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RÇ@GKCM NCL HNALCUECM^C ^RHBHDHNAR

HKBG^A NC HZLGEHEGÕM Eamoarkc hl eõng`a eõng`a nc las Mgøas y Hnalcsecmtcs, Hnalcsecmtcs, las hnalcsecmt hnalcsecmtcs cs quc trhbhdcm cm oarkh ncpcmngcmtc a par eucmth hdcmh cstèm hkphrhnas par csth markh, sc gmeluycm thkbgçm h las quc rchlgzhm cl trhbhda h nakgeglga y h las quc trhbhdhm par eucmth prapgh a cm oarkh gmncpcmngcmtc, hsë eaka h las quc rchlgzhm trhbhda nakçstgea y trhbhda ohkglghr ma rckumcrhna.

 Ncbckas prcegshr, quc cl eõng`a ncl mgøa y hnalcsecmtc ma cs hplgehblc h las prhetgehmtcs y hprcmngecs, pucsta quc cllas sc rg`cm par sus prapghs markhs.  8.  Cnhn këmgkh phrh cl trhbhda Lhs cnhncs këmgkhs rcqucrgnhs phrh hutargzhr cl trhbhda nc las Hnalcsecmtcs nc heucrna hl Eamvcmga Mº 856 y hl Eõng`a ncl Mgøa y Hnalcsecmtc sam lhs sg`ugcmtcs4

NC LH HS^ARGTHEGAM W RC@GU^RA NCL HNALCUECM^C ^RHBHDHNAR Z è ` g m h 8 | 7  7 

 

 8.   Hutargzhegõm ncl hnalcsecmtc hnalcsecmtc trhbhdhnar trhbhdhnar  Ncbckas heathr cm cstc pumta, quc tana trhbhdhnar

hnalcsecmtc

rcqugcrc

nc

lh

hutargzhegõm nc sus phnrcs a rcspamshblc, prcsukgcmna quc eucmth eam ngefh hutargzhegõm euhmna fhbgtcm eam cllas.  Zar la thmta, las ckplchnarcs ckplchnarcs ncbcrèm vcrgogehr quc ngefas trhbhdhnarcs astcmtcm lh hutargzhegõm phrh cl gmgega nc lhs prcsthegamcs nc scrvgegas.  Hnckès nc clla, las trhbhdhnarcs hnalcsecmtcs quc ncsccm trhbhdhr nc khmcrh ncpcmngcmtc gmngstgmthkcmtc quc eucmtcm eam lh cnhn këmgkh y lh hutargzhegõm nc sus phnrcs ncbcrèm tcmcr cl pcrkgsa cspceghl nc lhs sg`ugcmtcs cmtgnhncs4

  Kgmgstcrga nc trhbhda y Zrakaegõm ncl Ckplca, phrh trhbhdas par eucmth hdcmh

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a quc sc prcstcm cm rclhegõm nc ncpcmncmegh.

  Las kumgegpgas ngstrgthlcs y pravgmeghlcs ncmtra nc sus durgsngeegamcs, phrh

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trhbhdhnarcs nakçstgeas, par eucmth prapgh a quc sc rchlgecm cm oarkh gmncpcmngcmtc y ncmtra nc su durgsngeegõm.

  Las ducecs ncl mgøa y ncl hnalcsecmtc, cm las ehsas nc trhbhda maeturma.

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2.  Rcqugsgtas y ^rèkgtcs phrh lh hutargzhegõm Uam rcqugsgtas phrh atar`hr lh hutargzhegõm phrh cl trhbhda nc hnalcsecmtc las sg`ugcmtcs4

  Xuc cl ecrtgogehna ma pcrturbc lh hsgstcmegh rc`ulhr nc lh cseuclh.

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  Xuc cl ecrtgogehna kçngea hercngtc lh ehphegnhn oësgeh, kcmthl y ckaegamhl nc

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las hnalcsecmtcs phrh rchlgzhr lhs lhbarcs. Cstc ecrtgogehna scrè cxpcngna `rhtugthkcmtcc par las scrvgegas ncl Ucetar Uhlun a nc lh Uc`urgnhn Uaeghl. `rhtugthkcmt Z è ` g m h 2 | 7  7 

 

  Xuc mgm`ôm hnalcsecmtc sch hnkgtgna cm cl trhbhda sgm lh ncbgnh hutargzhegõm.

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 Hfarh bgcm sabrc las cxèkcmcs kçngeas, las trhbhdhnarcs hnalcsecmtcs ncbcrèm scr sakctgnas pcrgõngehkcmtc h cxèkcmcs kç kçngeas. ngeas. Zhrh th thll coceta, ngefas cxèkcmcs cm cm las ehsas nc las trhbhdhnarcs gmncpcmngcmtcs y nakçstgeas scrèm `rhtugtas y csthrèm h ehr`a ncl Ucetar Uhlun. Rcspceta hl trèkgtc phrh hutargzhegõm, nc heucrna eam las rcqugsgtas cxg`gnas par cl ^SZH ncl Kgmgstcrga nc ^rhbhda y Zrakaegõm ncl Ckplca (cm hnclhmtc K^ZC), cl trhbhdhnar hnalcsecmtc ncbcrè sc`ugr cl sg`ugcmtc trèkgtc cm lh aogegmh nc ^rhkgtc Naeukcmthrga cl kgska quc cs `rhtugta4

  Ualgegtun ngrg`gnh h lh Uubngrceegõm nc Zrakaegõm y Zratceegõm nc las Ncrcefas

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Oumnhkcmthlcs y lh Uc`urgnhn Uaeghl.   Eapgh nc lh phrtgnh nc mhegkgcmta a naeukcmta nc gncmtgnhn ncl hnalcsecmtc.

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  Eapgh ncl ecrtgogehna kçngea atar`hna par cl èrch nc shlun.

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  Eapgh ncl ehrmct csealhr, lgbrcth nc maths a nc lh eamsthmegh a ecrtgogehna nc

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cstungas.

Z è ` g m h 5 | 7  7 

 

5.  Eõng`a nc las Mgøas y Hnalcsecmtcs Cstc eucrpa markhtgva cspceghlgzhna rc`ulh nc khmcrh ncthllhnh cl trhbhda quc pucnc rchlgzhr umh pcrsamh kcmar nc cnhn, cm htcmegõm h lhs ablg`hegamcs hsukgnhs par cl Csthna pcruhma h mgvcl gmtcrmhegamhl. h Rceamaegkgcmta ncl nc ncrcefa rcefa h trhbhdhr ncl hna hnalcsecmtc lcsecmtc Cl EMH csthblcec cm su hrtëeula 22´ quc cl Csthna brgmnhrè umh pratceegõm cspceghl hl hnalcsecmtc quc trhbhdh. Hsgkgska, rceamaec cl ncrcefa nc las hnalcsecmtcs h trhbhdhr eam lhs  rcstrgeegamcs csthblcegnhs cm lh lcy, sgckprc y euhmna ma cxgsth cxplathegõm ceamõkgeh y su hetgvgnhn lhbarhl ma gkpartc rgcs`a a pclg`ra, hocetc su praecsa cnuehtgva a sch maegva maeg va phrh su shlun a phrh su ncshrralla oësgea, kcmthl, cspgrgtuhl, karhl a saeghl. b Gmstgtuegamcs cmehr`hnhs nc lh pratceegõm ncl hnalcsecmtc trhbhdhnar Uc`ôm la csthblcegna cm cl hrtëeula >7´ ncl EMH, lh pratceegõm hl hnalcsecmtc trhbhdhnar „ earrcspamnc hl Kgmgstcrga nc lh Kudcr y Zablhegamcs _ulmcrhblcs (KGKZ) hmtcs  ZRAKSNCF „, cm oarkh eaarngmhnh y eakplckcmthrgh eam las scetarcs ^rhbhda, Uhlun y

Cnuehegõm, hsë eaka eam las `abgcrmas rc`gamhlcs y kumgegphlcs. Cm csc scmtgna, cl KGKZ sc cmeucmtrh ablg`hna h ngethr lh palëtgeh nc htcmegõm phrh las y lhs hnalcsecmtcs quc trhbhdcm. Clla sc cxplgeh par cl fcefa f cefa quc cstc kgmgstcrga eamstgtuyc cl cmtc  rcetar ncl Ugstckh Mhegamhl nc Htcmegõm Gmtc`rhl hl Mgøa y hl Hnalcsecmtc, nc heucrna h la cstgpulhna cm cl hrtëeula 20 ncl EMH. Zar thmta, earrcspamncrëh h ngefh cmtgnhn eaarngmhr y cmehuzhr las csoucrzas nc lhs ngvcrshs gmstgtuegamcs pôblgehs y prgvhnhs phrh `hrhmtgzhr lh pratceegõm nc las y lhs hnalcsecmtcs quc trhbhdhm. e Cnhncs rcqucrgnhs rcqucrgnhs phrh trhbhdhr cm nctcrkgmhnhs hetgvgnhncs Cm cl hrtëeula 38´ ncl EMH sc csthblcec quc lhs cnhncs këmgkhs rcqucrgnhs phrh hutargzhr cl trhbhda nc las hnalcsecmtcs sam lhs sg`ugcmtcs4 e.8. Zhrh cl ehsa ncl trhbhda par eucmth hdcmh a quc sc prcstc cm rclhegõm nc ncpcmncmegh4 g) 83 høas phrh lhbarcs h`rëealhs ma gmnustrghlcs9 gg) 8? høas phrh lhbarcs gmnustrghlcs, eakcreghlcs a kgmcrhs9 y, ggg) 80 høas phrh lhbarcs nc pcseh gmnustrghl. Z è ` g m h > | 7  7 

 

e.2. Zhrh cl ehsa nc lhs nckès kanhlgnhncs nc trhbhda, lh cnhn këmgkh cs nc ehtarec høas. Zar cxecpegõm sc eamecncrè hutargzhegõm h phrtgr nc las naec høas, sgckprc quc lhs lhbarcs h rchlgzhr ma pcrdungqucm su shlun a ncshrralla, mg gmtcrogcrhm a lgkgtcm su hsgstcmegh h las ecmtras cnuehtgvas y pcrkgthm su phrtgegphegõm cm pra`rhkhs nc argcmthegõm a oarkhegõm praocsgamhl.

n Eakpctcmegh phrh hhutargzhr utargzhr cl trhbhda nc hnalcsecmtcs Cl hrtëeula 32´ ncl EMH csthblcec quc lh eakpctcmegh phrh gmsergbgr, hutargzhr y supcrvgshr cl trhbhda nc las hnalcsecmtcs cs lh sg`ugcmtc4 h) Cl scetar ^rhbhda, phrh trhbhdas par eucmth hdcmh a quc sc prcstcm cm rclhegõm nc ncpcmncmegh9  y, b) Las kumgegpgas ngstrgthlcs y pravgmeghlcs ncmtra nc sus durgsngeegamcs, phrh trhbhdhnarcs nakçstgeas, par eucmth prapgh a quc sc rchlgecm cm oarkh gmncpcmngcmtc y ncmtra nc su  durgsngeegõm. c Rcqugsgtas pphrh hrh hutargzhr cl trhbhda gmohmtgl Rcspceta h las rcqugsgtas phrh atar`hr hutargzhegõm phrh cl trhbhda nc hnalcsecmtcs, cl hrtëeula 3>´ ncl EMH cxg`c la sg`ugcmtc4 sg `ugcmtc4

Z è ` g m h 3 | 7  7 

 

h) Xuc cl trhbhda ma pcrturbc lh hsgstcmegh rc`ulhr h lh cseuclh4 la quc cxg`c quc cl ckplchnar brgmnc lhs oheglgnhncs h las trhbhdhnarcs t rhbhdhnarcs hnalcsecmtcs phrh quc lh rchlgzhegõm nc sus lhbarcs schm eakphtgblcs eam lh hsgstcmegh rc`ulhr h lh l h cseuclh (hrtëeula ?8 ncl EMH). b) Xuc cl ecrtgogehna kçngea hercngtc lh ehphegnhn oësgeh, kcmthl y ckaegamhl ncl hnalcsecmtc phrh rchlgzhr lhs lhbarcs4 cstc ecrtgogehna scrè cxpcngna `rhtugthkcmtc par las scrvgegas kçngeas ncl scetar Uhlun a nc lh Uc`urgnhn Uaeghl9 y, e) Xuc mgm`ôm hnalcsecmtc sch hnkgtgna hl trhbhda sgm lh ncbgnh hutargzhegõm. o Gkplckcmthegõm ncl rc`gstra rc`gstra nc hnalcsecmtcs hnalcsecmtcs trhbhdhnarcs Cm cl hrtëeula 35´ ncl EMH sc csthblcec quc lhs gmstgtuegamcs rcspamshblcs nc hutargzhr cl trhbhda nc las hnalcsecmtcs „cl scetar ^rhbhda y las kumgegpgas ngstrgthlcs y/a pravgmeghlcs „, llcvhrèm um rc`gstra cspceghl cm cl quc sc gmngehrè cl makbrc eakplcta ncl hnalcsecmtc9 cl makbrc nc sus phnrcs, tutarcs a rcspamshblcs9 lh ocefh nc su mhegkgcmta9 lh ngrceegõm y lu`hr nc rcsgncmegh9 lh lhbar quc ncsckpcøh9 lh rckumcrhegõm9 cl farhrga nc trhbhda9 lh cseuclh h lh quc hsgstc y farhrga nc cstungas9 y cl môkcra nc ecrtgogehna kçngea. Ehbc rcshlthr quc lh gkparthmegh nc umh bhsc nc nhtas sabrc hnalcsecmtcs trhbhdhnarcs rhngeh cm quc „h phrtgr nc lh gmoarkhegõm abtcmgnh „ sc panrè eamaecr lh ngkcmsgõm ncl ocmõkcma, la quc pcrkgtgrè hnapthr palëtgehs pôblgehs kès cogehecs quc ogmhlkcmtc tcm`hm eaka abdctgva crrhngehr cl trhbhda gmohmtgl. ` Darmhnh nc trhbhda Cm las hrtëeulas 3?´ y 30´ ncl EMH sc scøhlh quc cl trhbhda rchlgzhna par um hnalcsecmtc cmtrc las naec y ehtarec høas ma cxecncrè nc euhtra farhs nghrghs mg nc vcgmtgeuhtra farhs sckhmhlcs  y cl trhbhda ncl ncl hnalcsecmtc cmt cmtrc rc las qugmec y ngcegsgctc høas ma ccxecncrè xecncrè nc scgs scgs farhs nghrghs mg nc trcgmth y scgs farhs sckhmhlcs. Ugm ckbhr`a, cl ducz panrè hutargzhr cxecpegamhlkcmtc cxecpegamhlkcmtc cl trhbhda maeturma nc hnalcsecmtcs „quc sc rchlgzh cmtrc lhs 87.:: y lhs 0.:: farhs„ h phrtgr nc las qugmec fhsth quc eukplhm las ngcegaefa høas, sgckprc quc çstc ma cxecnh nc euhtra farhs nghrghs.

Z è ` g m h ? | 7  7 

 

 Hl rcspceta, ehbc scøhlhr quc lh Eakgsgõm nc Cxpcrtas cm Hplgehegõm nc Eamvcmgas y Rceakcmnhegamcs (ECHER) (ECHER) fh rceakcmnhna h las Csthnas h quc eukplhm eam vg`glhr lh darmhnh nc trhbhda cspceghl phrh hnalcsecmtcs, hnckès nc cxfarthr h quc sc clcvc lh cnhn këmgkh h 8? høas phrh lh rchlgzhegõm ncl trhbhda maeturma,?0 la quc sc dustgogeh cm rhzõm h las rgcs`as phrh lh shlun quc supamc clla, hnckès nc su gkpheta mc`htgva eam cl ncrcefa h lh cnuehegõm. f Rckumcrhegõm, sc`ur sc`urgnhn gnhn saeghl y ncrcefas lhbarh lhbarhlcs lcs ealcetgvas Cl EMH cm sus hrtëeulas 37´, ?>´ y ??´ prcegsh quc cl hnalcsecmtc trhbhdhnar ma pcregbgrè umh  rckumcrhegõm gmocrgar h lh nc las nckès trhbhdhnarcs nc su kgskh ehtc`arëh cm trhbhdas sgkglhrcs.  Nc csth khmcrh, lh lc`gslhegõm pratc`c cspceëogehkcmtc h las dõvcmcs trhbhdhnarcs eamtrh euhlqugcr ngsergkgmhegõm cm khtcrgh nc rckumcrhegõm, h ngocrcmegh nc atrhs rchlgnhncs cm lhs quc së sc csthblcecm shlhrgas csehlamhnas cm oumegõm o umegõm nc lh cnhn.?6 Zar atra lhna, cl EMH scøhlh quc lhs y las hnalcsecmtcs trhbhdhnarcs tgcmcm ncrcefa h lh sc`urgnhn saeghl ablg`htargh, par la  kcmas cm cl rç`gkcm rç`gkcm nc prcsthegamc prcsthegamcss nc shlun.  Nc atra lhna, csthblcec quc lhs pcrsamhs kcmarcs nc cnhn thkbgçm pucncm cdcrecr ncrcefas lhbarhlcs nc ehrèetcr ealcetgva, pungcmna oarkhr phrtc a eamstgtugr sgmngehtas par umgnhn pranuetgvh, rhkh, aogega a zamh nc trhbhda. Çstas gmelusa pucncm hoglghrsc h ar`hmgzhegamcs nc `rhna supcrgar. g ^rhbhda nakçstgea a trhbhda ohkglghr ma rckumcrhna rckumcrhna Cl hrtëeula ?5´ ncl EMH scøhlh quc las hnalcsecmtcs quc trhbhdhm cm cl scrvgega nakçstgea a quc ncsckpcøhm trhbhda ohkglghr ma rckumcrhna tgcmcm ncrcefa h um ncsehmsa nc naec farhs nghrghs eamtgmuhs, par la quc las ckplchnarcs, phtramas, phnrcs a phrgcmtcs tgcmcm lh ablg`hegõm nc praparegamhrlcs tanhs lhs oheglgnhncs phrh `hrhmtgzhr su hsgstcmegh rc`ulhr h lh cseuclh. Cm csc scmtgna, cl ducz cspceghlgzhna panrè cxg`gr cl eukplgkgcmta nc lhs ngspasgegamcs rcocrgnhs hl trhbhda nc hnalcsecmtcs quc sc rchlgzh cm nakgeglgas. d Ehphegnhn praecshl nc llas as hnalcsecmtcs trhbhdhnar trhbhdhnarcs cs Cl hrtëeula ?3´ ncl EMH csthblcec quc las hnalcsecmtcs trhbhdhnarcs panrèm rcelhkhr, sgm mcecsgnhn nc hpancrhna y hmtc lh hutargnhn eakpctcmtc, cl eukplgkgcmta nc tanhs lhs markhs Z è ` g m h 0 | 7  7 

 

 durëngehs rclhegamhnhs rclhegamhnhs eam su het hetgvgnhn gvgnhn ceamõkgeh. Cvgncmtckcmtc, csth pa pasgegõm sgegõm hetgvh rcegçm sc cdcrec luc`a nc ckgtgnh lh hutargzhegõm nc trhbhda rcspcetgvh.

EAMELSUGAM

  Las hnalcsecmtcs hnalcsecmtcs quc

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trhbhdcm ccmm oarkh ncp ncpcmngcmtc cmngcmtc a par eucmth hdcmh cstè cstèmm

hkphrhnas   Las hnalcsecmtcs panrèm trhbhdhr sgckprc y euhmna ma cxgsth cxplathegõm ceamõkgeh y

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su hetgvgnhn lhbarhl ma gkpartc rgcs`a a pclg`ra, hocetc su praecsa cnuehtgva a sch maegva phrh su shlun a phrh su ncshrralla oësgea, kcmthl, cspgrgtuhl, karhl a saeghl.   Las hnalcsecmtcs panrèm trhbhdhr sgckprc quc lhs lhbarcs h rchlgzhr ma pcrdungqucm su

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shlun a ncshrralla, mg gmtcrogcrhm a lgkgtcm su hsgstcmegh h las ecmtras cnuehtgvas y pcrkgthm su phrtgegphegõm cm pra`rhkhs nc argcmthegõm a oarkhegõm praocsgamhl.  

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Ogmhlkcmtc lc`gslhegõm pratc`c cspceëogehkcmtc h las dõvcmcs trhbhdhnarcs eamtrh euhlqugcr ngsergkgmhegõm cm khtcrgh nc rckumcrhegõm, h ngocrcmegh nc atrhs rchlgnhncs cm lhs quc së sc csthblcecm shlhrgas csehlamhnas cm oumegõm nc lh cnhn.

Z è ` g m h 6 | 7  7 

 

BGBLGA@RHOGH

   fttps4//cs.slgncsfhrc.mct  fttps4//cs.slgncsfhrc.mct/che.2::55/trhbhdas-nc-las-mgas-y-hnalcsec /che.2::55/trhbhdas-nc-las-mgas-y-hnalcsecmtcs mtcs

   fttps4//prczg.eak/mpoe-v:6ps6w/rc  fttps4//prczg.eak/mpoe-v:6ps6w/rc`gkcm-ncl-hnalcsecmtc `gkcm-ncl-hnalcsecmtc-trhbhdhnar/ -trhbhdhnar/

   fttps4//prczg.eak/mpoe-v:6ps6w/t  fttps4//prczg.eak/mpoe-v:6ps6w/trhbhdagmohmtgl rhbhdagmohmtgl

   fttps4//prczg.eak/mpoe-v:6ps6w/eang`  fttps4//prczg.eak/mpoe-v:6ps6w/eang`ancmgøasyhnalcsecmtc ancmgøasyhnalcsecmtcs/ s/

   fttps4//prczg.eak/mpoe-v:6ps6w/mgøa  fttps4//prczg.eak/mpoe-v:6ps6w/mgøastrhbhdhm/ strhbhdhm/

Z è ` g m h 7 | 7  7