Adult

No Longer a Teen: Development in Young Adulthood Human Growth and Development

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Theories of Biological and Cognitive Development

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Theories of Development 

Piaget ◦ Four stages of cognitive development ◦ Formal operations – involves the ability to think abstractly

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Perry ◦ Intellectual and ethical development ◦ Dualism – things are right or wrong ◦ Relativism – recognizing the ambiguities of life; problems may have more than one solution

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Havighurst ◦ Developmental tasks of early adulthood 4

Cognitive and Ethical Development

Formal operations  Dualism  Relativism  Commitment 

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Biological Development 

In early adulthood, physical development finally begins to slow down ◦ Females reach their full height at about age 18 ◦ Males reach their full height at about age 20

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Lifestyle has an impact ◦ Drinking, smoking, over-eating and lack of exercise can impact the biological processes

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Smoking, Alcohol and Drugs  Annual Deaths Attributable to Cigarette Smoking—United States, 2000–2004

Image: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

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Smoking, Alcohol and Drugs The effects of lung cancer on families

Cancer in the Family (click on link)

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Smoking, Alcohol and Drugs 

Alcohol is the most widely abused psychoactive drug (acts on the nervous system to alter states of consciousness, modify perceptions and change moods)

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The body can develop a tolerance, requiring more to reach the same high

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Alcohol is the third leading cause of lifestyle-related deaths in the United States Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2014. All rights reserved.

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Smoking, Alcohol and Drugs Take a survey on high-risk drinking behaviors: Re-thinking Drinking (click on link)

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Smoking, alcohol, drugs Drug use is highest among people in their late teens and twenties. In 2011, 23.8 percent of 18- to 20-year-olds reported using an illicit drug in the past month.

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Smoking, Alcohol and Drugs

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Food Behaviors 

Our culture emphasizes ◦ Food ◦ Exercise ◦ Body shape

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Food Behaviors Eating Disorders Prevention (click on link)

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Developmental Tasks of Young Adulthood (Havighurst)

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Maturational Theory Havighurs -Selecting a mate t -Learning to live with a marriage partner -Starting a family -Rearing children -Managing a home

-Getting started

in an occupation -Taking on civic responsibility -Finding a congenial social group

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Selecting a Mate Historical events  Race and ethnicity  Social class  Religion  Region and urban/rural decisions  Age expectation 

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Why Marry?

Marriage has long been linked to life satisfaction and longer, healthier lives.

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Selecting a Mate Make a decision knowledgeably  Acknowledge social pressures and factors  Acknowledge cultural pressures and factors  Acknowledge family influences 

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Learning to Live with a Marriage Partner

Caring and acceptance  Commitment to sharing  Not martyring  Not manipulating 

Accepting emotional interdependence  Acknowledging uniqueness of partner 

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Starting a Family 

What does this involve?

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What does this cost? Cost of Raising a Child Calculator (click on link)

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Rearing Children 

Other resources include: ◦ Time ◦ Energy ◦ Abstract resources, such as family help, social outlets or community support

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Managing a Home      

Own or rent House or apartment Geographic location Paying bills Managing repairs or needs Other considerations

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Starting a Career What does this require? • • • • • •

Level of education Experience Willingness to relocate Salary conditions Degree of interest to you Hours of work per week

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Taking on Civic Responsibility      

Church or other faith-based involvement Working with schools Running for public office Being a part of civic clubs, such as Lions or Rotary Involvement with youth groups, such as Boy Scouts or YWCA Volunteering for social service agencies, such as Meals on Wheels

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Societal and Cultural Influences

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What Will Influence You? 

How will your family of origin home influence what your own home will be? ◦ Parenting styles ◦ Economics and money management ◦ Work ethic

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Finding a Congenial Social Group Close friendships are vital to psychological health and well-being.  Single young adults report more friendships, including cross-gender friendships, than adults at any other stage.  Perceived similar values are important to strong friendships. 

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Social Media Facebook  Twitter  Instagram  Pinterest  MySpace  Others 

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Egalitarian Relationship with Parents Being self-supporting  Becoming autonomous  Moving out  Receiving and providing emotional support 

Eq ua

lity

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Failure to Launch 

Adult children who do not move on to live their own lives outside of the home and scope of their parents.

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Exciting Time of Life! The transition to early adulthood is a very exciting time of life. A little thought and preparation will make it smooth and rewarding.

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Questions?

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References and Resources Images: 

Microsoft Clip Art: Used with permission from Microsoft.

Journals: 

Goodwin, P., Mosher, W., Chandra, A. (2010) Marriage and cohabitation in the United States: A statistical portrait based on Cycle 6 (2002) of the National Survey of Family Growth. Center for Disease Control. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 23(28). 2010.

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Larson, J. (2010). Attachment Style and Values in Young Adult Friendships. Honors Thesis.  Permanent URL – http://pid.emory.edu/ark:/25593/7t42k

Textbooks: 

Dacey, J., Travers, J., and Fiore, J. (2009). Human development across the lifespan. (7th ed.). Columbus, Ohio: McGraw-Hill Publishing Company.

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Gallahue, D., Ozmun, J., and Goodway, J. (2012). Understanding motor development: infants, children, adolescents and adults. Columbus, Ohio: McGraw-Hill Publishing Company.

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Lamanna, M. and Riedmann, A. (1994). Marriages and families: making choices and facing change. (5th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company.

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Papilla, D., Olds, S., and Feldman, R. (2006). Human development. (10th ed.) Columbus, OH: McGraw-Hill Publishing.

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Perry, W. (1968). Forms of intellectual and ethical development in the college years. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.

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Santrock, J. (1997). 6th ed. Life-span development. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill Publishing.

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Steinberg, L. (2004). The ten basic principles of good parenting. New York: NY. Simon & Shuster Publishers.

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References and Resources Websites: 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Fact Sheets- Alcohol Use and Health (2013).  http://www.cdc.gov/alcohol/fact-sheets/alcohol-use.htm

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Annual Deaths Attributable to Cigarette Smoking—United States, 2000–2004. http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/tables/health/attrdeaths/index.htm

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Edwards, L., Hopgood, J., Rosenberg, K., & Rush, K.  Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development. Flinder’s University. http://ehlt.flinders.edu.au/education/DLiT/2000/Piaget/stages.htm

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Georgia Department of Labor Learn about Résumé Writing (2013).  http://www.dol.state.ga.us/js/resume_writing.htm

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James Madison University William Perry’s Scheme of Intellectual and Ethical Development. (2013). http://www.jmu.edu/geology/evolutionarysystems/protected/handouts/willperry2.pdf

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National Eating Disorders Association (NEDA) Eating Disorder Prevention (2013). http://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/eating-disorder-prevention

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National Institute on Drug Use Drugs, Brains and Behavior. The Science of Addiction. (2013).  http://www.drugabuse.gov/sites/default/files/sciofaddiction.pdf

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National Institute of Health Fetal Alcohol Exposure.(2013). http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/FASDFactsheet/FASD.pdf

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References and Resources Websites: 

North Dakota State University Eating Disorders Statistics (2013). http://www.ndsu.edu/fileadmin/counseling/Eating_Disorder_Statistics.pdf

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Maeder/Corbis, C.  Friendship – Friendships Throughout Adulthood. (2013). http://family.jrank.org/pages/664/Friendship-Friendships-Throughout-Adulthood.html

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Odessa College Wells, C., Child Psychology. Gesell & Havighurst’s Stages of Development. http://www.odessa.edu/dept/psyc/wells/2308/fall/gh.htm

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United States Department of Agriculture With USDA’s Cost of Raising a Child Calculator, you can estimate how much it will annually cost to raise a child. This may help you plan better for overall expenses including food, or to purchase adequate life insurance.  http://www.cnpp.usda.gov/calculatorintro.htm

YouTube™: 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Cancer in the Family. A news segment about individuals with a family member whose cigarette smoking led to a cancer diagnosis. (2013). http://youtu.be/9g-uhoCsZVc

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