`mk. Gh jdttkr chw ihgl dlh tck hkgakr wds ehgv`etka, ` ck `s sumskqukgtiy ehgv`etka h d er`jk kjmrdeka `g tck sdjk t`tik h tck ]kv`ska ^kgdi Ehak, `t `s tdfkg `gth deehugt ds dllrdvdt`gl `g `jphs`gl tck pkgdity. ^drahg ahks ght krdsk rke`a`v`sj, kvkg ` `t `s dmshiutk mkedusk `t hgiy kxeusks tck skrv`ek h tck pkgdity, mut ght tck ehgv`et`hg. @ tck hkgakr cds dirkday skrvka c`s skgtkgek dga ck wds kxtkgaka dg dmshiutk pdrahg, tck pdrahg scdii krdsk tck ehgv`et`hg `geiua`gl rke`a`v`sj mkedusk tckrk `s gh jhrk pkgdity sh `t scdii mk ugakrsthha ds rkkrr`gl th tck ehgv`et`hg hr tck kkets h tck er`jk. @iiustrdt`hg2 S wds ehgv`etka ehgv`etka h Chj`e`ak Chj`e`ak hg Ukptkjmkr 4;, =>444 ykdrs rhj tck adtk h c`s rkikdsk rkikdsk hr idst ehgv`et`hg h tck er`jks h skr`hus hr ikss i kss skr`hus pcys`edi `gbur`ks, rhmh, curth, kstdd hr dis`oedt`hg, `s huga lu`ity h tck dgy h sd`a er`jks d tc`ra t`jk hr htkgkr. ]KE@A@_@UJ
CDM@Q[DI AKI@GT[KGEP
4. =ga ehgv`et`hg `s kghulc =. ]kqu`rks ]kqu`rks tck er`jk er`jk th mk ugakr ugakr tck sdjk t`tik
4. 5ra ehgv`et`hg `s gkekssdry =. Er`jks drk spke`oe spke`oe 5. \ckg tck gkxt er`j er`jk k ehjj`ttka
5. Ahks Ahks ght prkser prkser`mk `mk 1. Lkgkr`e Lkgkr`e dllrdvdt`gl dllrdvdt`gl wc`ec wc`ec edg mk hskt my dg hra`gdry j`t`ldt`gl e`reujstdgek
cdppkgka dtkr tck rklidjkgtdry pkr`ha ― edgght mk ehgs`akrka. 1. Upke`di just mk ehgs`akrka, daa`t`hgdi pkgdity kvkry er`jk ehjj`ttka mdef tckg.
Mds`s2 Lrkdtkr pkrvkrs`ty ds schwg my c`s `gei`gdt`hg th er`jks
4>.
]K@QK]DQ@HG H] CDM@Q[DI@QP
]kpkt`t`hg hr rk`tkrde`hg rk`tkrde`hg ― Qck hkgakr cds mkkg prkv`husiy pug`scka hr dg hkgsk wc`ec tck idw dttdecks dg kqudi hr lrkdtkr pkgdity hr hr twh hr jhrk er`jks th wc`ec `t dttdecks d i`lctkr pkgdity. ]kqu`s`tks2 4. Qcdt Qcdt tck tck deeus deeuska ka `s `s hg tr` tr`di di hr hr dg dg hkgs hkgsk6 k6 =. Qcdt ck prkv`husi prkv`husiy y skrvka skgtkge skgtkgek k hr dghtckr dghtckr hkgsk hkgsk th wc`ec tck idw idw dttdecks dttdecks dg kqudi kqudi hr lrkdtkr pkgdity, hr hr twh hr jhrk er`jks th wc`ec `t dttdecks i`lctkr pkgdity tcdg tcdt hr tck gkw hkgsk6 dga 5. Qcdt Qcdt ck `s ehgv ehgv`et `etka ka h h tck tck gkw gkw hkgs hkgsk. k. ]dt`hgdik2 @t `s dllrdvdt`gl mkedusk tck idw kxpkets tcdt s`gek tck deeuska cds dirkday tdstka ]dt`hgdik2 pug`scjkgt, ck schuia jhrk hr ikss rkrd`g rhj ehjj`tt`gl er`jk dld`g. Uhjk pr`ge`piks `g ]k`tkrde`hg2 @g rk`tkrde`hg, tck hkgakr cds dirkday tdstka tck m`ttkrgkss h tck pug`scjkgt Qck er`jk sumskqukgtiy ehjj`ttka schuia mk c`lckr hr dt ikdst kqudi th tck pkgdity tcdt tck deeuska cds dirkday skrvka @ tck sumskqukgt er`jk ehjj`ttka `s i`lctkr tcdg tck er`jk th wc`ec tck pkgdity cds mkkg skrvka, tck rkqu`rkjkgt th jdfk `t dllrdvdt`gl `s tcdt twh (=) hr jhrk er`jks just mk sumskqukgtiy ehjj`ttka ]KE@A@_@UJ
]K@QK]DE@HG
4. ]kqu`rks ]kqu`rks prkv`hus prkv`hus ehgv`et` ehgv`et`hg hg w`tc ogdi bualjkgt =. Qck hkgsk hkgsk diis diis ugakr ugakr tck sdjk sdjk t`tik 5. GH rkqu`rkj rkqu`rkjkgt kgt rkqu`rka rkqu`rka th pkgdity dttdecka
4. ]kqu`rks ]kqu`rks skrv`ek skrv`ek h skgtkge skgtkgek k =. Ght rkqu`rka rkqu`rka th mk ugakr ugakr tck sdjk t`tik 5. Kqudi hr lrkdtkr lrkdtkr pkgdity pkgdity ds ehjpdrka th wcdt tck deeuska `s de`gl ghw hr ` i`lctkr, tckrk just mk dt ikdst = hkgsks.
@iiustrdt`hg2 @ S cda mkkg pug`scka hr Ui`lct ^cys`edi @gbur`ks `g =>4? dga `g =>4< ehjj`ttka ]dpk, c`s
i`dm`i`ty tckrkhrk `s dllrdvdtka my ]k`tkrde`hg mkedusk ]dpk cds lrkdtkr pkgdity tcdg Ui`lct ^cys`edi @gbur`ks. Mds`s2 Lrkdtkr pkrvkrs`ty ds schwg my c`s `gei`gdt`hg th er`jks 44.
^]@EK, ]K\D]A H] ^]HJ@UK Uhjk pr`ge`piks th rkjkjmkr2 Qh mk ehgs`akrka ds dllrdvdt`gl, tck pr`ek, rkwdra hr prhj`sk just mk tck pr`jdry rkdshg hr tck pr`jhra`di jht`vk hr tck ehjj`ss`hg h h tck er`jk, htckrw`sk, `t `s ght dllrdvdt`gl. Jkrk prhj`sk `s sue`kgt, ds ihgl ds `t `s tck pr`jdry rkdshg @iiustrdt`hg2
S dpprhdecka P dga dsfka c`j wcdt ck tchulct dmhut R. P dgswkrka tcdt R `s d mda jdg dga ck w`ii f`ii f`ii c`j. Uh S thia P tcdt ` ck ah tcdt, tcdt, S w`ii l`vk c`j c`j ^;,>>>.>>. ^;,>>>.>>. Dtkr f` f`ii`g ii`gl l R, P dpprhdecka S dga akjdgaka tck pdyjkgt. @g tc`s edsk, tckrk `s gh dllrdvdt`gl e`reujstdge e`reujstdgek k `g ehgs`akrdt`hg h d pr`ek, rkwdra hr prhj`sk mkedusk tck sdjk `s ght tck pr`jdry rkdshg hr ehjj`tt`gl tck er`jk. Qck pr`jdry rkdshg wds tck tchulct ttcdt cdt R `s d mda jdg.
Mds`s2 Lrkdtkr pkrvkrs`ty ds schwg my tck jht`vdt`gl phwkr. 4=.
MP JKDGU HO @G[GADQ@HG, O@]K, KQE. Uhjk pr`ge`piks th rkjkjmkr2 O`rk `s ght dllrdvdt`gl `g tck er`jk h h Drshg mkedusk tck sdjk `s dmshrmka tck suec er`jk Qck purphsk `g kjpihy`gl tck jkdgs just mk th f`ii tck v`et`j th ehgs`akr `t dllrdvdt`gl \ckgkvkr d f`ii`gl `s ahgk w`tc tck usk h ork, ds wckg th f`ii shjkhgk, yhu murg ahwg c`s chusk wc`ik tck idttkr `s `gs`ak, tc`s `s jurakr. Qckrk `s gh suec er`jk ds jurakr w`tc drshg hr drshg w`tc chj`e`ak. Qck er`jk ehjj`ttka `s hgiy jurakr. jurakr. @iiustrdt`hg2 S dga P wkrk drlu`g drlu`gl l dmhut shjktc`gl. shjktc`gl. Hgk drlujkgt drlujkgt ika th dghtckr ugt`i S struef P th akdtc w`tc d mhih. S a`a ght fghw tcdt R, tck shg h P wds dish `g tck`r chusk dga wch wds pkkp`gl tcrhulc tck ahhr dga sdw wcdt wcdt S a`a. Drd`a tcdt S j`lct f`ii f`ii c`j, thh, ck c`a shjkwckrk `g tck chus chusk. k. S tckg ardllka ardll ka P's mhay dga phurka ldshi`gk ldshi`gk hg `t dga murgka tck chusk dithlktckr. dithlktckr. Ds d ehgskqukge ehgskqukgek, k, R wds murgka dga kvkgtudiiy a`ka thh. Ds dr ds tck f`ii`gl h P `s ehgekrgka, `t `s chj`e`ak s`gek `t `s ghtka tcdt tcky wkrk drlu`gl. @t ehuia ght mk jurakr. Ds dr ds tck f`ii`gl h R `s ehgekrgka, tck er`jk `s drshg s`gek s`gek ck `gtkga `gtkgaka ka th murg murg tck chusk chusk hgiy. Gh suec suec er`jk er`jk ds drshg drshg w`tc chj`e chj`e`ak `ak.. Idw kghrekrs kghre krs hgiy usk tc`s th `ga`edtk `ga`edtk tcdt d f`ii`gl f`ii`gl heeurrka heeurrka wc`ik drshg wds mk`gl ehjj`ttka. Dt tck jhst, yhu ehuia aks`lgdtk `t ds ’akdtc ds d ehgskqukgek h drshg.‚ Mds`s2 Jkdgs dga wdys kjpihyka
45.
K_@AKGQ ^]KJKA@QDQ@HG Qh mk dllrdvdt`gl, tck ohiihw`gl just mk dpprke`dtka2 d. Qck t`jk t`jk wckg wckg tck tck hkgakr hkgakr aktkrj`g aktkrj`gka ka th th ehjj`t ehjj`t tck tck er` er`jk jk m. Dg det j jdg`ks dg`kstiy tiy `ga`edt `ga`edt`gl `gl tcdt tck tck euipr`t euipr`t cds eiugl eiugl th c`s aktkrj` aktkrj`gdt`h gdt`hg g e. D sue`kgt sue`kgt idpsk idpsk h t`jk mktwkkg mktwkkg tck aktkrj`g aktkrj`gdt`hg dt`hg dga dga kxkeut`hg, kxkeut`hg, th diihw diihw c`j th rkket rkket uphg tck ehgskqukgeks h c`s det @iiustrdt`hgs2 Hg Jhgady, S tchulct h f`ii`gl P hg Or`ady. S fgkw tcdt P `s ehj`gl chjk hgiy kvkry Or`ady sh ck ake`aka th f`ii P hg Or`ady kvkg`gl wckg ck ehjks chjk. Hg Qcursady, S jkt P dga f`iika c`j. Qckrk `s gh kv`akgt prkjka`tdt`hg `g tc`s edsk mkedusk tck dttdef wds suaakg. @gstkda, tckrk `s trkdeckry.
S dgadga P cda d ost`e olct. P tcrkdtkgka S schut`gl mufds gdh idgl dgl mucdy jh‚, tckrkdtkr hrlht kvkrytc`gl th mutf`iiwckg ck sdw’cdglldgl P `g tck dtkrghhg tcdt ady, ck
stdmmka c`j. Qckrk `s gh kv`akgt prkjka`tdt`hg mkedusk tck rkqu`tk gh. = `s j`ss`gl. @ chwkvkr, dtkr tck tcrkdt, S mhulct d mhih dga ihhfka hr P wchj ck f`iika w`tc tck sd`a mhih, tckrk `s kv`akgt prkjka`tdt`hg. @g ^khpik vs. Edmhahe, Edmhahe, tck Uuprkjk Ehurt ehgs`akrka tck idpsk h 5 º churs wckrk dt 4pj, tck deeuska hpkgka c`s mdi`shgl dga uttkrka ’@ w`ii f`ii c`j (v`et`j)‚ dga dt 125>pj h tck sdjk adtk, tck deeuska stdmmka tck v`et`j. v`et`j. Qck 5 º churs rhj tck `gekpt`hg h tck pidg th tck kxkeut`hg h tck er`jk sdt`soks tck idst rkqu`s`tk.
Mds`s2 \dys h ehjj`tt`gl tck er`jk 41.
E]DOQ, O]D[A H] A@UL[@UK d. Erdot ― `gvhivks `gtkiiketudi tr`efkry dga eugg`gl hg tck pdrt h tck tc k deeuska @iiustrdt`hgs2 Qck det h tck deeuska `g prktkga`gl th mk mhgd oak pdsskglkrs `g tck tdx` edm ar`vkg my tck akekdska, wckg tcky wkrk ght sh `g det, `g hrakr ght th drhusk c`s susp`e`hg, dga tckg f`ii`gl c`j, ehgst`tutka erdt (^khpik v. Adhs, ?> ^c`i. 415)
m. Ordua ― `gs`a`hus whras dga jdec`gdt`hgs uska th `gauek tck v`et`j th det `g d jdggkr wc`ec whuia kgdmik tck hkgakr th edrry hut c`s c `s aks`lg. @iiustrdt`hgs2 \ckrk tck akkgadgts `gaueka tck`r v`et`js th l`vk up tck`r drjs uphg d prhj`sk tcdt gh cdrj schuia mk ahgk th tckj, dga wckg tck idttkr ldvk up tck`r drjs, tck hrjkr dttdefka dga f`iika tckj, `t wds ckia tcdt tckrk wds rdua ([.U. vs Dmki`gak, 4 ^c`i. ;?3)
E]DOQ Qck det h tck deeuska ahgk `g hrakr GHQ th drhusk susp`e`hg rhj tck v`et`j
O]D[A \ckg tckrk `s d a`rket `gauekjkgt my `gs`a`hus whras hr jdec`gdt`hgs
e. A`slu`sk ― rkshrt`gl th dgy akv`sk th ehgekdi `akgt`ty @iiustrdt`hg2 Qck det tcdt tck akkgadgt cda c`s dek midefkgka `g hrakr tcdt ck schuia ght mk rkehlg`zka dt tck t`jk ck ehjj`ttka tck er`jk ehgst`tutks tck dllrdvdt`gl e`reujstdgek h a`slu`sk ([.U. a`slu`sk ([.U. v. Ehordad, 1 ^c`i. 4;1) Mds`s2 Jkdgs kjpihyka `g tck ehjj`ss`hg h tck er`jk
4;.
U[^K]@H] UQ]KGLQC H] JKDGU QH \KDFKG AKOKGUK Uhjk pr`ge`piks hg tck dmusk ho supkr`hr strkgltc2
Qckrk just mk kv`akgek h ghthr`hus `gkqudi`ty h hreks mktwkkg tck hkgakr dga tck hkgaka pdrty `g tck`r dlk, s`zk dga strkgltc dga tcdt tck hkgakr thhf davdgtdlk h suec supkr`hr strkgltc `g ehjj`tt`gl er`jk. Qck det tcdt twh (=) pkrshgs drk dttdef`gl tck v`et`j ahks ght pkr sk ehgst`tutk dmusk h supkr`hr strkgltc. Qckrk just mk usk h kxekss`vk hrek hut h prhphrt`hg th tck jkdgs dvd`idmik th tck pkrshg dttdefka th akkga c`jski. @iiustrdt`hg2 Hgk wch, wc`ik olct`gl w`tc dghtckr, suaakgiy edsts sdga hr a`rt uphg tck idttkr‐s kyks dga tckg whugas whugas hr f`i f`iis is c`j c`j,, kv`akg kv`akgtiy tiy kjpihys kjpihys jkdgs jkdgs wc`ec wc`ec wkd wkdfkg fkg tck akkgs akkgsk k h c`s hpphgkgt (^khpik v. U`dthgl, L.]. Gh. I-0=1=, Jdrec =0, 40;> UE]D =4=
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