Adulto Mayor y Sexualidad

 

!"#$%&'(% *+ ,*-.'$"('( /9,/4

4

FHNW]@ GH HVWXGJ@V GH LD VHUXDLJGDG Fejlh G]. FE]JVWJDN WE@ADV GJYL@ADG@ VHUXDLJGDG EXADND

“Ld Vhxudljgdg hn hl  Dgult` Ady`r‑

Whsjnd pdrd `ptdr dl Gjpl`adg` hn Vhxudljgdg Euadnd

Adtr`nds3 N`rad Älda`s Djr`ld Ljgjd Ehrrhrd Rhrodrd

Cunj` =949 ===67*87267$

 

=

!"#$%&'(% *+ ,*-.'$"('( /9,/4

JNGJFH J .- Jntr`guffjön

Yäo. 6

JJ.- Adrf` Whörjf` =.4 F`nfhpt`s Yrhvj`s

Yäo. 8 Yäo. 8

=.= Wrdnsjfjön Gha`oräbjfd

Yäo. 5

=.=.4 Hn Daêrjfd Ldtjnd

Yäo. 5

=.=.= Hn Fejlh

Yäo. :

=.6 Ghrhfe`s Vhxudlhs hn ld Whrfhrd Hgdg

Yäo. 44

=.7 Hchrfjfj` gh ld Vhxudljgdg hn ld Whrfhrd Hgdg

Yäo. 4=

=.8 F`ap`rtdajhnt` Vhxudl hn ld Whrfhrd Hgdg

Yäo. ==

=.2 Vhxudljgdg y Hnvhchfjajhnt` =.? Bdft`rhs V`fjdlhs, Ysjf`löojf`s y hnb`quh gh oênhr`

Yäo. =2 Yäo. 64

=.5 Gjsbunfjön Vhxudl y Whrfhrd Hgdg

Yäo. 65

=.: @tr`s Dnthfhghnths

Yäo. 7=

JJJ. Yrhshntdfjön y Dnäljsjs gh Gdt`s

Yäo. 8=

6.4 Dnäljsjs hn hl t`tdl gh ld auhstrd

Yäo. 86

6.= Dnäljsjs gh ld auhstrd p`r fdtho`rád

Yäo. 29

-

Fdtho`rád Rjnfuldfjön f`n hl shx` `puhst` (f`n pdrhcd)

Yäo. 29

-

Fdtho`rád Rjnfuldfjön f`n hl shx` `puhst` (sjn pdrhcd)

Yäo. 27

-

Fdtho`rád Jnghphnghnfjd Bdajljdr

Yäo. 22

-

Fdtho`rád shx` adsfuljn` y bhahnjn`

Yäo. 25

JR. F`nflusj`nhs

Yäo. ?2

R. ]hbhrhnfjds Mjmlj`oräbjfds

Yäo. ??

RJ. Dnhx`s

Yäo. 59

===67*87267$

 

6

!"#$%&'(% *+ ,*-.'$"('( /9,/4

VHUXDLJGDG HN HL DGXLW@ ADZ@]

J.- JNW]@GXFFJÖN Gurdnth hl ghsdrr`ll` ghl Gjpl`adg` Vhxudljgdg Euadnd quhgö gh adnjbjhst`, hl ghsf`n`fjajhnt` dfhrfd gh ld shxudljgdg hn lds phrs`nds gh thrfhrd hgdg, ghmjg` d aóltjplh rdz`nhs3 fulturdlhs, s`fjdlhs, hf`nöajfds, rhljoj rhljoj`sds, `sds, hsfdsd mjmlj`ordbád dfhrfd ghl thad, p`r n`amrdr dlounds. Hxjsthn ajt`s quh edn llhvdg` d ld rjgjfuljzdfjön gh ld shxudljgdg gurdnth ld vhchz. Hstd htdpd gh ld vjgd hrrönhdahnth sh ds`fjd f`n mdc` ghsh` shxudl y hn ohnhrdl p`f` jnthrês hn ld shxudljgdg. N` `mstdnth, hn dloun`s hstugj`s sh ed vjst` quh pdrd aufe`s dgult`s ady`rhs ld shxudljgdg hs gh ordn jap`rtdnfjd. Y`r edmhr sjg` frjdg`s hn und êp`fd hn quh ld shxudljgdg hrd tdmó, aufe`s gh l`s dgult`s ady`rhs dftudlhs, n` f`nsultdn p`r gjsbunfjön shxudl, p`r vhroühnzd y p`r ld frhhnfjd gh quh sus pr`mlhads sh ghmhn hxflusjvdahnth d ld hgdg. Hstd rhdljgdg buh ld a`tjvdfjön pdrd hlhojr f`a` thad gh ld Whsjnd “Ld

Vhxudljgdg hn hl Dgult` Ady`r‑,   óltja` rhqujsjt` pdrd `ptdr dl Gjpl`ad gh “Vhxudljgdg Euadnd‑ rhdljzdg` gurdnth hl dô` =99:. Ydrd hll` sh rhdljzö und rhvjsjön mjmlj`oräbjfd s`mrh hl thad, quh jnfluyö a`n`ordbáds hxtrdnchrds y fejlhnds, thsjs gh hstugjdnths fejlhn`s, thxt`s quh dm`rgdn hl thad. Ydrd f`aplhahntdr, sh dpljfö und Hnfuhstd d 22

dgult`s

ady`rhs (s`mrh 28 dô`s) usudrj`s ghl Fhntr` gh Vdlug Bdajljdr Nuhvd Dur`rd gh Rjôd ghl Adr, söl` f`n hl pr`pösjt` gh thnhr und auhstrd rhdl gh dgult`s ady`rhs.

===67*87267$

 

!"#$%&'(% *+ ,*-.'$"('( /9,/4

7

L`s `mchtjv`s gh ld Hnfuhstd sh rhldfj`ndn f`n hl f`ap`rtdajhnt` shxudl ghl Dgult` Ady`r shoón su vjnfuldfjön f`n hl shx` `puhst`, su jnghphnghnfjd bdajljdr y su oênhr` adsfuljn` ` bhahnjn`. Gurdnth hl ghsdrr`ll` gh ld Whsjnd sh f`apr`mö hn thrrhn`, quh ld th`rád n` suphrd ld rhdljgdg. Hn fudnt` d ld mjmlj`ordbád s`mrh hl thad, sh p`grád ghfjr quh hs hsfdsd y hsphfjdlahnth hstä rhldfj`ndgd f`n l`s fdamj`s básjf`s y s`fjdlhs hn ld shnhftug, dsá f`a` tdamjên n` hs bäfjl hnf`ntrdr jnvhstjodfj`nhs s`mrh ld Vhxudljgdg hn hl  Dgult` Ady`r.  D f`ntjnudfjön sh prhshntd und Whsjnd rhdljzdgd f`n und ajrdgd ol`mdl rhf`ojgd hn l`s thxt`s f`nsultdg`s, quh bjndlahnth sh f`nfrhtd f`n ld rhdljgdg gh un orup` hsphfábjf` gh Dgult`s Ady`rhs gh ld f`aund gh Rdlpdrdás`.

===67*87267$

 

!"#$%&'(% *+ ,*-.'$"('( /9,/4

8

JJ.- AD]F@ WHÖ]JF@ =.4 F@NFHYW@V Y]HRJ@V Vhxudljgdg3 hs hl f`ncunt` gh f`ngjfj`nhs hstrufturdlhs (dndtöajfds), bjsj`löojfds, f`ap`rtdahntdlhs y s`fj`fulturdlhs quh phrajthn hl hchrfjfj` gh ld bunfjön shxudl euadnd. Dmdrfd l`s shntjajhnt`s, ld f`nguftd hn ohnhrdl y shxudl hn pdrtjfuldr, ld adnhrd gh hxprhsdrsh y rhldfj`ndrsh f`n l`s ghaäs. Hn ghbjnjtjvd ld b`rad gh vjvjr f`a` e`amrhs y auchrhs (O@NSÄLHS Z AJZD], =994) Vhxudljgdg f`a` unjgdg jnthordl3 F`nstruffjön s`fjdl quh sh `rjojnd hn hl pr`pj` jngjvjgu`. Yr`fhs` quh jnthrprhtd y dgsfrjmh un sjonjbjfdg` fulturdl d l`s phnsdajhnt`s, d lds f`nguftds y f`ngjfj`nhs shxudlhs, y hn g`ngh ld hxphrjhnfjd gh fdgd phrs`nd hstä ahgjdgd p`r bdft`rhs mj`löojf`s, psjf`löojf`s, s`fj`hf`nöajf`s, fulturdlhs, êtjf`s y rhljoj`s`s ` hspjrjtudlhs, htf. (SHJGHNVWHJN Z A@]H 4:::) Rhchz ` dnfjdnjgdg3 Ld ohr`nt`l`oád s`fjdl trdtd gh l`s bhnöahn`s euadn`s ds`fjdg`s dl ehfe` gh hnvhchfhr. Vjn hamdro`, ld vhchz, rhsultdg` ghl hnvhchfjajhnt`, sh f`nthapld f`a` und rhdljgdg quh dbhftd söl` d und pdrth gh ld p`mldfjön. L`s vjhc`s sh f`nbjourdn f`a` und fdtho`rád jnghphngjhnth ghl rhst` gh ld s`fjhgdg, shpdrdg`s f`a` orup` f`n fdrdfthrástjfds pr`pjds; rhsultd `mvj` quh l`s dnfjdn`s f`apdrtdn fdrdfthrástjfds f`aunhs, phr` l` furj`s` hs quh hstd gjbhrhnfjdfjön sup`nh ady`r shpdrdfjön ghl rhst` gh ld s`fjhgdg quh ld hxphrjahntdgd p`r `tr`s orup`s s`fjdlhs3 njô`s, dgult`s, bunfj`ndrj`s, htf. Hxjsthn gjstjnt`s tjp`s gh vhchz quh sjtódn ld vdrjhgdg gh sus f`nfhpt`s (A@]DODV, 4::5). Rhchz fr`n`löojfd. Vh mdsd hn lds hgdghs gh rhtjr` trdgjfj`ndlhs y sh bungdahntd hn ld vhchz ejstörjfd rhdl ghl `rodnjsa`, ahgjgd p`r hl trdnsfurs` ghl ===67*87267$

 

!"#$%&'(% *+ ,*-.'$"('( /9,/4

2

tjhap`. Vh dorupd hn dô`s, lustr`s y gêfdgds, y sh f`nsjghrd quh t`g`s l`s sucht`s ndfjg`s hl ajsa` dô`, tjhnhn ld ajsad hgdg (A@]DODV, 4::5). Rhchz bunfj`ndl3 f`rrhsp`ngh d ld utjljzdfjön ghl têrajn` vjhc`, f`a` sjnönja` gh jnfdpdz ` ljajtdg` y rhblhcd ld dsjajldfjön trdgjfj`ndl gh vhchz y ljajtdfj`nhs, f`nfhpt` t`tdlahnth hrrönh`. Ld mdrrhrd gh ld bunfj`ndljgdg gh l`s dnfjdn`s, s`n f`n brhfuhnfjd, brut` gh lds ghb`radfj`nhs y ajt`s s`mrh ld vhchz aäs quh hl rhblhc` gh ghbjfjhnfjds rhdlhs (A@]DODV, 4::5). Rhchz, htdpd vjtdl3 F`nfhpfjön aäs hqujljmrdgd y a`ghrnd y sh mdsd hn hl rhf`n`fjajhnt` quh hl trdnsfurs` ghl tjhap` pr`gufh hbhft`s hn ld phrs`nd, ld fudl hntrd hn und htdpd gjstjntd d lds vjvjgds prhvjdahnth. Hstd htdpd p`shh und rhdljgdg pr`pjd y gjbhrhnfjdgd gh lds dnthrj`rhs, ljajtdgd ónjfdahnth p`r f`ngjfj`nhs `mchtjvds hxthrnds y sumchtjvds ghl pr`pj` jngjvjgu` (A@]DODV, 4::5). Vh puhgh fldsjbjfdr f`a` p`mldfjön gh thrfhrd hgdg d t`gds lds phrs`nds gh 28 dô`s y aäs, y quh shoón ld htdpd ghl fjfl` vjtdl bdajljdr (Hrjfks`n) f`rrhsp`nghrád d ld bdajljd hn lds óltjads htdpds gh ld vjgd, g`ngh hl pr`fhs` ha`fj`ndl gh trdnsjfjön f`rrhsp`ngh d ld dfhptdfjön ghl fdamj` gh r`lhs ohnhrdfj`ndlhs y g`ngh l`s rhquhrjajhnt`s pdrd hl ghsdrr`ll`, shrádn3 hl adnthnjajhnt` ghl bunfj`ndajhnt` h jnthrhshs pr`pj`s y gh ld pdrhcd, d phsdr ghl ghfljndr básjf`, f`a` s`n ld hxpl`rdfjön gh l`s nuhv`s r`lhs s`fjdlhs y bdajljdrhs.  Dghaäs odndr hspdfj` pdrd ld sdmjgurád y ld hxphrjhnfjd gh ld vhchz y p`r óltja` dbr`ntdajhnt` gh ld auhrth ghl hsp`s`/d, ejc`s y `tr`s pdrjhnths h jnflus` pdrd su pr`pjd auhrth, dsá f`a` ld rhvjsjön h jnthordfjön gh ld vjgd (MD]MDG@, =997). Ld p`mldfjön gh Dgult`s Ady`rhs ed hxphrjahntdg` un frhfjajhnt` n`t`rj`, f`a` rhspuhstd gh nuahr`s`s bdft`rhs quh sh edn f`ncuodg` pdrd susthntdr und ady`r hsphrdnzd gh vjgd. Ndfj`nhs Xnjgds ed f`nsjghrdg`, d trdvês gh sus gjstjnt`s @rodnjsa`s hldm`rdr p`látjfds ohnhrdlhs quh vdydn hn mhnhbjfj` gjrhft` gh un ahc`rdajhnt` gh lds f`ngjfj`nhs gh vjgd. Vh ghstdfdn l`s pldnhs y ===67*87267$

 

!"#$%&'(% *+ ,*-.'$"('( /9,/4

?

pr`ordads haprhngjg`s d njvhl aungjdl p`r XNHVF@ hn hl ärhd gh ld Fulturd y ld Hgufdfjön; l`s ghsdrr`lldg`s p`r ld @rodnjzdfjön Aungjdl gh ld Vdlug, quh ed puhst` hsphfjdl ênbdsjs hn ld Vdlug Yrhvhntjvd, hn mhnhbjfj` gh und ahc`r Fdljgdg gh Rjgd (FHYDL, =997). Hnbrhntdr hstd rhdljgdg f`n t`gds sus pr`yhffj`nhs, rhprhshntd un ghsdbá` quh edy quh dsuajr ghsgh lds gjvhrsds buhnths jnv`lufrdgds. Ld dg`pfjön gh l`s têrajn`s gh fdtho`rjzdfjön gha`oräbjfd, Dgult` Ady`r y Whrfhrd Hgdg, pdrd ghbjnjr d hsth shoahnt` gh ld p`mldfjön sh rhbjhrh prhfjsdahnth, d su fdpdfjgdg gh adnthnhrsh hn und dftjtug gh vjohnfjd, hn `p`sjfjön d ld dntjoud ghn`ajndfjön  Dnfjdn` y Rhchz fuyd f`nn`tdfjön sh ds`fjdmd d jnfdpdfjgdg, jnvdljghz y hnbhrahgdg (MD]MDG@, =997).

Ld ohr`nt`l`oád, fjhnfjd quh hstugjd ld vhchz y quh n` edy quh f`nbungjr f`n ld Ohrjdtrád quh trdtd sus hnbhrahgdghs ‖ hstä pr`orhsdng` räpjgdahnth p`rquh hs rhldtjvdahnth c`vhn. Hs löojf` quh edyd und frhfjhnth prh`fupdfjön p`r ld pr`mlhaätjfd gh ld thrfhrd hgdg, puhs hl nóahr` gh phrs`nds quh b`radn pdrth gh hsth orup` mj`löojf` y s`fjdl, duahntd gád d gád, ordfjds d l`s pr`orhs`s gh ld ejojhnh y gh ld ahgjfjnd, dsá f`a` d l`s eämjt`s quh sh vdn ohnhrdljzdng` gh llhvdr und vjgd ads ndturdl, prdftjfdng` un ghp`rth ` hchrfjfj` rhouldrahnth y llhvdng` und dljahntdfjön hqujljmrdgd rjfd hn brutds y vhohtdlhs hn ohnhrdl. D phsdr gh t`g` sh f`n`fh aufe` aäs ld prjahrd y shoungd hgdg quh ld thrfhrd. Yhr` l` quh sh ed llhodg` d ghsfumrjr hs subjfjhnth pdrd quh, gh adnhrd fjhntábjf`, sh dndljfhn l`s ehfe`s y sh hxp`nodn un`s frjthrj`s ohnhrdlhs, quh puhghn rhsultdr ótjlhs pdrd quh ld óltjad htdpd gh ld hxjsthnfjd shd tdamjên sdtjsbdft`rjd ghsgh hl punt` gh vjstd hrötjf`. (DOXJLD] Z ODLRHV, 4::=) Ld ohrjdtrd Grd. Ehrrhrd ahnfj`nd quh3 “hn ld vhchz hl f`nfhpt` gh shxudljgdg sh mdsd bungdahntdlahnth hn und `ptjajzdfjön gh ld fdljgdg gh ld rhldfjön, aäs quh hn ld fdntjgdg gh êstd. Hsth f`nfhpt` sh ghmh hnthnghr hn b`rad dapljd, jnthordng` hn êl, hl pdphl quh cuhod ld phrs`ndljgdg, hl oênhr`, ld jntjajgdg, l`s phnsdajhnt`s, shntjajhnt`s, vdl`rhs, dbjnjgdghs, jnthrhshs, htf.‑. ===67*87267$

 

!"#$%&'(% *+ ,*-.'$"('( /9,/4

5

(Whsjs “Dbhftjvjgdg y Vhxudljgdg d pdrtjr gh l`s 28 dô`s‑ YJNW@, F. y `trds, =995)

=.= W]DNVJFJÖN GHA@O]ÄBJFD =.=.4 Hn Daêrjfd Ldtjnd Hl hnvhchfjajhnt` gh ld p`mldfjön hs un` gh l`s bhnöahn`s gha`oräbjf`s aäs jap`rtdnths gh bjndlhs gh sjol` y shrä pr`tdo`njstd ghl sjoujhnth, puhs trdhrä pr`bungds a`gjbjfdfj`nhs hn lds hstrufturds s`fjdlhs, hf`nöajfds y fulturdlhs gh l`s pdáshs gh ld rhojön. Hstds trdnsb`radfj`nhs yd s`n hxphrjahntdgds p`r hl aung` ghsdrr`lldg` y sj mjhn, Ldtjn`daêrjfd tjhnh ld vhntdcd gh dprhnghr gh sus hxphrjhnfjds, dlounds fjrfunstdnfjds n`s gjbhrhnfjdn gh hst`s pdáshs, tdnt` hn l` quh dtdôh dl pr`fhs` gh hnvhchfjajhnt`, f`a` d ld hstrufturd s`fjdl y hf`nöajfd quh hnbrhntdrä lds f`nshfuhnfjds gh hsth pr`fhs` (FHLDGH, =999). Hl pr`fhs` gh trdnsjfjön gha`oräbjfd `mljodgdahnth sh ghmh df`apdôdr gh un pr`fhs` gh rhvjsjön gh ld fulturd gh ld shnjljgdg, g`ngh sh jnfluyh prjnfjpdlahnth ld vdrjdmlh gh ld shxudljgdg. Dftudlahnth sh vjvh hn ld hrd ghl rhfjfldch3 t`g` sh rhfjfld, jnflus` ld vhchz, phr` hn hl ärhd gh ld shxudljgdg sh ghmh thnhr fujgdg` hn “ rhfjfldr dl dnfjdn` hn un bdls` c`vhn‑ f`n ajt`s y hsthrh`tjp`s shxudlhs mdsdg`s hn ld prhstdfjön, ld hbjfjhnfjd y hn ld fdpdfjgdg gh jghntjbjfdrsh f`a` un c`vhn f`n pr`gjoj`sds fdpdfjgdghs shxudlhs; f`nfhpt` auy `puhst` dl dntjou` quh rhldfj`ndmd d ld shxudljgdg f`n ld pr`frhdfjön y f`nsjghrdmd dl dnfjdn` f`a` un shr dshxudg` quh quhgd hxflujg` ghmjg` d ld jnhbjfjhnfjd gh ld jnbhrtjljgdg (]HOXHJ]D, =99=). Ld trdnsjfjön gha`oräbjfd ed sjg` ghsfrjtd f`a` un pr`fhs` gh ldrod gurdfjön, quh trdnsfurrh hntrh g`s sjtudfj`nhs ` rhoáahnhs hxtrha`s3 un`, jnjfjdl, gh mdc` frhfjajhnt` gha`oräbjf` f`n dltds tdsds gh a`rtdljgdg y bhfungjgdg, y `tr` bjndl, gh mdc` frhfjajhnt` phr` f`n njvhlhs tdamjên mdc`s hn lds rhsphftjvds tdsds. Hntrh damds sjtudfj`nhs gh hqujljmrj` sh puhghn jghntjbjfdr g`s a`ahnt`s prjnfjpdlhs. Hl prjahr`, hn hl quh ld tdsd gh frhfjajhnt` gh ld p`mldfjön duahntd f`a` f`nshfuhnfjd ghl ghsfhns` gh ld a`rtdljgdg, y hl shoung`, hn hl quh gjfe` ===67*87267$

 

!"#$%&'(% *+ ,*-.'$"('( /9,/4

:

frhfjajhnt` gjsajnuyh, ghmjg` dl ghsfhns` p`sthrj`r gh ld bhfungjgdg. Hn quê adonjtug y d quê vhl`fjgdg fdamjd ld tdsd gh frhfjajhnt`, ghphnghrä gh ld vhl`fjgdg y ghl a`ahnt` hn quh f`ajhnzdn d ghsfhnghr ld a`rtdljgdg y ld bhfungjgdg (FHYDL, =997).

=.=.= Hn Fejlh  Hn l`s óltja`s trhjntd dô`s, ld p`mldfjön ghl pdás ed hxphrjahntdg` un pr`fhs` gh hnvhchfjajhnt` gha`oräbjf` dfhlhrdg` y sjn prhfhghnths ejstörjf`s. Edstd 4:?9, lds phrs`nds ady`rhs gh 29 dô`s, rhprhshntdmdn

5% gh ld

p`mldfjön, hn hl Fhns` gh =99= duahntdr`n d 44,7% y fudtr` dô`s ghspuês gh dfuhrg` d gdt`s gh ld Hnfuhstd gh Fdrdfthrjzdfjön V`fj`hf`nöajfd (FDVHN) =992, lds phrs`nds ady`rhs gh 29 dô`s dlfdnzdmdn dl 46% gh ld p`mldfjön t`tdl ghl pdás. Hn l`s pröxja`s =9 dô`s sh hstjad und tdsd gh frhfjajhnt` gh 6.? % dnudl, pdrd hsth orup` htdrj`, p`r l` quh sh pr`yhftd und p`mldfjön gh 6.5=8.999 phrs`nds gh hsh rdno` gh hgdg pdrd hl dô` =9=8, l` quh rhprhshntdrä hl =9% gh l`s fejlhn`s. (“Lds phrs`nds Ady`rhs hn Fejlh‑ VHNDAD ‖ =99:.) Ld hxphftdtjvd gh vjgd dl ndfhr suphrd e`y hn gád l`s ?5 dô`s, s`mrhpdsdng` l`s 59 dô`s hn hl fds` gh lds auchrhs. Vj d l` dnthrj`r sh dorhod quh Fejlh ed gha`strdg` und grästjfd gjsajnufjön gh su tdsd gh ndtdljgdg, sh tjhnh un hnvhchfjajhnt` d rjta` s`sthnjg`. Hstd sjtudfjön jrä pr`bungjzäng`sh gh dfuhrg` d hstjadfj`nhs quh shôdldn quh sh pdsdrä gh 46,4= ndfjajhnt`s p`r fdgd 4.999 phrs`nds hn hl qujnquhnj` =949 ‖ =9=8, d 45.:5 gurdnth l`s dô`s =978 ‖ =989. Hl hnvhchfjajhnt` ghmh shr vdl`rdg` f`a` un l`or` quh ohnhrd `p`rtunjgdghs quh ghmhn shr dpr`vhfedgds, dl tjhap` quh sjonjbjfd un ghsdbá` hn bunfjön gh l`ordr und ahc`rd hn ld fdljgdg gh vjgd gh lds phrs`nds ady`rhs, pdrd quh hst`s dô`s l`s vjvdn gh adnhrd gjond y hn plhn` mjhnhstdr. Wdnt` hl hnvhchfjajhnt`, pr`fhs` quh dmdrfd d t`g` hl fjfl` vjtdl y quh fruzd d t`gd ld p`mldfjön,

f`a` ld vhchz, f`nb`radn un bhnöahn` f`aplhc` y

aultjgjahnsj`ndl, quh dfdrrhd f`nshfuhnfjds y ghsdbá`s, tdnt` pdrd l`s sucht`s

===67*87267$

 

!"#$%&'(% *+ ,*-.'$"('( /9,/4

49

quh hxphrjahntdn ld vhchz f`a` pdrd ld s`fjhgdg hn su f`ncunt`. (“Lds phrs`nds Ady`rhs hn Fejlh‑ VHNDAD ‖ =99:.)

(Ordbjf`

f`pjdg` gh ]hvjstd “Lds Yhrs`nds Ady`rhs hn Fejlh3 Vjtudfjön, dvdnfhs y ghsdbá`s ghl hnvhchfjajhnt` y

ld vhchz, culj` =99:)

Hl ordbjf` auhstrd hl Ángjfh gh Hnvhchfjajhnt`, hs ghfjr, hl N³ gh phrs`nds gh 29 dô`s y aäs p`r fdgd 499 ahn`rhs gh 48. Hn 4:?8 hl ángjfh gh hnvhchfjajhnt` hrd gh =4,4, pdrd hl =999 ld fjbrd edmád duahntdg` edstd llhodr d 62, y sh hsphrd quh d pdrtjr ghl =9=8 ld p`mldfjön gh ady`rhs suphrh ld gh l`s njô`s, llhodng` d 496,4 phrs`nd ady`rhs p`r fdgd 499 ahn`rhs gh 48. Hsth ángjfh llhodrád d 4?9 hn hl =989 gh dfuhrg` d lds pr`yhffj`nhs. Ld f`nstruffjön ghl ángjfh gh hnvhchfjajhnt` gh gdt`s gh ld FDVHN =992, fjbrdmd hsth jngjfdg`r hn 88,?. (Buhnth3 “Lds phrs`nds Ady`rhs hn Fejlh‑ VHNDAD ‖ =99:. Ydojnd =7) Hn Fejlh, ld p`mldfjön gh dgult`s ady`rhs duahntd pr`orhsjvd y sjonjbjfdtjvdahnth, y hs ld rhojön gh Rdlpdrdás` ld quh `fupd hl prjahr luodr ghntr` gh lds rhoj`nhs ghl pdás f`n hl ady`r p`rfhntdch gh phrs`nds ady`rhs gh 29 dô`s, shoón dnthfhghnths hstdgástjf`s mdsdg`s hn hl 4?¹ fhns` gh p`mldfjön y 2¹ ===67*87267$

 

!"#$%&'(% *+ ,*-.'$"('( /9,/4

44

gh vjvjhngd, rhdljzdg` hn Dmrjl ghl =99= p`r hl Jnstjtut` Ndfj`ndl gh Hstdgástjfds (JNH) hn t`g` hl thrrjt`rj` ndfj`ndl. Vhoón hst`s gdt`s hn ld rhojön gh Rdlpdrdás` hxjsth un t`tdl gh =92.5?= dgult`s ady`rhs hqujvdlhnth dl 46,76% gh ld p`mldfjön t`tdl gh ld rhojön, gh l`s fudlhs 5:.=99 f`rrhsp`nghn d e`amrhs y 44?.2?= d auchrhs. (Whsjs “Dbhftjvjgdg y Vhxudljgdg d pdrtjr gh l`s 28 dô`s‑ YJNW@, F. y `trds, =995)

=.6 GH]HFE@V VHUXDLHV HN LD WH]FH]D HGDG Xnd vhz f`n`fjgd ld trdnsjfjön gha`oräbjfd, p`gha`s dndljzdr lds f`nshfuhnfjds p`látjfds ajgjhng` su japdft` hn ld hsbhrd ghl O`mjhrn` y lds jnstjtufj`nhs quh gh êl ghphnghn, hn têrajn`s gh hxpl`rdr lds jnthrvhnfj`nhs quh ghadngdrä ld dthnfjön gh hsth orup` gh hgdg, phr` pdrd hll` hs prja`rgjdl hl f`n`fjajhnt` gh l`s ghrhfe`s shxudlhs gh hsth orup` htärh`. D bjnhs gh ld gêfdgd gêfd gd gh l`s ?9, hl têrajn` gh ghrhfe`s shxudlhs y rhpr`guftjv`s sh unhn f`a` hxprhsj`nhs jnghphngjhnths f`n hntjgdg pr`pjd quhgdng` rhsuajgds gjvhrsds hxjohnfjds `rjhntdgds d dbjradr hl ghrhfe` gh lds phrs`nds d f`ngufjr y thnhr f`ntr`l s`mrh su shxudljgdg y s`mrh su vjgd rhpr`guftjvd (OXH]]H]@ Z OXHSAHV, =996).  De`rd mjhn sj edmlda`s gh ghrhfe`s shxudlhs y rhpr`guftjv`s, hn ld F`nbhrhnfjd Jnthrndfj`ndl ghl Fdjr` s`mrh p`mldfjön y ghsdrr`ll` sh edfh rhbhrhnfjd dl l`or` gh un ghsdrr`ll` s`fjdl hqujtdtjv` h joudlgdg hntrh oênhr`s.  Dghaäs sh llhod dl dfuhrg` gh ld hldm`rdfjön gh un Yr`ordad gh Dffjön f`nshnsudg` pdrd l`s pröxja`s =9 dô`s, g`ngh p`r prjahrd vhz, ld sdlug shxudl y rhpr`guftjvd, dsá f`a` l`s ghrhfe`s rhpr`guftjv`s buhr`n thads fhntrdlhs gh un dfuhrg` jnthrndfj`ndl gh p`mldfjön, y quh sj mjhn hn hstd `fdsjön nuhstr` thad fhntrdl edfh rhbhrhnfjd d ld shxudljgdg hn ld shnhsfhnfjd n` fdmh gugd quh hl f`n`fjajhnt` gh hst`s ghrhfe`s p`r pdrth gh ld s`fjhgdg y gh l`s pr`pj`s pr`tdo`njstds bdfjljtdrád hn ordn pdrth hl hnthngjajhnt` gh lds f`nguftds shxudlhs hn hsth orup` gh phrs`nds (OXH]]H]@ Z OXHSAHV, =996).

===67*87267$

 

4=

!"#$%&'(% *+ ,*-.'$"('( /9,/4

N` fdmh gugd, quh tdnt` hl e`amrh f`a` ld auchr dnfjdn` sjhnthn y nhfhsjtdn ld sdtjsbdffjön shxudl. Hn hl óltja` trda` gh ld vjgd sh puhgh o`zdr y gh hfe` sh o`zd gh ld shxudljgdg, tdnt` f`a` sjn` aäs quh hn l`s trda`s dnthrj`rhs; gh ld ajsad adnhrd quh, ordfjds d lds nuhvds fjrfunstdnfjds gh trdnqujljgdg y gh gjsp`nhr gh aäs tjhap` ljmrh, sh puhgh gjsbrutd aäs y ahc`r gh t`g`s l`s dsphft`s gh ld vjgd. Vjn prhthnghr edfhr cuho`s gh pdldmrds, sh puhgh edmldr f`n t`gd pr`pjhgdg gh un hnvhchfjajhnt` dntjou` y `tr` a`ghrn`. Edfh dphnds 89 dô`s, muhnd pdrth gh l`s e`amrhs y auchrhs quh edmádn dlfdnzdg` l`s 78 ` 89 dô`s, sh f`nsjghrdmdn yd aäs ` ahn`s vjhc`s. E`y hn gád, ordfjds d l`s dghldnt`s gh ld fjhnfjd aêgjfd, ld ahc`rd hn ld ejojhnh y ld nutrjfjön, ld prdftjfd rhouldr gh hchrfjfj`s y ld thfn`l`oád gh quh sh gjsp`nh pdrd edfhr hl trdmdc` f`tjgjdn`, d hsd hgdg sh hstä hn ld plhnjtug gh ld vjgd. (DOXJLD] Z ODLRHV, 4::=)

=.7 HCH]FJFJ@ GH LD VHUXDLJGDG HN LD WH]FH]D HGDG Hl pr`fhs` gh hnvhchfhr sh fdrdfthrjzd p`r shr ld ónjfd hgdg quh n` jntr`gufh d `tr` fjfl` gh ld vjgd y p`r f`nsjghrdrsh dquá, und htdpd gh pêrgjgd ghl pdphl rhpr`guftjv`, gh ld fdpdfjgdg ldm`rdl, p`sjmjljgdg gh phrghr ld pdrhcd, l`s ejc`s, ld gjsajnufjön gh ld hbjfjhnfjd básjfd y gh ld jnghphnghnfjd psjf`löojfd, dsá f`a` tdamjên hs f`nsjghrdgd f`a` und htdpd gh

tha`r d ld s`lhgdg, dl

djsldajhnt`, d ld jnf`aprhnsjön, d ld gjsfdpdfjgdg y d ld ghphnghnfjd, hntrh `tr`s. Yhsh d hst` dón phrsjsthn dftjtughs rhtröordgds sjajldrhs d lds gh sjol`s dnthrj`rhs y quh tjhnghn d rhfedzdr, murldrsh h jnflus` d jon`rdr ld hxjsthnfjd gh dftjvjgdg shxudl hn lds phrs`nds ady`rhs. Hstd dftjtug pdrhfh thnhr g`s hxpljfdfj`nhs3 Yrjahr`3 hxjsth und jnf`rrhftd ds`fjdfjön hntrh shxudljgdg y rhpr`guffjön, ahgjdnth ld fudl sh f`nsjghrd quh söl` hs n`radl hl shx` gurdnth ld hgdg rhpr`guftjvd y p`r tdnt` l`s dnfjdn`s n` tjhnhn p`r quê prdftjfdrl`, y shoung`, ld hxjsthnfjd ghl prhcujfj`, vjhc` hs joudl d hnbhra` (EH]]H]D, =996). Xnd gh lds prjahrds nhfhsjgdghs gh t`g` shr euadn` hs ld gh shntjrsh dfhptdg`, quhrjg`, df`ojg`, phrthnhfjhnth d dlo` y d dloujhn, shntjajhnt`s hn l`s quh sh mdsd ld dut`hstjad. Ld dut`hstjad f`nsjsth hn sdmhrsh fdpdz, shntjrsh ótjl, ===67*87267$

 

!"#$%&'(% *+ ,*-.'$"('( /9,/4

46

f`nsjghrdrsh gjon`. Y`r l` tdnt` n` puhgh edmhr dut`hstjad sj hl jngjvjgu` phrfjmh quh l`s ghaäs prhsfjnghn gh êl. Dsá l` vhád Adsl`w hn su bda`sd pjräajgh gh nhfhsjgdghs, g`ngh ghsfrjmh un pr`fhs` quh ghn`ajnö dut`rrhdljzdfjön y quh f`nsjsth hn hl ghsdrr`ll` jnthordl gh lds p`sjmjljgdghs phrs`ndlhs. Ld dut`hstjad f`nsjsth hn lds dftjtughs ghl jngjvjgu` edfjd sá ajsa`. Fudng` lds dftjtughs edfjd sá ajsa` s`n p`sjtjvds edmlda`s gh muhn njvhl ` dlt` njvhl gh dut`hstjad. Dl n`amrdr ld pdldmrd dftjtughs yd eha`s jnflujg` hl aung` gh l`s dbhft`s y shntjajhnt`s y n` söl` hl gh l`s f`n`fjajhnt`s, puhs l`s f`ap`nhnths gh ld dftjtug hnfjhrrdn ordn vdrjhgdg gh hlhahnt`s psáqujf`s. Ydrd ld hgufdfjön y b`radfjön gh lds phrs`nds n`s jnthrhsd b`radr dftjtughs, p`rquh dsá dshourda`s und b`radfjön jnthordl y n` brdffj`ndrjd. Y`r l` ajsa` êstds sh hnfuhntrdn jnthordgds p`r bdft`rhs f`onjtjv`s, dbhftjv`s ha`tjv`s y f`nguftudlhs, hs auy gjbáfjl fdamjdrlds, puhs rdgjfdn hn l` aäs pr`bung` gh ld phrs`ndljgdg, l` quh odrdntjzd quh hl sucht` p`grä edfhr brhnth f`n gjonjgdg d jap`rtdnths f`ntrdrjhgdghs gh ld vjgd (ZVH]N, 4:::). Ld rhldfjön shxudl suhlh f`nsjghrdrsh und dftjvjgdg pr`pjd gh lds phrs`nds  cövhnhs, gh muhnd sdlug y f`n dtrdftjv` básjf`. Ld jghd gh quh lds phrs`nds gh hgdg dvdnzdgd adnthnodn rhldfj`nhs shxudlhs n` hstä auy dfhptdgd p`r ld s`fjhgdg, prhbjrjhng` hlugjrld, gdng` luodr d quh ghsdpdrhzfd ghl jadojndrj` f`lhftjv`, y p`r tdnt` gdng` luodr d und supuhstd “jnhxjsthnfjd‑. D phsdr gh hst`, ld vhchz, f`nllhvd d ld nhfhsjgdg psjf`löojfd gh und dftjvjgdg shxudl f`ntjnudgd. N` edy hgdg hn ld quh ld dftjvjgdg shxudl, l`s phnsdajhnt`s s`mrh hl shx` ` hl ghsh`, bjndljfhn (Adsthrs y C`ens`n, 4:5=) fjtdg` p`r (W]XGHL, =999). Hn 4:75 sh pumljfö hl prjahr hstugj` s`mrh lds rhldfj`nhs shxudlhs hn ld vhchz, KJNVHZ y f`ldm`rdg`rhs, buhr`n l`s prjahr`s hn g`fuahntdr ld hxjsthnfjd gh un ghfljvh ordgudl hn ld dftjvjgdg y hn hl jnthrês shxudl f`n hl hnvhchfjajhnt`, f`nstdtdg` tdnt` hn e`amrhs f`a` hn auchrhs. Hn ohnhrdl hn t`gds lds jnvhstjodfj`nhs dpdrhfh f`a` aäs shvhr` hl ghsfhns` hn lds rhldfj`nhs shxudlhs hn ld auchr y und p`sjmlh hxpljfdfjön d hstd gjbhrhnfjd hstdrád hn quh ld ady`rád gh l`s hstugj`s utjljzdn f`a` ghbjnjfjön gh dftjvjgdg shxudl, hxflusjvdahnth hl ===67*87267$

 

!"#$%&'(% *+ ,*-.'$"('( /9,/4

47

f`jt`, y hn hgdghs dvdnzdgds sh pr`gufh hn ld p`mldfjön un ghshqujljmrj` nuaêrjf` d bdv`r gh lds auchrhs. Gh ehfe`, hn ady`rhs gh 58 dô`s edy 6: e`amrhs p`r fdgd 499 auchrhs, präftjfdahnth g`s thrfhrds pdrths gh ld p`mldfjön dnfjdnd f`rrhsp`nghn d auchrhs, p`r l` quh ld dushnfjd gh ld dftjvjgdg shxudl p`grád thnhr quh vhr f`n ld bdltd gh pdrhcd, hntrh `trds rdz`nhs (KDJVH], 4::2). GHLL@ y f`ldm`rdg`rhs hn 4::5, rhdljzdn hstugj`s s`mrh ld dftjvjgdg shxudl hn ld vhchz, g`ngh ghstdfd y sh f`nbjrad ld hxjsthnfjd gh und gjsajnufjön hn hl jnthrês y hn ld dftjvjgdg shxudl f`n ld hgdg, ld fudl hs ady`r hn auchrhs quh hn e`amrhs, rhldfj`ndng` hstd gjsajnufjön gh ld dftjvjgdg shxudl f`n hl ghthrj`r` básjf` ordgudl quh sh pr`gufh f`n hl hnvhchfjajhnt`. F`a` rhsultdg` gh su jnvhstjodfjön ghsfrjmhn und shrjh gh bdft`rhs p`sjtjv`s quh sh rhldfj`ndn p`sjtjvdahnth f`n ld dftjvjgdg shxudl f`a` s`n3 hl shr e`amrh, hstdr fdsdg`, ahn`r hgdg, ld n` hxjsthnfjd gh ghthrj`r` f`onjtjv`, ady`r njvhl hgufdfj`ndl y muhn bunfj`ndajhnt` s`fjdl. Y`r `tr` ldg` bdft`rhs f`a` ld hgdg, hl njvhl hgufdfj`ndl ` hl bunfj`ndajhnt` s`fjdl pjhrghn jap`rtdnfjd d ld e`rd gh ahnfj`ndr hl jnthrês shxudl, jnflus` d hgdghs auy dvdnzdgds. Aufe`s gh l`s hstugj`s hxjsthnths hntrh shxudljgdg y vhchz edn sjg` frjtjfdg`s ghmjg` d quh f`nbunghn l`s hbhft`s pr`pj`s gh ld hgdg f`n dquhll`s quh sh ghmhn d pdt`l`oáds ` d bdft`rhs f`a` ld s`fjdljzdfjön, bdft`rhs fulturdlhs y gh dftjtug ` vdl`rhs (GHLL@, 4::5). VWHJNKH hn 4::?, hstugjö d phrs`nds dnfjdnds quh vjvádn hn dsjl`s y hnf`ntrö quh edmád un jap`rtdnth ghsf`n`fjajhnt` dfhrfd gh ld shxudljgdg hn ld vhchz, dsá f`a` f`nguftds pr`ejmjtjvds rhsphft` d lds rhldfj`nhs shxudlhs hntrh l`s dnfjdn`s, l` quh llhvd hn nuahr`sds `fdsj`nhs d japhgjr y gjbjfultdr fudlqujhr dfhrfdajhnt` shxudl hntrh dnfjdn`s. KHJVH] hn 4::2 rhdljzd und rhvjsjön gh l`s gjbhrhnths trdmdc`s pumljfdg`s edstd hl a`ahnt` hn hl thad, hntrh hll`s ghstdfd hl hstugj` llhvdg` d fdm` p`r (Ybhjbbhr ht dl), quh hnf`ntrö quh hl :8% gh l`s e`amrhs f`n hgdghs f`aprhngjgds hntrh 72 y 89 dô`s adnthnádn rhldfj`nhs shxudlhs shadndlahnth, fdyhng` hsth p`rfhntdch dl =5% hn l`s vdr`nhs gh 22 d ?4 dô`s. Hn hl fds` gh phrs`nds ===67*87267$

 

!"#$%&'(% *+ ,*-.'$"('( /9,/4

48

fdsdgds, hl 86% gh l`s jngjvjgu`s gh 29 dô`s y hl =7% gh l`s ady`rhs gh ?2 dô`s hrdn shxudlahnth dftjv`s. @tr` trdmdc` ghsfrjt` p`r hl ajsa` dut`r, shôdld quh ld dftjvjgdg shxudl aäs brhfuhnth hn e`amrhs y auchrhs f`n mrhfeds gh hgdg hntrh 59 y 49= dô`s hrdn lds fdrjfjds y t`fdajhnt`s shoujg`s ghl f`jt` y quh hl ?7% gh l`s e`amrhs y hl 7=% gh lds auchrhs prdftjfdmdn ld adsturmdfjön. Gh fudlqujhr a`g` hxjsthn gjbhrhnfjds jngjvjgudlhs jap`rtdnths hn lds quh pdrhfh jnblujr hntrh `tr`s bdft`rhs, lds fdrdfthrástjfds gh lds rhldfj`nhs shxudlhs hn ld cuvhntug, hl hstdg` gh sdlug, l`s ahgjfdahnt`s dgajnjstrdg`s, ld prhshnfjd gh dlthrdfj`nhs psjf`pdt`löojfds, dsá f`a` vdrjdmlhs psjf`s`fjdlhs quh jnfluyhn ld hxjsthnfjd gh pdrhcd hstdmlh y ld fdljgdg gh ld rhldfjön, hl bunfj`ndajhnt` s`fjdl y hl njvhl hgufdfj`ndl. Ld shxudljgdg hn hl hnvhchfjajhnt` n` hs ónjfdahnth hl rhsultdg` gh bdft`rhs ` fdamj`s bjsj`löojf`s, hs hsphfjdlahnth hl rhsultdg` gh ld f`nbluhnfjd gh bdft`rhs ejstörjf`s, tdnt` phrs`ndlhs f`a` s`fj`fulturdlhs gh fdräfthr jgh`löojf`s, psjf`löojf`, sjamöljf`, gh ohnhr`, jnf`nsfjhnths y/` nhurötjf`s ghsgh êp`fds dnthrj`rhs, hn ahgj` gh l`s fudlhs sh rhdftudljzdn ld vjvhnfjd y l`s sjonjbjfdg`s quh d trdvês gh lds gjbhrhnths bdshs ghl ghsdrr`ll` edn prhg`ajndg` hn hl fjfl` gh vjgd hn pdrtjfuldr. (OD]JWD VDNFEHS, =997)  Dunquh hl hnvhchfjajhnt` hapjhzd hntrh l`s =9 y 69 dô`s; l` fjhr fjhrt` t` hs quh e`y hn gád sh hnvhchfh aäs ghspdfj`, ld pêrgjgd gh bdfultdghs básjfds y ahntdlhs hs fdgd vhz aäs lhntd y aäs tdrgád. Fjhrt` hs quh, d pdrtjr gh l`s 69, ndgd ahc`rd y t`g` vd ghfdyhng`, n`radl y ordgudlahnth. W`g`s l`s örodn`s y fêlulds vdn hnlhnthfjhng` su dftjvjgdg y gjsajnuyhn su rhngjajhnt`, hsphfjdlahnth hl sjsthad fdrgj`fjrfuldt`rj`. De`rd mjhn, lds fêlulds shxudlhs, dltdahnth gjbhrhnfjdgds, hnvhchfhn auy tdrgádahnth, gh a`g` quh lds olängulds quh lds dlmhrodn sh f`nshrvdn dftjvds edstd auy hntrdgd ld vhchz. Y`r hs`, d hgdghs dvdnzdgds gh :9 y gh aäs dô`s, edy vdr`nhs quh puhghn hntrdr hn hrhffjön, f`puldr y hnohngrdr ejc`s. L` quh sufhgh d ahnug`, hs quh hl dnfjdn` n` hchrfh su fdpdfjgdg hrötjfd, p`rquh su hchrfjfj` n` lh rhsultd japhrj`s`, p`r ghmjljtdajhnt` ghl ghsh`, p`r

===67*87267$

 

!"#$%&'(% *+ ,*-.'$"('( /9,/4

42

fdrhnfjd gh pdrhcd, ` p`r dushnfjd gh gjsp`sjfjön ` dptjtug gh êstd. (DOXJLD] Z ODLRHV, 4::=) Xn hstugj` rhvhld quh hl 59% gh ld f`nsultd p`r gjsbunfjön shxudl gh l`s dnfjdn`s f`rrhsp`ngh d e`amrhs quh dfusdn jap`thnfjd, ld fudl aufeds vhfhs hs pr`guft` ghl ghsf`n`fjajhnt` gh lds gjbhrhnths váds y têfnjfds nhfhsdrjds pdrd hl gjsbruth shxudl quh ghmhn utjljzdrsh pdrd f`aphnsdr l`s fdamj`s n`radlhs ghl pr`fhs` gh hnvhchfjajhnt` ` lds dghfudfj`nhs nhfhsdrjds hn dquhll`s quh prhshntdn pr`fhs`s básjf`s gjsfdpdfjtdnths. Hl pr`mlhad gh ld jap`thnfjd aufeds vhfhs hs trdsldgdg` d ld auchr dnfjdnd, qujhn d phsdr gh n` thnhr ld ajsad gjbjfultdg hs jnv`lufrdgd hn ld jndftjvjgdg. @tr` rdso` quh sh `mshrvd f`aónahnth hs ld thnghnfjd p`r pdrth gh aufe`s e`amrhs dgult`s ady`rhs d f`nsjghrdr fdgd f`ntdft` shxudl f`a` und pruhmd gh p`thnfjd y dl n` l`ordr un muhn ghshaphô` f`apdrdg` dl quh s`ládn thnhr, sh pr`gufh brustrdfjön, dnsjhgdg y ghprhsjön, quh puhghn f`ntrjmujr d und vhrgdghrd jap`thnfjd gh htj`l`oád psjföohnd. (DNS@LD, ODLJNVKZ, A@]DLHV, VDLDV, VDNFEHS, 4::7) Ld auchr dgultd ady`r, d gjb gjbhrhnfjd hrhnfjd ghl e`amrh dgult` ady`r,

puhgh

f`aphnsdr l`s fdamj`s quh hnbrhntd f`n aufed aäs bdfjljgdg, puhs p`r l` ohnhrdl mdstd f`n `mthnhr und dghfudgd lumrjfdfjön pdrd p`ghr gjsbrutdr plhndahnth ld rhldfjön. Vjn hamdro`, ld auchr hstä aäs suchtd quh hl e`amrh d l`s f`ngjfj`ndajhnt`s y hsthrh`tjp`s s`fjdlhs y hnbrhntd, hn und ady`r pr`p`rfjön ld bdltd gh f`apdôhr`. (DNS@LD, ODLJNVKZ, A@]DLHV, VDLDV, VDNFEHS, 4::7) Ld dftjtug fulturdl gh ds`fjdr ld shxudljgdg d ld cuvhntug, puhgh pr`v`fdr hn dloun`s dgult`s ady`rhs shntjajhnt`s gh fulpdmjljgdg y vhroühnzd dl hxphrjahntdr hxfjtdfjön y ghsh` shxudl, pugjêng`sh trdgufjr hn hstdg`s ghprhsjv`s.

Hstd ghprhsjön rhdftjvd d ld jnejmjfjön shxudl fulturdl, puhgh

prhshntdrsh f`a` und pêrgjgd ghl jnthrês ` jap`thnfjd, sjn hamdro`, ld bdltd gh jnthrês aufeds vhfhs hs f`ntjnudfjön d und dftjtug dsuajgd hn dô`s dnthrj`rhs d ld vhchz (DNS@LD, ODLJNVKZ, A@]DLHV, VDLDV, VDNFEHS, 4::7) ===67*87267$

 

4?

!"#$%&'(% *+ ,*-.'$"('( /9,/4

Y`r `trd pdrth, ld hxprhsjön shxudl hs un f`ap`nhnth

jap`rtdnth gh

rhldfjön e`amrh- auchr plhnd. Fjhrtdahnth ld hxprhsjön p`sjtjvd gh ld shxudljgdg f`ntrjmuyh d ld ld sdtjsbdffjön gh fdgd ajhamr` gh ld pdrhcd f`n hl `tr` y d su sdtjsbdffjön f`n ld vjgd (Adgg`fk, 4:5:, AdfFdnn y Mjdooj`, 4:5:) Ld shxudljgdg sdlugdmlh ghmh f`nsjghrdrsh und mhngjfjön y n` un pr`mlhad (Gyk 4::9) Xnd prhountd quh suhlh pldnthdrsh sh rhbjhrh d ld ld brhfuhnfjd f`n quh lds pdrhcds s`stjhnhn rhldfj`nhs shxudlhs y hl tjhap` quh sh pr`l`nodn fudng` ld pdrhcd hnvhchfh. Xn hstugj` rhdljzdg` f`n auchrhs hn l`s prjahr`s dô`s gh adtrja`nj` hnf`ntrö quh ld brhfuhnfjd gh lds rhldfj`nhs gjsajnuád gh 48 vhfhs p`r ahs hn l`s prjahr`s dô`s gh adtrja adtrja`nj`, `nj`, d dpr`xjadgdahnth 2 vhfhs p`r ahs gurdnth ghl 2³ dô`. (Orhhnmldt, 4:56). Vjn hamdro`, hl adrohn gh hstd brhfuhnfjd hs daplj` y bluftód hntrh 7 y 78 vhfhs dl ahs pdrd lds pdrhcds f`n un dô` gh adtrja`nj`. Y`r l` ohnhrdl ld ady`rád gh lds pdrhcds dl prjnfjpj` s`stjhnhn rhldfj`nhs f`n aufed brhfuhnfjd, phr` luho` ld jnfjghnfjd hapjhzd d gjsajnujr y ld pdrhcd hstdmlhfh sus pr`pj`s pdtr`nhs jngjvjgudlhs. Hll` n` sjonjbjfd quh ld pdrhcd pjhrgd jnthrês hn hl shx`. Xnd jnvhstjodfjön rhdljzdgd, rhvhlö quh hl ?8% gh l`s e`amrhs y hl 24 % gh lds auchrhs sh adnthnádn shxudlahnth dftjv`s y gjsbrutdmdn ghl shx` jnflus` ghspuês gh ld hgdg gh l`s ?9 dô`s. (Mrhfehr, 4:57).

Dl

prhountdrlhs p`r lds rdz`nhs p`r n` f`ntjnudr f`n ld vjgd shxudl, aufeds auchrhs dguchr`n quh fdrhfádn gh un f`apdôhr` fdpdz h jnthrhsdg`. (]JFH, B. YEJLJY 4::?) @tr` hstugj` dfhrfd ghl jnthrês y f`nguftd shxudl gh e`amrhs y auchrhs mldnf`s gh 59 d 49= dô`s gh hgdg rhvhlö quh ld dftjvjgdg aäs f`aón f`nsjstád hn dfdrjfjdrsh y t`fdrsh sjn llhodr d ld f`puld (Mrhtsfehjghr y AfF`y, 4:55). Ld adsturmdfjön `fupdmd ld shoungd p`sjfjön y ld f`puld hl thrfhr luodr; hl hstugj` rhp`rtö quh hl 2= % gh l`s e`amrhs y hl 69% gh lds auchrhs rhsp`ngjhr`n quh thnádn rhldfj`nhs shxudlhs dl ahn`s `fdsj`ndlahnth. Völ` und ajn`rád gh l`s e`amrhs y auchrhs hn sus 59 dô`s dshourö quh n` thnád jnthrês hn hl shx`. (]JFH, B. YEJLJY 4::?) ===67*87267$

 

!"#$%&'(% *+ ,*-.'$"('( /9,/4

45

Ld bhljfjgdg shxudl f`nstjtuyh un prhgjft`r jap`rtdnth gh mjhnhstdr hn lds phrs`nds, sjn hamdro` lds phrs`nds ady`rhs ghcdn gh thnhr rhldfj`nhs shxudlhs ghmjg` d l`s prhcujfj`s `t`rodg`s p`r ld s`fjhgdg y quh s`n adnthnjg`s p`r hll`s. Hxjsth und n`tdmlh y buhrth f`ntrdgjffjön s`fjdl brhnth dl thad gh lds dftjtughs s`mrh shxudljgdg hn hl/ld dgult`/d ady`r, yd quh sj mjhn lds dftjtughs s`n bdv`rdmlhs hn hsth thad, n` s`n df`apdôdgds p`r lds f`nguftds pdrd f`n l`s dnfjdn`s/ds. Vjn hamdro`, lds phrs`nds dnfjdnds puhghn llhvdr und vjgd shxudl sdlugdmlh y sdtjsbdft`rjd. Ld ljthrdturd jnb`rad quh l`s dnfjdn`s puhghn thnhr jnthrês p`r hl shx` y vjmrdr gurdnth hl dft` shxudl sjhng` básjfdahnth fdpdfhs gh adnthnhrsh shxudlahnth dftjv`s. (_JLLH]W Z VHADNV, =994). Hn ld vhchz hxjsth ady`r hxphrjhnfjd shxudl, ady`r hnthngjajhnt` hn ld jnthrdffjön f`n ld pdrhcd ady`r thrnurd y sdmjgurád f`a` hn hstd htdpd gh ld vjgd sh dougjzd hl frjthrj` gh ld rhdljgdg, sh t`ad ady`r f`nfjhnfjd gh l` quh sh puhgh y n` puhgh edfhrsh f`n hl shx`, hl hr`tjsa` hstä vjo`rjzdg` hn f`apdrdfjön f`n hl dft` shxudl pr`pjdahnth gjfe`, f`n und ady`r f`nsjghrdfjön gh ld pdrhcd dl ghsdpdrhfhr l`s jnthrhshs ` lds prh`fupdfj`nhs rhpr`guftjvds, ld shxudljgdg hn hstd htdpd gh ld vjgd tjhnh f`a` ónjf` bjn hl gdr y rhfjmjr pldfhr. (A@NWDV ]DAJ]HS, =949)  =949)  W`g` l` pldnthdg` dnthrj`rahnth, jngjfd quh hn ld thrfhrd hgdg n` f`nstjtuyh und ut`pád, edmldr s`mrh ld shxudljgdg, sjn` l` f`ntrdrj` und vhrgdg jnfuhstj`ndmlh, p`r l` tdnt` hl psjföl`o` f`a` hl pr`bhsj`ndl gh ld sdlug puhgh f`ntrjmujr gh b`rad hbjfdz d ld hljajndfjön gh ttdmóhs dmóhs y phrcujfj`s s`mrh ld shxudljgdg y ld vhchz, ahc`rdr ld fdljgdg gh vjgd gh l`s dnfjdn`s y l`ordr quh hstds phrs`nds hstên hn f`ngjfj`nhs gh3   Dsuajr d l` lldro` dro` gh t`gd su vjgd su shxudljgdg gh und pr`ahsd

•

hnrjquhfhg`rd, pldfhnthrd y rhsp`nsdmlh.   Ghsdrr`lldr und dut` jadohn p`sjtjvd pdrd susthntdr su dut`hstjad y

•

dut`n`aád, dsuajêng`sh hn ld `rjojndljgdg gh su jghntjgdg gh oênhr`.

===67*87267$

 

!"#$%&'(% *+ ,*-.'$"('( /9,/4

4:

  Y`ghr vjvhnfjdr su shxudljgdg gjstjnoujhng` ld bunfjön rhpr`guftjvd ghl

•

pldfhr.   Ghsdrr`lldr ld fdpdfjgdg gh shntjr, o`zdr, dadr y shr dadg`.

•

Hxjsthn nuahr`s`s ajt`s y prhcujfj`s pdrd quh lds phrs`nds gh ld thrfhrd hgdg puhgdn gjsbrutdr su shxudljgdg d plhnjtug. Vhr und phrs`nd gh ld thrfhrd hgdg n` sjonjbjfd hstdr `prjajg` shxudlahnth, lds präftjfds hrötjfds hn hstd htdpd n` s`n jap`sjmlhs bjsj`löojfdahnth nj ghsprhfjdmlhs ha`fj`ndlahnth, phr` hstän rhstrjnojg`s p`r ld fulturd gh ld s`fjhgdg dftudl. Vh pjhnsd quh t`gd phrs`nd ady`r gh 29 dô`s hstä jnfdpdfjtdg` pdrd shntjr pldfhr, ghsh` h jnthrês shxudl. Gh ehfe`, ld s`ld jghd gh adnthnhr präftjfds hrötjfds hntrh dgult`s ady`rhs, sh pjhnsd f`a` dntjhstêtjfd, f`a` dlo` quh sjaplhahnth n` ghmh shr, p`r t`g` hll` ld pr`mlhaätjfd gh ld hxprhsjön shxudl hn ld vhchz sh dodrrd ghmjg` d quh hn nuhstrd fulturd ld shxudljgdg hstä ds`fjdgd f`n und hstêtjfd c`vhn, rjour`sd y llhnd gh tdmóhs p`r hsthrh`tjp`s s`fjdlhs.  s`fjdlhs. (A@NWDV ]DAJ]HS, =949)  =949)  Ld shxudljgdg hs und gh lds ärhds ghl f`ap`rtdajhnt` euadn` aäs ghsf`n`fjgds jnflus` p`r pr`bhsj`ndlhs sdnjtdrj`s. Lds frhhnfjds y f`nfhpt`s hrrönh`s sh adnjbjhstdn jnflus` hn lds ejst`rjds flánjfds g`ngh n` sh rhf`ohn gdt`s s`mrh ld dftjvjgdg shxudl, sjhaprh gjfhn quh l`s dnfjdn`s s`n shxudlahnth jndftjv`s y tjhnhn tha`r dnth prhountds gh hsth tjp` dl n` p`ghr rhsp`nghr dghfudgdahnth.  (A@NWDV ]DAJ]HS, =949)  dghfudgdahnth. =949)  Vh dbjrad quh hn hstd htdpd ld ahrd hxjsthnfjd gh adnjbhstdfj`nhs shxudlhs gh fudlqujhr tjp` hs sjsthaätjfdahnth nhodgd, rhfedzdgd ` gjbjfultdgd, p`r ordn pdrth gh ld s`fjhgdg. Cunt` d l`s ajt`s y prhcujfj`s f`hxjsth rhsjsthnfjd dnth ld vhchz, tha`rhs y dnoustjds quh f`ntrjmuyhn hn ld phrfhpfjön nhodtjvd quh gjfed htdpd hxtrdôd. Hn und s`fjhgdg quh hstd hnvhchfjhng` pr`orhsjvdahnth, ld shxudljgdg ghmhrád phradnhfhr hn und gjahnsjön dbhftjvd, shntjahntdl y rhldfj`ndl gurdnth t`g` hl furs` gh ld hxjsthnfjd, hn hl rhspht` ghl fuhrp` y l`s dsphft`s phfuljdrhs prhshnths hn fdgd htdpd gh ld vjgd. vjgd.   (A@NWDV ]DAJ]HS, =949)   =949) ===67*87267$

 

=9

!"#$%&'(% *+ ,*-.'$"('( /9,/4

Ld shxudljgdg euadnd hs hl rhsultdg` gh ld f`amjndfjön gh bdft`rhs mj`löojf`s, s`fjdlhs y fulturdlhs quh jnthrdftódn f`ntjnudahnth dunquh hn hl a`ahnt` gh su adnjbhstdfjön un` g`ajnh s`mrh hl `tr`. Ld shxudljgdg b`rad pdrth gh ld phrs`ndljgdg f`nstjtuyhng` und b`rad aäs gh hxprhsjön hxprhsjön.. (A@NWDV ]DAJ]HS, =949)  =949)  Ld ejst`rjd shxudl b`rad pdrth gh ld hvdludfjön aêgjfd ohnhrdl gh t`g`s l`s dnfjdn`s. Lds prhountds s`mrh su bunfjön y dftjvjgdg shxudl dftudl s`n hsphfjdlahnth jap`rtdnths. Vjn hamdro` dloun`s aêgjf`s sh sjhnthn jnföa`g`s dl edmldr s`mrh dsphft`s shxudlhs f`n lds phrs`nds ady`rhs, yd shd p`r jon`rdnfjd, dnsjhgdg phrs`ndl, hsthrh`tjp`s nhodtjv`s s`mrh l`s dnfjdn`s ` p`r l`s pr`mlhads quh dloun`s dnfjdn`s

tjhnhn pdrd hxprhsdrsh

dfhrfd gh su

shxudljgdg. (AH]FK, =998)  =998)   Dloun`s pdfjhnths hstän adl jnb`radg`s rhfedzdn

s`mrh

ld shxudljgdg y `tr`s

f`ahntdr dsphft`s gh hsth thad, s`mrh l`s l`s quh puhghn dlmhrodr

shntjajhnt`s gh fulpd ` gh phfdg`. Dunquh su gjsbunfjön shd hvjghnth, l` aäs pr`mdmlh, hs quh hstds phrs`nds sh sjhntdn p`f` jnfljndgds d dfhptdr dyugd. N` `mstdnth hl ehfe` gh quh un aêgjf` lhs trdnqujljfh y lhs dp`rth jnb`radfjön, puhgh phrajtjr d dloun`s f`nshoujr und jadohn aäs p`sjtjvd gh sj ajsad y hxprhsdr =998)  sus nhfhsjgdghs shxudlhs. (AH]FK, =998)  Xnd jnvhstjodfjön rhfjhnth s`mrh hl thad, rhdljzdg` hn dô` =99? p`r S`jld Ehrnänghz Sda`rd, tjtuldg` “Dloun`s dsphft`s d f`nsjghrdr s`mrh ld Vhxudljgdg ghl Dgult` Ady`r‑ rhjthrd quh hs nhfhsdrj` rdtjbjfdr quh ld ajtjbjfdfjön quh sh ed ehfe` s`mrh ld shxudljgdg gh lds phrs`nds ady`rhs n` tjhnh hn ld dftudljgdg njnoón bungdahnt`, puhs ed quhgdg` ghsvjrtudgd d ld luz gh aóltjpl`s hstugj`s, tdamjên hs nhfhsdrj` quh sh dfldrh hl ajt` gh quh shxudljgdg hs joudl quh ohnjtdljgdg, quh ld shxudljgdg dmdrfd dsphft`s ha`fj`ndlhs tdn jap`rtdnths f`a` l`s f`rp`rdlhs y quh hstd f`rp`rdljgdg n` sh rhbjhrh hxflusjvdahnth d lds pdrths ohnjtdlhs ghl jngjvjgu`, sjn`, f`a` su n`amrh l` jngjfd dmdrfd ahnth ‖ fuhrp`.

===67*87267$

 

!"#$%&'(% *+ ,*-.'$"('( /9,/4

=4

Aufeds phrs`nds ady`rhs dón fudng` tjhnhn lld d p`sjmjljgdg gh llhvdr und vjgd gh muhnd fdljgdg n` l` edfhn, p`r thnhr und vjsjön hqujv`fdgd gh sus nhfhsjgdghs rhdlhs y su ghrhfe` d sdtjsbdfhrlds y n` s`ldahnth hn l` rhldfj`ndg` f`n ld shxudljgdg, sjn` tdamjên f`n l` lógjf` y l` rhldfj`ndl, pdrhfjhrd f`a` sj dl jr dfuauldng` dô`s, sh dfuauldrdn tdamjên rhstrjffj`nhs edfjd hl f`ap`rtdajhnt` o`z`s`, dlhorh; f`n brhfuhnfjd sh f`nsjghrdn ghadsjdg`s vjhc`s ` vjhcds pdrd edfhr und ghthrajndgd f`sd. Hs tdrhd ghl rhst` gh ld s`fjhgdg gjonjbjfdr d l`s e`amrhs y auchrhs ady`rhs, yd shd hn hstdg` gh sdlug ` pdt`löojf`, pr`a`vjhng` und vjsjön fldrd gh l`s dsphft`s y nhfhsjgdghs rhldfj`ndgds f`n hl shr euadn`, n` söl` hn ld shnhftug sjn` hn t`g` hl trdyhft` gh ld vjgd euadnd, ghshnadsfdrdng` tdmóhs y prhcujfj`s, b`ahntdng` hl rhspht` y ld dra`nád, ld f`aprhnsjön gh sus vjfjsjtughs y sdtjsbdffj`nhs f`a` un pr`fhs` quh puhgh shr ghthrj`rdg` ` hnrjquhfjg` shoón lds frhhnfjds ` f`n`fjajhnt`s quh sh thnodn. Ld fulturd quh sh b`ahntd pdrd l`s vjhc`s shrä ld fulturd quh ld sjoujhnth ohnhrdfjön vjvjrä auy pr`nt`. Ghcdr fldr` quh ld shxudljgdg gh lds phrs`nds ady`rhs ghmh shr rhsphtdgd tdnt` hn su ghsh` gh n` hchrfhrld f`a` hn hl hchrfjfj` gh ld ajsad. Vh puhgh f`nflujr quh ld frhhnfjd gh quh lds phrs`nds gh ld thrfhrd hgdg s`n shxudlahnth n` ghshdmlhs, n` ghsh`sds h jnfdpdfhs, ghmh shr sustjtujgd p`r l`s sjoujhnths ehfe`s3 -

Vhxudljgdg n` hs joudl d ohnjtdljgdg

-

Aufeds phrs`nds phradnhfhn jnthrhsdgds hn ld shxudljgdg

-

Ld dftjvjgdg shxudl hs p`sjmlh hn lds óltjads gêfdgds gh ld vjgd

-

Lds phrs`nds ady`rhs gh dam`s shx`s s`n dtrdftjv`s y shxudlahnth ghshdmlhs l`s un`s /ds d l`s /ds `tr`s/ds

-

Ld shxudljgdg dftjvd f`ntrjmuyh d und ahc`r fdljgdg gh vjgd gh l`s dgult`s ady`rhs, aäs quh f`nstjtujr un phljor` pdrd ld sdlug

-

Ld hxprhsjön shxudl sdlugdmlh hn ld vhchz hs un sjon` gh sdlug ahntdl

-

Ld shxudljgdg hs un hlhahnt` prhshnth h jap`rtdnth jap`rtdnth hn ld öptj öptjad ad fdlj fdljgdg gdg gh vjgd ghl shnhft`.

===67*87267$

 

!"#$%&'(% *+ ,*-.'$"('( /9,/4

==

Bjndlahnth hl hstugj` hn f`ahnt`, dp`yd hl ehfe` gh quh ld shxudljgdg hstä prhshnth ghsgh quh hl e`amrh y ld auchr ndfhn edstd quh auhrhn. V`a`s shrhs shxudlhs y shxudg`s. (EH]NDNGHS SDA@]D, =99?) =99?)  

=.8 F@AY@]WDAJHNW@ VHUXDL HN LD WH]FH]D HGDG Hn lds óltjads gêfdgds ghl sjol` =9 y ld prjahrd gêfdgd ghl sjol` =4, sh edn prhshntdg` und shrjh gh sufhs`s quh edn bdv`rhfjg` hl fdamj` rhv`lufj`ndrj` hn ld shxudljgdg gh ld fulturd `ffjghntdl, hntrh hst`s fdamj`s sh hnfuhntrd hl duahnt` gh ld hxphftdtjvd gh vjgd, l` quh ed ghcdg` d gjsp`sjfjön gh l`s e`amrhs y auchrhs fdsj ld ajtdg gh sus hxjsthnfjds pdrd o`zdr gh ld shxudljgdg sjn bjnhs gh pr`frhdfjön, ö shd, hl hchrfjfj` gh ld shxudljgdg pdrd hl l`or` gh un gjsbruth plhn` y sdtjsbdft`rj` gh ld vjgd. Df`rgh f`n l` dnthrj`r, hn l`s óltja`s dô`s, ld ohr`nt`l`oád ed dm`rgdg` ld shxudljgdg ghsgh un gjsfurs` a`ghrn` y fjhntábjf`, prhshntdng` d ld shxudljgdg y dl hnvhchfjajhnt` f`a` têrajn`s quh n` sh hxfluyhn autudahnth, dghaäs gh f`nsjghrdr quh ld vjgd shxudl dftjvd f`nstjtuyh un vdl`r tdn fhntrdl f`a` ld sdlug. D l` ldro` gh ld ejst`rjd l`s shrhs euadn`s edn hqujpdrdg` ld  cuvhntug f`n ld vjrjljgdg y ld pdsjön, y edn vjnfuldg` ld vhchz f`n hl bjn gh ld vjgd shxudl. (EH]NDNGHS SDA@]D, =99?) =99?)   Ld shxudljgdg gh lds phrs`nds ady`rhs hs aäs f`aplhcd gh l` quh pugjhrd pdrhfhr. Ld shxudljgdg jnfluyh gjvhrs`s f`ap`nhnths, ghsgh hl ghsh` shxudl edstd ld brhfuhnfjd f`n quh sh tjhnh jntjajgdg shxudl y ld fdpdfjgdg gh rhsp`nghr shxudlahnth, fdgd un` gh l`s fudlhs puhgh fdamjdr gh b`rad gjstjntd d ahgjgd quh sh hnvhchfh. Dghaäs hst`s f`aplhc`s dsphft`s dbhftjv`s y f`ap`rtdahntdlhs ghphnghn hn ordn ahgjgd gh bdft`rhs sjf`löojf`s, fulturdlhs, s`fjdlhs y edstd =99?)   hf`nöajf`s.  (EH]NDNGHS SDA@]D, =99?) hf`nöajf`s. Y`r `trd pdrth hstän, dghaäs, l`s fdamj`s bjsj`löojf`s rhldfj`ndg`s f`n ld hgdg, quh dundg`s f`n l`s dnthrj`rhs rhphrfuthn hn f`a` sh sjhntd ld phrs`nd ady`r y hn su dut`f`nfhpt` f`a` shrhs euadn`s dtrdftjv`s y ghshdmlhs. Dsá ajsa`, hl dsphft` dbhftjv` rhldfj`ndl hs jnblujg` p`r hl ehfe` gh f`ntdr ` n` f`n  f`n   ===67*87267$

 

!"#$%&'(% *+ ,*-.'$"('( /9,/4

=6

un f`apdôhr` ` f`apdôhrd quh rhsp`ngd shxudlahnth y/` dbhftjvdahnth. Wdamjên hl hnt`rn` s`fjdl jnbluyh hn un shntjg` mäsjf`, lds jghds gh ld s`fjhgdg s`mrh fudl hs ld f`nguftd s`fjdl dpr`pjdgd, f`nbjourdn lds ha`fj`nhs y lds f`nguftds shxudlhs, n` söl` gh ld vhchz sjn` hn fudlqujhr bdsh gh ld vjgd. Hxjsth un ahnsdch hxpljfjt` gh quh d ghthrajndgd hgdg hl shx` hntrd hn z`nd pr`ejmjgd, ahnsdch quh bunfj`nd f`a` und pr`bhfád quh sh dut`dljahntd, pr`gufjhng` ld f`nguftd quh prhgjfh. (EH]NDNGHS SDA@]D, =99?)  =99?)  Hstä gha`strdg` quh hl shx` y ld shxudljgdg cuhodn un pdphl jap`rtdnth hn hl hnvhchfjajhnt` sdlugdmlh y plhn`; sjn hamdro`, lds phrs`nds dnfjdnds tjhnhn und f`nguftd shxudl ehthr`oênhd hn rhldfjön d sus dphtjt`s y d sus jnthrhshs (EH]]H]D, =999).

Hl pr`fhs` gh hnvhchfjajhnt` cuhod un pdphl auy jap`rtdnth. L`s fdamj`s bjsj`löojf`s, dndtöajf`s y bunfj`ndlhs hn l`s örodn`s shxudlhs gh l`s dnfjdn`s n` f`ngjfj`ndn `mljodgdahnth hl fhsh gh ld dftjvjgdg shxudl, sjn` quh hxjoh und dgdptdfjön ghl f`ap`rtdajhnt` shxudl d su nuhv` bunfj`ndajhnt`, hvjtäng`sh dsá brustrdfj`nhs y sjtudfj`nhs gh dnsjhgdg dnth lds rhldfj`nhs shxudlhs, quh p`grádn llhvdr dl fhsh jnnhfhsdrj` gh ld dftjvjgdg shxudl (EH]]H]D, =996). Ghspuês ghl dp`oh` gh ld p`thnfjd shxudl ghl vdrön, quh sh dlfdnzd dnths gh fuapljr l`s =9 dô`s, f`ajhnzd su ghfljndr. Yhr` hsth ghfljndr hs tdn lhnt` quh rhsultd dphnds phrfhptjmlh. Y`r hs` n` llhod d fdusdr prh`fupdfjön aäs quh d hgdghs dvdnzdgds. Ld prjahrd f`nstdtdfjön gh ghsfhns` suhlh edfhrsh edfjd l`s 69 dô`s. Aäs adrfdg` rhsultd edfjd l`s 79, y un p`f` aäs, dl llhodr d ld fjnfuhnthnd. Hn lds gêfdgds sjoujhnths, sjouh gjsajnuyhng` ld p`thnfjd shxudl, phr` gh a`g` japhrfhptjmlh. (DOXJLD] Z ODLRHV, 4::=) Ld rdpjghz f`n quh gjsajnuyh ld p`thnfjd shxudl ghphngh gh nuahr`s`s bdft`rhs gh l`s quh yd sh ed edmldg`, básjf`s, mj`löojf`s, psáqujf`s, hspjrjtudlhs y s`fj`fulturdlhs. Xnd vjgd shxudl dftjvd, f`ntrd l` quh pugjhrd frhhrsh, f`nstjtuyh und odrdntád gh quh ld p`thnfjd phrsjstjrä gurdnth aäs tjhap` y f`n ady`r ===67*87267$

 

!"#$%&'(% *+ ,*-.'$"('( /9,/4

=7

jnthnsjgdg. N` sh qujhrh ghfjr f`n hst` quh shd rhf`ahngdmlh und dftjvjgdg hrötjfd p`r hnfjad gh lds p`sjmjljgdghs rhdlhs gh fdgd jngjvjgu`. L` quh sh dbjrad, hs quh hn l` shxudl, hl us` tdamjên ghsdrr`lld y adntjhnh ld p`thnfjd. Ydrhfh gha`strdg` quh und vjgd shxudl dftjvd rhtrdsd ld dpdrjfjön gh ld ahn`pdusjd hn ld auchr (DOXJLD] Z ODLRHV, 4::=) Hl pr`mlhad gh ld p`thnfjd shxudl n` sh prhshntd f`n doughzd aäs quh hn hl e`amrh, yd quh hn hsth ld p`sjmjljgdg gh und hrhffjön jnsubjfjhnth hntrdôd gjbjfultdghs pdrd hl df`pldajhnt` shxudl. Ld auchr n` subrh jap`thnfjd, dunquh l`s pr`fhs`s dtröbjf`s ghmjg` d ld jnv`lufjön shnjl ` hstdg` gh hnbhrahgdg puhghn gjbjfultdr, phrturmdr, ` dón japhgjr hl f`jt`. Yhr` dpdrth gh hst`s fds`s quh d ahnug` sh rhsuhlvhn sdtjsbdft`rjdahnth, e`amrhs y auchrhs gh ld thrfhrd hgdg puhghn thnhr rhldfj`nhs shxudlhs f`n jlusjön y `mthnhr shnsdfj`nhs pldfhnthrds, llhodng` jnflus` dl `rodsa`. Hn hl vdrön ld hrhffjön hs aäs gjbáfjl gh f`nshoujr p`r phrhzd rhdffj`ndl d ld hxfjtdfjön, p`r l` quh thngrä quh shr hstjauldg` hn `fdsj`nhs gh a`g` aäs gjrhft`. Xnd vhz dlfdnzdgd ld hrhffjön, puhgh ` n` adnthnhrsh vjo`r`sdahnth edstd ld hydfuldfjön, f`ngufjhng` d un `rodsa` quh puhgh shr gh ordn jnthnsjgdg. L`s thstáful`s n` rhdffj`ndn f`n ld hlhvdfjön y duahnt` gh v`luahn fdrdfthrástjf` gh êp`fds dnthrj`rhs. Ld ghtuahsfhnfjd sh pr`gufh gh a`g` aäs räpjgd, hn und s`ld bdsh. L`s phrá`g`s rhbrdftdrj`s ` gh jap`sjmjljgdg gh und nuhvd hrhffjön s`n fdgd vhz ads pr`l`nodg`s. (DOXJLD] Z ODLRHV, 4::=) L`s fdamj`s e`ra`ndlhs quh subrh ld auchr, edfhn quh su dpdrdt` ohnjtdl, sh dtr`bjh ordgudlahnth y quh lds rhdffj`nhs shxudlhs shdn fdgd vhz ads a`ghrdgds. D ahgjgd quh dvdnzdn hn hgdg gjsajnuyh su ghsh`. L`s örodn`s shxudlhs, rhdffj`ndn aäs lhntdahnth, f`n euajgjbjfdfjön vdojndl aäs hsfdsd, y l`s `rodsa`s sh edfhn fdgd vhz aäs mrhvhs y gêmjlhs. Lds rhdffj`nhs gh l`s phfe`s, tdamjên sh dthnódn, y hs brhfuhnth quh ghspuês ghl f`jt`, jnflus` hn l`s gáds quh sjouhn, ld auchr hxphrjahnth un fjhrt` g`l`r hn ld urhtrd y hn vhcjod. (DOXJLD] Z ODLRHV, 4::=)

===67*87267$

 

!"#$%&'(% *+ ,*-.'$"('( /9,/4

=8

Ydrd f`nflujr sh ghmh rhf`rgdr d qujhnhs b`radn pdrth gh ld thrfhrd hgdg, l` quh hll`s mjhn sdmhn3 W`g` sh puhgh edfhr, phr` n` hn ld ajsad ahgjgd quh sh edfád hn hl pdsdg`. Edy ljajtdfj`nhs quh n` sh ghmhn `lvjgdr. Ld hxfjtdfjön hrötjfd hn dam`s shx`s, dsá f`a` ld f`puld, pr`v`fd und ady`r rhdffjön p`r pdrth ghl dpdrdt` rhspjrdt`rj` y ghl sjsthad fdrgj`vdsfuldr quh hn l`s cövhnhs. F`nvjhnh puhs `mshrvdr und fjhrtd prughnfjd, s`mrh t`g` p`r pdrth gh l`s quh pdghfhn hnbhrahgdghs ghl f`rdzön y gh l`s pula`nhs, fuyd prjahrd ahgjgd shrä f`nsultdr f`n hl ahgjf`. Fdsj hstdrád ghaäs ghfjrl`, phr` n` sh ghmh `lvjgdr quh ld hxprhsjön ghl fdrjô` hs l` aäs jap`rtdnth hn und pdrhcd gh fudlqujhr hgdg y lds adnjbhstdfj`nhs ghl da`r autu`, jnflus` hl hr`tjsa` n` sh rhgufhn d l` ohnjtdl. Ld hxprhsjön ghl da`r quh sh sjhnth p`r hl fönyuoh puhgh rhdljzdrsh gh aufeds adnhrds, quh sdtjsbdod dl dadnth y dl dadg`. Ld shxudljgdg f`a` eha`s vhnjg` gjfjhng` edstd dquá, n` söl` hs fuhstjön gh dlf`md, sjn` quh dmdrfd t`gd ld hxjsthnfjd. (DOXJLD] Z ODLRHV, 4::=) Hvjghnthahnth ld dftjvjgdg shxudl, n` hs hxflusjvd gh l`s cövhnhs, sjn` quh hn su dghfudg` äamjt` y ahgjgd, sh adnjbjhstd d trdvês gh t`gd ld vjgd, f`a` hxprhsjön ghl da`r y hs und buhnth gh o`z` y pldfhr, tdamjên hn ld thrfhrd hgdg, p`r l` tdnt` lds phrs`nds quh edn llhodg` d hstd thrfhrd hgdg f`n ld sdmjgurád quh gdn l`s dô`s, p`grän ghgjfdrsh d ld dftjvjgdg shxudl hn ld ahgjgd hn quh hl da`r, hl ghsh` y sus p`sjmjljgdghs básjfds, l`s japulshn y sh l`s phrajtdn. (4) (DOXJLD] Z ODLRHV, 4::=) Vhoón hstugj`s gh ld Grd. Dghld Ehrrhrd, ld shxudljgdg ghl dnfjdn` sh ghmh f`nsjghrdr hn b`rad jnthordl, jnfluyhng` bdft`rhs

básjf`s y ha`fj`ndlhs,

f`nsjghrdng` f`a` n`radl hn hl dnfjdn`, fjhrtds a`gjbjfdfj`nhs hn hl pdtrön shxudl. F`a` p`r hchapl`, ld gjsajnufjön ghl nuahr` gh f`jt`s y hl duahnt` pr`p`rfj`ndl gh `trds dftjvjgdghs shxudlhs3 f`a` l`s dmrdz`s, fdrjfjds, rdt`s gh jntjajgdg, adsturmdfj`nhs.

“Bdft`rhs quh jnbluyhn s`mrh ld dftjvjgdg shxudl ghl dgult` ady`r, s`n hl hstdg` gh sdlug ghl sucht` y su pdrhcd; hl ordg` gh jnfdpdfjgdg básjfd y ahntdl ghl ===67*87267$

 

!"#$%&'(% *+ ,*-.'$"('( /9,/4

=2

sucht` y su pdrhcd; ld brhfuhnfjd y fdljgdg gh lds rhldfj`nhs shxudlhs prhvjds; hl njvhl gh f`n`fjajhnt` gh l`s fdamj`s bjsj`löojf`s quh dpdrhfhn f`n hl hnvhchfjajhnt` hn ld bunfjön shxudl;

gjbhrhnths dsphft`s sjf`s`fjdlhs f`a`

sjtudfjön dbhftjvd, vjughz, jnstjtufj`ndljzdfjön, fdamj` gh g`ajfjlj`, fdamj`s gh jntjajgdg, htf.‑ (Grd. Ehrrhrd) 

=.2 VHUXDLJGDG Z HNRHCHFJAJHNW@  F`n hl hnvhchfjajhnt` ld phrs`nd nhfhsjtd aäs tjhap` pdrd hxfjtdrsh.  Dunquh dloun`s phrfjmhn hsth hnlhnthfjajhnt` ordgudl f`a` und ghfljndfjön gh ld bunfjön, `tr`s n` l` f`nsjghrdn und dlt dlthrdfjön, hrdfjön, yd quh ld f`nshfuhnfjd hs quh tdnt` e`amrhs f`a` auchrhs

tdrgdn aäs tjhap` hn dlfdnzdr hl `rodsa`.

(AH]FK, =998)  =998)  Fdamj`s bjsj`löojf`s quh jnbluyhn hn hl f`ap`rtdajhnt` shxudl gh DA Rdr`nhs3  Dl hstugjdr ld gjsajnufjön gh ld rhspuhstd shxudl f`n ld hgdg sh puhgh `mshrvdr quh hxjsth und hrhffjön aäs lhntd y ahn`s f`aplhtd y quh sh rhqujhrh gh un ady`r hstáaul` gjrhft` pdrd quh sh pr`guzfd. L`s thstáful`s n` dsfjhnghn tdnt` f`a` hn hl e`amrh c`vhn, ld hydfuldfjön hs ahn`s p`ghr`sd, ld fdntjgdg gh shahn hstä rhgufjgd y lds f`ntrdffj`nhs ghl rhft`, pröstdtd y phnh s`n aufe` aäs gêmjlhs hn hl a`ahnt` gh ld hydfuldfjön. Y`r `tr` ldg` l`s e`amrhs tjhnghn d hydfuldr ahn`s, ghmjg` d quh hl `rodsa` quh dnths sufhgád hn g`s bdshs, de`rd tjhnh und buhrth thnghnfjd d `furrjr hn und s`ld, hs p`r hst` quh sh gjfh quh l`s e`amrhs n` sjhaprh sjhnthn ld nhfhsjgdg gh hydfuldr gurdnth lds rhldfj`nhs shxudlhs. @tr`s fdamj`s `mshrvdg`s hn e`amrhs dnfjdn`s hs quh hxjsth und pr`l`nodfjön ghl phrá`g` rhbrdftdrj` trds ld hydfuldfjön, hnthngjêng`sh f`a` tdl dl phrá`g` f`aprhngjg` hntrh ld hydfuldfjön y und nuhvd hrhffjön. Vjn hamdro` hst`s fdamj`s n` pdrhfhn dbhftdr hl shntjajhnt` sumchtjv` gh pldfhr hn l`s e`amrhs y dsá hl f`ntr`l y ld gjsajnufjön gh ld nhfhsjgdg gh hydfuldr edfhn quh lds rhldfj`nhs shxudlhs shdn aäs sdtjsbdft`rjds y pldfhnthrds, tdnt` pdrd êl, f`a` pdrd su pdrhcd (A@]]JV, =999).  =999). 

===67*87267$

 

!"#$%&'(% *+ ,*-.'$"('( /9,/4

=?

Hn l`s vdr`nhs ld hxfjtdfjön hs aäs lhntd, puhghn n`tdr ahn`s láqujg` hydfuldt`rj` y ahn`s buhrzd hn ld hydfuldfjön. Ld hrhffjön ttdamjên damjên hs ahn`s bjrah y gurd ahn`s tjhap`. Wrds hl `rodsa` l`s e`amrhs ady`rhs tdrgdn aäs tjhap` quh l`s cövhnhs hn f`nshoujr `trd hrhffjön. D gjbhrhnfjd gh llds ds auchrhs quh subrhn un fljadthrj` bjsj`löojf`, l`s e`amrhs sh adntjhnhn bêrtjlhs t`gd ld vjgd. Ld gjsbunfjön hrêftjl

hs und prh`fupdfjön brhfuhnth pdrd aufe`s vdr`nhs.

 Dunquh su jnfjghnfjd duahntd f`n ld hgdg, hl hnvhchfjajhnt` hn sj ajsa` n` fdusd hsth trdst`rn`. Hl trdtdajhnt` bdradf`löojf` dyugd d dloun`s vdr`nhs d =998)  s`lufj`ndr hsth pr`mlhad.  pr`mlhad. (AH]FK, =998)  Y`r `tr` ldg` hxjsth und rhspuhstd shxudl gjsajnujgd gurdnth hl hnvhchfjajhnt` y quh sh ghmh prjnfjpdlahnth d ld gjsajnufjön gh Whst`sthr`nd, n` `mstdnth hst`s fdamj`s hl dnfjdn` puhgh shoujr thnjhng` hrhffj`nhs y `rodsa`s, jnflus` sj êstd hs ahn`s bjrah y aäs gjbáfjl gh `mthnhr, ld prhsjön quh sh hchrfh ghntr` ghl phnh hs subjfjhnth pdrd und muhnd phnhtrdfjön hn ld ady`rád gh l`s e`amrhs (W]XGHL, =999). Hst`s fdamj`s ghmhn shr mjhn f`n`fjg`s, tdnt` p`r hl phrs`ndl sdnjtdrj`, f`a` p`r l`s pr`pj`s dnfjdn`s, hvjtäng`sh dsá und jnthrprhtdfjön hrrönhd gh l`s ajsa`s quh puhgd rhphrfutjr nhodtjvdahnth s`mrh ld dftjvjgdg shxudl gh hsth orup` htärh`. Hsth f`n`fjajhnt` phrajtjrä und ahc`r dgdptdfjön d l`s fdamj`s bjsj`löojf`s ghl pr`fhs` gh hnvhchfjajhnt` y ld dgdptdfjön gh ld dftjvjgdg shxudl gh ld pdrhcd gh dnfjdn`s d gjfe`s fdamj`s phrajth und shxudljgdg aäs f`aplhtd p`sjtjvd y ordtjbjfdnth (EH]]H]D, =996).  D l`s fdamj`s bjsj`löojf`s sh puhgh suadr ld rhphrfusjön gh `trds pdt`l`oáds `roänjfds frönjfds y hl f`nsua` gh bäradf`s. Hst`s puhghn a`gjbjfdr hl f`ap`rtdajhnt` shxudl ghl dnfjdn`, yd shd p`r dlthrdfjön ghl sjsthad e`ra`ndl, ` p`r shfuhlds básjfds y/` psjf`s`fjdlhs gh lds hnbhrahgdghs frönjfds quh puhghn `rjojndr dloón ordg` gh gjsfdpdfjgdg (EH]]H]D, =996).

===67*87267$

 

!"#$%&'(% *+ ,*-.'$"('( /9,/4

=5

Lds hnbhrahgdghs frönjfds y vdrjdg`s pr`mlhads gh sdlug puhghn `furrjr f`n aäs brhfuhnfjd hn hl dnfjdn`. Hn l`s e`amrhs hstds hnbhrahgdghs puhghn llhvdrl`s d pr`mlhads hrêftjlhs, f`a` s`n3 hnbhrahgdghs fdrgj`pula`ndrhs, vdsfuldrhs, ohnjt`urjndrjds, jnbhffj`sds, nhur`löojfds hntrh `trds, d su vhz aufe`s ahgjfdahnt`s pdrd hstds hnbhrahgdghs puhghn shr tdamjên dohnths gh jap`thnfjd hn hl dgult` ady`r, f`a` s`n hl fds` gh dntjghprhsjv`s, bäradf`s dntj pdrkjns`n, dntjpsjfötjf`s. Gr`ods dntjejphrthnsjvds quh puhghn gjsajnujr ld fdpdfjgdg hrêftjl, phr` n` hstän f`ntrdjngjfdgds pdrd ld dftjvjgdg shxudl. Y`r óltja`, fjruoáds prhvjds d ld pröstdtd tdamjên p`grádn jnblujr hn hl pr`fhs` gh hydfuldfjön (W]XGHL, =999). Fdamj`s bjsj`löojf`s quh jnbluyhn hn hl f`ap`rtdajhnt` shxudl gh DA Auchrhs. Hn auchrhs dnfjdnds l`s fdamj`s aäs n`tdmlhs hn su sjsthad rhpr`guft`r s`n `mshrvdg`s gurdnth ld Ahn`pdusjd. V`mrh hl ?8% gh lds auchrhs hxphrjahntdn sus vdrjdg`s sánt`ads. Ld gjsajnufjön hn ld pr`guffjön gh hströohn`s pr`gufh un sjnnóahr` gh hbhft`s hn hl `rodnjsa` f`a` hs hl fds` gh l`s m`fe`rn`s, quh sjn gugd hs hl sánt`ad aäs f`aón shntjg` p`r lds auchrhs, dghaäs gh sánt`ads básjf`s f`a`3 bdtjod, jns`anj`, gjbjfultdghs shns`rjdlhs, pr`mlhads gh aha`rjd, htf. L`s pr`mlhads aêgjf`s unjg`s d ld ahn`pdusjd jnfluyhn3 jrrjtdfjön gh ld urhtrd h jnf`ntjnhnfjd gurdnth ld f`aunjfdfjön shxudl, sjn hamdro` dloun`s dut`rhs frhhn quh sh s`mrhstjadn l`s pr`mlhads rhldfj`ndg`s f`n ld ahn`pdusjd (W]XGHL, =999). Ld ahn`pdusjd puhgh rhldfj`ndrsh f`n dlounds gjbjfultdghs hn hl äamjt` psjf`löojf` f`a` s`n3 hl ajhg` d shr ahn`s dtrdftjvd, odndnfjd gh phs`, bldfjghz gh lds adads, pêrgjgd gh fdmhll`, fdamj`s hn ld pjhl. Fdamj`s quh rhfuhrgdn d und auchr quh yd hstä hnvhchfjhng`, jnshrtd hn und s`fjhgdg g`ngh ld cuvhntug y ld mhllhzd s`n hstjadgds aäs quh ld adgurhz, s`mrh t`g` hn lds auchrhs. Y`r l` tdnt` l`s pr`mlhads gh ld ahn`pdusjd sh ghsprhnghn ghl ajhg` d hnvhchfhr, gh ld prh`fupdfjön p`r lds hxphftdtjvds gh sus pdrhcds s`mrh ld rhldfjön y gh föa` hll`s lds f`apdrdn f`n auchrhs aäs cövhnhs (A@]]JV, =994).

===67*87267$

 

!"#$%&'(% *+ ,*-.'$"('( /9,/4

=:

 D njvhl gh ohnjtdlhs, ld ahn`pdusjd pr`v`fd un dghlodzdajhnt` gh lds pdrhghs vdojndlhs y uthrjnds, hstrhfedajhnt` y gjsajnufjön gh l`nojtug gh ld vdojnd, pêrgjgd gh hn lds ahamrdnds auf`sds gh ld vdojnd puhghn duahntdr hl rjhso` d jnbhffj`nhs y pr`v`fdr g`l`r gurdnth lds rhldfj`nhs shxudlhs. Ld jnfjghnfjd ghl g`l`r hn ld phnhtrdfjön puhgh llhvdr d ld dpdrjfjön gh trdst`rn`s f`a` hl vdojnjsa` y ld gjspdrhunjd. Yuhgh hxjstjr tdamjên dtr`bjd gh l`s ldmj`s ady`rhs y ahn`rhs quhgdng` hl flát`rjs auy hxpuhst` gurdnth hl dft` shxudl fdusdng` g`l`r hn hl f`ntdft` (W]XGHL, =999; A@]]JV, =994). L`s fdamj`s hn ld rhspuhstd shxudl puhghn jnflujr gjsajnufjön gh lds f`ntrdffj`nhs gh l`s aósful`s uthrjn`s gurdnth hl `rodsa`, l` quh d vhfhs puhgh shr g`l`r`s`. Ld jnthnsjgdg y gurdfjön gh lds rhdffj`nhs bjsj`löojfds tdamjên gjsajnuyhn f`n ld hgdg. Ydrd l`ordr un `rodsa` sh puhgh rhquhrjr aufe` aäs tjhap` y su jnthnsjgdg y gurdfjön puhghn hnf`ntrdrsh gjsajnujg`s y ld bdsh gh rhs`lufjön hs aäs räpjgd. Vjn hamdro` dón fudng` hl `rodsa` hs ahn`s jnthns` y tdrgd aäs tjhap` hn `furrjr, ld edmjljgdg gh ld auchr pdrd thnhr `rodsa`s aóltjplhs n` fdamjd f`n ld hgdg d f`apdrdfjön ghl e`amrh fuy` phrá`g` rhbrdftdrj` n` sh hxtjhngh (W]XGHL, =999). Hn auchrhs hl bunfj`ndajhnt` shxudl hn ld thrfhrd hgdg ghphngh ghl mjhnhstdr psjf`löojf`. Vj l`s sánt`ads básjf`s vdn unjg`s ántjadahnth d hvhnt`s hstrhsdnths shrä aufe` aäs gjbáfjl ld dgdptdfjön. Vj ld pdrhcd auhstrd gjsajnufjön ghl jnthrês shxudl ld auchr puhgh phnsdr quh ed phrgjg` su hnfdnt` y quh hs jap`sjmlh f`aphtjr f`n auchrhs cövhnhs. Ydrd vdrjds auchrhs su dftjtug edfjd hnvhchfhr y edfjd ld shxudljgdg dbhftd su rhspuhstd shxudl. Ld auchr dnfjdnd puhgh shoujr gdng` y rhfjmjhng` pldfhr shxudl gurdnth t`gd su vjgd. Ld ady`rád gh lds quhcds hn hl thad gh ld shxudljgdg rhldfj`ndgds dl hnvhchfjajhnt`, sh pr`gufh p`r ld bdltd gh f`n`fjajhnt` gh l`s fdamj`s bjsj`löojf`s n`radlhs y p`r und jnfdpdfjgdg pdrd f`aunjfdr lds nhfhsjgdghs y prhbhrhnfjds. Lds auchrhs hn pdrtjfuldr tjhnhn gjbjfultdg pdrd jghntjbjfdr y hxprhsdr sus nhfhsjgdghs shxudlhs, pugjhng` f`ntrdrrhstdr sus fdamj`s bjsj`löojf`s pjgjêng`lhs d sus pdrhcds quh lds dfdrjfjhn p`r aäs tjhap`, ` pr`mdng` nuhvds p`sjfj`nhs shxudlhs quh fdushn ===67*87267$

 

69

!"#$%&'(% *+ ,*-.'$"('( /9,/4

ahn`s g`l`r y usdr lumrjfdnths pdrd rhfuphrdr ld bdltd gh lumrjfdfjön. Vh ed f`apr`mdg` tdamjên quh hs p`sjmlh duahntdr hl t`n` ausfuldr phrjnhdl rhdljzdng` l`s hchrfjfj`s gh Khohl l`s fudlhs jnv`lufrdn f`ntrdffj`nhs gh ld ausfuldturd pum`f`xáohd (LJHMLXA, 4::9; ]JHNS@, 4:58; W]XGHL, =999). Lds auchrhs suhlhn adnthnhr ld bunfjön shxudl gurdnth t`gd ld vjgd, d n` shr quh sh pr`guzfd dloón trdst`rn` ahgjf`. Wjhnghn d hst hstdr dr ahn`s prh`fupdgds quh l`s vdr`nhs dfhrfd gh su rhngjajhnt` shxudl, dunquh sh prh`fupdn aäs p`r su dpdrjhnfjd cuvhnjl ` p`r su fdpdfjgdg gh dtrdffjön shxudl. Ld brhfuhnfjd brhfuhnfjd gh ld dftjvjgdg shxudl hntrh lds auchrhs sh rhldfj`nd d ahnug` f`n ld hgdg, ld sdlug y hl bunfj`ndajhnt` shxudl gh su pdrhcd (` ld gjsp`njmjljgdg gh und pdrhcd), aäs quh f`n su pr`pjd fdpdfjgdg ` ghsh` shxudl. Hn lds auchrhs ld ady`rád gh l`s fdamj`s shxudlhs sh pr`gufhn hn ld ahn`pdusjd, fudng` gjsajnuyh ld pr`guffjön gh hströohn`s. Hst`s fdamj`s f`nsjsthn hn vdojnjtjs dtröbjfd, f`n shquhgdg gh ld auf`sd vdojndl, quh pr`gufh jrrjtdfjön ` g`l`r gurdnth hl f`jt`. Ld fdpdfjgdg pdrd thnhr und phnhtrdfjön pldfhnthrd, puhgh f`apr`ahthrsh dón ads

p`r hl

hstrhfedajhnt` y df`rtdajhnt` gh ld vdojnd rhldfj`ndg` f`n ld hgdg. (AH]FK, =998) Lds shfrhfj`nhs vdojndlhs ahn`s dfjgds, jnfrhahntdn ld p`sjmjljgdg gh jnbhffj`nhs vdojndlhs. Ld fjstjtjs hs ads brhfuhnth hn lds dnfjdnds quh hn lds  cövhnhs ghmjg` d l`s fdamj`s quh sh pr`gufhn d fdusd g gh h ld urhtrjtjs dtrö dtröbjfd. bjfd. Ld gjsajnufjön gh l`s njvhlhs gh hströohn`s puhgh pr`gufjr rhguffjön ghl tdadô` ghl flát`rjs jnf`ntjnhnfjd gh hsbuhrz` h jnfrhahnt` ghl vhll` bdfjdl. N` `mstdnth hl trdtdajhnt` gh sustjtufjön f`n hströohn`s prhvjhnh

` rhgufh aufe`s gh hst`s

pr`mlhads y, dlounds auchrhs gjsbrutdn aäs gh ld dftjvjgdg shxudl ghspuês gh ld ahn`pdusjd, p`rquh n` thahn quhgdrsh hamdrdzdgds. Bjndlahnth, gjvhrs`s trdst`rn`s aêgjf`s, brhfuhnths hn l`s dnfjdn`s, puhghn dbhftdr d ld bunfjön shxudl y l`s aêgjf`s ghmhn dm`rgdr hstd pr`mlhaätjfd dl trdtdrl`s. (AH]FK, =998)

===67*87267$

 

!"#$%&'(% *+ ,*-.'$"('( /9,/4

64

=.? BDFW@]HV V@FJDLHV, YVJF@L@OJF@V YVJF@L@OJF@V Z HNB@TXH GH OÊNH]@ Lds phrs`nds quh adntjhnhn und phrfhpfjön p`sjtjvd gh su fuhrp` y gh su pdrhcd adnthngrän rhldfj`nhs shxudlhs sdtjsbdft`rjds. Ld s`fjhgdg hn ohnhrdl, pjhnsd quh lds dnfjdnds pjhrghn aäs pr`nt` su dtrdftjv` shxudl, p`sjmlhahnth p`r phrghr aäs prhf`zahnth su fdpdfjgdg rhpr`guftjvd hn f`apdrdfjön f`n hl e`amrh (EH]]H]D, =996). Lds hxphftdtjvds gh l` quh sjonjbjfd shr e`amrh ` auchr, quh b`radn pdrth gh ld s`fjdmjljzdfjön gh ld ady`rád gh l`s njô`s, ghcdn d aufe`s dnfjdn`s/ds adl prhpdrdg`s pdrd gjsbrutdr su shxudljgdg ` pr`thohr su sdlug. Hl oênhr` tjhnh und jnbluhnfjd tdn p`ghr`sd s`mrh hl f`ap`rtdajhnt` shxudl quh dloun`s hxphrt`s frhhn quh p`nhr hn thld gh cujfj` l`s punt`s gh vjstd trdgjfj`ndlhs gh ld adsfuljnjgdg y bhajnjgdg hs hshnfjdl pdrd pr`a`vhr ld sdlug shxudl (EHN]Z, =99=). Aufeds s`fjhgdghs hnshôdn d lds c`vhnfjtds d shr «muhnds» hsp`sds y lds s`fjdmjljzdn pdrd quh shdn suajsds f`n l`s e`amrhs. Lds bdajljds, l`s adhstr`s y l`s f`apdôhr`s rhbuhrzdn ld sup`sjfjön gh quh lds njôds s`n jnbhrj`rhs d l`s njô`s, edstd tdl punt` quh aufeds cövhnhs y p`sthrj`rhs dnfjdnds frhhn quh su sjtudfjön gh ghsjoudlgdg hstä custjbjfdgd (EHN]Z, =99=). L`s e`amrhs sh mhnhbjfjdn gh su sjtudfjön prjvjlhojdgd hn ld ady`rád gh lds s`fjhgdghs, phr` l`s pdphlhs gh oênhr` trdgjfj`ndlhs quh ghshaphôdn tdamjên tjhnhn su prhfj`. Lds jnvhstjodfj`nhs edn gha`strdg` quh ld s`fjdmjljzdfjön gh l`s aufedfe`s pdrd quh rhprjadn lds ha`fj`nhs, rhfurrdn d ld vj`lhnfjd pdrd s`lufj`ndr f`nbljft`s y shdn jnghphngjhnths d und hgdg thaprdnd tjhnh hbhft`s phrcugjfjdlhs d l` ldro` gh ld vjgd (EHN]Z, =99=). Hn un aung` g`ngh sh prjvjlhojd ld cuvhntug y ld pr`guftjvjgdg pdrd lds auchrhs n` hs gjbáfjl quh hxjstd ajhg` d “llhodr d shr vjhcds‑, yd quh p`f` d p`f` sh lhs f`nsjghrd jnótjlhs ` “yd n` ótjlhs‑ y hs hl fljadthrj` qujhn dntjfjpd hsth ===67*87267$

 

!"#$%&'(% *+ ,*-.'$"('( /9,/4

6=

shntjajhnt` gh vhchz quh hn hl e`amrh sh llhvd d fdm` edstd g`s gêfdgds ads tdrgh (EH]]H]D, =996). Xn` gh l`s ehfe`s aäs rhlhvdnths ed sjg` f`apr`mdr quh un` gh l`s ajt`s quh aäs buhrthahnth hxjsth pdrd ld s`fjhgdg, pdrd l`s dgult`s ady`rhs y hn hsphfjdl pdrd ld auchr dgultd ady`r yd hs präftjfdahnth jnhxjsthnth3 ld sdljgd gh l`s ejc`s ghl e`odr dbhftd gh b`rad p`sjtjvd ld vjgd hn pdrhcd y ld vjgd shxudl, gdg` quh puhghn f`ntdr f`n un ady`r hspdfj` básjf`, l` fudl lhs ed phrajtjg` und shxudljgdg aäs ljmrh, n` sjhng` nhfhsdrj` hsphrdr hl a`ahnt` dghfudg` pdrd thnhr rhldfj`nhs shxudlhs y gjsbrutdr gh ld autud f`apdôád, sh fdamjd hl ajt` ghl “ sángr`ah ghl njg` vdfá`‑ p`r hl gh “ajsjön fuapljgd‑ (EH]]H]D, =996). @tr` ajt` quh sh hstä ghrrjmdng` hn nuhstr` ahgj`, hs quh ld auchr ady`r n` rhqujhrh ghl shx`, quh hs jnnhfhsdrj` hn sus vjgds y quh hs “dn`radl‑ d sus dô`s, sh `mshrvd und pduldtjnd gjsajnufjön ghl prhcujfj` “hl shx` hn hl dgult` ady`r‑. Lds auchrhs n` phrfjmhn hl shx` f`a` dlo` adl` h jnf`rp`rdn hl dft` shxudl f`a` pdrth gh sus vjgds. Yhr` suroh und f`ntrdgjffjön, yd quh p`r `trd pdrth d lds auchrhs lhs rhsultd gjbáfjl dsuajr quh tjhnhn ghsh`s shxudlhs, p`r tdnt` tjhnghn d hsphrdr quh shdn sus pdrhcds qujhnhs lds musquhn y qujhnhs jnjfjhn ld dftjvjgdg shxudl. Hst` sh ghmh hn ordn ahgjgd d ld s`fjdljzdfjön rhfjmjgd p`r hstd ohnhrdfjön, l` quh f`ngufh hn dloun`s fds`s d und gjs`fjdfjön hntrh un gjsfurs` dpdrhnthahnth dmjhrt` y und hxphrjhnfjd shxudl nhodg`rd gh pldfhr. Ydrd lds auchrhs dgultds ady`rhs hl adnthnhr rhldfj`nhs shxudlhs sjonjbjfd un dft` gh hntrhod, ljodg` d ld nhfhsjgdg ha`fj`ndl, yd quh hl shntjrsh ghshdgds shxudlahnth pdsd p`r shoujr sjntjêng`sh mhllds (EH]]H]D, =996). Ydrdgöcjfdahnth, ld b`radfjön gh nuhvds pdrhcds hn ld hgdg adgurd suhlh shr adl rhfjmjgd p`r ld s`fjhgdg, hn têrajn`s tdn ghsphftjv`s f`a` “hl vjhc` vhrgh‑ ` “ld vjugd dlhorh‑ t`g`s hst`s ajt`s y prhcujfj`s fdstjodn d l`s/lds dnfjdn`s/ds prjväng`lhs su ghrhfe` d adnthnhr und vjgd shxudl sdtjsbdft`rjd y ghmjg` d ld ady`r l`nohvjgdg gh hstd p`mldfjön, hs fdgd vhz aäs pr`mdmlh quh l`s/lds dnfjdn`s/ds sh fdshn f`n pdrhcds jnfdpdfhs shxudlahnth, prjnfjpdlahnth hn ===67*87267$

 

!"#$%&'(% *+ ,*-.'$"('( /9,/4

66

dnfjdnds quh sh fdsdn f`n dnfjdn`s gh ady`r hgdg, lds fudlhs sh trdnsb`radn hn hsp`sds fujgdg`rds. Vjn hamdro` hn hl dnfjdn` n` sufhgh gh joudl a`g` g`ngh sh `mshrvd f`n ordn brhfuhnfjd hl fdsdajhnt` f`n auchrhs aufe` aäs cövhnhs (EH]]H]D, =996). Ld ajsad dut`rd shôdld quh ld sjtudfjön gh vjughz hn lds auchrhs n` tjhnh hl ajsa` japdft` s`mrh hl fhsh gh ld dftjvjgdg shxudl quh hn l`s vdr`nhs. Dghaäs gh ld gjbhrhnfjd gha`oräbjfd quh cuhod f`ntrd lds auchrhs (4vdrön p`r fdgd 2/? auchrhs) trdgjfj`ndlahnth ed hxjstjg` und buhrth thnghnfjd s`fjdl d f`nsjghrdr nhodtjvdahnth hl hstdmlhfjajhnt` gh nuhvds rhldfj`nhs dbhftjvds h jnflus` gh nuhv`s adtrja`nj`s hn auchrhs vjugds, l` fudl ljajtd dón aäs ld dftjvjgdg shxudl gh êstds. Vh f`apr`mö quh hl :9% gh lds auchrhs vjugds fhsdmdn sus rhldfj`nhs shxudlhs d pdrtjr ghl bdllhfjajhnt` gh sus hsp`s`s. Lds p`sjmlhs pdrhcds hsfdshdn, s`mrh t`g` pdrd lds auchrhs ady`rhs, quh vjvhn aäs tjhap` y hn ady`r nóahr` quh l`s dnfjdn`s vdr`nhs. Aäs ghl 89% gh l`s dnfjdn`s s`n vjugds, hl ?% nunfd sh ed fdsdg` y hl 49 % s`n gjv`rfjdgds. Dsá puhs dlrhghg`r ghl 29% gh lds dnfjdnds n` tjhnh fönyuoh, hn f`ntrdsth f`n söl` hl =9% gh l`s dnfjdn`s. Lds phrs`nds ady`rhs quh edn phrgjg` d sus pdrhcds puhghn a`strdrsh rhnuhnths d f`apr`ahthrsh hn `trd rhldfjön, und dftjvjgdg dmdng`ndgd gurdnth gêfdgds, y sh sjhnth p`f` bdajljdrjzdgd f`n lds präftjfds ghl =998)  f`rthc` fudng` sh prhshntdn lds `p`rtunjgdghs.  `p`rtunjgdghs. (AH]FK, =998)  Hs brhfuhnth quh hl dnfjdn` thnod quh dmdng`ndr su g`ajfjlj` edmjtudl, p`r dloón tjp` gh gjsfdpdfjgdg jap`rtdnth, dfugjhng` d vjvjr f`n bdajljdrhs gjrhft`s ` hn rhsjghnfjds ` jnstjtufj`nhs. Fudng` hst` `furrh sh pjhrgh ld prjvdfjgdg h jntjajgdg gh ld pdrhcd, l` fudl aufeds vhfhs puhgh fdusdr f`nbljft`s f`n l`s bdajljdrhs ` fujgdg`rhs p`r n` hnthnghr lds hxprhsj`nhs shxudlhs gh l`s / lds dnfjdn`s /ds, dg`ptdng` dftjtughs rhstrjftjvds ` jnejmjt`rjds edfjd hst`s ajsa`s. Ld sjtudfjön sh dordvd fudng` sh shpdrd d ld pdrhcd, f`n ld jnthnfjön gh rhpdrtjr ld fdrod gh fujgdg` hntrh l`s jnthordnths gh ld bdajljd, sjn phnsdr sjqujhrd quh hxjsth und nhfhsjgdg gh adnjbhstdfjön shxudl. L`s bdajljdrhs jap`nhn n`rads gh f`nguftd quh f`nsjghrdn dpr`pjdgds sjn pldnthdrsh quh hn hsds nuhvds

===67*87267$

 

!"#$%&'(% *+ ,*-.'$"('( /9,/4

67

f`ngjfj`nhs l`s/lds dnfjdn`s/ds nhfhsjtdn dón aäs adnjbhstdr sus shntjajhnt`s y ha`fj`nhs (EH]]H]D, =996). Lds dftjtughs ohnhrdfj`ndlhs nhodtjvds dfhrfd gh ld a adsturmdfjön dsturmdfjön y ld e`a`shxudljgdg puhghn jnthrbhrjr hn ld hxprhsjön shxudl. Aufeds phrs`nds e`a`shxudlhs n` rhvhldn sus prhbhrhnfjds shxudlhs. Dunquh sus rhldfj`nhs y pr`mlhads shxudlhs

suhlhn shr sjajldrhs d l`s gh l`s ehthr`shxudlhs, l`s

e`a`shxudlhs puhghn hxphrjahntdr und dnoustjd dgjfj`ndl d fdusd gh ld phrfhpfjön gh ld nhfhsjgdg gh `fultdr su `rjhntdfjön shxudl. L`s quh vjvhn hn rhsjghnfjds puhghn shr pdrtjfuldrahnth vulnhrdmlhs d ld s`lhgdg y dl djsldajhnt`. djsldajhnt`.   (AH]FK, =998)  =998)  Lds nhfhsjgdghs shxudlhs gh l`s dnfjdn`s quh vjvhn hn rhsjghnfjds y hn `tr` tjp` gh jnstjtufj`nhs frönjfds ghmhn rhsphtdrsh. Hstds phrs`nds puhghn hstdr djsldgds gh su pdrhcd y prhshntdr dlthrdfj`nhs nhur`löojfds, fdrgj`vdsfuldrhs ` gh `tr` tjp`. F`a` f`nshfuhnfjd gh hll`, su shxudljgdg puhgh hxprhsdrsh dorhsjvdahnth ` jr df`apdôdgd gh ghprhsjön, ghahnfjd ` ghljrj`. Hl phrs`ndl gh hstds jnstjtufj`nhs ghmh hsb`rzdrsh p`r f`aprhnghr l`s f`ap`rtdajhnt`s shxudlhs =998)  y pr`p`rfj`ndr ld dghfudgd prjvdfjgdg.  prjvdfjgdg.  (AH]FK, =998)  L`s dnfjdn`s vjsudljzdn f`n brhfuhnfjd ld shxudljgdg f`a` und hxprhsjön gh ld pdsjön, l`s dbhft`s, ld dgajrdfjön y ld lhdltdg, ld rhn`vdfjön gh un r`adnfh, und dbjradfjön ohnhrdl gh ld vjgd, hn hsphfjdl ld hxprhsjön ghl gjsbruth y und `p`rtunjgdg f`ntjnud gh frhfjajhnt` y hxphrjhnfjd. Dghaäs ld dftjvjgdg shxudl hs und b`rad hn quh l`s Dnfjdn`s dbjradn su bunfj`ndajhnt` básjf`, adntjhnhn bjrah hl shntjg` gh ld jghntjgdg y hstdmlhfhn ld f`nbj f`nbjdnzd dnzd hn sj aj ajsa`s, sa`s, y prhvjhnhn ld dnsjhgdg.  (AH]FK, =998)  dnsjhgdg. =998)  N` `mstdnth, n` t`g`s l`s dnfjdn`s tjhnhn dftjtughs p`sjtjvds brhnth d ld shxudljgdg. Jnflus` l`s sdn`s puhghn jnthrndljzdr hsthrh`tjp`s nhodtjv`s rhldtjv`s d lds phrs`nds ady`rhs f`a` jnväljg`s ghshxudljzdg`s, ` hn hl hxtrha` `puhst`, f`a` “vjhc`s vhrghs‑ ` “vjhcds ldsfjvd‑ Dloun`s dnfjdn`s auhstrdn dloun`s ===67*87267$

 

!"#$%&'(% *+ ,*-.'$"('( /9,/4

68

prhcujfj`s brhnth d `tr`s y sh njhodn d ds`fjdrsh f`n hll`s, rhfedzdn d lds pdrhcds ady`rhs ` jnthntdn dpdrhfhr f`a` jrrdfj`ndl ` jndghfudgdahnth cövhnhs. ((AH]FK, =998) L`s hstugj`s dfhrfd gh ld f`nguftd shxudl hn phrs`nds dnfjdnds auhstrdn quh ld dftjvjgdg shxudl hs jnthrvhnjgd p`r und f`amjndfjön f`aplhcd gh bdft`rhs básjf`s, psjf`löojf`s y s`fjdlhs f`a` s`n ld sdlug básjfd, tdmóhs s`fjdlhs, hstdg` f`nyuodl, hl f`n`fjajhnt` s`mrh ld shxudljgdg, dut`hstjad y dftjtughs edfjd ld shxudljgdg (W]XGHL, =999). Ghntr` gh l`s bdft`rhs psjf`löojf`s quh jnbluyhn hn ld gjsajnufjön gh ld dftjvjgdg shxudl hn phrs`nds dnfjdnds hstän hl bdstjgj`, ld bdtjod, gjstjnoujêng`sh f`a` mdrrhrds, ld a`n`t`nád gh lds rhldfj`nhs shxudlhs, bdtjod básjfd y ahntdl, l`s f`nbljft`s gh ld rhldfjön gh pdrhcd y ld dnsjhgdg brhnth dl shx`. @tr` bdft`r quh p`grád cuodr un pdphl hn hl ghsfhns` ghl jnthrês shxudl, s`mrh t`g` hn e`amrhs, hs hl ghfljvh gh ld dpdrjhnfjd básjfd ghl f`apdôhr`/d (DA@V Z C@ENV@N, 4:22; AD]O@LÁN, 4:5?; W]XGHL, =999). Hntrh lds auchrhs hs pr`mdmlh quh hl hstdg` psjf`löojf` dbhfth ld adnhrd gh rhdffj`ndr brhnth d ld ahn`pdusjd, s`mrh t`g` fudng` edn f`nsdordg` su vjgd d ld frjdnzd gh l`s ejc`s tjhnhn ady`r pr`mdmjljgdg gh hnbrhntdr und frjsjs gh ghsdrr`ll` quh dbhfth su vjgd shxudl. Dsá ajsa` ld sdtjsbdffjön adtrja`njdl ` f`nyuodl hs `tr` bdft`r hstrhfedahnth unjg` f`n ld shxudljgdg hn ld thrfhrd hgdg. Rdrj`s hstugj`s jngjfdn quh e`amrhs y auchrhs vjhcds/`s phradnhfhn sdtjsbhfe`s f`n su vjgd shxudl, d phsdr gh ld gjsajnufjön gh ld brhfuhnfjd gh dftjvjgdg shxudl, t`adng` hn fuhntd l`s bdft`rhs rhldfj`ndg`s f`n ld sdtjsbdffjön shxudl quh jnfluyhn3 brhfuhnfjd gh f`jt`, dushnfjd gh gjsbunfjön hrêftjl, dbhft` p`sjtjv` y ld hxfjtdfjön shxudl, sjn hamdro` ld prhshnfjd gh shntjajhnt`s nhodtjv`s f`n rhsphft` dl f`apdôhr`/d, dbhftd ld sdtjsbdffjön shxudl y ld fdpdfjgdg gh hrhffjön (W]XGHL, =999).

===67*87267$

 

!"#$%&'(% *+ ,*-.'$"('( /9,/4

62

Xnd ajrdgd `rjhntdgd ghsgh hl äamjt` gh ld psjf`l`oád, ld pr`p`rfj`ndn Vuhlj V`uzd G`s Vdnt`s ‖ Vhroj` Dnt`nj` Fdrl`s. Ghl Fhntr` gh Hstugj`s Ysjf`dndlátjf`s gh Y`rt` Dlhorh, qujhnhs gjfhn quh3 “N` sh puhgh edmldr gh ld vhchz f`a` un bhnöahn` ónjf` quh df`ahth d t`g`s ghmjg` dl pds` ghl tjhap`, hl hnvhchfjajhnt` n` hs und htdpd gh ld vjgd quh sh prhshnth sjhaprh gh ld ajsad b`rad ` quh rhprhshnth und rhdljgdg ghbjnjgd. D phsdr gh quh ld vhchz hs un bhnöahn` mj`löojf`, hl `rodnjsa` euadn` sh f`ngjfj`nd d und sjnouldrjgdg, gh adnhrd gjbhrhnth gh l` quh `furrh f`n lds `trds hsphfjhs, hn ld ahgjgd quh f`nllhvd f`nshfuhnfjds psjf`löojfds. V`ldahnth hntrh l`s euadn`s ld vhchz sh phrfjmh gh hstd adnhrd, fudng` ld f`apdrda`s f`n `trds htdpds gh ld vjgd hn lds fudlhs lds fdrdfthrástjfds fdrdfthrástj fds básjfds, `roänjfds y sjf`löojfds subrhn a`gjbjfdfj`nhs sjonjbjfdtjvds. sjonjbjfdtjvds. Ld gjbjfultdg hn hl trdtdajhnt` ghl thad n` hs f`nshfuhnfjd ónjfdahnth gh nuhstr` tjhap`, pr`vjhnh tdamjên gh su pr`pjd japrhfjsjön. Ld vhchz tjhnh gjvhrsds f`nn`tdfj`nhs d l` ldro` gh ld ejst`rjd. Hn fdgd phrá`g` gh ld euadnjgdg, ld vhchz pr`v`fd hxtrdôhzd y dsá sh ld hnbrhntd. F`n hstd shnsdfjön hl e`amrh hnfdrd su pr`fhs` gh fdamj`, gh hstêtjfd, gh f`ngjfj`nhs gh p`ghr, gh prhfdrjhgdg gh ld f`ngjfjön `roänjfd y básjfd quh sh  prhshntd.. D phsdr  prhshntd phs dr gh shr sh r un pr`fhs` pr`f hs` ndturdl, ndt urdl, pdrdg`cdlahn pdrd g`cdlahnth, th, ld vhchz vh chz sh auhstrd au hstrd sjhaprh sjh aprh f`a` und s`rprhsd, y n`s shntja`s trdjfj`ndg`s p`r hl hsphc`, p`r l` quh êl ajsa` rhblhcd hn sus a`gjbjfdfj`nhs. Hl pr`fhs` gh hnvhchfjajhnt` ghsgh hl punt` gh vjstd gh ld p`sjfjön s`fjdl  prhshntd `trd pdrdg`cd, pdrdg`cd , puhs dl ajsa` tjhap` hn dloun`s a`ahnt`s, a`ahnt` s, `fupd un luodr gh  prhstjoj`, ghmjg` d ld dfuauldfjön dfuauld fjön gh hxphrjhnfjd h xphrjhnfjd y sdmjgurád sdm jgurád y, p`r p` r `tr` ldg`, phradnhfh phradnh fh hn ld br`nthrd hntrh ld hxtrdôhzd, hl rhfedz` y ld hxflusjön s`fjdl. N` sh puhgh phnsdr hn ld vhchz f`a` und hxphrjhnfjd e`a`oênhd, prjnfjpdlahnth sjn f`nsjghrdr lds fuhstj`nhs gh oênhr`. Hstds f`nstjtuyhn `tr` änoul` quh p`nh hn hvjghnfjd ld f`aplhcjgdg gh t`adr hl thad gh ld vhchz sjn thnhr hn fuhntd quh lds gjbhrhnfjds gh oênhr`, ghrjvdn pdrd b`rads gjbhrhnths gh f`aprhnsjön y hnbrhntdajhnt` f`n hstd nuhvd rhdljgdg. Ld vhchz, tdl f`a` ld jnbdnfjd, cuvhntug y hgdg dgultd hstä fjrfunsfrjtd f`n und htdpd gh trdnsb`radfjön, tdnt` básjfd f`a` mj`löojfd, ha`fj`ndl y shxudl. Ld b`rad f`a` fdgd phrs`nd hnvhchfh hstä ghthrajndgd p`r sus f`ngjfj`nhs sumchtjvds jnfluy jnfluyhng` hng` hntrh hllds ld b`rad f`a` buh vjvjgd su ejst`rjd phrs`ndl hn t`g`s l`s phrá`g`s gh ld hxjsthnfjd, y tdamjên hstä dtdgd d lds f`ngjfj`nhs s`fj`fulturdlhs. (Vdnt`s =996). Hst`s dsphft`s s`fj`fulturdlhs, sh `mshrvdn tdamjên hn rhsjghnfjds ohrjätrjfds, flánjfds gh dffjön

===67*87267$

 

!"#$%&'(% *+ ,*-.'$"('( /9,/4

6?

hsphfábjfds pdrd dnfjdn`s y hn e`spjtdl e`spjtdlhs, hs, fudng` l`s dnfjdn`s hstän mdc` l`s fujgdg`s gh thrfhr`s, n` vjnfuldg`s dbhftjvdahnth d l`s pdfjhnths. Ydrd Mêrohs y Mdlm` (=994) “Vj ld shxudljgdg sh f`l`fd f`n ld bunfjön gh rhgufjr hl a`vjajhnt` shnsudl, ` shd ld ljmjg`, pdrd adnthnhr hl ldg` purdahnth shxudl, hlld s`ldahnth rhgufh lds thnsj`nhs, un dljvj` jnahgjdt` p`r ld sdtjsbdffjön gh und pulsjön. Dsá n` sh trdtd aäs gh shxudljgdg, sjn` gh dnjadljgdg, gh adnhrd quh n` sh puhgh f`nbungjr ld “pulsjön y ld shxudljgdg‑.  D pdrtjr gh hstd dbjradfjön, dbjradfjön , p`gha`s p `gha`s phnsdr quh f`n hl hnvhchfjajh h nvhchfjajhnt`, nt`, a`ahnt` hn quh lds bunfj`nhs `roänjfds dajn`rdn su ghshaphô`, edy und pêrgjgd gh ld fdpdfjgdg shxudl, rhsultdnth gh l`s fdamj`s e`ra`ndlhs ` dlound hnbhrahgdg quh jnfdpdfjtd. Ld ljmjg`, ` hnhroád shxudl, quh gd prhbhrhnfjd dl dpdrdt` ohnjtdl pdrd su rhdljzdfjön, rht`rnd rht`rnd su jnvhrsjön d `trds z`nds ghl fuhrp`. Gjfeds z`nds sh adrfdn hn lds  prjahrds hxphrjhnfjds, hxphrjhn fjds, rht`rndng` rht`rndn g` dl pldfhr hnf`ntrdg` hnf`ntrd g` hn `trds b`rads hröohnds, hröohn ds, f`a` hl t`quh, ld ajrdgd, ld ghljfdghzd gh t`gd shnsjmjljgdg. Gh hstd b`rad ld shxudljgdg, f`a` adnjbhstdfjön gh da`r, gh dbhft`, t`ad `trds b`rads gh hxprhsjön. Hl da`r puhgh shr f`aprhngjg` hn sus adnjbhstdfj`nhs hrötjfds, y puhgh shr ljodg` d ld shxudljgdg ` dl dbhft`. Lds bunfj`nhs `roänjfds y vjtdlhs phrgjgds hnfuhntrdn b`rads f`aphnsdt`rjds y sumljadt`rjds gh rhdljzdfjön, l` quh japljfd ld rhldfjön f`n `tr`. V`ôdr f`n hl da`r n` tjhnh láajth gh hgdg. Hn hl pr`fhs` gh hnvhchfjajhnt`, °Fuäl hs ld prhountd quh sh lh edfh dl dnfjdn`0 “°Tuê qujhrh hl `tr` gh aj‑0 L` quh êl n` sdmh, hs l` l` quh sjonjbjfd pdr pdrd d hl `tr`. Hs` ll` ` dnoustjd. Xnd vhz aäs, hs p`r ld ajrdgd ghl `tr`, p`r su v`z quh hl sucht` sh s`stjhnh. Hl ghsh`, hn ld ahgjgd quh hs thntdfjön, ghsh` ghl ghsh` ghl `tr`, n`s rhajth d ld dnoustjd, tdl f`a` ld rhhnf`ntrda`s hn su bunfjön `rjojndl. Hn fdgd htdpd gh ld vjgd, hl shr euadn` edfh guhl`s gh htdpds prhfhghnths. Hn ld vhchz, l` quh dpdrhfh f`n l`s guhl`s, n` hs ld vhntdcd gh dvdnzdr pdrd und htdpd sjoujhnth, sjn` ld pêrgjgd. Hn hl prhshnth, l` quh f`mrd jap`rtdnfjd hs ld rhaha`rdfjön gh ld vjgd vjvjgd f`n hl shr dadg` (f`apdôhr`, ejc`s, dajo`s) Hsh guhl` gh l` quh sh buh, tjhnh quh shr s`sthnjg` p`r ld gjahnsjön ndrfjsjfd h jghdljzdgd, f`n ld bjndljgdg gh dshourdr hn hl `tr` un hnfuhntr`‑.

Y`r su pdrth, Vuhlj V`uzd G`s Vdnt`s, edfh lds sjoujhnths rhblhxj`nhs s`mrh ld shxudljgdg hn ld vhchz3 °Xnd rhdljgdg jnf`a`gd ` und nuhvd rhdljgdg0

===67*87267$

 

!"#$%&'(% *+ ,*-.'$"('( /9,/4

65

“Ghsgh hl punt` gh vjstd ghl psjf`dnäljsjs, ld shxudljgdg hstä pr`yhftdgd pdrd l`s  pr`fhs`s gh jghntjbjfd jghntjbjfdfjön fjön f`n l`s `mcht`s da`r`s`s, da`r`s`s , hn lds prjahrds hxphrjhnfjds hxphrjhn fjds gh vjgd. V`n hsds hxphrjhnfjds lds quh lh phrajtjrän d fdgd un`, hn su sjnouldrjgdg, f`nstrujr sus b`rads prhbhrhnfjdlhs prhbhrhnfjdlhs gh sdtjsbdffjön sdtjsbdffjön hn rhldfj rhldfjön ön d hs`s `mcht`s. Ld s`lhgdg y hl dmdng`n`, hn `fdsj`nhs ld prhsjön s`fjdl, japjghn quh l`s dnfjdn`s puhgdn hxprhsdr sus nhfhsjgdghs. Hl n` thnhr f`n qujhn f`apdrtjr su vjgd, l`s llhvd d präftjfds s`ljtdrjds quh pdrhfhn japr`pjds ` jnf`aprhnsjmlhs d l`s `c`s gh qujhnhs sh ghgjfdn d sus fujgdg`s. Dl nhodr ` hxtrdôdrn`s gh ld shxudljgdg hn ld vhchz, dl dnfjdn` sh lh njhod su f`ngjfjön gh shr. Hs auy jap`rtdnth p`ghr phnsdr quh d pdrtjr gh ld vjvhnfjd ghl shx` y ghl da`r, hl dnfjdn` rhf`nqujstd hl luodr vjtdl ghl e`amrh y ld auchr y n` ghl dnfjdn`, quh tjhnh f`a` butur` hl bjn gh ld vjgd, f`a` óltja` bjn ld auhrth, hl bjndl gh sus gáds. Nuhvdahnth hs hn ld rhldfjön f`n hl `tr` fudng` sh rhdbjrad rhdbjrad ld jap`r jap`rtdnfjd tdnfjd ghl rhghsfumrjajhnt` ghl ghsh` gh vjvjr. Lds bdntdsáds shxudlhs sh `rjojndn hn ld vhchz f`a` hn fudlqujhr hgdg, hn b`rad gh suhô`s, dghaäs gh shr rht`adgds tdamjên hn ld rhldfjön gjrhftd f`n su hnda`rdg` ` hn su rhldfjön f`n sus bdajljdrhs, njht`s, mjsnjht`s, dajo`s, quh lhs ghvuhlvh d und vjgd vjvd, jnghphngjhnthahnth gh ld hgdg ` gh ld ljajtdfjön básjfd ghl dnfjdn`. Ld fdpdfjgdg gh dadr n` tjhnh láajth fr`n`löojf`. Ydrd Vdnt` (=998) “hl láajth hstä hn l` l` psjf`löojf`, hn hl prhcujfj` y hn ld ld jnt`lhrdnfjd s`fjdl‑. s`fjdl‑. Y`r l` tdnt`, hl láajth n` hstä hn hl fuhrp` s`ldahnth ` hn ld fdpdfjgdg gh s`ôdr, gh sjam`ljzdr gh vjvjr ld vjgd. Hl shx` y hl da`r hn ld vhchz fdamjdn hl fdräfthr hxpl`sjv` y hxumhrdnth gh ld  cuvhntug,, t`adng`  cuvhntug t` adng` ld b`rad b` rad gh thrnurd, gh fdrjô`, ghl t`quh sutjl, gh ld vdl`rjzdfjön vd l`rjzdfjön gh ld shnsjmjljgdg gh l`s phquhô`s ohst`s, rhsphtdng` lds gjbhrhnfjds gh sus adnjbhstdfj`nhs hn hl e`amrh y ld auchr. N` puhgh shr und rhdljgdg jnf`a`gd‑.

=.5 GJVBXNFJÖN VHUXDL Z WH]FH]D HGDG Hl dgult` ady`r puhgh vhrsh dbhftdg` p`r und gjsbunfjön shxudl shfungdrjd, sjhng` ohnhrdlahnth rhsultdg` gh und hnbhrahgdg f`nf`ajtdnth y hn aufe`s fds`s hs `fdsj`ndl (jnbhrj`r dl 89% gh l`s hnfuhntr`s shxudlhs). Lds ärhds gh gjsbunfjön aäs brhfuhnths s`n3   Ghsh` shxudl (gjsajnufjön gh ld ljmjg` y rhspuhstd shxudl ejphrdftjvd); •

===67*87267$

 

6:

!"#$%&'(% *+ ,*-.'$"('( /9,/4

  Hxfjtdfjön (gjsbunfjön hrêftjl y gjsajnufjön gh hxfjtdfjön hn lds auchrhs)

•

  @rodsa`

•

(Hydfuldfjön prhf`z y rhtdrgdgd, hydfuldfjön g`l`r`sd,

dn`rodsajd hn ld auchrhs)   Dftjtughs

•

ssjf`s`fjdlhs jf`s`fjdlhs

(nuhv`

adtrja`nj`

y

a`gjbjfdfjön

ghl

f`ap`rtdajhnt` p`r un nuhv` fönyuoh, dnsjhgdg f`n gjsajnufjön gh ld bunfjön shxudl)   @trds

•

(Yr (Yrjdpjsa`, jdpjsa`,

vdojnjsa`

`

óthr óthr` `

hspästjf`,

f`ntrdffj`nhs

gjspdrhunjfds, vdojnjtjs dtröbjfd, b`mjds ghspuês gh lds fjruoáds ` hnbhrahgdg dougd) Hxjsthn und shrjh gh pr`fhs`s pdt`löojf`s frönjf`s gh dltd prhvdlhnfjd hn hl dgult` ady`r, quh puhghn dbhftdr ld gjsbunfjön shxudl3 -

Hl dlf`e`ljsa` p`r su dltd prhvdlhnfjd hn l`s dgult`s ady`rhs, `mljod d su rhbhrhnfjd, yd quh hs fdusdl gh dltds tdsds gh jap`thnfjd shxudl, tdnt` p`r hl ghthrj`r` ohnhrdl ghl pdfjhnth, hl dmdng`n` gh ld pdrhcd y l`s bdft`rhs sjf`s`fjdlhs gh auy gjbáfjl adnhc` p`r hl hqujp` gh sdlug.

-

Ld ghprhsjön hs gh auy dlt` japdft`. Vh edn `mshrvdg` fjbrds gh 69% gh dlthrdfj`nhs sjqujätrjfds hn pdfjhnths f`n gjsbunfjön shxudl. Aufeds vhfhs fdusdlhs gh hlld. Hn hsth orup` gh pdfjhnths sh ed `mshrvdg` un ghsh` shxudl y hxfjtdfjön gjsajnujg`s.

Y`r `trd pdrth, l`s ahgjfdahnt`s quh aufeds vhfhs l`s dgult`s ady`rhs rhfjmhn gh p`r vjgd, dahrjtdn und ghthnjgd vdl`rdfjön, tdnt` ghsgh hl punt` gh vjstd gh sus hbhft`s f`a` gh mhnhbjfj`s h jnthrdffj`nhs, puhs f`nstjtuyhn hn l`s dnfjdn`s, ld prjnfjpdl fdusd gh gjsbunfjön shxudl jdtr`oênjfd. Vh rhf`ajhngd prhfdufjön brhnth d ld prhsfrjpfjön gh trdnqujljzdnths ady`rhs, ahn`rhs, shgdnths h ejpnötjf`s, dntjghprhsjv`s, hspdsa`látjf`s, dntjejstdaánjf`s, hntrh `tr`s. (M]JSS@LD, FD]]DVF@, BXHNWHV. O]@VADN, A@LJND, 4::5)  4::5)  Gjsbunfj`nhs Vhxudlhs hn hl E`amrh Dgult` Ady`r Hn ld ady`rád gh l`s fds`s l`s trdst`rn`s gh hrhffjön sh ghmhn d aóltjplhs bdft`rhs, sjhng` hl trdst`rn` vdsfuldr hl bdft`r aäs brhfuhnth hn ld vhchz, ghmjg` ===67*87267$

 

!"#$%&'(% *+ ,*-.'$"('( /9,/4

79

hntrh `tr`s d dlthrdfj`nhs ghl sjsthad drthrjdl, sángr`ah gh jnsubjfjhnfjd vhn`sd, htf., f`n dbhftdfjön sjstêajfd ` söl` l`fdljzdgd d njvhl ohnjtdl. Wdamjên jnbluyhn ld ahgjfdfjön, eämjt`s töxjf`s(dlf`e`l, tdmdf`), trdst`rn`s ahtdmöljf`s y hng`frjn`s, ghstdfdng` p`r su dltd prhvdlhnfjd, ld Gjdmhths Ahlljtus, ld fudl puhgh pr`gufjr n` söl` dlthrdfj`nhs gh hrhffjön, sjn` tdamjên gjsajnufjön gh ld ljmjg`; trdst`rn`s nhur`löojf`s, hnbhrahgdghs sjstêajfds, f`a` jnsubjfjhnfjd rhndl, jnsubjfjhnfjd fdrgádfd, fjrr`sjs y fänfhr. W`gds hstds pdt`l`oáds quh s`n brhfuhnths hn l`s dnfjdn`s dbhftdn d t`g` hl `rodnjsa`, adnjbhstäng`sh f`a` dlthrdfj`nhs shxudlhs, hntrh `trds rdz`nhs p`rquh gjbjfultdn ld fdpdfjgdg básjfd nhfhsdrjd pdrd rhdljzdr hl dft` shxudl. @trds hnbhrahgdghs f`a` ld Drtr`sjs ` drtrjtjs rhuadt`jgh puhghn dbhftdr ld dftjvjgdg shxudl p`rquh pr`v`fdn gjbjfultdghs hn ld dg`pfjön gh p`sturds ` a`vjajhnt`s (KHJVH], 4::2; EH]]H]D, =996). Lds pdt`l`oáds aäs brhfuhnths hn hl dgult` ady`r e`amrh s`n, ld gjsbunfjön hrêftjl shoujgd p`r ld hydfuldfjön prhf`z y rhtdrgdgd. (M]JSS@LD, FD]]DVF@, BXHNWHV. O]@VADN, A@LJND, 4::5)  4::5)  Gjsbunfj`nhs Vhxudlhs hn ld Auchr Dgult` Ady`r Ld auchr puhgh prhshntdr trdst`rn`s gh ld bdsh ghl ghsh`, dn`rodsajd, gjspdrhunjd y pêrgjgd gh ld ljmjg`. Vjn hamdro`, ld gjspdrhunjd (g`l`r gurdnth ld dftjvjgdg shxudl) hs ld ónjfd quh sh rhldfj`nd f`n ld ghbjfjhnfjd ghl njvhl gh hströohn`s y quh sh rhldfj`nd f`n ld dtr`bjd gh ld auf`sd vdojndl y ghsfhns` hn ld lumrjfdfjön gh ld vdojnd gurdnth ld hxfjtdfjön shxudl y puhgh llhvdr d ldro` pldz` dl vdojnjsa`. Hn fdamj` ld pêrgjgd gh ld ljmjg` sh ghmh d ld ghfljndfjön f`nf`ajtdnth gh lds f`nfhntrdfj`nhs gh thst`sthr`nd. D ld vhz, puhghn f`ntrjmujr bdft`rhs s`fjdlhs y psjf`löojf`s hn hstd dpdrjfjön gh trdst`rn`s shxudlhs. Hl `rodsa` sh dlfdnzd f`n ady`r gjbjfultdg, ghmjg` aufeds vhfhs d pr`mlhads hrêftjlhs ghl f`apdôhr` quh pr`v`fdn ld pêrgjgd ` dnuldfjön ghl jnthrês shxudl hn lds auchrhs (VDLD Z O@NSDLHS, 4:::; W]XGHL, =999; EH]]H]D, =996). Lds dlthrdfj`nhs gh ld shxudljgdg tdamjên puhghn vdrjdr hn su hxprhsjön. Ld gjsajnufjön ordgudl ghl ghsh` shxudl puhgh `fdsj`ndr und buhrth dvhrsjön ===67*87267$

 

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74

edfjd t`g` l` rhldfj`ndg` f`n hl shx` hn ohnhrdl y f`n hl shx` `puhst` hn l` pdrtjfuldr, llhodng` jnflus` d shntjr vhrgdghr` rhfedz` edfjd hl dft` shxudl y d ld vhz `fdsj`ndr ordvhs pr`mlhads f`nyuodlhs. D su vhz hxjsthn pdt`l`oáds psáqujfds quh puhghn fursdr f`n dlthrdfj`nhs hn ld bunfjön shxudl, hntrh lds fudlhs sh hnfuhntrdn l`s trdst`rn`s gh dnsjhgdg hn fudlqujhrd gh sus b`rads y dloun`s fudgr`s ghprhsjv`s (EH]]H]D Z LLDFD, =997). E`y hn gád gdt`s hpjghaj`löojf`s s`mrh gjsbunfj`nhs shxudlhs hn lds auchrhs s`n auy ljajtdg`s. Hstugj`s rhfjhnths shôdldn quh ld prhvdlhnfjd gh hst`s trdst`rn`s sh hnfuhntrd hn rdno`s gh un =8% d 26% hn auchrhs dnfjdnds hn f`apdrdfjön d un 64% hn e`amrhs gh ld thrfhrd hgdg (A@]]JV, =999). Hn lds auchrhs sh `mshrvd aäs brhfuhnthahnth dn`rodsajd y gjspdrhunjd, shoujgd p`r hl vdojnjsa` ` óthr` hspästjf`.  hspästjf`.   (M]JSS@LD, FD]]DVF@, BXHNWHV. O]@VADN, A@LJND, 4::5)  4::5)  Hl adnhc` gh ld gjsbunfjön shxudl ghmh shr jngjvjgudljzdg` y gh prhbhrhnfjd, jnv`lufrdng` d ld pdrhcd. Hl trdtdajhnt` hsphfábjf` ghphngh gh ld fdusd htj`löojfd, sjn hamdro` hxjsthn dlounds dffj`nhs gh tjp` ohnhrdl quh hl hqujp` hnfdrodg` gh ld dthnfjön ghmh t`adr hn fuhntd3   pr`a`vhr ld dgdptdfjön shxudl gh l`s dgult`s ady`rhs d l`s fdamj`s

•

dgqujrjg`s f`n hl pds` gh l`s dô`s; gha`strdng` ld hxjsthnfjd y dfhptdmjljgdg gh gjbhrhnths hstjl`s gh hxprhsjön shxudl;   pr`a`vhr ld sdlug shxudl d trdvês gh ld hgufdfjön s`mrh lds hnbhrahgdghs

•

gh trdnsajsjön shxudl y ld jap`rtdnfjd gh pruhmds, tdlhs f`a` hl pdpdnjf`ldu y hl dut`hxdahn gh lds adads hn lds auchrhs y hl hxdahn pr`stätjf` y hl hxdahn thstjfuldr hn l`s vdr`nhs;   a`gjbjfdr pr`fhgjajhnt`s, ttdlhs dlhs f`a` hl hxdahn ojnhf`löojf`, utjljzdng`

•

hspêful`s aäs phquhô`s;   dlhrtdr dl pdfjhnth quh ld p`thnfjd shxudl sh adntjhnh d trdvês ghl us`

•

f`ntjnu` gh ld bunfjön;

===67*87267$

 

!"#$%&'(% *+ ,*-.'$"('( /9,/4

7=

  f`apdrtjr f`n l`s pdfjhnths hl f`n`fjajhnt` rhldtjv` d ld dbhffjön gh ld

•

shxudljgdg quh puhghn rhsultdr gh l`s gjbhrhnths pr`fhgjajhnt`s aêgjf`s y qujrórojf`s y ghl us` gh ahgjfdahnt`s;   l`ordr quh hl dnfjdn` dfhpth quh und rhldfjön shxudl hxjt`sd n` sh ljajtd d

•

ld phnhtrdfjön y dl `rodsa`;   hstjauldr ld frhdtjvjgdg hn hl dft` shxudl f`a` rhfurs` väljg` pdrd

•

f`ntrdrrhstdr hl dmurrjajhnt`, ld bdtjod y ld thnsjön;   hstjauldr ld f`ntjnudfjön gh lds präftjfds y hxprhsj`nhs quh ld phrs`nd

•

jghntjbjfd f`a` dbjdnzdg`rds gh su jghntjgdg shxudl; y   rhf`n`fhr, s`mrht`g`, quh ld shxudljgdg hs und pdrth jap`rtdnth hn hl l`or`

•

gh und `ptjad fdljgdg gh vjgd gh ld p`mldfjön dgultd ady`r. (DNS@LD, ODLJNVKZ, A@]DLHV, VDLDV, VDNFEHS, 4::7)

=.: @tr`s Dnthfhghnths Bjndlahnth p`r shr hstugj`s rhdljzdg`s hn b`rad rhfjhnth, s`mrh hl thad fhntrdl gh hstd thsjnd, d f`ntjnudfjön sh prhshntdn lds prjnfjpdlhs F`nflusj`nhs gh g`s (=) Whsjs

gh Ordg` rhdljzdgds p`r Adtr`nds pdrd `mthnhr hl ordg`

dfdgêajf` gh Ljfhnfjdgd hn @msthtrjfjd y Yuhrjfulturd y gh und (4) Whsjs rhdljzdgd p`r Wrdmdcdg`rds V`fjdlhs pdrd `mthnhr hl ordg` gh Ljfhnfjdgd hn Wrdmdc` V`fjdl3

4.- Ld prjahrd Whsjs “Dbhftjvjgdg y Vhxudljgdg d pdrtjr gh l`s 28 dô`s‑  hbhftudgd hn Rdlpdrdás`, sh mdsd hn ld jnvhstjodfjön rhdljzdgd f`n 699 Dgult`s Ady`rhs gh ld f`aund gh Rdlpdrdás`, usudrj`s ghl F`nsult`rj` Yldzd Custjfjd y ghl Flum XFDA (Xnjön F`aundl gh Dgult`s Ady`rhs) hn hl dô` =995. Yrjnfjpdlhs f`nflusj`nhs3  -

“Hn hl hstugj` prhg`ajnö hl oênhr` bhahnjn`. Ld ady`rád gh lds auchrhs sh hnfuhntrdn vjugds ` s`lthrds, d hst` sh lh suad hl ehfe` quh ordn pdrth gh hllds vjvh f`n söl` und phrs`nd. F`n hst`s gdt`s ohnhrdlhs sh puhgh f`nflujr quh lds auchrhs dgultds ady`rhs ghl hstugj` sh hnfuhntrdn hn s`lhgdg, gh hstd adnhrd vhn f`drtdg` hl ghsdrr`ll` gh su shxudljgdg, ===67*87267$

 

!"#$%&'(% *+ ,*-.'$"('( /9,/4

76

puhst` quh ld prjnfjpdl rdzön pdrd n` thnhr dloón tjp` gh dftjvjgdg shxudl hs hl n` thnhr pdrhcd, ads n` rhbjhrhn nj sjqujhrd rhdljzdr präftjfds gh dut`hr`tjsa`, hst` sh vh rhblhcdg` hn hl ehfe` gh quh ld ady`r pdrth gh lds auchrhs n` lh gd jap`rtdnfjd d ld shxudljgdg hn su vjgd dftudl. Hvjghnthahnth lds dgultds ady`rhs musfdn `tr`s hspdfj`s pdrd f`apdrtjr ` pdrd ghsdrr`lldrsh buhrd gh sus e`odrhs, l` quh sh ghauhstrd hn hl ordn p`rfhntdch gh auchrhs pdrtjfjpdnths ghntr` gh l`s flumhs s`fjdlhs ` ld ordn dgehsjvjgdg gh hstds d l`s fhntr`s gh sdlug gh dthnfjön prjadrjd‑ -

“L`s dgult dgult`s `s ady`rhs vjvhn hn pr`ahgj` f`n g`s phrs`nds, n` `mstdnth, ordn pdrth hstä df`apdôdg` gh söl` und, dl f`ntrdrj` gh l` quh sh pjhnsd hn ohnhrdl gh lds phrs`nds ady`rhs gh 28 dô`s, quh vjvhn hstd htdpd gh ld vjgd hn f`apdôád gh sus shrhs quhrjg`s‑.

-

“Hl njvhl hgufdfj`ndl ghl dgult dgult` ` ady`r hs ghthrajndnth hn hl njvhl s`fj`hf`nöajf` y êsth d su vhz, hn hl ghsdrr`ll` gh ld shxudljgdg, sh `mshrvd fldrdahnth quh d ady`r njvhl s`fj`hf`nöajf` lds präftjfds shxudlhs sh vhn hnrjquhfjgds, dorhodng` d ld rhldfjön shxudl `tr` tjp` gh präftjfds quh edfhn gh ld jntjajgdg un hspdfj` gh f`aunjfdfjön y dbhftjvjgdg, ghcdng` dträs hl f`jt` f`a` und ahrd hxprhsjön gh ld shxudljgdg, n` fjôêng`ld hxflusjvdahnth d ld ohnjtdljgdg‑.

-

“Dloun`s bdft`rhs f`a` rhljojön, pdt`l`oáds frönjfds, us` gh bäradf`s y `tr`s trdtdajhnt`s, tjhap` gh hv`lufjön gh ld hnbhrahgdg, fdamj`s bjsj`löojf`s hn hl ärhd ohnjtdl, ghauhstrdn n` a`gjbjfdr gh adnhrd hvjghnth hl hchrfjfj` gh ld shxudljgdg, sjn` aäs mjhn s`n `tr` tjp` gh f`ngjfj`nhs lds quh hstän jnbluyhng`, rhldfj`ndgds hn su ady`rád f`n dsphft`s s`fjdlhs y/` gha`oräbjf`s, aäs quh dsphft`s mj`löojf`s, f`a`3 hstdg` fjvjl, hl ehfe` gh thnhr ` n` thnhr pdrhcd y ld prhshnfjd gh ghsh` shxudl. Hst`s bdft`rhs, sj mjhn n` ghthrajndn lds präftjfds shxudlhs hn su t`tdljgdg, s`n jap`rtdnths f`ngjfj`ndnths gh êstds‑.

===67*87267$

 

!"#$%&'(% *+ ,*-.'$"('( /9,/4 “Lds

77

fjbrds ghauhstrdn quh un hsfds` p`rfhntdch gh dgult`s ady`rhs

f`nsultd hn l`s shrvjfj`s gh sdlug p`r a`tjv`s dbhftjv`s y shxudlhs, gh hst` sh f`nfluyh quh ld p`mldfjön dgultd ady`r lh rhstd jap`rtdnfjd y/` n` tjhnh f`nfjhnfjd gh quh ld shxudljgdg y dbhftjvjgdg hs un thad gh sdlug, p`r hl fudl tjhnhn hl ajsa` ghrhfe` d f`nsultdr f`a` sj sh trdtdrd gh fudlqujhr `trd pdt`l`oád. Hsth orup` htärh` f`ntjnód bdajljdrjzdg` f`n hl f`nfhpt` mj`aêgjf` gh sdlug, ljodng` d êstd söl` ld hsbhrd mj`löojfd sjn f`nsjghrdr ld dapljd odad gh bdft`rhs quh hstän jnbluyhng` s`mrh hsth f`nfhpt`.‑ -

“Xn a auy uy mdc` p`rfhntdch gh dgult`s a ady`rhs dy`rhs rhbjhrh jnflujr lds präftjfds gh dut`sdtjsbdffjön shxudl d su vjgd dftudl. Vh frhh quh l`s rhsultdg`s `mthnjg`s gh hstd vdrjdmlh n` shrádn ghl t`g` bjghgjon`, hst` ghmjg` d ld f`nn`tdfjön quh lh dsjond ld s`fjhgdg d fudlqujhr tjp` gh dft` shxudl quh sh vjnfulh d hsth orup` htärh`, f`nn`tdfjön quh shoón ld ljthrdturd f`nsultdgd, hs trdnsajtjgd dl dgult` ady`r gh gjvhrsds b`rads. F`drtdng` gh hstd adnhrd ld ljmrh hxprhsjön gh ld jntjajgdg gh l`s phrs`nds ghl hstugj`. D phsdr gh quh hl p`rfhntdch gh dgult`s ady`rhs quh tjhnh dloón tjp` gh dftjvjgdg shxudl hs mdc`, ld ady`rád gh hll`s sh sjhnth sdtjsbhfe` ghspuês gh rhdljzdr hstds präftjfds‑. - “Ld ady`rád gh l`s dgult`s ady`rhs rhbjhrh quh ld prjnfjpdl rdzön pdrd thnhr dftjvjgdg shxudl hs hl pldfhr ` hl ghsh` shxudl. Lldad ld dthnfjön quh `trd gh lds rdz`nhs quh rhbjhrhn l`s jngjvjgu`s shd “p`r fuapljr f`n ld pdrhcd‑, gh êst`s hl ady`r p`rfhntdch rhprhshntd d lds auchrhs. Edfh phnsdr quh êstds sh sjhnthn aufeds vhfhs `mljodgds d adnthnhr rhldfj`nhs shxudlhs f`n sus pdrhcds sjn thnhr hn fuhntd sus pr`pj`s jnthrhshs, shntjajhnt`s ` a`tjvdfj`nhs. Y`r `tr` ldg`, hst` gh dlound adnhrd n`s jnb`rad gh ld bdltd gh f`aunjfdfjön quh hxjsth hntrh lds pdrhcds gh dgult`s ady`rhs, l` quh l`s llhvd d thnhr dloón tjp` gh dftjvjgdg shxudl sjn nhfhsdrjdahnth edfhrl` p`r ghsh` ` a`tjvdfjön pr`pjd‑.

-

“Gh l`s dgult`s ady`rhs quh n` tjhnhn dftjvjgdg shxudl ld a ady`r dy`r pdrth gh ===67*87267$

 

!"#$%&'(% *+ ,*-.'$"('( /9,/4

78

hll`s (68,:%) rhbjhrh quh ld prjnfjpdl rdzön hs p`r bdltd gh jnthrês ` ghsh`, shoujg` p`r hl 67% quh adnjbjhstd quh hl a`tjv` prjnfjpdl hs ld bdltd gh pdrhcd. Gh hst` sh puhgh f`nflujr quh ld f`ngjfjön gh thnhr ` n` ghsh` shxudl hs ghthrajndnth d ld e`rd gh adnthnhr ld dftjvjgdg shxudl‑. -

“@tr` gh l`s bdft`rhs quh tdamjên hs hn fjhrtd ahgjgd jap`rtdnth hn ld dbhftjvjgdg y shxudljgdg ghl dgult` ady`r hs ld f`ngjfjön gh thnhr ` n` pdrhcd. Hst` t`ad rhdl jap`rtdnfjd sj sh f`nsjghrd quh aufeds gh ld auchrhs gh hsth hstugj` s`n vjugds l` quh lds ghcd aufeds vhfhs hn f`ngjfjön gh s`lhgdg, ghsf`nhftdgds fdsj p`r f`aplht` gh su shxudljgdg y dbhftjvjgdg‑.

-

“D phsdr ghl mdc` p`rfhntdch gh phrs`nds dgultds ady`rhs quh rhbjhrh ld utjljzdfjön ghl prhshrvdtjv` f`a` und gh lds präftjfds ghl dut`fujgdg`, lldad ld dthnfjön quh ghl t`tdl gh lds phrs`nds quh rhbjhrh adnthnhr dftjvjgdg shxudl f`n pdrhcd n` hstdmlhfjgd, yd shd pdrhcd `fdsj`ndl ` dajo`s, njnound gh hllds rhbjhrh utjljzdr f`ngön hn sus präftjfds shxudlhs. Hst` edfh phnsdr quh l`s dgult`s ady`rhs n` tjhnhn ld n`fjön gh quh lds hnbhrahgdghs gh trdnsajsjön shxudl hstän prhshnths, f`a` un df`nthfjajhnt` rhdl y phljor`s`, y quh dbhftdn jngjstjntdahnth d lds phrs`nds gh fudlqujhr orup` htärh`, f`nsjghrdng` ld utjljzdfjön ghl f`ngön ónjfdahnth pdrd ld prhvhnfjön gh hamdrdz`s‑.

-

“Fudng` sh f`nsultd dfhrfd gh lds fdrdfthrástjfds quh l`s dgult`s ady`rhs frhhn quh ghmhrád thnhr un a`njt`r hn sdlug, lldad ld dthnfjön quh, sj mjhn ld ady`rád gh hll`s hsphrd quh êsth shd und phrs`nd f`n söljg`s f`n`fjajhnt`s hn hl thad, n` lh gdn tdntd jap`rtdnfjd d fdrdfthrástjfds f`a` hl shx` ` ld hgdg ghl sucht`, sjn` aäs mjhn, l` quh l`s dgult`s ady`rhs qujhrhn hs quh êsth a`njt`r/d thnod fdrdfthrástjfds gh tjp` euadnjtdrjds, f`n qujhn puhgdn hstdmlhfhr un ldz` gh f`nbjdnzd, pdrd adnjbhstdr sus jnqujhtughs y gugds aäs ántjads, hn hl pldn` dbhftjv` y shxudl‑.

===67*87267$

 

!"#$%&'(% *+ ,*-.'$"('( /9,/4

72

F`nfluyh hstd Whsjs f`n und shrjh gh suohrhnfjds gh ahc`rds, hntrh lds fudlhs ghstdfdn lds sjoujhnths3 -

“Hs nhfhsdrj` jnsjstjr hn ld frhdfjön gh a`njt`rhs hn dbhftjvjgdg y shxudljgdg hsphfjdljzdg`s hn hl dgult` ady`r, puhst` quh hn Fejlh ld p`mldfjön gh phrs`nds ady`rhs gh 28 dô`s vd hn duahnt`, l` quh n`s edfh phnsdr quh duahntdrdn lds ghadngds hn t`g`s l`s äamjt`s, hn hsphfjdl hn hl ärhd gh ld sdlug.‑

-

Ld shxudljgdg hs un thad quh sh ghmh f`ahnzdr d trdtdr hn t`g`s l`s orup`s htärh`s pdrd quh n` shd un tdmó dl llhodr d ld vhchz, rhfdlfdng` hn fdgd htdpd ghl fjfl` vjtdl ld jap`rtdnfjd gh und shxudljgdg plhnd y gh hchrfhr l`s ghrhfe`s shxudlhs y rhpr`guftjv`s gh ld phrs`nd. Hst` sh l`ordrád f`n ld frhdfjön gh hqujp`s aultjgjsfjpljndrj`s quh trdmdchn hn hl ärhd f`aunjtdrjd d trdvês gh pr`yhft`s ghstjndg`s dl b`ahnt`, hgufdfjön y pr`a`fjön gh un hstjl` gh vjgd dbhftjvd y shxudl plhnd, f`n hl pr`pösjt` gh quh l`s dgult`s ady`rhs adnthnodn su dftjvjgdg shxudl edstd lds óltjads htdpds gh ld vjgd, ghstdfdng` l`s aóltjplhs mhnhbjfj`s quh puhgh f`nllhvdr hstd hxprhsjön gh da`r hn pdrhcd.

-

Vh edfh nhfhsdrj` fdpdfjtdr dl hqujp` gh sdlug gh t`g`s l`s njvhlhs gh dthnfjön, f`n hl `mchtjv` gh rhf`n`fhr, rhs`lvhr ` ghrjvdr lds dlthrdfj`nhs phsqujsdgds hn hl äamjt` shxudl y dbhftjv` ghl dgult` ady`r.

-

Jnflujr hn hl f`ntr`l gh sdlug ghl dgult dgult` `a ady`r dy`r dsphft`s quh tthnodn hnodn quh vhr f`n su vjgd dbhftjvd y shxudl, gh adnhrd gh f`n`fhr ld b`rad hn quh hstän vjvjhng`, hnbrhntdng`, y gjsbrutdng` gh hsth dsphft` gh su vjgd, hn hstd htdpd ghl fjfl` vjtdl, dghaäs gh gdr pds` d quh l`s ajsa`s dgult`s ady`rhs sh ghn fuhntd gh quh sj mjhn, hl phrj`g` rhpr`guftjv` ed bjndljzdg`, hst` n` tjhnh rhldfjön dlound f`n quh n` puhgdn hxjstjr gugds, tha`rhs, ` quh n` puhgdn f`ntjnudr gjsbrutdng` gh und vjgd shxudl plhnd.

===67*87267$

 

7?

!"#$%&'(% *+ ,*-.'$"('( /9,/4

=.- Ld shoungd Whsjs tjtuldgd “Hstugj` gh Vhxudljgdg hn ld Whrfhrd Hgdg‑  sh rhdljzö hn Rdlgjvjd hn hl dô` =992 y buh prhshntdgd hn ld Xnjvhrsjgdg Dustrdl. Vus prjnfjpdlhs f`nflusj`nhs buhr`n3  -

Hl fdap` gh ld shxudljgdg hn ld thrfhrd hgdg hs und gh lds ärhds aäs gjbáfjlhs gh f`aprhnghr, ghmjg` d ld bdltd gh f`n`fjajhnt`s rhsphft` d ld dljdnzd hnvhchfjajhnt` y shxudljgdg.

-

Hxjsth f`nbusjön hn lds phrs`nds ady`rhs ghl f`nfhpt` gh shxudljgdg, ld ady`rád f`nbungh shxudljgdg f`n shx`, phr` dl ghsfrjmjr ld dftjvjgdg shxudl ghcdn fldr` quh n` hs söl` dft` f`jtdl.

-

Ld ady`rád gh lds phrs`nds ady`rhs s`n shxudlahnth dftjvds.

-

Hl

prhäamul`

shxudl

b`rad

pdrth

gh

sus

rhldfj`nhs

shxudlhs,

f`nsjghräng`l` un hlhahnt` hshnfjdl pdrd hl l`or` ghl ghsh` shxudl y sdtjsbdffjön autud. -

Hl êxjt` hn lds rhldfj`nhs shxudlhs ghphngh gh lds dftjtughs p`sjtjvds, gh lds hxphrjhnfjds prhvjds y gh ld dfhptdfjön gh l`s fdamj`s bjsj`löojf`s ghl hnvhchfjajhnt`. Hl ghsf`n`fjajhnt` gh hst`s fdamj`s puhgh llhvdr d shntjajhnt`s gh dnoustjd h jnfhrtjguamrh y pr`v`fdr pr`mlhads hn hl bunfj`ndajhnt` shxudl f`n f`nshfuhnfjds hn ld sdlug ahntdl y hn ld rhldfjön gh pdrhcd.

-

Hxjsth un hnlhnthfjajhnt` hn ld bunfjön shxudl gh lds lds phrs`nds ady`rhs quh n` sjonjbjfd hl fhsh gh lds rhldfj`nhs shxudlhs, sjn` quh ghthrajnd b`rads jnn`vdg`rds gh llhvdrlds d fdm`. Vh pr`gufh dsjnfr`njsa` hntrh hl ghsh` shxudl ghl e`amrh y ld auchr, l` quh n` sjonjbjfd dushnfjd gh dphtjt` shxudl.

-

L`s prhcujfj`s s`fjdlhs lllhvdn lhvdn d f`nsjghrdr d lds phrs`nds dnfjdnds f`a` jnfdpdfhs hn hl dp`rth hf`nöajf`, s`fjdl y shxudl. Vj êst`s s`n ===67*87267$

 

!"#$%&'(% *+ ,*-.'$"('( /9,/4

75

jnthrndljzdg`s p`r hllds, puhghn `fdsj`ndr shntjajhnt`s gh fulpd, brustrdfjön y fhsh ghl bunfj`ndajhnt` shxudl. -

L`s hsthrh`tjp`s shxudlhs quh prjvjlhojdn ld cuvhntug, p`shhn ady`r jnbluhnfjd hn ld shxudljgdg gh lds auchrhs, pr`v`fdng` mdcd dut`hstjad. N` dsá hn l`s e`amrhs quh hstän f`nb`rahs f`n sus fuhrp`s y f`n l`s gh sus pdrhcds.

-

L`s bdft`rhs fulturdlhs jnbluyhn s`mrh ld shxudljgdg gh lds phrs`nds dnfjdnds, hsphfjdlahnth hn lds auchrhs, ghmjg` d lds frhhnfjds y b`rads gh f`nguftd trdnsajtjgds ohnhrdfj`ndlahnth quh phrajtád dl e`amrh und “s`mrh hxprhsjön‑ gh su shxudljgdg y rhprjaád d ld auchr.

-

L`s fhntr`s dsjsthnfjdljstds, n` hstän rhsp`ngjhng` d t`gds lds ghadngds gh lds phrs`nds ady`rhs, sh prh`fupdn söl` ghl dm`rgdch mj`löojf` y n` t`adn hn fuhntd su Vdlug Vhxudl.

-

Hxjsth bdltd gh fdpdfjtdfjön gh l`s y llds ds pr`bhsj`ndlhs gh lld d Vdlug brhnth dl thad gh ld shxudljgdg hn ld thrfhrd hgdg, quh l`s llhvd d hlugjr hl thad ` ljajtdrsh d f`nthstdr söl` sj sh lhs prhountd.

-

Hl tjhap` gjsp`njmlh pdrd lld d dthnfjön gh lds pr`bhsj`ndlhs n` hs subjfjhnth pdrd hntrhodr und dthnfjön jnthordl quh jnfluyd hl pldn` shxudl gh lds phrs`nds ady`rhs, f`a` tdap`f` hl hspdfj` básjf`.

-

Hxjsth ld nhfhsjgdg gh jnthrvhnfjön gh lds htdpds prhvjds ghl fjfl` vjtdl pdrd un ahc`r dbr`ntdajhnt` ghl pr`fhs` gh hnvhchfjajhnt` y gjsbruth gh ld shxudljgdg.

-

Lds p`látjfds, pldnhs y pr`ordads gh sdlug tjhnhn hn f`aón hl `mchtjv` gh ahc`rdr ld fdljgdg gh vjgd gh lds phrs`nds ady`rhs, prh`fupäng`sh gh ld sdlug básjfd, psjf`löojfd y s`fjdl, phr` n` jnfluyhn ld Vdlug Vhxudl, l` quh ghauhstrd quh ld phrfhpfjön gh fdljgdg gh vjgd gjbjhrh hntrh hl O`mjhrn` y lds phrs`nds dnfjdnds. ===67*87267$

 

!"#$%&'(% *+ ,*-.'$"('( /9,/4

-

7:

Lds pr`bhsj`ndlhs phsqujsdn duahnt` gh vj`lhnfjd hn phrs`nds ady`rhs p`r pdrth gh sus bdajljds, fujgdg`rhs y gh ld s`fjhgdg. Jnfluyh vj`lhnfjd básjfd, ha`fj`ndl y hf`nöajfd.

-

Hxjsth gjsajnufjön gh hxphftdtjvds hn phrs`nds ady`rhs, p`r jap`sjfjön s`fjdl, quh hxfluyh dl dgult` ady`r gh lds dftjvjgdghs pr`guftjvds, `fdsj`ndng` mdcd dut`hstjad y ghprhsjön.

-

Ld frjdnzd gh l`s njht`s puhgh dftudr gh g`s adnhrds3 gjsajnuyh lds pr`yhffj`nhs f`a` pdrhcd, p`sthrodng` su shxudljgdg ` duahntd lds hxphftdtjvds gh lds phrs`nds ady`rhs y `t`rod shntjg` d sus vjgds.

-

L`s rhsultdg`s gh ld jnvhstjodfjön thrajndn f`n hl ajt`3 “phrs`nds ady`rhs 1 shrhs dshxudg`s‑

-

Hsth hstugj` dp`rtd hn g`s phrsphftjvds3 Xnd hn hl f`n`fjajhnt` gh un thad p`f` hxpl`rdg` y p`r `tr` ldg` hn quh l`s rhsultdg`s gdn fuhntd gh lds bdlhnfjds y ljajtdfj`nhs gh ld p`látjfd pómljfd hn sdlug, f`n l` quh f`ntrjmuyh dghaäs gh ld rhblhxjön, ld jnf`rp`rdfjön gh hstds adthrjds hn lds p`látjfds gh sdlug pdrd hl dgult` ady`r.

-

Ghntr` gh lds pr`yhffj`nhs ghl hstugj` hs bungdahntdl quh f`a` adtr`nds y adtr`nhs f`ntjnuha`s jnvhstjodng` h jnthrhsäng`n`s hn hsth thad tdn ghsf`n`fjg` y fuhstj`ndg` p`r aufe`s, gh a`g` gh dapljdr hl fdap` gh ld adtr`nhrád y dp`rtdr nuhv`s f`n`fjajhnt`s d nuhstrd gjsfjpljnd, hntrhodng` und dthnfjön jnthordl y gh fdljgdg pdrd quh lds phrs`nds ady`rhs `mthnodn lds ehrrdajhntds nhfhsdrjds pdrd f`n`fhr y gjsbrutdr sjn tha`rhs gh und shxudljgdg sdtjsbdft`rjd y plhnd. F`a` tdamjên a`tjvdr dl o`mjhrn` pdrd ld frhdfjön gh Y`látjfds y/` pr`ordads gh sdlug quh jnfluydn dl dgult` ady`r f`a` shrhs jnthordlhs quh dl joudl quh hn lds phrs`nds gh `tr`s fjfl`s vjtdlhs jnf`rp`rhn ld sdlug shxudl f`a` pdrth bungdahntdl hn hl ghsdrr`ll` phrs`ndl y hn ld ahc`rd gh ld fdljgdg gh vjgd.  

===67*87267$

 

89

!"#$%&'(% *+ ,*-.'$"('( /9,/4

6.- Ld thrfhrd Whsjs tjtuldgd “Yhrfhpfjön quh tjhnhn l`s Dgult`s Ady`rhs

phrthnhfjhnths dl orup` Hl Hnsuhô`, ghl Fhntr` gh sdlug @‚Ejoojns, f`aund gh F`nfhpfjön, rhbhrhnth d f`a` vjvhn su Vhxudljgdg‑  sh rhdljzö hn F`nfhpfjön hn hl dô` =995 y buh prhshntdgd hn ld Xnjvhrsjgdg Vdnt` W`aäs. Vus prjnfjpdlhs f`nflusj`nhs hn rhldfjön dl thad quh n`s f`nv`fd buhr`n3 -

Ld shxudljgdg

hn hl Dgult` Ady`r

hs ld hxprhsjön psjf`löojfd gh

ha`fj`nhs y f`apr`ajs`s quh rhqujhrhn ld ady`r fdntjgdg y fdljgdg gh f`aunjfdfjön hntrh f`apdôhr`s, hn und rhldfjön gh f`nbjdnzd, gh da da`r, `r, gh f`apdrtjr y pldfhr. -

]hsphft` d lds gjbjfultdghs hn ld shxudljgdg ghl Dgult` Ady`r, sh f`nfluyh d trdvês gh lds hntrhvjstds rhdljzdgds quh sh ghmh mdsdr bungdahntdlahnth ld rhldfjön hn und `ptjajzdfjön gh ld fdljgdg gh ld rhldfjön aäs quh hn ld fdntjgdg. Dquá hl f`nfhpt` gh shxudljgdg sh ghmh hnthnghr hn b`rad dapljd, jnthordng` hn êl, hl pdphl quh cuhod ld phrs`ndljgdg, hl oênhr`, ld jghntjgdg, l`s phnsdajhnt`s, l`s shntjajhnt`s, lds ha`fj`nhs, vdl`rhs y dbjnjgdghs, pdrd quh fdgd dgult` ady`r

sjhntd y gjsbruth

gh adnhrd

pldfhnthrd fdgd a`ahnt` gh jntjajgdg f`n su pdrhcd. -

Hn ld vjgd f`tjgjdnd, f`tjgjdnd, tdnt` ld bdaj bdajljd, ljd, f`a` lds jnstjtufj`nhs y ld s`fjhgdg, n` hstän prhgjspuhstds d prhshrvdr un hspdfj` pdrd ld shxudljgdg ghl Dgult` Ady`r, qujhnhs n` söl` ohnhrdlahnth fdrhfhn gh lds f`ngjfj`nhs gh jntjajgdg nhfhsdrjds pdrd hlld, sjn` quh s`n cuzodg`s p`r sus bdaj bdajljds ljds y p`r ld s`fjhgdg hn ohnhrdl, yd quh n` dfhptdn nj hntjhnghn quh un Dgult` Ady`r thnod dlound adnjbhstdfjön pómljfd, f`a` p`r hchapl`3 jr gh ld adn`, dmrdzdrsh, mhsdrsh, prhthnghr jntjadr f`n dloujhn ` hl sjaplh ehfe` gh thnhr und rhldfjön.

-

Hxjsthn prhcujfj`s y tdmóhs rhsphft` d ld shxudljgdg hn hl Dgult` Ady`r, quh pr`vjhnhn gh ld bdajljd y gh ld s`fjhgdg. F`a` quh n` hs hgdg pdrd shntjr ghsh`s shxudlhs, hnda`rdrsh y hxprhsdr hsh da`r gh pdrhcd. Vj hl dgult` ady`r ed quhgdg` vjug` (d), l`s ejc`s s`n l`s prjahr`s hn `p`nhrsh d quh ===67*87267$

 

!"#$%&'(% *+ ,*-.'$"('( /9,/4

84

puhgdn v`lvhrä hstdmlhfhr vánful`s da`r`s`s, y hn und s`fjhgdg lds vjugds quhgdn präftjfdahnth sjn p`sjmjljgdg gh hnf`ntrdr und pdrhcd. -

Vh puhgh f`nflujr quh ld shxudljgdg ghl Dgult` Ady`r, hs un thad quh pdrd aufeds phrs`nds n` tjhnh rdzön gh shr, puhst` quh f`nsjghrdn d lds phrs`nds gh fjhrtd hgdg quh n` tjhnhn ghrhfe` d hchrfhr und vjgd shxudl dftjvd, yd quh ld s`fjhgdg n` dfhptd hn `fdsj`nhs quh hl Dgult` Ady`r puhgd prhshntdr ghsh` shxudl p`r ld `trd phrs`nd; n` thnjhng` ld s`fjhgdg hn ohnhrdl hl subjfjhnth f`n`fjajhnt` gh l` quh sjhnthn rhdlahnth l`s  Dgult`s Ady`rhs, f`l`fdng` hn gugd l`s shntjajhnt`s gh ld thrfhrd hgdg; sjhng` und rhdljgdg ghl shntjajhnt` aäs pur` y sjnfhr` gh l`s Dgult`s Ady`rhs, edfjêng`sh jngjsphnsdmlh pdrd su vjgd, hl ehfe` gh hstdr hn pdrhcd.

===67*87267$

 

8=

!"#$%&'(% *+ ,*-.'$"('( /9,/4

JJJ.- Y]HVHNWDFJÖN Z DNDLJVJV GH GDW@V Ydrd hl dnäljsjs gh l`s gdt`s, lds tdmlds y/` oräbjf`s shrän prhshntdg`s gh adnhrd ol`mdl shoón y tdamjên f`apdrdfj`nhs shx`. shpdrdgd p`r e`amrhs y auchrhs, hstdmlhfjêng`sh

Yhrbjl ghl Dgult` Ady`r hn hstugj` hn hl t`tdl gh ld auhstrd3 Hl Dgult` Ady`r hn hstugj` hs hn su ady`rád gh shx` bhahnjn`, f`n un pr`ahgj` gh hgdg gh ?9 dô`s hn ld auchr y gh 2: dô`s hn hl e`amrh, vjug`s y fdsdg`s, f`n und hsf`ldrjgdg pr`ahgj` mäsjfd f`aplhtd hn ld auchr y hsf`ldrjgdg ahgjd f`aplhtd hn hl e`amrh.  Ld ady`r hgdg gh l`s hntrhvjstdg`s, buh hn auchrhs 54 dô`s y hn e`amrhs ?? dô`s.

Yhrbjl f`apdrdtjv` (*)3 Fdrdfthrástjfds Hgdg Yr`ahgj` Hstdg` Fjvjl  Dftudlahnth f`n pdrhcd Hsf`ldrjgdg Rjvhn hn su fdsd Wrdmdcdn buhrd ghl E`odr

E`amrhs

Auchrhs

2: dô`s

?9 dô`s

Fdsdg` ‖ 28.8%

Rjughz ‖ 6?.8%

Vj - 59.5%

N` - 8?.8%

Ahgjd ‖ =2.:%

Mäsjfd ‖ 79%

?6% 57.2%

2?.8% Guhôd gh fdsd ?8 %

(*) Hn hl fudgr` dnthrj`r sh prhshntdn l`s % aäs dlt`s l`ordg`s hn fdgd und gh lds fdrdfthrástjfds jngjfdgds.

===67*87267$

===67*87267$

 

86

!"#$%&'(% *+ ,*-.'$"('( /9,/4

6.4- DNÄLJVJV HN HL W@WDL GH LD AXHVW]D @mchtjv` 43   Jghntjbjfdr lds fdrdfthrástjfds s`fj`gha`oräbjfds gh l`s dgult`s ady`rhs hn

•

hstugj`, shoón lds vdrjdmlhs3 hgdg, shx`, hstdg` fjvjl y njvhl gh hsf`ldrjgdg.

Hgdg gh l`s Dgult`s Ady`rhs Hnfuhstdg`s. Wdmld 43 Gjstrjmufjön gh l`s Dgult`s Ady`rhs hn hstugj`, p`r orup` htärh` shoón shx`. Orup`

Bhahnjn`

Adsfuljn`

W`tdl

htärh`

Fdntjgdg

Y`rfhntdch

Fdntjgdg

Y`rfhntdch

Fdntjgdg

Y`rfhntdch

28-?9

=6

67.5

4:

=5.5

7=

26.2

?4-?8

49

48.=

98

?.2

48

==.5

?2 ` ads W`tdl

9? 79

49.2 22.9

9= =2

6. 6.9 9 6:.7

: 22

46.2 499

Oräbjf` 43  78 79 68 69 =8 =9

Auchrhs E`amrhs

48

W`tdlhs

49 8 9 28-?9 dô`s ?4-?8 dô`s

?2 y aäs

W`tdlhs  

Ld ady`rád gh l`s dgult`s ady`rhs gh 28 y aäs dô`s, phrthnhfhn dl oênhr` bhahnjn` f`n un 22%. Vh ghmh thnhr hn f`nsjghrdfjön quh lds auchrhs hstän rhprhshntdgds p`r un p`rfhntdch ady`r quh l`s e`amrhs hn hstd htdpd gh ld vjgd. Ld rdzön e`amrh auchr hn hl t`tdl gh ld auhstrd hs gh 43=.

===67*87267$

 

87

!"#$%&'(% *+ ,*-.'$"('( /9,/4

Hstdg` fjvjl gh l`s Dgult`s Ady`rhs hnfuhstdg`s Wdmld =3 Gjstrjmufjön gh l`s Dgult`s Ady`rhs hn hstugj` p`r hstdg` fjvjl shoón shx`. Bhahnjn`

Adsfuljn`

Y`rfhntdch

W`tdl W`tdl  

Y`rfhntdch

Y`rfhntdch

Fdntjgdg

%

Fdntjgdg

%

Fdntjgdg

%

Fdsdg`

46

4:.?

42

=7.=

=:

76.:

V`lthr`

=

6.9

=

6.9

7

2.9

Vhpdrdg`

49

48.=

7

2.4

47

=4.6

Rjug`

48

==.?

7

2.4

4:

=5.5

79

29.2

=2

6:.7

22

499,9

W`tdl ohnhrdl

Oräbjf` N³ =3 499% 59% Fdsdg` (d) 29%

V`lthr` (d) Vhpdrdg` (d)

79%

Rjug` W`tdl Ohnhrdl

=9% 9% Bhahnjn`

Adsfuljn`

W`tdl

  Hl hstdg` fjvjl quh sh prhshntd f`n aäs brhfuhnfjd hs fdsdg` f`n un 76.: %, ajhntrds quh l`s vjug`s `fupdn hl shoung` luodr f`n un =5.5 %. Gh ld auhstrd t`tdl hl 29.2% f`rrhsp`ngh d auchrhs ady`rhs gh 28 dô`s vjugds, ` s`lthrds, hn f`ntrdsth un 6:.?% quh`tr`s f`rrhsp`ngh e`amrhsshpdrdgds hn hstd ajsad f`ngjfjön. L` dnthrj`rf`n `mhghfhrád hntrh bdft`rhs, dd

===67*87267$

 

88

!"#$%&'(% *+ ,*-.'$"('( /9,/4

quh ld auchr tjhnh und ady`r hxphftdtjvd gh vjgd quh hl e`amrh y quh l`s e`amrhs tjhnghn d vjvjr hn pdrhcd quh lds auchrhs.

Luodr gh rhsjghnfjd ghl l`s Dgult`s Ady`rhs Hnfuhstdg`s Wdmld 63 Luodr gh ]hsjghnfjd gh l`s Dgult`s Ady`rhs shoón shx`. Bhahnjn`

Adsfuljn`

Y`rfhntdch

W`tdl W`tdl  

Y`rfhntdch

Y`rfhntdch

Fdntjgdg

%

Fdntjgdg

%

Fdntjgdg

%

=?

79.:

4:

=5.5

72

2:.?

gh `tr`s

46

4:.?

2

:.4

4:

=5.5

@tr`s

9

9

4

4.8

4

4.8

79

29.2

=2

6:.7

22

499,9

G`ajfjlj` Yr`pj` G`ajfjlj`

W`tdl ohnhrdl

Oräbjf` 63 499% 59% 29%

G`ajfjlj` Yr`pj`

79%

G`ajfjlj` gh `tr`s @tr`s W`tdl Ohnhrdl

=9% 9% Bhahnjn`

Adsfuljn`

W`tdl

  Ld ady`r pdrth gh l`s dgult`s ady`rhs (2:.?%) vjvh hn g`ajfjlj` pr`pj`, söl` un =5.5 % rhbjhrh vjvjr hn fdsd gh `tr`s. L` dnthrj`r hs pr`guft` gh quh ld ady`rád gh l`s DA hnfuhstdg`s f`rrhsp`ngh d hstrdt` ahgj` mdc` y ahgj` hahrohnth.

===67*87267$

   

82

!"#$%&'(% *+ ,*-.'$"('( /9,/4

Hsf`ldrjgdg gh l`s Dgult`s Ady`rhs hnfuhstdg`s shoón shx`. Wdmld 73 Gjstrjmufjön ghl t`tdl gh dgult`s ady`rhs shoón su njvhl gh hsf`ldrjgdg. Bhahnjn` Y`rfhntdch

Adsfuljn` Y`rfhntdch

W`tdl W`tdl   Y`rfhntdch

Fdntjgdg

%

Fdntjgdg

%

Fdntjgdg

%

42

=7.=

2

:.4

==

66.6

Jnf`aplhtd

?

49.2

=

6.9

:

46.2

Hguf. Ahgjd

4

4.8

?

49.2

5

4=.4

Jnf`aplhtd

?

49.2

4

4.8

5

4=.4

Hguf. Vuphrj`r

8

?.2

2

:.4

44

42.?

Jnf`aplhtd

7

2.4

7

2.4

5

4=.=

W`tdl ohnhrdl

79

29.2

=2

6:.7

22

499,9

Hguf. Mäsjfd Hguf. Mäsjfd

Hguf. Ahgjd

Hguf. Vup.

Oräbjf` 73 68% Hguf. Mäsjfd 69% =8%

Hguf. Mäsjfd Jnf`aplhtd

=9%

Hguf. Ahgjd

48%

Hguf. Ahgjd Jnf`aplhtd

49%

Hguf. Vuphrj`r 

8% 9% Bhahnjn`

Adsfuljn`

W`tdl

Hguf. Vuphrj`r  Jnf`aplhtd

===67*87267$

 

8?

!"#$%&'(% *+ ,*-.'$"('( /9,/4

Hl 66.6% gh ld auhstrd tjhnh f`a` aäxja` hsf`ldrjgdg mäsjfd f`aplhtd, hstd fdtho`rád p`r sj s`ld rhónh ld ady`r brhfuhnfjd f`n un =7.=% hn lds auchrhs. Vjn hamdro` l`s e`amrhs prhshntdn su ady`r p`rfhntdch hn ld Hgufdfjön Ahgjd F`aplhtd (49.2%.) Hn ld gêfdgd gh l`s 79 y dnthrj`rhs, ld ady`r dspjrdfjön gh ld auchr hrd fdsdrsh y shr adgrh, ld hgufdfjön b`radl hrd shfungdrjd, sjn hamdro` ld bdajljd prjvjlhojdmd ld hgufdfjön hn hl e`amrh.

Jnb`radfjön s`mrh Vhxudljgdg. Wdmld 83 ]hfhpfjön gh Jnb`radfjön s`mrh Vhxudljgdg p`r shx`. Bhahnjn`

Adsfuljn`

Y`rfhntdch

W`tdl W`tdl  

Y`rfhntdch

Y`rfhntdch

Fdntjgdg

%

Fdntjgdg

%

Fdntjgdg

%

Vj N`

45 =9

78 89

4= 46

72 89

69 66

78.8 89

NV/NF

=

8

4

7

6

7.8

W`tdl ohnhrdl

79

499

=2

499

22

499,9

Oräbjf` 83  83  499% 59% Vj

29%

N` 79%

NV/NF W`tdl Ohnhrdl

=9% 9% Bhahnjn`

Adsfuljn`

W`tdl

===67*87267$

 

85

!"#$%&'(% *+ ,*-.'$"('( /9,/4

 D ld prhountd f`aplhahntdrjd, s`mrh sj f`nsjghrd quh ld jnb`radfjön shxudl rhfjmjgd buh dghfudgd, hl 499% gh lds auchrhs (45) quh dgajth edmhr rhfjmjg` dloón tjp` gh jnb`radfjön s`mrh hsth thad, ld f`nsjghrd hsfdsd. N` `furrh l` ajsa` hn l`s e`amrhs quh rhbjhrhn edmhr rhfjmjg` jnb`radfjön shxudl (4=), hn quh hl 85% (? e`amrhs), f`nsjghrö hstd jnb`radfjön f`a` dghfudgd.

F`nvhrsd s`mrh Vhxudljgdg

Wdmld 23 F`nvhrsd s`mrh Vhxudljgdg f`n ld pdrhcd y/` dajo`s/ds shoón shx`. Bhahnjn` Fdntjgdg

Adsfuljn`

W`tdl W`tdl  

Y`rfhntdch Y`rfhntdch % Fdntjgdg % Fdntjgdg

Y`rfhntdch %

Vj

46

6=

46

89

=2

6:.6

N`

=2

28

4=

72

65

8?.2

NV/NF

4

6

4

7

=

6.4

W`tdl ohnhrdl

79

499

=2

499

22

499,9

Oräbjf` 23 23

?9% 29% 89% 79%

Vj

69%

N` NV/NF

=9% 49% 9% Bh ah njn`

A dsfuljn`

W `tdl

  Y`r ld hgdg gh l`s hnfuhstdg`s, hstd tdmld rhblhcd ld dsjondfjön dnfhstrdl ghl r`l

===67*87267$

 

8:

!"#$%&'(% *+ ,*-.'$"('( /9,/4

rhpr`guftjv` y adthrndl d ld auchr, ghcdng` söl` pdrd fjhrt` tjp` gh auchrhs ld vjvhnfjd f`a` auchr. Hn lds auchrhs hnfuhstdgds, sh ghthftö quh hsth r`l hs mjhn dfhptdg` p`r hllds, p`rquh l` f`nsjghrdn ndturdl y bungdahntdl f`a` mdsh gh ld bdajljd.

Yrjahrd ]hldfjön Vhxudl

Wdmld ?3 Hgdg gh ld prjahrd ]hldfjön Vhxudl Bhahnjn`

Adsfuljn`

Y`rfhntdch Dô`s

W`tdl W`tdl  

Y`rfhntdch

Y`rfhntdch

Fdntjgdg

%

Fdntjgdg

%

Fdntjgdg

%

49 ` ahn`s

9

-

4

6.:

4

4.8

44 d 48 dô`s

6

?.8

?

=2.:

49

48.4

42 d =9 dô`s

=7

29

46

89

6?

82.4

=4 ` aäs

46

6=.8

8

4:.=

45

=?.6

W`tdl ohnhrdl

79

499

=2

499

22

499,9

Oräbjf` ?3

499%

59%

=4 ` aäs

29%

42 d =9 dô`s 44 d 48 dô`s

79%

49 ` ahn`s =9% 9% B h ah n jn`

A d s f u ljn `

W` tdl

  Ld ady`rád gh lds auchrhs (2=.8%) rhbjhrh quh su prjahrd ]hldfjön Vhxudl buh f`n su adrjg`, fudng` sh fdsö. L` dnthrj`r oudrgd gjrhftd rhldfjön f`n hl vdl`r gh llhodr vjrohn dl adtrja`nj`, tdn pr`pj` gh ld gêfdgd gh l`s fjnfuhntd y dnthrj`rhs hn Fejlh. Vjn hamdro`, ld ady`rád gh l`s e`amrhs (?6%) rhbjhrh su prjahrd ]hldfjön Vhxudl f`n p`l`ld ` dajod, rhlhoäng`sh dl 4:% f`n ld hsp`sd.

===67*87267$

 

29

!"#$%&'(% *+ ,*-.'$"('( /9,/4

6.=.- DNÄLJVJV GH LD AXHVW]D Y@] Y@] FDWHO@]ÁD Xnd vhz rhdljzdg` hl dnäljsjs ol`mdl pdrd ld ghthrajndfjön ghl phrbjl, sh pr`fhgh d ld hstrdtjbjfdfjön gh ld auhstrd shoón lds sjoujhnths fdtho`ráds3 vjnfuldfjön f`n hl shx` `puhst`, jnghphnghnfjd bdajljdr y shx`. Hl dgult` ady`r ady`r hn hstugj` hs hn su ady`rád ghl shx` bhahnjn`, f`n un pr`ahgj` gh hgdg gh 28 d ?9 dô`s, fdsdg`/d, f`n und hsf`ldrjgdg mäsjfd f`aplhtd, hn auchrhs y hsf`ldrjgdg ahgjd f`aplhtd hn e`amrhs, quh vjvhn hn su pr`pjd fdsd.   @mchtjv` =3 Hnthnghr ld Vhxudljgdg gh l`s Dgult`s Ady`rhs, ghphngjhng` gh sj tjhnhn ` n` pdrhcd. 

•

Fdtho`rád3 Rjnfuldfjön f`n hl shx` `puhst`. (F`n pdrhcd)

 D l`s Dgult`s Ady`rhs quh jnb`radr`n thnhr pdrhcd, sh lhs rhdljzö 2 prhountds quh dpuntdmdn d f`n`fhr su dftjvjgdg shxudl dftudl, su brhfuhnfjd brhfuhnfjd y sj lhs pr`p`rfj`nd ` n` sdtjsbdffjön.

Wdmld 53 ]hldfj`nhs Vhxudlhs dftudlahnth Bhahnjn` Fdntjgdg

Adsfuljn`

W`tdl W`tdl  

Y`rfhntdch Y`rfhntdch % Fdntjgdg % Fdntjgdg

Y`rfhntdch %

Vj

47

5=.6

=6

55.8

6?

52.9

N`

6

4?.?

6

44.8

2

47.9

W`tdl ohnhrdl

4?

499

=2

499

76

499,9

4? s`n lds auchrhs quh rhf`n`fhn thnhr pdrhcd, l` quh rhprhshntd hl 7=.8% gh ld auhstrd gh auchrhs hnfuhstdgd. Y`r su pdrth,

hl 499% gh l`s e`amrhs

hnfuhstdg`s ghfldrd thnhr pdrhcd. Fudng` sh lhs f`nsultd sj sjhnthn ghsh`s gh thnhr ]hldfj`nhs Vhxudlhs, hl ?9.2% gh lds auchrhs rhsp`ngh gh adnhrd dbjradtjvd, l` quh sjonjbjfd quh hl 48% gh lds

===67*87267$

 

24

!"#$%&'(% *+ ,*-.'$"('( /9,/4

auchrhs quh tjhnhn ]hldfj`nhs Vhxudlhs (]V) dftudlahnth n` ghshd edfhrl`. Vjn hamdro`

hl 499% gh l`s e`amrhs adnjbjhstd sus ghsh`s gh thnhr ]V, sjn

hamdro` p`r pr`mlhads básjf`s 6 e`amrhs n` tjhnhn ]V hn ld dftudljgdg, l` quh sjonjbjfd hl 44.8% gh l`s hnfuhstdg`s. Hl Oräbjf` quh sh prhshntd d f`ntjnudfjön auhstrd l` fjtdg` dnthrj`rahnth.

Oräbjf` 53 :9% 59% ?9% 29% 89%

Vj

79%

N`

69% =9% 49% 9% Bhahnjn`

Adsfuljn`

W`tdl

 

Wdmld :3 A`tjvdfjön gh lds ]hldfj`nhs Vhxudlhs Bhahnjn`

Adsfuljn`

Y`rfhntdch

W`tdl W`tdl  

Y`rfhntdch

Y`rfhntdch

Fdntjgdg

%

Fdntjgdg

%

Fdntjgdg

%

8

=:.7

46

82.8

45

78

pdrhcd

:

8=.:

2

=2.9

48

6?.8

F`stuamrh

4

8.:

=

?.?

6

?.8

F`nyuodl

-

-

4

7.:

4

=.8

NV/NF

=

44.5

4

7.:

6

?.8

W`tdl ohnhrdl

4?

499

=6

499

79

499

Ghsh` pr`pj` Ghsh` gh ld

@mljodfjön

===67*87267$

 

2=

!"#$%&'(% *+ ,*-.'$"('( /9,/4

Oräbjf` :3

29% 89% Ghsh` Yr`pj`

79%

Ghsh` gh ld Ydrhcd

69%

F`stuamrh @mljodfjön f`nyuodl

=9%

NV/NF

49% 9% Bhahnjn`

Adsfuljn`

W`tdl

  Vj mjhn hs fjhrt` hn lds auchrhs ld ady`r a`tjvdfjön hs hl ghsh` gh ld pdrhcd y n` hl pr`pj`, hl ?9.2% sh ghfldrd “sdtjsbhfed‑ f`n sus ]hldfj`nhs Vhxudlhs, dnth ld dlthrndtjvd gh Auy Vdtjsbhfed ‖ Vdtjsbhfed ‖ Jnsdtjsbhfed. Hn hl fds` gh l`s e`amrhs, hn quh ld ady`r a a`tjvdfjön `tjvdfjön hstä fhntrdgd hn su pr`pj` ghsh`, hl ordg` gh sdtjsbdffjön sh gjstrjmuyh ady`rjtdrjdahnth hntrh Vdtjsbhfe` (7?.5%) y Auy Vdtjsbhfe` (67.5%)

Wdmld 493 Brhfuhnfjd gh lds ]hldfj`nhs Vhxudlhs Bhahnjn`

Adsfuljn`

Y`rfhntdch

W`tdl W`tdl  

Y`rfhntdch

Y`rfhntdch

Fdntjgdg

%

Fdntjgdg

%

Fdntjgdg

%

4 vhz/shadnd

?

74.=

49

76.7

4?

7=.8

4 vhz/ahs

:

8=.:

4=

8=.4

=4

8=.8

4 vhz/dô`

-

-

-

-

-

-

NV/NF

4

8.:

4

7.8

=

8

W`tdl ohnhrdl

4?

499

=6

499

79

499

===67*87267$

 

26

!"#$%&'(% *+ ,*-.'$"('( /9,/4

Oräbjf` 493

29% 89% 79%

4 vh z/shad z/shadnd nd 4 vhz/ahs

69%

4 vhz/dô`

=9%

NV/NF 49% 9% Bh ah njn`

Adsfuljn`

W `tdl

  F`a` sh dprhfjd hn ld Wdmld 49, ld brhfuhnfjd ady`rjtdrjd gh lds ]hldfj`nhs Vhxudlhs hn l`s Dgult`s Ady`rhs hnfuhstdg`s gh dam`s shx`s, hs XND RHS DL AHV, sjn hamdro` dl f`nsultärshlhs f`a` f`nsjghrdn ld brhfuhnfjd gh sus ]hldfj`nhs Vhxudlhs, hl 44.?% gh lds auchrhs y hl =4.?% gh l`s e`amrhs hstjadn quh hs jnsubjfjhnth.

===67*87267$

 

27

!"#$%&'(% *+ ,*-.'$"('( /9,/4

Fdtho`rád3 Rjnfuldfjön f`n hl shx` `puhst`. (Vjn pdrhcd) Gh l`s Dgult`s Ady`rhs Hnfuhstdg`s =6 auchrhs (8?.6%) y 6 e`amrhs (44.8%), jnb`radn n` thnhr pdrhcd, p`r gjvhrsds fdusds, sjhng` ld vjughz, ld fdusd ady`r hn lds auchrhs. Hn hsth orup` sh pldnthdr`n 2 prhountds gjrjojgds d f`n`fhr ld phrfhpfjön gh l`s  Dgult`s Ady`rhs s`mrh ld phrfhpfjön s`fjdl gh ld shxudljgdg hn l`s DA, f`a` tdamjên su pr`pjd `pjnjön.

Wdmld 443 Yhrfhpfjön s`mrh hl Jnthrês shxudl s`mrh l`s 28 dô`s Bhahnjn`

Adsfuljn`

Y`rfhntdch

W`tdl W`tdl  

Y`rfhntdch

Y`rfhntdch

Fdntjgdg

%

Fdntjgdg

%

Fdntjgdg

%

Vj

42

2:.2

=

2?

45

2:.=

N` NV/NF

? -

69.7 -

9 4

66

? 4

=?.9 6.5

W`tdl ohnhrdl

=6

499

6

499

=2

499

Oräbjf` 443 ?9% 29% 89% 79%

Vj

69%

N` NF/NV

=9% 49% 9% Bhahnjn`

Adsfuljn`

W`tdl

  Ld ady`rád gh l`s Dgult`s Ady`rhs hnfuhstdg`s, sjn pdrhcd, hstjadn quh lds phrs`nds gh aäs 28 dô`s tjhnhn y quh dtrdftjv` pdrd hl shx` `puhst`, dsá gh l` adnjbjhstd hl 5?%jnthrês gh Ldsshxudl, auchrhs y hl tjhnhn 499% gh l`s e`amrhs.

===67*87267$

 

28

!"#$%&'(% *+ ,*-.'$"('( /9,/4

Frhhn dghaäs quh “ld ohnth‑ n` phrfjmh fudng` sh jnjfjd und nuhvd rhldfjön gh pdrhcd hn l`s dgult`s ady`rhs. 

Wdmld 4=3 A Adnjbhstdfjön dnjbhstdfjön ady`rjtdrjd ghl jnthrês shxudl p`r shx`. Bhahnjn`

Adsfuljn`

Y`rfhntdch

W`tdl W`tdl  

Y`rfhntdch

Y`rfhntdch

Fdntjgdg

%

Fdntjgdg

%

Fdntjgdg

%

E`amrh

4?

?6.:

=

2?.9

4:

?6.=

Auchr

=

5.?

-

-

=

?.2

 Dam`s

7

4?.7

4

66.9

8

4:.=

W`tdl ohnhrdl

=6

499

6

499

=2

499

Oräbjf` 4=3  4=3  59% ?9% 29% 89%

E`amrh

79%

Auchr 

69%

Dam`s

=9% 49% 9% Bhahnjn`

Adsfuljn`

W`tdl

  Völ` = auchrhs (5.?%) gh lds Hnfuhstdgds, s`stjhnhn quh s`n hllds qujhnhs adnjbjhstdn aäs jnthrês shxudl quh l`s vdr`nhs. Dsá ajsa`, ld ady`rád gh e`amrhs y auchrhs hnfuhstdgds hn hstd fdtho`rád hstjadn quh l`s DA adnjbjhsthn su jnthrês shxudl y quh ld dftjvjgdg shxudl hn ld tthrfhrd hrfhrd hgdg hs mhnhbjfj`sd pdrd ld sdlug. Völ` 4 auchr gjfh quh ld dftjvjgdg shxudl hs n`fjvd pdrd ld sdlug.

===67*87267$

 

22

!"#$%&'(% *+ ,*-.'$"('( /9,/4

  @mchtjv` 63 F`n`fhr f`a` sh rhldfj`ndn l`s Dgult`s Ady`rhs Ady`rhs f`n sus pdrhcds, fudng` vjvhn s`l`s ` f`n sus bdajljds.

•

Fdtho`rád3 Jnghphnghnfjd Bdajljdr . (F`n Bdajljd/Vjn Bdajljd) Gh lds 79 auchrhs quh f`nstjtuyhn hstd auhstrd, hl ?8% gh hllds vjvhn f`n bdajljdrhs y hl 28% gh l`s e`amrhs tjhnh hstd ajsad f`ngjfjön. F`a` sh jnb`radrä hn ld Wdmld 46, ld bdajljd f`nstjtuyh un japhgjahnt` pdrd quh l`s dgult`s ady`rhs thnodn und vjgd shxudl dftjvd. L` dnthrj`r p`r ld prhshnfjd gh njht`s hn ld l`s e`odrhs y f`nfrhtdahnth hn l`s g`rajt`rj`s gh l`s DA

Wdmld 463 Ld bdaj bdajljd ljd f`a` japhgjahnt` gh ld vjgd shxudl dftjvd gh l`s DA Bhahnjn` Fdntjgdg

Adsfuljn`

W`tdl W`tdl  

Y`rfhntdch Y`rfhntdch % Fdntjgdg % Fdntjgdg

Y`rfhntdch %

Vj

=9

22.2

6

4?.2

=6

75.:

N`

:

69.9

4=

?9.2

=4

77.?

NV/NF

4

6.7

=

44.5

6

2.7

W`tdl ohnhrdl

69

499

4?

499

7?

499

Oräbjf` 463 463   ?9% 29% 89% 79%

Vj

69%

N` NV/NF

=9% 49% 9% Bh ah njn`

A dsfuljn`

W `tdl

  Y`r `trd pdrth, hl 56% gh lds auchrhs y hl ?2% gh l`s e`amrhs., rhbjhrhn quh sus bdajljds n` dfhptdrádn quh hll`s tuvjhrdn und nuhvd pdrhcd.

===67*87267$

 

2?

!"#$%&'(% *+ ,*-.'$"('( /9,/4

Wdmld 473 Bdajljd h jntjajgdg shxudl Bhahnjn`

Adsfuljn`

Y`rfhntdch

W`tdl W`tdl  

Y`rfhntdch

Y`rfhntdch

Fdntjgdg

%

Fdntjgdg

%

Fdntjgdg

%

Vj

2

29

8

88.8

44

8?.:

N`

=

=9

6

66.6

8

=2.6

NV/NF

=

=9

4

44.=

6

48.5

W`tdl ohnhrdl

49

499

:

499

4:

499

Oräbjf` 473 29% 89% 79% Vj 69%

N`

=9%

NV/NF

49% 9% Bh ah n jn`

A d s f u ljn `

W` tdl

  49 auchrhs (=8%) y : e`amrhs (67.2%) vjvhn s`l`s f`n sus pdrhcds y adnjbjhstdn ady`rjtdrjdahnth quh hstd jnghphnghnfjd lhs bdfjljtd ld vjgd dbhftjvd y shxudl. Ld tdmld 47 auhstrd ld gjstrjmufjön gh `pjnj`nhs hn qujhnhs vj vjvhn vhn s`l`s f`n sus pdrhcds. Hn hstd fdsuástjfd, quhgd gha`strdg` quh hl vjvjr hn pdrhcd bdfjljtd ld jntjajgdg shxudl, p`r l` quh sh jnbjhrh quh ld pdrhcd gh Dgult`s Ady`rhs, rhqujhrh gh su pr`pj` hspdfj` gh jntjajgdg.

===67*87267$

   

25

!"#$%&'(% *+ ,*-.'$"('( /9,/4

  @mchtjv`3 F`n`fhr ld jap`rtdnfjd quh tjhnh pdrd dam`s shx`s, ld vjvhnfjd gh su shxudljgdg. 

•

Fdtho`rád3 Vhx` Adsfuljn` y Bhahnjn`  Yhrfhpfjön gh lds auchrhs hnfuhstdgds gh su pr`pjd shxudljgdg. Wdmld 48 d) Vhx`

Vhx`

Bhahnjn`

Bhahnjn` Y`rfh

F`a` f`nsjghrd

Fdntj Y`rfhnt

su Rjgd Vhxudl

Lds auchrhs tjhnhn ahn`s

Fdntj ntdch gdg

%

Vj

=:

?=.8

=?.8 48.9

N` NV/NF

: =

==.8 8.9

6

?.8

W`tdl ohnhrdl

79

499

79

499

gdg

dch %

Vdtjsbdft`rjd

=9

89

]houldr Jnsdtjsbdft`rjd

44 2

NV/NF W`tdl ohnhrdl

ghsh` shxudl quh hl e`amrh

Oräbjf` 48 d)

°Föa` f`nsjghrd su vj v jgd shxudl0

?,89% 89% 48%

Vdtjsbdft`rjd ]houldr  Jnsdtjsbdft`rjd NV/NF

=?,89%

Hsth oräbjf` auhstrd und rhdljgdg gjbhrhnth d ld phrfjmjgd hn têrajn`s ohnhrdlhs, dl f`ntr`ldr d lds auchrhs DA hn hl F`nsult`rj`, g`ngh ady`rjtdrjdahnth rhbjhrhn und vjgd shxudl jnsdtjsbdft`rjd. Wdl vhz ld prhountd hstuv` adl pldnthdgd ` lds auchrhs DA n` ld hnthngjhr`n.

===67*87267$

 

2:

!"#$%&'(% *+ ,*-.'$"('( /9,/4

Oräbjf` 48 d‚) ° Lds auchrhs tjhnhn ahn`s ghsh` shxudl sh xudl quh hl e`amrh0

8% ==,89% Vj N` NV/NF ?=,89%

 Hsth ordbjf` auhstrd und rhdljgdg pr`pjd gh lld d auchrhs gh ld ohnhrdfjön gh lds hntrhvjstdgds, g`ngh hl shr adgrh hs su r`l bungdahntdl, ghcdng` su r`l gh auchr  rhlhodg`  rhlhodg` d un shoung` pldn`.

Wdmld 48 m) Vhx` Bhahnjn`

Vhx` Bhahnjn`

F`n fudnt`s

Y`rfhntdch

e`amrhs ed thnjg` ]V 4

Y`rfhntdch

@rodsa` f`n

Fdntjgdg =8

% 26.8

dloun` gh hll`s Vj

=

:

==.8

6

6

7 ` aäs W`tdl ohnhrdl

% Fdntjgdg 69

?8

N`

2

48

?.8

NV/NF

7

49

6

?.8

W`tdl ohnhrdl

49

499

79

499

Hn hstd Wdmld, lldad ld dthnfjön hl 48% gh auchrhs quh gjfh edmhr thnjg` ]hldfj`nhs Vhxudlhs f`n 6 ` aäs e`amrhs. Vh p`grád phnsdr quh hstds auchrhs buhr`n dghldntdgds pdrd su êp`fd.

===67*87267$

 

!"#$%&'(% *+ ,*-.'$"('( /9,/4

?9

Y`r `trd pdrth, un 48% gh lds auchrhs hnfuhstds gjfh n` edmhr thnjg` `rodsa`, (2 auchrhs). 7 gh hllds dtrjmuyhn ld fdusd d sj ajsads, d sdmhr3 4. “Vu frjdnzd hn hl fdap`, s`ld y sjn da`r‑ =. “Y`r aj fulpd, n` sh p`rquh‑ 6. “Z` n` sdmád f`a` edfhrl`‑ 7. “Y`r aj fulpd, n` sjrv` pdrd hsds f`sds‑ = gh lds 2 auchrhs l` dtrjmuyhn d fdusds hxthrnds d sj ajsads, d sdmhr3 4. “Adrjg` mrusf`, n` sdmád f`a` edfhrl`‑ =. “Vjtudfjön hn quh sh gj` hl hnfuhntr`‑ Lds rhspuhstds jngjfdgds dnthrj`rahnth rhjthrdn ld f`nfhpfjön fulturdl  pr`pjd gh hsd ohnhrdfjön gh ld auchr - adgrh y n` auchr ‖ auchr. Dsá f`a` tdamjên, sh vh rhtrdtdg` hl adfejsa` pr`pj` gh ld êp`fd, ghmjg` d ld dsjondfjön gh r`lhs fulturdlhs hn hl e`amrh. Hstd rhspuhstd, f`n un tdn dlt` % gh auchrhs quh rhbjhrhn edmhr thnjg` `rodsa`, n` sh f`ngjfh f`n l` quh hn ohnhrdl lds auchrhs jnb`radn hn sus f`ntr`lhs hn hl F`nsult`rj`, nuhvdahnth dpdrhfh ld gugd, sj lds auchrhs hntrhvjstdgds.

===67*87267$

 

?4

!"#$%&'(% *+ ,*-.'$"('( /9,/4

Oräbjf` 48 m)

° F`n F `n fuänt`s fuän t`s e`amrhs ed thnjg` rhldfj`nhs rhldfj`nhs shxudlhs0

?,89%

7,89% 4

==,88%

= 6 26,89%

7 ` aäs

 

Oräbjf` 48 m‚) ° @rodsa` f`n dloun` ghhll`s0 ghh ll`s0

49% 48% Vj N` NV/NF ?8%

===67*87267$

 

?=

!"#$%&'(% *+ ,*-.'$"('( /9,/4

Yhrfhpfjön gh l`s e`amrhs hnfuhstdg`s gh su pr`pjd shxudljgdg. Wdmld 42 d) Vhx` Adsfuljn`

Vhx` Adsfuljn`

Hl ghsh` shxudl hs

Hl e`amrh gh 28 dô`s ` aäs, sh

aäs jnthns`

hxfjtd aäs Fdntjgdg Y`rfhntdch

hn hl

%

e`amrh quh

bäfjlahnth f`n

Fdntjgdg Y`rfhntdch %

auchrhs aäs  cövhnhs

hn ld auchr Vj

42

24.8

Vj

46

89

N`

5

69.5

N`

49

65.8

NV/NF

=

?.?

NV/NF

6

44.8

W`tdl ohnhrdl

=2

499

W`tdl ohnhrdl

=2

499

Oräbjf` 42 d) ° Hl ghsh` shxudl hs aäs jnthns` hn hl e`amrh quh hn ld auchr0

?,?% 69,5%

Vj N` NV/NF 24,8%

  Hsth ordbjf` rhblhcd hl adfejsa` japhrdnth hn ld êp`fd, trdsajtjg` gh ohnhrdfjön hn ohnhrdfjön. Dftudlahnth sh vjsudljzd un fdamj` hn hst`s pdtr`nhs fulturdlhs.

===67*87267$

 

?6

!"#$%&'(% *+ ,*-.'$"('( /9,/4

Hl Oräbjf` quh d f`ntjnudfjön sh prhshntd, a auhstrd uhstrd und rhdljgdg ady`rjtdrjd hn l`s e`amrhs y quh n` ahrhfh ady`rhs f`ahntdrj`s. Vh ds`fjd f`n hl rhbrän p`puldr quh gjfh “D muhy vjhc` pdst` tjhrn`‑

Oräbjf` 42 d‚)

° Hl e`amrh e`amrh gh 28 dô`s ` aäs, sh h xfjtd a aäs äs bäfjl bäfjlahnth ahnth f`n auchrhs aäs cövhnh s0

44,8% Vj N` 89,9% 65,8%

NV/NF

===67*87267$

 

?7

!"#$%&'(% *+ ,*-.'$"('( /9,/4

Wdmld 42 m) Vhx` Adsfuljn`

Vhx` Adsfuljn`

Ed f`nsultdg` dl aêgjf` p`r dloón

Dftudlahnth Fdntjgdg Y`rfhntdch %

pdghfh gh dlound Fdntjgdg Y`rfhntdch gh hstds %

pr`mlhad

hnbhrahgdghs

shxudl Vj

6

44.8

Jap`thnfjd

6

44.8

N`

=6

55.8

Hydfuldfjön Yrhf`z

=

?.5

-

-

Bdltd Ghsh` Vhxudl

6

44.8

=2

499

W`tdl ohnhrdl

5

69.5

NV/NF W`tdl ohnhrdl

Wdmld 42 m) °Ed f`nsultdg` dl aêgjf` p`r dloón pr`mlhad shxudl0

9,9%

44,8% Vj N` NV/NF

55,8%  

Ld rhdljgdg quh auhstrd hsth oräbjf` hs hsphrdmlh, t`gd vhz quh l`s Dgult`s Ady`rhs e`amrhs, n` rhldfj`ndn lds gjbjfultdghs shxudlhs f`n pr`mlhads gh sdlug. L` quh hstä ghsfrjt` hn vdrjds `p`rtunjgdghs hn hl adrf` thörjf` gh hstd Whsjnd.  Dl ajsa` tjhap`, aêgjf`s y `tr`s pr`bhsj`ndlhs g gh h sdlug, tdap`f` jngdodn ghntr` gh ld dndanhsjs s`mrh hsth dsphft`. Lds fdapdôds prhvhntjvds ghl fänfhr gh pröstdtd ed f`ntrjmujg` d rhldfj`ndr l` shxudl f`a` pdrth gh ld sdlug.

===67*87267$

 

?8

!"#$%&'(% *+ ,*-.'$"('( /9,/4

Wdmld 42 m‚) °Dftudlahnth pdghfh gh dlound gh hstd hnbhrahgdghs0

4=%

4=% Jap`thnfjd Hydfuldfjön Hy dfuldfjön Yrhf`z Yrh f`z Bdltd ghsh` shxudl 5%

 

Hn hsth oräbjf` sh dprhfjd und sumhstjadfjön p`r pdrth ghl shx` adsfuljn`, hn rhf`n`fhr ld hxjsthnfjd gh hstds gjsbunfj`nhs. Dloun`s e`amrhs hnfuhstdg`s adnjbhstdr`n buhrd gh ld hntrhvjstd quh thnádn gjbjfultdghs, gjbjfultdghs, phr` quh n` hrd sjhaprh y quh prhbhrádn quh n` sh f`nsjondrd hn ld Hnfuhstd.

===67*87267$

 

!"#$%&'(% *+ ,*-.'$"('( /9,/4

?2

JR.- F@NFLXVJ@NHV Gh ld prhshnth thsjnd, sh ghstdfdn lds sjoujhnths fudtr` f`nflusj`nhs3 4. Mäsjfdahnth ld shxudljgdg tjhnh g`s gjahnsj`nhs3 Xnd hs ld hxprhsjön básjfd, quh hs sjaplhahnth ld nhfhsjgdg mj`löojfd quh tjhnhn t`g`s l`s shrhs euadn`s; hl `tr` dsphft` gh ld shxudljgdg, hs ld hxprhsjön ghl dbhft`, ld ha`fjön, hl jnthrês y hl fujgdg`. Hsd hs ld pdrth gh ld shxudljgdg quh ajnjajzd hl djsldajhnt` y quh puhgh edfhr aufe` pdrd ahc`rdr ld dut`jadohn gh lds phrs`nds. =. Hl oênhr` y ld ld hgdg s`n bbdft`rhs dft`rhs prjnfjpdlhs quh dbhftdn ld f`nguftd shxudl euadnd y sj sh f`nsjghrd quh l`s dô`s gh ld shnhftug ghmhrádn shr dô`s sjn ]hldfj`nhs Vhxudlhs, sh hstä edfjhng` un ordn gdô` d lds phrs`nds ady`rhs. Dl nhodrlhs su shxudljgdg sh puhgh frhdr jnflusjvh und jnbluhnfjd n`fjvd quh vd aäs dllä gh ld vjgd shxudl gh ld phrs`nd. 6. Hn l` quh rhsphftd d f`n`fjajhnt`s mäsjf`s s`mrh shxudljgdg, hs hsfdsd ` nuld ld jnb`radfjön, quh s`mrh hl thad p`shhn lds phrs`nds gh ld thrfhrd hgdg. Hstd sjtudfjön gh jon`rdnfjd, sh ghmh hn ordn a ahgjgd hgjgd d quh ld ady`rád gh lds phrs`nds, jnflujg` hl phrs`ndl gh sdlug, hvjtd edmldr s`mrh shx` f`n l`s dgult`s ady`rhs, l` fudl f`nstjtuyh un rjhso` mdstdnth jap`rtdnth pdrd lds dgdptdfj`nhs shxudlhs ohrjätrjfds. 7. Hn l` hsphfjbjf`, ld ady`rád l`s Dgult`s Ady`rhs E`amrhs n` tjhnhn jnb`radfjön dfhrfd gh lds hnbhrahgdghs quh puhghn pdghfhr hn ld dgulthz y sus f`nshfuhnfjds, ghmjg` d hst`, hs quh aufeds auchrhs s`n vjftjads gh sus pdrhcds p`rquh lds fulpdn gh sus pr`mlhads shxudlhs y sh njhodn d f`nsultdr d un hsphfjdljstd.

===67*87267$

 

!"#$%&'(% *+ ,*-.'$"('( /9,/4

??

R.- ]HBH]HNFJDV MJMLJ@O]DBJFDV. LJM]@V 4. (4)DOXJLD] J, ODLMHV, E. E. “Rjgd, Da`r y Vhx`‑  Hnfjfl`phgjd Bdajljdr Hgufdfjön y Vdlug. Hgjt`rjdl Vdbhljz =³ hgjfjön W`a` J. Adgrjg-Hspdôd 4::=. =. Mhhrs, Adrk; Mhrk`w, ]`mhrt “Adnudl Ahrfk gh Ohrjdtrád‑  Hgjt`rjdl Hlshvjhr =³ hgjfjön. Adgrjg-Hspdôd, =999 6. ]jfh, B. Yejljp “Ghsdrr`ll` Euadn`3 Hstugj` ghl fjfl` vjtdl‑ Wrdguffjön Adrád Hlhnd @rtjz Vdljnd. Aêxjf`, Yhdrs`n, 4::?

7. (2)Mrjzz`ldrd D, Ohrjdtrád Fdrrdsf`Flánjfd‑. R, Buhnths Y, Or`sadn A`ljndAdx C,   Dô` 4::5 4³ hgjfjön,A,japrhntd “F`aphngj` gh Mhsshr L. 8. Dnz`ld H, Odljnsky G G,, A`rdlhs B, Vdlds D, Vänfehz A, “Ld Dthnfjön gh 4::7   @.Y.V l`s Dnfjdn`s3 Xn ghsdbá` pdrd l`s dô`s n`vhntd‑    Dô` 4::7 Hgjtdg` p`r Hláds Dnz`ld Yêrhz, ht dl _dsejnot`n, GF @YV,

WHVJV H JNRHVWJODFJ@NHV 4. E =. Whsjs pdrd  `ptdr dl Ordg` gh Ljfhnfjdg` hn Wrdmdc` V`fjdl.   “Yhrfhpfjön

quh tjhnhn l`s Dgult`s Ady`rhs phrthnhfjhnths dl orup` Hl Hnsuhô`, ghl Fhntr` gh Vdlug @‚Ejoojns, f`aund gh F`nfhpfjön, rhbhrhnth d f`a` vjvhn su Vhxudljgdg‑ Vdnzdnd

Muro`s, Fdr`ljnd; Ndvdrr`

@mrhquh, Rdnhssd. Fdrrhrd Wrdmdc` V`fjdl Xnjvhrsjgdg Vdnt` W`aäs. F`nfhpfjön ‖ Fejlh. =995

===67*87267$

 

?5

!"#$%&'(% *+ ,*-.'$"('( /9,/4

G@FXAHNW@V YXMLJFDG@V HN LD _HM

4. (7) A`ntds ]daárhz, Brdnfjsf` “Vhxudljgdg hn Ld Whrfhrd Hgdg‑ Gjojfhntr` Bdadl A`n`ordbád.f`a =: gh ady` gh =949 4:.48 e`rds Gjsp`njmlh hn  phnjhl=592Ie`tadjl.f`a   phnjhl=592Ie`tadjl.f`a =. Fujgdg` y Dut`fujgdg` gh Vdlug ghl Dgult` Ady`r. 9? gh hnhr` gh =949 4:.9? e`rds. Gjsp`njmlh hn www.ohr`nt`l`ojd.ughfejlh.fl/g`fs/fujgdg`.eta  www.ohr`nt`l`ojd.ughfejlh.fl/g`fs/fujgdg`.eta 

@W]@V 4. B`rtths, Yduld, Adssdg, Frjstjdn y hqujp` gh f`ldm`rdg`rhs VHNDAD “Lds

phrs`nds Ady`rhs hn Fejlh3 Vjtudfjön, Dvdnfhs y Ghsdbá`s ghl hnvhchfjajhnt` y ld Rhchz‑ Dô` =99:, ADRDL 4ª hgjfjön =. Ehrrhrd, D. “Vhxudljgdg hn ld vhchz3 °ajt` ` rhdljgdg0‑. ]hvjstd Fejlhnd gh @msthtrjfjd y Ojnhf`l`oád. =996 6. V`uzd g`s Vdnt`s, Vuhlj. Dpunths Ysjf`l`oád “Ld ]hsjonjbjfdfjön gh ld

shxudljgdg hn ld vhchz‑ Xnjvhrsjgdg gh @rjhnth. Vdntjdo` gh Fumd. Fumd. =996 7. Odrjtd Vänfehz, Oustdv`. “Hnvhchfjajhnt` y Vhxudljgdg dlr dlrhghg`r hghg`r gh ld

Ejst`rjfjgdg

gh

su

Rjvhnfjd

y

sus

ghthrajndfj`nhs

Ysjf`s`fj`fulturdlhs‑  ]hv. Fjhnfjds V`fjdlhs 49838:-?:, JVVN3975=8=?2/=997 (JJJ) 8. V`uzd g`s Vdnt`s, Vuhlj; Dnt`nj` Fdrl`s, Vhroj`. “Vhxudljgdg hn ld vhchz3

°und rhdljgdg jnf`a`gd ` und nuhvd rhdljgdg0  ghl thxt` Yhrsphftjvds hn Ysjf`l`oád ‖ R`l 8 ‖ N³ = ‖ N`vjhamrh =995

===67*87267$

 

!"#$%&'(% *+ ,*-.'$"('( /9,/4

2. Ehrnänghz Sda`rd, S`jld “Dloun`s dsphft`s

?:

d f`nsjghrdr s`mrh ld

Vhxudljgdg ghl Dgult` Ady`r‑  ]hsultdg` gh Jnvhstjodfjön, Aêxjf`. N`vjhamrh gh =995. Ahghllán - F`l`amjd

RJ.- DNHU@V

L`s gdt`s quh sh prhshntdn hn hstd Whsjnd, buhr`n `mthnjg`s hn Dgult`s Ady`rhs f`n ld

Hnfuhstd quh sh prhshntd d f`ntjnudfjön, ahgjdnth hntrhvjstd

phrs`ndljzdgd hn l`s ahshs gh adrz` y dmrjl gh =949.

HNW]HRJVWD N³ PPPP

===67*87267$

 

!"#$%&'(% *+ ,*-.'$"('( /9,/4

J.- Dnthfhghnths Ohnhrdlhs HgdgPPPPPPPPPP Vhx`3 B A Hsf`ldrjgdg3 MäsjfdPP Mäsjfd jnf`aplhtdPPP Hgufdf Hgufdfjön jön AhgjdPPP Ahgjd Jnf`aplhtdPPPP Hgufdfjön Vuphrj`r f`aplhtdPPP Hgufdfjön Vuphrj`r Jnf`aplhtd PPPP Yr`bhsjön PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP Hstdg` Fjvjl3 fdsdg` PPP shpdrdg` PPP vjug` PPP V`lthr`PPPP Luodr gh ]hsjghnfjd3   G`ajfjlj` pr`pj`   G`ajfjlj` gh `tr`s   ]hsjghnfjd gh ]hp`s`   @tr`s  •

•

•

•

 Dftudlahnth f`n pdrhcd3 VJ PPP N@ PPP 4.- Ed vhz jnb`radfjön gh shxudljgdg0 VJ rhfjmjg` N` dlound NV/NF =.- Hn fds` gh edmhr rhfjmjg` jnb`radfjön, °föa` ld ed f`nsjghrdg`0 Hsfdsd Dghfudgd Hxfhsjvd 6.- °Edmld usthg gh shxudljgdg f`n su pr`pjd pdrhcd, dajo`s, bdajljdrhs, htf.0 VJ N` NV/NF 7.- °D quh hgdg tuv` ]hldfj`nhs Vhxudlhs p`r prjahrd vhz0 PPPPPPP °F`n qujhn0 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP @fdsjön PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP  

Jl.F`nFdtho`rád3 pdrhcd3 Rjnfuldfjön f`n hl shx` `puhst`3 8.- Dl thnhr pdrhcd °sjhnth usthg ghsh`s gh thnhr ]hldfj`nhs Vhxudlhs0 Vj PPPP N` PPPP 2.- Adntjhnh ]hldfj`nhs shxudlhs hn ld dftudljgdg0 VJ N` NV/NF ?.- Adntjhnh ]V p`r3   Ghsh` pr`pj`   Ghsh` gh ld pdrhcd   F`stuamrh   @mljodfjön F`nyuodl   NV / NF •

•

• •

•

:.- °F`n quh brhfuhnfjd0

59

===67*87267$

 

!"#$%&'(% *+ ,*-.'$"('( /9,/4

       

• •

•

•

Xnd vhz p`r shadnd Xnd vhz dl ahs Xnd vhz dl dô` NV/NF

49.- F`a` f`nsjghrd ld brhfuhnfjd gh sus ]V0 •

  Vubjfjhnth Jnsubjfjhnth   NV/NF

• •

44.- Ordg` gh sdtjsbdffjön f`n sus ]V0   Auy sdtjsbhfe`   Vdtjsbhfe`   Jnsdtjsbhfe`   NV/NF •

• • •

Vjn pdrhcd 4=.- °Frhh usthg quh ld ohnth phrfjmh hl jnjfj` gh und nuhvd rhldfjön gh pdrhcd0 VJ N@

NV/NF

46.- Frhh usthg quh lds phrs`nds gh ads gh 28 dô`s tjhnhn jnthrês shxudl0 VJ N@ NV/NF 47.- °Tujên frhh quh adnjbjhstd aäs jnthrês shxudl0 E`amrh Auchr Dam`s 48.- °Yjhnsd usthg quh n` hs ghfhnth quh lds phrs`nds gh aäs gh 28 dô`s adnjbjhsthn jnthrês shxudl0 VJ N@ NV/NF 42.- °F`nsjghrd quh und phrs`nd gh aäs gh 28 dô`s tjhnh dtrdftjv`0 VJ N@ NV/NF 4?.- °Frhh quh hs adl` pdrd ld sdlug, hsphfjdlahnth hn ld vhchz, ld dftjvjgdg shxudl0 VJ N@ NV/NF JJJ Fdtho`rád3 Jnghphnghnfjd Bdajljdr F`n bdajljd3 45.- Frhh usthg quh hl ehfe` gh vjvjr cunt` d su bdajljd, shd un japhgjahnt` pdrd adnthnhr und vjgd shxudl dftjvd0 VJ N@ NV/NF 4:.- °Xsthg frhh quh ld bdajljd dfhptdrád quh usthg tuvjhrd und pdrhcd nuhvd0 VJ N@ NV/NF

54

===67*87267$

 

!"#$%&'(% *+ ,*-.'$"('( /9,/4

Vjn Bdajljd3 =9.- Ydrd usthg hl ehfe` gh n` vjvjr f`n ld bdajljd hs un bdft`r bdfjljtdg`r pdrd adnthnhr und vjgd dbhftjvd y shxudl sjn ljajtdfj`nhs0 VJ N@ NV/NF =4.- Hl vjvjr s`ld cunt` d su pdrhcd °lh bdfjljtd pdrd thnhr aäs jntjajgdg shxudl0 VJ N@ NV/NF JR Fdtho`rád3 Vhx`3 Bhahnjn`3 ==.- °Föa` f`nsjghrd usthg su vjgd shxudl0   sdtjsbdft`rjd   rhouldr   jnsdtjsbdft`rjd • • •

=6.- °Frhh usthg quh lds auchrhs tjhnhn ahn`s ghsh` shxudl quh hl e`amrh0 VJ N@ NV/NF =7.- °F`n fudnt`s e`amrhs ed thnjg` ]V0 4 - = - 6 - 7 ` aäs =8.- °Wuv` `rodsa` f`n dloun` gh hll`s0 VJ N@ NV/NF =2.- Vj su rhspuhstd hs N@ °d quh l` dtrjmuyh0   D usthg   D su pdrhcd Hxpljquh mrhvhahnth3 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP •

•

Adsfuljn`3 =?.- °Xsthg frhh quh hl ghsh` shxudl hn hl e`amrh hs aäs jnthns` quh hn ld auchr0 VJ N@ NV/NF =5.- °Frhh usthg quh un e`amrh gh 28 ` aäs dô`s, sh hxfjtd ads bäfjlahnth f`n auchrhs aäs cövhnhs0 VJ N@ NV/NF =:.- °Ed f`nsultdg` dlound vhz dl aêgjf` p`r dloón pr`mlhad hn su vjgd shxudl0 VJ N@ NV/NF 69.- Dftudlahnth tjhnh dlound gh hstds hnbhrahgdghs3   Jap`thnfjd   Hydfuldfjön Yrhf`z   Bdltd gh ghsh` shxudl • •

•

NDD/LER

5=

===67*87267$

 

!"#$%&'(% *+ ,*-.'$"('( /9,/4

Bhfed3

PPPPPPPPPPP  

56