Advanced Book Ecl English Course

ECL ENGLISH COURSE

ADVANCED English as a crucial language.

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Acknowledgments Cambridge Advanced Learner‘s Dictionary – Electronic Edition. Version 1.1. Courtney, Rosemary - Longman Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs. Fisk English Course – Books – Basic one / two, Book four, Book five, Book six, Advanced two, Free Conversation. Longman Dictionary of English Idioms. Englis2Go Magazine – Reader‘s Digest Swan, Michael and Walter, Catherine – How English Works – A Grammar Practice Book With Answers. Oxford. The New Penguin English Dictionary

Planned and Prepared by Ricardo Fernandes Marques

Copyright RICARDO FERNANDES MARQUES Rua Antônio Gonçalves 109 Porto Velho São Gonçalo, R.J Brasil

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CONTENTS LESSON TWENTY-ONE   

THERE TO BE == USING ALL THE PERFECT TENSES AND MODAL VERBS PRESENTED. HAVE GOT NOT STANDARD WORDS

LESSON TWENTY-TWO  

HOW LONG ______IT TAKE ______ TO __________? VERB+OBJECT+INFINITIVE == EXPRESSING INFORMAL ORDERS.

LESSON TWENTY-THREE  

EMBEDDED QUESTIONS == THEIR USAGES. WISH STRUCTURES

LESSON TWENTY-FOUR  

PASSIVE VOICE == USING ALL OF THE TENSES PRESENTED. TO BE ABLE TO

LESSON TWENTY-FIVE     

VERBS FOLLOWED EITHER BY - ING FORM OR INFINITIVE -- DIFFERENT IDEAS. VERBS OF PERCEPTION. NON-PROGRESSIVE VERBS VERBS FOLLOWED EITHER BY - ING FORM OR INFINITIVE – NO CHANGE OF MEANING. VERBS FOLLOWED BY - ING FORM

LESSON TWENTY-SIX  

FUTURE CONTINUOUS == ITS USAGE. SO THAT / IN ORDER / SO AS (NOT)TO

LESSON TWENTY-SEVEN    

USED TO / WOULD TO BE USED TO/ TO GET USED TO / TO BE ACCOSTUMED TO / TO GET ACCOSTUMED TO. TO BE SUPPOSED TO GET

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LESSON TWENTY-EIGHT

   

HAD BETTER WOULD RATHER LIKE EMPHATIC USE OF DO, DOES AND DID IN AFFIRMATIVES

LESSON TWENTY-NINE    

ADDITION==FURTHERMORE / MOREOVER / IN ADDITION / BESIDES CONTRAST== EVEN THOUGH / THOUGH / HOWEVER CONCLUSION == BECAUSE / THEREFORE / SO PLACING ADVERBS

LESSON THIRTY 

CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS BOTH ……………………………………. AND NOT ONLY ………………………………BUT ALSO NEITHER ……………………………….. NOR



EITHER …………………………………. OR CONJUNCTIONS

LESSON THIRTY-ONE       

GIVING DIRECTIONS EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES CONTRACTED FORMS DO AND MAKE PREPOSITIONS USED WHEN TALKING ABOUT ADDRESSES WORKING WITH COMPARATIVE PAIRS VERBS +POSSESSIVE + ING FORM

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LESSON 21

There to be Can

there

be

a

solution for this problem?

Could

there

be

a

game here

tomorrow?

Can

there

be

classes

next Friday?

Could

there

be

a

concert in Rio

next weekend?

Should

there

be

another

meeting

next week?

Must

there

be

an

explanation for this?

Have

there

been

many

accidents here

lately?

Has

there

been

much

work here

recently?

Had

there

been

a

situation like that

Before?

Must

there

have

been

beautiful girls at the party?

Could

there

have

been

an explanation for that?

Should

there

have

been

another party like that?

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LESSON 21

Yes / No

there can – can‘t

be

a

Yes / No

there could – couldn‘t

be

a

Yes / No

there can/may – can‘t/may not

be

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solution for this problem. game here classes

tomorrow. next Friday.

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Yes / No

there could/might – couldn‘t/might not

be

a

concert in Rio

Yes / No

there should – shouldn‘t

be

another

meeting

next weekend. next week.

Yes / No

there must – there doesn‘t need to (have to)

be

an

Yes / No

there have – haven‘t

been

many

explanation for this. accidents here

lately.

Yes / No

there has – hasn‘t

been

much

work here

recently.

Yes / No

there had – hadn‘t

been

a

before.

Yes / No

there must – there mustn‘t* In this case mustn‘t is used.

have

been

Yes / No

there could – couldn‘t

have

been

Yes / No

there should – shouldn‘t

have

been

situation like that beautiful girls at the party. a reason for that. another party like that.

Prohibition

LESSON 21

Exercises 1. Create questions using the words in parentheses. a. _______________________________________________________________________________? (Can – there– party) b. _______________________________________________________________________________? There

mustn‘t

be

concerts here.

(Could – there – meetings) c. _______________________________________________________________________________? (Have– there – problems) ECL ENGLISH COURSE

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d. _______________________________________________________________________________? (Had – there – phone calls) Have / Has got = Do / Does... have

e. _______________________________________________________________________________? (Should – there – classes)

2. Give long answers for these questions below. a. Where can there be another congress? ____________________________________________________________________________________ b. When should there be another lecture? ____________________________________________________________________________________ c. What must there be here? ____________________________________________________________________________________ d. How often should there be parties in your opinion? ____________________________________________________________________________________ e. Why can‘t there be a soccer game on TV next Saturday? ____________________________________________________________________________________

LESSON 21

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Have you got any idea what we are talking about? Have you got a car? = Do you have a car? Yes I‘ve got a car. = Yes I have a car. No I haven‘t got a car. = No I don‘t have a car. No I ain‘t got a car. = No I don‘t have a car. Have you gotta do this? = Do you have to do this? Yes I‘ve gotta do this. = Yes I have to do this. No I haven‘t gotta do this. = No I don‘t have to do this. No I ain`t gotta do this. = No I don‘t have to do this. ―Have got‖ is not present perfect in this use. It is the same of ―have‖. It gives the same idea of simple present :( possession).

Not Standard Words

am not are not ain‘t

is not

=

have not has not

wanna

=

want to

gonna

=

going to

gotta

=

got to / have got to or have got a

LESSON 21 Lose weight fight disease! Eat these super foods by Brian Hindo

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Expecting food to change your life may seem like a lot to ask of your bran muffin. But the right food will increase your energy, help you manage your weight, and contribute to warding off major illness. The latest scientific research shows that the following foods deliver great benefits. FAT-BURNERS The mineral calcium is the latest weight-loss star. This was first discovered in a U.S. study of blood pressure. People in the study who ate two cups of yogurt a day lost an average of almost 5 kilograms of body fat in one year. And they didn‘t even eat less food on a daily basis than others in the study. A follow-up study found that people on a high-calcium diet lost more weight and fat than people on a low-calcium diet. Again, both groups ate the same number of calories. But the ones who lost the most weight consumed the equivalent of more than three daily servings of dairy products. Canned fish, cheese, milk, tofu, and yogurt are among the foods rich in calcium. Broccoli and kale are non-dairy highcalcium options. FOODS YOU CAN FILL UP ON Foods rich in fiber have few calories relative to their weight. That means you can eat large portions of these foods without fear of calorie overload. Fiber also aids weight loss because it‘s filling. Most high-fiber foods take a lot of chewing. This helps set off the sensors that tell your body it is getting full. Also, you absorb the food more slowly so you feel full longer. You will find lots of fiber in bran cereals, fruits, legumes, whole-grain breads, and vegetables. PROTEIN POWER Researchers have found that eating a meal with plenty of protein leaves you feeling more satisfied for longer than a meal loaded with low-quality carbohydrates. Your body takes longer to digest protein. That leads to a gradual increase in blood sugar. Many high carbohydrate meals are absorbed quickly. That sends blood sugar speeding up and down your body, depleting your energy. Beans, nuts, fish, cottage cheese, and yogurt are some good choices of healthy, protein-rich foods. DISEASE-FIGHTERS Many foods contain antioxidants, but fruits and vegetables may be the richest source. Antioxidants neutralize molecules known as free radicals before they can harm arteries and other cells. This helps protect you from heart disease, high blood pressure, cancer, and diabetes. Antioxidants work best when consumed in foods, LESSON 21

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not pills. The National Cancer Institute in the U.S.A. now recommends that men eat nine daily servings of fruit and vegetables, and that women eat between five and nine. A serving equals a piece of fruit, a half-cup of cut vegetables, a cup of lettuce, or a small glass of juice. A typical salad delivers two to three servings. The following are among the foods that contain lots of antioxidants: berries, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cantaloupe, citrus fruit, leafy greens, purple grape juice. MEDITERRANEAN MAGIC The traditional Mediterranean diet contains lots of fruits, vegetables, legumes, cheese, yogurt, fish, whole grains, and wine. It also has healthy fats from nuts, olives, and olive oil. Fish and nuts provide healthy protein. The produce delivers antioxidants. Researchers found that Greek adults who regularly ate a Mediterranean diet were least likely to die from heart disease and cancer. TOMATO SURPRISE Harvard scientists discovered that eating plenty of pizza seems to lower the risk of prostate cancer. The protective ingredient is tomato sauce or, more specifically, the plant pigment lycopene in tomato sauce. Lycopene is most concentrated in cooked tomato products like sauce, ketchup, and tomato soup. Cooking also makes it easier for the body to absorb. Preliminary research on women suggests that a diet rich in lycopene and tomato sauce may lower a woman‘s risk for breast and other cancers, as well as heart disease. Other lycopene options include papaya, guava, and watermelon. Article excerpted from The English2Go magazine issued in February 2005. 1. What are your eating habits?

2. What do you most like to eat?

3. Do you practice any kind of physical exercise?

4. How often do you see your doctor?

5. What do you think about going on a diet?

LESSON 21

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Exercises 1. Point out the verb tenses used in the text and explain them: ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 2. Using an English – English dictionary get an explanation for the following words or phrases and create your own examples: a. the latest ______________________________________________________________________ b. manage _______________________________________________________________________ c. follow-up ______________________________________________________________________ d. overload _______________________________________________________________________ e. aids ___________________________________________________________________________ f. filling ________________________________________________________________________ g. chewing _______________________________________________________________________ h. loaded _________________________________________________________________________ i. leads __________________________________________________________________________ j.

likely _________________________________________________________________________ LESSON 22

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How long does it take you to …? How long

does

it

take

me

How long

did

it

take

you

to set the table? to come here?

How long

will

it

take

him

to do that?

How long

would

it

take

her

How long

may

it

take

it

to read that book? to eat it up?

How long

might

it

take

us

How long

can

it

take

you

How long

is

it

going to take

them

to finish this project? to paint this room? to buy some food?

LONG ANSWERS It

takes

you

10 minutes

It

took

me / us

half an hour

to set the table. to come here.

It

will

take

him

30 minutes

to do that.

It

would

take

her

7 hours

It

may

take

it

5 minutes

to read that book. to eat it up.

It

might

take

us / you

15 days

It

can

take

us

2 hours

It

is

going to take

them

20 minutes

to finish this project. to paint this room. to buy some food.

LESSON 22

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EXPRESSING INFORMAL ORDERS What Where

do does

you he

want expect

me us

to do? to go?

Whom

did

you

ask

to bring

the books?

When

did

she

tell

him

to travel?

Why

did

she

beg

him

not to leave?

Whom

did

you

invite

to come to

your party?

Where

did

her parents

allow

her

to go?

What

did

you

advise

him

not to do?

What

do

her parents

permit

her

to do?

Who

ordered

us

to stay

home?

LONG ANSWERS I/We He

want expects

you us/you

to study to go to

more. the beach

I/We

asked

Mark

to bring

the books.

She

told

him

to travel

She

begged

him

not to leave

because

I/We

invited

to come to

my/our party.

Her parents

allowed

all my/our friends her

to go to

the movies.

I/We

advised

him

not to go

home.

Her parents

permit

her

to talk to

her friends

Uncle Sam

ordered

us

to stay

home.

with his sister.

tomorrow. she loves him.

whenever she wants.

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Create questions. 1. What do you__________ ________ __________ ________________? 2. Will ____ _________ ______ _____ ________ _________tomorrow? 3. Where ______ _______ _________ _______ ________ ___________? 4. Would ______ ______ ___________ ________ ______ ___________?

Expressions and Useful Phrases Wear your heart on your sleeve: To make your feelings and emotions obvious rather than hiding them FEEL LIKE sth 1 to have a desire for something, or to want to do something, at a particular moment: I feel like (going for) a swim. I feel like (having) a nice cool glass of lemonade. "Are you coming to aerobics?" "No, I don't feel like it today." 2

[+ ing form of verb] to want to do something that you do not do: He was so rude I felt like slapping his face.

Powerful words BUT = EXCEPT I‘ve invited everybody for the party, but Helen. AGO=BACK IN THE PAST How long ago did you travel to Spain? I traveled to Spain three years ago.

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Exercise 1. Make questions for the answers and answers for the questions in the following dialogue. a. _______________________________________________________________________________?

b. It usually takes me 10 minutes.

a. Very interesting! ____________________________________________________________.

b. ________________________________________________________________________________

a. Oh I see! When will there be another party like that?

b. ________________________________________________________________________________

b. How often do you ____________________________________________________________?

a. ______________________________________________________________.What about you?

b. ___________________________________________.At what time should I pick you up?

a. ________________________________.Oh! Don‗t forget to bring_____________________!

b. I won‘t!

a. _________________________________________________________________________________

LESSON 22

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You can be a Millionaire in your 20s! by Brian Hindo

Learn how these young people have built fortunes in fields as varied as landscaping, specialty foods, and extreme sports equipment. By his own admission, Mark Herman was a spoiled kid. His parents died when he was very young, and he then lived in Florida with his rich, adoring grandmother and her second husband. But after she died in 1994, her husband, Bill, wasn‘t as tolerant. When Herman‘s behavior became bad, Bill threw him out of the house. Herman was 17. Herman had to sleep on the streets for a while. Then he found a job cooking hamburgers at Burger King. Herman eventually began working for landscapers. And at 21, he marched into the offices of one of the biggest Sarasota, Florida, landscaping companies. He said he could improve the company‘s sales. He was hired, and was soon bringing in almost 50,000 dollars a month in sales. Herman saved up money from his weekly 600 dollar paychecks and extra work he did on weekends. At age 25, with the help of a 30,000 dollar loan, he bought a tiny landscaping company. He named it Herman & Associates, Inc. Today, at 28, Herman is the owner of a fast-growing, multimillion-dollar landscaping business. He has 15 employees and 351 clients. He says Herman & Associates did more than 1.5 million dollars in sales in 2004, and he expects nearly 2 million dollars in 2005. As Herman‘s success shows, it is possible for people to make their fortunes while still in their 20s. Some like Herman and Farrah Gray of Chicago did it in old industries. Others, like Adam Stites, did it with new technologies. What do they all have in common? Confidence. Creativity. Ambition. Hard work. They all came up with big ideas and then went after them with dedication and plenty of nerve. Some good luck didn‘t hurt either. Consider Stites. The 25-year-old is chief executive of Xtremez, Inc., an online supplier of equipment for extreme sports. His business employs 24 people. He expects to sell almost 10 million dollars worth of equipment to customers all over the world this year. Stites started the company at age 15, using his parents‘ computer in the basement of his home. He was influenced by people who were buying books online at Amazon.com. Stites thought that paintball enthusiasts would want a place to shop online too. ―We benefited from being in the right place at the right time—a product that was up-and-coming, and a medium, the Internet, that was up-and-coming,‖ he says. Where did he learn how to run the business? He says he got much of the knowledge he needed by participating in an organization he joined when he was 22. The group is for people under 40 who own a business. The LESSON 22

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great value to him was getting to listen to other members talk about methods that worked best for them. Farrah Gray, 20, seemed born with ambition and a salesman‘s soul. Growing up on Chicago‘s South Side, he regularly pestered his mother, a consultant, to let him attend business meetings with her. When he was just eight years old, his mother‘s business partner encouraged him to start a business group with his friends. The kids raised more than 15,000 dollars to fund their ideas. The money came from the executives who served as the club‘s speakers, instructors, and mentors. Some of the businesses failed, of course. But some worked out. One of Gray‘s favorite personal projects was a specialty food manufacturer called Farr Out Foods. It targeted the youth market, and its biggest hit was a strawberry-vanilla pancake syrup. Farr Out Foods had 1.5 million dollars in orders by the time Gray sold it in 2001. He got a little more than 2 million dollars for the company. He then bought InnerCity, a New York-based celebrity magazine for urban African Americans in the 16-34 age group. He says he publishes 300,000 copies eight times a year. He has also written a book called Reallionare: Nine Steps to Becoming Rich from the Inside Out. Part of it tells his life story. The other part gives advice on how to become a success. Gray says he has been motivated by his family‘s experience: "To see how hard my mother worked, and how little money we had so much of the time that motivated me to go after millions of dollars." Their extraordinary business success has forced these young millionaires to grow up very quickly. They have needed unusual maturity to earn the respect of their workers, some of whom are twice their age. "You‘re young enough to be my son,‖ people have told Gray. Herman has heard people say to him: ―I was doing this while you were in the womb." They do not live in luxury, but they have all set themselves up with real estate, stocks, and other investments. Farrah Gray has even created a foundation, www. farrahgrayfoundation.com. It gives money to programs that help educate inner-city youths. How does he explain his huge success? "Yes, I was born yesterday," he says, "but I stayed up all night." 10 Tips to Start a Successful Business 1 Don‘t be afraid to think big. At eight years old, Gray had the ambition to ask for money to start a business. Get an idea, then act on it. 2 Make something people need. There has to be a market for what you offer. Ian Andrusyk and Travis Schaffner, 24-year-old friends from Iowa, found something missing in the computer industry—good customer service. They stepped in to provide it.

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3 Find an industry you love. Stites combined a love of paintball and computers. If you love the business you‘re in, you‘ll be motivated—and know how—to do it well. 4 Take a chance. Andrusyk borrowed almost 4,000 dollars when he was just 15. Herman borrowed 30,000 dollars to start his own business. 5 Study. Herman took online courses in landscape design. Gray does research in the library. 6 Act older than your age. Herman impressed clients and employees by dressing and speaking well at a young age. It inspires confidence and projects seriousness. 7 Work hard. When his college-age friends went to bars during the week, Stites often stayed home to work. To be successful at a young age, you might need to give up some social activity. 8 Find a good mentor. Stites, Herman, and Gray go to older businessmen for advice. Learn from people who have experience. 9 Delegate. You can‘t do everything yourself, especially as a business grows. Andrusyk, Schaffner, and Stites hired management teams to supervise employees. 10 Save, don‘t spend. Herman makes sure to put profits back into his business rather than spending all of his money on material things. It‘s the difference between chasing a quick dollar and growing a lasting business. Article excerpted from The English2Go magazine issued in February 2005. 1. What are your plans for the future?

2. Do you intend to become a millionaire?

3. What would you do if you had lots of money?

4. Do you think you are, or would be able to run a business?

5. Have you ever had any great idea you thought you would succeed in it?

LESSON 22

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Exercises 1. Point out some verb tenses, modal verbs and structural rules used in the text and explain them: ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 2. Using an English – English dictionary get an explanation for the following words or phrases and create your own examples: a. then ___________________________________________________________________________ b. for a while _____________________________________________________________________ c. eventually ____________________________________________________________________ d. loan ___________________________________________________________________________ e. nearly ________________________________________________________________________ f. plenty of nerve ________________________________________________________________ g. benefited _____________________________________________________________________ h. up-and-coming _______________________________________________________________ i. pestered _______________________________________________________________________ j.

take a chance _________________________________________________________________ LESSON 23

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Embedded Question Do you know what they are for?

Can you tell me where the post office is? Do you know where Linda lives? Do you know what she did yesterday? Could you imagine why she had to go? Can you tell me where you‘re going? Does she know what I am doing here?

The post office is next door. She lives near the post office. She went out with a friend of ours. She had to solve an unusual problem. I‘m going to get some new books. She‘s got no idea of what you‘re doing here.

LESSON 23

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I wish I had you in my arms tonight… WISH CASES I wish to see the manager right now!

FORMAL to want to do something.

I wish you all the best. We wish you every success in the future. I wish you a Merry Christmas.

To hope or express hope for another person's success or happiness or pleasure on a particular occasion.

I wish she were here. I wish she weren‘t so stupid.

Expressing sth that is contrary to a present fact.

I wish she had gone to the movies with me. I wish she hadn‘t broken up with me.

Expressing sth that is contrary to a past fact.

I wish she would call me tonight. I wish she wouldn‘t get angry at me. I wish she'd shut up for a moment and let someone else speak.

Expressing sth that is probably contrary to a future fact. Used to express annoyance with someone's behavior.

Complete. 1. She wishes she_____________________________________________. 2. I wish I had _______________________________________last night. 3. I wish you ________________________________________________. 4. They wish they were _______________________________________.

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Powerful words TO CARE (to want, to like) Formal. Used in polite suggestions and offers Would you care to come with us? TO CARE FOR (to like) I don‘t care for apple pie. She knows he cares for her. Would you care for some beer? TO CARE ABOUT (to mind, to be concerned) Some people don‘t care about what they wear. Everybody cares about their reputation. TO TAKE CARE OF (to look after) She takes care of her little sister every night.

Phrasal Verbs

Ward off Throw out Come up with Go after Grow up Work out Give up Stay up Save up Bring in Step in Set sb up

Point out

To prevent something unpleasant from harming or approaching you. To force someone to leave a college, school, house or organization. To suggest or think of an idea or plan. To chase or follow someone in order to catch them. INFORMAL to try to obtain something. To gradually become an adult. To happen or develop in a particular way. If you give up a habit, such as smoking, or something such as alcohol, you stop doing it or using it. To go to bed later than usual. To keep money so that you can buy something with it in the future. To make money. To become involved in a difficult situation or argument in order to help find a solution. To establish someone or yourself in a business or position. To tell someone about some information, often because you believe they are not aware of it or have forgotten it. LESSON 23

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Exercises 1. Make embedded questions for these answers below. a. _______________________________________________________________________________? He traveled to England because of his inheritance. b. _______________________________________________________________________________? He‘s been doing this for almost a year. c. _______________________________________________________________________________? She calls him every other day. d. _______________________________________________________________________________? Mark won‘t marry Diana because he found out he doesn‘t love her.

2. Give long answers for these questions below. a. What should you ward off? ___________________________________________________________________________________. b. Have you ever had to step in a huge problem and couldn‘t solve it? ___________________________________________________________________________________. c. Have you ever had to give up anything? What? ___________________________________________________________________________________. d. When was the last time you came up with an interesting idea? ___________________________________________________________________________________. e. How often do you stay up? ___________________________________________________________________________________. f. What have you been saving up for? ___________________________________________________________________________________.

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Active Voice

I

do

exercises

every day.

Jane

cleans

the house

on Mondays.

Mark and Paul They

painted

the house

last summer.

will

fix

the car

He

would

invite her

for the party.

They

are

organizing

the books

at the library.

We

were

doing

the dishes

a few minutes ago.

He

is

going to

fix breakfast

as soon he gets up.

He

was

going to

set the table

when she called him out.

I

have

read

that book

since last week.

She

has

prepared

cakes

since she went on vacation.

They

had already

set up

the restaurant

I

will have

corrected

those tests

when you decided to lend them the money. by the end of the week.

She

would have

called him

I

could have

fixed the car

She

should have

canceled

if she‘d had his phone number. if they had brought it to me. the meeting

yesterday.

They

must have

found

tomorrow.

a solution for that problem.

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Passive Voice

Exercises

are

done

(by me)

every day.

The house

is

cleaned

by Jane

on Mondays.

The house

was

painted

by Mark and Paul

last summer.

The car

will be

fixed

(by them)

tomorrow.

She

would be

invited

The books

are being

The dishes

(by him)

for the party.

organized

(by them)

at the library.

were being

done

(by us)

a few minutes ago.

Breakfast

is

(by him)

as soon he gets up.

The table

was

That book

has

going to be fixed going to be set been read

Cakes

have

The restaurant Those tests

had already will have

He

would have could have

The car The meeting A solution

should have must have

been prepared been set up been corrected been called

(by him)

when she called him out.

(by me)

since last week.

(by her)

since she went on vacation.

(by them)

when you decided to lend them the money. by the end of the week.

(by me)

if she‘d had his phone number.

been fixed been canceled been found

if they had brought it to me. (by her)

yesterday.

(by them).

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SENTENCES WITH DIRECT AND INDIRECT OBJECT - Passive voice She was given some flowers (by him). He gave her some flowers. Some flowers were given to her (by him).

Cambridge Advanced Learner‘s Dictionary Tips Meet, See, Visit, or Get to know? Meet is only used about people. It is not used to mean 'visit a place or thing'. For this meaning use see or visit. Annie and Paul met on holiday. People love to travel and see different places.

People love to travel and meet different places. Wrong When you get to know someone, you gradually learn more about them. It's too soon to think about marriage, we're still getting to know each other.

Create your own sentences. 1. Meet _____________________________________________________. 2. Visit _____________________________________________________. 3. See ______________________________________________________. 4. Get to know_______________________________________________.

LESSON 24

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Exercises 1. Make active voice questions for the passive voice answers below. a. ___________________________________________________________________________? Dinner is being cooked by me tonight. b. ___________________________________________________________________________? He is going to be invited for next Saturday night party. c. ___________________________________________________________________________? Her new project was turned down by the new board of directors. d. ___________________________________________________________________________? He was sent some letters when he finally graduated from university.

2. Change the following sentences to the passive voice and vice versa. a. The policeman arrested the thieves at school yesterday, ___________________________________________________________________________. b. The student broke the chair last weekend. ___________________________________________________________________________. c.

She was convinced to come here by her classmates. ___________________________________________________________________________.

d. Joanne was looked down on by her friends. __________________________________________________________________________. e.

He will ask her out next time he sees her __________________________________________________________________________.

f.

We will be forced to give him an explanation next time he sees us. __________________________________________________________________________.

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TO BE ABLE TO Long Answers What

are

you

able

to do

right now?

Were

you

able

to drive

Will

he

be able

to lift

when you were 18 years old? those heavy boxes?

Would

you

be able

to back her up

in case I die?

Are

you

going to be able

to finish the project

this afternoon?

Was

she

going to be able

to graduate high school

in the end of the year?

Should

you

be able

to analyze

the situation?

Right now,

I/we

am/are

able

to solve this problem.

Yes No

I/we

was/were wasn‘t/weren‘t

able

to drive

when I/we was/were 18 years old.

Yes No

he

will won‘t

be able

to lift

those heavy boxes.

Yes No

I/we

would wouldn‘t

be able

to back her up

in case you die.

Yes No

I/we

am/are am not/aren‘t

going to be able

to finish the project

this afternoon.

Yes No

she

was wasn‘t

going to be able

to graduate high school

in the end of the year.

Yes No

I/we

should shouldn‘t

be able

to analyze

the situation.

Create your own sentences using to be able to. 1. __________________________________________________________. 2. __________________________________________________________. 3. __________________________________________________________. 4. __________________________________________________________. 5. __________________________________________________________. LESSON 25 ECL ENGLISH COURSE

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Special Verbs Verbs followed either by - ING FORM or INFINITIVE -- different ideas. Verbs INFINITIVE - ING FORM REMEMBER Refers to an action that Refers to an action which comes afterwards. happened beforehand. Examples: I always remember to do that. I can‘t remember doing that. FORGET Refers to an action that comes Refers to an action which afterwards. happened beforehand. Examples: I always forget to do that. I can‘t forget doing that. STOP Refers to the interruption of Refers to the ending of an action. an action in order to perform another. Examples: I stopped to smoke. I stopped smoking. MEAN Means intend. Means involve. Examples: When she said that, did she Loving her means having really mean to stay here? problems.

Verbs

SEE HEAR NOTICE

Verbs of Perception INFINITIVE Means that one observes the entire action. I saw him cross the street. I heard somebody groan. I noticed her stare at him.

- ING FORM Means that one observes the action in progress. I saw him crossing the street. I heard somebody groaning. I noticed her staring at him.

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Non-Progressive Verbs Verbs of thinking, attitudes, opinions or expressing emotions and possession are not used in Continuous Tenses (Progressive Forms). believe

need

belong

own

contain

prefer

forget

realize

hate

remember

like

suppose

love

understand

matter Some verbs have progressive forms with one meaning but not with another. The following do not usually have progressive forms: have (=‖possess‖)

see (=‖understand‖)

appear (=‖seem‖)

think (=‖have the opinion that‖)

look (=‖seem‖)

feel (=‖have the opinion that‖)

Verbs followed either by - ING FORM or INFINITIVE – no change of meaning. Verbs INFINITIVE - ING FORM BEGIN He began to work yesterday. He began working yesterday. START He started to work yesterday. He started working yesterday. CONTINUE He continued to talk. He continued talking. HATE She hates to go shopping. She hates going shopping. LIKE I like to swim. I like swimming. LOVE I love to read. I love reading. LESSON 25 ECL ENGLISH COURSE

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Verbs followed by - ING FORM Verb + - ING They denied cutting down those trees. admit* avoid can‘t help consider deny

Verb + POSSESSIVE + - ING He didn‘t understand her turning down his proposal. appreciate excuse explain prevent understand

enjoy finish mind postpone recommend* regret suggest* The verbs with a * can also be used with a That-clause She admitted making a mistake. She admitted that she had made a mistake. LESSON 25

Exercises Powerful words TO LOOK = TO SEEM You look tired out today. What did you do yesterday? TO LOOK AT Please, I‘m down on my knees asking you to Look at me! TO LOOK FOR= TO SEARCH, TO SEEK She‘s been looking for it since yesterday. TO LOOK LIKE = TO SEEM Jon looks like his mother. TO LOOK FORWARD TO = to feel pleased and excited about something that is going to happen. I'm looking forward to Christmas this year. I‘m looking forward to seeing her again.

1. Make sentences using the following verbs.

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a. SEE___________________________________________________________________________.

b. WONDER_____________________________________________________________________.

c. REMEMBER_________________________________________________________________.

d. APPRECIATE_________________________________________________________________.

e. UNDERSTAND______________________________________________________________.

f. HAVE_________________________________________________________________________.

g. LOVE_________________________________________________________________________.

h. STOP_________________________________________________________________________.

i. NEED_________________________________________________________________________.

j.

CAN‘T HELP_________________________________________________________________.

k. ENJOY________________________________________________________________________.

l. LIKE__________________________________________________________________________.

m. SEE___________________________________________________________________________.

n. HEAR________________________________________________________________________. LESSON 25 How to Answer the Toughest Job Interview Questions by Nelson Wang

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Employers want to hire people who are prepared, poised, an enthusiastic. To find out if you have those qualities, they may ask these questions. TELL ME ABOUT YOURSELF. This request appears simple. But it can be difficult. That‘s because you‘re not given any direction as to how to respond. As a result, many people give a lengthy and rambling self-history. And this is definitely not what employers want. The best strategy is to give a brief overview of your background and skills, says Martha Russell of Russell Career Services in Battle Ground, Washington. Describe how they relate to the job you‘re applying for. And keep your answer short, less than two minutes, when appropriate. WHY DO YOU WANT TO LEAVE YOUR CURRENT JOB? This question can be tricky. If you answer by complaining about your job and your boss, your interviewer may think you have a poor attitude. Try not to speak negatively about your job or your boss. Instead, show how your current job isn‘t leading you toward your future goals. "Talk about it in terms of what your expectations are," says Barry Chung, a vocational psychologist at Georgia State University. "Talk about what you want to achieve, and how the opportunity isn‘t there at your current place of employment." WHAT ARE YOUR STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES? Talking about your strengths may be difficult. You may feel as if you‘re boasting. But you need to communicate what you‘re good at and what you have experience doing. One good way is to discuss your strengths in terms of past accomplishments you‘re proud of. Or you can talk about work related activities that you really enjoy. "Most people who really enjoy doing something usually do it well," says Annie Stevens of U.S. career coaching company Clear Rock, Inc. In terms of weaknesses, you generally don‘t want to talk about any serious ones. So it‘s best to mention a minor weakness and then talk about what you‘re doing to improve it. TELL ME ABOUT A TIME WHEN YOU? These types of requests ask how you have handled a certain situation. Interviewers call them behavioral questions. They are used to determine your ability to deal effectively with a situation you will encounter in the job you‘re applying for. An example might be, "Tell me about a time when you worked with a difficult customer." Or, "Tell me about a time when you had to lead others." You should come prepared with examples of LESSON 25 challenging situations you‘ve faced in the past. Tell the interviewer how you used your skills, experience, and knowledge to handle them in a positive way. Martha ECL ENGLISH COURSE

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Russell advises her clients to think of answers to these types of questions as "STAR" statements: describe the Situation, talk about the task, outline the Action you had to take, and discuss the Result. HOW MUCH MONEY DO YOU WANT? Most career experts advise holding back your answer as long as possible. The main reason is that you may ask for less money than your potential employer is prepared to pay. "The rule is that the person who speaks first loses," says Annie Stevens. If your interviewer presses you to answer the question, try to avoid giving specific numbers. Give a range instead, but be careful not to choose too low a figure at the bottom of the range. WHY ARE manhole covers ROUND? Interviewers at software company Microsoft often ask questions like this one about manhole covers. They‘re generally not looking for a "right" answer. They are interested in seeing how you reason through an unfamiliar problem. Don‘t be afraid to ask for some time to think about the question. Barry Chung suggests that you try to answer the question in a number of different ways. Use a different set of assumptions for each answer to show your ability to think quickly. Above all, you want to demonstrate how you have arrived at your answer. WHEN HAVE YOU stumbled IN YOUR CAREER AND HOW DID YOU RECOVER? Interviewers know that nobody succeeds all the time. They want to see when you have stumbled, and how you respond to setbacks. The best way to answer this question is with honesty and perspective on what you learned from the situation. "When I ask this question, I‘m looking for how the interviewees handled a stressful situation and how they reacted to and solved a problem," says Annie Stevens. "Did they blame others? Or did they take responsibility for it themselves? That tells me a lot about them." Article excerpted from The English2Go magazine issued in February 2005.

1. Do you remember your first job interview? How was it?

2. Do you think tests and interviews help to find good employees?

3. Imagine you are the interviewer. What would you ask the interviewee?

4. How would you feel in a job interview nowadays? Would you answer the questions sincerely or just give the right answer?

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Exercises 1. Point out some verb tenses, modal verbs and structural rules used in the text and explain them: ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 2. Using an English – English dictionary get an explanation for the following words or phrases and create your own examples: a. rambling _____________________________________________________________________ b. tricky ________________________________________________________________________ c. boasting ______________________________________________________________________ d. accomplishments _____________________________________________________________ e. challenging ___________________________________________________________________ f. task ___________________________________________________________________________ g. assumptions _________________________________________________________________ h. stumbled ______________________________________________________________________ i. setbacks _______________________________________________________________________ j.

poised _________________________________________________________________________ LESSON 26

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Future Continuous

What She

will will she

Where

tomorrow evening? evening. in the afternoon?

at the club

will you

bebeplaying doing tennis be studying

When

will he

be moving to

Paris?

Who

will

be helping her

at the party

tonight?

Why

will you

be traveling

to Santa Fe

next week?

We can use Future Continuous to say that something will be going on at a certain time in the future. This time tomorrow I‘ll be swimming at the club. The Future Continuous is also used for planned or expected future events. Professor Marques will be giving a lecture tomorrow evening. In polite enquires the future continuous suggest ―What have you already decided?‖ giving the idea that we are not trying to influence people. Compare: Will you be traveling this evening? (just asking about plans) Are you going to travel this evening? (maybe pressing for a decision) Will you travel this evening? (request or order)

LESSON 26

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I /We

will

be studying

at the library

in the afternoon.

He

will

be moving to

Paris

next weekend.

Chris

will

be helping her

at the party

tonight.

to Santa Fe

next week, because I/we need to.

I/We

will

be traveling

Cambridge Advanced Learner‘s Dictionary Tips

Search or Search for? If you search a place or person, you look for something in that place or on that person: The police searched the man/the house for weapons. If you search for something or someone, you look for that thing or person. The police searched for the stolen computers but they were never recovered. The police searched the stolen computers but they were never recovered. Wrong

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SO THAT / SO AS (NOT) TO / IN ORDER (NOT) TO Used before you give an explanation for the action that you have just mentioned.

SO THAT

I deliberately didn't have lunch so (that) I would be hungry tonight.

SO AS TO

I always keep fruit in the fridge so as to keep insects off it.

SO AS(NOT) TO

I called her in advance so as not to lose time.

IN ORDER TO

I didn‘t call her in order to avoid future problems.

IN ORDER (NOT)TO

I agreed to her suggestion in order not to upset her.

Exercises 1. Make sentences using the following words. a. IN ORDER TO _______________________________________________________________.

b. SO THAT ____________________________________________________________________.

c. SO AS TO ___________________________________________________________________.

d. SO AS NOT TO _____________________________________________________________.

e. IN ORDER NOT TO _________________________________________________________.

f. SO THAT ____________________________________________________________________.

g. SO AS NOT TO _____________________________________________________________.

h. IN ORDER TO _______________________________________________________________.

LESSON 27

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Do you miss your childhood? What did you use to do? USED TO We use USED TO to describe past habits. USED TO + verb is for talking about situations or regular activities in the past which no longer happen or exist. NOTE: No duration of time is mentioned in USED TO constructions. The Simple past should be used instead. RIGHT: They worked for us for seven years. WRONG: They used to work for us for seven years. I used to play with the kids where I lived. I used to visit my grandparents every weekend in the morning. I didn‘t use to answer my parents back. When we were younger, we used not to be allowed to drink coffee. (more formal)

WOULD used to talk about things in the past that happened often or always: He would always turn and wave at the end of the street. She would love me all night long when we were younger. ―When I sat down it would jump on my legs and cover me with horrible caresses.‖ * ―When I got up to walk it was between my legs and I would almost fall.‖ * *Poe, Edgar Allan. The Black Cat. TO BE USED TO + VERB –ING The expression be used to something/doing something is for talking about something which you have done or experienced a lot before. I‘m pretty used to walking 4 kilometers a day. She isn‘t used to talking in public. We are used to working overnight. LESSON 27

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TO GET USED TO + VERB –ING It has the same idea of TO BE USED TO. However It is usually used with auxiliary or modal verbs. They will never get used to dealing with difficult situations. She can‘t get used to cleaning the house. If she had money she would soon get used to spending money.

TO BE ACCUSTOMED TO + VERB –ING Familiar with something. I'm not accustomed to being treated like this. I‘m not accustomed to getting told off.

TO GET ACCUSTOMED TO + VERB –ING Familiar with something. However It is usually used with auxiliary or modal verbs. She will quickly get accustomed to living with him. I don‘t think he can get accustomed to doing this.

TO BE SUPPOSED TO Used to talk about what is generally believed, what people are expected to do, or what is intended. I‘m supposed to clean the house tomorrow. As a teacher I‘m supposed to clear the doubts away and guide the students through difficult subjects. You‘re not supposed to be here. Yesterday, I was supposed to do the dishes but I forgot to do it.

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Exercises 1. Complete the following sentences bellow. a. I can‘t get used to ____________________________________________________________.

b. She will never get used to ____________________________________________________.

c. They would ___________________________________________________________________.

d. They are supposed to __________________________________________________________.

e. I used to ___________________________________________________when I was young.

f. I don‘t know if I will get accustomed to_______________________________________.

g. She would _______________________________________________________ every night.

h. I will never ___________________________________________________________________.

i. She is ________________________________________________________________________.

j.

They used to __________________________________________________________________.

k. Janet would get used to_______________________________________ if she had a car.

l. Mark was supposed to ________________________________________________________.

m. They can never get ___________________________________________________________.

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GET TO ARRIVE

I always get home at about 10 to 11:00 P.M

TO BUY

I need to get some food.

TO OBTAIN

He won‘t get what he wants doing this.

TO RECEIVE

She got red roses on her birthday.

TO BECOME

The teacher got really mad when I told him that.

TO UNDERSTAN OR HEAR STH

I didn‘t get what he said.

TO TRAVEL SOMEWHERE IN A TRAIN, BUS OR OTHER VEHICLE.

We‘ll get a taxi to the station. Which bus do I need to get?

Create your own sentences. 1. Get (arrive) _______________________________________________. 2. Get (buy) _________________________________________________. 3. Get (become) ______________________________________________. 4. Get (hear) ________________________________________________. 5. Get (travel) _______________________________________________. 6. Get (receive) ______________________________________________. 7. Get (obtain) _______________________________________________.

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HAD BETTER(NOT) / SHOULD(N`T) We use had better to give strong advice to people including ourselves. It is more urgent than should or ought to. He had better study more.

He should study more.

They‘d better look for another house

They should look for another house.

What had he better do now?

What should he do now?

He had better not leave home so early.

He shouldn‘t leave home so early.

WOULD RATHER(NOT) / WOULD PREFER (NOT) TO I would rather go home now.

I would prefer to go home now.

She would rather buy an apartment.

She would prefer to buy an apartment.

Where would you rather go now?

Where would you prefer to go now?

He would rather not travel tonight.

He would prefer not to travel tonight.

I would rather die than work there.

I would prefer to die to work there.

LESSON 28

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LIKE LOOK LIKE

In a way that suggests. To seem It looks like I‘m getting crazy. He looks like his father.

SOUND LIKE

In a way that suggests. They sound like a bunch of bees.

TASTE LIKE

In a way that suggests. This coffee tastes like dishwater!

SMELL LIKE

In a way that suggests. His mouth smells like sewage!

SEEM /FEEL LIKE

Similar to: It seems/feels like ages since we last spoke.

IF YOU LIKE

used for asking if someone agrees with a suggestion: We can leave now if you like.

EMPHATIC USE OF DO, DOES AND DID IN AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES. We use the emphatic form when the listener has doubts about what he is listening. I do study English every day. She does know how to prepare delicious cakes and pies. He did park the car in front of the house last night.

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Create your own sentences. 1. Smell like ________________________________________________. 2. Taste like ________________________________________________. 3. Look like ________________________________________________. 4. Feel like _________________________________________________. 5. If you like _______________________________________________. 6. Sound like ___________________________________________________________. Create your own sentences working on emphatic forms. 1. Do ______________________________________________________. 2. Did _____________________________________________________. 3. Does ____________________________________________________. 4. Do ______________________________________________________. 5. Did _____________________________________________________. 6. Does _________________________________________________________________.

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Create your own sentences using would rather. 1. __________________________________________________________. 2. __________________________________________________________. 3. __________________________________________________________. 4. __________________________________________________________. 5. __________________________________________________________. 6. ________________________________________________________________________. Create your own sentences using had better. 1. Stomach ache______________________________________________. 2. Sore throat________________________________________________. 3. Backache_________________________________________________. 4. Pneumonia________________________________________________. 5. Headache_________________________________________________.

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LESSON 29

Introducing additional and important facts or contrasting and concluding ideas.

ADDITION FURTHERMORE

She is really beautiful and furthermore she‘s got money.

IN ADDITION

She is really beautiful and in addition (to it) she‘s got money.

MOREOVER

She is really beautiful and moreover she‘s got money.

BESIDES

She is really beautiful and besides, she‘s got money.

CONTRAST ALTHOUGH

Although it was raining she went to the beach.

EVEN THOUGH

Even though it was raining, she went to the beach.

THOUGH

It is a lie, though it is well disguised under false pretences.

HOWEVER

She went to the beach, however it was raining

BUT

She likes pricey things, but she doesn‘t have money.

CONCLUSION BECAUSE

She buys clothes and jewels every weekend because her father is rich.

THEREFORE

She has lots of money; therefore she can travel wherever she wants to.

SO

He has an important meeting tonight, so it is better he prepares himself and rest a bit before it.

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LESSON 29

PLACING OF ADVERBS After verbs of movement, such as ―Go‖, ―Run‖, ―Walk‖ (INTRANSITIVE VERBS, therefore no DIRECT OBJECT), the normal order of adverbs is ―Place‖, ―Manner‖ and ―Time‖. When all three appear, however, it is also common for the adverb of time to precede the verb in similar cases.

They went to the club together last night. P M T She ran to school suddenly this morning. P M T Yesterday, she walked back home quickly. T P M With TRANSITIVE VERBS (sentences with a DIRECT OBJECT), the more common order of the adverb is ―Manner‖, ―Place‖, and ―Time‖. When all three appear. Even so, the element of time can still come before the verb in theses sentences. She kept the clothes carefully in the wardrobe last night. M P T He locked the cat calmly in the living room yesterday. M P T Last Monday, they put the money back quickly in the safe. T M P

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LESSON 29

Create your own sentences using the following adverbs. Place: downtown, club, school, church, mall. Manner: quickly, fast, slowly, suddenly, together. Time: tomorrow, yesterday, last night, Thursday morning.

1. __________________________________________________________. 2. __________________________________________________________. 3. __________________________________________________________. 4. __________________________________________________________. 5. __________________________________________________________. Manner: wisely, fast, willingly, easily, sincerely. Place: home, beach, school, church, mall. Time: ten minutes ago, after work, before lunch. 1. __________________________________________________________.

2. __________________________________________________________. 3. __________________________________________________________. 4. __________________________________________________________. 5. __________________________________________________________.

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LESSON 29 Adverbial phrases that frequently have front position: Up to now, I haven‘t seen anything new. Before that, nobody could imagine she would be able to leave. Just then the lights went out. Of course she will bring her daughter along. By now, she must be home. At last she paid me a visit. Later on, they phoned me to give me more details. Once in a while, my sister pays me a visit.* usually at the end of a sentence.

Create your own sentences. 1. Up to now ________________________________________________. 2. Of course ________________________________________________. 3. At last ___________________________________________________. 4. Later on _________________________________________________. 5. By now __________________________________________________. 6. Before that ___________________________________________________________. 7. Just then _____________________________________________________________. 8. Once in a while ______________________________________________________.

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LESSON 29 Cambridge Advanced Learner‘s Dictionary Tips Lay or Lie? Be careful not to confuse these verbs. Lay means 'put down carefully' or 'put down flat'. This verb is always followed by an object. Laying is the present participle. Laid is the past simple and the past participle. She laid the papers on the desk. Lie means 'be in a horizontal position' or 'be in a particular place'. This verb is irregular and is never followed by an object. Lying is the present participle. Lay is the past simple and lain is the past participle. The papers were lying on the desk. The papers were laying on the desk. Wrong. I lay down and went to sleep. I laid down and went to sleep. Wrong. The regular verb lie means 'not say the truth'. Lying is the present participle. Lied is the past simple and the past participle. He lied to me about his age.

Create your own sentences. 1. Lay ______________________________________________________. 2. Lie ______________________________________________________. 3. Lain _____________________________________________________. 4. Lied _____________________________________________________. 5. Laid _____________________________________________________. 6. Lay (past) ________________________________________________.

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LESSON 30

CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS BOTH

AND

NOT ONLY

BUT ALSO

EITHER

OR

NEITHER

NOR

Both Mark and Bob need to go home earlier today. Both Joann and Penelope have good grades. I not only woke up late but also forgot to call her. If this project fails it will affect not only our department, but also the whole organization We can either eat now or after the show - it's up to you. Either you leave now or I call the police! On weekends I either eat in or at my parents‘ house. Either Paul or Shirley is at home now. Either Mark or his parents are at home now. Neither my mother nor my father went to university. They speak neither French nor German, but a curious mixture of the two. I neither know nor care what's happened to him Neither Jack nor Liz has a car. Neither the boys nor the girls have tests today.

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LESSON 30 CONJUNCTIONS PROVIDED THAT

He's welcome to come along, provided that he behaves himself.

UNLESS

Unless it starts raining, I‘ll meet you in front of the mall.

SEEING THAT

Seeing that the project is over, I think we should celebrate.

SINCE AS LONG AS

I've been very busy since I came back from holiday As long as you accept the rules, we can start playing.

EVEN IF

Even if you give her flowers, she won‘t accept your excuses.

WHILE

She was cooking while her husband was setting the table.

AS AS IF IN CASE NOW THAT

She told me she met him as she was going back home. Do not talk to me as if I was a child! Please, Take care of my pets in case I die. Now that she became millionaire, she won‘t even look at us.

Create your own sentences. 1. Provided that _____________________________________________. 2. Unless ___________________________________________________. 3. Seeing that _______________________________________________. 4. Since ____________________________________________________. 5. As long as ________________________________________________. 6. Even if ___________________________________________________. 7. While ____________________________________________________. 8. As _______________________________________________________. 9. As if _____________________________________________________. 10. In case ___________________________________________________. 11. Now that _________________________________________________.

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LESSON 30

Create your own sentences. 1. Both ... and ________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________.

2. Either … or _______________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________.

3. Neither … nor _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________.

4. Not only… but also _________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________.

5. Both ... and ________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________.

6. Either … or _______________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________.

7. Neither … nor _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________.

8. Not only… but also _________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________.

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LESSON 31 Paradise City

GIVING DIRECTIONS Go straight ahead

Walk (Go) past

On the next block

Turn left(Make a left)

Walk (Go) back

Beside

Turn right(Make a right)

On the right

Up/Down

Turn at the corner of

On the left

In front of

Walk (Go) across

Up ahead

Behind

Walk (Go) to the corner of

Walk (Go) half a block

Next to

EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES What a lovely house she‘s got! What a beautiful dress she was wearing at the theater last night! What a wonderful idea! The snack bar is in front of the park. What an honest mayor he is! How stupid he is! The theater is next to the church. How fast she types! We‘ll have time for shopping. How carefully he makes the bed!

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LESSON 31

Answer the following questions according to the map above. 1. How can I get to the post office? __________________________________________________________.

2. How can I get to the snack bar? __________________________________________________________.

3. How can I get to the shopping center? __________________________________________________________.

4. How can I get to the theater? __________________________________________________________.

5. How can I get to the apartment building? __________________________________________________________.

6. How can I get to the city square? __________________________________________________________.

7. How can I get to the bank? __________________________________________________________.

8. Where is the park? __________________________________________________________.

9. Where is the church? __________________________________________________________.

10. Where is the library? __________________________________________________________.

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LESSON 31 Cambridge Advanced Learner‘s Dictionary Tips change (noun) + preposition When you use change as a noun, be careful to use the correct preposition. Use change in to describe a gradual change from one situation to a different one. There has been a change in the attitude of local people over the last few months.

There has been a change on the attitude of local people over the last few months. Wrong Use change of when something such as an address or job is being replaced by a different one. Can you give me your change of address? Use change to in order to describe a change which someone makes so that something is different but not completely different. We may have to make some changes to the design.

We may have to make some changes in the design. Wrong

CONTRACTED FORMS WILL I‘LL

WOULD I‘D

TO BE (PRESENT) I‘M

HAVE I‘VE

HAD I‘D

YOU‘LL

YOU‘D

YOU‘RE

YOU‘VE

YOU‘D

HE‘LL

HE‘D

HE‘S

HE‘S

HE‘D

SHE‘LL

SHE‘D

SHE‘S

SHE‘S

SHE‘D

IT‘LL

IT‘D

IT‘S

IT‘S

IT‘D

WE‘LL

WE‘D

WE‘RE

WE‘VE

WE‘D

YOU‘LL

YOU‘D

YOU‘RE

YOU‘VE

YOU‘D

THEY‘LL

THEY‘D

THEY‘RE

THEY‘VE

THEY‘D

WHAT‘LL

WHAT‘D

WHAT‘S

WHAT‘VE

WHAT‘D

WHEN‘LL

WHEN‘D

WHEN‘S

WHEN‘VE

WHEN‘D

WHERE‘LL

WHERE‘D

WHERE‘S

WHERE‘VE

WHERE‘D

THAT‘LL

THAT‘D

THAT‘S

THAT‘S

THAT‘D

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LESSON 31

Do or Make? Do usually means to perform an activity or job. I should do more exercise.

I should make more exercise. Wrong Make usually means to create or produce something. Did you make the dress yourself? Did you do the dress yourself? Wrong

DO DO HARM

MAKE MAKE THE BED

DO GOOD

MAKE A MISTAKE

DO ONE‘S BEST

MAKE AN EFFORT

DO BUSINESS

MAKE COFFEE

DO (SOMEONE) A FAVOR

MAKE MONEY

DO ONE‘S HAIR

MAKE A SUGGESTION

DO A PROJECT

MAKE A FUSS

DO THE SHOPPING

MAKE NOISE

DO THE IRONING

MAKE A PHONE CALL

DO ONE‘S ACCOUNT

MAKE PROGRESS

DO 100 MPH/KPH

MAKE ARRANGEMENTS

DO THE DISHES

MAKE DISHES*

DO EXERCISES

MAKE EXERCISES *

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LESSON 31

Prepositions used when talking about addresses. Where do you live? I live at 109 Antônio Gonçalves st. São Gonçalo Rio de Janeiro Brazil. I live on Antônio Gonçalves St. I live in São Gonçalo. I live in Rio de Janeiro. I live in Brazil.

Comparative Pairs They are used to indicate that two circumstances increase or decrease in intensity or amount at the same time. The second clause is often the result of the first one. The more you study the better you are. The less you eat the more tired you‘ll get. The faster the better. The less attention you pay the worse you are at school. The more you eat the fatter you will get. The less you study the lower your grades will be.

Verbs +Possessive +-ING This structure is used when we need to change a verb into a noun and in addition to it, indicate possessiveness. I go out with friends at night. She hates it. She hates my going out with friends at night. She comes here to help us every other day. I admire it. I admire her coming here to help us every other day. He tries to please her. She loves it. She loves his trying to please her. He played the guitar very loudly. This disturbed his neighbors. His playing the guitar very loudly disturbed his neighbors. She gets to work late every day. This is going to affect her job. Her getting late to work every day is going to affect her job.

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LESSON 31

Don‘t Go There by Ron Martinez

Mothers, Moms and Mommies A few years ago I received an e-mail from a Brazilian colleague of mine regarding a professional matter. Her English is excellent, but a comment she made near the end of the e-mail caught my attention: ―And your mommy? How is she?‖ It wasn‘t strange for her to mention my mother in the e-mail (in fact, it was appropriate because my mother was sick). But her use of the word ―mommy‖ was a little odd in this case. The words ―mother,‖ ―mom,‖ and ―mommy‖ all mean the same thing. But ―mommy‖ is usually said by a child or to a child. ―Mom‖ is used informally by adults and young adults, and ―mother‖ is the neutral word. So it sounded a little strange for my colleague to ask a man who is almost 40 years old about his ―mommy.‖ The differences in appropriate use of words that have the same meaning is called ―register.‖ This concept is particularly important for speakers of Portuguese, and Romance languages in general. In English we often have two versions of a word (especially nouns). For example, to say inventar in English, depending on the context, you can use ―make up‖ or ―invent.‖ But consider the following dialogue: ―That‘s a funny joke. Did you make that up?‖ ―No, I read it in Reader‘s Digest.‖ It would sound strangely formal to say, ―That‘s a funny joke. Did you invent it?‖

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LESSON 31 Most native speakers of English would understand you if you said, ―I descend the stairs‖ rather than ―go down the stairs,‖ ―I started learning the piano but desisted‖ instead of ―stopped,‖ or even that you ―hold your respiration‖ instead of your ―breath‖ underwater. But they‘ll also think that you are either a writer from the 19th century, or that you really need a vacation! As always, a good dictionary can help avoid awkward situations. I wonder if the Beatles would have had as much success if the register of their songs had been different: - ―She loves you, indeed, indeed, indeed.‖ - ―I want to secure your hand.‖ - ―She‘s abandoning the abode.‖ - ―All you require is love.‖ - ―Currency cannot purchase love.‖ I don‘t know—somehow it just doesn‘t feel the same. Article excerpted from The English2Go magazine issued in December 2005.

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