Administración-Hampton-Cap. 6

 

• AOSBUX@N

4 •

UNFO EH

EHABQBNLHQ ...o` jnfirh ln `n vhfns anfn ul phz aæh solgrh dræo, sbln anfn ul fofædhrn eh solgrh ao`bhlth= ln anfn ul shlsotn ao`au`oenr sbhfprh `bstn poro hlanltror `o fhknr sn`uabñl, phrn ul rhluhlth tnfoenr eh ehabsbnlhs. @n ognibol `ns anld`batns, eueos y prhnaupoabnlhs, `uajo anl ehshns blanlgruhlths, anl `os oltbpotæos y `o dbeh`beoe y iusao h` o`bvbn= `n ognibol tofibâl `o pnspnsbabñl, `o roabnlo`bzoabñl n lhgoabñl eh `o rhspnlsoib`beoe pnr sus prnpbos ehabsbnlhs. ― Brvblg ¡olæs

Ehspuâs eh hstuebor hsth aopbtu`n, h` `hatnr ehihrï shr aopoz eh; • eor hkhfp`ns hkhfp `ns eh `os auotrn htopos eh` prnahsn eh `o tnfo eh ehabsbnlhs. • ehsarbibr h` prnahsofbhltn eh bldnrfoabñ l vbgb`olth y o`gulos aousos eh do``os eh` fbsfn. • ehsarbibr h` fneh`n eh Trnnf-Rhttnl. • ehsarbibr `os sbgubhlths tâalbaos n fâtnens auoltbtotbvns; `o fotrbz eh rhsu`toens, h` ïrin` eh ehabsbñl y h` olï`bsbs eh ehabsbñl eh blvhltorbn.

y @hñl Foll

 

@O OEFBLBQUYOABÑL HL OAABÑL ?

IXHLNQ EÆOQ, QHßNY MHFSHY O `os :;35 eh `o foÿolo snlñ h` sbsthfo eh blthranfulbaoabñl. "Qhÿnr Mhfphr", ebkn `o sharhtorbo hl vnz ioko, "hstïl oquæ hl `o rhahpabñl auotrn `bfpboenrhs eh aoiblo eh ovbñl (snl lhgrns) h blsbsthl hl joi`or anl usthe. Sorhah quh hstïl fuy fn`hstns. Mhfphr jbzn ulo pouso, fbhltros tofinrb`hoio anl sus ehens `ns fnltnlhs eh poph`hs quh `h joiæol troæen joaæo ulo jnro, olths eh blbabor sus rhulbnlhs blblthrrufpbeos. "Sorhah quh hs fhknr quh `ns otbhleo", rhp`bañ. "Uhlgo `o inleoe eh joahr`ns posor". Joiæo anfhlzoen `o knrloeo eh @orry U. Mhfphr, ebrhatnr rhgbnlo` eh Xlbthe Obr`blhs, suphrvbsnr eh 93 333 hfp`hoens hl h` nhsth eh Hstoens Xlbens y auyn puhstn hstoio sbtuoen najn lbvh`hs nrgolbzoabnlo`hs hlabfo eh` eh `ns hfp`hoens o qubhlhs hstoio o pultn eh rhabibr. @ns `bfpboenrhs eh aoiblo sh auhltol hltrh `ns hfp`hoens eh ohrn`ælhos quh rhabihl suh`ens fïs iokns y tbhlhl fhlns prhporoabñl. Qu troiokn anlsbsth hl `orgos jnros eh hsphro, blthrrufpbeos pnr phrbnens eh blthlso oatbvbeoe auolen, troiokolen hl turlns fuy otorhoens, vol eh ul ovbñl o ntrns; `bfpbol `os duleos eh `ns osbhltns, `ns ahlbahrns, `ns posb``ns y `ns ioÿns. @o quhko quh hsth grupn ehshoio folbdhstor hro quh su suphrvbsnr eh rozo i`olao sbhfprh `hs osbgloio `ns troiokns fïs ehsogroeoi`hs. _uhræol quh aofiboro `o sbtuoabñl. H` rhtn quh odrnltoio Mhfphr hro fû`tbp`h. Hl ao`beoe eh hkhautbvn eh o`tn lbvh` hl ulo hfprhso quh sh hlnrgu``haæo eh su pn`ætbao eh puhrtos oibhrtos, trotoio eh rhodbrfor h` anfprnfbsn eh h``o eh quh tnens `ns lbvh`hs ghrhlabo`hs tuvbhshl ulo anfulbaoabñl anlstolth anl `ns hfp`hoens eh fhlnr rolgn. Fïs oûl, h` prni`hfo thlæo ul fotbz hvbehlthfhlth roabo`, quh hro prhabsn aoptor y rhsn`vhr poro quh `os ansos ln hfphnroshl. Snr ntro porth, ehiæo nishrvor ulo anleuato quh tuvbhro hl auhlto `ns sbhth lbvh`hs ghrhlabo`hs quh `n shporoiol eh` suphrvbsnr eh `ns quhknsns. Snr û`tbfn, joiæo ulo auhstbñl eh tbpn sblebao`. Oulquh fbhfirns eh` sblebaotn eh fhaïlbans eh `os `ælhos oârhos, `ns `bfpboenrhs joiæol hsangben ul aolo` blehphlebhlth okhln o `ns prnahebfbhltns troebabnlo`hs eh `o prhshltoabñl eh quhkos. Joiæo quh folhkor h` prni`hfo eh folhro quh ln sh ndhlebhro o` sblebaotn lb sh shltorol prhahehlths quh trohræol ulo vhreoehro ovo`olajo eh quhkos o` hsarbtnrbn eh` shÿnr Mhfphr.

 

UN FO EH EH ABQ BNL HQ

99 ?

Srhgulto `. ¾_uâ ehihræo joahr h` shÿnr Mhfphr> (anltblûo hl `o pïgblo 952)

SYNI@HFOQ Ntrn lnfirh quh sh eo o `o  tnfo eh ehabsbnlhs  hs   sn`uabñl eh prni`hfos.  Hl hdhatn, h` doatnr quh oatbvo h` prnahsn eh `o tnfo eh ehabsbnlhs ghrhlabo`hs hs eorsh auhlto eh quh hxbsth ul prni`hfo. R hsh anlnabfbhltn surgh eh ens folhros. Srbfhrn, naurrh o`gn quh rhqubhrh ulo rhspuhsto. Xl grupn eh pbltoenrhs eh kuguhths sh nrgolbzo poro hxbgbr fhknrhs anlebabnlhs eh troio  k n . A u o t r n hl do eo e ns `b fp bo en rh s eh ao ib lo s eh ov bñ l hx hxbg bghl hl qu h `ns rh ab io h` ebrhatnr rhgbnlo` eh Xlbthe Obr`blhs. Qhgulen, anfhlzofns o phraotor lns eh quh joy ulo folhro eh folhkor fhknr `o sbtuoabñl n eh quh pneræo blthltorsh ulo sn`uabñl luhvo. Xl hkhautbvn hvo`ûo o ul ghrhlth eh phrsnlo` y pbhlso quh puheh ebrbgbr fhknr su ehportofhltn. _ubzï sho blkustn, phrn `ns oefblbstroenrhs quh ehsauirhl prnltn `os b_uâ hs `n quh fh prhnaupo> -O`drhe £. Lhufol ebdhrhlabos hltrh `n quh hs y `n quh pneræo n ehihræo shr ln tbhlhl ntrn prh fbn quh `o thlsbñl y `o prhnaupoabñl quh oanfpoÿo o `o anlabhlabo eh `ns prni`hfos. Qus an`hgos fhlns jïib`hs pneræol hstor fïs prhporoens poro anlshrvor ulo oatbtue tol anfp`oabhlth anfn `o eh O`drhe H. Lhufol, eh `o Foe.  Jo y ul vbhkn rhdrïl shgûl h` auo` `ns ûlbans quh ln sbhlthl pï rhvbsto lban n  pnr `n fhlns ln sh prhnaupol snl oquh``ns quh ln sh eol auhlto eh `n quh hstï suahebhlen. Snr ntro porth, joy fuajn quh ehabr snirh añfn hvbtor ehabsbnlhs quh ln hs lhahsorbn oenptor. @n quh puheh hvbtorsh snl, snirh tnen, `ns hrrnrhs y hs fhknr ln hlrheor `os ansos quh forajol eh folhro sotbsdoatnrbo. Qbl hfiorgn, h` phraotorsh eh quh hxbsthl prni`hfos ln hs fïs quh h` blbabn eh` prnahsn eh `o ehabsbñl. @ns quh soihl rhanlnahr `ns prni`hfos lh ahsbtol oehfïs anlvhrtbrsh hl phrsnlos quh soihl tnfor ehabsbnlhs.

H@ SYNAHQN EH EHABQBÑL Xlo iuhlo folhro eh anfhlzor o hlthlehr h` prnahsn eh `o tnfo eh ehab sbnlhs ghrhlabo`hs anlsbsth hl oenptor ul fâtnen beho`bzoen y tnto`fhlth ro abnlo` hl hsth prnahsn y `uhgn behltbdbaor o`gulos eh `os ebdhrhlabos hltrh h` beho` y `n quh suaheh hl `o rho`beoe. _ubzï h` `hatnr puheh ahrror `ns nkns h bfogblor ulo nrgolbzoabñl ebrbgbeo pnr ul grupn eh shÿnrhs Qpnam (h` jnfirh dræofhlth roabnlo` eh  @o Guhrro eh `os Hstrh``os).  Hstns shrhs phrdha tofhlth roabnlo`hs tnforæol ehabsbnlhs quh sbguhl ulo shrbh eh posns anfn `ns ehsarbtns hl `o dbguro 4-?.

 

999

OEFBLBQUYOABÑL

Dbguro 4.? Sosns hl `o tnfo eh ehabsbnlhs; ehsarbpabñl hsquhfïtbao.

Uneos `os ehabsbnlhs quh hsns ebrhatbvns jïgolsh blthgrorïl hltrh sæ eh ulo folhro tol orfnlbnso anfn `ns arbsto`hs eh ul anpn eh lbhvh. Joiræo hltnlahs anltblubeoe y anjhrhlabo `ñgbao; ehseh `o ehdblbabñl iïsbao eh `os hstrothgbos eh `o nrgolbzoabñl josto sus nikhtbvns, pn`ætbaos y p`olhs nphroabnlo` hs, `n fb sfn quh `os npabnlhs y oatns hsphaædbans e ehh tnens `ns ghrhlths y ntrns hfp`hoens hl tneo `o nrgolbzoabñl. @o anltblubeoe y `o anlgruhlabo hxbstbræo hxbst bræo pnrquh `n `nss nikhtbvns, hstrothgbos, pn`ætb aos, prnahebf bhltns , prhsu puhstns y prngrofos ndrhahræol ul foran eh rhdhrhlabo ehltrn eh` auo` pneræol tnfor ehabsbnlhs `ns ghrhlths quh troiokoræol anl ulo roabnlo`beoe eh anfputoenro. @os ehabsbnlhs shræol anrrhatos y sbhfprh sbglbdbaoræol ul âxbtn poro `o hfprhso '   .. . . @o rho`beoe hs ebdhrhlth ehseh `uhgn. O anltbluoabñl sh abtol auotrn ehsarbpabnlhs ul pnan euros tnfoeos eh `o niro  Innm Innm nd tjh Wnr`e's Wnrst  Ehabsbnlhs,  Ehabsb nlhs,  eh Eovbe Drnst; Hl ?248 `o Ah`olhsh Anrpnrotbnl ehabebñ hltror hl h` lhgnabn eh` poph` hl Hurnpo. Oequbrbñ, puhs, ulo hlnrfh p`oltoabñl eh huao`bptns hl Qbab`bo, anl `o blthlabñl eh usor`ns poro `o pu`po. Xlo vhz anfproens `ns ïrin`hs, `o anfpoÿæo blbabñ `o anlstruaabñl eh ul oshrroehrn. @o p`olto sh anlstruyñ o ulo vh`nabeoe râanre, y sh anltrotñ ulo duhrzo eh troiokn jïib` y josto hltnlahs sbl hfp`hn. Qñ`n auolen h` grupn eh oefblbstroabñl, dnrfoen pnr hxphrtns, ``hgñ eh Hstoens Xlbens poro hfphzor o nphror h` oshrroehrn, uln eh h``ns duh o vbsbtor `os p`oltoabnlhs poro vhr `o fothrbo prbfo. Qh ebhrnl auhlto hltnlahs eh quh hstoio blthgroeo pnr ïrin`hs rhabâl p`oltoens, eh ulos auoltos pu`goeos eh o`tn y tnto`fhlth blûtb`hs poro `o prneuaabñl eh poph`, pnr `n fhlns eurolth ulo ghlhroabñl. @o pu`po thleræo quh bfpnrtorsh eh Aoloeï poro quh h` oshrroehrn anltb luoro nphrolen hl `ns prñxbfns vhblth oÿns. O` oÿn sbgubhlth eh ul droaosn tol ehsostrnsn, `os pârebeos eh `o anfpoÿæo rhiosornl `ns $77 fb``nlhs eh eñ`orhs. Hl ?25:, `o p`olto eh `o Tn`mswoghl hl O`hfolbo duh blsphaabnloeo pnr hxphrtns hstoenulbehlshs y irbtïlbans o `ns quh sh pbebñ vo`nror `os pnsbib`beo ehs eh anldbsaor`o anfn opnrtoabñl o `o rhporoabñl eh `ns eoÿns aousoens pnr `o guhrro. H` ûlban prneuatn eh `o dïirbao hro ul hsaoroiokn quh `ns o`h folhs olths eh `o guhrro ``ofoiol h` "outn eh` puhi`n". Osæ puhs, `o torho eh ?

 

UNFO EH EHABQbNQHQ 

991

`ns hxphrtns anlsbstæo hl hvo`uor `os npnrtulbeoehs quh hsh vhjæau`n thlæo hl h` fhraoen eh `o pnsguhrro. @o eh`hgoabñl eh Hstoens Xlbens hstoio hlaoihzoeo pnr Hrlhst Irhhaj, prhsbehlth eh `o Dnre Fntnr Anfpoly. Qu ebatofhl duh h` sbgubhlth; "H` outn fñvb` ln vo`h loeo". Qbr Wb``bof Ynnths hxprhsñ ul pultn sbfb`or pnr porth eh `ns irbtïlbans; "H` Tn`mswoghl", ebkn, "ln aufp`h anl `ns rhqubsbtns tâalbans duleofhlt o` hs eh ul out nfñvb ` ". @uhgn eh joihr ehsaortoen h` Tn`mswoghl, `o Dnre Fntnr Anfpoly nptñ pnr ebshÿor ul tbpn eh outnfñvb` quh, o su kubabn, pneræo vhlehr; uln "phrdha tofhlth oehauoen o` gustn eh `ns lnrthofhrbaolns". Qh op`bañ `o luhvo abhl abo eh `o blvhstbgoabñl eh fhraoens poro ahrabnrorsh eh quh tnen hstoio ibhl anl h` vhjæau`n y su anfhrabo`bzoabñl, bla`usn h` lnfirh; h`   Hesh`,  lnfirh arbstboln quh joiæol ``hvoen fuajns fbhfirns eh `o dofb`bo Dnre. @ns ebstrbiubenrhs eh `o Dnre sh fnstrornl pnan hltusbosfoens anl h` He sh` auolen `hs duh prhshltoen, phrn Dnre thlæo anldbolzo tneovæo eh quh thlæo hl sus folns o ul trbuldoenr. ¾Añfn pneæo droaosor ul vhjæau`n hl h` auo` sh joiæol blvhrtben toltn to`hltn, anlnabfbhltns y eblhrn> Shrn shgûl sh vbn ehspuâs, loeo eh hsn sbrvbñ hl oisn`utn. H` pûi`ban anfportbñ `o npblbñl eh `ns ebstrbiubenrhs= h` fneh`n ehkñ eh shr prneuaben o` aoin eh ens oÿns, ens fhshs y qublah eæos; auolen oûl ln prnpnrabnloio blgrhsns eh $183 fb``nlhs eh eñ`orhs, abdro hl quh sus prneuatnrhs hsphroiol hfphzor o nithlhr utb`beoehs.-'

Joy ulo jbstnrbo snirh h` oiuh`n eh @olo Uurlhr, qubhl hro euhÿn eh `o fbtoe eh `os oaabnlhs eh ulo phquhÿo hfprhso quh doirbaoio ul rhdrhsan ``o f o e n  Anao-An`o.  Ehahpabnloen olth ul prneuatn anl ul lnfirh eh pnan otroatbvn, vhlebñ su hfprhso. Shrn ln joiæo phreben `o dh hl h` lhgnabn eh `ns rhdrhsans. Snr toltn, blvbrtbñ h` eblhrn hl ulo anfpoÿæo quh, o su kubabn, thlæo foynrhs prnioib`beoehs eh prnsphror; `o Yospihrry An`o Anfpoly. Snans oÿns ehspuâs, `o Anao-An`o Anfpoly, quh fbhltros toltn joiæo thlben fïs âxbtn eh` prhvbstn pnr su oltbgun anprnpbhtorbn, rhabibñ `o ndhrto eh anfpror `o Shpsb-An`o Anfpoly quh yo joiæo thlben ens iolaorrntos. Qu euhÿn, Ajor`hs Autj eh @ndt, Bla., hstoio ebspuhstn o phrfbtbr quh vhlebhrol su suisbeborbo hl ophlos $?333 eñ`orhs. Ln nistolth, anl ulo hxahsbvo anl dbolzo ehibeo o su fnlnpn`bn eh` lhgnabn eh `ns rhdrhsans, Anao-An`o rhajo zñ `o ndhrto, phrebhlen osæ `o npnrtulbeoe eh h`bfblor ehseh h` prblabpbn h` lh gnabn quh fïs toreh sh anlvhrtbræo hl su grol rbvo`. 1

Hl ?279, ul knvhl ebrhatnr eh ablh, Ghnrgh @uaos, behñ ul prnyhatn poro ulo ph`æau`o quh ``hvoræo h` tætu`n eh   Ofhrbaol Aroææbt`   H` prhsupuhstn hro fuy iokn; $733 333 eñ`orhs. @o Xlbthe Ortbst ehabebñ opnyor`n y `uhgn sh rhtb rñ auolen sh thrfblñ h` gubñl. Hltnlahs, `o Ofhrbaol Blthrlotbnlo` Sbaturhs sh lhgñ o eor`h su opnyn, puhs h` prnyhatn hro "bloahptoi`h ehseh h` pultn eh vbsto anfhrabo`". @o Xlbvhrso` ehabebñ rhajozor`n tofibâl, phrn fïs toreh `n opnyñ hl h` û`tbfn fnfhltn.

Ofhrbaol Aroddbtb   sh anlvbrtbñ hl ulo eh `os ph`æau`os fïs toqub``hros eh tnens `ns tbhfpns. Snan ehspuâs eh` âxbtn eh hso ph`æau`o, @uaos ehabebñ quh su sbgubhlth prnyhatn shræo ulo ph`æau`o eh abhlabo dbaabñl auyn tætu`n prnvbsbnlo` hro   @o

 

995

OEFBLBQUYOABÑL Guhrro eh `os Go`oxbos.  Shsh o` âxbtn eh su prbfhro ph`æau`o, loebh porhaæo quhrhr h` prnyhatn, lb sbqubhro `o Xlbvhrso`. Uros o`gulns fhshs eh blebdhrhlabo, `o Uwhltbhtj Ahltury-Dnx orrbhsgñ ul pnan eh eblhrn hl h` prnyhatn. Shrn @uaos tuvn quh anlshgubr phrsnlo`fhlth grol porth eh` dfoleofbhltn, puhstn quh tneos `os ehfïs anfpoÿæos ablh fotngrïdbaos eh prhstbgbn nptornl pnr lhgor su opnyn o` db`f. Auolen `o ph`æau`o hstuvn thrfbloeo, @uaos hstoio hl qubhiro y ehsanro znloen, oulquh â` y ln `o Dnx, hro pnr duhrzo h` euhÿn eh `o ph`æau`o y eh `ns ehrhajns snirh auo`qubhr db`f eh `o shrbh. Ophlos auotrn fhshs ehspuâs eh su hstrhln, hl foyn eh ?277,   @o Guhrro eh `os Go`oxbos   joiæo rhaoioen yo $?15 fb``nlhs eh eñ`orhs. @ns blgrhsns eu rolth h` prbfhr oÿn rhiosornl `ns $133 fb``nlhs. O` aoin eh ul oÿn eh joihr sben hstrhloeo, `o shguleo porth   H` Bfphrbn Anltrootoao   rhaoueñ ntrns $933 fb``nlhs eh eñ`orhs. 5

Anfn sh oevbhrth hl hstns hkhfp`ns, joy ulo ebdhrhlabo iïsbao hltrh `o vhrsbñl beho`bzoeo, trolqub`o y sbl prni`hfos y `o rho`beoe bfphrdhato y ebdæab` eh `o rho`beoe hl `o tnfo eh ehabsbnlhs oefblbstrotbvos, o` groen quh `ns quh phrabihl `o ebsarhpolabo hltrh `o thnræo y `o prïatbao hl hsth prnahsn jol blsbstben poro quh `o thnræo eh `o oefblbstroabñl ehkh eh hlshÿor `n beho` h bglnror `o rho`beoe. @o rho`beoe, snstbhlhl, rhqubhrh "so`br eh` posn" y "sotbsdoahr sudbabhlthfhlth". @o ehsbgloabñl  so`br eh` posn  ehsarbih h` prn ahsn eh ehabsbnlhs groeuo`hs n blarhfâlto`hs, ulo ehspuâs eh ntro, o fhebeo quh ul aursn eh oaabñl ehsorrn``o sus anlshauhlabos ln prhvbstos.   @o hxprh sbñl ehlnto oehauoeofhlth h` fnehstn o`aolah eh `o fhlth o` odrnltor sbsth fos eh hxtronreblorbo anfp`hkbeoe.  Qotbsdoahr sudbabhlthfhlth  anfiblo h`h fhltns eh `os po`oiros  sotbsdoahr y sudbabhlth.   Ehsarbih `o thlehlabo o sh`ha abnlor ulo o`thrlotbvo quh sbrvbrï n "sotbsdorï", hl vhz eh iusaor hl dnrfo blthrfbloi`h `o fhknr npabñl. Jhrihrt O. Qbfñl, qubhl oauÿñ h` târfbln, tofibâl opnrtñ `o beho anlhxo eh quh `o aopoabeoe ghrhlabo` eh shr `ñgban hs tï `bfbtoeo pnr `o aopoabeoe fhlto` bfphrdhato y pnr `o do`to eh bldnrfoabñl ebspnlbi`h.   Hxbsth oehfïs h` prni`hfo eh shltbrsh prhsbnloen poro joahr o` gn, poro oatuor, shltbfbhltn quh prnvnao blthlsos arbsbs y anldrnltoabnlhs quh sh phrabihl anfn ofhlozos. Hl anlkultn, hsos behos hxp`baol pnr quâ `ns ghrhlths ln iusaol hl rho`beoe ehabsbnlhs phrdhatos u ñptbfos, sbln quh troiokol anl ulo bglnrolabo porabo`= trotol eh hlanltror o`gn quh thlgo ios tolths prnioib`beoehs eh eor iuhlns rhsu`toens. 8

4

@o rhd`hxbñl bfporabo` ln puheh hxbgbrsh hl sbtuoabnlhs eh grol urghlabo n ph`bgrn. ― N`bvhr Whleh`` Jn`fhs

Shsh o su prnduleo ebsarhpolabo anl `o rho`beoe, `o vhrsbñl beho`bzoeo eh `os nrgolbzoabnlhs blthgroeos, `ñgbaos y quh iusaol fhtos, osæ anfn `o eh `ns hlaorgoens eh tnfor ehabsbnlhs, hs ulo dbaabñl ûtb`, hl dnrfo fuy porh abeo o `n quh suaheh anl `ns jârnhs eh `o `bthroturo. @ns jârnhs hlaorlol vbr tuehs quh pneræofns ospbror o pnshhr. @os vhrsbnlhs beho`bzoeos eh `ns prn ahsns eh `o ehabsbñl ghrhlabo` lns rhauhreol `os pnsbib`beoehs eh shr fïs sbs thfïtbans y `ñgbans. Ln nistolth, joirï quh folthlhr ulo oatbtue o`hrto hl h` osphatn rho`bsto eh `o tnfo eh ehabsbnlhs, poro ahrabnrorsh eh quh sh soih `n quh hl vhreoe hstï naurrbhlen, o `o vhz quh sh anlsbehro ulo shrbh eh po sns hl h` prnahsn eh `o ehabsbñl.

 

UNF O EH EHA BQBN LHQ

9 98 98

Ehdblbr h` prni`hfo Auolen ul poabhlth anlsu`to o ul fâeban, âsth rhabih bldnrfoabñl snirh

Sorhah quh h` jnfirh tbhleh o iusaor sn`uabnlh s oul olths quh hltbhleo h` prni`hfo. - L.  Y. D. Fobhr y @ Y. Jnddfol

ulo shrbh eh sæltnfos. Ln puheh oahptor hl dnrfo posbvo hsns sæltnfos y anlsbehror sñ`n `os folbdhstoabnlhs suphrdbabo`hs eh ul poehabfbhltn. Snr h` anltrorbn, `ns sæltnfos jol eh joahr quh h` fâeban troth eh eboglnstbaor h` prni`hfo, n sho anlnahr sus aoroathræstbaos fïs bfpnrtolths y arætbaos. Soro `ngror`n lhahsbto ehdblbr oatbvofhlth h` prni`hfo hl târfblns fâebans. Osæ, `ns sæltnfos pneræol shr en`nrhs hl `os ortbau`oabnlhs eh `ns ehens. H` poabhlth pnsbi`hfhlth trotoræo eh annphror y prnpnrabnloræo `o bldnrfo abñl eh quh hl su dofb`bo joy olthahehlths eh ortrbtbs. Qbl hfiorgn, `os prh gultos y h` olï`bsbs eh` fâeban pneræol prneuabr ul eboglñstban eh trnf ind`hibtbs otrbiubi`h o` usn eh pb`enros oltbanlahptbvos. Snr anlsbgubhlth, `o ehabsbñl anrrhato rhdhrhlth o` trotofbhltn ln sh iosorï hl `ns sæltnfos nrbgb lo`hs eh` prni`hfo. Snr h` anltrorbn, sh rhajozorï `o prhshltoabñl nrbgblo` eh` prni`hfo, anl su sn`uabñl bfp`æabto, y sh arhorï ulo luhvo ehdblbabñl y sn`uabñl eh â`. Qb pnr hrrnr `ns sæltnfos sh ehdblhl anfn h` prni`hfo n sb âsth sh ehdblh hl ulo dnrfo quh ``hvh h` phlsofbhltn o ulo sn`uabñl prhanlahibeo n thl ehlabnso, joy pnaos prnioib`beoehs eh quh puheo vbsuo`bzorsh ulo ofp`bo gofo eh sn`uabnlhs pnsbi`hs. @o thlehlabo o ehdblbr `ns prni`hfos hl târfb lns prhanlahibens y `o pnao drhauhlabo anl quh sh ehsauirh h` prhkubabn, sh joah hxp`æabtn y sh eo ntro ehdblbabñl quh ndrhzao luhvos pnsbib`beoehs quheornl ehfnstroens eurolth ulo shrbh eh hxphrbhlabos eh aopoabtoabñl poro hkhautbvns y eh enahlabo hl `o ulbvhrsbeoe quh h` outnr eh hsth `birn tu vn hl Osbo hl h` phrænen anfprhleben hltrh ?2:1-?2:5. Hstoio troiokolen hl ul aosn quh sh rh`oabnloio anl `o p`olhoabñl hstrotâgbao y quh joiæo utb`b zoen toltn hl Hstoens Xlbens anfn hl Ofârbao eh` Qur. Olths eh `o hxph rbhlabo quh sh ehsarbih o anltbluoabñl, loebh joiæo eoen ulo ehdblbabñl tol nrbgblo` eh` prni`hfo. Hl pnaos po`oiros, hl h` aosn blthrvhlæo ul doirbaolth eh jhrrofbhltos quh rho`bzoio `o foynr porth eh sus vhltos o trovâs eh ul ebstrbiubenr, ulo aoehlo eh tbhleos o` fhluehn- @o rh`oabñl joiæo sben rhltoi`h eurolth `orgn tbhfpn, phrn eurolth ulo rhahsbñl sh joiæo vuh`tn pnan so`ueoi`h. H``n joiæo ni`bgo en o` prhsbehlth eh `o anfpoÿæo foludoaturhro o eorsh auhlto eh quh ln joiæo rhaurrben fuajn o `o p`olhoabñl hstrotâgbao. @ns hstuebolths sh phrao tornl eh abhrtos duhrzos y ehib`beoehs eh `o anfpoÿæo, osb anfn eh `os pn sbi`hs npnrtulbeoehs y ofhlozos eh su fhebn. Hltrh hstos û`tbfos ehstoao iol sbhfprh `ns hstrhajns vælau`ns anl h` ûlban ebstrbiubenr, qubhl ojnro hstoio hl ebdbau`toehs. H` prni`hfo sbhfprh sh ehdblbñ hl târfblns eh ulo hx ahsbvo ehphlehlabo rhsphatn o` ebstrbiubenr. Uneos `os sn`uabnlhs prnpuhstos iusaol, hl ulo u ntro dnrfo, eh rheuabr`o, snirh tnen fhebolth h` ehsorrn``n eh ntrns prneuatns y ebstrbiubenrhs. Hl ul shfblorbn ah`hiroen hl Qblgopur, uln eh `ns osbsthlths hsauajñ ul rotn `os behos eh `ns portbabpolths oahrao eh `o sn`uabñl o ulo ehphlehlabo hxahsbvo. Qhÿo`ñ ehspuâs quh ln `h gustoio tnen `n rh`otbvn o `o "ehsanldbol-

 

994

OEFBLBQUYOABÑL zo" quh joiæo hsauajoen. "¾Snr quâ, prhgultñ, thlhfns quh phlsor hl ul hs tb`n 'naabehlto`'> ¾Snr quâ thlhfns quh vhr o` doirbaolth anfn uln y tofibâl o` ebstrbiubenr, y phlsor quh ulo anfpoÿæo fïs ulo anfpoÿæo hs bguo` o ens> ¾Snr quâ ln fhknr phlsor anfn `ns kopnlhshs y ehabr quh   ulo vhz   uln hs bguo` o uln> Hl vhz eh vhr `os ansos anl h` anlahptn naabehlto` eh `o behltbeoe blebvb euo` quh ebah quh "yn sny bguo` o fæ fbsfn", ln usofns h` anlahptn kopnlâs eh behltbeoe shgûl h` auo` 'yn sny bguo` o ulo rhe quh fh bla`uyh hl rh`oabñl anl `os phrsnlos fïs ahraolos o fb vbeo>'   Op`baoeos o `os anfpoÿæos hl luhstrn aosn, hstos behos joahl quh o` doirbaolth y o` ebstrbiubenr yo ln `ns anlsbehrhfns an fn hltbeoehs blebvbeuo`hs y quh ehkhfns eh joi`or eh behos anfn `o "ehphlehl abo hxahsbvo'. Lns phrfbthl vhr ofios ansos eh folhro 'jn`æstbao' (tnto`bzoenro) y anlsbehror `o blthrehphlehlabo anfn `o nrgolbzoabñl tæpbao eh anfpoÿæos ehltrn eh ul  [obiotsu   (po`oiro quh sbglbdbao hl kopnlâs ul anlkultn eh 9 o 13 hfprh sos anl ul iolan hl h` ahltrn), enleh snl tæpbaos `os rh`oabnlhs eh ul sn`n prnvhhenr y ebstrbiubenr y enleh sh oevbhrth fuajo anldbolzo y annphroabñl. 7

:

"Qb vhl `o sbtuoabñl eh hsth fnen, prnsbgubñ, pnerïl aoptor `o ehphlehlabo, ph rn ln ehihl anlsbehror quh sh troto lhahsorbofhlth eh o`gn fo`n, ehphlehlabo hxahsbvo, lb ehabr quh sh troto eh ul prni`hfo. Uofibâl pnehfns ehabr quh h` prni`h fo hs âsth; ln hsto fns oefblbstrolen ibhl ibhl luhstro blthrehp hlehlab o'. Hso ehdblbabñl phrfbth phlsor quh pneræofns ehshor rheuabr `o blthrehphlehl abo, phrn tofibâl quh `o oefblbstroabñl eh `o anfpoÿæo pneræo blthltor p`olhor hstrotâgbaofhlth anl h` ebstrbiubenr ulo dnrfo fhknr eh folhkor `o blthreh phlehlabo. Uhlhfns duhrzo eh foludoaturo y tofibâl eh ebstrbiuabñl. Uo` vhz h``ns (`ns ebstrbiubenrhs) lns oyuehl o ehabebr quâ doirbaor, y to` vhz lnsntrns pneofns oyueor`hs hl sus vhltos o` vblau`or fïs hstrhajofhlth luhstro hdbabhl abo eh prneuaabñl anl sus lhahsbeoehs. _ubzï pneofns troiokor fhknr anfn hqubpn hl `ugor eh iusaor ul ebvnrabn". H` pultn duh hxpuhstn eh fnen fhfnroi`h. Qb `ns oefblbstroenrhs qubhrhl shltor `os ioshs poro ulo hxah`hlth sn`uabñl eh `ns prni`hfos n eh ulo blth`bghlth tnfo eh ehabsbnlhs, ehihl hfphzor o blthltor ehdblbr prni`hfos sbl aohr hl `ns prhkubabns lb hl `os ehdblbabnlhs ehfosboen rhstrblgbeos. Hl `o htopo eh ehdblbabñl eh` prni`hfo tofibâl puheh shr ûtb` `o fhlto`beoe ehsarbto hl h` aopætu` n 9 anfn phlsofb hltn eh sbsthfos. Jh oquæ `o ebstblabñl quh sh trozñ o``æ hltrh h` phlsofbhltn `blho` y h` iosoen hl sbsth-

fos;

Shlsofbhltn `blho`

Shlsofbhltn eh sbsthfos

?.  Hxbsth ul prni`hfo. 

?.  Hxbst Hxbsthh ul prn i`h fo.

9. Qh eh ih o ulo sn`o aou so. .? Yhqubhrh ulo sn`ua bñl blebvbeuo `. 5. @o sn`uabñl puh eh hvo`u orsh hlt hro fhl th o portbr eh su hdha tn hl h` prni `hfo 8; @o sn`uabñl sh fol thl erï .

9. Hstï anl th lbe n hl ulo sbtuo abñl . 1. Yhqub hrh sn`ua bñl. 5. @o sn`uabñl thle rï ntrns hdhat ns oe hfï s eh` quh sh ehsh o hkhrahr snirh h` prni`h fo 8. Anlvbhlh blthltor prhvhr hsns hdhat ns.

 

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4. @o sn`uabñl puheh hvo`uorsh behl tbdbaolen y pnlehrolen `o anfib loabñl eh `ns hdhatns ehshoens y ln ehshoens. 7. @o sn`uabñl ln sh folthlerï, puhstn quh `o sbtuoabñl aofiborï.

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H` phlsofbhltn eh sbsthfos oarhabhlto `o prnioib`beoe eh quh `o bfoghl fhlto` eh` ghrhlth sho ulo rhprneuaabñl fïs dbh` eh `o rho`beoe. Ro hl h` aopætu`n 9 vbfns o` suphrvbsnr eh ul grupn eh pbltnrhs tnfor ulo ehabsbñl quh rhd`hko fhknr h` phlsofbhltn `blho` quh h` eh sbsthfos. Hs nivbn quh ln sh tnfñ hl anlsbehroabñl h` lûa`hn eh blthrehphlehlabos quh vblau`oiol o `ns pbltnrhs anl `os torhos eh ntrns ehportofhltns y anl ntrns grupns eh hfp`hoens. H` suphrvbsnr vbn `o sbtuoabñl anfn ul prni`hfo fnro` eh ul grupn obs`oen, ln h` prni`hfo âtban eh ul grupn blfhrsn hl ulo anfp`hko rhe eh d`ukns eh troiokn blthrehportofhlto` y anfporoabnlhs eh suh`ens hltrh grupns. hsos Hl ebfhlsbnlhs aosn eh quh h` suphrvbsnr anlsbehroen hxp`æabtofhlth o` ehdblbr h` prni`hfo,juibhro qubzï joiræo vbsuo`b zoen ntrn aursn eh oaabñl, anl fhlns hdhatns shauleorbns blhsphroens. Hltrh `os auhstbnlhs p`olthoeos pnr h` aosn "Iuhlns eæos, shÿnr Mhfphr" dbguro `o sbgubhlth; oinreorï h` prni`hfo quh `h prhshltornl hl ul foran fhlto` quh anlthfp`h ulo gofo hxthlso n `bfbtoeo eh sus rofbdbao abnlhs. Hl h` aosn sh fhlabnlol fotbahs roabo`hs, `o pnsbi`h rhoaabñl eh` sbl ebaotn olth `o dnrfo hl quh sh folhkh `o quhko, duhro eh `ns aolo`hs lnrfo `hs y `ns hdhatns eh` folhkn eh` prni`hfo hl `ns sbhth lbvh`hs blthrfhebns eh `ns ghrhlths. Qupnlbhlen quh Mhfphr ln vho hsos ansos, ¾quâ jorï> R sb su pnlhs quh `os soih, ¾quh puheh joahr poro rhspnlehr o hsos prhnaupo abnlhs>

Anlshgubr tneo `o bldnrfoabñl H` vo`nr hs `o vbrtue jufolo fïs bfpnrtolth; vo`nr poro niror anl pnans anlnabfbhltns y eotns blsudbabhlths. Hsn hs tnen `n quh thlhfns lnsntrns. ― Ynihl Drnst

@n prbfhrn quh pnehfns ehabr rhsphatn o `o nithlabñl eh tneo `o bldnrfo abñl hs quh lulao `o anlshgubrhfns tneo. Snr `n fhlns hso hs ulo pnsbabñl fïs rho`bsto quh odbrfor quh sæ pneræol rhaoiorsh tnens `ns eotns. Oprhlehr o tn`hror `o ofibiðheoe, `o bldnrfoabñl blanfp`hto y `o blahrtbeufirh y,  phsh o h``n,  ehabebr, hs blebsphlsoi`h poro shr ul iuhl ghrhlth. @n quh puheh oyueor hs `o oequbsbabñl sh`hatbvo eh `ns jhajns prblabpo`hs. Hstns blabehl hl `os auhstbnlhs ahltro`hs eh` prni`hfo, eh `ns auo`hs ehphleh h` âxbtn n h` droaosn. ¾@ns `bfpboenrhs lhgrns eh aoiblo eh ovbñl odbrfol quh su suphrvbsnr anlstolthfhlth `hs osbglo `ns troiokns fïs ehsogroeoi`hs> Ln sh soih oûl `n quh h` suphrvbsnr npblo o` rhsphatn lb `n quh ebræol ntrns quh pneræol hstor hlthroens eh `o sbtuoabñl. ¾Snr quâ ln sh prhshltñ ulo quhko lnrfo`> Xlo auhstbñl quh joirï eh odrnltor Mhfphr hs ovhrbguor auïlto bl2

 

99:

OEFBLBQUYOABÑL

dnrfoabñl eh hsth tbpn lhahsbto. @n ûlban quh anlnah ojnro hs ulo vhrsbñl eh `o jbstnrbo. @o iûsquheo eh fïs jhajns pneræo oirhvborsh n ogb`bzorsh pnr `o lotu ro`hzo ph`bgrnso eh `o sbtuoabñl oatuo`. "Sorhah quh `n fhknr hs odrnltor hs tn", ebkn Mhfphr o su sharhtorbo, "jïgo`ns posor". Hl to`hs abraulstolabos h` hkhautbvn ehihrï snphsor su ehshn eh eor pnao bfpnrtolabo o` prni`hfo y rhsn`vhr`n prnltn y `o aoltbeoe eh bldnrfoabñl quh pnshh poro folhkor`n hl dnrfo oehauoeo. Uofibâl hs vhreoe quh `o iûsquheo eh fïs jhajns ``hgo o ul pultn eh ihlhdbabns eharhabhlths. @o bldnrfoabñl puheh rhquhrbr fïs tbhfpn y anstor fïs eblhrn eh` quh vo`h. Hl ulo nrgolbzoabñl fnehrlo, `ns "sbsthfos eh bl dnrfoabñl ghrhlabo`" (QBG) pneræol anlthlhr fosos eh eotns o`foahloens hl anfputoenros. ¾Shrn hl quâ pultn `o nithlabñl y h` olï`bsbs eh `o bldnr foabñl oyueo fhlns o tnfor ulo ehabsbñl quh `n quh auhsto ln sñ`n hl tbhfpn y eblhrn, sbln tofibâl hl `o phrahpabñl eh `o kustbabo y hl ntrns os phatns ebdæab`hs eh fhebr, phrn bguo`fhlth bfpnrtolths> _ubzï anlvhleræo auhstbnlor ul pnan `n quh sh prhshlto anfn jhajns y hdhatuor o`gulo blvhstbgoabñl snirh `ns pultns ehabsbvns. @ns ghrhlths jol eh an`naorsh hl h` kustn fhebn hltrh ``hgor o anla`usbnlhs pnr sbfp`h bfpu` sn (anl ulo bglnrolabo tnto`) y phrfolhahr hl ul hstoen eh porï`bsbs pnr h` olï`bsbs.

Dnrfu`or o`thrlotbvos Fuajns oahptol su prbfhro bfprhsbñl eh ul prni`hfo anfn su ehdblbabñl oehauoeo, pnr `n auo` sh `bfbtol o prhporor ulo n ulos auoltos sn`uabnlhs o`thrlos ehltrn eh `ns `æfbths eh `o ehdblbabñl. Qhgûl jhfns shÿo`oen, ulo do`to eh arhotbvbeoe hl `o ehdblbabñl eh` prni`hfo ofblnro `os prnioib`beo ehs eh dnrfu`or o`thrlotbvos arhotbvos. Eh folhro olï`ngo, `o prhsbñl poro rhspnlehr quh sh nishrvo hl `os anldrnltoabnlhs broauleos y pnsbi`hfhlth ofhlozoenros puheh rheuabr `o ofp`btue eh` phlsofbhltn y hstbfu`orlns poro quh auoltn olths hlanltrhfns ulo so`beo y ehsojnguhfns luhstrn hln  kn.  k n. ½ Ntrn `æfbth eh` lûfhrn y ebvhrsbeoe eh `os o`thrlotbvos quh sh ghlhrol Auolen ulo anfpoÿæo anltroto o ul hkhautbvn, hl hl `o tnfo eh ehabsbnlhs ghrhlabo`hs hs `o thlehlabo eh` jnfirh o oenptor rho`beoe hstï anlsbgubhlen o ens hkhautbvns pnr h` anstn eh ehabsbnlhs iosïlensh hl doatnrhs suianlsabhlths.   Hl h` lbvh` anlsabhlth lns phraotofns eh luhstrns phlsofbhltns y pnehfns ehsarbibr`ns anl prhab uln; o` phlsoenr anlsabhlth y roabnlo` y o` roabnlo`bzoenr sbñl. Hl h` lbvh` suianlsabhlth `ns doatnrhs hfnabnlo`hs eh `ns quh ln hsto suianlsabhlth, quh naupol h` fns anlsabhlths y ln pnehfns ehsarbibr anl hxoatbtue snl `ns quh fn`ehol fbsfn hsarbtnrbn. luhstrn phlsofbhltn. H` suianlsabhlth lns joah quh hsthfns fuy bla`blo ― Ynihl   A.  Dhrihr ens o ulo npabñl hl portbau`or, phrn `n quh hxprhsofns anfn roznlhs eh luhstro ehabsbñl oaosn shol fhros roabnlo`bzoabnlhs. H``n puheh ehihrsh o quh `os hfnabnlhs y vo`nrhs (pnr hkhfp`n, hlnkn, hlvbebo, fbhen, ovorbabo) hl quh sh ioso `o ehabsbñl aousol vhrgðhlzo o `o anlabhlabo y sh suprbfhl eh ?

??

 

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h``o. Hl vhz eh rhanlnahr h` duleofhltn rho` eh `o ehabsbñl, sh opnrtol kustb dbaoabnlhs `ñgbaos y eh tbpn prndhsbnlo`; Lns fueofns o Ao`bdnrlbo poro quh `o anrpnroabñl thlgo ulo foynr vbsbib`b eoe o lbvh` loabnlo`. ― H` pr hsbe hlth eh ulo anrp nroa bñl Folbnirñ poro tros`oeor tneo `o anfpoÿæo y h` phrsnlo` y hso blbabotbvo `h tn fñ ebhz oÿns, sñ`n pnrquh olsboio vbvbr hl Ao`bdnrlbo. ― @o hsp nso eh` p rhsb ehlt h eh `o anrp nroa bñl

Uofibâl ebdbhrh `o a`osh eh o`thrlotbvos. Joy npabnlhs   bfpnrtolths  an  fn `o eh ehsphebr o` suphrvbsnr n trolsdhrbr o `ns `bfpboenrhs eh aoiblos eh ovbñl. Uofibâl hxbsthl ehabsbnlhs eh  prnahsn  n  prnahebfbhltn,  anfn eh`h gor o` sbgubhlth hl `o `ælho eh folen `o rhspnlsoib`beoe eh blvhstbgor h` prni`hfo, hxp`baolen o `ns `bfpboenrhs eh aoiblo quh ln sh `hs puheh eor ulo rhspuhsto hl hsh fnfhltn, phrn quh sh hstï pbebhlen o `ns ghrhlths quh blvhstbguhl h` prni`hfo, quh hsauajhl o ofios porths y quh prnpnlgol ulo sn`uabñl hl pnan tbhfpn poro quh usthe `os opruhih. Hstns hkhfp`ns eh ehab sbnlhssbln duleofhlto`hs eh auhstbñl prnahsns eh ln dnrfu`or prhthlehl o`thrlotbvos shr hxjoustbvns lb  añfn ñptb fns, fnstror quhy `o bla`uyh vofns o rhsn`vhr hsth prni`hfo y   auï`  shrï `o sn`uabñl.

Snlehror y hsanghr Hl `o vhrsbñl beho`bzoeo eh `o tnfo eh ehabsbnlhs roabnlo` hl `os nrgolbzo abnlhs, `ns nikhtbvns, hstrothgbos, pn`ætbaos, prnahebfbhltns, prhsupuhstns y prngrofos yo hstoi`habens ndrhahl `ns vo`nrhs n arbthrbns (h` foran eh rhdh rhlabo) ehltrn eh` auo` sh tnfol `os ehabsbnlhs. Auoltn fïs hxp`æabtn y ghlh ro` sho hsth foran, fïs dïab` shrï soihr `n quh hs bfpnrtolth y su groen eh bfpnrtolabo. Xl fâtnen poro oenptor ehabsbnlhs, behoen pnr Mhplhr y Urhgnh y quh sh bfporth o `ns ghrhlths hl fuajns aursns, pnlh eh rh`bhvh ulo hs phabh eh olï`bsbs eh fhebns y dblhs hl quh `o pnlehroabñl y h`haabñl snl bltrneuabens hl h` foran eh rhdhrhlabo eh `ns nikhtbvns y snl guboens pnr `ns arbthrbns quh prnpnrabnlo. Jh oquæ sus htopos; ?. 9. 1. 5. 8.

Ehthrfblor `ns nikhtbvns o portbr eh `ns auo`hs hvo`uor `os npabnlhs. A`osbdbaor `ns nikhtbvns pnr su bfpnrtolabo. Hvo`uor `os o`thrlotbvos anl iosh hl `ns nikhtbvns. Qh`haabnlor `o fhknr npabñl anfn ulo ehabsbñl prnvbsbnlo`. To`nror `os anlshauhlabos lhgotbvos eh `o ehabsbñl prnvbsbnlo` n thltotb vo. ?9

H` aosn "Iuhlns eæos, shÿnr Mhfphr" ln lns prnpnrabnlo `ns nikhtbvns eh `o Xlbthe Obr`blhs hl `o dnrfo hl quh jhfns ``hgoen o hlthlehr`ns anfn fhtos hsphaædbaos y vhrbdbaoi`hs, anl p`ozns poro su nithlabñl. Ln nistolth, sæ lns sufblbstro bldnrfoabñl rhsphatn o o`gulns vo`nrhs y pn`ætbaos eh `o

 

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OEFBLBQUYOABÑL

anfpoÿæo quh eol o`gulns arbthrbns anl `ns auo`hs Mhfphr ehihræo hvo`uor `os npabnlhs quh ehsauirh. Osæ, `o sbgubhlth `bsto bla`uyh ehseh blebaoabnlhs hxp`æabtos josto bldhrhlabos `hgætbfos snirh `ns vo`nrhs y pn`ætbaos eh `o Xlb the Obr`blhs; ?. 9. 1. 5. 8.

...ulo hfprhso quh sh hlnrgu``hah eh su pn`ætbao eh puhrtos oibhrtos... hvbtor `os thlsbnlhs roabo`hs anlshrvor `o outnrbeoe eh tnens `ns lbvh`hs eh `o oefblbstroabñl folthlhr iuhlos rh`oabnlhs eh troiokn anl h` sblebaotn hvbtor sn`uabnlhs  oe jna  (anlarhtos) o `ns prni`hfos eh phrsnlo` quh puheol shltor prhahehlths y prnvnaor quhkos 4. shr kustns hl `o osbgloabñl eh troiokn o `ns hfp`hoens Oul anl ul pnan eh suikhtbvbeoe hl h` hstoi`habfbhltn eh `o prbnrbeoe eh hstns vo`nrhs y pn`ætbaos, quheo pnr rho`bzor `o torho eh hvo`uor `os o`thr lotbvos o portbr eh h``ns. ¾@o oaabñl duleofhlto` eh orrhg`or `o ebsputo eh `ns `bfpboenrhs eh aoiblo kustbdbao h` rbhsgn eh ndhlehr o` sblebaotn n eh rhab ibr ulo "ovo`olajo eh quhkos" fïs oeh`olth> Qb sh joi`o anl h``ns ojnro nishrvolen `o pn`ætbao eh puhrtos oibhrtos, phrn ln sh tnfo oaabñl duleo fhlto` n sustoltbvo, ¾joirï foynrhs prnioib`beoehs eh oufhltor `o thlsbñl roabo`> Eh shr osæ, ¾vo`h `o phlo anrrhr h` rbhsgn> Qupñlgosh quh h` shÿnr Mhfphr sh`haabnlo prnvbsbnlo`fhlth `n quh `h porhah shr `o fhknr eh vorbos npabnlhs bfphrdhatos. Uofibâl lhahsbto anlsb ehror y vo`nror `os anlshauhlabos lhgotbvos eh h``os. Snr hkhfp`n, sb ehabeh hfprhlehr ulo oaabñl sustoltbvo (ebgofns ehsphebr o` suphrvbsnr), ul pnan

Ebiukn eh Oe Ofn© ?2:1 Ujh Lhw Rnrmhr  Fogozblh, Bla.   

a

o r n

uh

h

\   _   \   rhd`hxbnloen snirh snirh h` osultn. R jh anlsbehroen ehthlbeofhlth `os ansos. Eh jhajn, jh vuh`tn o rhd`hxbnlor snirh `n quh yo joiæo phlsoen. R phsh o tnen tneovæo ln hstny shgurn eh joihr tnfoen `o ehabsbñl anrrhato."

 

UNF O EH EHA BQBN LHQ

91 ?

eh phlsofbhltn eh sbsthfos `h oyueorï o eorsh auhlto eh quh hsh oatn pneræo phrkuebaor o `o dnrfo hl quh `ns ghrhlths eh tnens `ns lbvh`hs hvo`ûol su ebs pnsbabñl hsauajor ofios vhrsbnlhs `o jbstnrbo o rhspo`eor`ns auolen sñ `n fhrhzaolo olth ulo oausoabñl jnstb` eh y sbl pruhios.y Qb ehthrfblo blbabor `n ulo oaabñl eh prnahebfbhltn, blbabor ulo blvhstbgoabñl eh` prni`hfo anl vbstos o hfprhlehr fïs toreh ulo oaabñl sustoltbvo, ul hdhatn lhgotbvn pneræo shr quh `ns `bfpboenrhs eh aoiblo phlsoshl quh `hs "hstïl eolen `or gos" y sh quhkoshl eh quh `o "bloaabñl" sh ehiæo o fntbvns roabo`hs. (Hl h` aosn ln sh blebao h` an`nr eh `o pbh` eh` shÿnr Mhfphr.) Hl uln y ntrn aosn, joy rbhsgns eh anlshauhlabos lhgotbvos, y ulo porth eh` prnahsn eh `o tnfo eh ehabsbnlhs ehihrï bla`ubr o`gulo fhebeo poro prhvhr`os y vo`nror`os. H` shÿnr Mhfphr ln sñ`n lhahsbto rhanreor tneos hstos poutos, sbln quh oehfïs, anldnrfh o` fneh`n eh Mhplhr-Urhgnh, ehih hstbfor su bfpnrtol abo rh`otbvo. Lns jo``ofns olth ulo sbtuoabñl hl quh `o h`usbvbeoe eh` kubabn hs ehabsbvo. Hstns vo`nrhs y `os pn`ætbaos quh rhd`hkol o`gulns eh h``ns ln puhehl rheuabrsh o ul anfûl ehlnfbloenr anfn eñ`orhs y ahltovns. Qnl `n quh sh ``ofo  blanlfhlsuroi`hs;  sus auo`beoehs snl ebdhrhlths hltrh sæ, anfn `n snl `os folzolosSnr y lorolkos. anlshauhlabo, bfpnrtolabo p`oltho prni`hfos. hkhfp`n, Hl ¾vo`h fïs `o phloa`osbdbaor hvbtor `ossu thlsbnlhs ro abo`hs quh folthlhr `o outnrbeoe hl tnens `ns lbvh`hs eh `o oefblbstroabñl> ¾To`h `o phlo anlshrvor `o pn`ætbao eh puhrtos oibhrtos oulquh anl h``o sh ndhleo o` sblebaotn>

SYNAHQOFBHLUN AXBEOENQN EH @O BLDNYFOABÑL Xlo folhro eh prhvhr `o prnioib`beoe eh quh sh tnfhl iuhlos ehabsbnlhs anlsbsth hl vo`nror `o ao`beoe eh` prnahsn quh `os prneuah. Brvblg @. Kolbs y @hñl Foll jol eoen ulo ehsarbpabñl eh ul prnahsn eh ehabsbnlhs eh o`to ao`beoe, iosïlensh hl su olï`bsbs eh oiuleolths niros ehebaoeos o `o tnfo eh iuhlos ehabsbnlhs. Joy quh aufp`br anl `ns sbhth arbthrbns sbgubhlths; H` hlaorgoen eh tnfor `o ehabsbñl, anl su fhknr hsduhrzn y ehltrn eh sus ao poab eoehs eh prnahsofb hlt n eh b ldnrfoab ñl.

?.  hxofblo

eh

fnen

9. hstuebo tneo `o hl `o ehabsbñl=

hxjoustbvn

ulo

ofp`bo

gofo

eh

aursns

eh

oaabñl=

shrbh eh nikhtbvns quh joy quh aufp`br y h h`` vo`nr bfp`æabtn

1.  olo`bzo ehthlbeofhlth tnen `n quh soih snirh `ns anstns y rbhs rbhsgns gns eh `os anlshauhlabos anlshauhlabo s quh puhehl

5.  iusao

lhgotbvos, nrbgblorsh

Blthlsofhlth Blthlsofhlth

anfp`hto

eh

`os

`n eh

luhvo

fbsfn aoeo

quh

s snirh nirh

`os

anlshauhlabos

pnsbtbvos,

o`thrlotbvo o`thrlotbvo==

blbnrfoabñl

op`baoi`h

o

ulo

hvo`uoabñl

fïs

npabnlhs=

8.  osbfb`o anrrhatofhlth y tbhlh hl auhlto `o luhvo bldnrfoabñl n kubabn eh hxphrtns anl

`o quh tbhlh anltoatn, anltoatn, oul

auolen `o bldnrfoabñl n h` kubabn

ln opnyh h` aursn eh oaabñl quh â` prhdbhrh hl hl

ul prblabpbn=

 

919

OEFBLBQUYOABÑL •

Brvblg Kolbs.  (B. @. Kolbs.)

4.  rhhxofblo `os anlshauhlabos pnsbtbvos y lhgotbvos eh tneos `os npabnlhs an  lnabeos, eh

hltrh h``os `os

oenptor

ulo

quh blbabo`fhlth sh anlsbeh anlsbehrornl rornl

ehabsbñl

bloahptoi`hs, olths

ehdblbtbvo=

7.  tnfo fhebeos ehto``oeos poro rho`bzor n hkhautor h` aursn eh oaabñl

hsangb 

en, prhstolen othlabñl hsphabo` o `ns p`olhs eh anltblghlabo quh pneræol rhquhrbrsh hl aosn eh quh sh fothrbo`bzorol fothrbo`bzorol vorbns rbhsgns anlnabens. ?1

Auoltns fïs hlaorgoens eh `o tnfo eh ehabsbnlhs aufp`ol anl `ns arb thrbns quh oaoiofns eh anfhltor, fïs hkhfp`bdbaol h`   prnahsn aubeoensn (vbgb`olth) eh bldnrfoabñl.  H` jhajn eh ln aufp`br anl h``ns hqubvo`h o ehs vborsh eh `os lnrfos eh vbgb`olabo. Hs ul ehdhatn hl h` prnahsn eh `o tnfo eh ehabsbnlhs. Kolbs y Foll supnlhl quh "Auoltn foynr sho h` lûfhrn eh eh dhatns, fïs prnioib`beoehs joirï quh `ns hlaorgoens eh `o ehabsbñl sudrol rhvhshs ln prhvbstns y sbhltol rhfnrebfbhltn ehspuâs eh `o ehabsbñl". Hl ntros po`oiros, auo`qubhr ehsvboabñl eh` shÿnr Mhfphr rhsphatn o` folthlbfbhltn eh tneos `os lnrfos eh ul prnahsn eh tnfo eh ehabsbnlhs eh o`to ao`beoe oufhltorï `o prnioib`beoe eh quh snirhvhlgol prni`hfos, y âs tns o su vhz `h aousorïl ebdbau`toehs o â`. ?5

 

UNF O EH EHA BQBN LHQ

9 1111

Xl fneh`n eh ehabsbñl hl aosn eh anld`batn @o dbguro 4-9 fuhstro h` "fneh`n eh thnræo eh` anld`batn (prnpuhstn pnr Kolbs y Foll) rhdhrhlth o `o tnfo eh ehabsbnlhs y op`baoi`h o tneos `os ehab sbnlhs bfpnrtolths". H` prnahsn anfbhlzo auhstbnlolen `o rhtrno`bfhltoabñl lhgotbvo n ulo npnrtulbeoe. Ehspuâs, joy auotrn osultns rhsphatn o `ns auo`hs `o bldnrfoabñl oebabnlo` p`oltho prni`hfos; `ns rbhsgns quh hltro ÿo ln aofibor, `ns rbhsgns quh supnlh h` aofibn, `os phrsphatbvos eh ulo sn `uabñl fïs sotbsdoatnrbo y `o aoltbeoe eh tbhfpn ehebaoen o `o iûsquheo. @os rhspuhstos odbrfotbvos n euibtotbvos o auo`qubhro eh `os auhstbnlhs olth rbnrhs, to` anfn sh dnrfu`ol hl h` fneh`n, eol ulo rozñl poro ln oiolen lor h` prni`hfo y anltbluor rhd`hxbnlolen oahrao eh â`. Xlo rhspuhsto lhgo tbvo ndrhah ulo rozñl poro ehkor eh phlsor hl h` prni`hfo, eh ehdblbr`n, eh rhulbr jhajns rh`otbvns o` fbsfn, eh ghlhror o`thrlotbvos, eh pnlehror`os y eh h`hgbr hltrh h``os. Auo`qubhr rhspuhsto lhgotbvo o hstos auhstbnlhs eurolth h` prnahsn eh ehabsbñl pnlh dbl o` prnahsofbhltn vbgb`olth (aubeoensn) eh `o bldnrfoabñl. ofp`boabñl dbatbabo eh` aosn "Iuhlns eæos, shÿnr (anl ulo Xlo ebsau`po o Mhfphr pnr pnlhr hl su inao po`oiros quh Mhfphr" ln snl suyos) fnstrorï anlarhtofhlth `o dnrfo quh thleræol `os rhspuhstos lhgotbvos o `os auotrn prhgultos, sb hs quh o`gulo vhz sh `h naurrbræol o` shÿnr Mhfphr. ?.   S;   ¾Qn l grovh s `ns rbhsgns sb yn ln aofi bn>  Y;   Ln , ln joy lhahsbeoe eh quh aofibh fb dnrfo eh oat uor , y ghlhro` fhlth ln blthrvhlgn hl `ns lbvh`hs khrïrqubans bldhrbnrhs rhsphatn o `o osbgloabñl eh troiokn pnr `ns suphrvbsnrhs eh prbfhr lbvh` o `ns hfp`ho ens. ¾R pnr quâ ehihræo joahr`n> @ns `bfpboenrhs eh aoiblo y `ns suphr vbsnrhs ehihræol rhulbrsh y ``hgor o ul oauhren. Auolen sh trolqub`bahl, tnen forajorï ibhl.  Yhsu`toen;  oejhs bñl sbl anld`batns. 9.   S;   ¾Qnl grovhs `ns rbhsgns sb ln aofib n>  Y;   Ln fn. Anl.

Fh râ o nrehhsth lor prni`hfo, quh trols dbhrol suphrvbsnr ojnrosultn. o fbs h``n `bfbto sh sn`uabnlorï y ln sho`joi`orï fïs eh`  Yhsu`toen;  aofi bn sbl anld`bat n. 1.   S;   ¾Hs rho`bsto hsphror hlanlt ror ulo sn`uabñl fhknr>  Y;   ¾_uâ puh en joahr> Qbh fprh joy hsns fo`n s hlthle bens y prn i`h fos , phrn ln fh tnao o fb rhsn`vhr`ns. Oehfïs, `ns `bfpboenrhs eh aoiblo puhehl prhshltor ulo quhko. Ln ehin blfbsaubrfh hl hstn. Eh tnens fn ens, ln pneræo oyueor o rhsn`vhr h` osultn.  Yhsu`toen;  hvbtoabñl ehdhlsbvo. 5.   S;   ¾Jo y sudbabhlth sudbabhlth tbhf pn poro joahr ulo blvhstbgoabñl y eh`bihro r>  Y;   A`orn quh ln. Ehl trn eh ?3 fblu tns thlgo ulo rhu lbñ l, y hstorâ nau poen pnr `n fhlns josto `os ?3 eh `o lnajh. Ln fh hs pnsbi`h joi`or anl tnens `ns blthrhsoens y ``hgor o` dnlen eh tnen hstn. @o vhreoe hs quh ln sâ quâ joahr.

 

915

OEFBLBQUYOABÑL A N L E BA BN L H Q S Y H T BO Q

S Y N A H Q N Q BL U H Y F H E BN Q

ANLQHAXHLABOQ

Blba FB  Snlhr

l  Fo  eh kubabn `.t rhtrn.b`bfhltoabnl lhgotbvo n `o npnrtulbeoe

• rbl '

`u.bt ¡ u l  anfp`h`k b`r o iûsquheo y p`olhoabñl eh anltblghlabos

DBGXYO 4.9 Fneh`n eh `o tnfo eh ehabsbnlhs iosoen hl `o thnræo eh` anld`batn y op`baoi`h o tneos `os ehabsbnlhs bfpnrtolths.  ]Duhlth; Brvblg.  @.  Kolbs y @hñl Foll, Ehabsbñl Fomblg (Lhw Rnrm; Ujh Drhh Srhss, ?277), p. 73.V

 

UN FO EH EH ABQ BNL HQ

9 1188

 Yhsu`toen; 

jbphrvbgb`olabo, quh hs ul hstoen aoroathrbzoen pnr h` pïlb an, ulo hsphabh eh prnahsofbhltn drhlâtban h blhdbaoz eh `o bldnrfoabñl. Hl â` phrehfns `o anfpnsturo y `o drbo`eoe.

Aousos eh `os ehsvboabnlhs (hrrnrhs)

Torbos aousos hxp`baol pnr quâ ul hkhautbvn puheh tnfor ulo eh `os auotrn ehsvboabnlhs hl h` aofbln eh` prnahsofbhltn vbgb`olth (aubeoensn) eh `o bl dnrfoabñl. Joy, hl prbfhr `ugor, ulo hsphabh eh n`vben blanfprhlsbi`h eh `ns anld`batns n prni`hfos eh O`drhe H. Lhufol, o qubhl lns rhdhrbfns ol ths hl h` aopætu`n. Joy ul anlahptn fïs anfprhlsbvn eh "`æfbths anglnsabtb vns eh `o roabnlo`beoe", quh hs h` rhanlnabfbhltn eh quh h` shr jufoln ln hstï jhajn sbfp`hfhlth poro osbfb`or tnen `n quh pneræo anlnahrsh snirh `ns prni`hfos y prnahsor tnen hsn anl ulo hdbabhlabo prnpbo eh anfputoen ros, o `o folhro eh` shÿnr Qpnam.   @o anfp`hkbeoe anglnsabtbvo quh sh rh qubhrh poro aoptor o`gulos auhstbnlhs snirhposo `o aopoabeoe eh luhstro ?8

fhlth. Qh eo ulo snirhaorgo eh obldnrfoabñl y joyehbldnrfoabñl anltroeba tnrbo. O`gulos vhahs sh jnstb`bzo `ns hlaorgoens tnfor `os ehabsbnlhs. Uneos `os sbtuoabnlhs fhlabnloeos puhehl naosbnlor ulo sbtuoabñl ``h lo eh thlsbnlhs. Joy thlsbñl y h` rbhsgn eh droaosor sb sh ndrhah ulo iuhlo sn`uabñl. H` rbhsgn puheh prneuabr duhrth olsbheoe. @o outnhstbfo, h` hsto tus y ntrns osphatns pnsbtbvns sh vhl ofhlozoens. @o blthlsbeoe eh hsth hstrâs psæquban sh rhd`hko hl `ns anfhltorbns eh` hxprhsbehlth eh Hstoens Xlbens, Worrhl G. Joreblg, auolen sh ehsojngñ anl ul ofbgn rhsphatn o ul prni`hfo dbsao` quh ln joiæo folhkoen anl oabhrtn. Knjl, ln puhen joahr loeo rhsphatn o hsth prni`hfo dbsao`. Hsauajn o ulo eh `os porths y fh porhah quh hstïl hl `n abhrtn y `uhgn, ¡Ebns fæn!, joi`n anl `o ntro porth y tofibâl porhahl thlhr `o rozñl. R hltnlahs fh hlauhltrn hxoato fhl th anfn o` prblabpbn. Qâ quh tbhlh quh joihr ul `bir `birnn enl eh hlauhl trh `o vhreoe eh tnen hstn, phrn ln puhen `hhr`n. Qâ quh hl o`gulo porth joy ul hanlnfbsto quh anlnah `o vhreoe, phrn ln sâ enleh hlanltror`n lb thlgn h` blstbltn poro rhanlnahr`n auolen `n hlauhltrh. Ebns fæn, quâ troiokn. ?4

Hs dïab` bfogblor h` hstrâs quh puhehl aousor `o sbtuoabñl eh `ns hlaorgo ens eh `o tnfo eh ehabsbnlhs auolen ln `ngrol hlanltror `o dnrfo eh so`br eh` anld`batn. Hl to`hs abraulstolabos, `o ghlth tbhleh o rhtrohrsh psban`ñgbao fhlth hl ulo u ntro dnrfo.   Kolbs y Foll pbhlsol quh hsto thlehlabo hs `o aouso prblabpo` eh `os ehsvboabnlhs rhsphatn o` prnahsofbhltn vbgb`olth eh `o bldnrfoabñl. Xlo dnrfo eh so`brsh eh `o tolghlth y hvoebr h` vhreoehrn prni`hfo hs anlsbehror ul prni`hfo bltrblaoen hl ulo sbtuoabñl eh grol aorgo hfntbvo anfn "ln prni`hfo", anfn o`gn dïab` eh rhsn`vhr, anfn sb ln duhro eh luhstro rhspnlsoib`beoe y anfn sb ln juibhro tbhfpn eh sn`u abnlor`n. ?7

 

914

OEFBLBQUYOABÑL

Tæatnr J. Trnnf. (Ro`h Qajnn` nd Nrgolbzotbnl & Fologhfhlt.)

HQANGHY O@ _XH EHABEBYÏ

Xlo eh `os prblabpo`hs joib`beoehs quh ehihl pnshhr `ns `æehrhs   hs  `o aopoabeoe eh oeoptor su anleuato o `os hxbghlabos eh `o sbtuoabñl y... ul anfpnlhlth eh hso joib`beoe   hs  `o aopoabeoe eh sh`haabnlor h` prnahsn beñlhn eh `o prni`hfo tnfo eh ehabsbnlhs poro aoeo n ehthrfbloabñl... ― Tæatnr J. Trnnf

Anfn sh jo shÿo`oen, joy quh tnfor ulo ehabsbñl ghrhlabo` snirh   añfn  rh  sn`vhr ul prni`hfo, o ebdhrhlabo eh `o sn`uabñl quh jo eh oenptorsh. Qh troto eh ulo ehabsbñl eh prnahebfbhltn n eh prnahsn. @o sn`uabñl quh jo eh oenp torsh hs `o eh tbpn sus toltb vn. Qbl eueo h` shÿnr Mhfphr ehsho hsanghr h` prn ahebfbhltn oehauoen quh anleuzao o ulo iuhlo sn`uabñl. ¾Eh quâ folhro `ns ghrhlths hl ulo sbtuoabñl anfn `o eh` shÿnr Mhfphr sh`haabnlol ul prnahsn quh opnrth ulo ehabsbñl> ¾Añfn ehabehl sb h``ns tn fol `o ehabsbñl, sb anlsu`tol o ntrns y `uhgn ehabehl n sb ehkol h` prni`hfo hl folns eh ul grupn poro quh âsth ehabeo> Srhsablebhlen eh añfn `ns ghrhl ths tnfhl hsos ehabsbnlhs anlahrlbhlths o `os ehabsbnlhs snirh h` prnahsn, ¾añfn ehihræol oenptor`os> ¾_uâ doatnrhs ehihræol thlhr hl auhlto> Snr dnrtulo prhgultos sben nikhtn eh ulo blvhstbgoabñl fuy rbgurnso, porth ehhstos `o auo` jo sben jol hdhatuoeo prblabpo`fhlth pnr Tbatnr Trnnf eh `o Ro`h Xlbvhrsbty. Xl drutn eh hsto blvhstbgoabñl hs h`   fneh`n eh TrnnfRhttnl,  hsquhfo quh hsphabdbao o`gulos o`thrlotbvos y arbthrbns eh prnahsn poro hsanghr hltrh h``ns.   Hs oehfïs ul hkhfp`n eh añfn o`gubhl anfp h` shÿnr Mhfphr puheh sh`haabnlor hl dnrfo `ñgbao y duleofhltoeo ul prnah sn poro rhsn`vhr h` prni`hfo. ?:

 

UNF O EH EHA BQB NLH Q

9 17 17

O`thrlotbvos eh prnahsns Trnnf y Rhttnl ebstblguhl trhs rhspuhstos o`thrlotbvos iïsbaos o` prni`hfo eh hsanghr o` quh ehabebrï, anl suio`thrlotbvos poro ens eh h``os, o soihr;

= Outnarïtban O`

Yhsuh`vh h` prni` hfo n tn fo eh ehabsbñl phr snlo `fh lth, sbrv sbrvbâl bâl ensh eh `o bldnrfoabñl eh quh ebspnlh hl hsh fnfhltn. Nit bhl h `o bldnrfoabñl lhah sorb o eh su sui nreb loen n suinreblo  ens y `uhgn hsangh `o sn`uabñl eh` prni`hfo. Suheh ehabr`h n ln o` suinrebloen eh quâ prni`hfo sh troto o` fnfhltn eh anlshgubr bl dnrfoabñl eh â`. H` poph` quh ehshfphÿol `ns suinrebloens hl `o tnfo eh ehabsbnlhs anlsbsth hl prnpnrabnlor `o bldnrfoabñl lhahso rbo y ln hl ghlhror lb hl hvo`uor `os sn`uabnlhs o`thrlotbvos.

O``

Anlsu`totbvn A`

Anfp ort h h` prni `hfo anl `ns suinr ebloe ns hl dnrfo blebvbeuo`, nithlbhlen sus behos y sughrhlabos sbl rhulbr`ns hl grupn. Ehs puâs usthe tnfo `o ehabsbñl quh puheh rhd`hkor n ln `o bld`uhlabo eh `ns suinrebloens. Anf por th h` prni `hfo anl sus suinr ebloe ns hl grupn rha oio len hl dnrfo an`hatbvo sus ¡ehos y sughrhlabos. @uhgn  usthe   tnfo `o ehabsbñl quh puheh rhd`hkor n ln `o bld`uhlabo eh h``ns.

A??

Grupn 9 AX*

Anfp ort h ul prni `hfo anl sus suinr ebloe ns an fn grupn. R kul tns prneuahl y vo`nrol o`thrlotbvos, trotolen eh ``hgor o ul oauhr en (anlshlsn ) rhsp hatn o `o sn`uabñl. Qu poph` sh por hah fua jn o` eh` quh prhsbeh ulo osofi`ho. Xsthe ln troto eh bld`ubr hl h` grupn poro quh oenpth `o sn`uabñl quh `h prnpnlh y hstï ebspuhs tn o oahptor y pnlhr hl prïatbao `o quh rhabio h` opnyn eh tnen h` grupn.

*Qh nfbth G` pnrquh sh op`bao hxa`usbvofhlth o fneh`ns fïs ghlhro`hs.

Arb thrbns @o h`haabñl hltrh `os o`thrlotbvos olthrbnrhs jo eh guborsh op`baolen trhs arbthrbns iïsbans quh suh`hl utb`bzor hl `o prïatbao `ns ghrhlths; ?. Ao`beoe n roabnlo`beoe 9. Oahptoabñl Oahptoa bñl n oejhsbñl eh `ns suinreb loens por o pnlhr hl prïat bao `o ehehabsbñl 1. Ubhfpn lhahsorbn poro oenptor `o ehabsbñl

 

Hdhatns eh `o portbabpoabñl @o portbabpoabñl, quh oufhlto o` posor eh `ns fâtnens outnarïtbans o `ns anlsu`tbvns, prneuah rhsu`toens quh snl ehabsbvns hl `o hdbaoabo anl quh sh aufp`h aoeo arbthrbn. @o rhshÿo eh Trnnf snirh `o blvhstbgoabñl hl psban`ngæo snabo` rhdhrhlth o `ns hdhatns quh h` oufhltn eh `o portbabpoabñl tbhlh hl `o tnfo eh ehabsbnlhs o` eor o grupns `o torho eh rhsn`vhr prni`hfos `n ``hvñ o `os sbgubhlths anla`usbnlhs; ?. @ns eotns snirh h` hdhatn quh `o portbabpoabñl hkhrah snirh `o ao`beoe eh `os ehabsbnlhs ln snl anla`uyhlths y, prnioi`hfhlth, snl ehfosboen vo rboi`hs. 9. @o portbabpoa bñl tbhleh o fhkn ror `o oahpto abñl eh `os `os ehabsbnlhs y `o prn ioib`beoe eh quh sh hkhauthl ibhl. 1. @o portbabpoabñl hxbgh fïs jnros eh troiokn, phrn ln sbhfprh sbglbdbao ul phrbnen fïs `orgn hltrh h` blbabn eh` prnahsn eh ehabsbñl y `o nithl abñl ehdblbtbvo eh ulo sn`uabñl. ?2

bfpnrtolabo `ns trhs arbthrbns eh ao`beoe, y tbhfpn vo rborï@o shgûl h` aosn. eh O`gulos vhahs `o ao`beoe ln hs oahptoabñl fuy bfpnrtolth, y ntros hs ehabsbvo. _ubzï ln bfpnrth toltn h` an`nr eh `os porhehs eh `o ndbablo. Hl aofibn, puheh shr eh aopbto` bfpnrtolabo h` jhajn eh quh sh blvbhrtol fb``n lhs eh eñ`orhs hl ulo bllnvoabñl thaln`ñgbao hl `ns prnahsns eh foludoatu ro. Hl naosbnlhs `o bfp`oltoabñl ln ehphleh fuajn eh `o oahptoabñl= ntros vhahs sæ. _ubzï o` phrsnlo` eh `o ndbablo ln `h blthrhso quh `os porhehs sh pbl thl hl fbâran`hs n hl vbhrlhs. Qu oahptoabñl puheh shr fuy bfpnrtolth, sb `ns aofibns thaln`ñgbans hl `o p`olto supnlhl rhosbglor eurolth shbs fhshs o blghlbhrns ebdæab`hs eh sustbtubr hl `ugorhs tnto`fhlth blehshoi`hs. H` groen hl quh `o portbabpoabñl fhknro `o ao`beoe tofibâl voræo hl ao eo aosn. Qb h` ghrhlth tbhlh n puheh nithlhr dïab`fhlth `o bldnrfoabñl lhah sorbo y oenptor `o ehabsbñl fïs oehauoeo, anl `o portbabpoabñl eh ntros phr snlos ln fhknrorï `o ao`beoe. @o portbabpoabñl puheh blarhfhltor `ns gostns eh jnros eh troiokn hl h` hxtrhfn drnlto` eh` prnahsn eh ehabsbñl, phrn ojnrrorï tbhfpn hl `o dosh eh rho`bzoabñl sb fhknro `o oahptoabñl. Xlo ebdhrhlabo fuy anfhltoeo hltrh `o oefblbstroabñl kopnlhso y `o hstoenulbehlsh hstrbio hl `o dnrfo hl quh `ns  k kop op nl hs h s po rh ah l du sb nl or `o `oss oa tb vb eo eh s eh `o t n f o eh eh ehab ab sb nlhs nl hs y su hkh  auabñl, fbhltros quh `ns lnrthofhrbaolns tbhlehl o shporor`os. H` prnahsn  k koo p n l h s ` ` o f oe n  rblgb  bla`uyh `o ghlhroabñl eh oaabnlhs prnpuhstos pnr `ns suinrebloens y `os joah abrau`or poro quh shol oprnioeos pnr hsarbtn.   H` enaufhltn osabhleh pnr `o khrorquæo, ulo vhz ebsautben y qubzï fnebdbaoen, phrn yo oprnioen hl o`gulo dnrfo oahptoi`h. Auolen ``hgo o` lbvh` fïs o`tn poro `o oprnioabñl ehdblbtbvo, tnens sh jol anfprnfhtben yo o aufp`br`n. Hstn doab`bto `o rho`bzoabñl fïs quh hl ul sbsthfo, supuhstofhlth fïs aoroathræstbao eh `os snabheoehs naabehlto`hs, hl `os auo`hs `os ehabsbnlhs sh tnfol hl `ns lbvh`hs fïs o`tns eh `o khrorquæo y o `ns suinrebloens, quh to` 93

 

UN FO EH EHA BQB NL HQ

912

vhz ln `os hltbhlehl n ln `os oahpthl, sh `hs nrehlo pnlhr`os hl prïatbao. Hl h` shgulen aosn `o hkhauabñl puheh prneuabr `ns prni`hfos quh `ns kopnlhshs yo rhsn`vbhrnl eurolth h` prnahsn eh ehabsbñl. Hl abhrtn fnen tofibâl hs vorboi`h h` jhajn eh quh `o portbabpoabñl auhsth fuajn n ojnrrh tbhfpn, puhs ehphleh eh `o prhshlabo n oushlabo eh prni`hfos eh rho`bzoabñl y eh `o hdbaoabo anl quh sh ``hvh o aoin h` prnahsn portbabpotbvn.

Op`baoabñl eh` fneh`n O anltbluoabñl sh eo ulo `bsto eh `ns otrbiutns eh `ns prni`hfos n eh `os sbtuoabnlhs eh `o tnfo eh ehabsbnlhs, `n fbsfn quh ul anlkultn eh prhgultos eh eboglñstban auyo dblo`beoe hs ehsauirbr `o prhshlabo n bfpnrtolabo eh` otrbiutn hl auo`qubhr aosn quh odrnlth ul ghrhlth;

Otrbiutns eh` prni`hfo

Srhgultos eh eboglñstban

O.

Bfpnrt olabo eh `o ao`beo e eh eh `o ehabsbñl. Groe n hl quh h` `æehr pn sh h sudbabhlth bldnrfoabñl y y hxphrbhlabo poro tnfor â` fbsfn ulo ehabsbñl eh o`to ao`beoe.

¾Joy ul rhqubsbtn eh ao`beoe pnr h` auo` ulo sn`uabñl tbhleo o shr fïs roabnlo` quh ntro>

Groen hl quh h` prni `hfo hst ï hst ruat uroen. Groen hl quh `o oah pto abñl

¾Hstï hstruaturoen h` prni`hfo>

I.

A. E.

n anfprnfbsn pnr porth eh `ns suinrebloens snl blebsphlsoi`hs poro ulo hkhauabñl sotbsdoatnrbo eh `o ehabsbñl. H.

D.

G.

¾Ebspnlgn eh sudbabhlth bldnrfoabñl poro tnfor ulo ehabsbñl eh grol ao`beoe>

¾Hs ehabsbvo poro ulo iuhlo rho`bzoabñl `o oahptoabñl eh `o ehabsbñl pnr porth eh `ns suinrebloens>

@o prni oib `be oe prhvbo eh qu h `o ehabsbñl outnarïtbao eh` `æehr

Qb h` `hatnr tuvbhro quh tnfor `o ehabsbñl sn`n, ¾joy sudbabhlth shgurbeoe

sho oahptoeo pnr `ns suinreb loens.

eh quh `o oahptorïl sus suinrebloens

Groe n hl quh `ns `ns suinr eblo ens hst ïl fnt b voens poro o` aolzor ` os fht os nrgolb zoab nlo` hs rhprhshltoeos hl `ns nikhtbvns hxp`æabtns hl `o ehdblbabñl

¾Anfporthl `ns suinrebloens `os fht os nrgolb zoab nlo` hs quh ehihl nithlhrsh hl `o sn`uabñl eh hsth prni` hfo>

eh` prni`hfo. Groen hl quh `ns suin rebl oens tbhlehl o thlhr anld`batn rhsphatn o `os sn`uabnlhs prhdhrbeos.

¾Hs prnioi`h quh joyo anld`batn hl `os sn`uabnlhs prhdhrbeos>

*Qh ebah quh hb prni`hfo ln hstï hstruaturoen sb h` ghrhlth ln soih anl hxoatbtue quâ bldnr foabñl sh lhahsbto y eñleh sh jo``o.

 

953

OEFBLBQUYOABÑL

@o dbguro 4-1 prhshlto `os prhgultos eh eboglñstban hl `n quh sh anlnah anl h` lnfirh eh  ïrin` eh ehabsbñl,  h` auo` anfbhlzo anl `o prhgulto duleo fhlto` eh` rhqubsbtn eh ao`beoe y `uhgn sh rofbdbao `ñgbaofhlth hl `os prh gultos pnsthrbnrhs eh ao`beoe y oahptoabñl. @os prhgultos O o A hl `o dbguro 4-1 opnrtol bldnrfoabñl rhdhrhlth o `o ao`beoe. @os prhgultos E o G prneu ahl bldnrfoabñl rh`otbvo o `o oahptoabñl. @o pnlehroabñl eh `ns arbthrbns eh ao`beoe y oahptoabñl sh rho`bzo op`b aolen h` anlkultn eh sbhth prhgultos o `ns jhajns eh ul aosn anlarhtn. Snr hkhfp`n, supñlgosh quh h` `hatnr odrnlto h` sbgubhlth prni`hfo y qubhrh eh abebr sb rhûlh o `ns ablan suphrvbsnrhs poro rhsn`vhr n sb `n sn`uabnlo usthe fbsfn.

DBGXYO 4.1 Fneh`n eh ehabsbñl eh Trnnf/Rhttnl. ]Duhlth; oeoptoen eh Tbatnr J. Trnnf, "O Lhw @nnm ot Fologhrbo` Ehabsbñl Fomblg", Nrgolbz otbnlo` Eylofbas, Srbfovhro eh ?271 ((Luhvo Luhvo R Rnr nrm; m; OF OFOAN OANF, F, ulo ebvb ebvbsbñl sbñl eh `o Ofhrbaol Folog hfhl t Ossnabotbnl, ?271), p. 73.V

 

UN FO EH EH AB QBN LH Q

9 55??

H` `hatnr hs suphrblthlehlth eh ul grupn lufhrnsn quh an`nao n`hneuatns y tbhlh quh ao`au`or su rbtfn eh ovolah o dbl eh prngrofor `o hltrhgo eh foth rbo` o` sbgubhlth aofpn. H` `hatnr anlnah `o loturo`hzo eh` thrrhln hl quh vboko y auhlto anl `ns eotns jbstñrbans lhahsorbns,poro ehthrfblor `o fhebo y `o vorbolabo eh `o vh `nabeoe snirh hsh tbpn eh thrrhln. Qb sh anlnahl hsos ens vorboi`hs, hs dïab` ao`au`or h` fnfhltn fïs thfproln y h` fïs toreæn hl quh sh rhquhrbrïl `ns fothrbo`hs y `ns shrvbabns eh opnyn hl h` sbgubhlth pultn. Hs bfpnrtolth quh su hstbfoabñl sho iostolth hxoato. Qb sh ao`au`o fhlns fothrbo`, joy troioko enrhs y suphrvbsnrhs nabnsns= y auolen sh ao`au`o ehfosboen, sh oaufu`ol fothrbo`hs eurolth abhrtn phrbnen olths quh sh utb`bahl. H` ovolah jo sben iuhln y ablan suphrvbsnrhs y ntrns fbhfirns eh` hqubpn vol o rhabibr ul inln bfpnrtolth sb h` prnyhatn sh thrfblo olths eh` p`ozn. 9?

Hl hsth aosn, `o rhspuhsto o `o prhgulto O hs odbrfotbvo. H` aosn ebah quh ulo hstbfoabñl prhabso hs bfpnrtolth y hxp`bao `uhgn `os anlshauhlabos grovhs eh` hrrnr. @o rhspuhsto o `o prhgulto I hs odbrfotbvo. H` `hatnr anlnah h` thrrhln y pnshh `ns eotns lhahsorbns poro hdhatuor `ns aï`au`ns quh sh ehsarbihl anfn sbfp`hs. H` `hatnr puheh vhr hl quâ `ugor eh` "ïrin` eh ehab sbñl" eh dbguro 4-1 `n hs jollhgotbvo. puhstn `os rhspuhstos. oinreo hsphro `o prh gulto E, `o auyo rhspuhsto Qu ens hstbfoabñl eh `oOjnro toso (rbtfn) en eh ovolah ln bfpnlh aofibns auyo rho`bzoabñl ehphleo hshlabo`fhlth eh `o oahptoabñl eh sus suinrebloens. Op`baor `ns rhsu`toens eh `o blvhstbgoabñl y `o `ñgbao eh `os trhs prhgul tos quh h` `hatnr jo dnrfu`oen y anlthstoen `n ``hvñ o` dblo` eh `o rofo lû fhrn auotrn hl h` ïrin` eh ehabsbñl, lûfhrn auotrn eh ?5 tbpns eh prni`hfo bla`ubens hl `o dbguro 4-5. Anfn vh, aoeo tbpn eh prni`hfo puheh thlhr uln n fïs fâtnens oahptoi`hs eh ehabsbñl= pnr hkhfp`n, outnarïtban, anlsu`tbvn n eh grupn (an`hatbvn). Hl luhstrn aosn, `ns ablan fâtnens quh oporhahl hl `o dbguro 4-5 sh fhlabnlol anfn oahptoi`hs. H` sbgubhlth posn, auolen sh uso h` fneh`n eh Trnnf-Rhttnl, rheuah h` aofpn. Hsth posn op`bao h` thrahr rhsu`toen; h` tbhfpn. Qb `ns fâtnens eh` anlkultn oahptoi`h eh prnahsn eh ehabsbñl sotbsdoahl bguo`fhlth `ns rhsu`to ens n arbthrbns eh ao`beoe y oahptoabñl, h` quh rhqubhrh h` fhlnr tbhfpn poro ehabebr (n sho h` quh ush h` fhlnr lûfhrn eh jnros eh troiokn) ehihræo hsan ghrsh. Hl luhstrn aosn, O` hs `o h`haabñl puhstn quh ln lhahsbto anlsu`tos lb rhulbnlhs eh grupn. H` fneh`n eh Trnnf-Rhttnl hs anfp`hkn, y jhfns anrrben h` rbhsgn eh sbfp`bdbaor`n ehfosboen o` blthltor hxp`baor`n hl `ns târfblns fïs shlab``ns pnsbi`hs. Snr hkhfp`n, h` tbhfpn ln anlstbtuyh h` ûlban arbthrbn quh ehihræo utb`bzorsh poro rheuabr h` anlkultn oahptoi`h eh prnahsns eh ehabsbñl. Xl gh rhlth qubzï qubhro oebhstror y ehsorrn``or o `ns suinrebloens y pnr h``n `ns blvbto o portbabpor hl ulo ehabsbñl. Osæ, pneræo hsanghr roabnlo`fhlth ul fâtnen quh rhqubhro fïs jnros eh troiokn. Xlo hxp`baoabñl fïs anfp`hto eh `o `ñgbao eh `os sbhth prhgultos y ulo hxpnsbabñl fïs ehto``oeo eh añfn sh uso h` fneh`n poro hlshÿor h` `behrozgn (ebrhaabñl) o `ns ghrhlths sh jol

 

959

OEFBLBQUYOABÑL

D B G X Y O  O  4.5

Ubpns eh prni`hfo y h` anlkultn oahptoi`h eh `ns prnahsns eh ehabsbñl.  ]Duhlth; oeoptoen eh Tæatnr J. Trnnf, "O Lhw @nnm ot Fologhrbo` Ehabsbñl Fomblg", Srbfovhro eh ?271 (Luhvo Rnrm; OFOANF, ulo ebvbsbñl eh `o Ofhrbaol Fologhfhlt Ossnabotbnl, ?271),.p.,7?}*'

nfbtben, `n fbsfn quh `ns eotns eh opnyn y `os arætbaos, o dbl eh rhso`tor `os aoroathræstbaoss ahltro`hs eh` aoroathræstbao eh` fne h` n.   Shrn, poro quh h` `hatnr proatbquh fïs anl h` fneh`n, h` aosn o` dblo` eh` aopætu`n anlthlerï ntrn prni`hfo. 99

FÂUNENQ AXOLUBUOUBTNQ @o suiebsabp`blo oefblbstrotbvo quh sh ahltro hl h` hfp`hn eh `ns fâtnens auoltbtotbvns hl `o tnfo eh ehabsbnlhs tbhlh vorbns lnfirhs. Abhlabo eh `o oefblbstroabñl h blvhstbgoabñl eh nphroabnlhs snl ens eh `ns fïs anfulhs. @o ehsbgloabñl blvhstbgoabñl eh nphroabnlhs n blvhstbgoabñl nphroabnlo` po rhah quh hl ul prblabpbn sh utb`bzornl poro ehsarbibr hqubpns hsphabo`hs eh fothfïtbans, ntrns poro prndhsbnlbstos dnrfoensy anfp`hkns hl Blg`othrro y, fïs toreh, hl dæsbans Hstoens yXlbens rhsn`vhr lufhrnsns prni`h fos eh guhrro fhebolth tâalbaos fothfïtbaos. Snr hkhfp`n, `ns fneh`ns fothfïtbans eh` ehsp`bhguh eh suiforblns y eh anlvnyhs eh iorans phrfb tbhrnl ``hgor o fâtnens roznloens eh hstbfor `os prnioib`beoehs eh otoquhs y h`haabnlhs eh tïatbaos oltbsuiforblos. Unen tbpn eh op`baoabnlhs o `os hfprhsos y o` gnibhrln eh tâalbaos quh tuvbhrnl su nrbghl hl prni`hfos fb`btorhs jol sben ehsorrn``oeos ehspuâs y jol sben bltrneuabens hl `o dnrfoabñl eh `ns oefblbstroenrhs. Snr `n rhgu `or `ns hstuebolths ln nitbhlhl hl ul aursn iïsban eh oefblbstroabñl tneo `o hlshÿolzo rh`otbvo o `ns fâtnens auoltbtotbvns quh sh op`baol hl `os ehab sbnlhs ghrhlabo`hs. @ns aursns eh dblolzos, hanlnfæo y anltoib`beoe bla`u yhl fuajæsbfos tâalbaos poro ao`au`or `ns osphatns hanlñfbans eh `os ehab-

 

UN FO EH EHA BQB NLH Q

9 5511

sbnlhs. @ns fâtnens anl quh sh ao`au`o h` rhlebfbhltn snirh `o blvhrsbñl, h` vo`nr prhshlth eh `ns blgrhsns duturns eh hdhatbvn y lufhrnsos roznlhs anl toi`hs (hltrh h``os, roznlhs eh `bqubehz, rntoabñl eh blvhltorbn y forghl eh vhltos) sh hxp`baol hl hsns aursns. Osæ puhs, hl hsto irhvh bltrneuaabñl o `ns fâtnens auoltbtotbvns lns `bfbtorhfns o hxp`baor o`gulos tâalbaos quh ln suh`hl bla`ubrsh hl ebajns aursns (phrn quh shgurofhlth sh bfportbrïl hl dnrfo fïs anfp`hto hl `ns aursns eh fâtnens auoltbtotbvns, oefblbstroabñl eh `o prneuaabñl y eh `os nphroabnlhs, blvhstbgoabñl eh nphroabnlhs n abhl abo oefblbstrotbvo.) 91

@o fotrbz eh rhsu`toens @o   fotrbz eh rhsu`toens  hs ul blstrufhltn poro fnstror `ns pnsbi`hs rhsu`to ens quh sh anlsbguhl o` shgubr aursns o`thrlotbvns eh oaabñl (``ofoens  hstro thgbos)  hl ebdhrhlths abraulstolabos (ehlnfbloeos   hstoens eh `o loturo`hzo). Soro eor ul hkhfp`n eh ulo fotrbz eh rhsu`toens, supnlgofns quh joy ulo anfpoÿæo ``ofoeo Tbehn UT, `o auo` doirbao th`hvbsnrhs. Qupnlgofns oeh fïs quh `ns ghrhlths eh o`to ebrhaabñl ehabehl doirbaor ulo luhvo `ælho eh th`hvbsnrhs. Shrn, anfn ln anlnahl quâ prneuatns anfhrabo`bzorï `o anfph thlabo, y ln hstïl shgurns eh `os anlebabnlhs hanlñfbaos, ln puhehl ehthr fblor auï` shrï `o ehfoleo (hstoen eh `o loturo`hzo) eh` luhvn fneh`n eh oporotn. Iosïlensh hl sus hxphrbhlabos anl ntrns prneuatns luhvns, pbhl sol quh joy trhs pnsbi`hs lbvh`hs eh ehfoleo. Aoeo lbvh` prhvâ ul vn`ufhl hsphaædban eh vhltos, phrn lnsntrns pnehfns ehsbglor`ns sbfp`hfhlth anfn iokn, fheboln y o`tn. @ns o`tns hkhautbvns eh `o anfpoÿæo puhehl nptor pnr prneuabr (hsanghr ulo hstrothgbo) vorbos aoltbeoehs eh` luhvn prneuatn. Eoen quh h` lbvh` rho` eh `o ehfoleo ln sh anlnah anl shgurbeoe, ln puhehl soihr h` lbvh` anrrha tn (iokn, fheboln n o`tn) eh th`hvbsnrhs quh ehihl prneuabr. Shrn puhehl eb shÿor ulo fotrbz eh rhsu`toens sbrvbâlensh eh `ns fhknrhs eotns ebspnlbi`hs poro blebaor `ns pnsbi`hs blgrhsns quh nithlerïl o` op`baor ulo eh `os trhs hstrothgbos hl uln eh `ns trhs hstoens eh `o loturo`hzo. @o dbguro 4-8 hs ulo fotrbz quh fuhstro hsns rhsu`toens pnsbi`hs n, an fn o`gulos vhahs sh `hs ``ofo,  vo`nrhs anlebabnlo`hs.  Anldnrfh o `o fotrbz, sb `o anfpoÿæo Tbehn UT npto pnr prneuabr ulo ioko aoltbeoe eh th`hvbsnrhs hl anlebabnlhs eh pnao ehfoleo, sus blgrhsns shrïl eh $? fb``ñl eh eñ`orhs. Xlo ehabsbñl eh doirbaor ulo prneuaabñl fhebolo olth ulo ehfoleo tof ibâl fhebolo rhlebrï $9 fb``nlhs eh blgrhsns. Xlo ehabsbñl eh ghlhror ulo prneuaabñl o`to anl ulo grol ehfoleo opnrtorï $1 fb``nlhs. Qb `o anfpoÿæo pnshh fïs bldnrfoabñl snirh `o prnioib`beoe eh quh sh prhshlthl vorbns hstoens eh `o loturo`hzo, puheh tnfor `o fhebeo oebabnlo` eh auoltbdbaor h` rbhsgn eh sh`haabnlor ulo eh `os hstrothgbos. Snr hkhfp`n, `o blvhstbgoabñl eh fhraoens y `ns prnlñstbans eh `ns hanlnfbstos qubzï rhvh `hl quh o`gulos prhdhrhlabos y jïibtns eh gostn eh `ns anlsufbenrhs, josto hltnlahs ln anlnabens. Hso bldnrfoabñl puheh blebaor o`gulos ebdhrhlabos

 

955

OEFBLBQUYOABÑL

stoens eh `o loturo`hzo; lbvh`hs eh `o ehfoleo Hstrothgbos aoltbeoehs prneuabeos

OKNQ

FHEBOLNQ

O@UNQ

IOKOQ

|

FHEBOLOQ

O@UOQ

DBGXYO 4.8

Fotrbz eh rhsu`toens.

hl `o prnioib`beoe   eh quh `o ehfoleo eh ulo luhvo `ælho eh th`hvbsnrhs sho ioko, fhebolo n o`to. Qb puheh hstbfor `o prnioib`beoe hl aoeo hstoen eh `o loturo`hzo, `o anfpoÿæo hstorï hl anlebabnlhs eh fu`tbp`baor `ns vo`nrhs anlebabnlo`hs eh `o dbguro 4-4 pnr `o prnioib`beoe oprnpboeo. Hsth posn prn euah ul  vo`nr hsphroen.  H` vo`nr hsphroen eh aoeo hstrothgbo anl sus trhs pn sbi`hs hstoens eh `o loturo`hzo puheh hltnlahs suforsh poro nithlhr h` vo`nr hsphroen eh aoeo hstrothgbo. @o dbguro 4-4 prhshlto `ns rhsu`toens eh hsns aï`au`ns iosoens hl `os prnioib`beoehs eh 3.98 poro `o ehfoleo ioko, 3.83 poro `o ehfoleo fhebolo y eh 3.98 poro `o ehfoleo o`to. H` vo`nr hsphroen tnto` eh aoeo hstrothgbo hs `o sufo eh `ns rhsu`toens quh `o anfpoÿæo rhabibrï pnr op`baor hso hstrothgbo hl `ns trhs hstoens eh `o loturo`hzo. Qupnlbhlen quh `os prnioib`beoehs shol rho`bstos, `o fotrbz anl `ns vo`nrhs hsphroens blebaorï quh `ns ghrhlths quh ehshhl foxbfbzor h` rh-

•

DBGXYO 4.4

Fotrbz eh rhsu`toens quh fuhstro `ns vo`nrhs hsphroens.

 

UN FO EH EHAB QBN LHQ

9 5588

su`toen ehihrïl hsanghr `o hstrothgbo eh grol prneuaabñl. Qu vo`nr hsphroen tnto` hs eh $9 fb``nlhs eh eñ`orhs, h` fïs o`tn eh `os trhs hstrothgbos.

H` ïrin` eh ehabsbñl H`   ïrin` eh ehabsbñl,  anfn fâtnen auoltbtotbvn, hs ulo prhshltoabñl grïdbao eh` fbsfn tbpn eh olï`bsbs quh sh hdhatûol auolen sh prhporo ulo fotrbz eh rhsu`toens anl `ns vo`nrhs hsphroens. O shfhkolzo eh `o fotrbz, h` ïrin` eh ehabsbñl rhqubhrh osbglor ulo prnioib`beoe o o`gûl hvhltn hl ul duturn bl abhrtn. Qh nitbhlh ul vo`nr hsphroen o` fu`tbp`baor h` vo`nr anlebabnlo` eh ul rhsu`toen pnr `o prnioib`beoe eh quh naurro. H` ïrin` eh ehabsbñl ehsarbih aoeo o`thrlotbvo n hstrothgbo anfn `o rofo eh ul ïrin`. Fuhstro `ns vo`nrhs anlebabnlo`hs, `ns phsns prnpnrabnloens pnr `os prnioib`beoehs osbgloeos y h` vo`nr hsphroen dblo` eh aoeo rofo. Hltnlahs puhehl anfpororsh `ns dru tns hanlñfbans prhvbstns eh aoeo rofo o`thrlotbvo. Jh oquæ ul hkhfp`n= supñlgosh quh `o anfpoÿæo Tbehn UT tbhlh hltrh sus prblabpo`hs a`bhlths ulo tbhleo eh ehportofhltns ``ofoeo   Mnrih`  y quh, pnr ulo prnfnabñl hsphabo` eh vhltos, hsto û`tbfo ehsho quh `o anfpoÿæo `h hltrhguh 5333 anlsn`os eh an`nr ulo shfolo olths eh` p`ozn shÿo`olen. Qu pñlgosh quh h` prhsbehlth pbhlso quh, eoeo `o annphroabñl y anfphthlabo eh su hfprhso, aufp`br anl `o sn`babtue eh Mnrih` oufhltorï `os vhltokos o hsth a`bhlth. Qupñlgosh oehfïs quh arhh quh, sb ln otbhleh `o phtbabñl, sh eoÿorï `o rhputoabñl eh su hfprhso y h` prñxbfn oÿn jorï fhlns vhltos o Mnrih`. Qb osbglofns `os prnioib`beoehs o `ns rhsu`toens eh aufp`br n ln anl `o sn`babtue eh Mnrih`, pnehfns ehsarbibr `os o`thrlotbvos hfp`holen ul ïrin` eh ehabsbñl anl abdros y prnioib`beoehs eh vhltos quh rhd`hkol `os hstbfo abnlhs eh` prhsbehlth eh Tbehn UT (Dbg. 4-7). Qhgûl h` olï`bsbs rhprhshltoen pnr h` ïrin` eh ehabsbñl, h` vo`nr hsphro en sb sh rhajozo `o phtbabñl eh Mnrih` shrï ulo rheuaabñl eh $?53 333 eñ`orhs hl `os vhltos eh` prñxbfn oÿn. Qb sh otbhleh su sn`babtue, `os vhltos eh` prñxb fn oÿn oufhltorïl hl $:23 333. Hl bguo`eoe eh abraulstolabos, h` prhsb ehlth eh Tbehn UT nptorï pnr aufp`br anl hso phtbabñl.

Olï`bsbs eh `o ehabsbñl eh blvhltorbn Ntrn prni`hfo quh odrnltol `ns hlaorgoens eh tnfor ehabsbnlhs hs h` eh eh thrfblor h` tofoÿn fïs hanlñfban eh blvhltorbns. Anlsbehrhfns, pnr hkhfp`n, `o sbtuoabñl eh Mnrih`. Qu prni`hfo roebao hl ehabebr auïltns th`h vbsnrhs nrehlor o` doirbaolth, Tbehn UT, poro anlshrvor`ns hl blvhltorbn y surtbr `ns phebens eh `ns a`bhlths. N ibhl hxofblhfns h` prni`hfo eh `o anfpoÿæo Tbehn UT. Nrehlo o`gulns eh `ns anfpnlhlths eh sus oporotns o `ns prnvhhenrhs. ¾_uâ tofoÿn ehih thlhr su blvhltorbn eh aoeo anfpnlhlth> @ns ghrhlths ln ehihl thlhr blvhltorbns tol phquhÿns quh `hs sho bfpn sbi`h surtbr `ns phebens eh sus a`bhlths. Mnrih` ln qubhrh thlhr ul lûfhrn eh-

 

954

OEFBLBQUYOABÑL

•?

. o `os prnioib`beoehs) IIMHFUÆBUÆF

KIw¡Jk

 kIk of' ` 'ÂTÆ`

=

='= 3''æ'æ    . = '. d * æd ='=

D B G X Y O 

4.7

Ïrin` eh ehabsbñl.

fosboen iokn eh th`hvbsnrhs hl su o`foaâl, o` pultn quh ln puheo joahr `os hltrhgos o `ns a`bhlths. Tbehn UT ln ehsho hlanltrorsh hl `o lhahsbeoe eh ln pnehr surtbr ul pheben eh Mnrih` pnrquh `h do`th o`gûl anfpnlhlth. Snr ntro porth, folthlhr blvhltorbns supnlh anstns, y `ns ghrhlths tof ibâl ehshol quh hstns shol fælbfns. Hl anlarhtn, joy anstns eh   folthlb fbhltn eh blvhltorbn  anfn h` shgurn, `ns anstns eh o`foahlofbhltn, rhlto, blthrâs h bfpuhstns. Shrn tofibâl hxbsthl solabnlhs dblolabhros auolen sh tbhlh ul blvhlto rbn tol phquhÿn quh joy quh rhpnlhr`n anl ñrehlhs drhauhlths. Hsns anstns rhabihl h` lnfirh eh  anstns eh pheben,  y anfprhlehl gostns anfn `ns eh rh abibr y o`foahlor aoeo hfiorquh. Anfn sh oprhabo hl `o dbguro 4-:, hl ulo sbtuoabñl lnrfo` `ns lbvh`hs eh` blvhltorbn vorbol anl h` tbhfpn. Blfhebotofhlth ehspuâs quh ulo anfpoÿæo nrehlo y rhabih ul hlvæn, h` blvhltorbn sh jo``o hl su pultn fïs o` tn. @os vhltos vol voabolen h` blvhltorbn anl h` tbhfpn josto quh ``hgo o ul lbvh` ahrn. Hsth aba`n sh rhpbth, y h` blvhltorbn prnfhebn eh ul phrbnen pneræo ao`au`orsh ebvbebhlen `o sufo eh `ns blvhltorbns eborbns n shfolo`hs hltrh h` lûfhrn eh eæos n shfolos eh` phrbnen. H` prni`hfo hstrbio hl ehthr fblor `o aoltbeoe fïs hanlñfbao eh nrehl, n sho `o quh rheuabrï o` fælbfn `ns anstns tnto`hs prneuabens pnr `o anfibloabñl eh `ns anstns eh folthlb fbhltn eh blvhltorbn y eh pheben.

 

UN FO EH EH ABQ BNL HQ

957

DBGXYO 4.: D`uatuoabnlhs eh` blvhltorbn anl h` tbhfpn.

@o dbguro 4-2 fuhstro añfn voræol hsos ens a`oshs eh anstns. @ns anstns eh folthlbfbhltn eh blvhltorbn oufhltol anl ñrehlhs fïs grolehs pnrquh ul blvhltorbn foynr sbglbdbao fïs gostns eh o`foahlofbhltn y eh ntro ælen`h. @ns anstns eh pheben ebsfbluyhl anl phebens fïs grolehs pnrquh `ns anstns eh rhahpabñl y ntrns odblhs sh prnrrothol anl hfiorquhs foynrhs. H` anstn tnto` fïs iokn hs h` pultn ebrhatofhlth pnr hlabfo eh `o blthrsha abñl eh `o aurvo eh `ns anstns eh folthlbfbhltn eh blvhltorbn y `ns eh pheb en. @o `ælho pulthoeo quh vo eh` pultn fïs iokn snirh `o aurvo eh` anstn tn to` blebao `o aoltbeoe fïs hanlñfbao eh nrehl.

Ntrns fâtnens Ntrns fâtnens auoltbtotbvns • Srngrofoabñl `blho` • thnræo eh an`os

@ns hstuebolths quh tnfol aursns ovolzoens hl `ns fâtnens auoltbtotbvns hl oefblbstroabñl ehsauirbrïl quh joy fuajns ntrns eh h``ns quh oyueol o `ns ghrhlths y o `ns hsphabo`bstos hl sus hsduhrzns pnr tnfor ulo iuhlo ehab sbñl. Osæ, `o prngrofoabñl `blho` hs ulo tâalbao quh puheh op`baorsh o ulo ofp`bo gofo eh prni`hfos oefblbstrotbvns y o ntrns eh ehabsbnlhs; `o ehthr fbloabñl quh joah ulo oghlabo pui`babtorbo eh `o osbgloabñl ñptbfo eh ul prhsupuhstn hsaosn hltrh `ns ebvhrsns fhebns= `o h`haabñl eh rutos eh hfior quh pnr porth eh ulo anfpoÿæo foludoaturhro quh anlsbehro `os lufhrnsos uibaoabnlhs eh sus o`foahlhs y sus a`bhlths= `o ehthrfbloabñl, pnr porth eh ulo rhdblhræo eh phtrñ`hn, eh su fhza`o ñptbfo eh prneuatns tnfolen hl anlsbehroabñl `ns anstns eh `o rhdbloabñl y `o ehfoleo eh `ns a`bhlths. Hl `o

 

95:

OEFBLBQUYOABÑL

DBGXYO 4.2 Uofoÿn eh `nth hanlñfban.

 prngrofoabñl `blho`  sh

utb`bzol hauoabnlhs quh supnlhl `o hxbsthlabo eh rh`o abnlhs ebrhatos y prnpnrabnlo`hs (`blho`hs) hltrh fuajos vorboi`hs. Shrfbth rho`bzor rïpbeofhlth h` troiokn eh aï`au`n (o vhahs fosbvn) quh sh lhahsbto poro ehthrfblor quâ anfibloabnlhs eh vo`nrhs eh `os vorboi`hs eorïl h` vo `nr ñptbfn eh` quh rhd`hko h` nikhtbvn eh `o ghrhlabo, n sho foxbfbzor `os utb `beoehs n fblbfbzor `ns anstns. Ntro tâalbao hs `o thnræo eh an`os (db`os eh hsphro), `o auo` oyueo o `ns gh rhlths o ao`au`or `ns anstns eh ndrhahr `os aopoabeoehs eh shrvbabn. Xl ospha tn eh` prni`hfo anlsbsth hl prnpnrabnlor ulo aopoabeoe oehauoeo, phrn ln hxahsbvo eh shrvbabn. Qbl bfpnrtor sb sh troto eh` folthlbfbhltn eh ovbnlhs n `o entoabñl eh phrsnlo` hl `os aoshtos eh phokh, `o othlabñl fâebao eh `ns po abhlths, h` prnahsofbhltn eh `ns aosns kuebabo`hs n h` ehstozofbhltn eh olb fo`hs, fuajns anstns eh` prni`hfo eh `o `ælho eh hsphro puhehl olo`bzorsh pnr fhebn eh `o thnræo eh an`os.

To`nr y op`baoabñl eh `ns fâtnens auoltbtotbvns @ns fâtnens auoltbtotbvns puhehl oyueor o `ns quh tnfol ehabsbnlhs. Oao iofns eh vhr o`gulos eh `os dnrfos hl quh `os tâalbaos auoltbtotbvos sbrvhl poro ehsarbibr `ns osphatns hanlñfbans eh `os ehabsbnlhs. Shrn o fhluen ulo tâalbao eh hsh tbpn, anfn `o prngrofoabñl `blho`, ``hvo o ulo hxahsbvo sbfp`bdbaoabñl eh` prni`hfo. @ns aï`au`ns eol `n quh porhah shr ulo sn`u-

 

JH O_XÆ @N _XH YHO@FHLUH NAXYYBÑ

"IXHLNQ EÆOQ, QHßNY MHFSHY (Anltblûo eh `o Sïg. 952) "Qbfp`hfhlth tuvh quh 'so`brfh pnr `o tolghlth", hxp`bañ h` shÿnr Mhfphr, o` ehsarbibr su rhspuhsto. Duh ulo eh hsos sbtuoabnlhs quh bla`uyhl eh ?3 o 93% eh `n quh anlstbtuyh `o dulabñl eh` ghrhlth. Oul auolen uln hstâ shgurn eh `ns jhajns y eh `o fhebeo anrrhatbvo quh jo eh tnforsh, sb uln op`bao ulo sn`o rhspuhsto, hstï phreben. Snr hsn... Rn... 'fh so`æ pnr `o tolghlth'. Sorhabñ eueor hl usor eh luhvn `o po`oiro. "Ebkh quh quhræo nær`ns y `hs pheæ quh o su vhz rhsphtorol fb ni`bgoabñl eh joi`or anl `ns ntrns odhatoens poro anlnahr

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h` pultn eh vbsto eh `os ens porths. @n quh yn lhahsbtoio", prnsbgubñ, "hro tbhfpn poro 'uibaor' h` prni`hfo hl h` lbvh` eh `o nrgolbzoabñl enleh sh joiæo prhshltoen eh fnen quh, sbl bfpnrtor qubhl tuvbhro rozñl n hstuvbhro hqubvnaoen, h` sbsthfo oprhlebhro eh` prni`hfo y sh anrrbgbhro o sæ fbsfn. Qbl hfiorgn, thlæo quh folthlhr`n hl 'olbfoabñl susphlebeo'. Ehiæo snsthlhr `o dh eh `ns `bfpboenrhs eh aoiblos hl `o sblahrbeoe eh `o anfpoÿæo; susphlehr su prnioi`h ehsanldbolzo `n sudbabhlth poro quh `o nrgolbzoabñl blthrvblbhro. Ehiæo oshgurorfh eh quh sh `hs hsauajorï y sh othlebhrol sus quhkos, phrn tnen h``n sbl fblor `o outnrbeoe eh fb dulabñl ghrhlabo`... Hstn hs, hl hshlabo, `n quh naurrbñ. @ns `bfpboenrhs eh aoiblos hxbgæol quh h` shÿnr Mhfphr  aofiboro  eh blfhebotn `o sbtuoabñl hl quh sh jo``oiol. Hs blthrhsolth shÿo`or quh ln nptñ pnr hsto pnsbib`beoe, o phsor eh quh ebspnlæo eh vorbos sn`uabnlhs nivbos. Snr h` anltrorbn, blbabñ ul prnahsn eh anfulbaoabñl, auyn rhsu`toen ln pneæo prhehabr, phrn quh hl hsth aosn, shgûl sh nishrvñ ehspuâs, phrfbtbñ o` suphrvbsnr y o `ns `bfpboenrhs eh aoiblos orrhg`or sus ebdhrhlabos y rhsn`vhr h` osultn hl h` lbvh` eh p`olto... Qb juibhro oenptoen ulo pnsbabñl eh blfhebotn, h``n joiræo hqubvo`ben o snirhhstbfor su anfprhlsbñl eh` prni`hfo y `n juibhro aoroathrbzoen anfn ulo phrsnlo quh sh oprhsuro o tnfor fhebeos quh fïs toreh ehshoræo joihr rhajozoen. Ehseh `uhgn, pneræo joihrsh fnstroen fïs "ehthrfbloen". Snr hkhfp`n, puen joihr hlvboen o `ns `bfpboenrhs eh aoiblo o `ns shrvbabns eh quhkos quh prhstoio h` sblebaotn. Shrn, ¾anlvhlæo `bgorsh o ul prnahebfbhltn jnstb` y `hltn hl ulo sbtuoabñl quh pneæo rhsu`tor hxp`nsbvo> Uofibâl puen joihr nptoen pnr rhaurrbr o `o aoehlo eh folen, quh hstoio tol ibhl ehdblbeo anfn h` nrgolbgrofo eh `o anfpoÿæo quh an`goio ehtrïs eh su hsarbtnrbn. Shrn

 

983

OEFBLBQUYOABÑL

hltnlahs joiræo anrrben h` rbhsgn eh quh `ns `bfpboenrhs eh aoiblo tuvbhrol ulo anldrnltoabñl ebrhato anl su suphrvbsnr, hl ulo sbtuoabñl fuy eh`baoeo. Snr h``n Mhfphr prhdbrbñ, pnr `n fhlns hl `o prbfhro rhulbñl, hvbtor prnpnlhr ulo sn`uabñl eh sus joahrsh ulo ybeho Eh hsh fnen, foltuvnolths tneos npabnlhs arhñfïsul anfp`hto ofibhlth eh` eh prni`hfo. iuhlo dh poro anlvhlahr o `ns `bfpboenrhs eh aoiblo poro quh oahptorol, pnr `n prnltn, ul prnahsn y ln ul rhsu`toen... O` ln tnfor lblgulo fhebeo eh blfhebotn, eoio tbhfpn poro quh hvn`uabnloro `o rh`oabñl hltrh `ns `bfpboenrhs eh aoiblos y su suphrvbsnr. Ln sh hstoi`habhrnl luhvos rhg`os eh anleuato. Uofpnan sh arhornl ntrns prnahebfbhltns poro goroltbzor `o bguo`eoe roabo`, puhs tneovæo ln sh soiæo sb h` prni`hfo sh ehiæo o ul potrñl bebnsblarïsban, o ulo sbtuoabñl posokhro n o ul potrñl phrsbsthlth eh anfpnrtofbhltn pnr porth eh` suphrvbsnr. Bla`usn aoiæo `o pnsbib`beoe eh quh sh trotoro eh ul osultn rh`oabnloen anl `ns sbsthfos quh rhqubrbhsh ulo fnebdbaoabñl eh tnen h` sbsthfo. H` jhajn eh quh Mhfphr juibhro `ngroen quh `ns `bfpboenrhs eh aoiblos "hsphroshl ul pnan" eoio tbhfpn poro quh hstos pnsbib`beoehs sh oa`oroshl, poro vhr sb sh ``hgoio hspnltïlhofhlth o ul orrhg`n n sb sh rhquhræo `o blthrvhlabñl y, eh shr osæ, hl quâ ehihræo anlsbstbr.

abñl, phrn `os supnsbabnlhs hl quh sh ioso puhehl o`hkorsh toltn eh `o rho`b eoe eh `o sn`uabñl quh aorhah eh vo`nr prïatban. Qbl hfiorgn, joy naosbnlhs hl quh `o prblabpo` vhltoko eh ulo ehabsbñl auoltbtotbvo hstï hl h` olï`bsbs quh hxbgh olths eh pnlehror `os o`thrlotbvos y tnfor ulo ehabsbñl. Behltbdbaor `ns anstns, vbsuo`bzor `ns pnsbi`hs rhsu`toens, hs tbfor `os prnioib`beoehs snl oatbvbeoehs quh odblol h` prnahsn eh h`haabñl. @o ehdblbabñl dblo` eh `os npabnlhs fhebolth uln eh hsns fâtnens o`gulos vhahs ln joah fïs quh anldbrfor `n quh h` ghrhlth joiæo vhlben snsphajol en fbhltros trotoio eh anlshgubr `o bldnrfoabñl quh rhquhræo h` blstrufhl tn eh ehabsbñl. O`gulos vhahs sh ``hvo o aoin h` olï`bsbs auoltbtotbvn, phrn `os sn`uabnlhs ln sh pnlhl hl prïatbao. Xlo hlauhsto eh grupns eh stodd o lbvh` anrpnrotbvn quh portbabpol hl fâtnens eh `o "abhlabo oefblbstrotbvo" n hl prnyhatns eh fâtnens auoltbtotbvns rhvh`o quh ophlos 43% eh sus prnyhatns hrol rho`bzo ens hl su foynr porth n hl su tnto`beoe.   Xlo hxp`baoabñl anfûl eh` jhajn eh quh ln sh bfp`olthl `os sn`uabnlhs hs `o ebdhrhlabo hl `os nrbhltoabnlhs fhlto`hs y hfnabnlo`hs eh `ns ghrhlths y `ns   hxphrtns hl oefblbstroabñl  n hsphabo`bstos eh` phrsnlo` eh opnyn hl fâtnens auoltbtotbvns.   @ns jïibtns sbsthfïtbans y olo`ætbans quh aoroathrbzol o fuajns abhltædbans eh `o oefb lbstroabñl snl fuy ebstbltns o `ns hstb`ns bltubtbvns y rïpbens eh fuajns gh rhlths hl su ghstbñl eborbo. H` fhebn anfûlfhlth rhanfhleoen poro ahrror hsto irhajo hs quh `ns ghrhlths portbabphl hl prngrofos eh `o abhlabo oefb lbstrotbvo y, hl rho`beoe, shol `ns rhspnlsoi`hs eh jhajn y quh `ns abhltædbans 95

98

 

UN FO EH EH ABQ BN LHQ

9 8? 8?

eh `o oefblbstroabñl phrbñebaofhlth pruhihl sus behos snfhtbâlen`os o `o nrbhltoabñl prïatbao eh `ns ghrhlths. Hl hshlabo, sh rhanfbhleo quh troiokhl  ku  k u l t n s eh pr ba bp bn o dbl hl `ns pr ny ha tn s n qu h pr hv ho l `o pr ni o i` h rh eu aa bñ l eh su rho`bzoabñl. 94

YHQXFHL @ns prni`hfos ln rhsuh`tns y `os pnsbib`beoehs ln anfprhlebeos aoio`fhlth bfpu`sol o `ns ghrhlths o tnfor ehabsbnlhs. Hl h` prnahsn eh oenptor`os, h` ghrhlth beho` y roabnlo` ehdblh fhtñebaofhlth h` prni`hfo, rhûlh tnens `ns jhajns, dnrfu`o o`thrlotbvos, `os pnlehro y sh`haabnlo ulo. Shrn, hl rho`b eoe, `ns ghrhlths nphrol hl ul pultn fhebn hltrh h` shr phrdhatofhlth ro abnlo`, quh sh ioso hxa`usbvofhlth hl `ns jhajns, y ul O`drhe H. Lhufol, qubhl lb sbqubhro sh phraoto eh` prni`hfo. Ln nistolth, h` prnahsn eh `o tnfo eh ehabsbnlhs puheh fhknrorsh fh ebolth ulo ehdblbabñl oatbvo y arhotbvo o` dnrfu`or h` prni`hfo, iosïlensh poro h``n hl h` phlsofbhltn eh` sbsthfo. @ns blthltns eh nithlhr `ns jhajns fïs bfpnrtolths, eh ofp`bor `o gofo eh npabnlhs y eh anfporor`os anl `ns arbthrbns eh anltrbiuabñl o `o nithlabñl eh nikhtbvns, o `o hanlnfæo y `o doab `beoe eh bfp`oltoabñl snl fhebns quh oyueol o ``hgor o ulo ehabsbñl fïs sotbsdoatnrbo. H` ghrhlth quh oenpto ehabsbnlhs beho`hs hs ul prnahsoenr vbgb`olth (aubeoensn) eh `o bldnrfoabñl, phrn o fhluen hso anlebabñl ln sh aufp`h hl `o rho`beoe o aouso eh ulo hsphabh eh o`hkofbhltn psæquban eh` anld`batn eh hstrâs arhoen pnr `o ehabsbñl. H` rhsu`toen eh h``n hs ehabebr sbl hxofblor othltofhlth `o bldnrfoabñl. Xlo h`haabñl duleofhlto` eh prnahsn n eh prnahebfbhltn quh odrnltol `ns ghrhlths anlsbsth hl hsanghr o `o phrsnlo quh ehabebrï. @o h`haabñl hltrh `ns fâtnens outnarïtbans, anlsu`totbvns n eh grupn (an`hatbvns) puheh nrbhltorsh o` vo`nror `o bfpnrtolabo eh anlsbehroabnlhs anfn `o lhahsbeoe eh ulo ehabsbñl eh o`to ao`beoe, `o bfpnrtolabo `ns suinrebloens oahpthl `o ehabsbñl y h` tbhfpn quh toreh h` prnahsn eh eh quh `o ehabsbñl.

SYHGXLUOQ SOYO YHSOQN R EBQAXQBÑL ?. ¾Auï`hs snl `os ens dnrfos hl quh `ns ghrhlths sh phraotol eh `ns prni`hfos quh rhqubhrhl ulo ehab sbñl> 9. ¾_uâ sh hltbhleh pnr "so`br eh` posn" y pnr sotbs doaabñl sudbabhlth> 1. ¾Auï`hs snl `ns auot rn posns eh` prnahs n eh ehabsbñl sbfp`bdbaoen hxpuhstn hl h` aopætu`n> 5. ¾Auï` hs ulo ehib`b eoe anfûl hl `o hto po eh ehdblbabñl eh` eh` prni`h fo o `n `orgn eh` prnahsn eh ehabsbñl>

989

OEFBLBQUYOABÑL

 

?3.

?? ?9. ?1.

?5. ?8.

?4. ?7.

`æ ?2. 93. 9?.

99. 91.

¾Añfn puhehl `ns ghrhlths fhknror sus hsduhrzns hl `o ehdblbabñl eh ul prni`hfo> ¾Auï`hs snl o`gulos eh `os auhstbnlhs rhdhrhlths o `o "nithlabñl eh `ns jhajns" y quâ puhehl joahr `ns ghrhlths o` rhsphatn> ¾Snr quâ `ns ghrhlths o fhluen dnrfu`ol ul sn`n aursn eh oaabñl n ulns auoltns> ¾_uâ sh hltbhleh pnr o`thrlotbvo eh prnahsn> ¾R pnr o`thrlotbvo sustol tbvo (duleofhlto`)> ¾Auï`hs snl o`gulns eh `ns posns hl h` fâtnen eh Mhplhr y Urhgnh poro pnlehror `os o`thrlotbvos y h`hgbr hltrh h``os> ¾Auo`hs snl o`gulos eh `os anleuatos quh hkhfp`bdbaol ul prnahsn eh ehabsbñl eh o`to ao`beoe n prnahsofbhltn eh bldnrfoabñl vbgb`olth (aubeoenso)> ¾Auï`hs snl `os auotrn prhgultos hl h` fneh`n eh `o tnfo eh ehabsbnlhs prnpuhstn pnr Kolbs y Foll y iosoen hl `o thnrbo eh` anld`batn> ¾Auï`hs snl o`gulos eh `os aousos eh ehsvboabnlhs hl h` prnahsofbhltn vbgb`olth eh bldnrfoabñl> ¾Auï`hs snl `os trhs o`thrlotbvos iïsbaos prnpuhstos pnr Trnnf y Rhttnl poro h` prni`hfo eh hsanghr o` quh ehabeh> ¾Auï`hs snl `ns arbthrbns rhanfhleoens poro nrbhltor `o h`haabñl hltrh `os trhs o`thrlotbvos beâltbaos hl su rhspuhsto o `o prhgulto olthrbnr> Qhgûl Trnnf, ¾auï`hs snl o`gulns eh `ns hdhatns quh `o portbabpoabñl hl `o tnfo eh ehabsbnlhs tbhlh hl `ns trhs arbthrbns anlthlbens hl su rhs puhsto o `o prhgulto olthrbnr> ¾_uâ naurrh hl h` prnahsn kopnlâs eh ehabsbñl ``ofoen   rblgb> ¾_uâ ntrn arbthrbn o`thrlotbvn pneræo sustbtubr o` eh` tbhfpn o` hsanghr hltrh anlkultn oahptoi`h eh prnahsns eh ehabsbñl quh sh joyo nithlb en o` ul op`baor h` fneh`n eh ehabsbñl eh Trnnf Rhttnl> ¾Añfn sh anlstruyh ulo fotrbz eh rhsu`toens> ¾_uâ snl `os hstrothgbos, hstoens eh `o loturo`hzo, vo`nrhs anlebabnlo`hs y vo`nrhs hsphroens> ¾_uâ hs ul ïrin` eh ehabsbñl> ¾Añfn sh ehthrfblo fhebolth ul olï`bsbs eh ehabsbñl eh blvhltorbn h` tofoÿn fïs hanlñfban eh `nth> ¾_uâ hs `o prngrofoabñl `blho`> ¾_uâ hs `o thnræo eh an`os (db`os eh hsphro)>

AOQN

Ebsfbluabñl eh `o prneuatbvbeoe •

Qupnlgo quh hs h` ghrhlth eh prneuaabñl hl ulo grol p`olto eh hqubpn h`hatrñlban. @o ebrhaabñl eh `o anfpoÿæo blsto`ñ joah pnan fïqublos luhvos h bltrneukn ul luhvn sbsthfo eh troiokn sbfp`bdbaoen= phrn olth

?

 

UNF O EH EHA BQ BNL HQ

981

`o snrprhso eh tnens, hltrh h``ns usthe fbsfn, ln sh anlsbgubñ h` hsphro en blarhfhltn eh `o prneuatbvbeoe. Eh jhajn, `o prneuaabñl jo anfhl zoen o ebsfblubr, `o ao`beoe jo ehaoæen y jo arhaben h` lûfhrn eh hfp`ho ens quh oiolenlol `o anfpoÿæo. Xsthe ln arhh quh joyo do``os hl `os fïqublos. Jo rhabiben bldnrfhs eh ntros anfpoÿæos y anldbrfo hso npblbñl. Jo jhajn quh `ns rhprhshl tolths eh `o hfprhso quh anlstruyñ `os fïqublos `os rhvbshl y ebahl quh dulabnlol o su fïxbfo aopoabeoe. Qnsphajo hltnlahs quh o`gulos porths eh` luhvn sbsthfo eh troiokn puhehl shr `o aouso eh` aofibn, phrn hsto npblbñl ln `o anfporthl sus suinrebloens blfhebotns, quh snl auotrn suphrvbsnrhs eh prbfhro `ælho, aoeo uln hlaorgoen eh ulo shaabñl, lb pnr su ghrhlth eh oiosthabfbhltn. @o ebsfbluabñl eh `o prneuaabñl jo sben otrbiuben o vorbos aousos; do`to eh ul oehauoen sbsthfos eh blahltbvns dblolabhrns, ioko fnro` eh` phrsn lo`, aopoabtoabñl ehdbabhlth eh `ns nphroenrhs. Snr supuhstn, sh troto eh ulo auhstbñl quh odhato prnduleofhlth o `ns hfp`hoens y quh prnvnao ehsoauhren hltrh sus suinrebloens. foÿolo eh rhabibñ ulo`ns``ofoeo th`hdñlbao eh su eh ebvb sbñl.Hsto H` oaoioio rhabibr eotns eh prneuaabñl eh ghrhlth `ns û`tbfns shbs fhsh s y `h ``ofo poro hxprhsor `h su prh nau poa bñl . Ebah quh o usthe `h anfphth rhsn`vhr h` prni`hfo hl `o dnrfo hl quh fhknr `n anlsbehrh, ph rn quh `h gustoræo anlnahr hl ulo shfolo quâ fhebeos p`olho tnfor. Xsthe anfporth `o prhnaupoabñl eh su ghrhlth eh ebvbsbñl olth `o ebsfbluabñl eh `o prneuatbvbeoe y soih quh sus suinrebloens tofibâl hstïl prhnaupoens. H` prni`hfo roebao hl ehabebr quâ fhebeos tnfor po ro fhknror `os ansos. 97

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Srhgultos; ?. ¾Auï`hs snl sus rhspuhstos o `os prhgultos O-G hl h` fneh`n eh ehab sbñl eh Trnnf-Rhttnl eh `o dbguro 4-1> 9. ¾_uâ tbpn eh prni`hfo (vâosh `o dbguro 4-5) hs âsth> 1. Qb op`bao h` arbthrbn eh rheuabr o` fælbfn `os jnros eh troiokn poro tn for ulo ehabsbñl, ¾quâ fâtnen oahptoi`h hsanghrï>

OAUBTBEOEHQ R HKHYABABNQ SOYO BLEBTBEXNQ R GYXSNQ ?. Yhauhreh y ehsarbio ulo sbtuoabñl eh su hxphrbhlabo phrsnlo` hl quh `h joyol prhshltoen ulo npabñl hltrh ens o`thrlotbvos. (Hltrh `ns hkhfp`ns puheh joihr anld`batns hl `o prngrofoabñl eh `o hsauh`o y h` troiokn, `ns p`olhs eh aorrhro y h` hstb`n eh vbeo prhdhrben, `ns prblabpbns y `os thlto-

 

985

OEFBLBQUYOABÑL

2

abnlhs). Oinreh h` prni`hfo ntro vhz. Hl hsto naosbñl, hl vhz eh oahptor `o ehdblbabñl nrbgblo`, prnaurh rhehdblbr h` prni`hfo. Ehsarbio su prnpbo ehdblbabñl, hlufhrh `n quh o su kubabn snl `ns jhajns ehabsbvns y ehsarbio h` foynr lûfhrn pnsbi`h eh sn`uabnlhs o`thrlotbvos. Hvo`ûh`os shgûl `o hdbaoabo anl quh anltrbiuyol o `ns nikhtbvns oprnpboens, su hanlnfæo y `o doab`beoe eh su rho`bzoabñl. Ehsarbio su h`haabñl y anfpïrh`o anl `o quh nrbgblo`fhlth joiæo jhajn, blebaolen `os vhltokos y ehsvhltokos quh ehsauirbñ hl `ns sbgubhlths posns shÿo`oens oquæ. 9. Iosïlensh hl su hxphrbhlabo phrsnlo`, eâ hkhfp`ns eh `os htopos eh` fn eh`n eh `o tnfo eh ehabsbnlhs shgûl `o thnræo eh` anld`batn quh jhfns ehsarbtn hl hsth aopætu`n y fnstroen hl `o dbguro 4-9. 1. Srhporh ulo fotrbz eh rhsu`toens n ul ïrin` eh ehabsbñl poro auo`qubhr ehabsbñl quh odrnlto y hl `o auo` puheo behltbdbaor `os hstrothgbos o`thrlo tbvos y `ns hstoens eh `o loturo`hzo, y tofibâl puheo hstbfor fhebolth anlkhturos `os aoltbeoehs lhahsorbos poro joahr `ns aï`au`ns. 5. @ho y sblthtbah `ns sbgubhlths ortæau`ns; o. "En Fhrgh rs Yho``y Wnr m>, "  Iusblhss Whhm,  Kulh 1,?2:8, pp. ::25, 24, 2:, ?33. i . Jhrihrt Q. Mble`hr, "Ehabsbnls, Ehabsbnls; Wjbaj Opprnoaj tn U o m h > , "  Shrsnllh`,  Koluory ?2:8, pp. 57-8?. a. Hewore H. @ow`hr BBB ole Qusol O. Fnjrfol, "_uo`bty Abra`hs odthr tjh Doe,"  Jorvore Iusblhss Yhvbhw,  vn`. 41, ln. ?, KoluoryDhiruory ?2:8, pp. 45-7?. e. Kugns`ov Q. Fb`utblnvbaj, "Iusblhss Doats dnr Ehabsbñl Fomhrs;   Iusblhss Jnrbznls,

Wjhrh?2:8, tn Dble Ujhf,"   vn`. 9:, ln. 9, ForajOprb` pp. 41-:3. h. Sht hr Y. Ybajore snl, "Anur tblg Grhothr Hfp`ny hh Blvn`vhfh lt tjrnugj Sortbabpotbvh Fologhfhlt,"  Q`nol Fologhfhlt Yhvbhw, vn`. 94, ln. 9, Wblthr ?2:8, pp. 11-55.

LNUOQ UEovbe Drnst y Fbajoh` Ehombl,  EovbeDrnst's Innm ndtjh Wnr`e's WnrstEh absbñl  (Lhvo Rnrm; Arnwl Sui`bsjhrs, Bla., ?2:1), pp. 43-4?. Biæe., pp. 9?-99. Biæe., pp. ?34-?37. Biæe., pp. 72-:3 Ajor`hs H. @blei`nf, "Ujh Qabhlah nd Fuee`blg Ujrnugj",  Sui`ba Oefblbstro tbn l Yhvbhw,  vn`. ?2, ?282, pp. 7:-::. \Thosh o Jhrihrt O. Qbfñl,   Oefblbstrotbvh Ihjovbnr,  1o. he. (Luhvo (Luhvo Rnrm; Foafð`ol, Bla., ?274), pp. 1:-5?, :3-:1, 953-955. 9

1 5 4

r=

7 

Tâosh, pnr hkhfp`n, o Ybajore U. Sosañ`h y Oltjnly G.Otjns, Ujh Ort ndKopo lhsh Fologhfhlt  (Luhvo Rnrm; Qbfñl ole Qajusthr, ?2:?), pp. ?23-?21. sTâosh, pnr hkhfp`n, o Wb``bof Ajbajb,   Ujhnry [  (Yhoeblg, Foss.; Oeebsnl-

Whs`hy Sui`bsjblg Anfpoly, ?2:?), pp. ?:-93.

 

U N F O E H E H A B Q B N L H Q 

988

 2

Tâosh, pnr hkhfp`n, o Fbajoh` I. FaAosmhy, Ujh Hxhautbvh Ajo``hl Ajo``hlgh; gh; Fo logblg Ajolgh ole Ofibgubty Ofibgubty   (Forsjdbh`e, Foss.; Sbtfol Sui`bsjblg, Bla., ?2:9).

?3

Xl hkhfp`n blthrhsolth eh anfn o`gulns grupns fblnrbtorbns prhsbnlol o `ns oefblbstroenrhs `nao`hs eh prngrofos anltro `o pnirhzo sh eo hl Unf Wn`dh,  dh,  Yoebao` Ajba ole Fou-Foublg tjh D`om Aotajhrs  Aotajhrs  (Luhvo Rnrm; Ioltof Innms, ?273), pp. ??7-?:5. Ynihrt A. Dhrihr, "Ujh Yn`h nd tjh Quianlsabnus bl Hxhautbvh Ehabsbñl Fomblg,   "Fologhfhlt Qabhlah,  mblg, Qabhlah,  oirb` eh ?247, pp. I-8?2-I-894. A. J. Mhplhr y I. I. Urhgnh,  Urhgnh,  Ujh Yotbnlo` Fologhr  Fologhr   (Luhvo Rnrm; FaGrowJð` Innm Anfpoly, ?248). Brvblg @. Kolbs y @hñl Foll,  Foll,  Ehabsbñl Fomblg; O Ssyajn`ngbao` Olo`ysbs nd Anld`bat, Ajnbah ole Anffbtfhlt  Anffbtfhlt  (Luhvo Rnrm; Ujh Drhh Srhss , ?277), p. ??. Biæe. Biæe., pp. ?4-99. Biæe., p. ?7, quh abto o O. Ghnrgh, "Oeoptotbnl tn Qtrhss bl Sn`btbao` Ehabsbñl Fomblg; Ujh Blebvbeuo`, Qfo`` Grnup, ole Nrgolbzotbnlo` Anlthxts ", hl G. T. Anh`jn, E. O. Jofiurg, ole K. H. Oeofs (hes.),  (hes.),  Anpblg ole Oeoptotbnl,

l

?9

?1

?5

?8

?4

?7

?:

?2

(Luhvo Rnrm; Iosba Innms, Bla., ?275), p. ?:7, quh o su vhz abto o Y. D. Dhlln,   Ujh Srhsbehlt's Goiblht  Dhlln, Goiblht  (Aofirbegh, Foss.; Jorvore Xlbvhrsbty Srhss, ?282). Murt @hwbl,  @hwbl,  Eylofba Ujhnry nd Shrsnlo`bty Shrsnlo`bty   (Luhvo Rnrm; FaGrow-Jb`` Innm Anfpoly, ?218), abtoen pnr Kolbs y Foll, p. ?:. Tâosh, pnr hkhfp`n, o Tbatnr Trnnf y Sjb``bp Rhttnl,   @hoehrsjbp ole Ehab  sbñl Fomblg (Sbttsiurgj, Fomblg (Sbttsiurgj, So.; Xlbvhrsbty nd Sbttsiurgj Srhss, ?271)= Tbatnr Trnnf "O Lhw @nnm ot Fologhrbo` Ehabsbñl Fomblg",   Nrgolbzotbnlo` Ey  prbfovhro eh ?271, pp. ?-?8= Tbatnr Trnnf, "Aol @hoehrs @horl tn  lofbas, prbfovhro  lofbas, @hoe>"   Nrgolbzotbnlo` Eblofbas,  @hoe>" Eblofbas,  vn`. 5, lûf 1, ?274, pp. ?7-9:= Tbatnr Trnnf y Ortjur Kogn, "Nl tjh To`bebty nd tjh Trnnf-Rhttnl Fneh`",  Knur  lo` nd Opp`bhe Ssyajn`ngy, vn`. 41, 41,   ?27:, pp. ?8?-?49= Ortjur Kogn y Tbatnr Trnnf, "Ol Hvo`uotbnl nd Uwn O`thrlotbvhs tn tjh Trnnf-Rhttnl Lnrfotbvh Fneh`",  Fneh`",  Oaoehfy nd Fologhfhlt Knurlo`, Knurlo`,   vn`. 91, ?2:3, pp. 157-188. Tâosh o Tbatnr J. Trnnf, "Bleustrbo` Qnabo` Ssyajn`ngy", hl G. @blzhy ole H. Ornlsnl (hes.)  (hes.)  Joleinnm nd Qnabo` Ssyajn`ngy, Ssyajn`ngy,   vn`. 8 (Yhoeblg, Foss.;

Oeebsnl-Whs`hy Sui`bsjblg Anfpoly, ?242), pp. ?24-94:. Tâosh, pnr hkhfp`n, o Wb``bof Nuajb,  Nuajb,   Ujhnry [; Jnw Ofhrbaol Iusblhs Aol  Fhht tjh Kopïÿhsh Ajo``hlqh Ajo``hlqh   (Yhoeblg, Foss.; Oeebsnl-Whs`hy Sui`bsjblg Anfpoly, ?2:?), pp. 59-58= F. R. Rnsjbln,  Rnsjbln,   Koporæs Fologhrbo` Qysthlv Uroebtbnl ole Bllnvotbnl  Bllnvotbnl  (Aofirbegh, Foss.; FBU Srhss, ?24:), aopætu`n 2. Trnnf. "O Lhw @nnm", pp. 7-:. Tâosh, pnr hkhfp`n, o Y. J. Ghnrgh Dbh`e, "O Arbtbquh nd tjh Trnnf-Rhttnl Anltblghlay Fneh` nd @hoehrsjbp Ihjovbnr",  Ihjovbnr",  Oaoehfy nd Fologhfhlt  Yhvbhw,   oirb` eh ?272, pp. 952-987.  Yhvbhw, 3tros duhlths, Ybajore B. @hvbl y A. O. Mbrpotrbam, _uoltbtotbvh Op prnoajhs tn Fologhfhlt, Fologhfhlt,   1o. he. (Luhvo Rnrm; FaGrow-Jb`` Innm Anf poly, ?278)= Jorvhy W. Woglhr,  Woglhr,  Srblabpbhs nd Nphrotbnls Yhshoraj (Hlg`hwnne A`b`dds, L. K.; Srhltbah Jo``, Blanrpnrothe, ?242). Hdrobf Uuriol, "O Qofp`h Qurvhy nd Nphrotbnls Yhshoraj ot tjh Anrpnroth @hvh`",   Nphrotbnls Yhshoraj,  @hvh`", Yhshoraj,  foyn-kulbn eh ?279, pp. 73:-79?.

93

9?

99

 91

95