Advanced Special Subject 2.3. Gerunds VS To V-Inf

 

 ADVANCED SPECIAL SUBJECT SUBJECT 2.3. GERUNDS vs TO V-INF SECTION A. PRACTICE EXERCISES I. Correct the sentences if necessary. 1. To take regular exercise is becoming quite a trend these days. 2. I don’t mind to be interviewed in the street by market researchers. 3. Excuse my interrupting, but I can give you the directions you want. 4. Since he’s been in Ireland, he’s got used to driving on the left. 5. The company achieved its productivity target by offering incentives to the workforce. 6. You can go to sightsee in London from the top of a double-decker bus.

7. In addition to lose all my money, I realised my my credit card had been stolen. 8. I can’t stand him coughing and sneezing all over us. He should stay at home if he’s got a cold. 9. It’s no use to tell me all your problems. You’ll have to see the student counsellor. 10. She burst out crying as soon as she saw our shocked faces. 11. Most cats enjoy be stroked. 12. I’m afraid I just can’t face to go into the witness box and tell all those people what happened. II. Complete the sentences with the gerund or the ininitive of the verb in brackets. 1. Humility means (be) _______________ able to admit you’re sometimes wrong. 2. You will not be permitted (enter) _______________ the building without the Chief Fire Oficer’s permission. 3. I’d be interested (know) _______________ if the chair in astrophysics is still still vacant. 4. I’ll never forget (see) _______________ the factory chimney collapse in a cloud of smoke and rubble. 5. Bankers advised the owners of the ailing theme park (reduce) _______________ entry charges in a bid to attract more visitors. 6. All the report’s recommendations recommendations need (review) _____________ in the light of the committee’s statement statementss to the press. 7. The politician was accused if trying (stir up) _______________ trouble in his constituency as a ploy to divert attention from his own affairs. 8. I don’t think my uncle will ever get used to (be) _____________ at home all day instead of (go) _______________ out to work  SECTION B. USE OF ENGLISH: ADVANCED EXERCISES I. PHRASAL VERBS 1.1. Complete each of the sentences with the correct form of one of the verbs below and the practice DOWN PART A. blow chop kneel lie pour shoot sit slow calm cool cut fall mark quieten tear tone 1. Make Make your yourse self lf at at h hom ome. e. ……… …………… ………… ……… … . I’ll I’ll be be wit with h you you in a mom momen ent. t. 2. I ffee eell a bi bitt ttir ired ed so I thi think nk I’ll I’ll …… ………… ………… ………… …… fo forr a whil while. e. 3. Yo You’ u’d d bet bette terr ttak ake e you yourr umb umbre rell lla a bec becau ause se it it’s ’s …… ………… ………… ………… …….. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

Yo You’ u’re re dri drivi ving ng to too o fas fast! t! ……… …………… ………… ……… … or or you you’l ’lll have have an an acc accid iden ent! t! The The ttre ree e was was dyin dying g sso o he he had had to …………… ……………… ……… … it it …… ……………. ………. Ta Tall ll people people can can be very very frigh frighten tenin ing g for small small child children ren.. If you’r you’re e tal tall, l, ………… ……………… ………… …… when when you’ you’re re speak speaking ing tto o them so that you’re at their levels. It was was very very wi wind ndy y last last ni nigh ghtt a and nd seve severa rall tree treess wer were e ……… …………… ………… ………. …. Did Did you you hear hear on on the the new newss that that a UN pl plan ane e was was ………… ……………… ………… …… this this m mor orni ning ng?? This coffee coffee’s ’s too hot! hot! I’ll wait until until it has has ………………… …………………… … before before I drink it. it. There’s no need to get so excited! T Try ry to ………………… ……………………! …! If they saw any posters with his picture on on,, the protestors ………… …………………… ………… them …… ………………. …………. If you can’t give up sm smoking oking entirely, at least try to … ………………… …………………! …! Everyone started talk talking ing at once. Finally, after they they had ……………………, ……………………, he continue continued d speaking. The church tower was damaged in th the e storm and a week week later, it ………………… ……………………. ….

15. During the sale ssome ome prices were ………………… …………………… … by as much as 50 percent. 16. So as not to cause offence they asked asked her to …………………… …………………… her her speech.

 

PART B. cop copy fa fall ll get kee eep p ti tiee tum tumbl blee wa wate terr wave wave lut utte terr jot lay narr rrow ow pl play ay scal cale 1. I’m so annoyed with myself for making a mistake! - You shouldn’t let it …………………… …………………… you …………… like this. 2. A teacher might see you if you put your head up! ……… ……………………… …………………! …! 3. It’s important to follow the instructions so ………………………… ………………………… the details carefully and check them 4. It’s a very weak argument that ………………………… on at least two points. 5. Ann can do what she likes. She has no family responsibilities to …………………… her …………… . 6. When the car broke down, we stood by the side of the road and manages to ………………………… a passing motorist, who gave us a lift to town. 7. They didn’t like the strong language in his speech and they asked him to …………………… it …………… to avoid a

diplomatic incident. 8. The boy took a tin from the bottom of the stack and the rest came ………………………….. ………………………….. 9. I’d better just ………………………… those dates in case I forget. 10. The Soviets tried to ……………… ……………… the incident at Chernobyl. It was much more serious than they admitted at irst. 11. We were starting to run out of money so we’ve had to ………………………… ………………………… our operations. 12. The regulations ………………………… minimum safety standards in the workplace. 13. As I looked up a piece of paper came ……………………… ………………………… … from a window on the third loor. 14. Originally, we had over ifty suspects but we’ve managed to …………………… them ……………… to ive. 1.2. Complete each sentence with the correct form of one o ne of the verbs given and the practice DOWN. bring come go hold know put take turn 1. As my fri friend end was crossi crossing ng the road, she was …… …………………… …………………… …… by a speeding car. 2. The couple st stood ood on the beach beach and watched watched the sun sun ……………………… ………………………… … over the horizon. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

The Opposition parties hope the sca scandal ndal will ……………………… ………………………… … the president and his government. government. Our dog wa wass in such such pain that that we had him …………… …………………… …………… …… . Mary, there’s ssomeone omeone on the phone phone with an urgent urgent order. Can you ………………… ………………………… ……… it …………… …………… please? please? The prisoner be because cause violent and and it took 4 oficers oficers to ………………………… ………………………… him him …………… ……………… …. Now we’ve mo moved ved to the country, why don’t you ………………… ………………………… ……… and and visit us more more time? The committe committee e had very strong strong feelings about the kind of person who wasn’t wasn’t acceptable acceptable.. They ………………………… ………………………… any applicant who was wearing jeans, for example. Land was needed needed for for the new motorwa motorway y and 100 houses houses were …………… …………………… …………… …… to make make way for it. We’re spent hours putting up all the decorations. decorations. When the party party’s ’s over, we’ll have to ………………… ………………… them all again. It’s a bit chilly in here. They’ve … ………………… ……………………… ……… the heating. heating. Just as we arrived, the sky went very very black and the rain ……… ……………………… ………………… … so heavily that we got so extremely extremely wet. As you can imagine, the news of the team’s team’s defeat didn’t …… …………………… …………………… …… very well.

14. The boss doesn’t criticise criticise other people like that. Why does he have to …… …………………… ……………… he herr ……………… all all the time? 15. So Sid’s unemployed again! He just can’t can’t ………………………… ………………………… a job for more more than a few weeks! 16. The government is doing doing its best to ………………………… ………………………… the cost of houses houses so that more people can afford to buy a home of their own again. 1.3. Match an item on the right with an item on the left. Use each item o once nce only. PART A. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

The birds ………………………… The building ………………………… The car ………………………… The noise ………………………… The plane ………………………… The police ………………………… The rain ………………………… The sun …………………………

PART B.

A. beat down and we got very hot. B. broke down on the journey home. C. burnt down and all the contents were destroyed. D. cracked down hard to prevent more violence. E. died down and I was able able to concentrate concentrate again. F. pelted down and they got extremely wet. G. swooped down and took the bread crumbs from the grass. H. touched down at the airport two hours late.

 

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

batter down ………………………… note down ………………………… pull down ………………………… set down ………………………… shout down ………………………… slam down ………………………… track down ………………………… wash down …………………………

A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H.

the blinds if the sun gets too bright. your new address. the door to get in. the information I was looking for. minimum standards of hygiene. the phone, looking very angry. the wa walls be before yo your st start pa painting. the sp spe eak aker er so he he’s ’s una unable to con continue inue..

II. IDIOMS 2.1. Fill in the correct word in the dialogues below: clouded/cloud/hazy/brighten clouded/cloud/hazy/brigh ten up/warmed up/warmed/wind/line/shot/marching/stick/fort/guns/gunn up/warmed/wind/line/shot/marching/stick/fort/guns/gunning/ ing/ stab 1. Did you hear about David? > No. Why did he leave so suddenly? Well, apparently, he left under a ________ Someone found out that he had been stealing from the company expense account! 2. How was the ofice party? > A bit slow at irst, but it soon ________ when the boss left! 3. So, you met my old friend Larry yesterday. What did you think of him? > A great guy! Yes, I ________ to him straightaway. 4. Have you replied to that letter from the bank? > Not yet. Can you help me? I'm a bit ________ about what to do, actually. 5. Did you have a good time last night? > Not really. Jill had some sad news which ________ the whole evening. 6. Well, is it going to be a week sightseeing in Belgium or a fortnight in Bali? > Let's throw caution to the ________ Two weeks in the sun! We can worr worry y about paying for it when we come back! 7. Liz seemed a bit depressed this morning. > Oh, she'll soon ________ when I tell her she's being sent to Paris! 8. Doesn't Ian work here any more? > Oh, no. He got his ________ orders when he turned up late three days running. 9. Where's Helen? > She's just popped out for something. She asked me to hold the ________ till she got back. 10. I thought Mark was very rude to you in the meeting this morning. > Yes, I think he's________ for me for some reason. I don't think he like likess the fact that our departmen departmentt is so successful. 11. Do you think I should drop my ideas for the new ofice? > No, I think you're right. You should ________ to your guns. Don't give in. 12. What's it like working for your father? > Worse than I thought! If I step out of ________ , he's tougher on me than on anyone else in the company. 13. Why are you so angry? You know I disagree with you.

> But you didn't needrange to ________ __ ______ me intaken the back frontit? of>everyone else! great ________ 14. The new product really has off,in hasn't Yes, it's going 15. I know you don't like writing, but I need someone to write a short report of last night's meeting. Do you think you could have a go? > OK. I'll have a ________ at it, but I'm not promising anything! 2.2. Use the following words to complete the idioms in these sentences: head/sights/back/command /crossire/posts/ranks/shots/inishing / winning/ lying/ falling /race/hurdle/record/pace 1. Ben and Ian were having a heated argument about something. I decided to leave the room as I didn't want to get  caught in the ________ 2. Gill is very ambitious. She's set her ________ on running her own company by the time she's 30, and I think she'll do it! She's that sort of person. 3. You've met Pete before, haven't you? He's my second in ________ 4. Sarah and Ewan are business partners, but she's the one who calls the ________ 5. Mike's in a dreadful mood. Everything's gone wrong. If I were you, I'd I 'd keep my ________ down for a while until things have quietened down. 6. One of the major supermarket chains has broken ________ with the others and agreed that UK food prices are higher than any other country in Europe.

 

7. Make sure you put the details on paper and let your head of department have a copy. It's always best to keep your ________ covered. 8. Lunch can't go on forever! Come on, everyone, back to our ________ 9. Everything needs to be inished by Friday, so we're in a ________ against time. 10. Because everyone was so enthusiastic, we got off to a ________ start and the whole project was inished in two weeks. 11. Everyone's working overtime at the moment to try to get things inished but it's going to be dificult to keep up this ________ 12. A couple of team members have been ill so we're ________ behind with the work. 13. The whole project never really got started. It fell at the irst ________ 14. After six months of continuous research, interviews and writing, I'm pleased to say the ________ line is in sight. The book will be published in the spring. 15. We've had a few problems to overcome but I think we're ________ now. 16. Everyone worked so well together that the brochure was designed, printed, and in the shops in ________ time. III. COLLOCATIONS & IDIOMS 3.1. Choose the best answer to complete the following sentences 1: My best friend Joanna is absolutely gorgeous. She has long, sleek, jet-black hair, pale blue eyes and a ____complexion. A. radiation B. radiant C. radiated D. radiative 2: If you say that somebody is as lat as a ______, you are emphasizing that he/she is completely lat. A. cake B. pea cake C. pancake D. noodle 3: People always compliment on her hourglass ______ and ask her the secret to maintaining maintaining such a slender waist. A. number B. igure C. sum D. amount   4: She has a round face with an upturned nose, and she actually bears a striking resemblance resemblance to a famous singer. A. lo look okss extr extrem emel ely y si simi mila larr to B. extr extrem emel ely y ta take kess a aft fter er C. ma make kess acqu acquai aint ntan ance cess wi with th D. both A & B are correct  5: After getting some sleep, I was as fresh as a ______ and continued to work. A. lowers B. daisy C. peach D. rose 6: Joanna could get any guy she wanted – so I was really surprised when she introduces me to her latest boyfriend, who I think is ______ ugly. A. bitterly B. extremely C. ostentatiously D. hideously 7: Do you think this dress is too young-looking for me? – I don’t want to look like mutton dressed as ______. A. lamp B. lamb C. stamp D. ramp 8: He has an ______ build, with broad shoulders and muscular arms. If he would only trim his berd and comb his hair, I suppose he could be considered somewhat attractive. A. energetic B. dynamic C. strong D. athletic 9: His arm was ______, so he couldn’t carry his case. A. black and blue B. black and white C. blue and black D. white and black   10: Marilyn turned as white as a sheet when the policeman told her that her son had been in a car wreck. A. god B. ghost C. sheep D. fairy 11: I don’t think of myself as being ______ the hill yet. I’m too old. A. on B. over C. at D. behind 12: Whenever I asked about his girlfriend, he would go as red as a ______. A. beetroot B. sun C. chilly D. tomato 13: Why don’t we ever sing new songs? Those hymns are as old as the ______. A. mountains B. hills C. Everest D. chops 14: When I was knee-high to a grasshopper, I loved playing with dolls and stuffed animals. D. small A. an teenager B. an adult C. an infant   15: The twins are like two peas in a ______ and apart from their parents, no one can tell them apart. A. pod B. pond C. pound D. proud 16: He’s a little ______ in the tooth to be wearing shorts, don’t you think?

 

A. green B. long C. old 17: I love these pants because they ______ like a glove and they’re so comfortable. A. seem B. are C. it 18: I’m no spring ______, so I can’t stay out till 2 AM drinking and dancing anymore. A. chicken B. hen C. cock 19: You won’t be living to a ______ old age if you keep eating all that junk food. A. ripe B. ripen C. ripening 20: Although they are twins, they are as different as ______ and cheese. A. butter B. chalk C. coal

D. strong D. look

 

D. peacock

 

D. ripened D. roast

 

3.2. Choose the best answer to complete the following sentences 1: He’s so sensitive about being short he hates it if you ______ a joke about his height. A. make B. take C. have D. get   2: He was forced to ______ his pride and ask is he could have his old job back. A. vomit B. digest C. swallow D. chew 3: Charlie threw a tantrum in the shop because I wouldn’t buy him any sweets. A. made B. had C. gave D. did 4: She walked in as cool as a ______, as if nothing had happened. A. money B. cucumber C. coconut D. carrot   5: No matter what route the Railroad decides on, they’ll have to ______ to terms with Beecher and Baxter. A. agree B. go C. come D. comply 6: I ______ complete conidence in her. She’ ll be perfect for the job.

A. give B. have/put C. gain D. boost 7: He always makes ______ decisions and never think about their consequences. A. hurried B. rapid C. quick D. snap 8: Three months into the relationship, Rogers began to show his true colors. A. reveal B. conceal C. announce D. open 9: He gave his word that he would marry her and she had no cause to doubt him. C. promised D. said A. swore B. declared 10: Amanda still has/holds a grudge against me for refusing to lend her that money. A. bear B. had C. keeps D. hold 11: Will you give me a chance to ______ my mind or am I supposed to agree with everything you say? A. speak B. talk C. say D. tell 12: He knew what they were doing was wrong, but his ______ streak kept him from intervening. intervening.

 

A. red B. blue C. green D. yellow 13: She was as pleased as ______ about the gift we gave to her on her birthday. A. bunch B. punch C. lunch D. crunch 14: She is a warm and friendly person, but she is also as tough as ______ at work. A. snails B. hails C. nails D. rails 15: I almost stood up and sang, but I decided I didn’t want to ______ a fool out of myself. A. take B. make C. have D. give 16: There is no point in forcing her to do what she doesn’t want. She is as stubborn as a ______. A. mule B. rabbit C. worm D. fox 17: They showed open hostility towards their new neighbors. A. obvious B. spacious C. generous D. clear 18: No one paid attention to his proposals. His ideas met with a hostile reception. A. cool B. frost C. protest D. cold 19: He is a nice guy to hang out with, nevertheless he tends to have a selish ______. A. stream B. trick C. streak D. leak   20: If you have a superiority ______, you believe that you are better, cleverer, or more important than other people.

 

A. complex B. attitude C. impression D. idea 3.3. Choose the best answer to complete the following sentences 1: It’s normal to go through a roller ______ of emotions after the end of a long-term relationship A. coaster B. coastal C. roaster D. boaster 2: Tim was as sick as a parrot when he learnt that he had been passed over for the promotion. A. visibly disappointed B. Bitter disappointed C. depressed deeply D. disappointed visibly 3: My mother was worried ______ when it passed midnight and my brother still hadn’t come home. A. ill B. tired C. sick D. exhausted 4: The fans were seething with ______ when the team lost the game in the last 5 minutes. A. frustration B. patience C. thirst D. anger 5: Instead of confronting confronting his issues, he bottles ______ his emotions and tries to pretend everything’s OK. A. on B. at C. up D. down 6: I was ______ surprised by the excellent customer ser service vice – that company really cares about its customers. A. pleasantly B. totally C. extremely D. quite 7: He was behind himself with ______ when his wife died. A. joy B. worry C. grief D. sad 8: I was ______ with envy when I saw her expensive new black car. A. red B. blue C. yellow D. green 9: As soon as they met they started to rub each other up the ______ way. A. incorrect B. wrong C. untrue D. false 10: They had an argument last night and now they’re not on speaking ______ with each other. A. rulers B. rules C. terms D. laws 11: After Tom was robbed on the street, he was afraid of his own ______. _ _____. A. image B. relection C. shape D. shadow 12: What’s wrong with the boss today? I just tried to ask him a question, yet he totally ______ my head off! A. bite B. bit C. hit D. let   13: These kids are so mischievous. I’m at the end of my ______ with them! A. rope B. slope C. tune D. string 14: How many people have died at the ______ of terrorist organizations? A. hand B. hands C. arm D. arms 15: The way he looks at me sent shivers down my ______. A. bone B. lung C. spine D. muscle 16: We were living in a fool’s ______ thinking that the inancia inanciall successes of the early 2000s would last forever. A. heaven B. horizon C. paradise D. funeral 17: We’d heard so many good things about the new restaurant, restaurant, but the food didn’t live ______ our expectations at all. A. up to B. up C. to D. on 18: I’ve prepare for this exam for weeks, so I’m feeling ______ optimistic that it will turn out well. A. cautionally B. cautiously C. carefully D. intentionally 19: She’s a bit down in the ______ because she failed one of her exams. A. rubbish B. baskets C. holes D. dumps 20: I don’t know why you have a down ______ Robert, he’s such a nice guy to everyone! A. i n B. at C. on D. out   3.4. Choose the best answer to complete the following sentences 1. The designer was given free to produce any design he wanted wanted.. A rein B range C ride D rope 2. They were _____ over by his kindness and didn’t know what to say. A turned B knocked C hooked D bowled 3. The ofice was closed for refurbishment and now the staff have to deal with the _____ that built up during their absence.

 

A. backstage B backlash C backlog D backdrop 4. Even though there have been setbacks, because of their determination I’m sure they’ll achieve their goals, _____. A. sufice to say B be that as it may C so be it D come what may 5. John and Sarah lived in the back of _____ and it always took us a whole day to drive there. A the country B isolation C nowhere D beyond 6. My parents looked back with _____ on the days when all of us lived at home. A nostalgia B reminiscence C homesickness D recollection 7. I don’t trust him and it really goes against the _____ to give him the money. A. cloak B. grain C. rice D. grapevine 8. It’s time we had a _____ talk with each other in an effort to clear the air. A. heart to heart B. eye to eye C. face to face D. cheek to cheek   9. As she didn’t understand the teacher’s question, she merely gave him a _____ look. A. clear B. dim C. blank D. hopeless 10. Sister Morrison might might take _____ with me on that matter. A. words B. discussion C. issue D. matter 11. I don't think that revealing your past to your boyfriend scared him _____. A. back B. down C. off D. through 12. There were probably moments when you wondered if anyone spoke the truth or was _____. A. spolit for choice B. below par C. off the peg D. on the level 13. Substantial members of the_____ members ignored the union advice. A. all and sundry B. lesh and blood C. head and shoulders D. rank and ile 14. Many victims of the earthquake pay _____ to the ones who took them out of rubble. A. respects B. homage C. tributes D. deference 15. The movie takes considerable liberties _____ the novel that it is based on. A. to B. out of C. at D. with 16. Don’t believe Samuel. He just_____ an act that he is the most miserable person in the world. A. puts on B. puts into C. settles up D. settles in 17. Diagnosed with tumor in the brain, she refused to meet her _____ but turned to religion for help. A. paleontologist B. oncologist C. entomologist D. seismologist   18. Their father was a hero_____ in World War II, whose account has awakened _____ memories of the old days. A. down-in-the-dumps B. disconsolate C. poignant D. grief-stricken 19. I don't like intellectual novels, serious music or ilms; my tastes are quite_____ A. lat-topped B. lowbrow C. shamefaced D. slow-witted 20. The sixth time he called me at night was the _____. A. lost cause B. last straw C. touch and go D. hot air 21. There’s no doubt about the outcome of the trial. The man is a _____ __ ___ criminal. A. self-conscious B. self-contained C. self-confessed D. self-centered 22. Rebec Rebecca____ ca______ on our cconve onversat rsation ion to to tell tell us that James James had just been rushed rushed to hospital. hospital. A. cut in B. faced up C. got ahead D. broke up 23. _____ her job, her sons and the housework, she doesn’t have a minute for herself. A. What with B. If it weren’t for C. Barring D. Given 24. It’s _____ that he never mentioned our argument; argument; I wonder why he didn’t. A. special B. rare C. curious D. eccentric 25. He praised his wife for her dignity under the _____ of the tabloid press. A. onslaught B. assault C. onset D. offensive 26. Brain cancer requires _____ treatment such as surgery. A. aggressive B. confrontational C. malignant 27. The government has been forced into a _____ after the revelation of a cover-up. A. climbdown B. getaway C. outbreak

D. rigorous D. breakout  

 

28. I don’t know if Ash would be right for the job; he’s a bit of an unknown _____. A. quality B. qualiication C. quantity D. identity 29. Searching for one man in this city is like looking for a _____. A. salt of the earth B. sand in the desert C. needle in a haystack D. drop in the ocean 30. The Conservatives declared their intention of _____ the whole Act once they came into power. A. repulsing B. repelling C. impelling D. repealing 31. The growth of psychobiology owes _____ to major conceptual advances in the way people think about the brain. A. much B. as much as C. much which D. there is so much 32. The class went to see the performance of Macbeth because it _____ in well with the project they were. A. crammed B. stood C. tied D. booked 33. I have tried every product on the market and still I can't rid these curtains of the of cigarette smoke. A. fumes B. fragrance C. stench D. aroma 34. Her condition seems to be _____. We’ll have to take her to intensive care. A. ameliorating B. deteriorating C. amputating D. imitating 35. Not only only is little little Jonny Jonny’s ’s gram grammar mar incohe incoheren rentt and and his his spell spellin ing g atroc atrociou iouss bu butt a also lso his pro pronun nuncia ciatio tion n . A. slothful B. sluggish C. hazard D. haphazard 36. I need to _____ your offer very carefully before before I make a decision. A. look over B. see out C. igure out D. mull over 37. There’s nothing to _____ as it’s a general knowledge quiz. A. come round to B. face up to C. swot up on D. come up with 38. The account of their journey has been _____ together from personal letters and diaries. A. pieced B. set C. pulled D. got   39. The noise from the unruly fans celebrating their team’s victory didn’t _____ until early in the morning. A. shut off B. give away C. let up D. fall over 40. Following years of intense intense training, training, the accomplished accomplished athlete _____ the medal triumphantly. triumphantly. A. took off B. went off C. ran off D. carried off   41. We’d been working hard for a month and so decided to go out and _____. A. paint the town red B. face the music C. read between the lines D. steal the show 42. The country is an economic_____ with chronic unemployment and rampant crime. A. lost cause B. basket case C. false dawn D. dark horse 43. You’ve got to _____ to succeed in advertising. A. go to your head B. have your wits about you C. have your head in the clouds D D.. gather your wits 44. The Prime Minister will decide whether to release the prisoner or not; that’s his _____. A. prerogative B. derogatory C. abdication D. humanity 45. The Secretary of State handled the matter _____ and prevented a war. A. adroitly B. intensely C. abjectly D. slightly 46. The robbery was carried out in _____ daylight and with hundreds of witnesses present. A. open B. wide C. broad D. clear 47. Most of the examination is written but there is also a(n) _____ part which I am really worried about.  A  A.. vocal B. verbal C. oral D. wordy 48. _____ with anger, Mr. Jansson stormed into the local tax ofice and demanded to see someone about his case which had dragged on for nearly three years. A. Brimming B. Pouring C. Stewing D. Seething 49 49.. When When I say say I want want you you to be he here re at si six x o' o'cl cloc ock, k, I mean mean six six o'clo o'clock ck __ ____ ___. _.Yo You u ca cann nnot ot be late late un unde derr an any y circumstances! A. on the edge B. at the moment C. on the dot D. in detail 50. The opposition protests against the government now threaten to get out of_____ and the security forces are likely to make arrests around the country today. A. reach B. kilter C. hand D. the ordinary

 

51. Fingerpr Fingerprints ints are the most types types of evidence evidence used in criminal criminal cases because because _____ it’s one of the most reliable reliable forms of identiication identiication A. culpable B. incriminating C. liable D. offending 52. The inconsiderate driver was_____ for parking his vehicle in the wrong place. A. inlicted B. harassed C. condemned D. conined 53. Another, perhaps inspired by the nursery rhyme, is that a(n) _____ for sweet things during pregnancy makes you more likely to be having a girl, while a boy will make you crave savoury, salty foods, meat and cheese in particular. A. inspiration B. afinity C. predilection D. propensity 54. Most of the old road has been _____ by the great interstate highways A. overdone B. superseded C. excelled D. overwhelmed 55. She got very _____ working such long hours. A. tumble-down B. downcast C. run-down D. down - and - out   56. As soon as the problem at work blew up, he instantly thought about how he could come out of it looking good. He is such a _____ person. A. self-evident B. self-conscious C. self-centred D. selless 57. We carried on down the path, _____ of the notice warning of avalanche risk. A. careless B. carefree C. heedless D. blind 58. The judge declared a _____ today due to unfair media coverage and the trial will be restarted again early next year. A. postponement B. annulment C. cancellation D. mistrial 59. His performance was so spectacular that he was _____ out for praise by the team manager at the end of the game. A. singled B. iltered C. distinguished D. selected 60. He's just getting up my _____ so much at the moment. A. feet B. chest C. nose D. mind 61. 61. Som Somet ethi hing ng's 's wron wrong g wit with h tthi hiss rroo oom, m, but but I ca can' n'tt qui quite te what what it is. is. A. put my inger on B. know off-hand C. give my right arm to D. lay eyes on 62. Group E is now wide open with all four teams _____ a chance of qualifying for the knock-out phase going into the inal group matches. A. in with B. up for C. in for D. up with 63. There's so much good theatre and cinema in London, really one is _____ for choice. A. overcome B. ruined C. spoilt D. overwhelmed 64. The structure parameters of these chucks are _____ those of K11 3-jaw self-centring chucks. A. much the same as B. nearly as C. nothing like as D. nowhere near as 65. There are ten prisoners on the _____. A. loose B. run C. track D. go 66. Sometimes, we don't appreciate the _____ pleasures of life such as a beautiful sky, a cup of coffee with a friend or seeing a good ilm at the cinema. A. sheer B. simple C. normal D. plain 67. They dismissed him him as "disrespectful, very arrogant arrogant and rude". A. totally B. downright C. outright D. heavily 68. The statement from the ministers contrasts _____ with comments by European Commission President Jean Claude. A. sharply B. heavily C. utterly D. latly 69. I know how to use computers, but I don't really understand the _____ of how they work. A. ins and outs B. odds and ends C. dribs and drabs D. waifs and strays 70. The doctor says that it's_____ whether Mary will be okay. A. prim and proper B. spick and span C. touch and go D. up and coming 71. Our staff take pride in providing _____ service. A. mundane B. atrocious C. impeccable 72. It was a_____ move to buy your house just before property prices started to rise. A. astute B. crafty C. shrewd

D. lousy D. wily

 

73. He'd be _____ if he found out what you're doing. A. annoyed B. irritated C. livid 74. A lot of older people are_____ because they've been complaining all their lives A. irate B. crotchety C. indignant 75. She had a _____ row with Eddie and stormed out of the house. A. blazing B. heated C. iring 76. Intimate relationships were limited to a stack of old nudie magazines with _____ pages. A. head-on B. nail-biting C. narrow-minded 77. He awoke with a _____ heart, sweating with fear.

D. cross D. infuriated D. smouldering D. well-thumbed

A. plucking B. lexing C. gritting D. pounding 78. We reached _____ in the meeting and failed to come to a solution. A. standstill B. gridlock C. standoff D. stalemate 79. He was _____ aware of his lack of experience A. widely B. painfully C. deeply D. heavily 80. As an average retail investor I consider myself_____ capable of understanding understanding the operation of crossing networks A. perfectly B. bitterly C. widely D. highly 81. The littlest thing tends to anger anger my mother, so I feel like I have to walk on_____ whenever I'm at her house. A. eggshells B. nutshells C. bombshells D. seashells 82. The sound of his footsteps gradually _____ away. A. died B. passed C. vanished D. dwindled 83. The police are sometimes more_____ with female offenders. A. lax B. lenient C. easygoing 84. Don’t be taken in by his lying, _____ words A. slack B. scrupulous C. treacherous 85. With the amount of trafic nowadays, even a trip across town is _____ with dangers. A. beset B. surrounded C. assaulted 86. He was forced to _____ control of the company. A. discard B. relinquish C. quit 87. Getting up at 8 o’clock was early by her _____. A. reasons B. standards C. limits 88. The passion of Argentinian football football fans _____ no bounds A. discard B. relinquish C. quit 89. My library library books are a week _____.

D. withdrawn D. feeble D. devoid D. surrender D. levels D. surrender

A. undue B. overdue C. unpunctual D. belated 90. Every shelf is _____ with ornaments. A. muddled B. bundled C. cluttered D. burdened 91. There was a danger of the country reverting reverting to its _____ sin of complacency A. redeeming B. overriding C. besetting D. overwhelming 92. Police are investigating investigating a(n) _____ of burglaries in the Kingsland Road area. A. rate B. inlux C. tide D. spate 93. He kept telling us about his operation, in the most _____detail. A. elaborate B. knotty C. graphic D. burning IV. LEXICOLOGY  4.1. Write down the correct form of each word in each passage. PASSAGE A. Let’s do the time warp and head back to 1973. What is the biggest difference you notice between life now and 40 years ago? Probably nothing more startling than the men’s (1. RIDICULE) __________ bouffant hairstyles. In terms of the (2. CONVENIENT) __________ and pleasure offered by (3. TECHNICAL) __________ of the time, 1973 would provide a soft landing for Millennium Man. A trip back to 1973 would certainly not be a return to the Dark Ages. That  said, in some ways, of course, 1973 does seem like a world away. In that year computer pioneers like Apple’s

 

(4.FOUND)__________, Steve Jobs, were still working out of garages and were entirely (5.KNOW)__________ to the public; DVD was a meaningless combination of letters, with (6.PRACTICE)__________ home video recording not set to appear for another two years. One of the less (7.SPECTACLE)__________ developments in 1973 was ABS - one of the earliest  consumer (8.APPLY)__________ of computer micro-processors, which the Intel company in the States - long before it  became a household name - had developed in 1970. PASSAGE B. Legend has it that King Kahekili, the last (1. DEPEND) __________ ruler of Maui, in Hawaii, would challenge his warriors to prove their (2.DIE) __________ loyalty to him by diving from a towering cliff into the ocean b below. elow. These days, cliff diving is a highly (3. COMPETE)__________ sports. It features (4. NATION) __________ renowned athletes from around the globe and cliff diving competitions are regularly held in (5.BREATH) __________ beautiful locations. In these competitions, the divers attempt to outdo one another by performing dives of incredible (6. COMPLEX) __________ . They plunge from (7. HIGH) __________ of up to 28 metres into waters tthat hat might be a mere 5 metres metres deep. In the three seconds it takes before a diver slams into the water, he has to impress the judges within an (8. ACROBAT) __________ combination of twists and somersaults, while plummeting downwards at a speed in excess of 85 km per hour. It is clear that the best cliff divers need to display great athleticism and (9. FEAR) __________ . 4.2. Write down the correct form of each word in each sentence 1. The act of __________ should be prohibited. Everyone all has equal rights to vote. (FRANCHISE) 2. The boss ordered his staff to be __________ with each other in dealing with the company's burden. (LABOR) 3. It is such a__________ story that the mom lost her child when her family immigrated from Africa into Europe. (LUCK) 4. The mayor was determined that he would do everything in his power to__________ to __________ the murder case. (MYSTERY) 5. The government stressed it was not abandoning its tough __________ policies. (INFLATE) 6. The woman detected her __________ conditions soon after she ffelt elt ill in her body. (CANCER) 7. I cast my eyes __________ and saw the geese lying in V-line. (HEAVEN) 8. __________ programs are offered to those who want to do professional training while being paid to work. (SERVICE) 9. It is inhumane to sell __________ _ _________ limbs of the animals, such as rhinoceros or elephants, in the market place. (MEMBER) 10. He was regarded as a __________ winner as he beat his opponents in three straight sets. (RUN) 11. Although some hold out hope for a sea wall, it is nothing more than a mere __________ (STOP) 12. A(n) __________ is implanted in the body to prop up the heart. (MAKE) 13. She is __________ gorgeous in that gown. (DIE) 14. His behavior at the party was __________, which went beyond everyone's expectations. (ERR). 15. The advent of computers was one of the__________ milestones in the mankind's history. (NOTE) 16. His condition was so serious __________ as he had to stay in hospital for a month. (MUCH) 17. Pending the __________ of KFC, the manager had to catch up on a huge number of backlogs. (TAKE) 18. It is __________ to be waken up by the noisy music from the neighbor's house. (IRK) 19. Like many other __________ of my age, I dread to use hi-tech gears. (TECHNICAL) (TECHNICAL) 20. Bacteria derived from__________ disease can be contagious among people having reciprocal contact. (MENINGES (MENINGES)) 4.3. Choose a word that its 3 blanks 1. Oh, do let me! I’d I ’d really much _______ do your work than my own. You know, I can’t face reading much more of this article - it’s _______ dull. Some people feel that the prisoner is _______ to be praised than condemned. 2. Can you please _______ that the children are in bed by seven. I was very sorry I wasn’t be able to _______ Luke off at the airport. The solution was obvious to me, but Jade just couldn’t _______ it. 3. So long as you bring a group with you, you’re allowed a _______ ticket. When there’s a _______ cubicle, I’ll pop in and change, and then see you in the pool. For a man with a large overdraft, he’s surprisingly _______ with his money. 4. You’d better take a vote if you can’t _______ a consensus. The effects of environmental pollution will _______ right across the planet. We’ve been trying to _______ Graham all day, but he’s not answering his phone. 5. The Stinger device may help the police to _______ more joyriders.

 

If your body’s resistance is low, you’re more likely to _______ a cold. Sorry, I didn’t quite _______ what you said just then. 6. The manuscripts of the piano sonatas are not available in their original _______. A ine is a _______ of punishment for a minor offence. Now Heather’s moved to the local state school, she’s in the same _______ as her cousin. 7. The theft of their savings _______ the Dodgson family into a panic. At the second fence the horse reared up and _______ its rider. Rushing to the controls, Will _______ a switch, and the engine juddered to a halt. 8. I spend so much time travelling that I've got packing down to a ine _______. Appearing conident at interviews is quite an _______. There are plenty of great apps you can use to create digital _______. 9. You can listen to whatever kind of music loats your _______. If you don't buy now, you may ind that you've missed the _______. She was told to keep her mouth shut and not rock the _______. 10. I wonder if the press will put the _______ in? He should have been given the _______ years ago. He gave the ball a tremendous _______. 11. He's been getting a bit too big for his _______ since he got that promotion. The information service is available available to all and really useful - ill your _______. __ _____. The ilm was so scary I was shaking in my _______. 12. A man _______ is a room or other part of a home to which a man can escape from the rest of the household, usually with a TV, games equipment and maybe a bar The president is unlikely to _______ in to demands for a public inquiry. His shop, a veritable Aladdin's _______ of antiques, is for sale. 13. I haven't _______ eyes on them for weeks. In the old days they would have _______ you in jail for that. ‘Cheer up Tony,’ I said, and _______ him on the shoulder. 14. A lot of the players are running on _______ and deserve a good rest. As parents face _______ nests, they may decide to move to a smaller property. We went to the sale expecting to buy a lot, but we came away _______ -handed. 15. Why not tell her how you feel? It might do you good to get it off your _______. She's keeping her cards close to her _______. We bought a mahogany _______ of drawers for £200. 16. Birds of a _______ lock together. You could have knocked me down with a _______. Now that the apartment is oficially mine, I can't wait to _______ my nest! 17. The senator's speech rufled a few _______ in the business world. After calling him names, she tried to smooth his rufled _______. I had to pluck the dead hen's _______. 18. He is not the only politician who has lost his moral _______. The _______ of a singer’s voice is the range from the lowest to the highest note that he or she can sing. You had better have a map and _______ before going trekking. 19. At that time he was a young actor, just getting his feet _______. He was still _______ behind the ears, politically. ‘Don't be so _______,’ she laughed. 20. We worked like _______ to get it done on time. I'm not _______ about Chinese food My job continues to be _______ busy. SECTION C. READING

 

I. Read the text below and decide which answer (A, B, C, D) best its each gap. PASSAG PAS SAGE E A. The escalating problem of congestion and pollution in cities has aerospace engineers and inventors looking to the skies for the answers. Thankfully, the goal of a safe, quiet, environmentally friendly form of public transport seems to be (1) __________in the not too (2) __________ future. Now, after being (3) __________ to the test for over a year at one terminal at Heathrow Airport, driverless pod cars are oficially in operation. These small automated passenger vehicles operate on a network of (4) __________built pathways transporting passengers between the business car park and the main building. (5) __________, proposals are being discussed to suspend similar podcars from a network of elevated tracks high above busy streets in several cities. Designed to glide swiftly through the air, (6) __________ up passengers at a host of “portal” stops built on top of buildings, these levitating pods may one day allow

commuters to (7) __________ away with trai commuters train n schedules schedules and avoid avoid congeste congested d streets by calling calling for a taxi pod in (8) _________ . 1. A. portable B. workable C. proitable D. attainable 2. A. remote B. distant C. bygone D. vague 3. A. ran B. rode C. brought D. put   4. A. specially B. mainly C. notably D. primarily 5. A. Materially B. Particularly C. Furthermore D. Nonetheless 6. A. dropping B. collecting C. taking D. picking 7. A. do B. get C. make D. go 8. A. progress B. advance C. front D. ahead PASSAGE B. Anecdotal reports that heavily-pregnant women are more (1)____ have been (2)____ up by a study that has found that the ability to memorise information drops signiicant signiicantly ly in the last three months of pregnancy. The indings of the study were reported yesterday to the Society for Neuroscience annual meeting in New Orleans by Dr Pamela Keenan, assistant Keenan, assistant professor professor of psychiatr psychiatry y at Wayne State State Universi University ty & Detroit Detroit Medical Centr Centre. e. In a study study into the “benign encephalopathy of pregnancy”, Dr Keenan (3)_____ memory tests on 19 pregnant woman and found that the ability to (4)____ information declined from 49 percent in the irst trimester, to 47 percent in the second, to 39 percent  in the third. Shortly, after birth the study participants were able to recall 52 percent of the information. It was noted that after a period of approximately three months, the studied revealed that new mums memories return to a relative (6)___ of normality. Other studies have since been carried out on more subjects revealing more (7)___ evidence that  pregnancy does indeed contribute to memory-loss. But, then again, there are also health (8)___ to life with a bun in the oven. 1. A. resentful B. memorable C. forgetful D. oblivious 2. A. backed B. suppressed C. assumed D. persevered 3. A. carried over B. carried away C. carried on D. carried out   4. A. restore B. acknowledge C. allocate D. recall 5. A. times B. terms C. conditions D. references 6. A. state B. way C. behaviour D. situation 7. A. heavy B. understandable C. concrete D. weighed A. advantages B. aid C. paths D. beneits II. Fill in each blank with an appropriate word PASSAGE A. Man Ray (1890 - 1976), born born Emmanuel Radnitzky Radnitzky (1) __________ Russian immigrants immigrants who had ssettled ettled in the USA, was a widely celebrated celebrated and groun groundbreaking dbreaking visual artist. artist. His work is often said said to ( 2) __________ embodied the radical spirit of early twentieth - century century art. (3)__________ known for his photography, his “painting “painting with light”, as he called it, Ray was nonetheless a highly versatile artist. He experimented with ilm and sculpture, and despite the fame that his photography brought him, him, he considered himself (4) __________ and foremost to be a painter painter.. Ray was loosely linked to the Dadaist and Surrealist Surrealist movements, movements, but he had his ( 5) __________ unique style. His work could be poignant, but often it also also showed off his irreverence and and (6)__________ of humor. He was always willin willing g to challenge authority autho rity and the accepted accepted way of doing things, things, and this attitude attitude extended extended (7) __________ __________ his art, allowing allowing him to develop or reine a number of different techniques. Ray’s innovation spirit is just one of the (8) __________ why he remains such an inluential inluential igure well (9)__________ the 21st century.

 

PASSAGE B. Dennis the Small, a 6th century expert on canon law, has had an enduring, if unsung, (1)__________ on the affairs of the modern world. It was ( 2)__________ to his calculations that the precise timing of the 2000th anniversary of  Christ’s birth was recently conirmed beyond (3)__________. Dionysus Exiguus, as he was then (4)__________, was charged in 525 by Pope John I with setting dates in the Christian calendar. Though he was a good mathematician, the accuracy of Dennis’ calculations was limited by the information (5)__________ at the time. Establishing the exact (6)__________ of  Christ’s cruciixion - and therefore that of Easter - (7)__________ an especially dificult challenge. Theologians had decreed that Easter should be marked on the Sunday after the irst full (8)__________ after the vernal equinox, but  without accurate solar and lunar calendars how could the church fathers predict the dates in the future? III. Choose the answer (A, ( A, B, C or D) which you think its best according to the text. PASSAGE A. Sakura Allen talks about growing up in Japan, a place she considers her homeland. People Peopl e still ask me where I'm from, even today. It used to bother bother me, but I'm used to it now. It is just one of  those things you have to put up with. I get why people assume that I'm not Japanese, of course: I have always taken after my father in looks. When people ind out where I was actually born, they become even mor more e intrigued. You see, my mother gave birth to me on an international light just before landing on the runway at Tokyo airport. That might  have caused a bureaucratic headache, since my father is American, but fortunately I automatically received Japanese citizenship due to my mother's nationality. As a young girl, I never questioned my identity, nor can I remember ever being made to feel like an outsider. I grew up in a bilingual household and was very close to my relatives on my mom's side of the family. I watched Japanese cartoons and listened to pop music on the local radio station. Although my father insisted I attend the Hokkaido International School, an American institute here in Sapporo, I also had extra Japanese lessons every Saturday until I was twelve and, if I ever thought about it, I considered myself Japanese through through and through.

I was in my early teens when I began to wonder whether I was in fact half - Japanese after hearing that  children who have a non -Japanese parents are called ‘Hafu’, a term derived from the English word ‘half’. I asked my mother several times during those years about my half - Japanese status and she would always answer, “You are not  half anything, you are a whole person.” This answer always struck me as less than satisfactory, but if Mum didn't want  to discuss the issue, I knew I wouldn't get anywhere by pushing her. Still, the feeling of uncertainty stayed with me, although I kept it to myself for the most part. Despite these doubts, it was always my view that Sapporo, on the Northern Japanese Island of Hokkaido was my permanent family home. My father sometimes took us along on his business trips to the USA, and we visited Washington for family celebrations throughout my childhood. We always had a great time, but I never imagined relocating. Eventually I left Sapporo to go and study in Tokyo, but leaving Japan altogether is still not an option that  holds any attraction for me. I still visit family and friends in Sapporo on a regular basis, and everytime I'm there this beautiful large city evokes plenty of fond memories from my past. The earliest of these is of going with my grandfather to watch Consadole Sapporo, our local football team, play in a weekend match. The cheers of the crowd when Consadole scored the winning goal are still fresh in my mind. Other recollections have blurred together somewhat. Family traditions were very important to my mum, and we tended to do some things over and over again. For instance, she always took  me to the annual snow festival in February to see the hundreds of snow statues and ice sculptures on display. Then, usually in late April or early May, she liked to take me for a weekend trip to the picturesque town of Kakunodate. When we were there, we would walk along the Hinokinai riverbank and have a picnic under the cherry trees when they were in full bloom. Mum loved their heavy sweet scent, and I'm sure that is why she chose the name ‘Sakura’, which means cherry blossom in Japanese, for me. Surprisingly, my father has never taken offence that I feel far more Japanese than American. I'm sure he realizes that it makes sense giving my upbringing. Despite his occasional efforts to help me understand and appreciate the way of life in the states, the cultural differences are just too huge. I vaguely remember him trying to get me to memorize a list of the US presidents when I was around ive, but he didn’t seem to put out when I quickly gave up. He must have realized how irrelevant such information was likely to be to my life in Sapporo. I don't think I was really conscious of it at the time but, looking back, it is sad to recall that he was absent from a lot of my early childhood.

 

Overall, I am very proud of my Japanese heritage, and I don't feel like I missed out on a lot by not spending more time in America. I'm no longer struggling with issues of identity as I did when I was a teen. Japan is my home, and I have a content and comfortable life here. My unusual family background has its beneits too. Being bilingual, for example, has certainly allowed me to progress more quickly in my career. Answering the occasional nosy question from someone who wonders why someone who looks vaguely foreign seems so Japanese in other ways is a small price to pay for that. 1. In the irst paragraph, the writer says that  A. it was dificult for her to become a Japanese national because of where she was born B. her father looks more typically Japanese than she does C. when they see her for the irst time, some people don't think that she is Japanese D. her parents had to complete a lot of paperwork in Japan because her father was American 2. What does the writer say about her early childhood? A. In Japan, she always found it dificult to it in. B. Her parents had very different ideas about how she should be educated. C. As a young child, she never had any doubts about her ethnic heritage. D. Some people treated her badly because of her background. 3.What does the writer suggest about her mother in the third paragraph? A. She could be stubborn about some things. B. It was easy for the writer to manipulate her. C. S Sh he sp spent a lot of ti time reassuring th the writer. D. She found th the term ‘H ‘Hafu’ so somewhat co confusing. 4. The writer mentions going to a football match because A. it was something she did regularly w when hen she was younger B. she's proud of Sapporo’s team team C. it is some someth thin ing g she she has has o onl nly y eve everr don done e iin n Sa Sapp ppor oro o D. she she sti still ll reca recall llss the the even eventt ccle lear arly ly 5. The writer says that, compared to her mother, her father was A. more trad traditio itional nal in his valu values es B. more interest interested ed in teac teaching hing the writer writer about the world C. not present a great deal of time D. e ex xtremely strict 6. On the whole, the writer appears to be A. upset about the way her parents raised her B. happy and to have accepted w wh ho she is C. angry and disappointed about how people treat her D. embarrassed about how she acted when she was a teenager PASSAGE B. It is my opinion that literature is at the same time and at once the most intimate and the most articulate of all the art forms. It is impossible for it to impart its effect through the senses or the nerves as can other forms of art; it is beautiful only through the intelligence of both the reader and writer; it is the mind speaking to the mind; until it  has been put into absolute terms, of an invariable signiicance, it does not exist at all. It is able to awaken one emotion in one person and a totally different emotion in another; if it fails to convey precisely the meaning of the author, if it  isn’t an expression of him or her, it says nothing, and thus it is nothing. So that when a poet has put their heart and soul, more or less, into a poem, and has sold it to a magazine, the scandal is far greater than when a painter has sold a picture to a paying patron, or a sculptor has modelled a statue to order, or a photographer has produced a landscape photograph for a popular magazine. These are artists less articulate and less intimate than the scribe; they are more removed from the work they produce; they are often less personally involved in their work; they part with less of  themselves. That Tennyson, Longfellow and Emerson sold their poems and essays - works in which they had couched the most mystical messages their genius was charged to bequeath to mankind - does not, however, diminish the virtuosity of their achievements. They submitted to the conditions from which no one can escape, which are nonetheless the conditions of hucksters because they are generally imposed upon poets and writers. If it will serve to make my meaning clearer, we will suppose that a poet has been crossed in love, or has suffered some ad fortune or some real sorrow, like the loss of a wife or child. He pours out his broken heart in verse that shall bring tears of scared sympathy from his readers, and an editor pays him a hundred pounds for the right of bringing his verse to their notice and for allowing them to print it in their publications. It is perfectly true that the real reason that the poem was written was

 

not for the monetary beneit, but it is also perfectly true that it was sold for it. The poet is forced into using his emotions to pay his bills; he has no other means of making a living; society does not propose to pay his bills for him, after all, so what choice does he really have? Yet, at the end of the day, the unsophisticated witness inds the transaction ridiculous, ridiculous, repulsive, and, to a great ex extent, tent, exploitative. exploitative. But deep down they are perfectly aware that if  our huckster civilisation did not at every moment violate the relationships we undertake in the world, the poet’s song wouldn’t have been given to it, and the scribe wouldn’t have been extolled by the whole of humanity, as any human should be who does the duty that every human owes it. The instinctive sense of the dishonour which money brings to art is so strong that sometimes men and women of letters able to pay their bills, to pay their way through other means, refuse money from their work, as Lord Byron did, from a noble conscience. But Byron’s publisher proited from a generosity which did not reach his readers; and the Countess Tolstoy collects the copyright royalties which her husband forgoes; so that these two instances of protest  against business in literature may hardly be said to have shaken the world of commerce in literature to the core of its money basis. I know of no others but there may be many that exist of whom I am culpably ignorant. Still, I would very much doubt if there are enough to affect the fact that literature has become business as well as art. At present, business is the only human solidarity; we are all bound together with that chain, whatever the interests, tastes and principles that otherwise separate us. 1. The author implies that writers_____ A. are not suficiently paid for their work B. are incompetent in business C. proit against their will D. are greedy 2. What does the author lament about Tennyson, Longfellow and Emerson? A. They wrote mystical poem B. They had to sell their poetry and essays C. T Th hey we were no not appreciated in their time D. T Th hey w we ere pr proliic p po oets 3. What does the author propose that writers and artists should do? A. Make the best of a bad situation B. Attempt to induce society to change its value C. Withhold Withhold thei theirr work work until until they gain reco recognit gnition ion D. Produce Produce purel purely y commerc commercial, ial, rathe ratherr than than origina originall work  4. What does the author say about creators accepting payment for their works of literature or art? A. The works of art can be justiied in terms of society’s wants and desires B. They are part of the degeneration of the human condition C. They are writing and painting solely for monetary gain D. They share their life experiences with society 5. According to the author what did Lord Byron do? A. He didn’t inancially gain from from his literary pursuits B. He combined literature literature with business C. He copy copyri righ ghtted his wor ork k tto o he help his wife wife D. H He e bec becam ame e we well-k ll-kn now own n in in the the bus usiines esss cco ommun munity ity 6. The writer of the article seems to suggest that  A. writing literature is a good way to get rich quickly B. the integrity of works of literature is not greatly undermined by their commercialism C. literature is appreciated by businessmen and professionals generally D. literature causes divisions amongst people IV. Find the paragraph that contains each statement. PASSAGE A. Which person gives each of these opinions about education? 1. __________ __________ Luck Luck can play play a signii signiicant cant role role in perso personal nal success. success. 2. __________ __________ Learnin Learning g to see things things through through other other people’s people’s eyes eyes can be valuab valuable. le. 3. __________ __________ It’s importan importantt to ind a balance balance between between theoret theoretical ical and practic practical al training. training. 4. __________ __________ Early Early failures failures needn needn’t ’t mean mean that that you can’t can’t succeed succeed.. 5. __________ __________ Coniden Conidence ce in yourself yourself can can play a big big role in person personal al success. success. 6. 7. 8. 9.

__________ It isn’t isn’t essential essential to be be promoted through the hierarchy of an organisation organisation in order to achieve ssuccess. uccess. __________ __________ It can can be surpri surprising sing which which jobs jobs a degree degree is is necessar necessary y for. __________ __________ Graduat Graduates es should should have learnt learnt the the art of writin writing g a good report. report. __________ __________ Some employe employers rs value graduat graduates es irrespect irrespective ive of what their their degree degree is in.

 

10. __________ Some people succeed due to their ability to identify identify and cultivate useful useful contacts.  A. Mark: Although there is quite a lot of guided learning while you are at university, the element of individual research and initiative increase as you progress towards earning your degree. A university education helps students to polish their writing skills, thus enabling them to arrange, evaluate and summarize relevant material, argue and justify points, and reach a conclusion. Another, and possibly even more important, part of the university experience experience is meeting people from all sorts of different backgrounds, hearing the opinions and discussing the relative merits of your different points of view. To my mind, this experiment is invaluable preparation for success in any career. It is for this reason that many employers are happy to take on a graduate regardless of what they actually studied for the degree. Such employers appreciate the fact that the candidate has demonstrated the effort and discipline to successfully graduate. Though you may not consider it essential to have been awarded a degree in order to go on to a rewarding career, it is certainly highly desirable. B. Vince: It is important to remember that not everyone's deinition of achievement is tied to the number of rungs on the corporate ladder that they have managed to scale. Many highly desirable careers, in the arts, for example, require very little in the way of a record of academic achievement. What counts is to make your mark and thus have your talents recognized by the people who matter. Lots of people are talented, but being self-assured can give you the edge on others. The same principle may apply in the arena of entrepreneurship. Of course, a degree in business studies won't harm you, but many successful entrepreneurs have an innate attitude for making good deals. To some extent, it  is a person's character and personality that seals their success. Such people are positive, optimistic and highly skilled at networking. The fact that some of them may have failed to shine in secondary school is irrelevant. C. Fay: Nowadays, some ields of science are so advanced that even a postgraduate degree may not be enough for you to get your foot in the door of your chosen career. Occasionally, however, it is possible for the unthinkable to happen, enabling someone with a poor start in academic terms to ind an unseen route to a successful career. My best friend, Susanna, is a classic example of what I mean. After an unpromising and fairly miserable time at school, she more or less had to quit before the end of her inal school year. Her mother, however, managed to ind her an apprenticeship in a new industry. This was when the Siftex company started manufacturing the Siftex, which was the result of a completely new technological breakthrough. From then on, there was no looking back for Susannah. She’s had a great  career, working all over the world, and she has been the company's senior troubleshoot for the last decade. And just  think - she was told that she could never have got her appr apprenticeship enticeship if she'd waited until until the end of the academic year! D. Connor: Medicine, law, engineering, biotechnology - these are all ields where you need a good degree in order to get your irst job. Imagine, you even have to go to the university in order to become a nurse in some countries! Getting a degree would appear to be an essential stage in nearly anyone's education if they want to do something more rewarding than manual labor or assembly line work. One great aspect of this type of education is that, for a lot of  careers, you need to complement the academic side with a generous share of work experience. This is why there is very close cooperation nowadays between businesses and universities. You can learn lots of theory at university, but  nothing in lectures can take the place of hands-on learning. For this reason, degree courses with sandwich years for the non - academic side are becoming more the norm. PASSAGE B. 1. __________ an important Indian igure using the railway station for a meeting about the nation 2. __________ the cutting up of land 3. __________ two countries doing the same thing with their railway networks at the same time 4. __________ a characteristic of a nation’s rail system that is likened to a similar trait of the nation itself  5. __________ the using of Indian I ndian workers to build railways in other countries 6. __________ a totally new nation of the time 7. __________ the railway playing a part in violence 8. __________ the railway as a place on which to write messages 9. __________ a physical feature of the currency of India I ndia 10. __________ the railway wasn’t built to be used as a tool for creating a nation

 

 A. Within Raja Rao’s Kanthapura, the railway is present in its supporting interactions between the village and the city, and the Congress Party and their village supporters, in delivering newspapers and directions of actions to take in the anti-imperial and nationalist movement. Notions of the railway delivering messages of anti-colonial sentiment can be found in it presenting a surface which is translatable as a canvas in nationalistic grafiti. As Kurt Iveson suggests, in relation to the railway in Australia, “if the train” that carries grafiti “runs” with the tag [or message] still on it, this gives the writer [or a movement] more recognition. “So, the railway can be seen to open the possibility of literally carrying intentions towards nationhood on its very surface. The railway, of course, was not built by the British with intentions towards independence, but can be seen to introduce a particular framework that comes to be appropriated in the movements towards nationhood. B. Not only can the railway be seen as a mobiliser of nationhood, but conterminously as a mobiliser of capitalism. As Ian Kerr suggests in Building the Railways of the Raj, the building of the railway in India introduced the framework of  contractual employment - of the labour market - and, the knowledge of the saleability of that labour, arguably, lays the foundations for unions, The Congress Party and ultimately independence. Independence and the conceiving of the nation internationally can be further perceived in the participation of Indian construction workers in the building of  railways railw ays throughou throughoutt Africa. Africa. The knowledge knowledge of the saleabilit saleability y of labour labour inte internat rnationa ionally lly anti anticipat cipates es the falling falling of  borders through globalisation before their construction. As Barrack Obama arrives at the old Nairobi train station in the post aspect of colonialism, he writes upon a railway line that had taken “the lives of several hundred imported Indian workers” for the “line of track that helped usher in Kenya’s colonial history”, inferring an interconnectivity within the Empire, and an interconnectivity within the constructing of railways and, furthermore, how that “colonial history” relied upon the introduction of the railway C. In Deepa Mehta’s ilm, Water Chuyia is a child-widow, in an institution for women whose husbands have died. After

living in this institution and witnessing the curtailing of happiness and freedom, she is taken to the railway station. Gandhi is reported to have been released from prison and is rumoured to be holding one of his “prayer meetings” in the station. As Chuyia is carried to the station, the procession of people heading towards Gandhi has a slowness and a reverence similar to pilgrims entering a temple in anticipation of witnessing a god. Indeed, in post-colonial India, Gandhi’s face is printed on the national currency of India, and he is referred to as “ the father of the nation.” The holding of a politico-religious meeting meeting in the railway station further supports the proposition that the railway played a key role in nation building and independence. independence. The inal shot of the train proceeding into the future carrying the childwidow, Narayan the Gandhiist, and Gandhi himself invokes a positivist sense of “inevitability” of “progression” and nationhood. D. The scene set in the railway station in Deepa Mehta’s Earth focuses upon Ice Candy Man crouching on a platform at  Lahore railway station amongst others waiting for the train to arrive from the recently split Punjab, and the newly partitioned India. In breaking away from the British, the land and the railway is being reclaimed and rewritten upon; the process of cracking is entered into, revealing gaps and lapses in time and memory. As the train arrives twelve hours late, an uncanny silence draws up next to it; a silence that is echoed with the arrival of the “ghost train” of  Khushw Khu shwant ant Singh’ Singh’ss Tr Train ain to Pakist Pakistan. an. In Ea Eart rth, h, those waiting for the arrival of the train expect to meet family members memb ers and the one-day-old one-day-old citizens citizens of the newly formed formed nation nation of Pakis Pakistan; tan; instead, instead, the unnervingly unnervingly silent  carria car riages ges divulg divulge e death death an and d disme dismembe mberm rment ent.. The commun communica icativ tive e asp aspect ect of the rai railwa lway y netwo network rk becom becomes es traumatically fulilled; the railway carries the conlicting messages of renewal and relief, and bloodshed and war. The men are described as having been butchered and the women as having been dismembered with the “members” illing gunny sacks. The witnessing of divided bodies echoes the land that has itself had incisions made upon it. E. Arriving in India in 1947, the train indeed shows its availability to both the colony and the nation. With its origins lying beyond the border of independence, and with its route having taken a course through the violent bordering in partition, the railway can be seen to have participated in narratives that have also been plastered on its tracks. In this, the railway network, once again, comes to inhabit a position of ambivalence; it balances precariously upon colonial narratives, partition narratives narratives and post-colonial narratives without retaining a secure position in any. It is in this ambivalence that one can read the railway as analogous to the nation. If the railway network can be seen as contributing contributin g to movements towards nationhood, then the nationalising nationalising of the railway after the Second World War in

 

both India and Britain demonstrates how important the railway was regarded in relation to the nation and, indeed, to power at that time. V. From the list of headings below, choose the most suitable heading for each paragraph. i. Award-winning wine ii. Temperature vital to production 1. Paragraph A iii. Early caution and challenge 2. Paragraph B iv. A delicious taste 3. Paragraph C v. Picking the grapes, the only easy step 4. Paragraph D vi. From grape to wine 5. Paragraph E vii. The juice lows quickly viii. Disease brings beneits ix. The role of climate in taste x. Obstacles to production

6. Paragraph F 7. Paragraph G

 A. Icewine, or Eiswein as the Germans call it, is the product of frozen grapes. A small portion of the vineyard is left unpicked during the fall harvest’ those grapes are left on the vine until the mercury drops to at least -7°C. At this temperature, the sugar-rich juice begins to freeze. If the grapes are picked in their frozen state and pressed while they are as hard as marbles, the small amount of juice recovered is intensely sweet and high in acidity. The amber dessert wine made from this juice is an ambrosia it for Dionysus himself - very sweet, it combines savours of peach and apricot. B. The discovery of icewine, like most epicurean breakthroughs was accidental. In 1794, wine producers in the German duchy of Franconia made virtue of necessity by pressing juice from frozen grapes. They were amazed by an abnormally high concentration of sugars and acids which until then had been achieved only by drying the grapes on straw mats before pressing or by the effects of Botrytis cinerea, a disease known as ‘root rot’. Botrytis cinerea aflicts grapes in autumn, usually in regions where there is early morning fog and humid, sunny afternoons. A mushroom-like fungus attaches itself to the berries, puncturing their skins and allowing the juice to evaporate. The world’s great dessert wines, such as Sauternes, Riesling and Tokay Aszy Essentia, are made from grapes aflicted by this benign disease. C. It was not until the mid- 19th century in the Rheingau region of northwestern Germany that  winegrowers made conscious efforts to produce icewine on a regular basis. But they found they could not make it every year since the subzero cold spell must last several days to ensure that the berries remain frozen solid during picking and the pressing process, which alone can take up to three days or longer. Grapes are 80 percent water; when this water is frozen and driven off under pressure and shards of ice, the resulting juice is wonderfully sweet. If the ice melts during a sudden thaw, the sugar in each berry is diluted. D. To ensure the right temperature is maintained, in Germany the pickers must be out well before dawn to harvest the grapes. Not all grapes are suitable for icewine. Only the thick-skinned, late-maturing varieties such as Riesling and Vidal can resist such predators as grey rot, powdery mildew, unseasonable warmth, wind, rain and the variety of fauna craving a sweet meal. Leaving grapes on the vine once they have ripened is an enormous gamble. If birds and animals don’t get them, mildew and rot or a sudden storm might. So growers reserve only a small portion of their Vidal or Riesling grapes for icewine, a couple of hectares of views at most. A vineyard left for icewine is a sorry sight. The mesh-covered vines are denuded of leaves and the grapes are brown and shrivelled, dangling like tiny bats from the frozen canes. The stems of the grape clusters are dry and brittle. A strong wind or an ice storm could easily knock the fruit to the ground. A twist of the wrist is all that is needed to pick the grapes. But wine the wind howls through the vineyard, driving the snow before it and the wind chill factor can make a temperature of -10° seem like -40°, harvesting icewine grapes becomes a decidedly uncomfortable business. Pickers fortiied with tea and brandy,

brave the elements for two hours at a time before rushing back to the winery to warm up. E. Once the tractor delivers the precious boxes of grapes to the winery, the really hard work begins. Since the berries must remain frozen, the pressing is done either outdoors or inside the winery with the doors left open. The presses have to be worked slowly otherwise the bunches will turn to a solid block of ice yielding nothing. Some

 

producers throw rice husks into the press to pierce the skins of the grapes and create channels for the juice to low through the mass of ice. Sometimes it takes two or three hours before the irst drop of juice appears. F. A kilogram of unfrozen grapes normally produces suficient juice to ferment into one bottle of wine. The juice from a kilogram of icewine grapes produces one-ifth of that amount or less depending on the degree of dehydration caused by wind and winter sunshine. The longer the grapes hang on the vine, the less juice there is. So grapes harvested during a cold snap in December will yield more icewine than if they are picked in February. The oily juice, once extracted from the marble-hard marble-hard berries, is allowed to settle for three or four days. It is then clariied of dust  and debris by racking from one tank to another. A special yeast is added to activate fermentation fermentation in the stainless steel tanks since the colourless liquid is too cold to ferment on its own. Because of the high sugars, the fermentation fermentation is slow and can take months. But when the wine is inally bottled, it has the capacity to age for a decade or more. G. While Germany may be recognised as the home of icewine, its winemakers cannot produce it every year. Canadian winemakers can and are slowly becoming known for this expensive rarity as the home-grown product garners medals at international wine competitions. Klaus Reif of the Reif Winery at Niagara-on-the-Lake Niagara-on-the-Lake has produced icewine in both countries. While studying oenology, the science of winemaking, he worked at a government winery in Neustadt in the West German state of Rheinland-Pfalz. In 1983 he made his irst Canadian icewine from Riesling grapes. Four years later he made ice-wine from Vidal grapes grown in his uncle’s vineyard at Niagara-on-the Niagara-on-the-Lake. -Lake. “The juice comes out like honey here” says Reif, “in Germany it drops like ordinary wine”. 8. Growers set aside only a small area for icewine grapes because A. not all grapes are suitable. B. nature attacks them in various ways. C. not many grapes are needed. D. the area set aside makes the vineyard look extremely untidy. 9. Rice husks are used because they A. stop stop th the e grap grapes es fr from om beco becomi ming ng ic ice e bl bloc ocks ks.. B. help help th the e berr berrie iess to rema remain in fr froz ozen en.. C. create holes in the grapes. D. help producers create different tastes. 10. According to Klaus Reif, Canadian icewine A. lows more slowly than German wine. B. tastes a lot like German icewine. C. is better than German icewine. D. is sweeter than German icewine. Complete each of the following statements (questions (questions 11-14) with the best ending A-G from the box below. 11. Franconia icewine makers A. use diseased grapes to produce their wine. 12. Famous dessert winemakers winemakers B. enjoy working in cool climates. 13. Icewine grape pickers in Germany C. can produce icewine every year. 14. Canadian icewine makers D. were surprised by the high sugar content in frozen grapes. E. made a conscious effort to produce ice wine. F. drink tea and brandy during their work. SECTION D. WRITING I. Complete each sentence 1. It’s impossible to say how he will react to your news. TELLING There ___________________________________________________ react to your news. 2. He looks very similar to his brother. BEARS He ___________________________________________________ to his brother. 3. You are not the only person to fail this exam. ALONE You ___________________________________________________ this exam. 4. We can’t promise that we’ll be back in time. GUARANTEE There ___________________________________________________ we’ll be back in time. 5. He was really jealous when he saw his brother’s new car. GREEN

He was ___________________________________________________ see his brother’s new car. 6. This new bar is much better than the old one. IMPROVEMENT This new bar ___________________________________________________ the old one. 7. Jack knows nothing about raising children. FAINTEST Jack hasn’t ___________________________________________________ up children.

 

8. Kevin must accept that he isn’t going to take part in the show. TERMS Kevin has ___________________________________________________ fact that he won’t be taking part in the show. 9. There’s no way that Sue is going to resign at the end of the month. INTENTION Sue has absolutely _________________________________________________ in her resignation at the end of the month. 10. You don’t have to participate in the activity if you don’t want to. OBLIGATION You __________________________________________________________ part in the activity if you don’t want to. 11. Perhaps you will remember something if you look at these photos. JOG It’s possible that ______________________________________________________ memory. 12. They will reimburse your expense as long as you have still got the receipts. PROVIDED Your expenses will _____________________________________________________away the receipts. II. Rewrite the sentences using the given words 1. I never thought of borrowing money from him. (OCCURRED) (OCCURRED) _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Sheila is worried about the proposed changes at work. (PROSPECT) _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Buenos Aires is much hotter than London. (NOWHERE) _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. I sure know the man’s name but I can’t quite remember it. (TONGUE) _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5. That woman looks an awful lot like my mother. (BEARS) _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 6. May is bound to pass her exam. (FOREGONE) _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 7. Now that your situation is the same as mine, I don’t suppose you think it’s funny. (BOAT) _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 8. This song reminds me of my trip to the South of France. (MIND) _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 9. Carolyn has accepted that she’ll never be selected for the team. (HERSELF) _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 10. He made a mistake of thinking he could do anything he liked around here. (AWAY) _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 11. The agricultural plan will cause a lot of objections from dairy farmers farmers.. (RISE) _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 12. It was impossible to tell from her papers who she really was. (CLUE) _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 13. It’s the easiest thing in the world, just don’t be afraid. (NOTHING) _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 14. Several local residents are against the council’s plans to build a bypass. (OBJECTIONS) _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 15. If you had phrased your remark more tactfully, he wouldn’t have been offended by it. (OFFENCE) (OFFENCE) _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 16. In all likelihood the board of directors will choose Derek rather than Neil. (BOARD (BOARD)) _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 17. The old schoolhouse is in very bad condition and the council should do something about it. (DECAY) _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 18. I just cannot understand why she said that. (LOSS) _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 19. You must make sure this never happens again or there will be trouble. (SEE) _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 

20. This hotel could do with a facelift. (DAYS) _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________