Administracion-de-empresas-agropecuarias

July 8, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A

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O@AKEK]PZO MKÝE DGEGZO DGEGZOH H O @AKEK]PZOMKÝE @G GAVZG]O] ODZLVGMWO O DZLVGMWOZKO ZKO] ] @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko ?¾ G`kmkýe :6?4 HKJ ZL @KDKPOH HKJZL @KDKPOH KEPG KEPGZOMPKYL ZOMPKYL MLE YK@GL] [ HKEC] OWPLZ G@KPLZ KE@GVGE@K KE@GVGE@KGEPG GEPG

ZGVÞJHKMO OZDGEPKEO

Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla

MOPOHLDOMKÝE Vgÿo Iorkeommko, Nleotoe O`rkïe Oàkekstromkýe Dgegroh `g Gaprgsos Odrlpgmuorkos / Nleotoe O`rkïe Vgÿo Iorkeommko. - ?o g`. - Jgmmor> Jgmm or> gh outlr, :6?4. Hkjrl `kdktoh, V@I Ormbkvl @kdktoh> `gsmordo y lehkeg K]JE ;42-;24-0:-772;-? ?. Omtkvkò` Odrlpgmuorko. :. Oàkekstromkýe. =. Lrdoekzomkýe. K. Pátuhl. M@@ ==2.?

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla

@otls @otls `gh Outlr Out lr @r. NLEOPOE O@ZKOE O @ZKOE VG VGßO ßO IOZKEOMMKO Eomký ge ]oe Ksk`rl, prlvkemko `g Jugels Okrgs, Zgpþjhkmo Ordgetkeo, ge gh oÿl ?;29. Mursý sus gstu`kls sgmueòrkls ge ho moso sohgskoeo Kestktutl @r. Nuoe ]gdue`l Igreïe`gz, ljro `g @le Jlsml, ge ho aksao hlmohkò`. Hugdl kedrgsý oh Mlhgdkl Akhktor `g ho Eomkýe `le`g mlagezý ho morrgro `g Likmkoh `gh Gnërmktl Ordgetkel ge ho gspgmkohkò` `g Orsgeohgs. Lptý plr ho jono vlhuetorko `g `kmbo kestktumkýe poro hugdl kedrgsor o ho Wekvgrskò` `g Jghdroel, `le`g ljtuvl gh dro`l `g mleto`l mleto`lrr pþjhkml pþjhkml ge ge ho Iomuhto` `g Mkgemkos Gmleýakmos y gh dro`l `g hkmgemko`l ge Oàkekstromkýe y Dgstkýe `g Odrl Od rl egd egdlm lmkl kl s ge ho Iomuhto` `g Mkgemkos Odrorkos `g ho aksao moso `g gstu`kls. Bo sk`l `kstkeduk`l ge oajos morrgros ge = lmosklegs, mlal gstu`koetg mle agnlrgs optktu`gs omo`ëakmos y agnlro mlapoÿgrl, vlto`l plr sus porgs. @gsgapgÿo `kvgrsls mordls `lmgetgs ge mïtg`ros `g Oàkekstromkýe, Lrdoekzomkýe `g Gaprgsos, Gstrotgdko y Mlapgtktkvkò` `g ]kstgaos Odrlohkagetorkls ge ho Wekvgrskò` `g Jghdroel, Wekvgrskò` `g Jugels Okrgs, Wekvgrskò` Motýhkmo `g ]oetkodl `gh Gstgrl, getrg ltros. Poajkëe bo sk`l tutlr y nuro`l `g `kvgrsos tgsks `g dro`l. O ekvgh kestktumkleoh, sg `gsgapgÿo mlal ]gmrgtorkl Omo`ëakml `g ho Iomuhto` `g Mkgemkos Odrorkos `g ho Wekvgrskò` `g Jghdroel ?. @gsorrlhhý gh phoe `g gstu`kls `g ho Hkmgemkoturo ge Dgstkýe `g Odrlgaprgsos `g ho Iomuhto` `g Gstu`kls o @kstoemko y Gùmomkýe Ykrtuoh `g ho Wekvgrskò` `g Jghdroel y sg `gsgapgÿo mlal mllr`keo`lr y rgigrgetg `g `kmbo morrgro. Poajkëe sg `gsgapgÿo mlal muo`rl tëmekml `gh Kestktutl `g Vrlalmkýe `g ho Mlapgtktkvkò` `g ho Iueòmkýe Odrlegdlmkls y Ohkagetls :. ]g `gsgapgÿý mlal mllr`keo`lr `g hls `gportoagetls `g Vlhátkmo Iksmoh y Prkjutorko Prkjutorko y ]ustgetojkhkò` y Vlhátkmo Oajkgetoh `g Oajkgetoh `g ho Mllr`keo`lro `g Keùstrkos `g Vrlùmtls Ohkagetkmkls = (MLVOH). Iue`ý OMV Egdlmkls Kealjkhkorkls 0 ge gh :66; y omtuohagetg sg `gsgapgÿo mlal dgrgetg oàkekstrotkvl `g `kmbo ikrao. Poajkëe gs tktuhor `g VGßO IOZKEOMMKO ]grvkmkls Vrligskleohgs 7, gstu`kl mletojhg y mlesuhtlro ge ilrauhomkýe `g prlygmtls, phoekikmomkýe gstrotëdkmo y odrlegdlmkls ge ho hlmohkò` `g Jgmmor, portk`l `g ]oe Ksk`rl. Mlal mlesuhtlr bo rgohkzo`l euagrlsls trojonls mle `kigrgetgs gaprgsos y lrdoeksals `gh dljkgrel ordgetkel o ekvgh eomkleoh, prlvkemkoh y auekmkpoh3 getrg ghhls, ho mllr`keomkýe `g Vhoegs Gstrotëdkmls y Vhoegs `g Agnlro Mlapgtktkvo `g `kigrgetgs mhþstgrs y mo`geos `g vohlr ge hos Vrlvkemkos `g Jugels Okrgs, Aksklegs, ]oe Nuoe, ]ohto y Mýr`ljo. ]g bo `gsgapgÿo`l mlal mlesuhtlr `g `kigrgetgs prldroaos `gh Akekstgrkl `g Vrlùmmkýe `g

ho Eomkýe, Akekstgrkl `g Bomkgeò y Ikeoezos `g ho Eomkýe, Akekstgrkl `g Odrlkeùstrko `g ho Eomkýe, VZL]OV y gh Mlesgnl Ig`groh `g Kevgrsklegs. O ekvgh hlmoh, bo rgohkzo`l mlesuhtlráos ge gh Auekmkpkl `g Poe`kh y gh Auekmkpkl `g Aormls Nuïrgz, getrg ltrls.

]gdukag ge ge  Iomgjllc www.uj.gù.or   www.odrlegdlmkls.lrd.or   = www.mlpoh.lrd.or   0 www.ompegdkealjkhkorkls.mla.or www.ompegdkealjkhkorkls.mla.or    7 www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr.   www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla

Odro` Od ro` gmk ak get getl l O ak ioakhko, oakdls y o ak qugrkò Wekvgrskò` `g Jghdroel, moso qug ag ojrký hos pugrtos oh aue`l y ag oyu`ý o sgr moò `áo agnlr prligskleoh, mle vohlrgs ëtkmls y hgohgs o ho h o vlmomkýe `g gesgÿor.

0

Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla

Vrýhldl ¼Vlr ¼V lr qu quë ë Oàke Oàkekstr kstromkýe omkýe Dg Dgegro egrohh `g Gaprgsos Odrl Odrlpgmuo pgmuorkos< rkos< Ho oàkekstromkýe tkgeg mlal prkemkpoh ljngtl `g gstu`kl o hos lrdoekzomklegs, muohqukgro sgo su tkpl> pþjhkmo, prkvoò, mle l ske ïekal `g humrl, mkvkh, akhktor, gtm. Vrljojhgagetg, muohqukgr pgrsleo qug bojktg gstg phoegto ketgdrg ueo lrdoekzomkýe, ilraoh l keilraohagetg, yo qug hls sgrgs buaoels slals sgrgs slmkohgs y ho ilrao `g mlevkvgemko tkgeg qug vgr mle mýal oraoals gstrumturos lrdoekzomkleohgs. Gh sgmtlr odrlpgmuorkl el gsmopo `g gstos oikraomklegs, skge`l egmgsorko ho ilraomkýe `g prligskleohgs qug hk`grge `kmbl sgmtlr toetl `gh ïajktl prkvo`l, mlal `gh pþjhkml l kestktumkleoh. Gxkstge eþagrls prldroaos `g gstu`kls uekvgrsktorkls ge ho rgdkýe, ohduels `g hls muohgs ilraoe prligskleohgs mle bojkhkò`gs tëmekmos gspgmáikmos `g moò ueo `g hos roaos prlùmtkvos `gh odrl. Getrg ghhos pl`gals `gstomor, ho odrkmuhturo, ho blrtkmuhturo, ho doeo`gráo ge tlòs sus `kagesklegs, ho vktkvkekmuhturo, ho mktrkmuhturo, ho pksmkmuhturo, ho skhvkmuhturo, gtm. Aumbls `g gstls prldroaos prgporoe o hls prligskleohgs poro `gsgapgÿorsg ge gh tgrrgel prlùmtkvl mle ue ohtl mletgek`l `g mlelmkakgetl tëmekml, pgrl gemugetroe sgrkos `kikmuhto`gs o ho blro `g ophkmor hls aksals, l mrgor l kesgrtorsg `getrl `g ueo gstrumturo lrdoekzomkleoh `le`g tkgege qug ketgromtuor mle ltros pgrsleos mle ilraomkýe `kigrgetg o ho tëmekmo. Ge rgspugsto o gstl, hos uekvgrskò`gs ge hos þhtkaos `ëmoòs boe mrgo`l prldroaos `g gstu`kl mle ho ketgemkýe `g ilraor dgrgetgs `g gaprgsos mle ueo vkskýe aïs oaphko qug ho tëmekml prlùmtkvo, kemhuyge`l gh mlelmkakgetl `g hos mkgemkos gmleýakmos, ho oàkekstromkýe, hos ikeoezos, ho `krgmmkýe `g pgrsleos, ho mlagrmkohkzomkýe, hos mkgemkos slmkohgs, ho mletojkhkò`, gh `grgmbl, getrg ltros, yo qug hls dgrgetgs `áo o `áo tkgeg qug ketgromtuor mle joemls, gstu`kls mletojhgs, gstu`kls nurá`kmls, mlrrg`lrgs `g mlagrmkl, lrdoeksals `g dljkgrel, mhkgetgs, prlvgg`lrgs, gtm., el skge`l suikmkgetg gh mlelmkakgetl `g hos

mugstklegs odrleýakmos l vgtgrkeorkos, slhoagetg. Ësto ljro jusmo dgegror ueo bgrroakgeto `gh mlelmkakgetl poro qug hls iuturls prligskleohgs `g ho dgstkýe odrlpgmuorko pugòe ketgrklrkzorsg ge gh aue`l `g ho oàkekstromkýe mle ueo ýptkmo dgegrohksto `g hos lrdoekzomklegs. Mlaprge`gr hls mlemgptls jïskmls `g ho tglráo dgegroh `g ho oàkekstromkýe y vkemuhorhls mle hos portkmuhorkò`gs `g hos gaprgsos odrlpgmuorkos. Gstl gs egmgsorkl, oetgs `g ovoezor ge gh gstu`kl gspgmáikml `g hos moromtgrástkmos prlùmtkvos `g `kmbos gaprgsos. Ge ltros pohojros, gsto ljro gs k`goh poro oqughhls ketgrgso`ls ge ketrlùmkrsg ge gh gstu`kl `g ho oàkekstromkýe odrlpgmuorko, sgoe gstu`koetgs `g oàkekstromkýe l prligskleohgs tëmekmls droùo`ls. Gstg hkjrl gstï `krkdk`l o> gstu`koetgs `g morrgros `g dro`l y prgdro`l ge oàkekstromkýe, prlùmmkýe y/l dgstkýe `g gaprgsos odrlpgmuorkos, mlal osá toajkëe prligskleohgs tëmekmls droùo`ls qug `gsgge ilraorsg mlal osgslrgs `g gaprgsos odrlpgmuorkos, mlal sgr kedgekgrls odrýelals, zlltgmekstos, aë`kmls vgtgrkeorkls, kedgekgrls ge prlùmmkýe odrlpgmuorko, mleto`lrgs, gmlelakstos, y `gaïs ketgrgso`ls y oposkleo`ls ge gh aue`l `g hos gaprgsos y egdlmkls odrlpgmuorkls. @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorke Iorke ommko Mleto`lr Vþjhkml Eomkleoh Hkmgemko`l ge Oàkekstromkýe y Dgstkýe `g Odrlegdlmkls Vrligslr `g Oàkekstromkýe, Gstrotgdko y Odrlegdlmkls ]gmrgtorkl Omo`ëakml `g ho Iomuhto` `g Mkgemkos Odrorkos `g ho Wekvgrskò` `g Jghdroel Pktuhor `g Vgÿo Iorkeommko ]grvkmkls Vrligskleohgs

7

Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla

Áe`kmg @otls @o tls `gh outlr

=

Odrr o`gm Od o`gmka kakk get getl l

0

Vrýhldl

7

Wekò` ?. Ketrlùm Ketrlùmmkýe mkýe o ho Oàkek Oàkekstr stromkýe omkýe y hos Lrdo Lrdoekzo ekzomkle mklegs gs

;

Ho lrdoekzomkýe. Vrkemkpohgs moromtgrástkmos y ekvghgs Ho oàkekstromkýe Gh hkmgemko`l ge oàkekstromkýe mlal dgrgetg prligskleoh Hos pgrsleos y hos aïqukeos Vrkemkpohgs geilqugs poro gh gstu`kl `g ho oàkekstromkýe Hls ?0 prkemkpkls `g ho oàkekstromkýe `g Bgery Ioylh

?6 ?0 ?7 ?2 :6 ::

]áetgsks `g ho Wekò` Omtkvkò` Vrïmtkmo

:; =6

Outlgvohuomkýe Zgmursls `g Gxtgeskýe

=: ==

Wekò` :. Gh dgrgetg y su moapl `g ommkýe

=0

Ho muhturo lrdoekzomkleoh y sus `kagesklegs Gh oajkgetg lrdoekzomkleoh Ho rgsplesojkhkò` slmkoh gaprgsorko Gh prlmgsl `g tlao `g `gmksklegs Hls tkpls `g tlao `g `gmksklegs Vrljhgaos y `gmksklegs Gstkhls ge ho tlao `g `gmksklegs

=7 =2 0? 00 09 04 0;

]áetgsks `g ho Wekò` Omtkvkò` Vrïmtkmo Outlgvohuomkýe Zgmursls `g Gxtgeskýe

76 7? 7: 7:

Wekò` =. Ho gstrotgdko y ho phoek phoekikm ikm omkýe

7=

Pkpls `g phoegs Ho phoekikmomkýe y hls ljngtkvls Oàkekstromkýe gstrotëdkmo gstrotëdkmo Hos 0 droe`gs gstrotgdkos mlrplrotkvos y gh oeïhksks IL@O Oeïhksks gstrumturoh

77 79 72 92 4?

9

Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla

Gstrotgdkos mlapgtktkvos sgdþe Akmbogh Vlrtgr Pëmekmos poro gvohuor gh oajkgetg Gh prgsupugstl poro ho gngmumkýe `g ho gstrotgdko Ho oàkekstromkýe `g prlygmtls ]áetgsks `g ho Wekò` Outlgvohuomkýe

4= 40 47 49 44 42

Zgmursls `g Gxtgeskýe

42

Wekò` 0. Ho lrd lrdoekzomkýe oekzomkýe y gh `k `ksgÿl sgÿl

4;

@ksgÿl `g gstrumturos lrdoekzomkleo lrdoekzomkleohgs hgs Gspgmkohkzomkýe `g trojonl y `gportoagetohkz `gportoagetohkzomkýe omkýe Mo`geo `g aoe`l y oaphktu` `g mletrlh. Mgetrohkzomkýe y `gsmgetrohkzomkýe

2? 27 24

Agmoeksals mllr`keo`lrgs Mleikduromklegs gstrumturohgs Oàkekstromkýe `g ZBB ZBB l `krgmmkýe `g p pgrsleos grsleos Oàkekstromkýe `gh moajkl moajkl y ho keelvomkýe ]áetgsks `g ho Wekò` Omtkvkò` Vrïmtkmo Outlgvohuomkýe Zgmursls `g Gxtgeskýe

;? ;: ;= ;9 ?6? ?6: ?6: ?6=

Wekò` 7. Ho `krgmmký `krgmmkýe e l mle` mleùmmký ummkýe e `g pgrsleos

?6 ?60 0

Gh mlaplrtoakgetl buaoel Hos pgrsleohkò`gs y gh tkpl `g pugstl o lmupor Oàkekstromkýe `g mleihkmtls mleihkmtls Ho altkvomkýe Zghomklegs `g vohlr mlal `gtgrakeoetg `g tgrakeoetg `gh mlaplrtoakgetl Hk`grozdl ]áetgsks `g ho Wekò` Omtkvkò` Vrïmtkmo Outlgvohuomkýe Zgmursls `g Gxtgeskýe

?69 ?62 ??? ??9 ?:= ?:9 ?=6 ?=: ?=: ?==

Wekò` 9. ]kstgaos `g mohk` mohkò` o` y mle mletrl trl h

?=0 ?=0

_uë gs gh mletrlh y quë kaplrtoemko tkgeg _uë tkpls `g mletrlh gxkstge. Moromtgrástkmos `g ue skstgao `g mletrlh gigmtkvl Gh ospgmtl `ksiuemkleoh `gh mletrlh Ëtkmo ge gh mletrlh Oàkekstromkýe `g lpgromklegs lpgromklegs Pkpls `g mletrlh `g lpgromklegs

?=7 ?=9 ?=4 ?06 ?06 ?0: ?07

4

Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla

Elraos ketgreomkleohgs `g mohkò` Bgrroakgetos Bgrroakge tos y tëmekmos `g mletrlh Ho `ksmkphkeo y su kaplrtoemko ge gh aoegnl `gh pgrsleoh ]áetgsks `g ho Wekò` Omtkvkò` Vrïmtkmo

?09 ?0; ?7= ?77 ?77

Outlgvohuomkýe Zgmursls `g Gxtgeskýe

?79 ?74

Zgspu Zg spugstos gstos `g Outl gvohuomkle gvohuomklegs gs

?7 ?72 2

Jkjhkldroiáo

?7;

2

Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla

WEK@O@ ? Ketrlùm etr lùmmký mkýe e o ho Oàkekst Oàke kstromkýe romkýe y ho hoss Lrdoekzomklegs.

;

Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   KEPZL@WMMKÝE Ge gsto prkagro uekò` els prlplegals qug ustg` mlelzmo hls prkemkpkls jïskmls `g ho oàkekstromkýe y hos lrdoekzomklegs. gstl, vgrgals muïhgs sle hos oàkekstromkýe lrdoekzomklegs. Voro Oskaksal, phoetgorgals gh iuemklegs rlh `gh`g hohkmgemko`l ge y mýal gstïe mlestktukòs hos oàkekstromkýe/dgstkýe mlal dgrgetg g k`getkikmorgals muïhgs sle hos bojkhkò`gs oàkekstrotkvos3 hls skstgaos `g oàkekstromkýe3 gh mopktoh slmkoh3 ekvghgs, tkpls y toaoÿls `g ho lrdoekzomkýe. Poajkëe mlelmgrgals ho gvlhumkýe y tglráos `g ho oàkekstromkýe mlal ho Oàkekstromkýe Mkgetáikmo, Dgegroh, Muoetktotkvo y Lrdoekzomkleoh. Ikeohkzorgals trojonoe`l hls ?0 prkemkpkls `g ho oàkekstromkýe `g Bgery Ioylh. Ge rghomkýe mle hls mletgek`ls phoetgo`ls, ge gsto uekò` gspgroals qug ustg` pugò ohmoezor hls skdukgetgs ljngtkvls> ❙ ❙ ❙ ❙ ❙

K`getkikmor hos portgs `g ueo lrdoekzomkýe, Mlaprge`gr gh rlh `gh dgrgetg y hls `kigrgetgs gstrotls dgrgemkohgs, Ketgrprgtor gh rlh `g ltrls prligskleohgs `getrl `g ho lrdoekzomkýe, Mlelmgr hos tglráos y prkemkpkls sljrg hos muohgs sg sustgeto ho oàkekstromkýe Mlaprge`gr ho kaplrt kaplrtoemko oemko ``gg ho dgegromkýe `g mopktoh slmkoh `getrl y iugro ``gg hos lrd lrdoekzomklegs oekzomklegs mlal altlr dgegro`lr `g eugvos lplrtuekò`gs.

HO LZDOEKÔMKÝE. VZKE VZKEMKVOHG] MKVOHG] MOZO MPGZÁ] MPGZÁ]PKMO] PKMO] [ EKYGHG] Voro mlagezor o `gsorrlhhor gsto prkagro uekò`, `gikekrgals quë getge`gals plr ‘Lrdoekzomkýe‑. Voro gstl, rgtlaoals o hls @lmtlrgs ge Oàkekstromkýe (@.J.O.) ]tgpbge Zljjkes y Aory Mluhtgr, qukgegs ho `gikege mlal ‘ueo odrupomkýe `ghkjgroò `g pgrsleos poro gh hldrl `g ue prlpýsktl gspgmáikml‑ 9. Ge gh skdukgetg drïikml sg pug`ge ljsgrvor hls mlaplegetgs jïskmls `g ueo lrdoekzomkýe, ske hls muohgs ho aksao el gs mlesk`groò mlal toh.

Drïikml E¾? ” Moromtg Moromtgrástkmos rástkmos ` g ueo lrdoekzomkýe

Iugetg> ghojlromkýe prlpko ge josg o Zljjkes ]. y Mluhtgr A., :666.

Zljjkes, ]. y Mluhtgr, A. (:666). Oàkekstromkýe. Aoeuoh `g Oàkekstromkýe `g Gaprgsos. ]gxto G`kmkýe. Aëxkml. Vrgetkmg Bohh.

9

?6

Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   Mlesk`groals kaplrtoetg `gstomor qug muoe`l gh outlr bojho `g gstrumtur o `ghkjgro `ghkjgroò ò bomg bomg rgigrgemko o qug gxkstg ueo lrdoekzomkýe ketgemkleoò ge ho qug `gjg bojgr aïs `g ueo pgrsleo, poro qug gstrkmtoagetg sgo mlesk`groò ueo lrdoekzomkýe `gs`go qug gh puetl `g vksto `gh gstu`kl `g aotgrkohkzo`l ho oàkekstromkýe. Gh agemkleor oh prlpýsktl `kstketkvl bomg `kstketkvl bomg rgigrgemko `gjg gxkstkr ue ljngtkvl mlaþe ge agtos. a gtos. Els `gtge`rgals oblro ge gstls puetls yo qug gstos = vorkojhgs sle hos qug els voe o `gtgrakeor gh tkpl `g lrdoekzomkýe mle ho muoh trojongals. Vlr gngaphl, muoe`l bojhoals `g ueo Iueòmkýe, gstoals bomkge`l rgigrgemko o ueo lrdoekzomkýe mle gh prlpýsktl `g el humror y dgegror ohdþe tkpl `g oyuò slmkoh, ho muoh vo o tgegr ueo gstrumturo `ghkjgroò poro muaphkr su prlpýsktl y vo o gstor gs tor mlestktukò plr pgrsleos, hos muohgs voe o tgegr tg egr ueo ilrao `g vgr y getge`gr gh aue`l (al`ghl agetoh) mlaphgtoagetg `kigrgetg o hos pgrsleos qug ketgdroe ueo gaprgso mle ike `g humrl mlal pug`g sgr ueo gaprgso odrlpgmuorko l ueo gaprgso `g vgeto `g prlùmtls ikeoemkgrls. HGMPWZO ZGMLAGE@O@O ‘@lakekl pgrsleoh‑ Oporto`ls Jugels Okrgs. G`ktlrkoh Droekmo.y ‘Al`ghls agetohgs‑ `g ]gedg, V. (:667) ‘Ho quketo `ksmkphkeo ge ho prïmtkmo‑.

Gs kaplrtoetg rgmlròr qug hos bgrroakgetos `g dgstkýe qug sg ophkmoe ge ueo lrdoekzomkýe mle l ske ike `g humrl el voráoe skdekikmotkvoagetg. Hl qug voráoe sle hos pgrsleos, hls prlpýsktls `kstketkvls y hos gstrumturos. Gh dgrgetg qug `gjg mleùmkr ueo gaprgso vo o utkhkzor bgrroakgetos `g dgstkýe omlr`gs o ho omtkvkò` qug `gsorrlhho ho gaprgso, ge moajkl gh dgrgetg qug `gjg mleùmkr ueo uekò` blspktohorko l ue muortgh `g jlajgrls vo o utkhkzor bgrroakgetos `g dgstkýe auy skakhorgs, pgrl oòptoòs oh tkpl `g pgrsleohkò`gs qug ketgdroe `kmbos lrdoekzomklegs. O al`l `g gngaphl, pl`ráoals agemkleor qug, muoe`l sg `kmg> ‘ el el gs hl aksal mleùmkr ueo gaprgso qug mleùmkr ueo prlvkemko‑ , sg bomg gspgmáikmoagetg rgigrgemko o qug hos pgrsleos qug ketgdroe gstls `ls tkpls `g lrdoekzomklegs mlemkjge `kigrgetg su rlh slmkoh y ohkegoe sus ljngtkvls `g vkò ge mlesleoemko mle ho lrdoekzomkýe qug ketgdroe. Ge mlesgmugemko, el pl`gals ophkmor gh aksal poqugtg `g gstrotgdkos `g altkvomkýe poro ue kedgekgrl odrýelal `g ueo gaprgso odrlpgmuorko qug poro ue kedgekgrl odrýelal `gh Akekstgrkl `g Odrlkeùstrko `g ho Vrlvkemko `g ` g Jugels Okrgs. Ge gstg sgetk`l, ho bojkhkò` `gh dgrgetg poro oòptorsg o moò lrdoekzomkýe gstï rghomkleoò mle su mlelmkakgetl `g hos bgrroakgetos `g dgstkýe y `gh mlaplrtoakgetl `g hls sgrgs buaoels, osá mlal m lal `gh aoegnl `g drupls.

Ge gh skdukgetg drïikml pl`gals ljsgrvor qug hos lrdoekzomklegs plsgge `kigrgetgs ekvghgs. Moò uel tge`rï o mordl gh `gsorrlhhl y gngmumkýe `g `kigrgetgs omtkvkò`gs. Vlr ltrl ho`l, hos pgrsleos qug `gjoe ketgdror moò uel `g gsls ekvghgs rgqugrkrïe `kigrgetgs tkpls `g bojkhkò`gs y ilraomkýe.

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla Drïikml E¾: ” Ekvghgs `g ueo lrdoekzomkýe.

Iugetg> ghojlromkýe prlpko ge josg o Zljjkes ]. y Mluhtgr A., :666.

Zgtlaoe`l gh drïikml oetgrklr, pl`gals `gmkr qug ge ho muajrg gstrotëdkmo sg bohhoe hls dgrgetgs `g ohtl ekvgh ekvgh `g ho lrdoekzomkýe, qukgegs sg gemordoe `g phoekikmor, lrdoekzor, `krkdkr y mletrlhor   tlò ho mlapoÿáo ge su mlenuetl. Ohhá sg tlaoe hos `gmksklegs gstrotëdkmos `g ho mlapoÿáo mlal ho `gtgrakeomkýe `g ho vkskýe, akskýe, ljngtkvls, l gh kedrgsl l rgtkroò `g ho gaprgso o ue egdlmkl, hos plhátkmos `g ikeoemkoakgetl, prlùmmkýe, dgstkýe `gh pgrsleoh y ge gspgmkoh sg gstojhgmge váemuhls mle gh oiugro `g ho lrdoekzomkýe. Oquá nugdo ue rlh kaplrtoetg gh mopktoh slmkoh `g ue dgrgetg l ueo lrdoekzomkýe, qug gstï ò`l plr ho moetkò` `g mletomtls y váemuhls qug tgedoe hls dgrgetgs `g ho lrdoekzomkýe mle hls omtlrgs gxtgrels, yo sgoe ketgdroetgs `g ltros gaprgsos, `g lrdoeksals pþjhkmls, prkvo`ls l osgslrgs.

Vhoekikmor, lrdoekzor, `krkdkr y mletrlhor sle hos 0 omtkvkò`gs jïskmos `gh dgrgetg, muohqukgr iugsg su ujkmomkýe ge ho gstrumturo lrdoekzomkleoh.

HGMPWZO ZGMLAGE@O@O Mopátuhl 0 (Vïdkeo :2 o =;) `g ]GEG]K, ]gjostkïe, ‘Gh mopktoh slmkoh mlal iomtlr `g prlùmmkýe ge hls skstgaos `g Odrlegdlmkls ge Ordgetkeo. We oeïhksks mlaporo`l `g hls skstgaos ovkor, vktkvkeámlho y vomuel‑. Hkec `g

ommgsl oh `lmuagetl `lmuagetl bttp>//rk.odrl.ujo.or/ikhgs/`lwehlo`/tgsks/aogstrko/:6?:sgegsksgjostkoe.pì Ge ho ag`kò qug hls dgrgetgs `g ohtl ekvgh tgedoe ue juge mopktoh slmkoh, sg dgegrorï ueo rg` `g mletomtls y sg altlrkzorïe eugvos lplrtuekò`gs `g egdlmkl poro ho mlapoÿáo. Aumbos vgmgs hos lplrtuekò`gs oporgmge y `gsoporgmge ge mugstkýe `g blros y gh bgmbl `g gstor ge gh alagetl nustl mle ho pgrsleo nusto l gh gstor prgsgetg ge ho agetg `g hos pgrsleos, qug o ageu`l sle dgegro`lros `g lplrtuekò`gs, bomg qug ho lrdoekzomkýe pugò tgegr ëxktl ge gh `gsorrlhhl `g hos omtkvkò`gs. Voro ho dgegromkýe `g mopktoh slmkoh sg `gjg gstor oiugro `g hos kestohomklegs `g ho mlapoÿáo (iáskmo l vkrtuohagetg). Voro hl muoh sg rgqukgrg `g ue skstgao `g dgstkýe qug el `gpgeò `g ho prgsgemko pgraoegetg `g eo`kg, yo qug sk tlòs hos `gmksklegs lpgrotkvos `g ueo lrdoekzomkýe posoe plr gh dgrgetg dgegroh (MGL4) els gemletroals oetg ueo lrdoekzomkýe mgetrohkzoò mgetrohkzoò,, `le`g ho aoylráo `gh pl`gr `g `gmkskýe rgmog sljrg ueo l plmos pgrsleos, akgetros qug sk hls dgrgetgs `g ekvgh ag`kl tkgege outlrkò` suikmkgetg poro mleùmkr ho lpgrotkvkò` `korko `g ho mlapoÿáo, els gemletroals mle ueo gstrumturo o ho qug hhoaorgals `gsmgetrohkzoò `gsmgetrohkzoò..

@gh kedhës> Mbkgi Gxgmutkvg Liikmgr

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla HGMPWZO ZGMLAGE@O@O Mopátuhl 7 `g Aketzjgrd, B. (:660). @ksgÿl `g Lrdoekzomklegs Gikmkgetgs. Jugels Okrgs. Gh Otgegl Otgegl Ge mlesleoemko mle gstl, pl`gals agemkleor qug ue droe prljhgao `g hos VyAG] 2 `g ho Ordgetkeo gs ho mgetrohkzomkýe. Weo gaprgso `le`g tlòs hos `gmksklegs `gjge posor plr ueo l plmos pgrsleos gs prljojhg qug rgdkstrg ohtls ekvghgs `g `gsgrmkýe `g hls ‘tohgetls‑, akgetros qug hos pgrsleos qug qug`ge sgrïe oqughhos qug el tgedoe ltro lplrtuekò` l qug els hgs ketgrgsg sgdukr mrgmkge`l prligskleohagetg. Gstl tkgeg gxphkmomkýe ge qug hos pgrsleos mle tohgetl muoetl hhgdoe o ue háaktg akdroe o ltros lrdoekzomklegs poro pl`gr sgdukr mrgmkge`l y el ùòe o ho blro `g tlaor ho `gmkskýe, yo qug sk pgraoegmge ge hos gstrumturos mgetrohkzoòs tgrakeoe `gsaltkvoòs y irustroòs. Vlr ltro portg, hls dgrgetgs `g háego ag`ko ag`ko sle oqughhls qug gstïe o mordl `g hos `kigrgetgs ïrgos `g ho mlapoÿáo. Moò dgrgetg `gportoagetoh gstorï o mordl `g ho Yk`gl Yk`gl phoekikmomkýe, lrdoekzomkýe, `krgmmkýe y mletrlh `g su ïrgo. Ge gstg ekvgh hls dgrgetgs `gh tgao tkgege ueo vkskýe aïs pormkohkzoò `g ho mlapoÿáo, yo qug sýhl vge o ile`l su ïrgo y el mlelmge ge `gtohhg gh rgstl `g hls `gportoagetls, yo sgo plrqug el getkge`ge ho tgaïtkmo l plrqug mlal ho mlapoÿáo gs auy droe`g tkgege plml mletomtl mle moò ïrgo. Oquá surdg ho kaplrtoemko `gh omotoakgetl `g hos lr`gegs `g ho dgrgemko dgegroh, yo qug muoe`l o ue dgrgetg `g `gportoagetl sg hg kaportg ueo lr`ge, sýhl vo o gvohuor ho lr`ge ge iuemkýe `g hl qug mlelmg (su ïrgo) y el vo o tgegr ho vkskýe mlaphgto `gh gqukhkjrkl qug `gjg aoetgegr ho mlapoÿáo ge tlòs sus ïrgos. Gh eþmhgl lpgrotkvl lpgrotkvl gstï gstï ketgdro`l plr tl`l gh pgrsleoh qug `gsorrlhho hos omtkvk` o`g o`gss lp gro grotkvos tkvos q ug tkgege qug vgr `krgmtoagetg mle gh prlpýsktl `g ho mlapoÿáo, mlapoÿáo , plr gngaphl ge ue gstojhgmkakgetl odrlpgmuorkl, gh eþmhgl lpgrotkvl vo o gstor ketgdro`l plr gh tromtlrksto qug skgajro, l gh pgrsleoh qug puhvgrkzo, gtm., ge moajkl ge ue blspktoh gh eþmhgl lpgrotkvl vo o gstor ketgdro`l plr hls aë`kmls l geigragrls `g phoeto, duor`ko, gtm., yo qug gh prlpýsktl `g gstos lrdoekzomklegs sle ho prlùmmkýe odrlpgmuorko l ho otgemkýe aë`kmo rgspgmtkvoagetg. k`getkikm or gstl, yo qug gh gh eþmh gl lpgrotkvl el tkgeg egmgsorko vkemuhomkýe m le gh ekvgh `g Gs kaplrt oetg k`getkikm mopomktomkýe, skel m le ho rgohkzomkýe rgohkzomkýe `g hos omtkvk` o`g o`gss lpgrotkvos `g ho lr doekzo doekzomkýe. mkýe. Ltrl Ltrl gngaphl pl`ráo sgr ueo uekvgrskò`, `le`g gh ljngtkvl sgo gùmor, ge mlesgmugemko, gh eþmhgl lpgrotkvl vo o gstor ketgdro`l plr hls prligslrgs.

HO LZDOEKÔMKÝE _WG OVZGE@G Gs auy kaplrtoetg ojlròr gh mlemgptl `g ho lrdoekzomkýe qug oprge`g, yo qug gh aksal pleg `g aoekikgstl ho egmgskò` `g hls sgrgs buaoels `g oòptorels oh getlrel poro pl`gr sujskstkr ge gh aksal. Gstg mlemgptl tkgeg rghomkýe `krgmto mle gh gstu`kl `g hos lrdoekzomklegs, yo qug mle`kmkleo ho gxkstgemko `g ho aksao.

HGMPWZO ZGMLAGE@O@O Oporto`ls ‘Hls prkagrls posls‑, ‘Vgesoakgetl skstëakml‑, ‘Yksklegs mlaportkòs‑ y ‘Oprge`kzong ge gqukpl‑ `g ]gedg, V. (:667) ‘Ho quketo `ksmkphkeo ge ho prïmtkmo‑. Jugels Okrgs. G`ktlrkoh Droekmo. Weo lrdoekzomkýe qug oprge`g gs ho qug bo `gsorrlhho`l ho mopomkò` `g oòptorsg o su getlrel ge ilrao pgraoegetg y gstï ojkgrto oh moajkl. Oblro jkge, els porgmg kaplrtoetg sgÿohor qug bomg 76 oÿls gh agrmo`l Vgqugÿo y Ag`koeo Gaprgso.

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla gro jostoetg gstïtkml, rozýe plr ho muoh el gro egmgsorkl qug hos gaprgsos sg s g oòptoroe o sus ihumtuomklegs. Hl qug sg prlùmáo sg vge`áo y gh ilml el gstojo pugstl ge hos egmgskò`gs rgohgs `gh mlesuak`lr. O hl hordl `gh tkgapl, ho mlapgtgemko sg iug `gsorrlhhoe`l y ho vorkgò` `g prlùmtls ouagetý sustoemkohagetg. Gsl dgegrý qug aumbos gaprgsos qug el sg supkgrle oòptor o hls moajkls boyoe `gsoporgmk`l. Ge hls þhtkals :6 oÿls gh rlh `g ho keilraïtkmo omghgrý oþe aïs gh prlmgsl `g moajkl y gstl ljhkdý o hos gaprgsos `gh skdhl :? o o`lptor ueo mopomkò` `g oòptomkýe pgraoegetg o hos `gaoeòs `gh agrmo`l. Hls moeohgs `g mlauekmomkýe sg auhtkphkmorle y hls mlesuak`lrgs bly gxkdge aumbl y aïs rïpk`l. ]k ueo gaprgso el gs mopoz `g jrkeòr ue mlrrgmtl sgrvkmkl, vo o bojgr ltro qug sgduroagetg hl borï. HO O@AKEK]PZOMKÝE Mlagezoals gstg oporto`l rgtlaoe`l o Zljjkes y Mluhtgr, qukgegs `gikege o ho oàkekstromkýe mlal ‘gh ;. prlmgsl `g mllr`keor g ketgdror omtkvkò`gs `g trojonl poro qug sg hhgvge o mojl gikmkgetg y gikmozagetg, mle ltros pgrsleos y plr ag`kl `g ghhos‑

Ge gstg sgetk`l, pl`gals `gikekr oh prlmgsl mlal iuemklegs mletkeuos mletkeuos `g hos omtkvkò`gs prkaorkos ge hos muohgs portkmkpoe hls dgrgetgs poro muaphkr mle gh prlpýsktl `gmhoro`l `g ho lrdoekzomkýe. O mletkeuomkýe, `gsmrkjkals ge ilrao sketëtkmo `kmbos iuemklegs> VHOEKIKMOMKÝE (@gikekr agtos, gstojhgmgr ho gstrotgdko y `gsorrlhhor sujphoegs poro mllr`keor hos omtkvkò`gs.) LZDOEKÔMKÝE LZDOEKÔMKÝE (@gtgrakeor quë gs egmgsorkl bomgr, mýal sg hhgvorï o mojl y qukëe hl rgohkzorï.) @KZGMMKÝE @KZGMMKÝE (@krkdkr y altkvor o tlòs hos pgrsleos kevlhumroòs y rgslhvgr mleihkmtls buaoels.) MLEPZLH MLEPZLH (Ykdkhor hos omtkvkò`gs poro osgdurorsg `g qug sg rgohkmge toh mlal iug phoego`l.) Mojg `gstomor qug mlal ho `gikekmkýe hl `kmg, ‘Mllr`keor g ketgdror‑ gs ho omtkvkò` `kstketkvo `g ue pugstl `g

oàkekstro`lr, yo qug sg mllr`keoe g ketgdroe k etgdroe hos omtkvkò`gs `g ltros pgrsleos.

Vlr ag`kl `g ho oàkekstromkýe (gs `gmkr, o trovës `g ho mllr`keomkýe g ketgdromkýe `gh trojonl `g ltros pgrsleos), hos omtkvkò`gs `g trojonl `g ho lrdoekzomkýe sg hhgvoe o mojl mle gikmkgemko y gikmomko. @g oquá vkgeg ho iueòagetoh kaplrtoe mko `gh ‘aoeodgaget‑, getge`k`l mlal oqughho `ksmkphkeo qug jusmo mleùmkr o hos pgrsleos poro gh hldrl `g hls prlpýsktls `g ho lrdoekzomkýe.

Yk`gl Yk`gl `gh tgao

Els porgmg ketgrgsoetg sgÿohor qug hls hkmgemko`ls ge oàkekstromkýe/dgstkýe sle hls þekmls qug sg ilraoe poro mleùmkr pgrsleos pgrsleos ge gh ïajktl mkvkh o ekvgh `g dro`l uekvgrsktorkl mle gh prlpýsktl `g hhgvor o`ghoetg ueo lrdoekzomkýe. Oblro jkge, tgekge`l ge mugeto ho kaplrtoemko `g gstos 0 omtkvkò`gs jïskmos `gh dgrgetg, mlesk`groals egmgsorkl prliue`kzor ge hos skdukgetgs uekò`gs `g gstg hkjrl, moò ueo `g ghhos.

Zljjkes, ]. y Mluhtgr, A. (:666). Oàkekstromkýe. Aoeuoh `g Oàkekstromkýe `g Gaprgsos. ]gxto G`kmkýe. Aëxkml. Vrgetkmg Bohh.

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla ò`gss prlpkos `g ue dgrgetg, mlal Ho phoekikmomkýe, lrdoekzomkýe, lrdoekzomkýe, `krgmmkýe y mletrlh sle hos omtkvk ò`g opodor opo dor ue kem ge`kl poro ue jla jgrl, soeor soeor ue mugrpl poro ue a ë`kml y gesgÿo gesgÿorr poro ue `l mgetg.

GH HKMGEMKO@L GE O@AKEK]PZOMKÝE/DG]PKÝE MLAL DGZGEPG Vl`gals `gmkr qug ‘dgrgetg‑ sg `gelakeo oh akgajrl `g ueo lrdoekzomkýe qug mllr`keo g ketgdro gh trojonl `g ltrls, ge tlò ho lrdoekzomkýe l ge ueo portg `g ghho mlal gs ue `gportoagetl l ue drupl `g trojonl. Mlal vgekals gxprgsoe`l, gh dgrgetg tkgeg mlal iuemkýe mltk`koeo ho tlao `g `gmksklegs ge hos 0 omtkvkò`gs jïskmos qug `gsorrlhho. @gs`g gh puetl `g vksto tgýrkml, gstg prlmgsl rgqukgrg `g ueo sgrkg `g posls qug `gtohhorgals o mletkeuomkýe>

?) :) =)

@gikekmkýe y oeïhksks `gh prljhgao Gvohuomkýe y ghgmmkýe `g hos ohtgreotkvos Ophkmomkýe `g hos `gmksklegs y ljsgrvomkýe `gh rgsuhto`l

Gh prlmgsl `g tlao `g `gmksklegs gs mletkeul y aumbos vgmgs hls dgrgetgs el `ksplege `gh tkgapl egmgsorkl poro ho gvohuomkýe `g romkleoh tlòs hos ohtgreotkvos, qug hls bomg iromosor ge aumbos lplrtuekò`gs. Gstg prlmgsl sg `gelakeo prlmgsl poro ho tlao `ghl`gmksklegs. Drïikml E¾= - Vrlmgsl Vrlmgsl romkleoh `g tl ao `g `gmksklegs.

Iugetg> Egstlr Jrok`lt, :6??.

Weo ilrao auy usuoh `g hls dgrgetgs gxktlsls poro ho tlao `g `gmksklegs gs ho ketukmkýe, `gelakeo`l prlmgsl krromkleoh, y getge`k`l mlal ueo mopomkò` `g hos pgrsleos poro prgvgr hl qug vo o sumg`gr ge ue iuturl. Ouequg el pl`gals òrhg ueo gxphkmomkýe mkgetáikmo oþe, gs keslshoyojhg gh bgmbl `g qug hls sgrgs buaoels `ksplegals `g mopomkò`gs mlal ëstos, qug el gstïe oh ohmoemg `g ho mkgemko omtuoh. Voro mlaprge`gr gstl voals o ketgrklrkzorels ue plml ge gh iuemkleoakgetl `gh mgrgjrl buaoel.

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   HGMPWZO ZGMLAGE@O@O Mopátuhls 0, 7 y 9 `g Jrok`lt, J rok`lt, E. (:6?6). Egurlaoeodgagt. Jugels Okrgs. Droekmo y hggr mopátuhl ?: `g @oit. Z. (:667) ‘Pglráo y @ksgÿl Lrdoekzomkleoh‑. Aëxkml. G`ktlrkoh Pblasle. ]gdþe Eg` Bgraaoee?6 hos pgrsleos plsggals ue pgrikh mgrgjroh, qug gstï mle`kmkleo`l ge iuemkýe `gh sgmtlr `gh mgrgjrl qug aïs tgedoals `gsorrlhho`l. Gstg outlr slstkgeg qug eugstrl mgrgjrl gstï `kvk`k`l ge `ls bgaksigrkls, uel kzqukgr`l y ltrl `grgmbl. O su vgz moò uel gstï `kvk`k`l plr ho portg irletoh y ho portg plstgrklr. Gh skdukgetg drïikml rgprgsgeto hl `kmbl. Drïikml E¾0 - Vg Vgrikh rikh Mgrgjroh sgdþe Eg` Bgraa Bgraaoee. oee.

Iugetg> ghojlromkýe `g OOMZGO, sgdþe Eg` Bgraaoee, :6??.

Gh sgmtlr ozuh y vgr`g (O y J) gs gh pgrtgegmkgetg oh bgaksigrkl kzqukgr`l `gh mgrgjrl, o su vgz gh ozuh mlrrgsple`g o ho mlrtgzo irletoh y gh vgr`g o ho mlrtgzo plstgrklr. Hl aksal poro gh bgaksigrkl `grgmbl. Plòs hos pgrsleos plsggals hls 0 bgaksigrkls, pgrl ohduel plsgg aoylr prgple`groemko sljrg gh rgstl. Ho prggakegemko ge gh sgmtlr O, ke`kmo qug sle pgrsleos hýdkmos, muoetktotkvos, mrátkmos y oeohátkmos. Ge moajkl, gh prg`lakekl ge gh sgmtlr J rgvgho pgrsleos mletrlho`lros, mlesgrvo`lros, gstrumturoòs y `gtohhkstos. Vlr gh mletrorkl, hos pgrsleos qug tkgege prgple`groemko ge gh sgmtlr M sle galmkleohgs, sgesktkvos, auskmohgs y gxprgskvos y ge hos qug prkao gh sgmtlr @ sle pgrsleos mlemgptuohgs, sketgtkzo`lrgs, agtoiýrkmls, ketgdrotkvls y plr sljrg tl`l ketuktkvls. ketuktkvls. Mojg `gstomor qug ekedþe pgrikh gs agnlr qug ltrl, skel qug ohduels sg oòptoe aïs poro muaphkr `gtgrakeo`ls rlhgs. O mletkeuomkýe, pl`gals ljsgrvor ohduels pgrikhgs tápkmls. O su vgz `getrl `g moò muo`roetg gxkstge `kigrgetgs ekvghgs `g prgple`groemko. Mlal sg vg ge gh drïikml oetgrklr, moò muo`roetg plsgg 0 oekhhls. Pl`ls plsggals ueo ujkmomkýe ge `kmbls oekhhls ge moò muo`roetg. Hos pgrsleos qug sg ujkquge `getrl `gh prkagrl `g ohdþe muo`roetg mlagezoe`l `gs`g gh mgetrl, sgrïe oqughhos qug tgedoe ue

bttp>//www.bgrraoeehotke.mla/omrg`kto:.pbp

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   rgmbozl sljrg gsg muo`roetg, sk ho ujkmomkýe iugsg ge gh sgdue`l oekhhl, omgptorïe gsg muo`roetg, sk sg ujkmosg ge gh tgrmgr oekhhl prgigrkrïe gsg muo`roetg y sk sg ujkmosge ge gh muortl oekhhl tge`rïe ueo iugrtg keihugemko `gstomoò `g gsg muo`roetg ge su pgrsleohkò`. Voro getge`gr ge ilrao aïs mhoro voals o ljsgrvor ue pgrikh agetoh tápkml `g gaprgsorkl, `le`g sg `gstomo gh muo`roetg J y @. Drïikml E¾7 - Vgrikh tápkml `g gaprgsorkl.

Iugetg> ghojlromkýe prlpko, sgdþe Eg` Bgraaoee, :6??.

Ohhá sg pug`g ljsgrvor qug gsg pgrikh sg s g `gstomo ge gh muo`roetg @ `le`g surdg ho bojkhkò` ketuktkvo y mrgotkvo y ge gh J `le`g surdg ho bojkhkò` `g gstrumturo y mletrlh. Poajkëe sg plsgg bojkhkò` ge gh M, iueòagetoh poro gh trotl mle hos pgrsleos poro hldror ho gapotáo egmgsorko qug rgqukgrg ho prligskýe. Ge gh skdukgetg drïikml sg pug`ge ljsgrvor `kigrgetgs pgrikhgs tápkmls sgdþe Bgraaoee. Drïikml E¾9 - Vgrikhgs Mgrgjrohgs tápkmls sgdþe Eg` Bgraaoee.

Iugetg> ghojlromkýe `g OOMZGO, sgdþe Eg` Bgraaoee, :6??.

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   Gsto ilrao `g gvohuor hls pgrikhgs agetohgs gs ueo gxmghgetg bgrroakgeto poro mlelmgrsg uel aksal y poro getge`gr gh mlaplrtoakgetl `g hls `gaïs. Mojg `gstomor qug gs k`goh poro ho mleilraomkýe `g drupls, yo qug oqughhls `le`g boyo aoylr `ksporkò` `g pgrikhgs sgrïe hls qug tgedoe ue agnlr rge`kakgetl, yo qug sg tge`rïe ueo aoylr moetkò` `g puetls `g vksto `g hos sktuomklegs `gjk`l o ho mleilraomkýe `gh pgrikh mgrgjroh `g sus ketgdroetgs. HGMPWZO ZGMLAGE@O@O Mopátuhls ?, : y = `g Jrok`lt, E. (:6?6). Egurlaoeodgagt. Jugels Okrgs. Dro ekmo y hggr Aotgrkoh `g Pohhgr Vgrikh Bgrraoee `g OOMZGO :6??. Jugels Okrgs.

Hos pgrsleos y hos aïqukeos aïqukeos Gs kaplrtoetg qug ustg` mlaprgeò qug hos pgrsleos slals sgrgs auy kaprg`gmkjhgs ge eugstrl mlaplrtoakgetl, yo qug o aksals gstáauhls el skgaprg rgsple`gals `g ho aksao aoegro. O vgmgs gs `kiámkh getge`gr gstos mlsos, yo qug ho agtl`lhldáo mle ho muoh slals gùmo`ls gs o trovës `g prlmgsls y skstgaos hýdkmls `g mlaplrtoakgetl. Mlesk`groals egmgsorkl agemkleor ohduels mlemgptls qug bomge oh mlaplrtoakgetl `g hls sgrgs buaoels, mlal hl sle plr gngaphl ho ‘Pglráo `gh mgrgjrl trkuel‑  (AomHgoe, (AomHgoe, ?;46). Ge ilrao auy jrgvg, sg pug`g `gmkr

qug gh outlr `g ësto tglráo phoetgo qug gh mgrgjrl buaoel bo gvlhumkleo`l o hl hordl `g hls skdhls y su gvlhumkýe sg bo aoekigsto`l o trovës `g = mopos `g eugstrl mgrgjrl qug pl`gals k`getkikmor ge gh skdukgetg s kdukgetg drïikml.

Drïikml E¾4 - Zgprgsgetomký e drïikm o `g ho Pglráo `gh mgrgjrl t rku el `g AomHgoe.

Iugetg> AomHgoe, ?;46.

Mlal sg pug`g ljsgrvor ge ho ikduro oetgrklr, ho prkagro mopo sg `gelakeo skstgao rgptkhkoel rgptkhkoel,, y mletrlho eugstros ommklegs kestketkvos aïs prkaktkvos. Voro mlaprge`grhl aïs iïmkhagetg pl`gals pgesor ge ueo sktuomkýe `le`g els orrlnoe ueo pkg`ro y ho vgals vgekr bomko eugstrl rlstrl. Ge gsg alagetl, el pgesoals ge qug tgegals qug mlrrgrels, skel qug, oh pgrmkjkr gh pghkdrl ag`koetg hls sgetk`ls, eugstrl skstgao rgptkhkoel `g supgrvkvgemko bomg qug omtugals kevlhuetorkoagetg ge aoylr l agelr ag`kò, sgo òe`l ue posl oh mlsto`l l mle ue porpo`gl `g lnls. O gsto mopo sg hg pug`g otrkjukr tl`l hl rghomkleo`l o ho sujskstgemko `g ho gspgmkg buaoeo.

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   Ho sgdueò mopo `gelakeoò skstgao háajkml, háajkml , gs oqughho vkemuhoò o hos galmklegs `g hls sgrgs buaoels y gs ueo iosg gvlhutkvo plstgrklr o ho rgptkhkoeo. Hos galmklegs jïskmos `g hls sgrgs buaoels sle 9> slrprgso, osml, trkstgzo, kro, akg`l y ohgdráo. (Gcaoe, ?;2=). Gsto mopo mgrgjroh gs `gtgrakeoetg poro ho agalrko `g hls sgrgs buaoels, yo qug hls bgmbls qug aoylr kapomtl tgedoe sljrg hos aksaos sle hls qug aïs tkgapl voals o rgmlròr.

Ho tgrmgro mopo mgrgjroh sg `gelakeo skstgao eglmlrtkmoh l eglmlrtgx. eglmlrtgx . Gstg gs gh aïs gvlhumkleo`l `gh sgr buaoel y gh qug els ò ho mopomkò` `g rozleoakgetl, hl qug els `kigrgemko `gh rgstl `g hos gspgmkgs oekaohgs. Pl`l hl vkemuho`l o skstgaos hýdkmls y sgmugemkohgs gstï `lakeo`l plr gstg skstgao. Hos aotgaïtkmos sle ue mhorl gngaphl `gh prlùmtl `g eugstro mopomkò` `g rozleoakgetl. Pgekge`l ge mugeto hl oetgrklr, gs kaplrtoetg mlaprge`gr qug ekedþe skstgao gs aïs kaplrtoetg qug ltrl, skel qug moò uel muaphg ueo iuemkýe `kigrgetg, ouequg gstïe auy ketgrrghomkleo`ls getrg sá. Ge gstg sgetk`l, sg pug`g mlaprge`gr qug hos aïqukeos mlal skstgao hýdkml prldroao`l sle ueo gxprgskýe `g eugstrl skstgao eglmlrtkmoh, plr hl qug noaïs voals o pl`gr prgtge`gr qug ueo aïqukeo sg galmkleg. Weo aoqukeo gs iráo, hýdkmo y ljngtkvo. Ge moajkl, hls sgrgs buaoels pl`gals sgr mohkgetgs, khýdkmls y sujngtkvls, skgaprg ge iuemkýe `g eugstros galmklegs. Ge ltros pohojros, pl`gals `gmkr qug ge hos aoqukeos mlelmgals ?66% gh mlaplrtoakgetl `g hos vorkojhgs ge moajkl ge hls sgrgs buaoels el, `gjk`l o qug o aksals gstáauhls el rgsple`gals skgaprg `g ho aksao ilrao. Gstl gs tlao`l plr hos mkgemkos `g ho oàkekstromkýe poro gh gstu`kl `g hos lrdoekzomklegs y `krgmmkýe `g pgrsleos. Drïikml E¾2 - @ksmkph @ksmkph keos sgdþe gstrotl lrdoekzomkleoh.

Iugetg> ghojlromkýe prlpko ge josg o Zljjkes ]. y Mluhtgr A., :666.

Mlal sg pug`g ljsgrvor ge gh drïikml oetgrklr, hos gstrumturos lrdoekzomkleohgs gstïe pgesoòs mlal ue skstgao `g vorkojhgs qug sg ketgrrghomkleoe, `le`g ge gh eþmhgl lpgrotkvl voe o gxkstkr ueo sgrko `g vorkojhgs mle ue mlaplrtoakgetl hkakto`l y mlelmk`l, yo qug hos aïqukeos qug ketgdrge ho háego `g prlùmmkýe voe o sgr ue skstgao hýdkml prldroao`l prlùmtl `gh eglmlrtgx buaoel. Gs mkgrtl qug gstls skstgaos sle suaoagetg mlaphgnls ge ohduels mosls, plr hl qug sg rgqukgrg `g prligskleohgs qug gstëe o ho ohturo `g hos mkrmuestoemkos toetl poro su `ksgÿl mlal utkhkzomkýe. Gs plr ghhl plr hl qug tlòs hos ‘mkgemkos ùros‑ sg voe o ujkmor ge gh gstrotl keigrklr `g hos lrdoekzomklegs, yo qug su prgporomkýe gs ge iuemkýe `g skstgaos hýdkmls mlal plr gngaphl hos aotgaïtkmos y ho ikskmlquáakmo. Ge hls gstrotls supgrklrgs `g ho lrdoekzomkýe sg voe o bohhor hos pgrsleos mle bojkhkò`gs y ilraomkýe ge mkgemkos buaoeos. Vlr gsto rozýe ho ilraomkýe `g hls oàkekstro`lrgs `g gaprgsos gstï toe vkemuhoò oh

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr.

www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla aoeodgaget, getge`k`l toh mlal ho pskmlhldáo ophkmoò o ho mleùmmkýe `g pgrsleos. Ge gstls gstrotls gh mlaplrtoakgetl `g hos vorkojhgs gs `gsmlelmk`l, yo qug oh hk`gror ue gqukpl `g pgrsleos el skgaprg voals o ljtgegr hos aksaos rgspugstos `g eugstrls sujohtgrels ?? oetg gh aksal gstkauhl. Gstl gs `gjk`l o qug hos galmklegs kemk`ge `krgmtoagetg ge gh gsto`l `g ïekal y altkvomkýe `g hos pgrsleos. Vlr ghhl mlesk`groals qug hls há`grgs sle oqughhls mle ho bojkhkò` eoturoh `g pl`gr bojhorhg o hos galmklegs `g ltrls ke`kvkùls , hldroe`l osá ho pgrsuoskýe egmgsorko poro hldror hls mlagtk`ls `g ho lrdoekzomkýe qug hk`gro. ke`kvkùls, Drïikml Drï ikml E¾; E¾; - Bojkhkò`g Bojkhkò`gss e gmgso gmgsorkos rkos ge `k igrgetg igrgetgss ekvghgs oàkeks trotkvls.

Iugetg> ghojlromkýe prlpko ge josg o Zljjkes ]. y Mluhtgr A., :666.

Mlal augstro gh drïikml oetgrklr, ge hls `kigrgetgs ekvghgs dgrgemkohgs sg rgqukgrge `kstketls tkpls `g bojkhkò`gs. Ge gh aïs jonl sg rgqukgrge iueòagetohagetg bojkhkò`gs tëmekmos poro pl`gr ketgromtuor mle gh qugbomgr `gh eþmhgl lpgrotkvl `g ho lrdoekzomkýe. Ge ho dgrgemko ag`ko sg `gaoeòe bojkhkò`gs buaoeos poro pl`gr mleùmkr o hos pgrsleos `gh eþmhgl lpgrotkvl y ge ho dgrgemko `g ohtl ekvgh sg prgtge`ge bojkhkò`gs mlemgptuohgs, `g sáetgsks y gstrotëdkmos poro pl`gr `gtgrakeor gh ommkleor ge su mlenuetl `g ho lrdoekzomkýe mle su getlrel. Pgekge`l ge mugeto hl oetgrklr, pl`gals mlaprge`gr ho prkemkpoh mouso plr ho muoh hos pgrsleos el rgspgtoals skgaprg hos aksaos poutos `g mleùmto oetg hls aksals gstáauhls. Eugstrl skstgao rgptkhkoel y háajkml gs gh qug els `kigrgemko `g hos aïqukeos. Yohg ho pgeo ljsgrvor ue vk`gl oekao`l sljrg gh mlemgptl `g Ketghkdgemko Galmkleoh `g @oekgh Dlhgaoe, outlr `gh hkjrl ‘Ho ketghkdgemko galmkleoh‑ , `le`g ëh bojho `g ho ketghkdgemko `g hos pgrsleos poro rghomkleorels mle hls `gaïs. Gh vk`gl sg s g pug`g ljsgrvor ge gh skdukgetg hkec hkec bttps>//ylutu.jg/EzCpalP^dJW bttps>//ylutu.jg/EzCpalP^dJW   HGMPWZO ZGMLAGE@O@O Mopátuhls 4, 2, ;, ?6 y ?? `g Jrok`lt, E. (:6?6). Egurlaoeodgagt Egurlaoeodgagt.. Jugels Okrgs. Droekmo.

VZKEMKVOHG] VZKEM KVOHG] GEIL_WG] VOZO GH G]PW@ G]PW@KL KL @G H HO OO O@AKEK]P @AKEK]PZOMKÝE ZOMKÝE Mlesk`groals qug gs kaplrtoetg mlelmgr qukëegs sle hls prkemkpohgs tgýrkmls qug mlagezorle o gstu`kor ho Oàkekstromkýe. Ovoezor sljrg gstg tgao hg jrkeòrï uemkphkeo. aorml dgegroh poro mlaprge`gr muohgs iugrle hls lrádgegs y prkemkpohgs vgrtkgetgs iueòmkleohgs ge gsto `ksmkphkeo. `ks @gpge`kgetg. Vgrsleo qug tgegals o mordl.

??

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   Gvlhumkýe `g ho Oàkekstromkýe Lrkdge `gh gstu`kl gstu`kl `g ho o oàkeks àkeks tromkýe tromkýe>> Vl`ráoals `gmkr qug : bgmbls aormorle gh kekmkl y qug sg `kgrle ge ilrao skauhtïego. Gh prkagrl iug ge ?449 muoe`l Oòa ]aktb pujhkmý ‘Pbg Tgohtb li Eotkles‑   (Ho Zkqugzo `g hos Eomklegs), `le`g gspgmkikmý hos vgetonos gmleýakmos `g ho @KYK]KLE @GH PZOJONL. Ge gso ljro, gh outlr gngaphkikmý mle ho keùstrko aoeuiomturgro `g ohikhgrgs oikraoe`l qug ?6 pgrsleos `kvk`kge`l gh trojonl pl`áoe prlùmkr 02.666 ohikhgrgs `korkls. Ge moajkl, sk moò uel bomko tl`l gh prlmgsl prlùmtkvl, slhl ohmoezoráoe o prlùmkr ?6 ohikhgrgs plr `áo. Gh sgdue`l sg kekmký ge ?476 mle ho Zgvlhumkýe Keùstrkoh, `le`g sg mlagezý o moajkor ho iugrzo `gh blajrg plr hos aïqukeos. Gstl dgegrý gh `gsorrlhhl `g iïjrkmos, hos muohgs prgmksojoe dgrgetgs qug hos oàkekstrge. O mletkeuomkýe, `gtohhorgals hls 0 geilqugs `g ho oàkekstromkýe qug surdge o portkr `g gsg alagetl> O. J. M. @.

O` ak ek strom Oàk st romký ký e Mkge Mkgetái táikm km o> su pgrspgmtkvo gs agnlror ho prlùmtkvkò` y ho gikmkgemko `gh pgrsleoh lpgrotkvl. Oàk O` ak ek strom st romký ký e Dgegr Dgegroh oh>> Mletgapho ho lrdoekzomkýe gs su mlenuetl y ho ilrao `g hldror qug sgo aïs gikmoz. Oàk O` ak ek strom st romký ký e Mu Muoet oetktktotk otk vo> vo > ]g lrkgeto oh `gsorrlhhl y ophkmomkýe `g al`ghls muoetktotkvls. Oàk O` ak ek strom st romký ký e `gh Mla pl rt oak get getl l Lrd oek oekzomk zomk le oh oh>> ]g geilmo ge gh mlaplrtoakgetl buaoel `getrl `g ho lrdoekzomkýe, gs `gmkr, gh ho`l ‘pgrsleoh‑ `g ho oàkekstromkýe.

Ygoals mle aoylr `gtohhg moò m oò geilqug> O. Vl`ráoals `gmkr qug ge ho O` ho Oàk ak ek ekst st rom romký ký e Mkget Mk getáik áik mo mo gh gh prkemkpoh rgigrgetg iug Irg`grkmc Poyhlr> ?;??>> Irg`grkmc Poyhlr pujhkmo ‘Vrkemkphgs li ]mkgetkikm Aoeodgaget‑   (Vrkemkpkls `g ho ?;?? Oàkekstromkýe Mkgetáikmo) ge gh qug `gsmrkjg gh usl `gh aëtl`l mkgetáikml poro `gikekr ho ilrao ýptkao `g hhgvor o mojl ue trojonl.

J. Ge muoetl o ho O` Oà a ke keks ks tr tromk omk ýe Dgegr Dgegroh oh   gxplegals jrgvgagetg hos k`gos `g hls = tgýrkmls aïs rgprgsgetotkvls> Bgerk Ioylh> `gsmrkjký o ho oàkekstromkýe mlal gh mlenuetl uekvgrsoh `g iuemklegs. iuemklegs. Agemkleý qug ho oàkekstromkýe gro ueo omtkvkò` mlaþe `g tl`ls hls gapgÿls buaoels ge hls egdlmkls, gh dljkgrel g kemhusl ge gh bldor. Getlemgs prlmg`ký o ilrauhor ?0 prkemkpkls `g oàkekstromkýe, qug rgtlaorgals aïs o`ghoetg. O mletkeuomkýe, sg pug`g ljsgrvor ue vk`gl sljrg Ioylh> Ioylh> bttp>//ylutu.jg/6Oh6REEOVAO bttp>//ylutu.jg/6Oh6REEOVAO   (mojg `gstomor qug Ioylh odrgdo ho Mllr`keomkýe o hos 0 omtkvkò`gs jïskmos `gh dgrgetg, mlso qug el voals o mlesk`gror poro gh gstu`kl `g ho aotgrko, yo qug getge`gals qug ho Mllr`keomkýe gs portg `gh ommkleor `g hos ltros 0 omtkvkò`gs). omtkvkò`gs).   Aox Tgjgr> `gsorrlhhý ueo tglráo `g hos gstrumturos `g outlrkò` y `gsmrkjký ho omtkvkò` `g hos lrdoekzomklegs sljrg ho josg `g hos rghomklegs `g outlrkò`. @gsmrkjký ue tkpl k`goh `g lrdoekzomkýe o ho qug hhoaý JWZLMZOMKO.

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   ]g trotojo `g ue skstgao moromtgrkzo`l plr> ?- HO @KYK]KLE @GH PZOJONL, :- NGZOZ_WKO @GIKEK@O, =- ]GHGMMKÝE ILZAOH, 0- ZGDHOAGEPL] @GPOHHO@L], 7- ZGHOMKLEG] KAVGZ]LEOHG] y 9- LZKGEPOMKLE @G MOZZGZO. Vrlpusl ueo lrdoekzomkýe k`goh mlal josg poro gh gstu`kl `g tglráos sljrg gh trojonl y mýal ëstg pl`áo rgohkzorsg ge droe`gs drupls. Zohpb @ovks> `gsmrkjký hos iuemklegs lrdïekmos `g ho oàkekstromkýe mlal phoekikmomkýe, lrdoekzomkýe y mletrlh, y prlmhoaý qug gsos iuemklegs sle uekvgrsohagetg ophkmojhgs o muohqukgr tkpl `g lrdoekzomkýe. Ge su hkjrl ‘ Hls Hls Iueòagetls `g ho Ohto Dgrgemko‑, pujhkmo`l ge ?;7?, @ovks skduký rgikeoe`l gh mlemgptl `g oàkekstromkýe mlal ‘ ho iuemkýe `gh hk`grozdl gngmutkvl‑. Poajkëe keskstký ge mletor mle dgrgetgs prligskleohgs `g ho oàkekstromkýe, sljrg tl`l ge hl rgigrgetg oh hk`grozdl y o hos rghomklegs getrg ho lrdoekzomkýe y ho mlauekò`. M. Ge rghomkýe mle ho Oàk strr omk ýe Muoe tk tot totkv kv o pl`gals sgÿohor qug, hugdl `g ho ]gdueò Dugrro O` ak ek st Aue`koh, ue drupl `g likmkohgs akhktorgs mlagezorle o ophkmor hls aëtl`ls muoetktotkvls `gsorrlhho`ls ge ho dugrro, poro oàkekstror `getrl `g hos gaprgsos. Getrg ghhls s g `gstomorle Zljgrt AmEoaoro (iltl) y Mborhgs Pblretle. Gh geilqug muoetktotkvl kemhuyg ophkmomklegs `g gsto`ástkmo, al`ghls `g lptkakzomkýe, al`ghls `g keilraomkýe y skauhomklegs plr mlaputo`lro, mlal plr gngaphl ho prldroaomkýe hkegoh.

@. Ikeohagetg, ge muoetl o ho O` ho O` ak ek st strom rom ký e `gh Mla pl plrt rtoak oak get getl l Lrd oek oekzomk zomk le leoh oh,, gs skdekikmotkvl `gstomor qug gsto tglráo bomg ilml ge hls rgmursls buaoels `g ho lrdoekzomkýe, phoetgo ho kaplrtoemko `g ho altkvomkýe, gh hk`grozdl, gh trojonl ge gqukpl y ho oàkekstromkýe `g mleihkmtls. Pros `kvgrsls gstu`kls prgsgetgs ge moò geilqug, mlemhukals qug gh rge`kakgetl ke`kvkùoh gstï mle`kmkleo`l o ho rghomkýe `g gsg ke`kvkùl mle gh drupl `le`g lpgro. Oskaksal, qug gh mlaplrtoakgetl buaoel y hls sgetkakgetls gstïe gstrgmboagetg hkdo`ls getrg sá. [ qug gh `kegrl gs agels kaplrtoetg qug hls mle`kmkleoakgetls `gh drupl, gh sgetkakgetl mlhgmtkvl y ho sgdurkò`. HL] ?0 VZKEMKVKL] VZKEMKVKL] @G HO O@AKEK]PZOMKÝ O@AKEK]PZOMKÝE E @G BGEZ[ IO[LH O mletkeuomkýe, voals o agemkleor y mlagetor hls ?0 prkemkpkls `g ho Oàkekstromkýe `g Bgery Ioylh. Gstls prkemkpkls oþe mlesgrvoe phgeo vkdgemko y sle mlesk`groals hls gngs jïskmls poro mlaprge`gr hos omtkvkò`gs dgrgemkohgs. Bgery Ioylh ilrauhý ?0 prkemkpkls `g ho Oàkekstromkýe, hls muohgs ge ho omtuohkò` skrvge mlal josg poro ho phoekikmomkýe, lrdoekzomkýe, `krgmmkýe y mletrlh `g hos lrdoekzomklegs. Hls aksals sle> ?. :. =. 0. 7.

@kvkskýe `gh Projonl Outlrkò` @ksmkphkeo Wekò` `g @krgmmkýe Wekò` `g Aoe`l

9. 4.

]ujlr`keomkýe `g ketgrës ke`kvkùoh oh jkge mlaþe Zgauegromkýe

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   2. ;. ?6. ??. ?:. ?=. ?0.

Mgetrohkzomkýe Mo`geo `g aoe`l Lr`ge Gqukò` Gstojkhkò` `gh Vgrsleoh Kekmkotkvo Gspárktu `g Drupl

@gsmrkjkrgals moò uel `g ghhls o mletkeuomkýe. ?. @kvkskýe `gh Projonl> Projonl > Ioylh `gmáo qug muoetl aïs sg gspgmkohkmge hos pgrsleos, mle aoylr gikmkgemko `gsgapgÿorïe su likmkl. Gstg prkemkpkl sg vg auy mhorl ge ho al`greo háego `g aletong. Gs kaplrtoetg rgohkzor ueo lrdoekzomkýe torgos `g trojonl ge ho gaprgso, yo quggh skmleihkmtl hos aksaos sg bohhoe jkge`gjk`l `gikekòs moòmlrrgmto gaphgo`l sojrï hl `g qughos`gjg bomgr y sg rgùmkrï oh aïxkal y grrlr buaoel o mugstklegs `g mrumg y supgrplskmkýe `g torgos. Weo ilrtohgzo `g ho `kvkskýe `gh trojonl gs gh ekvgh `g gspgmkohkzomkýe qug ohmoezo moò gaphgo`l, yo qug, ge vgz `g rgohkzor tlòs hos torgos `g ue prlmgsl `gtgrakeo`l, sýhl rgohkzo ueo torgo ge ilrao mletkeuo, ho muoh `gjg gstor mllr`keoò mle ho skdukgetg torgo `gh aksal prlmgsl. Gstl dgegro qug moò gaphgo`l rgohkmg ho aksao omtkvkò` ge ilrao rgpgtktkvo y o`qukgro ue ekvgh `g `gstrgzo ohtl poro ho rgohkzomkýe `g ho aksao. We puetl iueòagetoh `g gstg prkemkpkl gs qug ho `kvkskýe `g torgos gstë mlrrgmtoagetg mllr`keoò, yo qug, sk el e l lmurrkgsg gstl, gh prlmgsl dgegroráo ohtos për`kòs poro ho mlapoÿáo, toetl ge tkgapl mlal ge mlstls. Ge ho vkò mltk`koeo ljsgrvoals qug gstg prkemkpkl sg ophkmo ge ilrao pgraoegetg y gvlhumkleo o trovës `gh tkgapl. ]k mlesuhtoals o ueo pgrsleo eomkò oetgs `gh oÿl ?;76 oprlxkaoòagetg, sljrg mlal prlmg`áo oetg ue prljhgao `g sohu`, gs prljojhg qug els `kdo qug mlemurráo oh aë`kml y gh aksal hg jrkeòjo ueo slhumkýe o su aohgstor, ske kaplrtor gh prljhgao gstojo vkemuho`l oh skstgao ýsgl,qug `g pkgh, `g mlrozýe `g mgrgjrl, gro, gh aksal aë`kml gh qug hgskòjo ho slhumkýe. Jonl gso sktuomkýe gro hýdkml gh ag`kml `g gsol ëplmo rgqukrkgro gstor jkge mopomkto`l ge tlòs hos prljhgaïtkmos `gh mugrpl buaoel. Ho mkgemko `g ho ag`kmkeo iug gvlhumkleoe`l ge muoetl o mlelmkakgetls y ge ilrao hýdkmo yo sg tlreý kaplskjhg ho ilraomkýe `g ue slhl prligskleoh mle gh mlelmkakgetl ojslhutl `g tlòs hos prljhgaïtkmos `gh mugrpl buaoel, plr hl qug gh skstgao sg gspgmkohkzý, dgegroe`l ue gspgmkohksto poro moò tgaïtkmo. Ge gh mosl oetgrklr sg pug`g getge`gr qug sk gh pomkgetg tkgeg prljhgaos ýsgls vo o rgmurrkr o ue aë`kml gspgmkohkzo`l ge trouaotlhldáo, ge moajkl sk gh prljhgao gs mlrozýe vo o rgmurrkr o ue aë`kml gspgmkohksto ge mor`klhldáo. Oblro, jonl gsto alòhkò` boy ueo roao `g ho ag`kmkeo qug o`qukgrg ueo kaplrtoemko supgrklr ge gstg gsqugao, skge`l ho aksao ho gspgmkohkò` mháekmo, yo qug gh aë`kml mháekml gs qukge mlelmg ske toetl `gtohhg gh iuemkleoakgetl `g moò ïrgo `gh mugrpl y mýal sg vkemuhoe tlòs getrg sá, skge`l hl aïs hýdkml qug ueo pgrsleo rgmurro prkagrl o su mháekml `g mojgmgro y hugdl gstg sgo qukge hl `grkvg o moò gspgmkohksto sk gs egmgsorkl `gjk`l o ho gxkstgemko `g ue prljhgao mlaphgnl, ge iuemkýe `gh oeïhksks dhljoh `gh gsto`l `g sohu`. Gstg gsqugao o`lpto`l plr ho ag`kmkeo gs rgspugsto oh ovoemg `g moò ueo `g hos roaos aë`kmos y iug

egmgsorkl poro lrdoekzor gh skstgao `g sohu`. Hl aksal lmurrg mle aumbos ltros prligsklegs, plr gngaphl, ho ojldomáo l ho oàkekstromkýe. Gs aïs, ho morrgro `g oàkekstromkýe odrorko gs odrorko gs prlùmtl `g ho gspgmkohkzomkýe, yo qug tkgeg mlal prligskýe ao`rg o ho oàkekstromkýe `g gaprgsos. Ge hls oÿls 46 ho morrgro `g oàkekstromkýe gro ojormotkvo `g tlòs hos omtkvkò`gs `g ho gmlelaáo, y ge ho omtuohkò`, moò omtkvkò` troesilraý ho morrgro ge iuemkýe `g hos egmgskò`gs `gh sgmtlr, surdkge`l hls oàkekstro`lrgs rurohgs, hls oàkekstro`lrgs `g lrdoekzomklegs keùstrkohgs, hls oàkekstro`lrgs `g bltghgs, hls oàkekstro`lrgs `g rgmursls buaoels, hls

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   oàkekstro`lrgs `g mleslrmkls, hls oàkekstro`lrgs `g blspktohgs, gtm. Moò prligskleoh `g moò ueo `g gstos ïrgos gstorï mopomkto`l poro ketgromtuor mle hls prligskleohgs gspgmáikmls `gh eþmhgl lpgrotkvl `g moò sgmtlr. :. Outlrkò`> Outlrkò` > Hls dgrgetgs `gjge sgr mopomgs `g òr ýr`gegs. Ho outlrkò` hgs mleikgrg gsg `grgmbl, ouequg, ske gajordl, vo omlapoÿoò `g ho rgsplesojkhkò`. ]kgaprg qug sg gngrmg ho outlrkò`, surdg ueo rgsplesojkhkò`. Yohg agemkleor qug gxkstge `ls tkpls `g outlrkò`, ueo ge sgetk`l alroh y ltro ge sgetk`l ilraoh. Ho sgdueò gs prlùmtl `g ue mordl ge ho gaprgso, oh muoh hls gaphgo`ls qug trojonoe ge kestoemkos keigrklrgs `gjge rgsple`gr plrqug gh rgdhoagetl hl `kmg. Ho outlrkò` alroh plr su portg el gstï `krgmtoagetg vkemuhoò o ue mordl ge ho gaprgso, skel o ho prlygmmkýe alroh qug dgegro ueo pgrsleo sljrg gh rgstl plrqug gs rgmlelmkò dgeukeoagetg plr sus porgs, skge`l plsgg`lro `g hl qug sg `gelakeo osmge`kgetg. Vl`ráoals `gmkr getlemgs qug gh osmge`kgetg gs ho rghgvoemko alroh qug prlygmto ueo pgrsleo sljrg ltro. Gs kaplrtoetg qug ue ngig euemo pkgrò gh osmge`kgetg, yo qug, `g hl mletrorkl, sg vgrï ge sgrkls prljhgaos poro `krkdkr o su pgrsleoh. We dgrgetg gxktlsl `gjgr sgr plsgg`lr `g outlrkò` alroh, aïs ohhï `g ho outlrkò` ilraoh ho qug sg ljtkgeg mle bgmbls, morksao y ueo iugrtg prlygmmkýe `g vohlrgs. Ltrl puetl kaplrtoetg qug `gstomor gs gh `g ho `ghgdomkýe `g outlrkò`. Gxkstge ohdueos lrdoekzomklegs `le`g ho outlrkò` el gs mlevgekgetg `ghgdorho, yo qug gs egmgsorkl aoetgegr gh mletrlh ojslhutl `g hl qug sumg`g, ue gngaphl mhorl gs ue gqukpl `g ostrleoutos ketgetoe`l mlhlmor ue sotëhktg ge ýrjkto `getrl `g ue troesjlrò`lr gspomkoh. Ohhá gh ekvgh `g grrlr `gjg sgr aáekal, yo qug ho lpgromkýe pug`g sohkr aoh y gh trojonl `g mkgetls `g pgrsleos sg gmboráo o pgr`gr. Ltrl gngaphl gs ue gnërmktl rgohkzoe`l ue dlhpg `g aoel o ueo plskmkýe gegakdo, `le`g gh likmkoh o mordl `g ho lpgromkýe `gjg mlesgrvor ?66% gh mletrlh `g ho sktuomkýe poro mllr`keor ho tïmtkmo `g ho aksao sgdue`l o sgdue`l, pugstl qug, sk gh gegakdl `gsmujrg ho plskmkýe `gh pghltýe, pl`ráo mlstorhgs ho vkò o tl`ls g kemhusl gmbor o pgr`gr ueo dugrro. Muoe`l ge ueo lrdoekzomkýe boy auy plmo `ghgdomkýe `g outlrkò` sg `kmg gs MGEPZOHKÔ@O y gh pl`gr rgmog sljrg ueo l plmos pgrsleos. Vlr ltrl ho`l, muoe`l sg `ghgdo outlrkò` sg `kmg qug ho gaprgso gs @G]MGEPZOHKÔ@O. Oh `gsmgetrohkzor gh aoe`l hls dgrgetgs `g ekvghgs keigrklrgs gstïe outlrkzo`ls o tlaor `gmksklegs ge ho mlrrkgetg lpgrotkvo `g su trojonl. Ge dgegroh sg gstojhgmge háaktgs `g outlrkò`, dgegroe`l qug slhl gh dgrgetg `g ïrgo `gjo mlesuhtor oh dgrgetg dgegroh muoe`l ueo `gmkskýe gstë iugro `g su ohmoemg. Mlal juge porïagtrl `gh ekvgh `g mgetrohkzomkýe qug plsgg ueo mlapoÿáo sg pug`g ljsgrvor gh prgsupugstl outlrkzo`l o hls `kigrgetgs gstrotls dgrgemkohgs. Vlr gngaphl, hl dgrgetgs `g sumursoh `g ueo tkgeò `g vkels pug`ge outlrkzor dostls bosto ho suao `g W]@ 766 `korkls. Muoe`l sg supgrg gsg aletl sg `gjg slhkmktor outlrkzomkýe oh supgrvkslr `g sumursohgs, qukge, o su vgz, gstï outlrkzo`l o pgraktkr dostls `g bosto W]@ ?6.666. ]k sg gxmg`g gsg aletl, gh supgrvkslr `gjg slhkmktor oprljomkýe `gh Dgrgetg `g ]umursohgs, y osá

sumgskvoagetg. Gsto plhátkmo `g prgsupugstl ho `gtgrakeo ho muajrg gstrotëdkmo `g ho mlapoÿáo. Hl k`goh sgráo gemletror gh dro`l ýptkal `g mgetrohkzomkýe poro moò mlapoÿáo, `gpge`kge`l `gh tkpl `g egdlmkl y pgrsleos mle hos qug sg mugetg. Gh tgao `g ho mgetrohkzomkýe `g aoe`l gs ue droe prljhgao `g hos VyAG] `g ho Ordgetkeo, yo qug ge aumbls mosls gstïe `krkdkòs plr sus prlpkgtorkls `gs`g sus kekmkls, skgaprg sg aoegnorle ge ilrao mgetrohkzoò y gemugetroe ue háaktg `g mrgmkakgetl qug gstï `gtgrakeo`l plr hos :0 blros `g su `áo, yo qug oh el `ghgdor outlrkò` sg gemugetroe mle qug gh tkgapl el hgs ohmoezo y gh skstgao el pug`g mrgmgr. Ge hos lrdoekzomklegs mgetrohkzoòs, ge dgegroh hls gaphgo`ls tohgetlsls akdroe o ltros `le`g pugòe `gsorrlhhorsg agnlr, yo qug sg gemugetroe mle tgmbls `g mrgmkakgetl ò`l plr ho mgetrohkzomkýe `gh prlpkgtorkl.

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr.   www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla Gs `g iueòagetoh kaplrtoemko getge`gr qug ho rgsplesojkhkò` `g ue dgrgetg gs ke`ghgdojhg, ke`ghgdojhg , hl qug sg `ghgdo gs ho outlrkò`. outlrkò` . Ho outlrkò` surdg `g ho rgsplesojkhkò` qug uel mlal dgrgetg tkgeg. Vlr gngaphl, sk gh ngig O hg kaportg ueo lr`ge o su sujohtgrel O.?, y gh sujohtgrel rgohkzo aoh su trojonl, gh ngig O `gjg rgsple`gr oh Dgrgetg Dgegroh plr ëh y tl`l su pgrsleoh, yo qug gs rgsplesojhg plr tl`l hl qug sumgò ge su ïrgo. ]k gh ngig O hg `kmg oh Dgrgetg Dgegroh qug ëh hg `kl ho lr`ge o O.?, pgrl O.? el ho muaphký, gh Dgrgetg Dgegroh hg `kráo mle aumbo rozýe hl skdukgetg> ‘Wstg` `gjg lr`geor y mletrlhor qug hg trojonl sg bodo mlal mlrrgsple`g, yo qug gs rgsplesojhg tltoh `g su ïrgo plr `ksplegr `g ho outlrkò` `g `gskdeor o qukge qukgro o rgohkzor gh trojonl. Wstg` ghkdg, ustg` gs rgsplesojhg‑ . @ksmkphkeo> Hls akgajrls `g ueo lrdoekzomkýe tkgege qug rgspgtor hos rgdhos y mlevgekls qug dljkgreoe ho =. @ksmkphkeo> gaprgso. Gstl sgrï gh rgsuhto`l `g ue juge hk`grozdl ge tl`ls hls ekvghgs, `g omugr`ls gquktotkvls (tohgs `ksplskmklegs poro rgmlapgesor gh rge`kakgetl supgrklr) y soemklegs poro hos keirommklegs, ophkmoòs mle nustkmko. Hls ketgdroetgs `g ueo lrdoekzomkýe `gjge sgr `ksmkphkeo`ls poro muaphkr hos ýr`gegs qug sg hgs kaportge, `gjk`l o qug gh ngig qug hos ò gs rgsplesojhg `g qug hos mlsos sohdoe jkge l aoh. O ue gaphgo`l ho lr`ge hg pug`g porgmgr omgrtoò l el, pgrl `gjg gngmutorho `g kduoh aoegro, yo qug su vkskýe `gh kapomtl `g ho aksao gs pormkohkzoò oh ïrgo qug mlelmg. Gh ngig tkgeg ueo vkskýe aïs oaphko `g ltros ïrgos `g ho lrdoekzomkýe y gs qukge mugeto mle aïs keilraomkýe poro ho tlao `g `gmksklegs. Gstl el qukto qug ue gaphgo`l qug rgmkjg ueo lr`ge o`vkgrto o su ngig `g ohdueo mugstkýe el mletgaphoò ge ho lr`ge qug pl`ráo dgegror kapomtl egdotkvl ge ho lrdoekzomkýe. Gs egmgsorkl qug skgaprg sg mlesgrvg gh gqukhkjrl `g tlòs sus ïrgos, mlso qug el sumg`g muoe`l ue tëmekml lmupo ue mordl dgrgemkoh, yo qug gs prljojhg qug gh aksal hg `ë ueo iugrtg kaprleto sljrg ue ïrgo rgspgmtl oh rgstl. Gsto ïrgo sgduroagetg sgo ho qug ëh agnlr aoegno, ho `g su gxpgrtkssg. Voro mlesgrvor ho `ksmkphkeo gs auy kaplrtoetg qug ue dgrgetg sgo gquktotkvl mle hls gaphgo`ls, yo qug ho iohto `g nustkmko dgegro aohgstor y `gsaltkvomkýe, ho muoh sg troùmg ge ke`ksmkphkeo y opotáo.

@krgmmkýe>> Hos lpgromklegs qug tkgege ue aksal ljngtkvl `gjge sgr `krkdkòs plr ue slhl dgrgetg 0. Wekò` `g @krgmmkýe qug usg ue þekml phoe. Gs kaplrtoetg gstg mlemgptl, yo qug sk gxkstkgsg aïs `g ue phoe y hos `kvksklegs `g iuemklegs el iugsge mhoros, sg supgrple`ráoe hls phoegs y ho mlapoÿáo tge`ráo ue ruajl kemkgrtl. Aoe`l>> Pl`l gaphgo`l `gjg rgmkjkr ýr`gegs slhoagetg `g ue supgrklr. Gs kaplrtoetg gstg 7. Wekò` `g Aoe`l mlemgptl, yo qug gs auy mlaþe gemletror lmosklegs `le`g ue gaphgo`l gs `krkdk`l plr aïs `g ue ngig. Gstl sumg`g o ageu`l ge hos gaprgsos ioakhkorgs, `le`g tl`ls òe ýr`gegs o hls plmls gaphgo`ls. Muoe`l lmurrg gstl sg `kmg qug gxkstg @LJHG MLAOE@L. Gh gaphgo`l slagtk`l o `ljhg mlaoe`l gs vámtkao `g hos `ksputos `g sus ngigs, yo qug skgaprg `gjg gstor mlrrkge`l `g ue hudor bomáo ltrl plr ho iohto `g mllr`keomkýe y ho gxkdgemko `g su prgsgemko. oh jkge mla þe þe>> Ge muohqukgr gaprgso gh ketgrës `g hls gaphgo`ls el 9. ]ujlr`keomkýe `g ketgrës ke`kvkù oh oh `gjg tgegr prgigrgemko sljrg hls ketgrgsgs `g ho lrdoekzomkýe mlal ue tl`l. Gstg prkemkpkl `gjg tgegrsg ge mugeto ge gh prlmgsl `g sghgmmkýe `g pgrsleoh, yo qug, sk ue gaphgo`l rgþeg tl`ls hls rgquksktls `g gstu`kl y gxpgrkgemko poro lmupor ue pugstl hojlroh, pgrl su ljngtkvl prligskleoh gs ojrkr su gaprge`kakgetl ge gh mlrtl phozl, gs prljojhg qug o ho gaprgso el hg mlevgedo rgmhutorhl, yo qug hugdl `gh prlmgsl `g oprge`kzong gh aksal sg rgtkrorï `g ho mlapoÿáo.

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   4. Zgauegromkýe> Zgauegromkýe > Ho mlapgesomkýe plr gh trojonl `gjg sgr gquktotkvo poro gaphgo`ls y gaphgo`lrgs, poro qug el sg dgegrge prljhgaos ketgrels. Gs kaplrtoetg sojgr qug el egmgsorkoagetg ue mordl `g gstrotl dgrgemkoh agelr `gjg doeor agels `kegrl qug uel `g gstrotl dgrgemkoh supgrklr. Ho rgauegromkýe el skgaprg sg `gjg `gtgrakeor plr plskmkýe ge gh lrdoekdroao, skel plr rgquksktls `g ho plskmkýe ke`kvkùoh o lmupor. Vug`g sgr qug ue @lmtlr ge Iáskmo ketgdrg gh gqukpl `g kevgstkdo`lrgs `g ue hojlrotlrkl y doeg aïs `kegrl qug ue dgrgetg `g ZZBB. ]k ho rgauegromkýe el aoetkgeg mlrrghomkýe mle gh ekvgh `g rgsplesojkhkò`gs y rgquksktls `gh pugstl, gs plskjhg qug gxkstoe prljhgaos y aohgstor ge ho gaprgso. Mgetrohkzomkýe > Ioylh mrgáo qug hls dgrgetgs `gjge mlesgrvor ho rgsplesojkhkò` ikeoh pgrl toajkëe 2. Mgetrohkzomkýe> egmgsktoe òr o sus sujohtgrels ho outlrkò` suikmkgetg poro qug pugòe rgohkzor su likmkl ge ilrao o`gmuoò. Gh prljhgao mleskstg ge gemletror gh agnlr dro`l `g mgetrohkzomkýe ge moò mosl. ;. Mo`geo `g aoe`l> aoe`l > Ho háego `g outlrkò` ge ueo lrdoekzomkýe gstï rgprgsgetoò bly plr muo`rls y háegos `g ue lrdoekdroao qug poso ge lr`ge `g roedls `gs`g ho ohto dgrgemko bosto hls ekvghgs aïs jonls `g ho gaprgso. Gh prkemkpkl `g ‘mo`geo `g aoe`l" bomg rgigrgemko o qug ue gaphgo`l skgaprg `gjg keilraor o su ngig `krgmtl `g muohqukgr sktuomkýe qug rgqukgro sujkr plr ho mo`geo `g aoe`l. We dgrgetg toaplml `gjg sohtgor ho mo`geo `g aoe`l skel mlauekmor o su sujohtgrel `krgmtl, ge mosl `g qugrgr tgegr mletomtl mle ue sujohtgrel `g sgdue`l dro`l. ?6. Lr`ge Lr`ge>> Hls aotgrkohgs y hos pgrsleos `gjge gstor ge gh hudor o`gmuo`l ge gh alagetl o`gmuo`l. Ge portkmuhor, moò ke`kvkùl `gjg lmupor gh mordl l plskmkýe aïs oprlpko`ls poro ëh.

??. Gqukò` Gqukò`>> Hls oàkekstro`lrgs `gjge sgr oakstlsls y gquktotkvls mle sus sujohtgrels. Ho gqukò` sg mlesk`gro ge gstg mosl `gs`g gh puetl `g vksto `g kduohò` getrg gaphgo`ls `g ho aksao ngrorquáo. ?:. Gstojkhkò` `gh Vgrsleoh> Vgrsleoh > Weo ohto toso `g rltomkýe `gh pgrsleoh el gs mlevgekgetg poro gh gikmkgetg iuemkleoakgetl `g ueo lrdoekzomkýe. Muoe`l ue eugvl ke`kvkùl sg suao o ueo lrdoekzomkýe hl prkagrl qug `gjg bomgr gs mlelmgr y oprge`gr gh iuemkleoakgetl ketgrel `g ho aksao. Gstg prlmgsl sg `gelakeo `g o`lmtrkeoakgetl y akgetros sg `gsorrlhho, gh gaphgo`l rgohkzorï su trojonl y mlagtgrï ueo sgrkg `g grrlrgs `gjk`l oh `gsmlelmkakgetl `g ho torgo o rgohkzor. Gs hýdkml qug gstl sumgò, yo qug gh aksal el aoegno ?66% ho iuemkýe qug mlagezý o `gsgapgÿor. Ge gstg prlmgsl gh gaphgo`l gstï vkvgemkoe`l hl qug sg hhoao ho murvo `gh oprge`kzong qug ljsgrvoals o mletkeuomkýe> Drïikml E¾? E¾?6 6-M Murv urv o `gh oprge`kzong

Iugetg> Bgraoee Gjjkedbous, ?227.

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   Ho murvo rgprgsgeto gh gsiugrzl qug rgqukgrg ueo pgrsleo poro oprge`gr o hl hordl `gh tkgapl. Gs hýdkml qug hls prkagrls agsgs `gaoe`g aoylr gsiugrzl y hugdl `g ue tkgapl gh aksal aksa l `ksakeuyo.

Yk`gl   Yk`gl `gh tgao

Gh mlemgptl `g ho murvo `gh oprge`kzong gs aïs iugrtg muoe`l ho plskmkýe ge ho gaprgso rgqukgrg `g kemlrplromkýe `g mlemgptls l prlmgsls ketgrels aïs mlaphgnls. Yohg `gstomor qug o ho gaprgso gh gaphgo`l hls prkagrls agsgs hg rgprgsgeto aïs pgr`kòs qug hl usuoh, yo qug mlagtg aumbls grrlrgs `gjk`l oh prlmgsl `g oprge`kzong. El sgráo jugel qug hugdl `g gstg prkagr pgrál`l, gh gaphgo`l sg iugro `g ho gaprgso, yo qug ho

mlapoÿáo gh aoylr mlstl `g oprge`kzong y muoe`l gh gaphgo`l mlakgezo o dgegror bojráo agelr osuak`l për`kò rgohkzoe`l aumbl agnlr su trojonl, gh aksal sg rgtkro. Gs plr gsto rozýe qug ho ohto rltomkýe el gs jugeo poro ho gaprgso. Oblro jkge, toajkëe pl`gals pgesor qug boy plskmklegs hojlrohgs qug rgqukgrge auy plml oprge`kzong `gjk`l o ho jono mohkikmomkýe `g hos plskmklegs y o ho mlapoÿáo el hg alhgstoráo tgegr ohto rltomkýe `g kedrgsls y gdrgsls `g pgrsleoh rgmhuto`l. Gs aïs, hg mlevge`ráo `gjk`l o qug euemo voe o tgegr ue stoii `g gaphgo`ls mle `gaoskoò oetkdøgò`, plr hl qug rgùmg oh aïxkal hls mlstls `g rgauegromklegs plr oetkdøgò`, mordos slmkohgs, vomomklegs g ke`gaekzomklegs.

Boy trojonls qug sle auy `gsdostoetgs poro hos pgrsleos y el sg tlhgroe aïs `g ? l : oÿls, mlal plr gngaphl hls trojonls `g Mohh Mgetgr , `le`g ge droe aoylráo sg prkvkhgdko ho rltomkýe `gh pgrsleoh. ?=. Kekmkotkvo> > @gjg òrsg Ho o hls sujohtgrels ho hkjgrto` poro mlemgjkr`gh y hhgvor o mojl sus phoegs, oue muoe`lgso Kekmkotkvo vgmgs sg mlagtoe grrlrgs. kekmkotkvo gs prlùmtl `g ho altkvomkýe pgrsleoh. Muoe`l ueo lrdoekzomkýe mgetrohkzoò ho kekmkotkvo sg jhlqugo plr hls ngigs, pgrl muoe`l gs `gsmgetrohkzoò ho kekmkotkvo gs iueòagetoh poro dgegror outlelaáo ge gh trojonl. Ge dgegroh, hls dgrgetgs `g ekvgh ag`kl l ohtl qukgrge qug sus dgrgetgs sujlr`keo`ls tlage kekmkotkvo poro rgslhvgr hls mleihkmtls, yo qug gsl dgegro aoylr `ksplekjkhkò` `g tkgapl poro ghhls, slhl `gjkge`l sgr mlesuhto`ls muoe`l ho `gmkskýe gxmgò gh mordl dgrgemkoh keigrklr. Gh pl`gr `g `gmkskýe gs prlpkl `g moò plskmkýe ke`kvkùoh `getrl `g ho mlapoÿáo. Drupl>> Vrlalvgr gh gspárktu `g gqukpl òrï o ho lrdoekzomkýe ue sgetk`l `g uekò`. Gs ?0. Gspárktu `g Drupl rgmlageòjhg, plr gngaphl, gh gaphgl `g mlauekmomkýe vgrjoh ge hudor `g ho mlauekmomkýe ilraoh plr gsmrktl, skgaprg qug iugro plskjhg.

Gngaphl Gng aphl `g mosl `le`g el sg muaphge ohduels ohduels pr kemkpkl s> Mosl> Ge ueo droe gaprgso `g sgdurls odrámlhos gh MGL `gmk`g kaphgagetor ue skstgao `g rltomkýe `gh Mosl> pgrsleoh, `le`g moò gaphgo`l `gjg posor o muaphkr ltro iuemkýe ge ue tërakel el aoylr o 9 agsgs. Hl bomg poro rgùmkr ho prljojkhkò` `g irou`g bomko ho mlapoÿáo yo qug sojg qug hgs podo plml o hls gaphgo`ls y tgag qug hls aksals bodoe orrgdhls mle hls mhkgetgs poro somorhg `kegrl o ho mlapoÿáo. Gh MGL euemo pug`g mlaprge`gr plr quë su mlapoÿáo mlagetg toetls grrlrgs y ho mlapgtgemko moò vgz tkgeg aoylr plrmkýe `g agrmo`l. Oeïhk ïhk sk s> ge gstg mosl el sg muaphge hls prkemkpkls `g Gstojkhkò` `gh Vgrsleoh y Zgauegromkýe. Gh prkagrl sg Oe rlapg plr gh bgmbl `g moajkor `g plskmkýe hojlroh o hls gaphgo`ls moò 9 agsgs, dgegroe`l qug moò uel el sgo gxpgrtl ge gh `gsorrlhhl `g su torgo, yo qug muoe`l mlakgezo o rgohkzor gikmkgetgagetg gh trojonl gs

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   rgalvk`l `g gso plskmkýe. Ge dgegroh gstg tkpl `g gstrotgdko `g rltomkýe sg `gjg bomgr ge mlapoÿáos `le`g gh oprge`kzong `g ho plskmkýe hojlroh el rgqukgro aumbl tkgapl, mlal plr gngaphl ge hls Mohh Mgetgr, aogstroezo, gtm. Gh sgdue`l prkemkpkl qug sg rlapg gs gh `g Zgauegromkýe, yo qug hls gaphgo`ls gstïe aoh podls y gsl dgegro aoh gstor. Gh aoh gstor hojlroh dgegro ue aletýe `g òÿls ke`krgmtls mlal sgr iohto `g kekmkotkvo, opotáo ge ho rgohkzomkýe `gh trojonl, `gsaltkvomkýe, iohto `g mlaprlaksl y bosto pug`g hhgdor o dgegror kesujlr`keomkýe o hos lr`gegs rgmkjkòs.

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   ]áetgsks `g ho Wekò` ? Ge gh troesmursl `g gsto uekò` bgals ojlrò`l gh mlemgptl `g oàkekstromkýe mlagetoe`l hos `kigrgetgs gsmughos gxkstgetgs ge ho aotgrko. Poajkëe trojonoals sljrg gh mlemgptl `g lrdoekzomkýe y su mlaplskmkýe. Bkmkals gspgmkoh ëeiosks ge hls ?0 prkemkpkls `g ho oàkekstromkýe `g Bgery Ioylh. Poajkëe ovoezoals sljrg ho ikduro `gh dgrgetg mlal qukge tlao `gmksklegs y mlagetoals jrgvgagetg hos 0 omtkvkò`gs jïskmos `gh aksal, qug `gsorrlhhorgals o hl hordl `g ho h o oskdeoturo.

O mletkeuomkýe, hg prgsgetoals ue aopo mlemgptuoh qug rgsuag gh rgmlrrk`l rgohkzo`l ge gsto uekò`>

:;

Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   Omtktk vk ò` Vrïm tktkmm o> hls h ls ?0 prke pr ke mk pk pkls ls `g ho h o oàke oà keks ks tr tromk omk ýe `g B. Ioylh Ioy lh Om

Getge`gals `g iueòagetoh kaplrtoemko gh mlelmkakgetl `g hls ?0 prkemkpkls `g ho oàkekstromkýe `g Bgery Ioylh. O mletkeuomkýe, voals o rgohkzor ueo omtkvkò` prïmtkmo `le`g ustg` `gjgrï oeohkzor moò mosl portkmuhor y `gtgrakeor muïhgs sle hls prkemkpkls `g Ioylh qug sg rlapge y prlùmge gh mleihkmtl. Ho rupturo `gh prkemkpkl pug`g vgekr plr portg `gh gaphgo`l, dgrgetg, prgsk`getg l muohqukgr pgrsleo qug ketgrikgro. Ge tl`ls hls mosls gxkstg aïs `g ue prkemkpkl el muaphk`l. Mleskdeo> `gtgrakeg quë grrlrgs sg mlagtge ge moò mosl, mlesk`groe`l muïhgs `g hls ?0 prkemkpkls `g ho oàkekstromkýe `g B. Ioylh el sg muaphge. Mosl ? Gh pgrsleoh eþagrl = `g aogstroezo sg gemordo `g hkapkor gh sgmtlr O, J y M `g hos kestohomklegs `g ho mlapoÿáo. Vlstgrklragetg gh pgrsleoh eþagrl 7 sg gemordo `g hkapkor gh sgmtlr M, @ y G `g ho mlapoÿáo. Oh hhgdor gh dgrgetg `g aogstroezo y gigmtuor gh mletrlh bojktuoh, sg gemugetro mle qug gh sgmtlr I gstï sumkl. Mosl : Gh dgrgetg `g vgetos vg o pgrsleoh `g aoetgekakgetl qug gstï rgporoe`l ue morrl troesplrto`lr `g pohhgts. Mlal gh dgrgetg `g vgetos gsmumbý ge g e gh joÿl qug gh MGL `g ho mlapoÿáo hg `knl oh dgrgetg `g aoetgekakgetl> a oetgekakgetl> ‘]g kjoe o vge`gr hls morrls troesplrto`lrgs `g pohhgts ske dostor ue pgsl aïs ge su aoetgekakgetl ‑, gh dgrgetg `g vgetos tlal ho `gmkskýe `g lr`georhg oh pgrsleoh `g aoetgekakgetl qug el bodo aïs gsg trojonl. Gsto ke`kmomkýe sg muaphký. Hugdl gh dgrgetg `g aoetgekakgetl soemkleý oh pgrsleoh `g aoetgekakgetl plr el muaphkr mle ho lr`ge `g trojonl kaportkò kap ortkò oetgrklragetg. Mosl = Gh blrorkl `g kedrgsl oh turel aoÿoeo `g ho mlapoÿáo gs o hos 64>66 oa. O tl`ls hls gaphgo`ls sg hgs ovkso muoe`l mlakgezoe o prgstor sgrvkmkls ge ho gaprgso. ]g kemlrplro gh gaphgo`l 0=, qukge gs bknl `gh dgrgetg `g ZZBB. Gstg gaphgo`l hhgdo tl`ls hls `áos o hos 64>=6 oa. Mlal su po`rg gs gh gemordo`l `g ophkmor hos soemklegs `g prgsgetksal oh pgrsleoh, euemo hg hhoaoe ho otgemkýe. Gh rgstl `gh pgrsleoh auy `ksmleilrag mlakgezo toajkëe o hhgdor tor`g y ue `áo gh dgrgetg `g ZZBB hgs ophkmo soemklegs o tl`ls sohvl oh gaphgo`l 0=. Mosl 0 Gh MGL lr`geo oh dgrgetg `g mrë`ktls y mljroezos qug slhl `g ue phozl `g mrë`ktl `g =6 `áos o hls mhkgetgs mhosg O. Gh dgrgetg `g mrë`ktls y mljroezos el mleilrag mle ho lr`ge ke`kmo o hls mljro`lrgs òr ue phozl `g 07 `áos, ge iuemkýe `g ghhl rgohkzo su phoekikmomkýe ikeoemkgro. We `áo gh MGL sg omgrmo o ho likmkeo `g mrë`ktls y mljroezos y gsmumbo o ue vge`g`lr ltlrdor ue phozl `g 07 `áos o ue mhkgetg mhosg O. Vlr ghhl gh MGL lr`geo oh vge`g`lr el ltlrdor gsg phozl y jonorhl o =6 `áos. Gh vge`g`lr pkgr`g ho vgeto `g ?7 akhhlegs `g pgsls, yo qug oh mhkgetg gh dgrgetg hg bojáo prlagtk`l ue phozl `g 07 `áos. Mlal gsg gro gh agnlr mhkgetg ho mlapoÿáo pkgr`g gh =6% `g sus vgetos rgpgetkeoagetg y ho phoekikmomkýe ikeoemkgro sg `gsalrleo, rgeuemkoe`l gh agnlr vge`g`lr plr pgr`gr sus mlaksklegs `g gso vgeto y yëe`lsg mle su mhkgetg o trojonor o ltro mlapoÿáo. Mosl 7 Ge ueo mlapoÿáo sg tkgeg qug rgmhutor o ue dgrgetg, boy qug `gmk`kr getrg gh moe`kòtl O y J poro lmupor gh mordl. Gh moe`kòtl O vkgeg gspgroe`l ho lplrtuekò` poro gsg mordl ge gso mlapoÿáo, yo qug gs ho pugrto o su rgohkzomkýe prligskleoh, yo qug ëh skgaprg slÿý mle sgr dgrgetg `g gso mlapoÿáo. Vk`g $:7.666 `g sugh`l jrutl. Gh moe`kòtl J tkgeg agnlrgs oetgmg`getgs omo`ëakmls y hojlrohgs y pk`g $:6.666 jrutls. Gh MGL lpto plr gh J. Oh posor ue oÿl gh dgrgetg (J) `gmk`g krsg o ltro mlapoÿáo yo qug hg podoe $=6.666 jrutls.

=6

Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   Mosl 9 Ge ho háego `g prlùmmkýe boy aohgstor, yo qug hls lpgrorkls trojonoe 02 blros plr sgaoeo y doeoe $7666 jrutls, muoe`l`gghghhl dgrgetg `g lpgromklegs slhl =9 blros y doeo $:7.666 jrutls. Ge mlesgmugemko, hls gaphgo`ls hhoaoe ohtrojono ske`kmotl y rgohkzoe ue plr porlsgaoeo `g phoeto. Mosl 4 Gh MGL `g ho mlapoÿáo gs ueo pgrsleo auy `gsmleikoò y qukgrg tgegr gh mletrlh ojslhutl `g hls qug poso ge su gaprgso. Gs plr ghhl qug `ksgÿý ue skstgao oàkekstrotkvl `le`g tlò lpgromkýe qug rgqukgro ue `gsgajlhsl `g `kegrl `gjg sgr oprljoò plr ëh. Ge gsto mlapoÿáo gs mlaþe gemletror hls `áos 4, 2 y ; `g moò ags, ueo ikho `g gaphgo`ls ngrïrqukmls ge gh `gspombl `gh MGL gspgroe`l qug hg tlqug su turel o moò uel, poro qug gh aksal hg oprugjg hls podls poro prlvgg`lrgs y gaphgo`ls. Hls gaphgo`ls mle aoylr tohgetl sg skgetge `gprkak`ls y `gmk`ge krsg o ltro mlapoÿáo. We `áo ue lpgrorkl sg hostkao mle ue ohoajrg lxkò`l y gh ngig `galro 7 blros gspgroe`l qug gh MGL rgdrgsg `g ueo rguekýe poro oprljorhg ueo lr`ge `g mlapro `g kesuals aë`kmls `g prkagrls ouxkhkls. Gh lpgrorkl mletrog tëtoel y o hl hordl `g = agsgs pkgr`g ue jrozl. Ho mlapoÿáo rgmkjg ueo `gaoeò qug hg mugsto $966.666.

=?

Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   OWPLGYOHWO OWPLGYO HWOMKÝE MKÝE Mlal mkgrrg `g prkagro uekò`, hg prlplegals skdukgetg omtkvkò` `g outlgvohuomkýe, hg sgrvkrï poro vgrkikmor ho gsto mlaprgeskýe `g hls mletgek`ls bostohooquá troto`ls. Hg prlplegals qug ghkno qug ho ohtgreotkvo mlrrgmto>

?. o. j. m. `. g. i.

Ke`kqug muohgs `g hos skduk getgs lpmklegs mlesk`gro qug gs ueo lrdoekzomkýe> Weo gaprgso. We dljkgrel. Weo uekvgrskò`. We gstojhgmkakgetl odrlpgmuorkl. Plòs hos oetgrklrgs. Ekedueo `g hos agemkleoòs.

:. o. j. m. `. g.

¼_ ¼_uë uë gs ho oàkekstromkýe < We ïrgo `g ueo gaprgso. Weo `ksmkphkeo qug `lakeoe hls dgrgetgs. Weo `ksmkphkeo qug `lakeoe hls lpgrorkls `g ueo iïjrkmo. Plòs hos oetgrklrgs. Ekedueo `g hos agemkleoòs.

=. o. j.

Ghkno ho oikraomkýe mlrrgmto> We dgrg dgrgetg etg `g ohtl ekvg ekvghh tkgeg qug soj sojgr gr sá l sá mlal sg bomg gghh trojo trojonl nl `g ue llpgrorkl. pgrorkl. We dg dgrgetg rgetg `g jonl ekvgh tktkgeg geg qug `lakeor hls ospgmtls tëmekmls qug sg vkemuhoe oh eþmhgl lpgrotkvl `g ueo lrdoekzomkýe y iueòagetohagetg mlelmgr ho gstrotgdko mlrplrotkvo `g ho lrdoekzomkýe. We ddgrgetg grgetg `g háego ag`ko ttkgeg kgeg qqug ug `l `lakeor akeor iue iueòagetohagetg òagetohagetg hos bo bojkhkò`gs jkhkò`gs buaoeos poro mlauekmor, altkvor, rghomkleorsg g kespkror o hls sujlr`keo`ls.

m.

0. o. j. m. `.

]gÿohg ho rgspu gsto mlr rgmto. ¼Muïhgs sle hos omtkv kò`gs jïskmos `g ue dgrgetg< Vhoekikmor, lrdoekzor, sojgr bomgr y mletrlhor. Vhoekikmor, lr`geor, sojgr bomgr y mletrlhor. Vhoekikmor, lrdoekzor, `krkdkr y el mletrlhor. Ekedueo `g hos oetgrklrgs.

7. o. j. m. `. g.

]gÿohg ho rgspu gsto mlr rgmto. ¼quë gs ue al` ghl agetoh< Gs ho ilrao `g getge`gr hos mlsos `g hos pgrsleos. Gs ueo pgrsleo qug tkgeg ueo agetg jrkhhoetg. Gs ue mgrgjrl `leo`l o ueo lrdoekzomkýe mkgetáikmo poro `gstkeorhl o kevgstkdomkýe. Plòs hos oetgrklrgs. Ekedueo `g hos agemkleoòs.

9. o.

Ghkno ho oikraomkýe mlrrgmto. Weo lrdo lrdoekzomkýe ekzomkýe gs mgetrohkzoò muoe`l uj ujkmo kmo o tlòs hos ïrgos ``gg su mlapoÿáo ge gh aksal g`kikmkl. Weo lrdoekzomkýe gs mgetrohkzoò muoe`l gh pl`gr `g `gmkskýe rgmog sljrg aumbos pgrsleos. Weo lrdoekzomkýe gs `gsmgetrohkzoò muoe`l gh pl`gr rgmog sljrg ueo l plmos pgrsleos.

j. m.

=:

Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   `.

Ho rgsplesojkhkò` sg `ghgdo y ho outlrkò` el.

g.

Ho outlrkò` sg `ghgdo y ho rgsplesojkhkò` el.

4. o. j. m.

Ghkno ho oikraomkýe mlrrgmto. Weo gaprgso gs ue tkpl `g lrdoekzomkýe qug tkgeg mlal prlpýsktl humror. Weo gaprgso el gs ueo lrdoekzomkýe. Weo lrdoekzomkýe `g ueo slho pgrsleo gs ueo gaprgso.

2. o. j.

Ghkno ho oikraomkýe mlrrgmto. Gs jugel qug ge ueo lrdoekzomkýe odrlpgmuorko sgoe tl`ls pgesoetgs y oeohátkmls. Gs jjugel ugel qug ggee uueo eo lrdoekzomkýe odrlpgmuorko sgoe tlòs hos pgrsleos mle aumbo mop mopomkò` omkò` `g rghomkleoakgetl buaoel, ske kaplrtor hl oeohátkml. Gs jugel qug ge uueo eo llrdoekzomkýe rdoekzomkýe odrlpgmuorko gxksto uuee gqukhkjrkl getrg pgrsleos ooeohátkmos eohátkmos y mle mopomkò` `g rghomkleoakgetl buaoel, yo qug sg dgegro ue gqukhkjrkl y getrg tl`ls sg

m.

mlaphgagetoe. ;. o. j. m. ?6. ?6.

]gÿohg ho rgspu gsto mlr rgmto. ¼sgráo k`goh rggaphozor ge ueo gaprgso odrlk eùs trk oh o tl` os hos pgrsleos plr aïquk eos poro qug el mlagtoe g grrlrgs< rrlrgs< ]á, plrqug hos aoqukeos sle gxomtos y hos pgrsleos sg gqukvlmoe. El, plrqu plrqugg hls mordls dgrgemko dgrgemkohgs hgs `g háego ag`ko y muajrg gstrotëdkmo eell pug`g pug`gee sgr rggaphozo`ls plr ueo aoqukeo. Ekedueo `g hos oetgrklrgs.

o. j.

]gÿohg ]gÿohg ho rg rgspugsto spugsto mlrrgmto. ¼ue kedgekgrl kedgekgrl odrýelal gsto ilrao`l po poro ro lmupor ue mo mordl rdl ge qug portg `g ho lrdoekzomkýe< Muajrg gstrotëdkmo. Háego ag`ko.

m.

Eþmhgl lpgrotkvl. ZGMWZ]L] @G GRPGE]KÝE

Ho hgmturo `g hls mopátuhls ke`kmo`ls hg pgraktkrï prliue`kzor hls mlemgptls ojlrò`ls ge gsto uekò`. ?. :.

=. 0.

7.

Oporto`ls ‘@lakekl pgrsleoh‑ y ‘Al`ghls agetohgs‑ `g ] ]gedg, gedg, V. (:667) ‘Ho quketo `ksmkphkeo ge hho o prïmtkmo‑. Jugels Okrgs. G`ktlrkoh Droekmo. Mopátuhl 0 `g ]GEG]K, ]gjostkoe, ‘Gh mopktoh slmkoh mlal iomtlr `g prlùmmkýe ge hls skstgaos `g Odrlegdlmkls ge Ordgetkeo. We oeïhksks mlaporo`l `g hls skst gaos ovkor, vktkvkeámlho y vomuel‑. Hkec

`g ommgsl oh `lmuagetl `lmuagetl bttp>//rk.odrl.ujo.or/ikhgs/`lwehlo`/tgsks/aogstrko/:6?:sgegsksgjostkoe.pì   Mopátuhl 7 `g Aketzjgrd, B. (:660). @ksgÿl `g Lrdoekzomklegs Gikmkgetgs. Gikmkgetgs. Jugels Okrgs. Gh Otgegl. Mopátuhls ?, :, =, 0, 7, 99,, 4, 2, ;, ?6 y ?? `g Jrok`lt, E. (: (:6?6). 6?6). Egurlaoeodgagt Egurlaoeodgagt.. Jugels Okrgs. Droekmo y hggr mopátuhl ?: `g @oit. Z. (:667) ‘Pglráo y @ksgÿl Lrdoekzomkleoh‑. Aëxk ml. G`ktlrkoh Pblasle. Oporto`ls ‘Hls prkagrls posls‑, ‘Vgesoakgetl skstëakml‑, skstëakml‑, ‘Yksklegs mlaportkòs‑ y ‘Oprge`kzong ge gqukpl‑ `g ]gedg, V. (:667) ‘Ho quketo `ksmkphkeo ge ho prïmtkmo‑. Jugels Okrgs. G`ktlrkoh Droekmo.

9.

Vrkagro Vortg (`gs`g pïdkeo ? bosto pï pïdkeo dkeo 47) `g Zljjkes, ]. y Mluhtgr, A. (:666). (:666). Oàkekstromkýe. Oàkekstromkýe. Aoeuoh `g Oàkekstromkýe `g Gaprgsos. ]gxto G`kmkýe. Aëxkml. Vrgetkmg Bohh.

==

Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla

WEK@O@ : Gh dgrgetg y su moapl `g `g o ommk mmkýe ýe

=0

Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla KEPZL@WMMKÝE

Ge gsto sgdueò uekò` trojonorgals sljrg ho kaplrtoemko qug tkgeg ho muhturo kestktumkleoh ge hos lrdoekzomklegs. Poajkëe vgrgals ho rghgvoemko `g hls `kigrgetgs tkpls `g oajkgetgs `getrl y iugro `g ueo lrdoekzomkýe, hls muohgs tkgeg ue kapomtl `krgmtl ge gh `gsgapgÿl `g ho aksao. @gsorrlhhorgals hls geilqugs `g Zgsplesojkhkò` ]lmkoh Gaprgsorko (Z]G) `g quë aoegro sg vkemuho mle gh mlapgtktkvl `g ho lrdoekzomkýe ge gh skdhl RRK. Ojlròrgals mley aïs `gtohhg gh prlmgsl `g tlao `g`gsgapgÿl `gmksklegs `gh dgrgetg y gxphkmorgals ho kaplrtoemko `gh mgrgjrl buaoel Ge rghomkýe mle hls mletgek`ls phoetgo`ls, ge gsto uekò` gspgroals qug ustg` pugò ohmoezor hls skdukgetgs ljngtkvls>

•

•

•

Mlaprge`gr ho iuemkýe `gh dgrgetg ge rghomkýe oh rlh `gh rgstl `g hls kketgdroetgs etgdroetgs `g ueo lrdoekzomkýe. K`getkikmor `g quë aoegro ho ëtkmo y vohlrgs `gh dgrgetg prlygmtoe ue `gtgrakeo`l mlaplrtoakgetl ge ho lrdoekzomkýe, keihugemkoe`l ge ho muhturo lrdoekzomkleoh. Mlaprge`gr ho kaplrtoemko qug tkgeg gh pgrikh agetoh ge ho tlao `g `gmksklegs y mleùmmkýe `g lrdoekzomklegs.

HO MWHPWZO LZDOEKÔMKLEOH [ ]W] @KAG @KAGE]KLEG E]KLEG] ] Kekmkoals gsto sgdueò uekò` oikraoe`l qug ho muhturo lrdoekzomkleoh gs ue skstgao `g skdekikmomkýe mlaportkò plr hls akgajrls `g ueo lrdoekzomkýe qug `gtgrakeo, ge droe ag`kò, ho ilrao ge qug omtþoe sus

gaphgo`ls. Ge ilrao sketëtkmo, pl` pl`ráoals ráoals `gmkr qug ho ¨pgrsleohkò`¨ `g hos lrdoekzomklegs gs ho muhturo. Oh geirgetorsg o ue prljhgao, ho muhturo lrdoekzomkleoh rgstrkedg hos plskjkhkò`gs `g ommkýe `g hls gaphgo`ls plrqug hgs sudkgrg ho ilrao mlrrgmto `g mlemgptuohkzor, `gikekr, oeohkzor y rgslhvgr `kmbl prljhgao. Hls ke`kvkùls pgrmkjge ho muhturo `g ho lrdoekzomkýe ge iuemkýe `g hl qug vge l gsmumboe `getrl `g ghho. Voro prliue`kzor ge gstg tgao, els porgmg kaplrtoetg sgÿohor qug ho muhturo `g ueo lrdoekzomkýe gstï `g ohdueo aoegro `gtgrakeoò plr skgtg `kagesklegs y qug moò ueo `g ghhos pug`g gstor aïs omgetuoò qug ltro y tlòs `gtgrakeoe ge su mlenuetl ho gsgemko `g ho muhturo. O mletkeuomkýe, `gsmrkjkals ge ilrao sketëtkmo hos `kagesklegs sgÿohoòs> ?.

Keelvomkýe y omgptomkýe `g rkgsdls > gs gh dro`l ge gh muoh sg ohkgeto o hls gaphgo`ls o sgr

keelvo`lrgs y osuakr rkgsdls.

=7

Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla :.

Ot gem gemký ký e o hl s `gt `gtohh ohh gs > dro`l ge gh muoh sg gspgro qug hls gaphgo`ls `gaugstrge prgmkskýe,

oeïhksks y otgemkýe o hls `gtohhgs. =.

Lrkgetomkýe Lrkg etomkýe bomko hls rgsuhto`ls > hls dgrgetgs geilmoe su otgemkýe ge hls rgsuhto`ls l gigmtls, y

el ge gh prlmgsl ag`koetg gh muoh sg hldrý ljtgegr gh rgsuhto`l. 0.

Lrkgetomkýe bomko hos pgrsleos > hos `gmksklegs oàkekstrotkvos tlaoe ge mlesk`gromkýe gh gigmtl

`g hls rgsuhto`ls sljrg hos pgrsleos qug gstïe `getrl `g ho lrdoekzomkýe. 7.

Lrkgetomkýe bomko gh gqukpl > hos omtkvkò`gs `g trojonl gstïe lrdoekzoòs ge tlrel `g gqukpls y el ke`kvkùls.

9.

m lapgtktkvos. Odrgs Od rgs kv k` o` > dro`l ge gh muoh hos pgrsleos sle odrgskvos y mlapgtktkvos.

4.

Gstojkhkò`> hos omtkvkò`gs `g ho lrdoekzomkýe plege ëeiosks ge aoetgegr gh stotu qul, ge

lplskmkýe oh mrgmkakgetl. Drïikml E¾ ?? - @kagesklegs `g ho muhturo lrdoekzomkleoh

Iugetg> ghojlromkýe prlpko ge josg o Zljjkes ]. y Mluhtgr A., :666.

Mojg `gstomor qug hos lrdoekzomklegs pug`ge tgegr muhturos iugrtgs l `ëjkhgs. Hos prkagros sg mmoromtgrkzoe oromtgrkzoe plr tgegr ueo iugrtg prgsgemko `g hos `kagesklegs oetgs agemkleoòs, mle`kmkleoe`l `g gsto aoegro o hls gaphgo`ls. ]u mlaplrtoakgetl vo o gstor `gikek`l ge droe portg plr hos `kagesklegs qug aoylr pgsl tkgeg ge ho muhturo. ]g pug`g `gmkr qug, o aoylr prgsgemko `g gstos `kagesklegs ge moetkò` `g gaphgo`ls `g ho lrdoekzomkýe, ho muhturo gs aïs iugrtg. Vlr gh mletrorkl, muoe`l gstos `kagesklegs gstïe prgsgetgs ge plmls gaphgo`ls (ge dgegroh hls dgrgetgs/ùgÿls ge VyAG]) sg `kmg qug ho mmuhturo uhturo gs `ëjkh. Oikraoals qug tlòs hos lrdoekzomklegs voe o tgegr ueo muhturo, gh tgao mgetroh gs muïh sgrï ho aodektu` ge qug ësto mle`kmkleo gh ommkleor `g sus gaphgo`ls. Gs iueòagetoh qug ustg` mlaprgeò qug poro qug ue gaphgo`l o`qukgro ueo sýhkò muhturo, hls rgigrgetgs `getrl `g ho lrdoekzomkýe tge`rïe qug tgegrho. Ge dgegroh gstos `kagesklegs el sg gemugetroe gxphkmktos ge ue popgh, skel qug sg gsmumboe mlagetorkls `getrl `g ho

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   gaprgso `g mýal gs gh ommkleor `g hls gaphgo`ls oetg `gtgrakeoòs sktuomklegs. Oh kedrgsor ue eugvl gaphgo`l, `gtgmto qug hos pgrsleos qug ketgdroe ho lrdoekzomkýe vohlrkzoe `gtgrakeoòs ilraos `g prlmg`gr y `g o plml vo kemlrplroe`l gstls vohlrgs. Vlr gh mletrorkl, muoe`l ueo muhturo gs `ëjkh, gstos `kagesklegs el gstïe auy prgsgetgs ge hls gaphgo`ls `g ho lrdoekzomkýe y gsl dgegro qug hls aksals el gstëe mle`kmkleo`ls o `gtgrakeoò ommkýe, ophkmoe`l su prlpkl mrktgrkl y dgegroe`l ueo prlygmmkýe el blaldëego `gh trojonl o hls omtlrgs qug sg gemugetroe iugro `g ho lrdoekzomkýe.

@KIGZGEPG] @KIGZ GEPG] PKVL PKVL] ] @G VGZ]LEOHK@O@ @G WEO LZDOEKÔMKÝE Ge aumbos lrdoekzomklegs -sljrg tl`l hos qug tkgege muhturos iugrtgs- ueo `g hos skgtg `kagesklegs prg`lakeo sljrg gh rgstl. Gstl `gtgrakeo ge dgegroh su pgrsleohkò`, ho ikslelaáo `g hos lrdoekzomklegs y ho ilrao ge qug sus gaphgo`ls bomge gh trojonl. Vlr gngaphl, ]ley Mlrplrotkle mletkeþo gstoe`l geilmoò ge ho keelvomkýe `g prlùmtls. Ho mlapoÿáo ‘vkvg y rgspkro‑ o gxpgesos `gh `gsorrlhhl `g eugvls prlùmtls y toetl hos `gmksklegs

`g sus dgrgetgs mlal hos ommklegs `g sus s us gaphgo`ls oplyoe gso agto. Oh rgspgmtl `g gstl, ge ueo lrdoekzomkýe pl`gals gemletror `kigrgetgs tkpls `g pgrsleohkò`gs. O mletkeuomkýe, hos prgsgetoals ge ue muo`rl qug hos sketgtkzo>

PKVL @G VGZ]LEOHK@O@ Omgptoe rkgsdls Mukòe hls `gtohhgs Lrkgetoòs o rgsuhto`ls Geilmoòs bomko hos pgrsleos Yohlroe gh gqukpl

Odrgskvos Kegstojhgs

MOZOMPGZÁ]PKMO] @G HO LZDOEKÔMKÝE MOZOMPGZÁ]PKMO] Ohkgetoe o hls gaphgo`ls o omgptor rkgsdls. ]g mgetro mle keskstgemko ge hls puetls ikels (hls `gtohhgs) `g hls egdlmkls. Pkgege ëxktl plr geilmorsg ge hls rgsuhto`ls. Bomge `g sus gaphgo`ls ho portg iueòagetoh `g sus muhturos Dkroe ge tlrel oh mlemgptl `g gqukpl. Gh tgao mlaþe poro `gikekr ho gsgemko `g ho k`getkò` `g gstos lrdoekzomklegs gs su mlaprlaksl mle gh trojonl ge gqukpl. Yohlroe ho odrgskvkò` ge gh ommkleor sljrg tlòs hos mlsos. Muyos muhturos sg `gikege plr su ëeiosks ojruao`lr ge gh mrgmkakgetl.

Iugetg> ghojlromkýe prlpko ge josg o Zljjkes ]. y Mluhtgr A., :666.

HO MWHPWZ MWHPWZO O LZDOEK LZDOEKÔMKL ÔMKLEOH EOH Ho muhturo `g ueo lrdoekzomkýe gs rghgvoetg poro hls dgrgetgs plrqug kapleg háaktgs o hl qug gs plskjhg y hl qug el sg pug`g bomgr. ]k gs iugrtg, rgstrkedg hos lpmklegs qug tkgeg ue dgrgetg poro tlaor `gmksklegs ge tlòs hos iuemklegs oàkekstrotkvos. Hos prkemkpohgs ïrgos `g trojonl `g ue dgrgetg sg gemugetroe jonl ho keihugemko `g ho muhturo ge ho muoh trojono. trojono. Gstls sle ohduels gngaphls `g `gmksklegs oàkekstrotkvos ge hos qug keihuyg ho muhturo>

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   •

Vhoekikmomkýe> dro`l `g rkgsdl qug hls phoegs `gjge mletgegr (`gmk`kr sk `gjgrïe sgr `gsorrlhho`ls Vhoekikmomkýe> dro`l plr ke`kvkùls l plr gqukpls)

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Lrdoekzomkýe> `g muïeto outlelaáo `gjgrïe dlzor hls gaphgo`ls ge su trojonl, `gmk`kr sk hos Lrdoekzomkýe> torgos sgrïe rgohkzoòs plr ke`kvkùls l plr gqukpls `g trojono`lrgs.

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@krgmmkýe> `gmk`kr @krgmmkýe> `gmk`kr quë gstkhls `g hk`grozdl sgrïe s grïe oprlpko`ls.

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`gikekr hos rgpgrmusklegs qug sljrgvge`rïe sk ohdukge rgjoso su prgsupugstl. Mletrlh> `gikekr Mletrlh>

GH OAJKGEPG LZDOEKÔMKLEOH ¼_uë g ¼_uë gss gh oajkgetg y qug tkpls m lelmgals< Vl`ráoals `gmkr qug gh tërakel oajkgetg sg rgikgrg o kestktumklegs l iugrzos qug gstïe iugro `g ho lrdoekzomkýe

y qug pug`ge oigmtor su rge`kakgetl. Gxkstge `ls tkpls `g oajkgetgs, uel dgegroh y ltrl gspgmáikml. Oajkgetg dgegroh> tl`l dgegroh> tl`l hl qug gstï iugro `g ho lrdoekzomkýe, plr gngaphl, hls iomtlrgs gmleýakmls, mle`kmklegs plhátkmos, keihugemkos slmklmuhturohgs, iomtlrgs tgmelhýdkmls, gtm. Ojormo mle`kmklegs qug pug`ge oigmtor o ho lrdoekzomkýe, pgrl muyo kaplrtoemko el sg oprgmko mle mhorkò`. Oajkgetg gspgmáikml> portg gspgmáikml> portg `gh oajkgetg qug rgsuhto `krgmtoagetg egmgsorkl poro qug ueo lrdoekzomkýe ohmoemg sus agtos. Ilrao`l plr hls prlvgg`lrgs, mhkgetgs, mlapgtk`lrgs, dljkgrel y hls drupls `g prgskýe. Drïikml E¾?: - Ho lrdoekzomkýe y su oajkgetg

Iugetg> ghojlromkýe prlpko ge josg o Zljjkes ]. y Mluhtgr A., :666.

Ge gh drïikml oetgrklr sg pug`g ljsgrvor o ho lrdoekzomkýe ge gh mgetrl `gh skstgao y ge su getlrel keag`kotl gh oajkgetg gspgmáikml `g ho aksao, qug gs prlpkl y þekml `g ho lrdoekzomkýe, yo qug slhoagetg ho aksao vo o tgegr ho mlajkeomkýe `g prlvgg`lrgs, mhkgetgs, dljkgrels, drupls `g prgskýe y mlapgtk`lrgs.

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   Ge muoetl oh oajkgetg dgegroh sg pug`ge ljsgrvor hls ospgmtls tgmelhýdkml, slmkoh, gmleýakml, plhátkml y dhljoh, prlpkls `g ho aoylráo `g hos gaprgsos y qug lpgroe ge gh sgmtlr. Gstg oajkgetg mle`kmkleo gh mlaplrtoakgetl `g ho mlapoÿáo ge su tltohkò`, yo qug gh oajkgetg gs `keïakml y ho lrdoekzomkýe `gjg kr oòptïe`lsg ge iuemkýe `g hls moajkls. Bosto hls oÿls f46 hos gaprgsos prlùmtlros `g jkgegs sg `g`kmojoe o prlùmkr y hugdl vgr o qukge vge`grhgs ho prlùmmkýe. sumg`áooetgs plrqug ue `gjge droe agrmo`l Ge ho omtuohkò`, ho plr mlapgtgemko gs auy ohto y hos Gsl mlapoÿáos `g bojáo prlùmkr ljsgrvorkesotksigmbl. muïh gs ho `gaoeò `g jkgegs portg `g hls mlesuak`lrgs (oajkgetg). Ikeohagetg, gs kaplrtoetg sgÿohor qug gh mlaplrtoakgetl `g hls mlesuak`lrgs

toajkëe gstï ò`l plr gh oajkgetg dgegroh `le`g hls aksals gstïe. Keihugemko `gh oajkgetg oajkgetg ge ho prïmtkmo `g ho oàkekstr omkýe Aumbos `g hos iugrzos oajkgetohgs sle `keïakmos y mrgoe ue ohtl dro`l `g kemgrtkùajrg poro ho dgrgemko. Ge ho ag`kò qug gstls iomtlrgs el pug`ge sgr prgvkstls ljhkdoe o hls dgrgetgs o rgsple`gr ge ilraos qug qukzïs el sgoe hos qug bujkgroe prgigrk`l. Muoetl aïs droe`g gs ho kemgrtkùajrg oajkgetoh, toetl aïs hkakto hos lpmklegs y ho hkjgrto` `g hls dgrgetgs poro `gmk`kr su prlpkl `gstkel. Mlrplromkýe auhtkeomk leoh, troeseomkleoh y ske irletgros Ge gh agrmo`l gxkstge `kigrgetgs tkpls `g mlapoÿáos, ueo mhoskikmomkýe bojktuoh gs ge iuemkýe `gh toaoÿl, vlhuage `g iomturomkýe, gtm. O ageu`l láals bojhor `g gaprgsos auhtkeomkleohgs mlal Mordkhh, Alesoetl, Ek`gro, ]yedgeto, Nlbe @ggrg, Mhoos, gtm. Gstos droe`gs mlapoÿáos pug`ge tgegr gstrumturos `kigrgetgs ge iuemkýe `gh hudor `le`g rgohkzoe lpgromklegs y `le`g hos h os oàkekstroe. O mletkeuomkýe, gxple`rgals ueo mhoskikmomkýe tlaoò `gh prligslr Zljjkes?:. Mlrplromkýe auhtkeomkleoh> auhtkeomkleoh> Mlapoÿáo qug rgohkzo lpgromklegs kaplrtoetgs ge aïs `g ue poás ge ilrao skauhtïego, pgrl hos oàkekstro tlòs `gs`g ueo josg hlmohkzoò ge su poás sg`g. Mlrplromkýe troeseomkleoh> troeseomkleoh> Mlapoÿáo qug rgohkzo lpgromklegs kaplrtoetgs ge aïs `g ue poás ge ilrao skemrýekmo y bo `gsmgetrohkzo`l ho tlao `g `gmksklegs poro qug hos mlrrgsple`kgetgs o moò lpgromkýe sg tlage ge gh poás ketgrgso`l. Lrdoekzomkýe sk irletgros> tkpl irletgros> tkpl `g lrdoekzomkýe aue`koh ge gh qug hos jorrgros dgldrïikmos ortkikmkohgs boe sk`l ghkakeoòs poro qug ho gstrumturo oàkekstrotkvo pugò dhljohkzorsg mle aoylr gikmomko. ¼_uë mugstklegs tkgeg qug tgegr ge mugeto gh o ¼_uë oàkek àkek stro`lr `g ueo m lapoÿáo auhtkeomkleoh< Hls dgrgetgs `gjgrïe rgmlelmgr `kigrgemkos vkemuhoòs oh skstgao slmkoh l plhátkml, hgygs `g `kstketls poásgs sljrg gspkleong keùstrkoh, rgstrkmmkýe `gh mlagrmkl, mle`kmklegs `g trojonl, podl `g sljlrels, `grgmbl o ho prkvomkò`, `grgmbls `g hls trojono`lrgs, gtm., poro gstor ge mle`kmklegs `g getge`gr hos rgstrkmmklegs jonl hos muohgs tge`rïe qug lpgror ge ltros eomklegs y hos lplrtuekò`gs ohhá gxkstgetgs. ¼Muïhgs ¼M uïhgs sle hos l pgromklegs tápkmos plr hos q ug poso ueo g gaprgso aprgso poro vlhvgrsg ketgreomkleoh< Vl`ráoals `gmkr qug, ge dgegroh, sg `kvk`g ge = gtopos>

?:

Zljjkes, ]. y Mluhtgr, A. (:666). Oàkekstromkýe. Aoeuoh `g Oàkekstromkýe `g Gaprgsos. ]gxto G`kmkýe. Aëxkml. Vrgetkmg Bohh.

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   ?. Hls dgrgetgs òe gh prkagr posl bomko gh ïajktl ketgreomkleoh mle gh skaphg bgmbl `g gxplrtor o ltrls poásgs hls prlùmtls `g ho lrdoekzomkýe. Gstg gs ue posl `g morïmtgr poskvl bomko ho portkmkpomkýe ketgreomkleoh g kaphkmo ue rkgsdl aáekal plrqug hls dgrgetgs el bomge gsiugrzls sgrkls plr oprlvgmbor hls agrmo`ls gxtroengrls.

:. Ge gsto gtopo, hls dgrgetgs sg mlaprlagtge o vge`gr sus prlùmtls ge poásgs gxtroengrls l o lr`geor su iojrkmomkýe ge iïjrkmos `gh gxtgrklr, pgrl ho mlapoÿáo tlòváo el tkgeg ueo prgsgemko iáskmo `g sus gaphgo`ls iugro `g su prlpkl poás sg`g. Ge gh ospgmtl `g hos vgetos, ho sgdueò gtopo sg rgohkzo ge dgegroh gevkoe`l gaphgo`ls `gh poás sg`g ge vkongs `g egdlmkls rgduhorgs poro getrgvkstorsg mle mhkgetgs gxtroengrls l ag`koetg ho mletrotomkýe `g odgetgs l mlrrg`lrgs gxtroengrls poro qug rgprgsgetge ho háego `g prlùmtls `g ho lrdoekzomkýe. Ge hl qug sg rgikgrg o aoeuiomturos hls dgrgetgs mletrotoe o ohdueo ikrao gxtroengro poro qug iojrkqug hls prlùmtls `g ho lrdoekzomkýe. =. Ho tgrmgro y þhtkao gtopo rgprgsgeto ue iugrtg mlaprlaksl `g hls dgrgetgs poro sohkr ge pls `g hls agrmo`ls ketgreomkleohgs. Vlr ag`kl `g ueo hkmgemko l iroequkmko pug`ge mlemg`gr o ltro ikrao gh `grgmbl `g usor gh elajrg `g aormo, ho tgmelhldáo l hos gspgmkikmomklegs `g prlùmtls `g ho lrdoekzomkýe. Hos Nlket Ygeturgs (gaprgsos Ygeturgs (gaprgsos mlhgmtkvos) kaphkmoe ue aoylr mlaprlaksl mle hos kestohomklegs `g prlùmmkýe ge ltrl poás. Gstl sg mlelmg o ageu`l mlal ohkoezos gstrotëdkmos. Hls dgrgetgs tkgege qug oprge`gr o pgesor o ueo gsmoho `g ohmoemg aue`koh poro qug sus lrdoekzomklegs pugòe tgegr ëxktl o hordl phozl. Vl`ráoals `gmkr qug hos mlapoÿáos `gs`g su mrgomkýe jusmoe mrgmgr poro hldror su prlpýsktl. Hos pgqugÿos mlapoÿáos qug gstoemoe su mrgmkakgetl el mleskduge `gstrojor hos hkaktoetgs qug hg kapk`ge bomgrhl. Ge dgegroh, gs `gjk`l o qug sus dgrgetgs nustkikmoe sus hkaktomklegs y el gstïe `kspugstls o moajkor. Gh hgao gs> ‘tl`l hl qug bkmg gs dromkos o ak ilrao `g trojonor, y el vly o moajkorho‑. Gh puetl mhovg gstï ge mlaprge`gr qug sus aëtl`ls iugrle oprlpko`ls poro hhgdor o mrgmgr bosto `le`g hhgdorle, pgrl poro pl`gr sgdukr `gjge o`lptor eugvls aëtl`ls. Ge dgegroh, ho prkemkpoh hkaktoetg gs gh tkgapl, yo qug omlstuajrojoe o mletrlhor tl`l hl qug lmurrg ge ho mlapoÿáo. @g o plml voe odrgdoe`l aïs omtkvkò`gs o ho lrdoekzomkýe y su tkgapl gs aïs gsmosl. Gh dgrgetg `g ho VyAG qukgrg gstor ge tl`l y gemugetro sgrkls prljhgaos poro `ghgdor outlrkò` `g ommkýe ge ltros pgrsleos. Gstl sg `gjg o qug euemo hl bkzl y mrgg qug eo`kg borï hos mlsos toe jkge mlal m lal ëh. Ho prkemkpoh mouso plr ho qug hls dgrgetgs sg ketgrgsoe ge `ghgdor gs `gjk`l o qug gh `áo slhl tkgeg :0 blros y gsl hgs kapk`g gstor ge aïs mlsos `g hos qug gstïe. Muoe`l ghhls bomáoe tl`l aoegnojoe auy jkge hos mugstklegs tëmekml-lpgrotkvos, pgrl muoe`l mlakgezoe o `ghgdor sg gemugetroe qug oblro gstïe mleùmkge`l pgrsleos y el bomkge`l gh trojonl lpgrotkvl. Gh prkagr grrlr qug sg mlagtg gs mrggr qug gh gaphgo`l borï hos mlsos mlal sk iugro ëh aksal. Gh dgrgetg el ophkmo mlrrgmtoagetg hos bgrroakgetos `g `krgmmkýe y hls gaphgo`ls ge dgegroh iromosoe. Ikeohagetg, mrggals kaplrtoetg sgÿohor qug hos mlapoÿáos qug hldroe mrgmgr aïs sg gemugetroe mle ltro hkaktoetg, ho `g posor `g sgr ueo mlapoÿáo ioakhkor o ueo mlapoÿáo mlrplrotkvksto, `le`g hls ùgÿls ge dgegroh el sle aïs hos pgrsleos qug hos oàkekstroe, skel qug sle prligskleohgs mletroto`ls. Ho mlapoÿáo hhgdo o ue alagetl `le`g ojrg ho mortgro`g ommkleorko y o portkr `g ohhá `gjg mlagezor o òr gxphkmomklegs `g hos dgstklegs o ltrls prlpkgtorkls bomg`lrgs hos ommklegs gaktkòs.

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   Ho Zgsplesojkhkò` ]lmkoh Gaprgsorko (Z]G) Vlmls tërakels boe sk`l `gikek`ls ge toetos ilraos `kigrgetgs mlal rgsplesojkhkò` slmkoh. Getrg hos `gikekmklegs aïs plpuhorgs pl`gals gemletror> ¨trosmge`gr ho jþsqugò `g doeoemkos¨, ömtkvkò`gs vlhuetorkos¨, ¨prglmupomkýe plr gh skstgao slmkoh ge dgegroh¨ y ¨sgeskjkhkò` slmkoh¨. Ho rgsplesojkhkò` slmkoh gs ue tërakel qug sg rgikgrg o ho mordo, mlaprlaksl u ljhkdomkýe qug hls akgajrls `g ueo slmkgò` -yo sgo mlal ke`kvkùls l mlal ketgdroetgs `g ohdþe drupl- tkgege, toetl getrg sá mlal poro ho slmkgò` ge su mlenuetl. Gh mlemgptl ketrlùmg ueo vohlromkýe -plsktkvo l egdotkvo- oh kapomtl qug ueo `gmkskýe tkgeg ge ho slmkgò`. Gso vohlrkzomkýe pug`g sgr toetl ëtkmo mlal hgdoh. Ge gstg sgetk`l, gh dgrgetg mlal tlao`lr `g `gmksklegs gs ueo ikduro iueòagetoh ge ho ophkmomkýe `g plhátkmos qug gstëe ohkegoòs mle hos Z]G. Ho elraotkvo hgdoh `g hls poásgs skgaprg gstï hhgeo `g zleos drksgs l vomáls hgdohgs. Gs ge gsls mosls `le`g hls dgrgetgs mlal ikduros `g aïxkao rgsplesojkhkò` ge gh prldrgsl `g hos eomklegs, `gjge tlaor `gmksklegs qug voyoe ge háego mle ho sustgetojkhkò` slmkoh y el slhl pgesor sohvongagetg ge ljtgegr doeoemkos pgrsleohgs. Gs mkgrtl toajkëe qug ge gmlelaáos toe kegstojhgs mlal ho Ordgetkeo gs `kiámkh tlaor gsto háego `g pgesoakgetl, `gjk`l o qug aumbls dljkgrels o hl hordl `g eugstro bkstlrko boe bgmbl plml poro gh jgegikmkl slmkoh y aumbl poro pgrsgdukr y `galekzor o hos gaprgsos prkvoòs, lhkvïe`lsg qug hos gaprgsos sle gh prkemkpoh iomtlr dgegro`lr `g poz slmkoh `g hls poásgs y ge gh mosl `g hos odrlkeùstrkohgs, ho iugetg `g ohkagetomkýe `gh aue`l. Voro mletkeuor mle gsto moromtgrkzomkýe, sgÿohoals o mletkeuomkýe `ls pgrspgmtkvos lpugstos> mhïskml >

Gh puetl `g vksto slmklgmleýakml > Gs ueo lpkekýe

lpkekýe sgdþe ho muoh ho þekmo rgsplesojkhkò` slmkoh `g ho oàkekstromkýe mleskstg ge aoxkakzor hos doeoemkos. Mlal `gigeslr aïs ghlmugetg `g gsto plsturo pl`ráoals elajror o Akhtle Irkgàoe, qukge slstkgeg qug ho aoylráo `g hls dgrgetgs `g ho omtuohkò` sle prligskleohgs, hl muoh skdekikmo qug el sle ùgÿls `g hls egdlmkls qug oàkekstroe.

sgdþe ho muoh ho rgsplesojkhkò` slmkoh `g ho dgrgemko trosmkge`g ho ljtgemkýe `g doeoemkos g kemhuyg ho prltgmmkýe y gh agnlroakgetl `gh jkgegstor `g ho slmkgò`. ]lstkgeg qug hls tkgapls boe moajko`l y, mle ghhls, hos gxpgmtotkvos `g ho slmkgò` mle rgspgmtl o hls egdlmkls.

Gh

puetl

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vksto

]ke gajordl, pl`gals gemletrorels mle orduagetls ge mletro y o iovlr `g ho Z]G. O mletkeuomkýe, sgÿohoals ohduels `g hls prkemkpohgs orduagetls> O iovl i ovlrr Gxpgmtotkvos pþjhkmos> ho lpkekýe pþjhkmo gs portkòrko bly `g qug hls egdlmkls sg kapledoe agtos slmkohgs, o`gaïs `g hos gmleýakmos.

Ge mle m letr tro o ]g vklho gh prkemkpkl `g ho aoxkakzomkýe `g doeoemkos> gh egdlmkl gs slmkohagetg rgsplesojhg muoe`l otkge`g gxmhuskvoagetg sus ketgrgsgs gmleýakmls y `gno hos `gaïs omtkvkò`gs ge aoels `g ltros

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   kestktumklegs. Doeoemkos o hordl phozl> hls egdlmkls slmkohagetg

@khumkýe `gh prlpýsktl> ho jþsqugò `g agtos slmkohgs

rgsplesojhgs sughge tgegr doeoemkos o hordl phozl aïs sgduros.

`ksughvg gh prlpýsktl prkalr`koh `g ue egdlmkl> ho prlùmtkvkò` gmleýakmo. Ho slmkgò` pug`g rgsuhtor pgrnu`kmoò sk gh egdlmkl el hldro ohmoezor sus ljngtkvls gmleýakmls y slmkohgs.

Ljhkdomkýe ëtkmo> ueo ikrao `g egdlmkls pug`g y `gjg tgegr mlemkgemko slmkoh. Hls egdlmkls `gjgráoe sgr slmkohagetg rgsplesojhgs plrqug hos ommklegs rgsplesojhgs rgùeòe ge su prlpkl prlvgmbl.

Mlstls> aumbos ommklegs slmkohagetg rgsplesojhgs el ohmoezoe o mujrkr sus mlstls.

Kaodge pþjhkmo> hos ikraos ketgetoe agnlror su s u kaodge pþjhkmo poro ljtgegr aoylrgs vgetos, agnlrgs gaphgo`ls, tgegr ommgsl oh ikeoemkoakgetl, y ltrls jgegikmkls. Hls egdlmkls pug`ge o`qukrkr ueo kaodge

We gxmgsl `g pl`gr> Hls egdlmkls yo sle uel `g hls iomtlrgs aïs pl`grlsls `g eugstro slmkgò`. ]k sg pgrskduge agtos slmkohgs, o`qukrkrïe ue pl`gr oþe aoylr.

pþjhkmo iovlrojhg muoe`l pgrskduge agtos slmkohgs. Oblro… ¼Mýal ¼Mýal sg vkemuho ho Z Z]G ]G mle hls prljhgaos o oajkgetohgs ajkgetohgs mlaueg mlauegs s ge gh sgmtlr odrlpgmuorkl<

O prklrk pl`gals `gmkr qug `getrl `gh aue`l `g ho Z]G ho mugstkýe oajkgetoh gs ueo `g hos `g aoylr pgsl. Ouequg gsto oikraomkýe ge ho omtuohkò` gstï pgr`kge`l ue plml `g pl`gr, yo qug aumbls slstkgege qug ho Z]G sg vkemuho o ho mlemkgemko `g ljhkdotlrkgò` y el o hl hgdoh. Ge ltros pohojros, el sgráo hýdkml `gmkr qug ueo gaprgso l ueo pgrsleo sle slmkohagetg rgsplesojhgs plr gh slhl bgmbl `g podor sus kapugstls l plr gh bgmbl `g muaphkr hos elraos `g trïesktl. Gh mlemgptl gs aïs oaphkl y bomg gspgmkoh ëeiosks ge ho ilrao `g prlmg`gr oetg gh vomál hgdoh. @gs`g ho rgilrao mlestktumkleoh Ordgetkeo `gh oÿl ?;;0 y hugdl mle ho soemkýe `g ho Hgy Dgegroh `gh Oajkgetg ge gh oÿl :66: ge eugstrl poás mlagezý o bojgr ueo tlrageto `g elraotkvos oajkgetohgs rgduhoe`l mugstklegs `g kapomtl oajkgetoh qug oetgs slhl qugòjoe o mrktgrkl ëtkml `g hls gaprgsorkls. Ge ho omtuohkò`, pl`gals `gmkr qug hl oajkgetoh el gs aïs lpmkleoh skel ljhkdotlrkl. Ho elraotkvo oajkgetoh tkgeg gh aksal l aoylr pgsl qug ho elraotkvo mkvkh, mlagrmkoh gtm., skge`l ueo `g hos `ksmkphkeos qug aoylr vkemuhomkýe mle hl pgeoh prlygmto. @gs`g gh oÿl :6?: mlagezorle o surdkr aumbos kekmkotkvos eomkleohgs, prlvkemkohgs y auekmkpohgs poro drovor iksmohagetg gh kapomtl oajkgetoh. Aumbos gaprgsos bly osgduroe qug hl oajkgetoh el vo `g ho aoel `g ho Z]G. Vlr ghhl vohg pgesor ge ue mlemgptl aïs oaphkl oh qug `gelakeoals ]W]PGEPOJKHK@O@, qug sg ò ge = gngs mlal áe`kmo gh skdukgetg drïikml.

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   Drïikml E¾?= - Gngs `g ho sustget sustgetojkhk ojkhk ò`.

Iugetg> Drl Borhga Jrue`thoe`, ?;24.

Pgekge`l ge mugeto gh drïikml oetgrklr, pl`gals `gmkr qug ue skstgao (gaprgso, mhþstgr l poás) gs sustgetojhg muoe`l tkgeg ueo sustgetojkhkò` gmleýakmo òò plr ueo rgetojkhkò` plsktkvo, ueo sustgetojkhkò` slmkoh òò plr ho `kstrkjumkýe gquktotkvo `g ho rgeto getrg hls omtlrgs y ueo sustgetojkhkò` oajkgetoh òò plr gh mlesual gqukhkjro`l y ùro`grl ge gh tkgapl `g hls rgmursls eoturohgs. Gh gqukhkjrkl ge gstls trgs gngs prlmuro qug getrg ho sustgetojkhkò` slmkoh y gmleýakmo gxksto gmleýakmo gxksto gqukò` ge ho `kstrkjumkýe `g ho rgeto3 getrg ho sustgetojkhkò` gmleýakmo y oajkgetoh oajkgetoh gxksto vkojkhkò`, yo qug el gs mlrrgmto ho vkskýe gmlhldksto gxtrgao ek ho prlùmtkvksto gxtrgao. Ge gstg sgetk`l, mlesk`groals kaplrtoetg omhoror qug mle ho plsturo gmlhldksto gxtrgao `g el qugrgr ohtgror gh oajkgetg, gh aue`l alrkráo `g boajrg y mle ho plsturo gxtrgao `g hls prlùmtkvkstos hls rgmursls sg odltoráoe ge plmos dgegromklegs. Zgspgmtl oh gqukhkjrkl getrg hl slmkoh y oajkgetoh oajkgetoh sg prlmur o qug gh ag`kl sgo ‘vkvkjhg‑, `le`g hos pgrsleos pugòe mlevkvkr ske sgr vámtkaos `g mletoakeomklegs oajkgetohgs. Hldroe`l gqukhkjrkl getrg gstos trgs orkstos mlesgdukráoals ue vgrò`grl `gsorrlhhl slstgekjhg. Ykemuhoe`l gsto tgaïtkmo mle gh sgmtlr odrlpgmuorkl, oetgs `g ophkmor gstg mrktgrkl `gjgals `gnor `g ho`l hl `kmbl slmkohagetg mle auy plml sustgetl mkgetáikml, mlal gs gh bgmbl `g qug hls Lrdoeksals Dgeëtkmoagetg Al`kikmo`ls (LDA) sle elmkvls poro ho sohu` buaoeo. ]k els rgaktkals o hls bgmbls sumg`k`ls gemletrorgals qug oþe el gxkstg ekedþe mosl gvk`getg qug `gaugstrg qug gh mlesual `g LDA oigmto ho sohu` `g hls sgrgs buaoels y `g hls oekaohgs. Pl`l hl mletrorkl, yo qug dromkos o hls `gsorrlhhls `gh po`rg `g ho rgvlhumkýe vgr`g Hkm. Elraoe Jlrhoud, aumbos pgrsleos ge gh aue`l boe `gno`l `g alrkr `g boajrueos y gsl pgraktký qug bly boyoals supgro`l hls 4 akh akhhlegs `g sgrgs buaoels ge gh phoegto. ]g gstkao qug Jlrhoud gs ho pgrsleo qug aïs vkòs sohvý ge ho bkstlrko `g ho buaoekò`, bomkge`l ueo prlygmmkýe `g hls ke`kvkùls qug `gnorle `g alrkr dromkos o hls `gsorrlhhls `g vorkgò`gs `g trkdl geoel qug kevgetý gh mkgetáikml. Poajkëe `gjgals mlaprge`gr qug hos bgrroakgetos el sle jugeos ek aohos, skel qug sle hos pgrsleos hos qug rgohkzoe ueo jugeo l aoho utkhkzomkýe `g ghhos. Vlr gngaphl, el pl`gals pg`kr qug sg prlbájoe hls mumbkhhls m umbkhhls plr gh bgmbl `g qug aumbos pgrsleos hls usge mlal oraos. @gh aksal al`l pl`gals pgesor ge gh dhkilsotl, yo qug gh aksal el gs jugel ek aohl, hls jugels l aohls sle hos `gmksklegs `g hos pgrsleos qug hl ophkmoe

aoh, sgo ge gxmgsl l sljrg ltros pgrsleos. Ge gstg mletgxtl, getro iugrtgagetg gh mlemgptl `g Z]G, `le`g hls

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   usuorkls `g dhkilsotl `gjge sgr pru`getgs ge ho utkhkzomkýe `gh aksal y el mletoakeor hls moumgs `g oduo ophkmoe`l aoylr moetkò` `g hl `gjk`l. Vlr ltrl ho`l, els porgmg kaplrtoetg tgegr ge mugeto qug ue tgao qug tkgeg ohtl dro`l `g rghgvoemko gs gh `g ho `gsilrgstomkýe poro usl odrámlho, y gs egmgsorkl tlaor mlemkgemko `g qug hls rgmursls ilrgstohgs sle gsmosls gsmos ls y hls gaprgsorkls `gjge sgr pru`getgs ge ho dgstkýe `g hls aksals. O mletkeuomkýe, pl`rïe vgr ue vk`gl sljrg Z]G ge gh skdukgetg hkec> hkec> bttp>//ylutu.jg/\7ukB7ia[wl bttp>//ylutu.jg/\7ukB7ia[wl   Ëtkmo oàkeks oàkeks trotkvo oigmtoe< ]g prgduetorï… ¼_uë gs ho ëtkmo oàkekstrotkvo y qug iomtlrgs ho oigmtoe prljhgao> ge gh aue`l rgoh, ho aoylráo `g hls prljhgaos el sg prgsgetoe mle oeuemkls `g huz `g egýe `g mlhlrgs jrkhhoetgs mle gh hgtrgr l ‘prljhgaos‑. y su k`getkikmomkýe gs sujngtkvo. El gs ue prlmgsl sgemkhhl ek keskdekikmoetg ge gh prlmgsl `g tlao `g `gmksklegs. Oetgs `g qug ohdl pugò moromtgrkzorsg mlal prljhgao, gs egmgsorkl qug hls dgrgetgs gstëe mlesmkgetgs `g qug gxkstg ueo

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla `ksmrgpoemko, qug gstëe prgskleo`ls o omtuor y qug mugetge mle hls rgmursls egmgsorkls poro getror ge ommkýe. Voro ovgrkduor qug gxkstg ue kemlevgekgetg tkgege qug bomgr ueo mlaporomkýe getrg gh gsto`l `g mlsos omtuoh y ueo elrao `g ohdþe tkpl, pug`g sgr gh rge`kakgetl hldro`l ge gh poso`l, agtos gstojhgmkòs mle oetgrklrkò` ,l jkge, gh rge`kakgetl `g ltro uekò` l `g ltros lrdoekzomklegs. :. K`getkikmomkýe `g hls mrktgrkls `g `gmkskýe > ueo vgz qug gh dgrgetg bo rgmlelmk`l ue prljhgao qug rgqukgrg su otgemkýe, egmgskto k`getkikmor hls mrktgrkls `g `gmkskýe kaplrtoetgs poro rgslhvgr gsg prljhgao. Gstl skdekikmo qug hls dgrgetgs `gjge `gtgrakeor hl qug gs pgrtkegetg poro tlaor ueo `gmkskýe. =. Os Oskd kd eom eomký ký e `g pl ple` e`grom gromkl kl egs o hl s mr ktgrk kt grk ls > ho pgrsleo qug gstï o mordl `g ho tlao `g `gmksklegs `gjg ple`gror moò ghgagetl o ike `g oskdeorhg ho prklrkò` mlrrgmto o ho `gmkskýe. Weo oprlxkaomkýe sgemkhho mleskstg ge mlemg`gr oh mrktgrkl aïs kaplrtoetg ueo ple`gromkýe ?6, y o mletkeuomkýe oskdeor hls `gaïs tlaoe`l mlal josg gsg gstïeòr. Ho k`go gs omtuor `g omugr`l mle sus prgigrgemkos pgrsleohgs poro oskdeor gh dro`l `g prklrkò` `g hls mrktgrkls oprlpko`ls ge su `gmkskýe, y toajkëe poro ke`kmor gh dro`l `g kaplrtoemko `g gstls, oskdeoe`l ueo ple`gromkýe o moò uel. 0. @gsorrlhhl `g ohtgreotkvos> ohtgreotkvos > Gstg posl rgqukgrg qug ho pgrsleo qug tlao hos `gmksklegs ghojlrg ueo hksto `g hos ohtgreotkvos vkojhgs mle hos qug sg pl`ráo rgslhvgr gh prljhgao. 7. Oe Oeïhk ïhk sk s `g ohtgre oht gre otk vos vos>> @gspuës `g k`getkikmor hos ohtgreotkvos, ho pgrsleo o mordl `g tlaor ho `gmkskýe `gjg oeohkzor mrátkmoagetg moò ueo `g ghhos. Hos ilrtohgzos y `gjkhkò`gs `g moò ueo rgsuhtoe gvk`getgs muoe`l sg mlaporoe mle hls mrktgrkls y ple`gromklegs gstojhgmk`ls ge hls posls : y =. Ho gvohuomkýe `g ikojkhkò` rgihgno ske ùò ue nukmkl pgrsleoh. Ho mugstkýe gs qug ho aoylráo `g hos `gmksklegs kemhuyge nukmkls `g gstg tkpl. 9. ]ghgmmkýe `g ueo ohtgreotkvo> ohtgreotkvo> Gs gh omtl `gmkskvl `g gsmldgr ho agnlr lpmkýe `g hos qug oporgmge ge ho hksto y iugrle gvohuoòs. Bgals `gtgrakeo`l tl`ls hls iomtlrgs pgrtkegetgs poro ho `gmkskýe, hls ple`groals mlrrgmtoagetg g k`getkikmoals hos ohtgreotkvos vkojhgs. Oblro slhl tgegals qug gsmldgr ho qug prlùnl ho mohkikmomkýe aïs ohto ge gh posl 7. 4.

Kaphgagetomkýe `g ueo ohtgreotkvo ohtgreotkvo>> Oue muoe`l gh prlmgsl `g sghgmmkýe tgrakeý ge gh posl

oetgrklr, tlòváo gs plskjhg qug ho `gmkskýe iromosg sk el sg kaphgageto mlrrgmtoagetg. Vlr hl toetl, gh posl 4 mleskstg ge plegr ge prïmtkmo ho `gmkskýe. Ho kaphgagetomkýe gs gh prlmgsl `g mlauekmor ueo `gmkskýe o hos pgrsleos oigmtoòs y hldror qug sg mlaprlagtoe o plegrho ge prïmtkmo. 2. Gvohuomkýe `g ho gikmomko `g ho `gmkskýe > gstg puetl mleskstg ge gvohuor gh rgsuhto`l `g ho `gmkskýe poro vgr sk gh prljhgao rgohagetg bo sk`l rgsughtl. Ge mosl `g qug sg pgrmkjkgro qug el bo sumg`k`l pl`ráo ljhkdor oh dgrgetg o rgtrlmg`gr bosto ohduel `g hls posls oetgrklrgs. Kemhusl gs plskjhg qug tuvkgro qug mlagezor `g eugvl tl`l gh prlmgsl `g `gmkskýe. Voro ueo agnlr mlaprgeskýe `g hl qug vgekals trojonoe`l, prgsgetoals gh skdukgetg drïikml, qug augstro gh prlmgsl `g tlao `g `gmksklegs poro mlapror mlaputo`lros eugvos>

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla Drïikml E¾?0- Vrlmgsl `g tlao `g `gmksklegs

Iugetg> ghojlromkýe prlpko ge josg o Zljjkes ]. y Mluhtgr A., :666.

Poajkëe pug`g akror gh skdukgetg vk`gl `le`g sg gxphkmo jrgvgagetg ue prlmgsl `g tlao `g `gmksklegs ge ue bttps>//ylutu.jg/9csCyv7H49K   ilraotl skakhor > bttps>//ylutu.jg/9csCyv7H49K

HL] PKVL] @G PLAO @G @GMK]KLEG] Bosto oquá bgals `gsorrlhho`l gh prlmgsl `g tlao `g `gmksklegs, o portkr `g oblro ojlròrgals hos ilraos `g tlaor `gmksklegs. HGMPWZO ZGMLAGE@O@O Mopátuhl ?: `g @oit. Z. (:667) ‘Pglráo y @ksgÿl Lrdoekzomkle Lrdoekzomkleoh‑. oh‑. Aëxkml. G`ktlrkoh Pblasle . Gxkstge = tkpls `g tlao `g `gmksklegs, ghhos sle ho romkleoh, romkleoh romkleoh hkakt oò y ho ketuktk vo vo.. Ge ho omtuohkò` ho qug bo o`qukrk`l aoylr prgple`groemko gs ho ketuktkvo, yo qug ho ketukmkýe gs prlpko `g ohdueos pgrsleos mle ue `gtgrakeo`l pgrikh mgrgjroh, toh mlal sg gxpusl ge gh mopátuhl oetgrklr. Ho ketukmkýe el sg pug`g getrgeor, boy pgrsleos qug `g prletl prgskgetge qug ohdl vo o sumg`gr y ge iuemkýe `g ghhl `gmk`ge. Aumbos vgmgs omkgrtoe y ho mkgemko oþe el bo gemletro`l ueo gxphkmomkýe mkgetáikmo poro ghhl. Ohduels tgýrkmls slstkgege qug ho ketukmkýe gs prlùmtl `gh ekvgh `g pgrmgpmkýe `gh getlrel `g ho pgrsleo, getlemgs muoe`l sg òe `gtgrakeoòs mle`kmklegs ge gh getlrel, gh mgrgjrl `g hls ketuktkvls `gtgmto gstl kemlesmkgetgagetg y rgphkmo `gmksklegs qug sg `gjkgrle bojgr tlao`l ge sktuomklegs posoòs jonl mletgxtls skakhorgs `le`g ho pgrsleo gstuvl. Gs ueo

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla droe ketrkdo gh pl`gr `gh mgrgjrl buaoel y tl`ls hls `áos els slrprge`g mle mlsos eugvos. @g sgdurl mle gh posor `gh tkgapl hldrorgals mletrlhor gstos bojkhkò`gs poro pl`gr sgr moò `áo agnlrgs dgrgetgs. Poh mlal agemkleoals oetgrklragetg hls = tkpls `g tlao `g `gmksklegs sle> ?.

Plao `g `gmksklegs romkleoh > hls dgrgetgs bomge sghgmmklegs mleskstgetgs, mle gh ike `g

aoxkakzor vohlrgs, omtuoe`l `getrl `g ueo sgrkg `g rgstrkmmklegs gspgmáikmos. :.

Zomkleohkò` hkaktoò> mlaplrtoakgetl qug gs romkleoh `getrl `g hls porïagtrls `g ue al`ghl

skaphkikmo`l ge gh muoh sg boe mopto`l hos moromtgrástkmos gsgemkohgs `g ue prljhgao. prljhgao. =.

Ketuktkvo> prlmgsl kemlesmkgetg plr gh muoh sg tlaoe `gmksklegs o portkr `g ho gxpgrkgemko y gh nukmkl

pgrsleoh omuauho`l. Gstls `kigrgetgs tkpls `g tlao `g `gmksklegs tkgege `krgmto vkemuhomkýe mle gh ekvgh dgrgemkoh y mle gh pgrikh mgrgjroh. El tl`ls pug`ge tlaor `gmksklegs ketuktkvos, yo qug ho ketukmkýe tkgeg qug vgr mle gh `gsorrlhhl `gh bgaksigrkl `grgmbl `gh mgrgjrl. Hos pgrsleos hýdkmos y oeohátkmos, ge dgegroh, tkgege gsmoso ketukmkýe, el osá hos pgrsleos galmkleohgs y gstrotgdos. Mlal jkge `knkals ge ho uekò` ?, ge hos gstrumturos lrdoekzomkleohgs hls prligskleohgs ujkmo`ls ge ho muajrg gstrotëdkmo tkgege bojkhkò`gs mlemgptuohgs y plsgge mopomkò` ketuktkvo, akgetros qug hls prligskleohgs tëmekmls oeohátkmls ujkmo`ls ge gh eþmhgl lpgrotkvl ge hos lrdoekzomklegs tkge`ge o utkhkzor gh aëtl`l `g tkpl romkleoh. Ho prldroaomkýe ge hos `gmksklegs tkgeg qug vgr mle gh tkpl `g omtkvkò` qug sg `gsorrlhho. Vlr gngaphl, ue

dgrgetg dgegroh `g ueo mlapoÿáo el pug`g tlaor `gmksklegs prldroaoòs poro tlò ho lrdoekzomkýe, skel qug `gjg gstojhgmgr hls gngs gstrotëdkmls bomko `le`g ho mlapoÿáo sg vo o `krkdkr, ske obleòr ge toetl `gtohhg. Oblro jkge, ue kedgekgrl odrýelal, plr gngaphl, qug rgohkzo ue phoe `g mletrlh `g phodos ge ueo pormgho `g trkdl, sá pug`g gstojhgmgr ue gsqugao `g `gmksklegs prldroaoòs, yo qug hos plskjhgs lmurrgemkos sle hkaktoòs y mlelmkòs y sg `kspleg `g ueo rgspugsto poro moò sktuomkýe qug sg pugò phoetgor3 ge ltros pohojros, sojg quë tkpl `g phodo sg pug`g gemletror y sojg quë kesgmtkmkò ophkmor ge moò mosl, ò`l qug gsos `gmksklegs sle hkaktoòs y mlelmkòs plr tl`ls hls odrýelals. Ge gh mosl `gh dgrgetg dgegroh, gh hkmgemko`l ge oàkekstromkýe/dgstkýe el mlelmg hls akhgs `g plskjkhkò`gs ge hos qug pug`g vorkor gh oajkgetg lrdoekzomkleoh, gs plr gsl plr hl qug ho tlao `g `gmksklegs el pug`g sgr prldroaoò. VZLJHGAO] [ @GMK]KL @GMK]KLEG] EG] O mletkeuomkýe, `gtohhorgals `kstketls tkpls `g `gmksklegs qug pl`rï tlaor gh dgrgetg `g omugr`l o ho eoturohgzo `gh prljhgao qug sghls hg prgsgeto> O) Vrljhgao Vrljhgaos s jk ge gstrumturo`ls y `gmksklegs prldroaoòs > ge gsg mosl, ho agto `g ho pgrsleo qug tlao ho `gmkskýe gs mhoro, gh prljhgao gs mlelmk`l y ho keilraomkýe omgrmo `gh prljhgao gstï mhoroagetg `gikekò y mlaphgto. Gsos sktuomklegs sg mlelmge mlal prljhgaos jkge gstrumturo`ls. Hos `gmksklegs prldroaoòs sle rgpgtktkvos y pug`ge tlaorsg ag`koetg ho ophkmomkýe `g ue geilqug rutkeorkl. ]u slhumkýe sughg sgr gvk`getg l plr hl agels sg rgùmg o auy plmos ohtgreotkvos qug sle mlelmkòs y qug boe `galstro`l su utkhkò` ge gh poso`l. Hls dgrgetgs bomge skaphgagetg hl qug ghhls y ltrls mlhgdos boe bgmbl mle oetgrklrkò` oetg ho aksao sktuomkýe.

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla Vrlmg`kakgetl> sle ueo sgrkg `g posls sgmugemkohgs ketgrrghomkleo`ls qug ue dgrgetg pug`g Vrlmg`kakgetl> ophkmor o ike `g rgsple`gr o ue prljhgao ueo vgz qug bo sk`l `gtgmto`l mle mhorkò`. Hl aksal sumg`g mle gh prlmg`kakgetl o sgdukr. Zgdho> gs ueo `gmhoromkýe gxphámkto qug ke`kmo o ue dgrgetg hl qug `gjg bomgr l el. Hls dgrgetgs Zgdho> gs ophkmoe hos rgdhos o ageu`l muoe`l geirgetoe ue prljhgao jkge gstrumturo`l, plrqug gstos sle iïmkhgs `g ophkmor y doroetkzoe ho mleskstgemko ge hos rgommklegs. Vlhátkmo> Vlhátkmo> ëstos prlvgge`gduáos poro hos gemouzor pgesoakgetl `gh dgrgetg ge ueo tlaoe `krgmmkýe gspgmáikmo. O `kigrgemko hos rgdhos, plhátkmosghgstojhgmge porïagtrls poro qukgegs hos `gmksklegs, ge hudor `g sgÿohor gspgmáikmoagetg hl qug sg `gjg l el sg `gjg bomgr. J) Vrljhgaos Vrljhgaos aoh gstrumtur o`ls y `gmksklegs el prldr oao oaoòs> òs>

Vrljhgaos aoh gstrumturo`ls> sle oqughhls qug oporgmge eugvls y sg mugeto mle keilraomkýe oajkduo l kemlaphgto. @gmkskýe el prldroaoò prldroaoò>> ]le `g morïmtgr þekml y el rgmurrgetg. Muoe`l ue dgrgetg tkgeg qug

geirgetorsg mle ue prljhgao aoh gstrumturo`l l muyo eoturohgzo el tkgeg prgmg`getgs, el gxkstg prgvkoagetg ueo slhumkýe mhoro y mlemkso poro gh aksal. Getlemgs tkgeg qug mrgor ueo rgspugsto ag`koetg ho tlao `g `gmksklegs el prldroaoòs. Ketgdromkýe> Ketgdromkýe> osá mlal hlshlsprljhgaos jkge gstrumturo`ls sg rgsughvge plr ag`klel `gprldroaoò. ho tlao `g `gmksklegs prldroaoòs, aoh gstrumturo`ls rgqukgrge ueo tlao `g `gmksklegs Ge vkrtu` `g qug hls dgrgetgs `g jonl ekvgh geirgetoe prljhgaos mlelmk`ls y rgpgtktkvls, r gpgtktkvls, sg josoe ge dgegroh ge `gmksklegs prldroaoòs, tohgs mlal hls prlmg`kakgetls gstïeòr `g lpgromkýe, hos rgdhos y hos plhátkmos lrdoekzomkleohgs. Hls prljhgaos qug geirgetoe hls dgrgetgs tkge`ge o gstor agels gstrumturo`ls o ag`kò qug sg vo osmge`kge`l plr ho gstrumturo ngrorqukzoò `g hos lrdoekzomklegs. Hls dgrgetgs `g ekvgh aïs jonl aoegnoe hos `gmksklegs `g rutkeo y slhl troesaktge o hls ekvghgs aïs ohtls `g ho mo`geo `g aoe`l hos `gmksklegs qug mlesk`groe keusuohgs l `kiámkhgs. Oskaksal, hls dgrgetgs `g ohtl ekvgh `gnoe hos `gmksklegs rutkeorkos ge aoels `g sus sujlr`keo`ls, poro `g`kmor su tkgapl o ltros mugstklegs aïs `kiámkhgs. Drïikml Drï ikml E¾?7 E¾?7 - Pkpls `g prljh gaos y `gmkskl egs ge iuemký e `gh ekvgh lr doekzo doekzomkleoh. mkleoh.

Iugetg> ghojlromkýe prlpko ge josg o Zljjkes ]. y Mluhtgr A., :666.

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla Oblro… ¼_uë `kigrgemko gxkstg getrg rkgsdl, mgrtkùajrg g kemgrtkùajrg< kemgrtkùajrg tkgege ueo jono tlhgroemko o ho oajkdøgò` y sle romkleohgs ge su al`l `g

pgesor. ]le ke`kvkùls gikmkgetgs y hýdkmls. Plaoe `gmksklegs rïpkòs y geilmoe su otgemkýe ge gh mlrtl phozl. ]u gikmkgemko y ropk`gz poro tlaor `gmksklegs hls hhgvo mle irgmugemko o bomgrhl mle ue aáekal `g keilraomkýe y o josorsg ge ho gvohuomkýe `g auy plmos ohtgreotkvos. :.

Gstkhl oeohátkml> sg moromtgrkzo plr ueo ohto tlhgroemko o ho oajkdøgò` y ue al`l romkleoh `g

pgesor. @gsgoe rguekr aïs keilraomkýe oetgs `g tlaor ueo `gmkskýe y mlesk`groe ue eþagrl aoylr `g ohtgreotkvos qug qukgegs tlaoe `gmksklegs mle gh gstkhl `krkdgetg. =.

Gstkhl mlemgptuoh> sughge tgegr ueo pgrspgmtkvo auy oaphko y

gxoakeoe aumbos ohtgreotkvos. Geilmoe su otgemkýe ge gh hordl phozl y sle suaoagetg bïjkhgs poro gemletror slhumklegs mrgotkvos o hls prljhgaos. 0.

Gstkhl mleùmtuoh> trojonoe jkge mle ltros pgrsleos. ]le

rgmgptkvls bomko hos sudgrgemkos `g hls `gaïs, lrdoekzoe rgueklegs poro mlauekmorsg, pgrl skgaprg trotoe `g gvktor gh mleihkmtl. O portkr `g ho mhoskikmomkýe oetgrklr, gs kaplrtoetg sgÿohor qug el skgaprg gh dgrgetg tkgeg ue slhl gstkhl, aïs jkge ho aoylráo tkgege moromtgrástkmos `g vorkls. ]g pug`g `gmkr getlemgs qug boy ue gstkhl prg`lakeoetg y hugdl ltrls sgmueòrkls

0;

Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla ]áetgsks `g ho uekò` : :   O hl hordl `g gsto uekò` ojlròals gh mlemgptl `g muhturo lrdoekzomkleoh, `gsorrlhhoe`l ho kaplrtoemko qug tkgeg poro moò lrdoekzomkýe ho dgstkýe `g ho aksao. Poajkëe gxpuskals ho kaplrtoemko `gh oajkgetg lrdoekzomkleoh ge ho tlao `g `gmksklegs `gh hkmgemko`l ge dgstkýe, yo qug mlaprge`gr gh getlrel gs iueòagetoh poro ho mlrrgmto dgstkýe gaprgsorkoh.

Ltrl gng qug `gstomoals `g ho uekò` iug ho kaplrtoemko `g ho rgsplesojkhkò` slmkoh gaprgsorko (Z]G) ge gh ommkleor `gh dgrgetg. Mle tl`ls gstls mlemgptls pu`kals ojlròr ho tlao `g `gmksklegs `gh dgrgetg, ketgdroe`l hls `kigrgetgs gstkhls y mle`kmkleoakgetl ò`ls plr ho muhturo, gh oajkgetg y ho rgsplesojkhkò` slmkoh. O mletkeuomkýe, hg prgsgetoals ue aopo mlemgptuoh qug rgsuag gh rgmlrrk`l rgohkzo`l ge gsto sgdueò uekò`>

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla OMPKYK@O@ LZDOEKÔMKLE ÔMKLEOH OH OMPKYK@O @ MWHPWZO LZDOEK

Om tk vk ò` ò`>> Hg prlplegals qug pkgesg ge ueo lrdoekzomkýe qug mlelzmo g k`getkikqug quë tkpl `g pgrsleohkò` ho moromtgrkzo y plr quë (pug`g gxkstkr ho plskjkhkò` `g qug `kmbo lrdoekzomkýe plsgo aïs `g ue tkpl `g pgrsleohkò`).

OMPKYK@O@ OMPKYK@O @ ZG]VLE]OJ KHK@ KHK@O@ O@ ]LMKOH ]LMKO H GAVZG]OZKO GAVZG] OZKO Ge gsto gngrmktomkýe prïmtkmo hg prlplegals trojonor gh mlemgptl `g Zgsplesojkhkò` ]lmkoh Gaprgsorko. Ho mleskdeo `gh trojonl gs ho skdukgetg> ?. :.

Ghgdkr ueo gaprgso vkemuhoò oh sgmtlr odrlpgmuorkl, (prlpko, `g ho ioakhko, ue vgmkel, gtm.) Ge iuemkýe `gh tkpl `g gaprgso (sgo mlagrmkoh, prlùmtkvo, turksal rur ruroh, oh, gtm.) `gjg `gtgrakeor plr hl agels ?6 háegos `g trojonl poro ilrtohgmgr ho Z]G ge ho aksao. Voro rgohkzor gstl el gs egmgsorkl sojgr sk ho gaprgso tkgeg plhátkmo `g Z]G l el, skel qug sg `gjg `gtgrakeor quë tkpl `g háego `g ommkýe pug`g ojlròr ueo gaprgso mle gsos moromtgrástkmos, aïs ohhï `g qug hl bodo l el.

=.

]g `gjge `g `gsorrlhhor sorrlhhor hos ?6 plskjhgs háe háegos gos `g ommkýe ge ueo morkhh morkhhoo `g Tlr` ilraotl O0 mle iugetg Orkoh ??, ketgrhkego`l skaphg, aïrdgegs gstïeòr, ske sgporomkýe getrg pïrroils. Oh ike ikeoh oh ``gjg gjg mlhlmorsg ueo mlemhu mlemhuskýe skýe `g el aïs `g 7 rgedhlegs ke`kmoe`l ho pgr pgrtkegemko tkegemko l el `g ho ophkmomkýe `g plhátkmos `g Z]G poro gh tkpl `g gaprgso ghgdkò.

0.

7?

Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla OWPLGYOHWO OWPLGYO HWOMKÝE MKÝE Ke`kqug Ygrò`grl l Iohsl. ?. :. =. 0. 7. 9. 4.

Ho muhturo lrdoekzomkleoh gs ho rghkdkýe qug sg prligso ge `kmbo lrdoekzomkýe. Ho muhturo lrdoekzomkleoh mle`kmkleo gh ommkleor `g hls gaphgo`ls. Weo gaprgso pug`g tgegr ueo muhturo lrdoekzomkleoh iugrtg y `ëjkh oh aksal ttkgapl. kgapl. Ho Z]G gs slhl mle ikegs `g aorcgtked gaprgsorkl. Ho Z]G slhl sg pug`g ophkmor ge hos gaprgsos droe`gs. ]g prgmkso aumbl `kegrl poro ophkmor Z]G. Voro hldror gh `gsorrlhhl slstgekjhg ueo gaprgso `gjg mletgaphor hos mugstklegs gmleýakmos, slmkohgs y oajkgetohgs. 2. Gh prlmgsl `g tlao `g `gmksklegs skgaprg gs romkleoh. ;. Hls dgrgetgs `g ohtl ekvgh `gjge tlaor `gmksklegs ge ilrao prldroaoò. ?6. Hls dgrg dgrgetgs etgs `g jonl eekvgh kvgh `gjge tlaor `g `gmksklegs mksklegs ge ilrao el prldroaoò. ZGMWZ]L] @G GRPGE]KÝE

Ho hgmturo `g hls mopátuhls ke`kmo`ls hg pgraktkrï prliue`kzor hls mlemgptls ojlrò`ls ge gsto uekò`. ?. Mopátuhl =, 7 y 9 `g Zljjkes, ]. y Mluhtgr, A. (:666). (:666). Oàkekstromkýe. Oàkekstromkýe. Aoeuoh `g Oàkekstromkýe `g Gaprgsos. ]gxto G`kmkýe. Aëxkml. Vrgetkmg Bohh. :. Mopátuhl ?: `g @oit. Z. (:667) ‘Pglráo y @ksgÿl Lrdoekzomkleoh‑. Aëxkml. G`ktlrkoh Pblasle. =. ]g rgmlakgeò vksktor y gxphlror ho pïd pïdkeo keo wgj `gh Kestktutl Ordgetkel `g Zg Zgsplesojkhkò` splesojkhkò` ]lmkoh Gaprgsorko. ]gmmkýe Zgplrtgs `g ]ustgetojkhkò`. Ohhá pl`rï vgr keilrags `g `kigrgetgs mlapoÿáos sljrg su dgstkýe ge aotgrko `g Z]G. bttp>//www.korsg.lrd/egw\sktg/sktg/ke`gx.pbp//www.korsg.lrd/egw\sktg/sktg/ke`gx.pbp @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla

WEK@O@ = Ho Gst Gstrotg rotgdko dko y ho Vhoek Vhoekikm ikmo omkýe mk ýe

7=

Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla

KEPZL@WMMKÝE Ge gsto tgrmgro uekò` ojlròrgals mletgek`ls vkemuho`ls o ho phoekikmomkýe gaprgsorko. Gstls sle ho phoekikmomkýe, hls tkpls `g phoegs, hos mletkedgemkos ge ho phoekikmomkýe, ho oàkekstromkýe gstrotëdkmo y su kaplrtoemko ge hos lrdoekzomklegs. Vlr ltro portg, `gsorrlhhorgals sljrg hos gsmughos `g ho gstrotgdko, ekvghgs `g ho gstrotgdko, vkskýe, akskýe y ljngtkvls, ojlròe`l ueo bgrroakgeto `g utkhkò` mlal hl gs gh IL@O (oeïhksks y aotrkz). Ygrgals ho gsmugho `gh Vhoegoakgetl Gstrotëdkml, hos vgetonos v getonos mlapgtktkvos, hos gstrotgdkos dgeërkmos `g Akmbogh Vlrtgr y plr þhtkal hos bgrroakgetos y tëmekmos `g phoekikmomkýe (tëmekmos poro gvohuor gh oajkgetg, prgsupugstls, bgrroakgetos `g phoekikmomkýe lpgromkleoh y oàkekstromkýe `g prlygmtls). Ge rghomkýe mle hls mletgek`ls phoetgo`ls, ge gsto uekò` gspgroals qug ustg` pugò ohmoezor hls skdukgetgs ljngtkvls> • • •

Vgesor gstrotëdkmoagetg gh ommkleor `g ueo lrdoekzomkýe Mlelmgr hos prkemkpohgs bgrroakgetos y tëmekmos `g phoekikmomkýe gstrotëdkmo, tïmtkmos y lpgrotkvos. Mlelmgr ho kaplrtoemko `g ho dgegromkýe `g vgetonos mlapgtktkvos ge hos lrdoekzomklegs.

@gikekmk @g ikekmk ýe y prlpýskt l `g ho phoekikmomkýe Voro kekmkor gsto tgrmgro uekò` mlesk`groals kaplrtoetg prgduetorsg… prgduetorsg… ¼_uë gs ho phoekikmomkýe< Ho phoekikmomkýe gs gh prlmgsl qug kemhuyg ho `gikekmkýe `g hls ljngtkvls l agtos `g ueo lrdoekzomkýe, ho `gtgrakeomkýe `g ueo gstrotgdko dgegroh poro ohmoezor gsos agtos, y gh `gsorrlhhl `g ueo ngrorquáo mlaphgto `g phoegs poro ketgdror y mllr`keor hos omtkvkò`gs. Vl`ráoals `gmkr qug ho phoekikmomkýe tkgeg mlal prlpýsktl prlplrmkleor muotrl ospgmtls> ?.

@krgmmkýe> augstro ueo lrkgetomkýe toetl o hls dgrgetgs mlal oh rgstl `g hls ketgdroetgs `g ho @krgmmkýe> lrdoekzomkýe.

:.

Zgùmg gh kapomtl `gh moajkl> `ksakeuyg ho kemgrtkùajrg plrqug ljhkdo o hls dgrgetgs o akror bomko o`ghoetg, prgvgekr hls moajkls, mlesk`gror gh kapomtl `g gstls y `gsorrlhhor hos rgspugstos oprlpkoòs poro moò mosl. Poajkëe oyuò o omhoror hos mlesgmugemkos `g hos ommklegs qug hls

dgrgetgs pl`ráoe gaprge`gr ge rgspugsto oh moajkl. =.

Akekakzo gh `gspgr`kmkl y ho rgùeòemko> ho mllr`keomkýe oetgs `g hls bgmbls tkgeg droe`gs prljojkhkò`gs `g `gtgmtor o tkgapl gh `gspgr`kmkl `g hls rgmursls. O`gaïs, muoe`l hls ag`kls y hls ikegs rgsuhtoe mhorls, ho kegikmkgemko sg vughvg ljvko y pug`g sgr mlrrgdkò y ghkakeoò.

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla 0.

Gstojhgmg gstïeòrgs> gstïeòrgs > `gikeg hls ljngtkvls y hos elraos qug sg gaphgorïe poro gngrmgr gh mletrlh. ]k el sojgals mle sgdurkò` quë agtos trotoals `g mlesgdukr ¼Mýal pl`gals sojgr sk rgohagetg hl bgals hldro`l<

Ho phoekikmomkýe kaphkmo osuakr ue mlaprlaksl y `gjg sgr ueo omtkvkò` mletkeuo. Gh bgmbl `g qug hls phoegs ilraohgs tgedoe qug sgr `ksmutk`ls o ile`l y gxprgso`ls mle mhorkò` pug`g bomgr qug su rgvkskýe rgsuhtg aïs sgemkhho qug ho `g ue mlenuetl oajkdul `g suplskmklegs `g ohdþe gngmutkvl. O`gaïs, ohduels phoegs pug`ge sgr aïs ihgxkjhgs qug ltrls. Ygoals Y goals o mletkeuomkýe…

Pkpls `g phoegs phoegs Ge gh skdukgetg muo`rl hg prgsgetoals ueo jrgvg moromtgrkzomkýe `g hls hls phoegs gstrotëdkmls y lpgromkleohgs, phoegs o mlrtl phozl y o hordl phozl, phoegs gspgmáikmls y `krgmmkleohgs gstrotëdkmls Vhoegs gstrotëdkmls Ojormoe tlò ho lrdoekzomkýe, gstojhgmge ljngtkvls dgegrohgs y plskmkleoe ueo lrdoekzomkýe ge iuemkýe `g su oajkgetg.

Vhoegs lpgromkleohgs lpgromkleohgs Ge hls qug sg gspgmkikmoe hls `gtohhgs omgrmo `g ho ilrao ge qug hls ljngtkvls tge`rïe qug sgr ohmoezo`ls.

O hord h ord l p phozl hozl Ojormoe ue pgrkl`l `g aïs `g trgs oÿls

O mlr m lr tl ph ozl Ojormoe ue pgrkl`l `g ue oÿl l agels

Vhoegs gspgmá Vhoegs gspgmáikmls ikmls Gstïe mhoroagetg `gikek`ls y qug el `gnoe ekedþe ospgmtl o ho ketgrprgtomkýe

Vho Vhoegs egs `krgmmkleohgs Ihgxkjhgs ge hls qug sg gstojhgmge hkegoakgetls dgegrohgs

Oblro jkge, tgekge`l ge mugeto hls `ki grgetgs grgetgs tkpls `g phoegs, els prgduetoals… ¼Mýal kapomto gh dro`l `g kemgrtkùajrg oajkgetoh ge gh tkpl `g phoe o utkhkzor< ¼Mýal voráo gh tkpl `g phoekikmomkýe sgdþe ho ngrorquáo `gh dgrgetg< Voro ketgetor òr rgspugsto o hos prgduetos oetgrklrgs, pl`ráoals `gmkr qug muoetl aoylr sgo gh dro`l `g kemgrtkùajrg oajkgetoh, aïs egmgskò`gs bojrï `g qug hls phoegs sgoe `krgmmkleohgs y qug sg bodo ëeiosks ge gh mlrtl phozl. ]k sg gstïe prlùmkge`l moajkls rïpk`ls l kaplrtoetgs `g lr`ge tgmelhýdkml, slmkoh, gmleýakmls, hgdoh u ltrl tkpl oajkgetoh, hls mursls `g ommkýe `gikek`ls y trozo`ls mle prgmkskýe tkgege aïs

prljojkhkò`gs `g pgrnu`kmor qug `g iovlrgmgr gh rge`kakgetl `g ueo lrdoekzomkýe. Muoe`l ho kemgrtkùajrg oajkgetoh gs ohto, hls phoegs gspgmáikmls tkgege qug sgr al`kikmo`ls `g omugr`l mle hls moajkls, mle irgmugemko o ue ohtl mlstl y mle ueo për`kò `g gikmkgemko.

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla Drïikml E¾?9 - Ho phoekikmomkýe ge ho ngrorquáo `g hos lrdoekzomklegs.

Iugetg> ghojlromkýe prlpko ge josg o Zljjkes ]. y Mluhtgr A., :666.

Ho phoekikmomkýe phoekikmomkýe y hls ljn gtkvls Vlr ltro portg surdkrïe hls skdukgetgs ketgrrldoetgs…

¼_uë sle hls ljngtkvls • •

Vrlpýsktl mlaþe Gstrumturo `ghkjgroò

•

Vgrsleos

Muoe`l bojhoals `g prlpýsktl mlaþe gstoals bojhoe`l `g ue ljngtkvl ge mlaþe, qug qug,, ge gh mosl `g ueo gaprgso, gs humror, getrg ltrls, yo qug gs eoturoh qug ueo lrdoekzomkýe jusqug mrgmgr o trovgs `gh humrl aoxkakzoe`l sus jgegikmkls. Voro gh hldrl `g toh ljngtkvl sg `gsorrlhho ueo omtkvkò` mlagrmkoh, `g sgrvkmkls, keùstrkoh l odrlpgmuorko. Vlr gh mletrorkl, muoe`l bojhoals `g ueo LED su prlpýsktl el gs humror, yo qug el gxkstg ueo `kstrkjumkýe `g `kvk`ge`ls o ommklekstos. Pl`l gh trojonl qug sg `gsorrlhho tkgeg ue ike gspgmáikml y gstï vkemuho`l o ueo egmgskò` slmkoh puetuoh. Gsto gs ho `kigrgemko jïskmo qug gxkstg getrg ueo gaprgso y ueo LED. Gs kaplrtoetg `gstomor qug ho gstrumturo `ghkjgroò sg vo o `ksgÿor ge iuemkýe `gh ljngtkvl u ljngtl `g ho lrdoekzomkýe y su toaoÿl. Ikeohagetg, ge gh mosl `g hos pgrsleos sg voe o ophkmor agmoeksals `g `krgmmkýe `kigrgetgs ge iuemkýe `g hls pgrikhgs agetohgs `g hos aksaos. El gs hl aksal `krkdkr o ue likmkoh `g rkgsdl `g ue joeml prkvo`l qug o ue

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla ljrgrl vlhuetorkl qug trojono hls ikegs `g sgaoeo ge ueo LED poro oyuòr o mlestrukr mosos o sgmtlrgs morgemko`ls `g ho slmkgò`. Muoe`l lkals `gmkr qug el gs hl aksal dgstkleor ueo gaprgso qug ueo lrdoekzomkýe pþjhkmo, boy aumbl `g agetkro y ohdl `g vgrò` ge ghhl. Ge muoetl o hos bgrroakgetos `g dgstkýe sle mlauegs o tl`l tkpl `g lrdoekzomklegs, oh kduoh qug hos bgrroakgetos `g phoekikmomkýe, lrdoekzomkýe, `krgmmkýe y mletrlh. Ge gh mosl `g ho ho gaprgso hls ke`kmo`lrgs `g gikmkgemko voe o gstor ò`ls plr ho prlùmtkvkò` `gh `kegrl sljrg gh potrkalekl, pgrl ge gh mosl `g ue blspktoh plr gngaphl, hls ke`kmo`lrgs `g gikmkgemko voe o gstor ò`ls plr moetkò` `g pomkgetgs el iohhgmk`ls, l otge`k`ls, gtm. Poajkge voe o sgr `kigrgetgs hos pgrsleos mle hos qug els gemletrgals ge moò ueo `g hos lrdoekzomklegs. @gjgals mlaprge`gr su ilrao `g pgesor y o`lptor agmoeksals `g `krgmmkýe oòpto`ls o ghhos. Ge `gikektkvo, ue ‘juge dgrgetg‑ gs mopoz `g dgstkleor auy gikmkgetgagetg ueo lrdoekzomkýe prkvoò mlal ueo

pþjhkmo. Ge gstg sgetk`l, pl`gals oikraor qug gxkstge aumbls mosls m osls `g pgrsleos qug boe poso`l `g ue sgmtlr o ltrl `gsgapgÿoe`lsg ge ilrao auy gikmoz. Oblro jkge, poro mletkeuor mle gstg oeïhksks, els porgmg ketgrgsoetg phoetgorels hos skdukgetgs prgduetos ¼_uë `kigrgemko gemletroals getrg ljngtkvl rgoh vgrsus ljngtkvl `gmohoro`l< ¼_uë `kigrgemkos gmletroals getrg ho `gtgrakeomkle trokmkleoh `g ljngtkvls y ho mo`geo `g ag`kls y ikegs< ¼_uë vgetono tkgeg gh AJL<

Ljngtkvls `gmhoro`ls @gmhoromklegs likmkohgs `g hl qug ueo lrdoekzomkýe

Ljngtkvls rgohgs Ljngtkvls qug ueo lrdoekzomkýe ketgeto ohmoezor ge

osgduro qug sle ljngtkvls y hl qug `gsgoe qug mrgoe oh rgspgmtl sus `kvgrsls pujhkmls.

rgohkò`, toh mlal sg oprgmko oh vgr hos ommklegs `g sus akgajrls.

@gtgrakeomkle tro`kmkleoh `g ljngtkvls Hls ljngtkvls sg `gtgrakeoe ge ho aïs ohto ngrorquko y hugdl sg `kvk`ge ge sujagtos poro moò uel `g hls ekvghgs `g ho lrdoekzomkýe. Ho aïs ohto ngrorquko kapleg sus gstoeòrgs sljrg tl`l sus gaphgo`ls.

Mo`geo `g ag`kls y ikegs Zg` ketgdroò `g ljngtkvls lrdoekzomkleohgs ge ho muoh hls ljngtkvls l ikegs `g ekvgh aïs ohtl gstïe gehozo`ls mle ljngtkvls `g ekvgh aïs jonl qug skrvge `g ag`kls poro gh hldrl `g hls prkagrls.

Ge hudor `g ho `gtgrakeomkle tro`kmkleoh `g ljngtkvls, aumbos lrdoekzomklegs ophkmoe ho oàkekstromkle plr ljngtkvls (AJL). Gs ue skstgao oàkekstrotkvl ge gh muoh hls ljngtkvls ljngtkvls gspgmkikmls `g rge`kakgetl bboe oe sk`l `gtgrakeo`ls mlenuetoagetg plr hls sujlr`keo`ls y sus supgrklrgs, gh ovoemg bomko hls ljngtkvls gs gvohuo`l pgrký`kmoagetg y sg mlemg`ge rgmlapgesos ge iuemkýe `g hls prldrgsls ljtgek`ls. Ge hudor `g usor hos agtos sýhl mlal ghgagetls `g mletrlh, ho AJL hos gaphgo toajkëe poro altkvor o hls gaphgo`ls. Vl`gals mlesk`gror qug su otromtkvl rgsk`g ge su ëeiosks ge mlevgrtkr hls ljngtkvls dgegrohgs ge ljngtkvls gspgmkikmls poro hos uekò`gs y hls ke`kvkùls akgajrls `g ho lrdoekzomkýe. Gh prlmgsl `g `gtgrakeomkýe mlhgmtkvo `g ljngtkvls gs auy kaplrtoetg ge ueo lrdoekzomkýe, yo qug oh bomgr portgs o hls dgrgetgs `g prkagr ekvgh l o hls lpgrorkls `gpge`kge`l gh tkpl `g egdlmkl, sg hldro qug moò ke`kvkùl bodo sus oplrtgs y sg skgeto portg `g ho mlestrummkýe gstrotëdkmo `g ho mlapoÿáo. Gstl iovlrgmg qug moò gaphgo`l bodo suyl gh phoe plr gh bgmbl `g bojgr portkmkpo`l, lpkeo`l y `gjotk`l y hl ophkqug ge gh `áo o

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla `áo, dgegrïe`lsg `g gsto aoegro qug hos omtkvkò`gs `g ho mlapoÿáo gstëe ohkegoòs ge ho prïmtkmo `g ho mlrrkgetg lpgrotkvo `gh trojonl. Ge dgegroh, muoe`l sg portkmkpo ge prlmgsls `g phoekikmomkýe gstrotëdkmo `g sgmtlrgs prlùmtkvls, odhlagro`ls `g gaprgsos l mhustgrgs, gstl sg vg aïs aormo`l, yo qug ue omtlr prkvo`l qug portkmkpo ge ueo phoe gstrotëdkml sk el skgetg qug bomg suyl gh phoe, el ophkmo gh aksal ge gh `áo o `áo `g su mlapoÿáo. Ge moajkl ge ueo gaprgso, gh gaphgo`l tkgeg ho ljhkdomkýe `g bomgrhl plr gh bgmbl `g bojgr rgmkjk`l ueo lr`ge, pgrl osá y tl`l, sk el sg skgetg portg `gh phoe el vo o `gsgapgÿorsg `g ueo ilrao vgrò`groagetg ýptkao y mle prlpugstos `g agnlro mletkeuo. Oàk O` ak ek st rom romký ký e gs gstr trgtëd gtëdkm km o Oblro jkge ¼Vlr quë mlesk`groals kaplrtoetg ho oàkekstromkýe gstrotëdkmo< ¼_uë ekvghgs `g gstrotgdko mlelmgals Bgery Aketzjgrd ” ‘Gh prlmgsl Gstrotëdkml‑. G`ktlrkoh Vgorsle. Oÿl ?;;4.

Ge gsto háego, pl`ráoals `gmkr qug boy ?6 gsm gsmughos ughos `g gstrotgdko gstrotgdko33 ho `gh Vhoegoakgetl gs ueo `g ` g ghhos. HGMPWZO ZGMLAGE@O@O Mopátuhls ? y = `gh hkjrl Bgery Aketzjgrd ” ‘]oiork o ho gstrotgdko‑. G`ktlrkoh Droekmo. Oÿl ?;;;. Ho gstrotgdko gs ue tgrakel `g lrkdge akhktor. ]g pug`g troesplhor pgrigmtoagetg, yo qug sg getkge`g> AGZMO@L 1 MOAVL @G JOPOHHO ZGMWZ]L] 1 VL@GZ @G IWGDL MLAVGPK@LZ 1 GEGAKDL GAVHGO@L] 1 ]LH@O@L] VL]KMKLE OHMOEÔ@O 1 VL]KMKLEOAKGEPL Gh dgegroh ]ue Pzu gsmrkjký «Gh Ortg `g ho Dugrro³ (766 o.m.), mlesk`gro`l gh agnlr hkjrl `g gstrotgdko `g tl`ls hls tkgapls. Gh dgegroh `gmáo> " Pl`l gh Ortg `g ho Dugrro sg joso joso ge gh gh gedoÿl"

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla Weo jrkhhoetg iugetg `g mlelmkakgetl poro o`getrorsg ge gh aue`l `g ho gstrotgdko gs ho jkjhkldroiáo akhktor. Aumbls dgrgetgs `g droe`gs mlapoÿáos ketgreomkleohgs rgmlakgeòe su hgmturo poro kemlrplror gh pgesoakgetl gstrotëdkml. Hls gnërmktls iugrle hos prkagros lrdoekzomklegs `gh aue`l, plr hl qug tkgege akhgs `g oÿls `g gxpgrkgemko ge mlajotgs ophkmoe`l `kigrgetgs tkpls `g gstrotgdkos ge `kigrgetgs tgrrgels, mle `kigrgetgs rgmursls y mle `kigrgetgs gegakdls. Drïikml E¾?4 - Gh skstgao gstrotëdkml.

Iugetg> ghojlromkýe prlpko ge josg o Bgery Aketzjgrd ” ‘Gh prlmgsl Gstrotëdkml‑. G`ktlrkoh Vgorsle. Oÿl ?;;4.

O mletkeuomkýe voals o mlagetor hls `kigrgetgs ekvghgs `g gstrotgdko qug gxkstge. Moò uel rgsple`g o ue blrkzletg `kstketl `g phoekikmomkýe. Gh mlemgptl `g gstrotgdko y skstgao gstrotëdkml sg ophkmo poro moò uel `g gstls ekvghgs.

•

•

•

Gstrotgdko o ekvgh mlrplrotkvl> mlrplrotkvl> ketgeto `gtgrakeor ge quë egdlmkls `gjg `gsgevlhvgrsg ueo mlrplromkýe. Gstrotgdko o ekvgh `g egdlmkls> egdlmkls > prgtge`g `gikekr mëal `gjg mlapgtkr ueo mlrplromkýe ge moò uel `g sus egdlmkls. Gstrotgdko o ekvgh iuemkleoh> prlmuro gstkpuhor ho ilrao `g rgspohòr ho gstrotgdko o ekvgh `g egdlmkls.

Gs kaplrtoetg `kigrgemkor hos gstrotgdkos `g ueo mlapoÿáo o ekvgh mlrplrotkvl, `g egdlmkls y iuemkleoh. Ge dgegroh, ge hos VyAG] ho þekmo gstrotgdko qug gxkstg gs ho `g ekvgh iuemkleoh, `le`g hls dgrgetgs gstïe ge ilrao Yk`gl Yk`gl pgraoegetg prglmupo`ls plr hos sktuomklegs mlyueturohgs `gh qug gstïe otrovgzoe`l. Vl`ráoals `gmkr qug gso tgao mlyueturo el hls `gno akror gh hordl phozl y oh mojl `gh tkgapl aumbos gaprgsos tgrakeoe `gsoporgmkge`l `gh agrmo`l. Gs plskjhg qug, sk sg `gtkgege o akror gh ag`koel y hordl phozl sg `ge mugeto qug, tlaoe`l ueo `gmkskýe `g onustg `g ruajl ge gh prgsgetg, gvktorïe kemlevgekgetgs iuturls. We gngaphl mhorl gs ueo mlapoÿáo auhtkeomkleoh mlal Alhkels Zál `g ho Vhoto, Vhoto , `le`g ge hls þhtkals ?7 oÿls sus prlpkgtorkls `gmk`kgrle akdror `gh egdlmkl `gh pgtrýhgl y ho joemo ikeoemkgro oh egdlmkl `g hls ohkagetls. Oh :6?=, Alhkels mletrlhojo ?0 slmkgò`gs ge Ordgetkeo, Mbkhg, Jroskh y Gsto`ls Wek`ls, ge su aoylráo `g`kmoò o ho prlùmmkýe y mlagrmkohkzomkýe `g ohkagetls. Gstl sg mlrrgsple`g mhoroagetg mle ueo `gmkskýe mlrplrotkvo `g oplstor o ho keùstrko ohkagetorko. Hls prlpkgtorkls el gstïe pgesoe`l ge gh dljkgrel `g turel muoe`l `gmk`ge

7;

Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   gstos mugstklegs, skel ge vorkojhgs iuturos mlal gh mrgmkakgetl pljhomkleoh, ho `gaoeò aue`koh `g ohkagetls, gh `gsorrlhhl `g hls agrmo`ls gagrdgetgs, gtm. Akgetros gh blrkzletg `g phoekikmomkýe aïs hgnls sg ujkqug, agelr mgrtgzo `gh mlaplrtoakgetl `g hos vorkjhgs (prgmkls, `gaoeò, ligrto, gtm.) voals o tgegr, pgrl sk omgrtoals gsg mlaplrtoakgetl gstkao`l, prljojhgagetg els voyo auy jkge. Akgetros aïs mgrmo sg gemugetrg gh blrkzletg `g phoekikmomkýe aoylr vo o sgr ho mgrtgzo `gh mlaplrtoakgetl `g hos vorkojhgs y aoylr moetkò` `g gaprgsos voe o omgrtor. Ho vkskýe gstrotëdkmo `gh gaprgsorkl gs mhovg poro gstl. Muoe`l phoekikmoals gstrotëdkmoagetg hl prkagrl qug bomgals gs mlestrukr gsmgeorkls iuturls prljojhgs. Vhoetgoals = gsmgeorkls, uel lptkaksto, uel ag`kl y ltrl pgskaksto. Ge iuemkýe `g ghhls o`lptoals ue phoe, gh

muoh sg pugò onustor `gpge`kge`l `g mlal gvlhumklege hos vorkojhgs phoekikmoòs. Gh prlmgsl `g oàkekstromkýe gstrotëdkmo mleskstg ge lmbl posls qug mlaprge`g ho phoekikmomkle gstrotëdkmo, ho kaphgagetomkýe y ho gvohuomkýe qug sg sketgtkzoe ge gh skdukgetg droikml> Drïikml Drï ikml E¾?2 E¾?2 - G Ghh pr lmgsl `g oàkek stromkýe gstrotëdkmo

Iugetg> ghojlromkýe prlpko ge josg o Zljjkes ]. y Mluhtgr A., :666.

O mletkeuomkýe, rgtlaorgals hls posls qug agemkleo`ls ge gh drïikml oetgrklr> ?.

K`g K`getkikm etkikm omkle `g ho aksk ýe, hls ljngtkvls y hos gstrotgdko gstrotgdkoss omtuohg omtuohgss `g ho lrdoekzomkýe.

Yk`gl Yk`gl   `gh tgao

Hl prkagrl qug `gjg bomgr ueo lrdoekzomkýe gs `gikekr su rozýe `g sgr l sgo su YK]KÝE. Hugdl `gjg `gikekr ho rozýe plr ho qug gstï bly ge `gtgrakeo`l egdlmkl, l sgo ho AK]KÝE qug tkgeg. Gstos `ls mugstklegs sle iueòagetohgs poro ho pgrùromkýe ge gh tkgapl `g ho lrdoekzomkýe. Muoe`l sg `gikeg ho vkskýe sg gsto `gikekge`l o hl qug ospkro ho lrdoekzomkýe ge ilrao utýpkmo y muoe`l sg `gikeg ho akskýe sg jono gso utlpáo o tkgrro o trovgs `g ue ag`kl, l sgo s go ue egdlmkl `gtgrakeo`l.

Mlal gngaphl pl`rkoals pgesor qug ho vkskýe `g ueo gaprgso `g troesplrtg `g posongrls pl`ráo sgr ho skdukgetg> ‘sgr ho gaprgso eþagrl uel ge gh aue`l ge gh troesplrtg `g posongrls‑  y y ho akskýe `g gsto aksao gaprgso pl`ráo sgr> ‘mleslhkòr o ho mlapoÿáo mlal omtl r há`gr ge gh agrmo`l `g ‑ troesplrtg ue `g eugvl posongrls ge ýaekjus ovklegs geo hos ho Ordgetkeo ¼quë sumg`g sk gh `áo su `gakskýe, aoÿoeopgrl sg `gsorrlhho agmoeksal poro ytroesplrtor pgrsleos @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   el ho vkskýe. @g ohdueo aoegro oh vkskýe oyuò o k`getkikmor mle aoylr mhorkò` gh elrtg `g ho mlapoÿáo, akgetros qug ho akskýe oyuò o mleslhkòr o ho mlapoÿáo poro gh hldrl `g ho vkskýe.

YK]KÝE YK]K ÝE>> sg `gikeg mla l gh moakel oh muoh sg `krkdg ho gaprgso o hordl phozl y skr vg `g ruaj l y ohkmkgetg poro lrkgetor lrkgetor hos `gmkskl egs gstrotëdkmos `g mrgmkakgetl nuetl o hos `g mla pgtktkvkò`. Nomc Ihgktaoe Iugetg>> bttp>//www.ihgktaoe.egt/ Iugetg bttp>//www.ihgktaoe.egt/

Weo mlapoÿáo hugdl `g `gikekr su vkskýe y akskýe `gjg `gikekr sus ljngtkvls o agelr phozl, y `getrl `g sus ljngtkvls `gjg `gikekr hos agtos poro hldrorhls. Gh muaphkr hos agtos borï muaphkr hls ljngtkvls y gh muaphkr hls ljngtkvls borï ohmoezor ho akskýe. Voro gh muaphkakgetl `g ho akskýe sg o`lptoe hkegos gstrotëdkmos `g ommkýe, ge moajkl poro gh muaphkakgetl `g hls ljngtkvls sg o`lptoe gstrotgdkos tïmtkmos. Vlr þhtkal pl`gals `gmkr qug poro muaphkr hos agtos sg o`lptoe gstrotgdkos lpgrotkvos.

AK]KÝE> ‘Hl qug ueo mlapoÿáo troto `g bomgr ge ho omtuohkò` plr sus m hkgetgs o ageu`l sg mohkikmo mlal ho aks kýe `g ho mla poÿá poÿáo. o. Weo gxplsk gxplsk mkýe `g ho aksao o ageu`l gs þtkh poro ple`gror gh gh egdlmkl ge gh muoh sg gemugetro ho m lapoÿáo y hos egmgskò`gs `g hls mhkgetgs o qukgegs tr oto `g sgrvkr. Pblapsle y ]trkchoe`. Iugetg Plapsle> Plapsle> bttp>//www.dll`rgo`s.mla/jllc/sblw/?6?0:=?.]trotgdkm\Aoeodgaget 6770/keilraotkle\mgetgr\vkgw6/o\\n\\strkmchoe`\kkk.btah \strkmchoe`\kkk.btah   Iugetg ]trkchoe`> ]trkchoe`> bttp>//bkdbgrg`.amdrow-bkhh.mla/sktgs/;46?60 bttp>//bkdbgrg`.amdrow-bkhh.mla/sktgs/;46?606770/keilraotkle\mgetgr\vkgw6/o\\n\

:.

Oeohksks `gh oajkgetg gxtgrel.

Muoe`l els rgigrkals oh oajkgetg gxtgrel gstoals bojhoe`l `g tl`l hl qug poso ge gh oiugro `g ho lrdoekzomkýe, sgo ho mlapgtgemko, hos mle`kmklegs `g agrmo`l, ho gmlelaáo, ho plhátkmo, hos aoekigstomklegs slmkohgs, ho gvlhumkýe `gh mlaplrtoakgetl `g hos vorkojhgs qug els ketgrgsoe, hos motïstrligs, hos dugrros, gtm. Pl`l gstl kapomto `krgmtoagetg ge ho lrdoekzomkýe, yo qug ho aksao gs ue akmrlskstgao kemhuk`l ge ue agslsktgao, gh muoh gsto kesgrtl `getrl `g ltrl aomrlskstgao. Gh geilqug skstëakml `kstkedug muotrl ekvghgs `g oeïhksks, `kstketls pgrl ketgrrghomkleo`ls getrg sá, muyl ike gs gxoakeor ho mlapgtktkvkò` `g ho gaprgso. Gstls ekvghgs sg `gelakeoe> Agto, Aomrl, Agsl y Akmrl. Akmrl. Iugetg> Chous Gssgr gt oh. ” ‘Mlapgtktkvkò` ]kstëakmo‑. Zgvksto `g ho MGVOH, ]oetkodl ?;;9, El. 7;.

Oskaksal, rgsuhto lplrtuel omhoror qug gh phoel lpgrotkvl `g ho mlapgtktkvkò` `gpge`g `gh ekvgh `g oeïhksks oh muoh sg gstë bomkge`l rgigrgemko, `gh prlùmtl oeohkzo`l y `gh ljngtkvl gspgmáikml qug sg pgrskdug ohmoezor mle gh oeïhksks prlpugstl. HGMPWZO ZGMLAGE@O@O Mopátuhls ?, : y = `g Zussghh Omclii ” ‘Vhoekikmomkýe `g ho gaprgso `gh iuturl‑. G`ktlrkoh Hkauso. Oÿl ?;2=. O mletkeuomkýe, sg `gsorrlhhoe hls `kstketls ekvghgs `g oeïhksks pgrtkegetgs o ue geilqug skstëakml `g ho mlapgtktkvkò`.

9?

Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   Ekvgh Aomrl Ge gstg ïajktl oporgmge hls ghgagetls `g morïmtgr slmkoh y hos vorkojhgs aomrlgmleýakmos aoegnoòs plr gh Gsto`l, mlal gh `ëikmkt iksmoh, ho keihomkýe, hls `grgmbls `g gxplrtomkýe, ho toso `g ketgrës y gh tkpl `g moajkl. Gstos oigmtoe ge ilrao sustoemkoh gh mlaplrtoakgetl prlùmtkvl. Poajkëe getroe ge nugdl oqughhls ospgmtls gxtgrels oh poás y qug keihuyge ge hos gaprgsos, mlal sle hls prgmkls ketgreomkleohgs y hos gxkdgemkos `g mohkò` ge hls agrmo`ls ikeohgs. Hos plhátkmos `g aoegnl ketgdro`l `g rgmursls eoturohgs sg mlemkjge ge gstg ïajktl mle gh ike `g aoetgegr gh gqukhkjrkl `g tl`l skstgao `g `gsorrlhhl slstgekjhg. Oskaksal, `getrl `g gstg ïajktl toajkëe sg gemugetroe iomtlrgs rgigrgetgs o ho `gaoeò, tohgs mlal hls dustls y prgigrgemkos `g hls mlesuak`lrgs, vlhuage y tge`gemkos `g mrgmkakgetl u lrkdge, tkpl y dro`l `g sgdagetomkýe `gh agrmo`l. Ekvgh Agsl Ge gstg gspgmtrl sg `gstomoe hls ghgagetls mlal ho keirogstrumturo y gh `gsorrlhhl `g hldástkmo, ho josg `g rgmursls eoturohgs, hos moromtgrástkmos odrlgmlhýdkmos y hls ghgagetls mhkaïtkmls. Ekvgh Akmrl ]g k`getkikmoe iomtlrgs mlal ho prlùmtkvkò`, hls mlstls, hls gsqugaos `g lrdoekzomkýe, ho keelvomkýe tgmelhýdkmo, ho dgstkýe gaprgsorkoh, gh toaoÿl `g hos gaprgsos, hos prïmtkmos muhturohgs, tkpl `g tgmelhldáos, mlemkgemko oajkgetoh, `kvgrskikmomkýe y mletrlh `g mohkò`, ovoemg ge gsqugaos `g mlagrmkohkzomkýe y mlstls `g troesplrtg. Ekvgh Agto Gstg ekvgh gstï prgsgetg ge tl`ls hls `gaïs y sg kesgrto `g ilrao mlaphgagetorko y troesvgrsoh tr oesvgrsoh ge moò uel `g gstls. ]g rgikgrg o ospgmtls `gh rgmursl buaoel, mlal ho gsmoho `g vohlrgs, gh `gsorrlhhl `g bojkhkò`gs y ho ophkmomkýe `g hls mlelmkakgetls ljtgek`ls. Gstg ekvgh mlaprge`g hls tgaos `g gùmomkýe, muhturo y mopomktomkýe `gh rgmursl buaoel, kevlhumroe`l o hls omtlrgs `g moò uel `g hls ekvghgs `g oeïhksks yo agemkleo`ls. a gemkleo`ls. Drïikml E¾? E¾?; ;-E Ekvghgs kvghgs ` g ]kstgaos

Iugetg> ghojlromkýe prlpko ge josg o Chous Gssgr gt oh. ” ‘Mlapgtktkvkò` ]kstëakmo‑. Zgvksto `g ho MGVOH, ]oetkodl ?;;9, El. 7;.

Yk`gl Yk`gl `gh tgao

Mlal sg ljsgrvo ge gh drïikml oetgrklr, hos gaprgsos mlal akmrlskstgaos sg bohhoe kesgrtos `getrl `g agslskstgaos, plr hl qug gs hýdkml qug muohqukgr ohtgromkýe skdekikmotkvo ge gh agslskstgao oigmtorï `krgmtoagetg ge ho gaprgso, ue gngaphl mhorl `g gstl gs ho vorkomkýe `gh prgmkl `g ho slno. Gh prgmkl mlrrgsple`g o ueo vorkojhg `g

9:

Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   agrmo`l `g ho mo`geo `g ho slno (agslskstgao), pgrl oigmto `krgmtoagetg o ho gaprgso. Ophkmoe`l ho aksao hýdkmo pl`gals getge`gr qug ue moajkl skdekikmotkvl ge gh aomrlskstgao, mlal hos vorkojhgs aomrlgmleýakmos oigmtoe o ho mo`geo `g ho slno y ge mlesgmugemko o hos gaprgsos qug ho ketgdroe ge hls `kigrgetgs gshojlegs, sgoe gaprgsos `g kevgstkdomkýe y `gsorrlhhl (K+@), prlùmmkýe prkaorko, keùstrko, mlagrmkohkzomkýe l mlesual. Ho oaphktu` qug kapleg ue plskjhg oeïhksks `g ho mlapgtktkvkò`, jonl gsto mlemgpmkýe skstëakmo, ge hls `kigrgetgs ekvghgs, rgqukgrg tgegr skgaprg prgsgetg hls háaktgs oetgs gxpugstls poro su mlemgptuohkzomkýe y `gikekmkýe. ]ketgtkzoe`l, pug`g `gmkrsg qug ho mlapgtktkvkò` `gjg sgr oeohkzoò `gs`g vorkls ekvghgs mle `kigrgetgs háaktgs. We geilqug skstëakml, plr gngaphl, bomg rgigrgemko o muotrl ekvghgs oeohátkmls `kigrgetgs, pgrl ketgrrghomkleo`ls. Ge gstls ekvghgs sg k`getkikmoe `kstketls iomtlrgs3 ge gh ekvgh Aomrl sg kemlrplroe iomtlrgs aomrlgmleýakmls y plhátkmls3 ge gh gspgmtrl Agsl sg `gstomoe ospgmtls mlal hos mle`kmklegs odrlgmlhýdkmos, ho keirogstrumturo y ho josg `g rgmursls eoturohgs3 o su vgz gh ekvgh Akmrl sg k`getkikmo mle hls iomtlrgs qug mle`kmkleoe gh mlaplrtoakgetl `g hos gaprgsos ge sá aksaos3 y plr þhtkal, gh ekvgh Agto bomg rgigrgemko o hls rgmursls buaoels kevlhumro`ls. Moò ekvgh kevlhumro ospgmtls qug mle`kmkleoe gh dro`l `g mlapgtktkvkò` `g hos gaprgsos. Geilqug

Ekvgh `g odrgdomkýe

Aomrl/Agto

Voás

Iomtlrgs ge`ýdgels ❙ ❙

Agsl/Agto

Zgdkýe

❙

Keirogstrumturo. Mle`kmklegs odrlgmlhýdkmos.

❙

Mlstls `g prlùmmkýe. Dgstkýe gaprgsorkoh. Keelvomkýe tgmelhýdkmo. Mletrlh `g mohkò`. Pgmelhldáos.

❙

Akmrl/Agto

Gaprgso

Yorkojhgs aomrlgmleýakmos. Opgrturo mlagrmkoh.

❙ ❙ ❙ ❙

Iomtlrgs gxýdgels ❙

Vrgmkls ketgreomkleohgs. Omugr`ls y mlevgekls ketgreomkleohgs. ❙ Mleihkmtls orao`ls. ❙ Vlhátkmos mlagrmkohgs, oroemghorkos y `g oplyl o ho kevgrskýe. Igeýagels eoturohgs. ❙ ❙ Vrlvkskýe `g kesuals y sgrvkmkls. ❙ Dustls y prgigrgemkos `gh agrmo`l. ❙ Gaprgsos mlapgtk`lros. ❙

Iugetg> ghojlromkýe prlpko ge josg o Ohtkgrk, A. & O. Zlnos. ?;;;.

O al`l `g mlemhuskýe, rgtlaoals ueo mkto `g Zlnos qukge oikrao qug ‘aoetgegr, oaphkor y agnlror mletkeuoagetg ho portkmkpomkýe ge gh agrmo`l `gpge`g `g ueo sgrkg `g ghgagetls o ekvgh Aomrl, Agsl, Akmrl y Agto. O ekvgh Aomrl ketgrvkgege ospgmtls rgigrk`ls oh poás y o sus rghomklegs mle gh rgstl `gh aue`l. O ekvgh Agsl sg `gstomoe iomtlrgs gspomkohgs y `g hlmohkzomkýe dgldrïikmo. Ge gh ekvgh Akmrl, sg `gstomoe hls iomtlrgs rghgvoetgs poro hos gaprgsos, rgigrk`ls oh prgmkl y ho mohk` o` `g hls prlùmtls.‑   Iugetg> Ohtkgrk, A. & O. Zlnos . ?;;;. "Gmlhldkmoh kapomts li Mbkhg‛s eglhkjgroh plhkmkgs, wktb spgmkoh gapbosks le odrl -gmlsystgas (pì)". Gevkrleaget, @gvghlpaget oe` ]ustokeojkhkty. Ïastgròa.

Vl`gals oikraor getlemgs qug tlòs hos vorkojhgs qug gstëe ge gh oajkgetg `g ho gaprgso gstïe ge mlestoetg moajkl, gs plr ghhl qug ge gh prlmgsl `g oàkekstromkýe gstrotëdkmo sg `gjg gstu`kor y mgesor ge ilrao pgraoegetg gh mlaplrtoakgetl `gh oajkgetg, yo qug gh aksal oigmto `krgmtoagetg o ho gstrotgdko `g ho mlapoÿáo.   mlapoÿáo. =.

K`g K`getkikmomkl etkikmomkl e `g lplrtuek ò`g ò`gss y oageo oageozo zoss

Muoe`l oeohkzoals gh oajkgetg voals o `gtgmtor sktuomklegs qug `g sgr oprlvgmboòs pug`ge sgr auy jgegikmklsos poro ho mlapoÿáo, hos muohgs sg hhoaoe lplrtuekò`gs. Poajkge voals o k`getkikmor ltros qug pug`ge oigmtorels `krgmtoagetg sk el sojgals `gige`grels, hos qug hhoaorgals oageozos.

9=

Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   Gs auy kaplrtoetg qug ho aoylráo `g hls gaphgo`ls qug trojonge vkemuho`ls oh getlrel `g ho lrdoekzomkýe pugòe mlagetor y oageozos qugskge`l ghhls `gtgmtoe. Ghhls slemlagetorkls hls qug gstïe ge mletomtl mle gh oiugro ge ghsljrg `áo ohos `áolplrtuekò`gs o ekvgh dgrgemkoh y lpgrotkvl, hls qug gsmumboe y ljsgrvoe hos tge`gemkos. 0.

Oeïhksks `g hls rgmursls `g ho lrdoekzomkýe

Hugdl `g `gtgrakeor hos lplrtuekò`gs y oageozos gs egmgsorkl rgohkzor ue oeïhksks `g hls rgmursls mle hls qug mugeto ho lrdoekzomkýe, l sgo oeohkzor gh o`getrl `g ho gaprgso. Gstls rgmursls pug`ge sgr `gh tkpl> ❙

❙

Buaoels Gmleýakmls Eoturohgs Pkgapl

❙

Gtm.

❙ ❙

Ge dgegroh, hls dgrgetgs mlelmge o ho pgrigmmkýe sus rgmursls, pgrl el skgaprg sle tltohagetg ljngtkvls, yo qug aumbos vgmgs boy sktuomklegs qug hls kemlalòe y gvktoe prgstor otgemkýe o hos aksaos. Poajkge gs mlaþe gemletror sktuomklegs `le`g gh bknl `gh aksal sg `gsgapgÿg ge ho gaprgso y hl þekml qug bomg gs dgegror prljhgaos, dgegroe`l ge gh po`rg ueo irustromkýe pgrsleoh y gvktoe`l omgptor ho rgohkò`. Ltros vgmgs hls dgrgetgs `gsmlelmge mlal `gjge iuemkleor jkge hls skstgaos oàkekstrotkvls, `g dgstkýe, prlùmtkvls, gtm., plr hl qug mrgge qug iuemkleoe o ho pgrigmmkýe muoe`l o hl agnlr hls prljhgaos `g ho mlapoÿáo sg lrkdkeoe jonl sktuomklegs `g iohto `g mletrlh. Oeohkzor y mlelmgr jkge ho lrdoekzomkýe k`getkikmoe`l tl`l hl qug ssgg tkgeg gs auy kaplrtoetg, yo qug vo o sgr ho josg poro ho `gtgrakeomkýe `g hos ilrtohgzos y `gjkhkò`gs `g ho aksao. 7.

K`g K`getkikm etkikm omkle `g ilrtohgzo ilrtohgzoss y `gjkhkò`gs

Hugdl `g oeohkzor tlò hos ho gaprgso k`getkikmor hoso moromtgrástkmos `kstketkvos `g ho aksao qug dgegroe ueo vgetono plr sljrg gaprgsosvoals `g ho omlapgtgemko, gstos hos hhoaorgals ilrtohgzos. Akgetros qug hos moromtgrástkmos `g ho mlapoÿáo qug gstïe plr `gjonl `g hls gstïeòrgs qug aormo gh agrmo`l hos hhoaorgals `gjkhkò`gs. Gs mhovg pl`gr opohoemor o ho mlapoÿáo sljrg sus ilrtghgzos y trotor `g pohkor hos `gjkhkò`gs. Drïikml E¾: E¾:6 6 - Oeïhksks IL@O.

Iugetg> Buapbrgy, Ohjgrt ]., ?;46.

90

Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla Hugdl `g tgegr k`getkikmoòs tlòs hos ilrtohgzos, lplrtuekò`gs, `gjkhkò`gs y oageozos (`gh puetl = y 7) ljtge`rgals gh muo`rl `g oeïhksks IL@O qug sg augstro orrkjo. 9.

Ilrauhomkle `g gstrotgdko gstrotgdkoss

Muoe`l bgals gigmtuo`l gh Oeïhksks IL@O sg prlmg`g o rgohkzor ho Aotrkz IL@O, poro ghhl `gjgals oeohkzor gh getrgmruzoakgetl `g> ?- Ilrtghgzos mle lplrtuekò`gs> oquá surdkroe hos gstrotgdkos IL. :- Ilrtohgzos mle oageozos> oquá surdkroe hos gstrotgdkos IO. =- @gjkhkò`gs mle lplrtuekò`gs> oquá surdkroe hos gstrotgdkos @L. 0- @gjkhkò`gs mle oageozos> oquá surdkroe hos gstrotgdkos @O. Drïikml E¾:? - Aotrkz IL@O.

Iugetg> Buapbrgy, Ohjgrt ]., ?;46.

Gstg trojonl gs auy kaplrtoetg, yo qug ue mlrrgmtl oeïhksks borï qug ho gstrotgdko sgo omgrtoò l el. O mletkeuomkýe sg augstro ue gngaphl `g oeïhksks y aotrkz IL@O `g ueo gaprgso odrlpgmuorko ujkmoò ge gh portk`l `g Mbosmlaþs qug gvohþo ho plskjkhkò` `g mlagezor o iojrkmor ohkagetl johoemgo`l jlvkel poro ojostgmgrsg y vge`gr o ho zleo ge gh oÿl :6?6, hugdl `g ho sujo `g hls prgmkls `g ho bomkgeò ge pkë. Ilrtohgzos - Hk`grozdl `gh prlpkgtorkl. - Wjkmomkýe y ommgskjkhkò` `gh moapl.

-- Zg` mhkgetgs prlpkgtorkl `g ho keùstrko `gh johoemgo`l. Juge`g aoegnl `gh`gh gstojhgmkakgetl. gstojhgmkakgetl. Lplrtuekò`gs - Agnlro `g prgmkls ge ho omtkvkò` doeo`gro. - Mrgmkgetg mlesual `g johoemgo`l y iohto `g prlvgg`lrgs ge ho zleo. - Vlskjkhkò` `g ommgsl o mrë` mrë`ktls ktls mle jugeo toso. @gjkhkò`gs

97

Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla - Vrljhgaos `g altkvomkýe plr portg `gh pgrsleoh. - Iohto `g opohoemoakgetl/ikeoemkoakgetl opohoemoakgetl/ikeoemkoakgetl.. - Iohto `g agnlroakgetl ge mohkò` dgeëtkmo. - Iohto `g ljngtkvls mhorls. - Iohto `g rgohkzomkýe `g mletrotls mle prlvgg`lrgs y mhkgetgs. Oageozos - Iohto `g troesporgemko ge gh agrmo`l plr ketgrvgemkýe `gh dljkgrel o trovës `g ho LEMMO. - Vlskjhg oporkmkýe `g prlvgg`lrgs `g johoemgo`l ge ho h o zleo. - Vlskjhg keslhvgemko `g prlùmtlrgs poro mlapror johoemgo`l oh mleto`l. - @gsphozoakgetl `g zleos urjoeos bomko Mbosmlaþs o hordl phozl.

Ilrtohgzos Ilrtohgzos

Aotrkz IL@O

Lplrtuekò`gs

Oageozos

Ilrtohgzos

@gjkhkò`gs

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I:

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:=

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Hk`grozdl `gh prlpkgtorkl

I:

Wjkmomkýe y Ommgskjkhkò` `gh moapl

I=

Zg` `g mhkgetgs `gh prlpkgtorkl `g ho keùstrko `gh johoemgo`l

Lplrtuekò`gs

@gjkhkò`gs

I0

Juge aoegnl `gh gstojhgmkakgetl

L?

Agnlro `g prgmkls ge ho omtkvkò` doeo`gro

L: L=

Mrgmkgetg mlesual `g johoemgo`l y iohto `g prlvgg`lrgs ge ho zleo Vlskjkhkò` `g ommgsl o mrë`ktls mle jugeo toso

@?

Vrljhgaos `g altkvomkýe `g portg `gh pgrsleoh

@:

Iohto `g opohoemoakgetl

@=

Iohto `g agnlroakgetl ge mohkò` dgeëtkmo

@0

Iohto `g ljngtkvls mhorls

99

Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla

Oageozos

@7

Iohto `g rgohkzomkýe `g mletrotls mle prlvgg`lrgs y mhkgetgs

O?

Iohto `g troesporgemko ge gh agrmo`l plr p lr ketgrvgemkýe `gh dljkgrel

O:

Vlskjhg oporkmkýe `g prlvgg`lrgs `g johoemgo`l ge ho zleo

O=

Vlskjhg keslhvgemko `g prlùmtlrgs poro mlapror johoemgo`l oh mleto`l

O0

@gsphozoakgetl `g zleos urjoeos bomko Mbosmlaþs o hordl phozl

Oe Oeïhk ïhk sk s ` g Getrgm Get rgm ru zoak get getl l `g ` g York ojh ojhgs gs =

Oh agn agnlror lror hls pr prgmkls gmkls `g ho omtkvkò` do doeo`gro eo`gro sg vo o kemrgagetor kemrgagetor gh ml mlesual esual `g johoemgo`l y sg pug`g oprlvgmbor ho rg` `g mletomtls `gh prlpkgtorkl poro mlagrmkohkzor aïs iïmkh hl prlùmk`l.

0

Oh ttgegr gegr ue juge aoegnl `gh gstojhgmkakgetl kapomto ge ilrao pplsktkvo lsktkvo ho agnlr agnlroo ``gg pprgmkls, rgmkls, yo qug sg vo o ljtgegr ueo aoylr rgetojkhkò`.

9

Oh bbojgr ojgr ueo `gaoeò mrgmkgetg `g oohkagetl hkagetl johoemgo`l ge ho zle zleoo `le `le`g `g ggstï stï uj ujkmo`l kmo`l gghh moapl sg pug`g oprlvgmbor gh ïrgo `g agrmo`l rgùmkge`l osá hls mlstls `g troesplrtg `g hls prlùmtlrgs `g ho zleo.

4

Mlelmgr ueo rg` `g mhkgetgs dgegro ue ommgsl aïs iïmkh o ho vgeto `g agrmo`gráo. Pgegr ue juge aoegnl `gh gstojhgmkakgetl ouageto hos plskjkhkò`gs `g ljtgegr ue mrë`ktl joemorkl.

?:

?7

]g ``gjg gjg agnlror ho mohkò` dge dgeëtkmo ëtkmo poro ljtgegr agnlrgs áe`k áe`kmgs mgs doeo`grls y osá pl`gr ouagetor ho rgetojkhkò` `gh egdlmkl, vkstl y mlesk`groe`l gh ouagetl ge hls prgmkls `g ho moreg.

:0

0?

Ho pl plskjkhkò` skjkhkò` `g ommgsl o mrë` mrë`ktls ktls pug`g suphkr ho iohto `g op opohoemoakgetl ohoemoakgetl `g ho gaprgso. Oh `gsphozorsg ho zleo urjoeo pug`g hhgdor o lmurrkr qug sg tgedoe qug rgtkror hls igg`-hlts qug prlygmtoe kestohorsg ge ho zleo. Gs o hordl phozl, pgrl boy qug mlesk`grorhl yo qug mrgmgr auy jrusmoagetg ge ho phoeto ge mosl `g ojostgmgr igg` hlts, ue igeýagel osá pl`ráo hhgvor oh qugjroetl o ho gaprgso.

02

Oh el rgohkzor mletrotls mle prlvgg`lrgs y mhkgetgs qu qugòals gòals auy gxpugstls o hls moajk moajkls ls `gh agrmo`l plr ketgrvgemkýe `gh dljkgrel.

Mlal sg pug`g ljsgrvor ge gh gngaphl ge ho aotrkz IL@O sg rgohkzorle 9= oeïhksks `g getrgmruzoakgetls y ge gh muo`rl `g oeïhksks `g vorkojhgs sg oeltorle hls getrgmruzoakgetls qug tkgege vkemuhomkýe `krgmto y `g hls muohgs sg pug`g dgegror ue hkego gstrotëdkmo. Hls getrgmruzoakgetls `gsotohho`ls> =, 0, 9, 4, ?:, ?7, :0, 0? y 02, sle hls qug sg mlesk`grorle poro rgo rgohkzor hkzor ho phoekikmomkýe gstrotëdkmo `g ho gaprgso. gaprgso. 4.

Kaphgagetomk le `g gstrotgdkos

Weo vgz `gtgrakeoòs hos gstrotgdkos sg `gjge gigmtuor. Gh prlmgsl `g kaphgagetomkýe gs toe kaplrtoetg mlal gh `g ilrauhomkýe. @gjgals rgmlròr qug phoekikmor jkge gs mle`kmkýe poro gh ëxktl, pgrl el suikmkgetg, yo qug

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   poro ohmoezor gh ëxktl sg `gjge kaphgagetor mlrrgmtoagetg hos gstrotgdkos phoekikmoòs. Aumbos vgmgs, hls phoegs iromosoe y sg hg bgmbo ho muhpo o ho gstrotgdko, muoe`l ge rgohkò` gh iromosl vkel `g ho aoel `g ho kaphgagetomkýe, el `g ho gstrotgdko. Voro kaphgagetor gstrotgdkos gs auy kaplrtoetg bomgrsg `g hls rgmursls egmgsorkls qug ho lrdoekzomkýe el plsgo. Gstl pug`g kaphkmor gh rgmhutoakgetl `g eugvl pgrsleoh l gh `gspk`l `g portg `gh omtuoh. Poajkge gs mhovg rglrdoekzor ho gstrumturo `g ho gaprgso ge iuemkýe `g ho gstrotgdko o`lptoò y rgohkzor ue o`gmuo`l prlmgsl `g mletrlh. 2.

Gvohuo Gvohuomkýe mkýe `g rgsuhto`ls

Gstg gs gh þhtkal posl `gh prlmgsl `g oàkekstromkýe gstrotëdkmo. Ohhá gs `le`g ag`krgals ho gikmomko `g ho gstrotgdko y su kaphgagetomkýe. Voro hhgvorhl o mojl, ge prkagro kestoemko `gjgals ljsgrvor sk gh ljngtkvl sg muaphký, hugdl `gjgals ljsgvor hos vorkomklegs qug bujl getrg hl phoekikmo`l y hl rgohkzo`l. Ohhk vgrgals sk ho gstrotgdko iug ho aïs o`gmuoò y sk ho kaphgagetomkýe iug mlrrgmto. Gstg prlmgsl gs auy kaplrtoetg, yo qug els oyuòrï o `gtgmtor `ýe`g ho mlapoÿáo gemletrý aoylr `kikmuhto` poro hldror gh ljngtkvl. Weo vgz k`getkikmo`l tl`l gstl `gjgals rgohkzor hls onustgs egmgsorkls poro gh `gsorrlhhl `gh prýxkal phoe. Hugdl `g ojlròr hls 2 posls `gh prlmgsl `g oàkekstromkýe gstrotëdkmo els prgduetoals> ¼Gh prlmgsl `g phoekikmomkle gstrotgdkmo gs iknl l mletkeul< Ge rgspugsto oh ketgrrldoetg oetgrklr pl`gals oikraor qug ue prlmgsl `g phoekikmomkýe gstrotëdkmo el gs iknl,

skel qug sgGs`gjg rgvksoe`l el ge bomgr ilraoauy pgraoegetg g krphoegs onustoe`l ommklegs ge iuemkýe `g hls moajkls oajkgetg. auy krkaplrtoetg rádk`ls hls poro hos o`qukrkr mopomkò` `g oòptomkýe, pgrl `gh plr ltrl ho`l toaplml gs jugel bomgrhl `gaosko`l ojkgrtl, yo qug skel sg pug`g pgr`gr gh ruajl. Hl k`goh gs gemletror gh puetl `g gqukhkjrkl ýptkal ge iuemkýe `gh tkpl `g egdlmkl o phoekikmor. HO] 0 DZOE@G] G]PZOPGDKO] ML MLZVLZOPKYO] ZVLZOPKYO] [ GH OEO OEOHK]K] HK]K] I IL@O L@O Hugdl `g rgohkzor ue oeïhksks ketgrel y `gh getlrel gs egmgsorkl `gtgrakeor qug tkpl `g gstrotgdko mlrplrotkvo sg vo o sgdukr. @g ho mlajkeomkýe `gh gsto`l ketgrel `g ho gaprgso mle gh gsto`l `gh getlrel surdge muotrl plskjhgs mlajkeomklegs, o sojgr> Gstrotgdko `g gstojkhkò`> gs gstojkhkò`> gs o ekvgh `g mlrplromkýe y sg moromtgrkzo plr ho ousgemko `g moajkls skdekikmotkvls. ❙

Gstrotgdko `g mrgmkakgetl> mrgmkakgetl> gs o ekvgh mlrplro mlrplrotkvl tkvl yo o trovës `g gghho hho sg ketgeto ghgvor gh ekvgh `g hos lpgromklegs `g hos lrdoekzomklegs, ge gh mosl tkpkml, kemhuyge kemrgagetls ge hls kedrgsls, ge gh eþagrl `g gaphgo`ls, ge ho portkmkpomkle `g agrmo`l l ge ueo mlajkeomkýe `g gsls ghgagetls.

❙

❙

Gstrotgdko `g mletrommkýe> gs mletrommkýe> gs o ekvgh mlrplrotkvl g ketgeto rgùmkr ho aodektu` l ho `kvgrskò` `g hos lpgromklegs `g ueo lrdoekzomkýe. Gstrotgdko `g mlajkeomkle> gs mlajkeomkle> gs o ekvgh mlrplrotkvl y pgrskdug ge ilrao skauhtïego `ls l aïs `g hos skdukgetgs gstrotgdkos> gstrotgdkos> `g gstojkhkò`, `g mrgmkakge mrgmkakgetl tl l `g mletrommkýe. ❙

Mlal sg ljsgrvo ge gh skdukgetg drïikml, ho mlapoÿáo pug`g o`lptor muohqukgro `g hos 0 gstrotgdkos ge iuemkýe `g ho sktuomkýe `g su oajkgetg ketgrel y gxtgrel.

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla

Drïikml E¾:: - Oeïhksks IL@O y droe`gs gstrotgdkos.

Iugetg> ghojlromkýe prlpko ge josg o Zljjkes ]. y Mluhtgr A., :666.

Ho aotrkz Jlstle Mlesuhtked Drlup (JMD) ketrlùnl ho k`go `g qug moò ueo hos Wekò`gs Gstrotëdkmos `g Egdlmkl `g ueo lrdoekzomkýe pl`áo gvohuorsg y droikmorsg plr ag`kl `g ueo aotrkz :R: poro sojgr muïhgs `g ghhos tgekoe ohtl pltgemkoh y muohgs groe slhl ueo `gspgr`kmkl `g rgmursls lrdoekzomkleohgs. Gsto bgrroakgetos pgraktg oeohkzor ho mortgro `g prlùmtls `g ho gaprgso, yo qug moò uel `g hls prlùmtls sg vo o ujkmor ge ohduel `g hls 0 muo`roetgs qug augstro gh drïikml skdukgetg. Vu`kge`l sgr `gs`g ue prlùmtl gstrghho, skdel `g ketgrrldomkýe, pgrrl l bosto ueo vomo hgmbgro. Moò uel `g hls muo`roetgs rgprgsgeto ueo `gtgrakeoò toso `g mrgmkakgetl `gh agrmo`l ge iuemkýe `g ho portkmkpomkýe rghotkvo `g ho gaprgso ge gh aksal. Ge ltrl drïikml `g gngs mortgskoels augstro gh mkmhl `g vkò `gh prlùmtl, `gs`g su ketrlùmmkýe oh agrmo`l bosto su rgtkroò. Aos o`ghoetg pl`rïe mlelmgr hls plragelrgs `gh iuemkleoakgetl `g ho bgrroakgeto.

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   Drïikml E¾: E¾:= = - Aotrkz JMD.

Iugetg> Jlstle Mlesuhtked Drlup, ?;4=.

Ygoals…

Yomos `g gigmtkvl> (Jonl mrgmkakgetl , ohto portkmkpomkle `g agrmo`l). Hls egdlmkls `g gsto motgdlrko dgegroe droe`gs moetkò`gs `g gigmtkvl, pgrl sus pgrspgmtkvos `g mrgmkakgetl iuturl sle hkaktoòs. Gstrghhos> (Ohtl mrgmkakgetl, ohto portkmkpomkýe `gh agrmo`l). Gstls egdlmkls gstïe ge ue agrmo`l `g rïpk`l mrgmkakgetl y tkgege ueo portkmkpomkýe `lakeoetg ge gsg agrmo`l, pgrl pl`rkoe prlùmkr ue ihunl `g gigmtkvl plsktkvl l el prlùmkrhl, sgdþe sus egmgskò`gs `g kevgrtkr ge eugvos phoetos y gqukpls l ge gh `gsorrlhhl `g prlùmtls. Ketgrrldomklegs> (ohtl mrgmkakgetl, jono portkmkpomkýe `gh agrmo`l). Gstls egdlmkls sle gspgmuhotkvls g kaphkmoe ohtl rkgsdl. Gstïe ge ueo keùstrko otromtkvo, pgrl hgs mlrrgsple`g ue pgqugÿl plrmgetong `g portkmkpomkle `gh agrmo`l. Vgrrls> (jonl mrgmkakgetl, jono portkmkpomkýe `gh agrmo`l). Hls egdlmkls `g gsto motgdlráo el prlùmge aumbl gigmtkvl, ek toaplml hl rgqukgrge ge droe moetkò`. Gstls egdlmkls el prlagtge agnlráo ohdueo ge su rge`kakgetl. Gs kaplrtoetg getge`gr qug ho aotrkz JMD supleg ho gxkstgemko `g ueo murvo `g gxpgrkgemko omuauhoò. Gsto mleskstg ge ho suplskmkýe `g qug sk ue egdlmkl ghojlro ue prlùmtl y oàkekstro gh prlmgsl `g prlùmmkýe ge ilrao oprlpkoò, tl`l kemrgagetl skdekikmotkvl ge ho moetkò` omuauhoò `g prlùmtl iojrkmo`l trogro mleskdl ueo `ksakeumkýe prgvkskjhg ge gh mlstl uektorkl `g iojrkmomkýe `g gsg prlùmtl. Voro mlaprge`gr agnlr gh iuemkleoakgetl `g ho Aotrkz JMD hg rgmlageòals vgr gh skdukgetg vk`gl> bttp>//ylutu.jg/c0?9CohNIed bttp>//ylutu.jg/c0?9CohNIed y poro mlaprge`gr gh Mkmhl `g Ykò `gh Vrlùmtl sudgrkals gstg ltrl> bttp>//ylutu.jg/AMYkj7zwG7[ bttp>//ylutu.jg/AMYkj7zwG7[

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   OEÏHK]K] OEÏ HK]K] G]PZWMPWZO G]PZWMPWZOH H Ho `gtgrakeomkýe `g gstrotgdkos rgqukgrg mlelmgr mle prgmkskýe hos moromtgrástkmos `gh agrmo`l oh qug qugrgals sgrvkr. Voro ghhl `gjgals rgohkzor ue oeïhksks gstrumturoh `gh sgdagetl `g agrmo`l qug qugrgals gvohuor.

@kmbl oeïhksks `gjg sgdukr 9 posls> ?) @g @gikekr ikekr gh s gmtlr keùs trkoh mlapgtgemko @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla

Mlal sg pug`g ljsgrvor ge gh drïikml oetgrklr, ho gaprgso gstï slagtkò o ho prgskýe `g 7 iugrzos `kstketos, o sojgr> O.

J.

M.

@.

G.

Oagezos Oa gezos `g eu eugvl gvl s ml a pgt pgtk` k` lrgs lr gs y jor jorrgr rgr os `g get getro` ro` o> o> Iomtlrgs Iomtlrgs tohgs ml mlal al ho hoss gmlelaáos `g gsmoho,qug ho tge`rïe hgohto` hls o hoeugvls aormomlapgtk`lrgs y hls rgquksktls mopktoh , `gtgrakeoe `kikmuhto` poro`ggetror o ueo keùstrko. gh dro`l `g iomkhkò` l Oageozos Oa geozos `g su stkt st ktut utls ls>> Iomtlrgs tohgs mlal hls moajkls `g mlstls y ho hgohto` `g hls mlapro`lrgs `gtgrakeoe gh dro`l ge qug hls mhkgetgs gstorïe `kspugstls o mlapror ue prlùmtl sustktutl. Vl`grr `g egdlmkomkle `g hls m lapro`lrgs Vl`g lapro`lrgs>> Iomtlrgs tohgs mlal gh eþagrl `g mlapro`lrgs ge gh agrmo`l, ho keilraomkýe mle qug mugeto `kmbls mlapro`lrgs y ho `ksplekjkhkò` `g sustktutls `gtgrakeoe gh dro`l `g keihugemko qug tkgege hls mlapro`lrgs ge ueo keùstrko. Vl`gr `g egdlmkomkýe `g hls prlvgg`lrgs > Gh dro`l `g mlemgetromkýe `g hls prlvgg`lrgs y ho `ksplekjkhkò` `g kesuals sustktutls `gtgrakeoe ho moetkò` `g pl`gr qug tkgege hls prlvgg`lrgs sljrg hos ikraos `g ho keùstrko. Vrgsgemko `g rkvohkò`> rkvohkò` > Iomtlrgs tohgs mlal gh mrgmkakgetl `g ho keùstrko, gh ouagetl l `ksakeumkýe `g ho `gaoeò y hos `kigrgemkos getrg prlùmtls , `gtgrakeoe muoe ketgeso sgro ho rkvohkò` mlapgtktkvo getrg hos `kvgrsos ikraos `g ho keùstrko.

Voro oaphkor gstg tgao sg pug`g ljsgrvor ueo getrgvksto o Akmbogh Vlrtgr ge gh skdukgetg hkec> bttp>//ylutu.jg/`xJ-Ksq:er_ (poro omtkvor gh sujtátuhl `gjg bomgr mhkm ge gh jltle ]ujtktuhls ujkmo`l ojonl o ho bttp>//ylutu.jg/`xJ-Ksq:er_ `grgmbo `gh muo`rl `g vk`gl). Hugdl `g oeohkzor gh sgdagetl o trovës `gh Al`ghl `g hos Mkeml Iugrzos `g Vlrtgr l Mruz `g Vlrtgr pl`gals posor o hos trgs moromtgrástkmos `gh pl`gr `g egdlmkomkýe `g hls prlvgg`lrgs. ?. ho moetkò` `g prlvgg`lrgs, :. gh vlhuage `g mlapro y =. ho plskjkhkò` `g ketgdromkýe `g prlvgg`lrgs bomko o`ghoetg (ketgdromkýe vgrtkmoh). Ge muoetl o hls mhkgetgs, hos vorkojhgs sle hos aksaos pgrl ho ketgdromkýe gs bomko otrïs. Vl`gals `gmkr qug gh pl`gr `g egdlmkomkýe hls mhkgetgs ?. `g ho moetkò` `g `gpge`g mhkgetgs l`g> moeohgs, :. =.

gh vlhuage `g mlapro y ho plskjkhkò` `g ketgdromkýe vgrtkmoh bomko otrïs.

Zgspgmtl o ho oageozo `g hls prlùmtls sustktutls sg pug`g `gmkr qug sk gsg prlùmtl gs auy morl ho dgetg lpto plr ue prlùmtl sustktutl. Gstls prlùmtls sle ltro ilrao `g sotksiomgr `g ilrao tltoh l pormkoh ho aksao egmgskò`. Poajkëe oquá sg kemlrplro ho tglráo `g hos prgigrgemkos. ]kdekikmo qug ho ghgmmkýe `g mlapro el gstï òò plr gh prgmkl, yo qug el tkgeg skdekikmotkvkò` gmleýakmo. Mle rgspgmtl o ho oageozo `g plskjhgs mlapgtk`lrgs gs kaplrtoetg oeohkzor plr quë ue mlapgtk`lr pltgemkoh qugrráo getror o ak sgmtlr keùstrkoh. Hos plskjhgs rozlegs pl`ráoe sgr> ? qug gh sgmtlr sgo rgetojhg l :> qug skegrdkmg ltrl egdlmkl prlpkl. Ge rghomkýe o hls eugvls omtlrgs `gh sgmtlr keùstrkoh, pl`ráoals `gmkr qug pl`ráoe sgr gh dljkgrel, hls ske`kmotls, aoekigstoetgs, dgetg mle pl`gr `g keihugemko qug el outlrkmg l rgmlakge`g gh mlesual (ue rgigrgetg), ueo LED qug `gsomrg`ktg gh sgmtlr, ueo getkò` mkgetáikmo qug bodo mlagetorkls o`vgrsls. Gstl

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   skrvg poro vgr quë hudor lmupo ho gaprgso `getrl `gh sgmtlr keùstrkoh, `le`g sg sktþo y `g quë aoegro vg o hls ltrls. O`gaïs, gs þtkh poro oprlvgmbor vgetonos, moptor lplrtuekò`gs y ghu`kr oageozos. =) Oeohkzor Oeohkzor prlùmt lrgs `g iuturl l hos iugrzos `gh moapl moapl.. Ge gstg mosl, els rgigrkals o agdo tge`gemkos, gs `gmkr, bomko `le`g voals mle hls potrlegs `gh iuturl, hls prlmgsls gvlhutkvls. Gs egmgsorkl ge gstg sgetk`l oeohkzor hos tge`gemkos `g mlesual. 0) Oeohkzor Oeohkzor gh mlapgtk`lr aïs s kdekikm otkvl. Gstl sg bomg `getrl `gh drupl gstrotëdkml. Ho gaprgso `gjg bomgr gh IL@O `gh mlapgtk`lr aïs skdekikmotkvl y mlapororhl mle gh prlpkl. 7) Oeohkzor Oeohkzor hls ke`k mo`lrgs `gh agrmo`l, o ekvgh akmr l y aomrl. Hls ke`kmo`lrgs akmrl tkgege qug vgr o ekvgh `g gaprgso (rgetojkhkò`, hkquk`gz, gtm.) y hls ke`kmo`lrgs aomrl mle ho aomrlgmlelaáo (áe`kmg `g Vrgmkls Ketgrels Aoylrkstos, gtm.). Yohg `gstomor qug hls rujrls qug aïs rgskstge ueo gmlelaáo keihomkleorko sle hls ohkagetls y ag`kmoagetls, a g`kmoagetls, yo qug hos pgrsleos el pug`ge `gnor `g mlesuakrhls. 9) Oeohkzor hos jorrgros `gh sgmtlr. Ge gstg oeïhksks boy = tkpls `g jorrgros qug ke`kmoe mlsos `kigrgetgs y ho gaprgso hos tkgeg qug oeohkzor plr sgporo`l. Jorrgros `g getroò> getroò> el pgraktge qug mlapgtk`lrgs pltgemkohgs kedrgsge oh sgmtlr keùstrkoh, ke`kmoe ho rgetojkhkò` `gh sgmtlr, sk sle ohtos, gh sgmtlr gs rgetojhg. Hos jorrgros `g sohkò sohkò sle hos qug pgraktge ojoe`leor gh sgmtlr keùstrkoh. ]k sle jonos gh sgmtlr gs rgetojhg. ]k sle ohtos gh sgmtlr gs kegstojhg l rkgsdlsl. Jorrgros galtkvos, mletrotls o rlapgr, ke`gaekzomklegs o podor, gtm. Hos jorrgros `g alvkhkò` alvkhkò` ke`kmoe ho mlapgtktkvkò` qug boy ge gh sgmtlr, muoetl aïs ohtos sle gh sgmtlr gs aïs mlapgtktkvl, hl qug kapk`g qug ueo gaprgso posg `g ue drupl gstrotëdkml o ltrl `getrl `gh aksal sgmtlr keùstrkoh (plskmkleoakgetl `g aormo, ohto kevgrskýe poro akdror `g sgmtlr, gtm.).

G]PZOPGDKO] MLAVGPKPKYO] MLAVGPKPKYO] ]GDÞE AKMBOGH VLZPGZ VLZPGZ   Akmbogh Vlrtgr ilrauhý = tkpls `g gstrotgdkos dgeërkmos poro ojlròr gh agrmo`l. Moò ueo `g gstos gstrotgdkos sg oòpto oh tkpl `g egdlmkl `le`g lpgro ho mlapoÿáo y o hls rgmursls mle hls qug ho aksao aksa o mugeto. HGMPWZO ZGMLAGE@O@O Mopátuhls ? y : `gh hkjrl `g Akmbogh Vlrtgr ” ‘Gstrotgdko Mlapgtktkvo‑. G`ktlrkoh MGM]O. Oÿl ?;;9. Gstos trgs gstrotgdkos sg `gsmrkjge o mletkeuomkýe> ?) @kigrgemkomkýe> @kigrgemkomkýe > gs ue ketgetl `g `kstkedukr hls prlùmtls y sgrvkmkls `g ho mlapoÿáo `g hls `g ltros mlapoÿáos `g ho keùstrko, poro qug gh pþjhkml pgrmkjo qug gs `kigrgetg. Ho gaprgso pug`g utkhkzor ho pujhkmkò`, hos moromtgrástkmos `kstketkvos `g sus prlùmtls, gh sgrvkmkl l ueo eugvo tgmelhldáo. Gs ueo gstrotgdko rgetojhg plrqug hls mhkgetgs sle hgohgs y podorïe prgmkls ohtls plr hls prlùmtls l sgrvkmkls. Hos mlapoÿáos qug rgmurrge o gstg tkpl `g gstrotgdko egmgsktoe gxmghgetgs tëmekmos `g aorcgtked, kedgekl mrgotkvl y ilrao `g hk`grozdl. Weo `kigrgemkomkýe gikmoz rgùmg gh pl`gr `g egdlmkomkýe `g hls droe`gs mlapro`lrgs, plrqug ltrls prlùmtls sle agels otromtkvls. Gstl o su vgz skrvg poro rgpghgr hos oageozos `g hls prlùmtls sustktutls. Ho `kigrgemkomkýe hgvoeto jorrgros mletro gh kedrgsl `g mlapgtk`lrgs ag`koetg ho hgohto` `g hls mhkgetgs, qug `kiámkhagetg supgrorïe hls eugvls portkmkpoetgs.

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   :) Hk`grozdl ge mlstls> mlstls > ho mlapoÿáo jusmo odrgskvoagetg kestohomklegs gikmkgetgs, rgùmmklegs `g dostls y gh mletrlh rkdurlsl `g hls mlstls poro prlùmkr jkgegs mle aoylr gikmomko qug sus mlapgtk`lrgs. Weo plskmkýe `g mlstls jonls skdekikmo qug sg pug`g vge`gr o ue prgmkl agelr qug ho mlapgtgemko, y oue osá lirgmgr ueo mohkò` skakhor ljtgekge`l ueo utkhkò` rozleojhg. Gh prlùmtlr mle mlstls jonls gstï prltgdk`l mletro hls mhkgetgs y prlvgg`lrgs pl`grlsls, plrqug gh pþjhkml el bohho prgmkls aïs jonls ge ltros portgs, y ltrls mlapro`lrgs tge`rïe agels mopomkò` lmklso poro egdlmkor mle hls prlvgg`lrgs. ]k oporgmge prlùmtls sustktutls l portkmkpoetgs pltgemkohgs, gstorï ge agnlr plskmkýe qug sus rkvohgs `g mlstls aïs ohtls poro el pgr`gr portkmkpomkýe ge gh agrmo`l. Gh prgmkl jonl skrvg sk rvg `g jorrgro mletro eugvls portkmkpoetgs l prlùmtls sustktutls. Yohg `gstomor qug ge hos gaprgsos odrlpgmuorkos ho gstrotgdko skgaprg sgrï ho `g mlstls jonls, yo qug hos gaprgsos sle tlao`lros `g prgmkl, l sgo el plege gh prgmkl `g sus prlùmtls, prlùmtls , skel qug hls tlaoe `gh agrmo`l eomkleoh l ketgreomkleoh (vohlr pkzorro `g ho slno, trkdl, aoáz, omgktg `g slno, gtm.). Ge mlesgmugemko, ho rgetojkhkò` `g ho gaprgso vo o gstor òò plr ho `kigrgemko getrg gh prgmkl uektorkl y gh mlstl m lstl uektorkl, oh sgr aïs jonl gh mlstl, aoylr sgrï ho doeoemko. Weo tëmekmo gxmghgetg poro rgùmkr mlstls gs ho gmlelaáo `g gsmoho, `le`g oh prlùmkr droe`gs moetkò`gs sg `khuyge hls mlstls iknls ge aoylrgs uekò`gs. Poajkëe sg doeo pl`gr `g egdlmkomkýe mle hls prlvgg`lrgs `g kesuals y sgrvkmkls poro ho prlùmmkýe. =) Geilqug l mlemgetromkýe> mlemgetromkýe > ho gaprgso sg `g`kmo sljrg tl`l o ue agrmo`l rgdkleoh l ue drupl `g mlesuak`lrgs. Wtkhkzorï ho `kigrgemkomkýe y gh mlstl jonl ge ue agrmo`l agto pgqugÿl. HGMPWZO ZGMLAGE@O@O Mopátuhls ‘Gh mlemgptl `g gstrotgdko‑ y ‘Oeïhksks `g gstrotgdko o ekvgh gaprgso‑ `gh hkjrl Gh prlmgsl gstrotëdkml. Mlemgptls, mletgxtls y mosls. Bgery Aketzjgrd (gt oh.) Vgorsle Gùmotkle. ?ª g`., Aëxkml, Aëxkm l, ?;;4. PGMEKMO] VOZO GYOHWOZ GH OAJKGEPG OAJKGEPG Mlal `gsorrlhhýyge gh oeïhksks IL@O,`g hostëmekmos v orkojhgs vorkojhgs gxtgreos `gghhooajkgetg. gaprgso (lplrtuekò`gs oageozos) oa geozos) pug`gejkge sgr sg `gtgrmotòs mlelmkòs o trovës poro gvohuor Hls dgrgetgs `gybly pug`ge oeohkzor mle prgmkskýe gh oajkgetg `g sus lrdoekzomklegs ophkmoe`l tëmekmos gstrumturoòs, tohgs mlal ho gxphlromkýe oajkgetoh , hls prleýstkmls y gh jgembaorcked. •

Gxphlromkle oajkgetoh> oajkgetoh> sg rgikgrg o ho rgvkskýe `g droe`gs moetkò` moetkò`gs gs `g keilraomkýe poro `gtgmtor hos tge`gemkos gagrdgetgs y mrgor hls plskjhgs gsmgeorkls.

•

Ghojlromkle `g prleýstkmls> prleýstkmls> prg`kmmkýe `g hls rgsuhto`ls plskjhgs mle josg ge hls òtls ljtgek`ls ge ho gxphlromkýe oajkgetoh. Vl`gals `kstkedukr 0 tkpl `g prleýstkmls> ?. :.

Vrleýstkml `g kedrgsls> kedrgsls > prg`kmmklegs `gh aletl `g hls kedrgsls iuturls. Vrleýstkmls tgmelhýdkmls> tgmelhýdkmls> gstkaomkýe `g hls moajkls ge ho tgmelhldáo y ho igmbo prljojhg

ge hos eugvos tgmelhldáos sgrïe gmleýakmoagetg =. qug Vrleýstkml muoetktotkvl> muoetktotkvl> ophkmomkýe ophkmomkýe `g ue mlenuetliomtkjhgs. `g rgdhos aotgaïtkmos o ueo sgrkg `g òtls `gh poso`l o ike `g prg`gmkr plskjhgs rgsuhto`ls. 0. Vrleýstkml muohktotkvl> muohktotkvl> ophkmomkýe `gh juge nukmkl y hos lpkeklegs `g ke`kvkùls mlelmg`lrgs mlal josgs poro ho prg`kmmkýe `g plskjhgs rgsuhto`ls.

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   •

Jrgembaorcked> gs ho jþsqugò `g hos agnlrgs prïmtkmos , toetl getrg hos ikraos `g ho mlapgtgemko mlal getrg hos el mlapgtk`lros, qug hos boe mleùmk`l o hldror su rge`kakgetl supgrklr. Gh prlmgsl `g jrgembaorcked sg rgohkzo ge 0 posls> ?. Ho lrdoekzomkýe ilrao uuee gqukpl `g pho phoekikmomkýe ekikmomkýe `g jrgembaorcked. Ho torgo kekmkoh `gh gqukpl mleskstg ge `gikekr qug `gsgoe slagtgr o jgembaorcked, sghgmmkleor lrdoekzomklegs mlaporojhgs y `gtgrakeor quë aëtl`ls utkhkzorïe poro ho rgmlhgmmkýe `g òtls. :. Gh gqu gqukpl kpl rgmlpkho òtls ketgreo ketgreoagetg, agetg, omgrmo `g sus prlpkos lp lpgromklegs gromklegs y gxtgreoagetg ge rghomkýe o hos `g ltros lrdoekzomklegs. =. Hls `òtls otls sle oeoh oeohkzo`ls kzo`ls mle gh ike `g `g `gtgmtor tgmtor hhodueos odueos ge gh rrge`kakgetl ge`kakgetl y `gtgrakeor ho mouso `g tlòs hos `kigrgemkos ljsgrvoòs. 0. ]g prg prgporo poro g kaphgageto ue phoe `g ommkýe mle gh prlpýsktl `g kduohor l supgror hls gstïeòrgs ljsgrvo`ls ge hos ltros mlapoÿáos.

Gh prgsupugstl poro ho gng gngmumký mumký e `g h o gstrotg gstrotgdko dko Voro rgsple`gr oh ketgrrldoetg oetgrklr, pl`gals oikraor qug gh prgsupugstl gs ue phoe euaërkml poro ho oskdeomkýe `g rgmursls o mkgrtos omtkvkò`gs gspgmáikmos. Gstls sle `g suao mleik`gemkohkò`, yo qug o trovës `g ho hgmturo `g hls aksals sg pug`ge keùmkr hos gstrotgdkos tlaoòs plr ho mlapoÿáo. Ho gngmumkýe `g ho gstrotgdko `gtgrakeoò rgqukgrg `g ho oskdeomkýe `g rgmursls poro su mlemrgmkýe, gs plr ghhl qug boy ue mlrrghotl auy iugrtg getrg gstrotgdko y prgsupugstl. Weo gaprgso pug`g ohor`gor sljrg ho kaphgagetomkýe `g `gtgrakeoò gstrotgdko, pgrl sk gh prgsupugstl el rgihgno r gihgno ho oskdeomkýe `g rgmursls qug ho gstrotgdko rgqukgrg, ho aksao slhl qugò ge pohojros. Mlesk`groals egmgsorkl sgÿohor qug hls prgsupugstls sle kaplrtoetgs plrqug pug`ge ophkmorsg o droe vorkgò` `g lrdoekzomklegs y hos uekò`gs kemhukòs `getrl `g ueo lrdoekzomkýe. Bly ge `áo mosk tl`l sg gxprgso ge uekò`gs alegtorkos. Vorgmg hýdkml qug hls prgsupugstls alegtorkls sgoe ueo bgrroakgeto toe þtkh poro `krkdkr hos omtkvkò`gs ge `gportoagetls toe `kigrgetgs mlal hls `g prlùmmkýe g kevgstkdomkýe `g aorcgtked, osá mlal ge `kvgrsls ekvghgs `g ueo lrdoekzomkýe. Pkpls `g prgsupugstl> •

Vrgsupugstl `g kedrgsls> prlygmto hos vgetos iuturos.

•

Vrgsupugstl `g gdrgsls> kemhuyg ueo hksto `g omtkvkò`gs prkaorkos gaprge`kòs plr ueo uekò` y oskdeo ueo moetkò` alegtorko o moò ueo `g ghhos.

•

Vrgsupugstl `g doeoemkos> utkhkzo uekò`gs ke`kvkùohgs `g ueo lrdoekzomkýe

ge gh muoh sg mlajkeoe hls prgsupugstls `g kedrgsls y gdrgsls poro `gtgrakeor ho mletrkjumkýe `g gso uekò` o hos doeoemkos `g ho gaprgso. •

Vrgsupugstl gigmtkvl> prlelstkmo muïetl gigmtkvl tge`rï `ksplekjhg ueo lrdoekzomkýe y qug plrmkýe egmgsktorï poro mujrkr sus dostls.

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla •

Vrgsupugstls `g dostls `g mopktoh> prlelstkmo hos kevgrsklegs ge prlpkgò`gs, g`kikmkls y gqukpls kaplrtoetg.

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Vrgsupugstl iknl> qug supleg ue ekvgh `g vgetos l `g prlùmmkle.

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Vrgsupugstls vorkojhgs> tlao ge mugeto hls mlstls qug vorkoe ge iuemkýe `gh vlhuage.

Ho oàkeks oàkeks tromkle `g prlygmtls Voro ikeohkzor gsto tgrmgro uekò`, els porgmg kaplrtoetg sgÿohor qug ueo `g hos ilraos `g hhgvor o mojl hos gstrotgdkos gs ag`koetg ho ghojlromkýe y gngmumkýe `g prlygmtls. Ge gstg sgetk`l, ho oàkekstomkýe `g prlygmtls gs ueo torgo qug mleskstg ge osgdurorsg `g qug hos omtkvkò`gs `g ue prlygmtl sg rgohkmge o tkgapl , `getrl `gh prgsupugstl y `g omugr`l mle hos gspgmkikmomklegs. Ho oàkekstromkýe `g prlygmtls pug`g oyuòr o hls dgrgetgs o gstojhgmgr sus ljngtkvls y `gsmrkjkr hos omtkvkò`gs `g trojonl. Vgraktg ue geilqug auy mlapotkjhg mle ue oajkgetg `keïakml y mle ho egmgskò` `g ihgxkjkhkò` y rgspugsto rïpkò. Drïikml Drï ikml E¾:7 E¾:7 - Vrlmgsl `g oàkekstr omkýe `g prlygmtl s.

Iugetg> ghojlromkýe prlpko ge josg o Zljjkes ]. y Mluhtgr A., :666.

HGMPWZO ZGMLAGE@O@O Vgtgr ]gedg ” ‘Ho quketo `ksmkphkeo ge ho prïmtkmo‑. G`ktlrkoh Droekmo. Oÿl :667. @gs`g ho pïdkeo ? bosto ho pïdkeo :66 kemhuskvg. Akmbogh Vlrtgr ” ‘Ho vgetono Mlapgtktkvo `g hos Eomklegs‑. G`ktlrkoh Ygrdoro. Oÿl ?;;?. @gs`g ho pïdkeo 9= bosto ho pïdkeo ?27 kemhuskvg.

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr.   www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla ]áetgsks `g ho uekò` = Ge gsto uekò` ojlròals ho prkagro omtkvkò` jïskmo `gh dgrgetg, ho ‘phoekikmomkýe‑. Gxphkmoals quë gs ho

gstrotgdko y quë kaplrtoemko tkgeg ho aksao ge ho omtkvkò` dgrgemkoh. Poajkëe gxpuskals hls tkpls `g phoegs sgdþe ngrorquáo dgrgemkoh y trotoals ho oàkekstromkýe oàkekstromkýe plr ljngtkvls. Ikeohagetg `gsorrlhhoals tl`l gh prlmgsl `g oàkekstromkýe gstrotëdkmo, mlagezoe`l plr ho vkskýe, akskýe y oeïhksks `gh oajkgetg, poro mletkeuor mle gh oeïhksks y aotrkz IL@O `g ho mlapoÿáo mlal josg poro ho `gtgrakeomkýe `g hos gstrotgdkos. Vlr þhtkal, ojlròals hls tkpls `g gstrotgdkos qug pug`ge o`lptor ueo mlapoÿáo, su kaphgagetomkýe y rgsuhto`ls. O mletkeuomkýe, hg mlaportkals gh aopo mlemgptuoh qug sketgtkzo gsto uekò`>

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla OWPLGYOHWO OWPLGYO HWOMKÝE MKÝE Ke`kqug vgrò`grl l iohsl sgdþe mlrrgspleò> ?.

Hls phoegs lpgromkleohgs sle o hordl phozl.

:.

Hls phoegs gstrotëdkmls sle rádk`ls.

=.

Hos gstrotgdkos mlrplrotkvos sl slee `gtgrakeoòs plr hls gaphgo`ls `gh ïrgo `g prlùmmkýe `g uueo eo gaprgso.

0.

Ho aot aotrkz rkz IL@O sg utkh utkhkzo kzo por poroo gvohuor ho gx gxkstgemko kstgemko `g ilrtohgzos, lplrtuekò`gs, `gjkhkò`gs y oageozos.

7.

Gh oeïhksks IL@O hl `gjg rgohkzor ue gxpgrtl gxtgrel o ho gaprgso.

9.

Ho ggstrotgdko strotgdko `g @kigrgemkomkýe `g Vlrtg Vlrtgrr jusmo prlùmkr o droe gsmoho poro `khukr hls mlstls iknls y ouagetor ho rgetojkhkò` `g ho gaprgso.

4.

Gh al` al`ghl ghl ``gg hos 7 iugrzos `g Vlrtgr skrvg poro gvohuor ho mlapgtge mlapgtgemko mko gxkstgetg ge ue `g `gtgrakeo`l tgrakeo`l sgdagetl `g agrmo`l.

2.

Hls prgsupugstls tkgege mlrrghomkýe `krgmto mle ho gstrotgdko o kaphgagetor.

;.

Ho o` oàkekstromkýe akekstromkýe pl plrr ljng ljngtkvls tkvls mletgapho ho phoekikmomkýe o trovës `g ho portkmkpomkýe `g hhls ls gaphgo`ls.

?6. Gh Mkmhl `g Ykò `gh prl` prlùmtl umtl tkgeg 0 ggtopos, topos, kekmkoe`l plr ho Ketrlù Ketrlùmmkýe mmkýe y ikeohkzoe`l plr ho aoùrgz. ZGMWZ]L] @G GRPGE]KÝE Ho hgmturo `g hls mopátuhls ke`kmo`ls hg pgraktkrï prliue`kzor hls mlemgptls ojlrò`ls ge gsto uekò`. ?. :. =. 0. 7. 9.

Mopátuhls 4, 2 y ; `g ]tgpbge Zljjkes y Aory Mluhtgr ” ‘Oàkekstromkýe‑. Aoeuoh `g Oàkekstromkýe `g Gaprgsos. ]gxto G`kmkýe. G`ktlrkoh Vrgetkmg Bohh. Oÿl :666. Mopátuhls ? y = `gh hkjrl Bgery Aketzjgrd ” ‘]oiork o ho gstrotgdko‑. G`ktlrkoh Droekmo. Oÿl ?;;;. Mopátuhls ?, : y = `g Zussghh Omclii ” ‘Vhoekikmomkýe `g ho gaprgso `gh iuturl‑. G`ktlrkoh Hkauso. Oÿl ?;2=. Mopátuhls ? y : `gh hkjrl `g Akmbogh Vlrtgr ” ‘Gstrotgdko Mlapgtktkvo‑. G`ktlrkoh MGM]O. Oÿl ?;;9. Vgtgr ]gedg ” ‘Ho quketo `ksmkphkeo ge ho prïmtkmo‑. G`ktlrkoh Droekmo. Oÿl :667. @gs`g ho pïdkeo ? bosto ho pïdkeo :66 kemhuskvg. Akmbogh Vlrtgr ” ‘Ho vgetono Mlapgtktkvo `g hos Eomklegs‑. G`ktlrkoh Ygrdoro. O ÿl ?;;?. @gs`g ho pïdkeo 9= bosto ho pïdkeo ?27 kemhuskvg.

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla

WEK@O@ 0 Ho Lrd Lrdo oekzo ek zomk mkýe ýe y gh @ksgÿl

4;

Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   KEPZL@WMMKÝE Ge gsto muorto uekò` ojlròrgals ho iuemkýe jïskmo `gh dgrgetg> ‘lrdoekzomkýe‑, qug gs i ueòagetoh poro gh `gsorrlhhl `g ho omtkvkò` dgrgemkoh. Ho akskýe `g ho torgo ‘lrdoekzor‑ mleskstg ge `ksplegr hls rgmursls `g ho

ilrao aïs ýptkao poro gngmutor hl phoekikmo`l mle oetgrklrkò`. Wstg` mlal dgrgetg gh `áo `g aoÿoeo vo o tgegr qug mrgor ueo eugvo lrdoekzomkýe l jkge al`kikmor ueo yo gxkstgetg. Voro ghhl `gjg mlelmgr gh ljngtkvl `g `kmbo lrdoekzomkýe, gh pgrikh `g ho pgrsleohkò` `g hos pgrsleos qug ho ketgdroe y toajkëe `gjg sojgr quë tkpl `g gstrumturo sg vo o oòptor `g agnlr aoegro poro hldror `kmbl ljngtkvl. Gh dgrgetg vo o lrdoekzor hls rgmursls `g toh aoegro `g muaphkr mle hl oetgs agemkleo`l.

Oblro jkge, gxkstg ueo droe `kvgrskò` `g tkpls `g lrdoekzomklegs, sgo plr gh ljngtkvl `g hos aksaos l plr ho mohkikmomkýe l k`glhldáo `g hos pgrsleos qug ho ketgdroe. El tlòs hos pgrsleos sg voe o oòptor o hos aksaos gstrumturos. Vlr gngaphl, hls prligskleohgs tkge`ge o jusmor ke`gpge`gemko ge su trojonl, akgetros qug hos pgrsleos mle jono mohkikmomkýe tkge`ge o plskmklegs `ýe`g slhl gngmutge ýr`gegs mle gh aoylr ekvgh `g `gtohhg plskjhg. Gstl bomg qug gh dgrgetg muoe`l tlao ho `gmkskýe `g lrdoekzor vo o o`lptor `kigrgetgs gstrumturos lrdoekzomkleohgs ge iuemkýe `g hls rgmursls buaoels qug egmgsktg y ljngtkvls qug tgedo. Voro sojgr mýal mlestktukr ueo lrdoekzomkýe `gjgals mlelmgr hls `kigrgetgs porïagtrls `g `ksgÿl gxkstgetgs. Ge gstg sgetk`l, poro mlaprge`gr mýal iuemkleo ueo lrdoekzomkýe, muohqukgro sgo su tkpl, voals o oeohkzor sus portgs sgdþe hl phoetgo`l plr gh prligslr Vb@. Hkm. Oà. Bgery Oà. Bgery Aketzjgrd?=, mlal osá toajkëe gh `ksgÿl `g plskmklegs ke`kvkùohgs y hls agmoeksals `g mllr`keomkýe. Hugdl, obleòrgals ge gh mlemgptl `g mgetrohkzomkýe y `gsmgetrohkzomkýe `gh aoe`l. Ygrgals hos `kigrgetgs mleikduromklegs gstrumturohgs plskjhgs, mlal osá toajkëe hls geilqugs aotrkmkoh y `g prlmgsls?0. Oskaksal, els o`getrorgals ge gh aue`l `g ho oàkekstromkýe `g rgmursls buaoels, `gs`g gh rgmhutoakgetl y `gsrgmhutoakgetl, sghgmmkýe, lrkgetomkýe, rgauegromkýe, mopomktomkýe y `gsorrlhhl `g morrgro. Ikeohagetg, mlemgptls oàkekstromkýe `ghmlemgptls moajkl y sle ho keelvomkýe, kegrmko lrdoekzomkleoh, rgskstgemko ohojlròrgals moajkl y hoshls tëmekmos poro `g oàkekstrorhl. Gstls `g droe kaplrtoemko o ho blro `g `ksgÿor gstrumturos lrdoekzomkleohgs, yo qug `gpge`kge`l gh getlrel `le`g sg augvo ho lrdoekzomkýe, ho gstrumturo vo o egmgsktor ue gsqugao aïs mgetrohkzo`l l `gsmgetrohkzo`l `g pl`gr. Ge rghomkýe mle hls mletgek`ls phoetgo`ls, ge gsto uekò` gspgroals qug ustg` pugò ohmoezor hls skdukgetgs ljngtkvls> ❙ ❙ ❙ ❙

Mlelmgr hls porïagtrls `g `ksgÿl `g gstrumturos lrdoekzomkleohgs. Oprge`gr o `ksgÿor ueo gstrumturo lrdoekzomkleoh y rgprgsgetorho o trovës `g ue lrdoekdroao. Mlelmgr hos portgs `g ueo lrdoekzomkýe sgdþe ho tglráo `g Bgery Aketzjgrd. Mlaprge`gr gh mlemgptl `g mgetrohkzomkýe `gh aoe`l.

bttps>//gs.wkckpg`ko.lrd/wkck/Bgery\Aketzjgrd Gh geilqug `g prlmgsls sgrï `gsorrlhho`l ge ue vk`gl plr gh outlr.

?= ?0

26

Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   ❙ ❙

Zgihgxkleor sljrg gh prlmgsl `g oàkekstromkýe `g rgmursls buaoels. Mlelmgr gh mlemgptl `g oàkekstromkýe `gh moajkl.

@K]GßL @G G]PZWMPWZO] G]PZWMPWZO] LZDOEKÔMKLEOHG] Voro mlagezor gsto muorto uekò`, els porgmg kaplrtoetg `gstomor qug, muoe`l els prlplegals rgohkzor gh `ksgÿl l rggstrumturomkýe `gh iuemkleoakgetl `g ueo lrdoekzomkýe hl prkagrl qug `gjgals mlesk`gror gs ho

vkskýe y ho akskýe (prlùmtls `g ho phoekikmomkýe). Ge iuemkýe `g gstls droe`gs ljngtkvls `gjgals `ksgÿor ho gstrumturo aïs ýptkao ohkegoe`l hls rgmursls poro gh muaphkakgetl `g `kmbo vkskýe y akskýe. Poajkëe gs kaplrtoetg mlesk`gror gh egdlmkl `le`g ho lrdoekzomkýe vo o lpgror y gh tkpl `g pgrsleos mle hos qug sg vo o mletor. Gstl `gtgrakeorï, ge prkagro ag`kò, mýal `gjgals `ksplegr hls rgmursls poro qug sg ketgrrghomklege y hldrge muaphkr hls droe`gs d roe`gs ljngtkvls. Vl`ráoals `gmkr qug ue iomtlr `g aumbo rghgvoemko gs gh gdl `g hos pgrsleos. Ge gstg sgetk`l, vohg `gstomor qug ge hos lrdoekzomklegs `le`g gh ekvgh `g mopomktomkýe gs jonl, ge dgegroh el voals o gemletror droe`gs prljhgaos `g gdl pgrsleoh ge gh eþmhgl lpgrotkvl. Vlr gh mletrorkl, ge hos lrdoekzomklegs `le`g gh ekvgh `g ilraomkýe gs ohtl, gemletrorgals droe`gs prljhgaos `g gdl pgrsleoh qug dgegrorï `kstlrsklegs ge ho mlrrkgetg lpgrotkvo `g trojonl. Vl`ráoals agemkleor mlal gngaphl ue blspktoh, `le`g aumbls `g hls aë`kmls `gh eþmhgl lpgrotkvl jusmoe rgmlelmkakgetl pgrsleoh y gsl dgegro mleihkmtl getrg mlhgdos `g hos `kstketos gspgmkohkò`gs `getrl `g ho aksao lrdoekzomkýe. Gsto gs ueo `g hos rozlegs plr hos muohgs aumbos mháekmos prkvoòs `ksplege `g ue @krgmtlr Dgegroh (el aë`kml) y `g ue @krgmtlr Aë`kml (aë`kml), gh muoh sg `gsgapgÿo mlal há`gr `gh gqukpl aë`kml, yo qug sk gh gqukpl `g aë`kmls `gjkgro rgsple`gr gh @krgmtlr Dgegroh (el aë`kml), dgegroráo droe`gs prljhgaos `g ke`ksmkphkeo plr gh bgmbl `g qug aumbls aë`kmls a ë`kmls el gstoráoe `g omugr`l ge sgr `krkdk`ls plr ltrl prligskleoh qug el hl sgo, `gjk`l oh gdl. Vlr gsl gs kaplrtoetg mlesk`gror gstg iomtlr ge gh `ksgÿl `g ho gstrumturo. Gh gdl toajkëe sg pug`g aoekigstor `gjk`l o prljhgaïtkmos vkemuhoòs o ho oetkdøgò` `gh pgrsleoh ge hos lrdoekzomklegs. Ge gh skdukgetg drïikml ustg` pl`rï ljsgrvor ljs grvor gh lrdoekdroao `g ueo gaprgso mlesuhtlro. m lesuhtlro. Ho akskýe gs jrkeòr gh agnlr sgrvkmkl `g mlesuhtlráo ketgdroh poro gaprgsos pgqugÿos y ag`koeos `gh rujrl odrlkeùstrkoh. Ge mlesgmugemko, ho gstrumturo lrdoekzomkleoh rgsple`g o ue al`ghl `g ‘jurlmromko prligskleoh‑

(Aketzjgrd, B. (:660). @ksgÿl `g Lrdoekzomklegs Gikmkgetgs. Gikmkgetgs . Jugels Okrgs. Gh Otgegl.), `le`g ho lrdoekzomkýe gstï `kvk`kò ge mkeml ïrgos qug sg `kstkeduge plr hls skdukgetgs mlhlrgs> ?. :. =. 0. 7.

Ozuh> Dgrgemko Dgegroh Zl n nl l> @gportoagetl `g Oàkekstromkýe y ZZBB Oaor khhl> @gportoagetl `g Mlauekmomkýe y Vrgeso Ygr `g> @gportoagetl `g Mlesuhtlráo Aor r rý e> @gportoagetl `g Mopomktomkýe

2?

Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   Drïikml E¾:9 - Lrdoekdroao `g mlesuhtlro gaprgsorkoh

Iugetg> ghojlromkýe prlpko, :6?4.

Pgekge`l ge mugeto gstg drïikml, pl`gals `gmkr qug moò ueo `g hos ïrgos tkgeg mlal ljngtkvl gh `gsorrlhhl `g `kigrgetgs omtkvkò`gs qug sle `kstrkjukòs ge ilrao ketgemkleoh poro qug tlòs hos ïrgos, trojonoe`l ge mlenuetl, hldrge gh muaphkakgetl `g ho akskýe. Hos iuemklegs `g moò ueo sg `gjge `gtohhor mlal ke`kmo gh skdukgetg muo`rl. Ïr go Ïrgo ?- Dgrgemko Dgegroh :- Oàkekstromkýe y ZZBB =- Mlauekmomkýe y Vrgeso 0- Mlesuhtlráo 7- Mopomktomkýe

Iue m ký e Iuem Oquá sg `gjge `gtohhor tlòs hos iuemklegs qug `gjg Dgrgemko Dgegroh. Oquá sg ``gjge gjge `gtohhor tlòs hos iuemkle iuemklegs gs qug `gjg Oàkekstromkýe y ZZBB. Oquá sg `gjge ``gtohhor gtohhor tlòs hos iuemklegs qug `gjg Mlauekmomkýe y Vrgeso. Oquá sg `gjge `gtohhor tlòs hos iuemklegs qug `gjg Mlesuhtlráo. Oquá sg `gjge `gtohhor tlòs hos iuemklegs qug `gjg Mopomktomkýe.

muaphkr gh ïrgo `g muaphkr gh ïrgo `g muaphkr gh ïrgo `g muaphkr gh ïrgo `g muaphkr gh ïrgo `g

Iugetg> ghojlromkýe prlpko, :6?4.

Oblro jkge, hugdl `g `gtgrakeor hos iuemklegs `g moò ïrgo sg `gjg prlmg`gr o `gikekr ho moetkò` `g pugstls `g trojonl l plskmklegs ke`kvkùohgs qug voe o tgegr. Voro ghhl, boy qug gstkaor l mohmuhor ho moetkò` `g trojonl t rojonl `gaoeò`l y osá sg pl`rï sojgr ho moetkò` `g plskmklegs rgqugrkòs. Ge gh lrdoekdroao oetgrklr pl`gals ljsgrvor qug ge ho Dgrgemko Dgegroh boy trgs plskmklegs ke`kvkùohgs> Vrgsk`getg, Dgrgetg Dgegroh y ]gmrgtorko `g Dgrgetg Dgegroh. Plaoe`l tlòs hos ïrgos sg `gjge `gtohhor hos iuemklegs o muaphkr plr moò ueo `g hos plskmklegs, toh mlal hl augstro gh skdukgetg muo`rl. Vlskmkýe/Mordl Vlskmkýe/Mordl Vrgsk`getg Dgrgetg Dgegroh ]gmrgtorko `g D.D. Dgrgetg `g Oàkekstromkýe y Zgmursls Buaoels

Zgqukskt ls gxmhuygetgs Zgqukskt ]ke rgquksktls. Hkmgemko`l ge Oàkekstromkýe, aïs `g ?6 oÿls `g gxpgrkgemko ge pugstl skakhor, k`klao kedhës y plrtuduës. Getrg :7 y 07 oÿls. Hkmgemko`l ge ZZBB, aïs `g 7 oÿls `g gxpgrkgemko ge plskmkýe skakhor.

2:

Iuemklegs @gsmrkpmkýe `g iuemklegs. @gsmrkpmkýe `g iuemklegs. @gsmrkpmkýe `g iuemklegs. @gsmrkpmkýe `g iuemklegs.

Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   Oskstgetg Oàkekstrotkvl Dgrgetg `g Mlauekmomkýe y Vrgeso Tgj Aostgr Dgrgetg `g Mlesuhtlráo

Aoylr o :7 oÿls. Zgsk`gemko ge Jugels Okrgs. Hkmgemko`l ge Mlauekmomkýe.

@gsmrkpmkýe `g iuemklegs. @gsmrkpmkýe `g iuemklegs.

Oeohksto `g ]kstgaos y @ksgÿo`lr wgj. Hkmgemko`l ge Oàkekstromkýe, aïs `g ?6 oÿls `g gxpgrkgemko ge pugstl skakhor, k`klao kedhës y plrtuduës. Hkmgemko`l ge Oàkekstromkýe. Aogstráo ge @krgmmkýe Gstrotëdkmo l AJO. Hkmgemko`l ge Odrlkeùstrko/Odrlegdlmkls l Kedgekgrl Keùstrkoh/Odrýelal. Gxpgrkgemko `g 7 l aïs oÿls ge prlmgsls odrlkeùstrkohgs. Hkmgemko`l ge Oàkekstromkýe. @lmtlr ge Oàkekstromkýe. Mleto`lr Vþjhkml. Gspgmkohkzomkýe ge Kapugstls.

@gsmrkpmkýe `g iuemklegs. @gsmrkpmkýe `g iuemklegs.

@gsmrkpmkýe `g iuemklegs. @gsmrkpmkýe `g iuemklegs.

Mlesuhtlr `lmgetg gspgmkohksto ge Oàkekstromkýe Mlesuhtlr `lmgetg gspgmkohksto

Mleto`lr ge Ou`ktlráo. Vþjhkml. Gspgmkohkzomkýe Hkmgemko`l ge ZZBB. Aogstráo ge Vskmlhldáo Lrdoekzomkleoh. Ojldo`l l Mleto`lr Vþjhkml. Gspgmkohksto ge @grgmbl Mlagrmkoh l Gaprgsorkoh. Hkmgemko`l ge Aorcgtked. Aogstráo ge Oàkekstromkýe (AJO). Hkmgemko`l ge Oàkekstromkýe l Gmlelaáo l Mleto`lr Vþjhkml. Vrligslr uekvgrsktorkl. K`klao kedhës y plrtuduës. Hkmgemko`l ge Oàkekstromkýe. @lmtlr ge Oàkekstromkýe. Vrligslr uekvgrsktorkl. Hkmgemko`l ge Gmlelaáo. @lmtlr ge

ge Gmlelaáo

Gmlelaáo. Vrligslr uekvgrsktorkl. Iugetg> ghojlromkýe prlpko, :6?4.

Mlesuhtlr Gspgmkohksto Gstrotgdko Mlesuhtlr Gspgmkohksto Odrlkeùstrko

ge ge

Mlesuhtlr Gspgmkohksto ge @gsorrlhhl Lrdoekzomkleoh Mlesuhtlr Gspgmkohksto ge Kapugstls Mlesuhtlr Gspgmkohksto Ou`ktlráo Mlesuhtlr Gspgmkohksto Zgmursls Buaoels Mlesuhtlr Gspgmkohksto @grgmbl Gaprgsorkoh Mlesuhtlr Gspgmkohksto Aorcgtked Dgrgetg `g Mopomktomkýe

ge ge ge ge

@gsmrkpmkýe `g iuemklegs. @gsmrkpmkýe `g iuemklegs. @gsmrkpmkýe `g iuemklegs. @gsmrkpmkýe `g iuemklegs.

@gsmrkpmkýe `g iuemklegs. @gsmrkpmkýe `g iuemklegs. @gsmrkpmkýe `g iuemklegs. @gsmrkpmkýe `g iuemklegs. @gsmrkpmkýe `g iuemklegs.

Mlal ustg` pug`g ljsgrvor ge gh muo`rl oetgrklr, gs egmgsorkl `gtohhor hls rgquksktls gxmhuygetgs `g ho plskmkýe, yo qug rgqukgrg ue ekvgh `g ilraomkýe `gtg rakeo`l. Gstg prlmgsl sg hhoao ‘gstoeòrkzomkýe `g `gstrgzos‑ ?7 Oblro jkge, pl`ráoals `gmkr qug gs mlrrgmtl mlesk`gror qug hos iuemklegs `g moò plskmkýe `gjge gstor ohkegoòs mle ho akskýe `g moò ïrgo. Ge gsto kestoemko, gs kaplrtoetg `gstomor qug oþe el sg `gtgrakeoe hls elajrgs y opghhk`ls poro moò plskmkýe. Zgmkëe oblro `gtgrakeoals quë pgrsleo vo o lmupor moò plskmkýe y `g ohhá surdkrï ueo eugvo `gaoeò `g pgrsleoh ge iuemkýe `g hls rgquksktls gxmhuygetgs, ho qug sg prlmg`grï o sghgmmkleor.

?7

Aketzjgrd, B. @ksgÿl `g Lrdoekzomklegs Gikmkgetgs . Jugels Okrgs. Gh Otgegl. Oÿl :660.

2=

Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   Oskaksal, pug`g lmurrkr qug ge ue prlmgsl `g rggstrumturomkýe `g ueo mlapoÿáo sg `gmkò `gsvkemuhor o uel l vorkls gaphgo`ls, yo qug sus pgrikhgs el sg s g onustoe o ekedueo Yk`gl   Yk`gl `gh tgao

`g hos plskmklegs `gtgrakeoòs.

Moò ïrgo `g ho lrdoekzomkýe y moò plskmkýe ke`kvkùoh vo o tgegr `gikek`l mle mhorkò` hos iuemklegs o rgohkzor, hos rgsplesojkhkò`gs osuakòs, ho outlrkò` òò, gh prgsupugstl oskdeo`l, getrg ltrls puetls. @g gsto aoegro sg vo o tgegr ue skstgao `g oskdeomkýe `g torgos, moeohgs ilraohgs g keilraohgs `g mlauekmomkýe y rgsplesojkhkò`gs ketgreos tltohagetg ohkego`ls mle tlò ho lrdoekzomkýe ge su mlenuetl, yo qug moò plskmkýe ke`kvkùoh vo o mletrkjukr oh hldrl `g hos torgos `g moò ïrgo y oh hldrl `g ho vkskýe y akskýe `g ho lrdoekzomkýe. Oblro jkge, hugdl `gh prlmgsl `g oskdeomkýe `g plskmklegs o hos pgrsleos y ho sghgmmkýe `g pgrsleoh rgohkzoò, surdkrï ue muo`rl skakhor oh qug alstroals o mletkeuomkýe> rgo ?- Dgrgemko Dgegroh ?- Dgrgemko Dgegroh ?- Dgrgemko Dgegroh :- Oàkekstromkýe y ZZBB :- Oàkekstromkýe y ZZBB =- Mlauekmomkýe y Vrgeso =- Mlauekmomkýe y Vrgeso 0- Mlesuhtlráo 0- Mlesuhtlráo 0- Mlesuhtlráo 0- Mlesuhtlráo 0- Mlesuhtlráo 0- Mlesuhtlráo 0- Mlesuhtlráo 0- Mlesuhtlráo 0- Mlesuhtlráo 7- Mopomktomkýe 7- Mopomktomkýe 7- Mopomktomkýe

Vlskmkýe Ke`kvkùoh ?.? ?.: ?.= :.? :.: =.? =.: 0.? 0.? 0.= 0.0 0.7 0.9 0.4

Dro`l Ngrïrqukml ? : 0 = 0 = 0 = 0 0 0 0 0 0

0.2 0.; 7.? 7.: 7.=

0 0 = 0 0

Mordl

Elajrg

Vrgsk`getg Dgrgetg Dgegroh ]gmrgtorko `g D.D. Dgrgetg `g Oàkekstromkýe y Zgmursls Buaoels Oskstgetg Oàkekstrotkvl Dgrgetg `g Mlauekmomkýe y Vrgeso Tgj Aostgr Dgrgetg `g Mlesuhtlráo Mlesuhtlr Gspgmkohksto ge Gstrotgdko Mlesuhtlr Gspgmkohksto ge Odrlkeùstrko Mlesuhtlr Gspgmkohksto ge @gsorrlhhl Lrdoekzomkleoh Mlesuhtlr Gspgmkohksto ge Kapugstls Mlesuhtlr Gspgmkohksto ge Ou`ktlráo Mlesuhtlr Gspgmkohksto ge Zgmursls Buaoels

Nuoe Vgrgz Vg`rl Dormáo Aoráo Akroeò Iroeml ]ugh`l Zkto Huz Zlso Zgvksto Nuoe Vïdkeo Zl`rkdl Auÿlz Houtorl Ykskýe O`rkïe ]lno Humkoel Dgrgemko Aormghl Jrutls Aormghl Jrutls Iroeml ]ugh`l

Mlesuhtlr Gspgmkohksto ge @grgmbl Gaprgsorkoh Mlesuhtlr Gspgmkohksto ge Aorcgtked Dgrgetg `g Mopomktomkýe Mlesuhtlr `lmgetg gspgmkohksto ge Oàkekstromkýe Mlesuhtlr `lmgetg gspgmkohksto ge Gmlelaáo

Elrjgrtl ]lmkgò` Houro Egmgskò` Akrto Gesgÿor Dgror`l Gaprgso Nuoe @gaoeò

Iugetg> ghojlromkýe prlpko, :6?4.

Ge ueo lrdoekzomkýe pug`g lmurrkr qug ueo aksao pgrsleo lmupg aïs `g ueo plskmkýe, mlal gs gh mosl `g ho plskmkýe :.? y 0.4, `le`g Iroeml ]ugh`l lmupo oajls pugstls. L gh mosl `g ho plskmkýe 0.7 y 0.9. mle Aormghl Jrutls. Gstl surdg yo qug ho plskmkýe gs egmgsorko poro gh orao`l `g ho `kvkskýe `g torgos, pgrl ho gaprgso el mugeto mle hls rgmursls egmgsorkls poro mletrotor o ltro pgrsleo. Oskaksal, pug`g sumg`gr qug gh vlhuage `g trojonl `gaoeò`l poro `kmbos ïrgos el sgo sustoemkoh y el nustkikqug gaphgor o ltro pgrsleo. Gs auy kaplrtoetg qug gstg trojonl sg rgohkmg ge ilrao mlrrgmto, y poro ghhl, prkagrl, `gjgals pgesor ge hos ïrgos y plskmklegs `g ho lrdoekzomkýe oetgs qug hos pgrsleos mle hos muohgs mletoals. Gstl el skdekikmo plegr hos pgrsleos ge ue sgdue`l phoel, skel tl`l hl mletrorkl, kaphkmo rgohkzor ue mlrrgmtl trojonl poro qug tlòs hos pgrsleos y ho lrdoekzomkýe ge su mlenuetl pugòe mrgmgr ge ilrao rïpkò. Ge ho ag`kò qug el sg mrgzmo el sg gaphgorïe aïs ke`kvkùls. Boy vgmgs qug `gspg`kr o ueo pgrsleo gs ho slhumkýe poro hugdl ge ue iuturl pl`gr

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   gaphgor o ?6 aïs. Vkgesg ge Gh Pgnor l Hls Drljl ge sus kekmkls, sk el bujkgsge `gsvkemuho`l o hos pgrsleos ke`kmoòs ge su prlmgsl `g mrgmkakgetl, o hl agnlr bly el mletoráoe mle ho moetkò` mo etkò` `g gaphgo`ls qug tkgege. Ge gh orao`l `g ueo gstrumturo gs iueòagetoh tgegr ge mugeto hls ?0 prkemkpkls `g ho oàkekstromkýe qug phoetgojo Bgery Ioylh y qug vkals ge ho uekò` ?. O mletkeuomkýe voals o `gsmrkjkr hls ospgmtls o mlesk`gror ge gh `ksgÿl `g ho gstrumturo lrdoekzomkleoh> Gspgmkohkzomkýe Gspgmkohkzo mkýe `g trojonl y `gporto `gportoagetohkzo agetohkzomkýe mkýe Ho gspgmkohkzomkýe `gh trojonl mleskstg ge `kvk`kr hos omtkvkò`gs hojlrohgs ge torgos sgporoòs. Moò gaphgo`l sg gspgmkohkzo ge bomgr ueo portg `g ueo omtkvkò` y, `g gsto aoegro, sg hldroe gspgmkohkstos qug voe agnlroe`l gh tkgapl y ho ilrao `g bomgr su trojonl, agnlroe`l hls rgsuhto`ls `gh prlmgsl. @g ohdueo aoegro pl`gals `gmkr qug voals o tgegr euagrlsls gspgmkohkstos ge ho lrdoekzomkýe. Ge muoetl o ho `gportoagetohkzomkýe, gs ho ilrao ge qug sg odrupoe hls pugstls. Gxkstge mkeml ilraos mlauegs `g `gportoagetohkzomkýe, ouequg ueo lrdoekzomkýe pug`g utkhkzor su prlpko y gxmhuskvo mhoskikmomkýe. Vlr hl dgegroh, hos droe`gs gaprgsos mlajkeoe ho aoylráo l tlòs gsos ilraos. Moò ueo sg vo o oòptor oh tkpl `g egdlmkl `le`g lpgro ho gaprgso y o ho akskýe `g ho lrdoekzomkýe. O mletkeuomkýe prgsgetoals hos ilraos tápkmos `g `gportoagetohkzomkýe> ?. @gportoagetohkzomkýe iuemkleoh

Iugetg> ghojlromkýe prlpko ge josg o Zljjkes ]. y Mluhtgr A., :666.

Ge gstg tkpl `g `gportoagetohkzomkýe hls `gportoagetls sg odrupoe plr iuemklegs o rgohkzor, skge`l þtkh muoe`l ho gaprgso el al`kikmo su gstrumturo ge ilrao mletkeuo. Ho vgetono gs qug gh pgrsleoh gstï mhoskikmo`l ge iuemkýe `g su gspgmkohkò` y gsl agnlro gh rge`kakgetl ge `kmbo ïrgo. :. @gporto @gportoagetohkzo agetohkzomkýe mkýe plr prlùmt ls

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla

Iugetg> ghojlromkýe prlpko ge josg o Zljjkes ]. y Mluhtgr A., :666.

Ge gstg mosl, hls `gportoagetls sg odrupoe plr tkpls `g prlùmtls o rgohkzor. Ge dgegroh, gs þtkh muoe`l ho gaprgso lpgro ge `kigrgetgs agrmo`ls ghojlroe`l ueo vorkoò mortgro `g prlùmtls plr agrmo`l. Ho vgetono `g gstg tkpl `g `gportoagetohkzomkýe gs qug hls drupls gmleýakmls pug`ge mletrlhor `kstketos gaprgsos, `gsmgetrohkzoe`l ho tlao `g `gmksklegs ske gspgmkohkzorsg ge ekedueo, yo qug moò mlapoÿáo sg vo o gspgmkohkzor plr sá aksao ge gh agrmo`l `le`g lpgro. =. @gportoagetohkzomkýe dgldrïikmo

Iugetg> ghojlromkýe prlpko ge josg o Zljjkes ]. y Mluhtgr A., :666.

Poh mlal sg rgihgno ge gh muo`rl, ge gstg tkpl hls `gportoagetls sg odrupoe plr zleos `g vgeto. Ge dgegroh, gs þtkh muoe`l ho gaprgso lpgro ge ïrgos dgldrïikmos oaphkos y moò ueo plsgg moromtgrástkmos gspgmáikmos, hl muoh rgqukgrg qug gh vge`g`lr mlelzmo hos prljhgaïtkmos rgdkleohgs. Ho vgetono `g gstg tkpl `g `gportoagetohkzomkýe gs qug moò drupl `g vge`g`lrgs mlelmg hos egmgskò`gs gspgmáikmos `g hls mhkgetgs `g moò zleo. Poajkëe sg gemugetroe jgegikmkls ge hls skstgao hldástkmls utkhkzo`ls poro ojostgmgr o hls

vge`g`lrgs. 0. @gporto @gportoagetohkzo agetohkzomkýe mkýe plr prlmgsls

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla

Iugetg> ghojlromkýe prlpko ge josg o Zljjkes ]. y Mluhtgr A., :666.

Ge gh mosl `g gstg tkpl, hls `gportoagetls sg odrupoe plr gtopo `g ue prlmgsl. Ge dgegroh, gs þtkh muoe`l ho gaprgso gs alelprlùmtlro, l sgo qug gh prlmgsl sg rgohkzo poro prlùmkr ue slhl prlùmtl ge droe`gs moetkò`gs. Ho vgetono `g gstg tkpl `g `gportoagetohkzomkýe gs qug moò drupl `g pgrsleos qug trojono ge ho aksao gtopo `gh prlmgsl sg gspgmkohkzo plr rgpgtkmkýe ge ho torgo bomkëe`lsg moò vgz aïs gikmkgetg ge su rgohkzomkýe. Gstg gsqugao rgsple`g o ho mhïskmo `kvkskýe `gh trojonl. 7. @gportoageto @gportoagetohkzomkýe hkzomkýe plr mhkgetgs

Iugetg> ghojlromkýe prlpko ge josg o Zljjkes ]. y Mluhtgr A., :666.

Ikeohagetg, ge gstg tkpl `g `gportoagetohkzomkýe hls `gportoagetls sg odrupoe plr pgrikh `g mhkgetg o sgrvkr. s grvkr. Ge

dgegroh, gs þtkh muoe`l ho gaprgso otkge`g vorkls sgdagetls `g ` g agrmo`l. Moò sgdagetl sg `kigrgemko `gh ltrl ge iuemkýe `g `kstketos moromtgrástkmos mlal mopomkò` y vlhuage `g mlapro, irgmugemko `g mlapro, tkpl `g prlùmtl mlapro`l, gtm. Ho vgetono `g gstg tkpl gs qug moò drupl `g vge`g`lrgs sg gspgmkohkzo ge moò pgrikh `g mhkgetg, mlelmkge`l jkge o ile`l hos egmgskò`gs y prljhgaïtkmos `g moò uel. Mo`geo Mo `geo `g ao aoe`l e`l y oaphktu` ` g mletrlh. Mgetrohkzomkýe y `gsmgetrohkzomkýe Ge rghomkýe mle ho mo`geo `g aoe`l, pl`ráoals `gmkr qug gs ho háego `g outlrkò` qug sg gxtkge`g `g hls ekvghgs aïs ohtls `g ho lrdoekzomkýe bomko hls aïs jonls, hl muoh gspgmkikmo qukge hg rgplrto o qukge. Ge gstg sgetk`l, gs kaplrtoetg qug hls dgrgetgs ho tgedoe ge mugeto muoe`l lrdoekzoe gh trojonl, yo qug gstl oyuò o hls gaphgo`ls mle aumbos ùòs qug hgs pug`ge surdkr ùroetg gh `gsorrlhhl `gh trojonl, pugstl qug voe o mlaprge`gr mýal gs ho mo`geo `g rgplrtgs qug `gjge muaphkr y o qukëe `gjge ljg`gmgr y/l mlesuhtor hos mlsos.

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla Oblro jkge, sk mlesk`groals gh iuemkleoakgetl ketgrel `g ueo lrdoekzomkýe, pl`gals `gelakeor oaphktu` l troal `g mletrlh o muïetls gaphgo`ls pug`g `krkdkr ue dgrgetg `g ilrao gikmoz y gikmkgetg. Ge gstg sgetk`l, `gtgrakeor gh troal `g mletrlh gs kaplrtoetg `gjk`l o qug gstojhgmg gh eþagrl `g ekvghgs y dgrgetgs `g ueo lrdoekzomkýe. Ge muoetl o ho tlao `g `gmksklegs oh ketgrklr `g ueo lrdoekzomkýe, muoe`l sg mlemgetro ge hls ekvghgs supgrklrgs els gemletroals mle ueo mgetrohkzomkýe. ]k hls dgrgetgs `g ekvgh ohtl tlaoe `gmksklegs mhovg mle plmo keilraomkýe prlvgekgetg `g hls ekvghgs keigrklrgs, getlemgs ho lrdoekzomkýe gstï aïs mgetrohkzoò. Muoeto aïs keilraomkýe prlplrmkleoe hls gaphgo`ls `g ekvghgs keigrklrgs l tlage `gmksklegs, aïs `gsmgetrohkzoò gstï. Vl`ráoals `gmkr qug ho mgetrohkzomkýe y `gsmgetrohkzomkýe gs rghotkvo, el ojslhuto3 ge ltros pohojros, euemo ueo lrdoekzomkýe gs tltohagetg mgetrohkzoò l `gsmgetrohkzoò. Vlr þhtkal, gs egmgsorkl tgegr prgsgetg qug ho ilraohkzomkýe sg rgikgrg o quë toe gstoeòrkzo`ls gstïe hls trojonls `g ueo lrdoekzomkýe y bosto quë dro`l hos rgdhos y prlmg`kakgetls duáoe gh mlaplrtoakgetl `g hls gaphgo`ls. Ge lrdoekzomklegs auy ilraohkzoòs boy `gsmrkpmklegs gxphámktos, `kvgrsos rgdhos lrdoekzomkleohgs y prlmg`kakgetls mhoroagetg `gikek`ls qug ojormoe hls prlmgsls `g trojonl.

Lrdoekzomklegs Lrdoekzo mklegs agmoekmks tos y lrdïekmos Voro moromtgrkzor o hos lrdoekzomklegs voals o prgsgetor `ls al`ghls `g `ksgÿl lrdoekzomkleoh. Vlr ue ho`l, pl`gals rgmlelmgr gh `gportoagetohkzomkýe `g ho lrdoekzomkýe agmoekmksto, `g gstrumturo auymletrlh, mletrlhoò, qug sg moromtgrkzo droe gspgmkohkzomkýe, rádkò, hkakto`l troal `g ohto ilraohkzomkýe, ueo plr rgùeo `g keilraomkýe hkaktoò, y plmo portkmkpomkýe `g hls gaphgo`ls `g ekvghgs keigrklrgs ge ho tlao `g `gmksklegs. Hos gstrumturos lrdoekzomkleohgs agmoekmkstos sg gsiugrzoe plr ohmoezor ho gikmkgemko y `gpge`ge ge droe ag`kò

`g rgdhos, elraos, torgos gstoeòrkzoòs y mletrlhgs skakhorgs. Vlr ltrl ho`l, pl`gals k`getkikmor gh al`ghl `g ueo lrdoekzomkýe lrdïekmo, qug gs ueo gstrumturo auy oòptojhg y ihgxkjhg. Gsto lrdoekzomkýe pug`g tgegr trojonls gspgmkohkzo`ls, pgrl el gstïe gstoeòrkzo`ls y pug`ge moajkor sgdþe sg egmgsktg.

@K]GßL @K]Gß L @G G]PZWMP G]PZWMPWZO] WZO] LZDOEKÔMKLEOHG] `g Lrdoekzomklegs Gikmkgetgs‑ ojlr`ý ueo agtl`lhldáo poro gh Gh Vrligslr Bgery Aketzjgrd ge su hkjrl ‘@ksgÿl `ksgÿl `g gstrumturos lrdoekzomkleohgs. @gsmrkjký o ho lrdoekzomkýe ge mkeml portgs y mlagetý gh rlh `g moò ueo poro hls tkpls `g lrdoekzomkýe (sgdþe gh ljngtkvl y toaoÿl). Poajkëe `gtohhý mkeml agmoeksals `g mllr`keomkýe getrg hos pgrsleos, qug voe o tgegr `kigrgetg dro`l `g rghgvoemko ge moò tkpl `g lrdoekzomkýe.

HGMPWZO ZGMLAGE@O@O Mopátuhls ?, :, =, 0, 7, 9 y 4 `gh hkjrl Aketzjgrd, B. (:660). @ksgÿl `g Lrdoekzomklegs Gikmkgetgs. Gikmkgetgs . Jugels Okrgs. Gh Otgegl. Ge prkagr hudor, augstro ho gstrumturo gs trumturo jïskmo `g ueo lrdoekzomkýe rgprgsgetoò ge gh skdukgetg drïikml.

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   Drïikml E¾:4 - Vortgs `g ueo lrdoekzomk ýe

Iugetg> ghojlromkýe prlpko o portkr `g Aketzjgrd, B. (:660). @ksgÿl `g Lrdoekzomklegs Gikmkgetgs. Jugels Okrgs. Gh Otgegl.

O mletkeuomkýe, rgtlaoals moò ueo `g hos portgs `g ueo lrdoekzomkýe poro moromtgrkzorhos ge ilrao sketëtkmo. Muajrg gstrotëdkmo (MG) Ohhá sg gemugetroe hos pgrsleos gemordoòs `g ho rgsplesojkhkò` dgegroh `g ho lrdoekzomkýe (gh prgsk`getg y tl`ls hls qug tkgege ketgrgsgs dhljohgs). Poajkëe sg kemhuyge hls qug suakekstroe oplyl `krgmtl o ho dgrgemko, mlal sgmrgtorkos/ls, oskstgetgs, getrg ltrls.

Ho muajrg gstrotëdkmo gstï gemordoò `g osgduror qug ho lrdoekzomkýe muapho su akskýe `g aoegro gigmtkvo, y toajkëe qug sotksiodo ho egmgskò` `g oqughhls qug ho mletrlhoe (ommklekstos ge gh mosl `g ueo ]lmkgò` Oeýekao). Vl`ráoals `gmkr qug gsto portg `g ho lrdoekzomkýe tkgeg trgs tkpls `g ljhkdomklegs> ❙

]upgrvkskýe `krgmto `krgmto Ge ho ag`kò qug ho lrdoekzomkýe `gsmoesg ge gstg agmoeksal `g mllr`keomkýe, sle hls dgrgetgs `g ho muajrg gstrotëdkmo hls qug lrdoekzoe hls prlmgsls `g trojonl. ¼@g quë aoegro hl bomge< Oskdeoe`l rgmursls, gaktkge`l ýr`gegs `g trojonl, outlrkzoe`l `gmksklegs kaplrtoetgs, rgslhvkge`l mleihkmtls, altkvoe`l oh pgrsleoh.

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O` ak eks Oàk ek s tromk tr omk ýe `g hhos os m le le`k `kmk mk le legs gs iirr le letgr tgrkzos kzos o ho lr doe doekzom kzom ký e Ge rghomkýe mle gh oajkgetg `g ho lrdoekzomkýe sg hhgvoe o mojl omtkvkò`gs mlal keilraorsg sljrg gh getlrel, `gsorrlhhor mletomtls, bomgr egdlmkomklegs kaplrtoetgs, rgohkzor mgrgalekoh y prltlmlhl. ]le omtkvkò`gs vkemuhoòs o hl ‘plhátkml‑ ge ho mleùmmkýe `g hos lrdoekzomklegs. ‘Gh dgrgetg `g ho muajrg gstrotëdkmo gs oqugh qug rgmkjg o hos vksktos poro qug tl`ls hls `gaïs pugòe bomgr bomg r su trojonl‑.

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@gsorrlhhl `g ho gstrotgdko `g ho lrdoekzomkýe Gs kaplrtoetg vksuohkzorho mlal ho iugrzo ag`ko`lro getrg ho lrdoekzomkýe y su oajkgetg. Vl`ráoals `gmkr qug gs ue prlmgsl mletkeul. Ge gh `gsorrlhhl `g ho gstrotgdko gs kaplrtoetg mlesk`gror gh moajkl lrdoekzomkleoh (oòptomkýe, mopomkò` `g oprge`kzong `gh getlrel moajkoetg).

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   Pgmelgstrumturo (P) Vl`ráoals `gmkr qug ge gstg sgmtlr sg gemugetroe hls oeohkstos gemordo`ls `g oòptor ho lrdoekzomkýe oh moajkl oajkgetoh. Gstïe iugro `g ho mlrrkgetg `g trojonl lpgromkleoh y, ge dgegroh, el tkgeg pgrsleoh o mordl. ]u iuemkýe gs mgesor gh `gsgapgÿl `g hls prlmgsls y prlplegr agnlros o ho dgrgemko, poro qug tlag ho `gmkskýe `g kemlrplror l el `kmbo sudgrgemko jonoe`l ho lr`ge plr ho mo`geo `g aoe`l. Gstg sgmtlr gs gikmkgetg muoe`l pug`g usor tëmekmos oeohátkmos poro agnlror gh trojonl `g ltrls. We mhorl gngaphl `g ue ketgdroetg `g ho tgmelgstrumturo ge ueo gaprgso odrlpgmuorko gs qukge hhgvo o mojl ho kaphgagetomkýe `g ueo mgrtkikmomkýe `g Jugeos Vrïmtkmos Odrámlhos (JVO) l ueo mgrtkikmomkýe `g prlùmmkýe lrdïekmo.

PGMELG]PZWMP G]PZWMPWZO WZO JW]MO G]POE@OZKÔZ HL] VZLMG]L] @G HO LZDOEKÔMKLE HO PGMEL

Mlesk`groe`l ho mkto oetgrklr, pl`gals oikraor qug ho gstoeòrkzomkýe pgraktg rgùmkr ho supgrvkskýe `krgmto. Ge gstg sgetk`l, y `g omugr`l mle gh tkpl `g gstoeòrkzomkýe, pl`gals gemletror trgs tkpls `g oeohkstos>

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Oe ohk stos Oeohk st os ` g gst gstu` u` kl s ` g tr trojon ojon l Gstoeòrkzoe prlmgsls `g trojonl (hkmgemko`ls ge oàkekstromkýe l kedgekgrls k edgekgrls keùstrkohgs). Oeohk Oe ohk stos st os ` g ph phoegoa oegoakge kgetl tl y mle m letr trlh lh Gstoeòrkzoe prlùmmklegs (kedgekgrls ge mohkò`, mleto`lrgs, prldroao`lrgs.) Oeohk Oe ohk stos st os ` g pgr pgrsl sl eoh Gstoeòrkzoe `gstrgzos (`lmgetgs, mopomkto`lrgs)

Gh onustg autul mllr`keo gsto portg `g ho lrdoekzomkýe, ouequg sle sghgmmkleo`ls o trovës `g gstoeòrkzomkýe `g `gstrgzos. Háego ag`ko (HA) Ge rghomkýe mle gsto portg `g ho lrdoekzomkýe, pl`gals `gmkr qug ho HA ueg mle outlrkò` ilraoh o ho muajrg gstrotëdkmo mle gh eþmhgl lpgrotkvl. Ho mo`geo `g aoe`l jono `g ho Muajrg Gstrotëdkmo gh Eþmhgl Lpgrotkvl o trovës `g ho háego ag`ko, hls dgrgetgs `g gstg sgmtlr mllr`keoe o trovës `g ho supgrvkskýe `krgmto. Gs kaplrtoetg tgegr ge mugeto qug, ouequg ge ho tglráo ue Vrgsk`getg pug`g supgrvksor o ue lpgrorkl, ge ho prïmtkmo sg vg qug el slhoagetg sg prgmkso outlrkò` ilraoh poro pl`gr bomgrhl, skel qug boy qug sojgr tëmekmoagetg (outlrkò` alroh) y/l tgegr ue váemuhl buaoel `gtgrakeo`l gstojhgmk`l ge ho rghomkýe hojlroh mltk`koeo. Ge gh `ksgÿl lrdoekzomkleoh gs kaplrtoetg mlesk`gror gh mlemgptl `g GRPGE]KLE @G MLEPZLH, getge`k`l mlal ho mopomkò` `g mletrlh qug pug`g tgegr ue dgrgetg sljrg ue eþagrl `gtgrakeo`l `g lpgrorkls. Gh dgrgetg `g háego ag`ko gngmuto ýr`gegs kaportkòs `g ho MG, jonïe`lhos o trovës `g hls lpgrorkls. Poajkëe rgohkzo ue igg`jomc igg`jomc l l rgtrlohkagetomkýe mle sus sujlr`keo`ls. Gstls dgrgetgs toajkëe tkgege torgos irletgrkzos, pgrl mle ltrls sgmtlrgs `g ho lrdoekzomkýe. @gsorrlhhoe ho gstrotgdko `gh prlpkl sgmtlr, pgrl gstïe oigmtoòs plr ho gstrotgdko dhljoh `g ho lrdoekzomkýe. ]toii `g oplyl (]O) Gstï ketgdro`l plr uekò`gs gspgmkohkzoòs qug gxkstge poro suakekstror oplyl o ho lrdoekzomkýe iugro `g su mlrrkgetg `g trojonl lpgromkleoh.

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   Vlr gngaphl> ge ueo Wekvgrskò` gh ]O hl ketgdroe ho moigtgráo, ho jkjhkltgmo, gh hojlrotlrkl `g mlaputomkýe, gh mleauto`lr tghgiýekml, gh sgmtlr `g sgdurkò`, getrg ltrls. Ekeduel ketgrvkgeg ge hls prlmgsls `g gesgÿoezo g kevgstkdomkýe `g hls ketgdroetgs `gh eþmhgl lpgrotkvl (prligslrgs). Eþmhgl Lpgrotkv l (EL) Gsto portg `g ho lrdoekzomkýe kemhuyg o hls lpgrorkls qug sg vkemuhoe ge ilrao `krgmto mle gh trojonl rgohkzo`l poro ho prlùmmkýe `g jkgegs y/l sgrvkmkls. Gs mhovg poro ho `gtgrakeomkýe `gh eþmhgl lpgrotkvl ljsgrvor qukgegs sle hos pgrsleos qug rgohkzoe gh trojonl prkaorkl plr gh muoh gstï mlestktukò, prkemkpohagetg, ho lrdoekzomkýe. Ge gstg sgetk`l, el sg `gjg pgesor ge gh ekvgh `g mohkikmomkýe prligskleoh yo qug el oigmto ge ho `gtgrakeomkýe.

Hls ketgdroetgs `gh EL tkgege muotrl iuemklegs prkemkpohgs> ?. :. =. 0.

Osgduroe hls kesuals poro ho prlùmmkýe `g jkgegs l sgrvkmkls. Proesilraoe hls kesuals ge prlùmmkýe y rgohkzoe hls sgrvkmkls. @kstrkjuyge hos prlùmmklegs. Vrlvgge oplyl `krgmtl o hos iuemklegs `g getroò, troesilraomkýe y prlùmmkýe.

Gngaphl `g lpgrorkls sgdþe ho lrdoekzomkýe> ❙ Orao`lrgs ge hos háegos `g aletong `g ueo outlaltrkz. ❙ ❙ ❙ ❙

Aë`kmls, geigragrls, pskmýhldls u l`letýhldls ge ue blspktoh. Vrligslrgs ge ueo uekvgrskò`. ]lhò`ls ge ue gnërmktl. Promtlrksto ge ueo gaprgso odrlpgmuorko.

Agmoeksals mllr`keo`lrgs ]kdukge`l mle gh oeïhksks qug rgohkzo gh prligslr Aketzjgrd, rgtlaoals hls mkeml agmoeksals `g mllr`keomkýe ge hos lrdoekzomklegs qug, sgdþe gh outlr, sle hos ilraos ge qug hos pgrsleos sg mllr`keoe poro rgohkzor gh trojonl. ❙

On Onus us tg a aut utul ul

Gstg agmoeksal `g mllr`keomkýe sg ò plr gh skaphg prlmgsl `g mlauekmomkýe keilraoh. Gh mletrlh `gh trojonl `gsmoeso ge hos aoels `g hls qug hl gigmtþoe, y mlal gs ue agmoeksal mllr`keo`lr toe skaphg, sg utkhkzo, ge dgegroh, ge hos lrdoekzomklegs `g plmos pgrsleos. We gngaphl gs ge ue cklsml ioakhkor l ge ue gqukpl `g ostrleoutos qug ketgeto mlhlmor ue sotëhktg ge ýrjkto. ❙

]upgrvkskýe `krgmto

O ag`kò qug ueo lrdoekzomkýe mrgmg ge eþagrl `g pgrsleos, tkge`g o rgmurrkr o ue sgdue`l agmoeksal mllr`keo`lr, ho supgrvkskýe `krgmto. Gstg agmoeksal hldro ho mllr`keomkýe oh tgegr ueo pgrsleo qug tlao ho rgsplesojkhkò` plr gh trojonl `g ltros, gaktkge`l ýr`gegs poro ghhos y mletrlhoe`l ssuu gngmumkýe.

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla

Yk`gl   Yk`gl `gh tgao

Gh trojonl toajkëe pug`g sgr mllr`keo`l ske onustg autul l supgrvkskýe `krgmto y pug`g sgr gstoeòrkzo`l. Ho mllr`keomkýe gs hldroò oetgs `g mlagezor gh trojonl. Hls trojono`lrgs `g ho háego `g gesoajhong `g ueo mlsgmbo`lro l ue mkrunoel ge ue blspktoh el egmgsktoe prglmuporsg plr mllr`keor mle sus mlhgdos, yo qug moò uel sojg hl qug tkgeg qug bomgr y quë gspgror `gh ltrl.

Boy trgs ilraos jïskmos `g hldror ho gstoeòrkzomkýe `getrl `g ho lrdoekzomkýe. Ghhos sle> ❙

Gstoeòrkzomkýe Gstoeò rkzomkýe `g prlmgsls

Hls prlmgsls `g trojonl sle gstoeòrkzo`ls muoe`l hls mletgek`ls `gh trojonl gstïe gspgmkikmo`ls l prldroao`ls. We mhorl gngaphl sle hos kestrummklegs `g orao`l qug vkgeg `getrl `gh poqugtg `g ue nudugtg. Ge gstg mosl gh iojrkmoetg gstoeòrkzo gh prlmgsl `gh trojonl `g qukge rgmkjg gh nudugtg. Ho gstoeòrkzomkýe pug`g hhgvorsg o droe`gs gxtgesklegs ge hos lrdoekzomklegs. ❙

Gstoeòrkzomkýe Gstoeò rkzomkýe `g prlùmmkýe

Hos prlùmmklegs sle gstoeòrkzoòs muoe`l gh rgsuhto`l `gh trojonl gstï gspgmkikmo`l. Vlr gngaphl, oh mbligr `g ge dgegroh,gstoeòrkzoòs el sg hg `kmg mýal `gjg aoegnor quë moakel tlaor poro hhgdor oh hudor `g `gstkel. Mleuehostoxk, prlùmmklegs ho mllr`keomkýe getrg ltorgos gs prg`gtgrakeoò. ❙

Gstoeòrkzomkýe `g `gstrgzo

Boy vgmgs qug ek gh trojonl ek su prlùmmkýe pug`ge sgr gstoeòrkzo`ls, ske gajordl, pug`g rgqugrkr toajkëe ho mllr`keomkýe plr gstoeòrkzomkýe. Ho slhumkýe gs gstoeòrkzor oh trojono`lr qug hhgdo o ho lrdoekzomkýe. Gsto gstoeòrkzomkýe pug`g òrsg ge kestktumklegs gùmotkvos l ge ho aksao gaprgso, `gpge`kge`l gh dro`l `g gstoeòrkzomkýe qug sg rgqukgro. Vlr gngaphl, Yk`gl   Yk`gl ustg` oblro gstï gstu`koe`l oàkekstromkýe, l sgo sg gstï gstoeòrkzoe`l, yo qug `gh tgao muoe`l gdrgsg `g ho hkmgemkoturo, gh gaprgsorkl qug hl mletrotg vo o sojgr qug ustg` gstï ge mle`kmklegs `g lmupor ue pugstl dgrgemkoh. Ho `gstrgzo gs gstoeòrkzoò muoe`l gstï gspgmkikmo`l gh tkpl `g mopomktomkýe qug sg rgqukgrg poro gigmtuor gh trojonl. We gngaphl mhorl gs gh gh `ggaprgsorkl ue mleto`lrrgqukgrg pþjhkml,qug muoe`l ho gaprgso hl sgpo mletroto poro kapugstls. rgohkzor ho hkqukòmkýe `g sg tl`ls hls kapugstls, gh mleto`lr pþjhkml hkqukòr Ge gstg mosl gstoráo gstoeòrkzoe`l gh trojonl, yo qug gh pgrsleoh rgqugrk`l `gjg sojgr bomgr ho omtkvkò`. Mleikduromklegs gstrumturohgs

Yk`gl Yk`gl `gh tgao

Bgery Aketzjgrd phoetgo ho gxkstgemko `g `kigrgetgs al`ghls k`gohgs `g gstrumturos lrdoekzomkleohgs, muyo o`lpmkýe plr portg `g hos mlapoÿáos vo o `gpge`gr `gh tkpl `g egdlmkl `le`g lpgrg, `gh gstkhl `g aoe`l `gh dgrgetg y, ge gspgmkoh, `gh toaoÿl `g ho lrdoekzomkýe. Ge dgegroh, hos mlapoÿáos odrlpgmuorkos mlakgezoe mle ueo gstrumturo skaphg poro hugdl troesilraorsg ge jurlmromkos agmïekmos y, hugdl, ge gstrumturos `g ilrao

`kvkskleoh. Gxkstg ltrl tkpl plr `g gstrumturo (jurlmromko prligskleoh) qug sg utkhkzo, ge dgegroh, `le`g`g gh sohu`, pgrsleoh gs `g ohto mohkikmomkýe, mlal gngaphl ueo Wekvgrskò`, ueo mlesuhtlro gaprgsorkoh, ueo mháekmo getrg ltrls.

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr.

www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla HGMPWZO ZGMLAGE@O@O Mopátuhls 2, ;, ?6, ??, ?: y ?= `gh hkjrl Aketzjgrd, B. (:660). @ksgÿl `g Lrdoekzomklegs Gikmkgetgs. Gikmkgetgs . Jugels Okrgs. Gh Otgegl. O mletkeuomkýe, prgsgetoals hos gstrumturos mle gh tkpl `g agmoeksal mllr`keo`lr qug prgvohgmg ge moò ueo. Drïikml E¾:2 E¾:2 - M Mleikdur leikdur omklegs gstrumtur ohg ohgss sgdþe prke mkpoh agmoeksal mllr `keo`lr

Iugetg> ghojlromkýe prlpko o portkr `g Aketzjgrd, B. (:660). @ksgÿl `g Lrdoekzomklegs Gikmkgetgs. Jugels Okrgs. Gh Otgegl.

O@AKEK]PZOMKÝE O@AKEK]PZO MKÝE @G ZGMWZ]L] BWAO BWAOEL] EL] (ZZBB) L @KZGMMKÝE @G VGZ]LEO VGZ]LEO] ] Ge muoetl o ho mopomktomkýe `g hls dgrgetgs ge aotgrko `g ZZBB, pl`gals `gmkr qug gs egmgsorko yo qug gs ueo droe iugetg `g vgetonos mlapgtktkvos. Hldror ue ëxktl mlapgtktkvl o trovës `g ho dgetg skdekikmo qug hls dgrgetgs `gjge al`kikmor su aoegro `g pgesor mle rgspgmtl o sus gaphgo`ls y o ho ilrao ge qug vge ho rghomkýe `g trojonl. @gjge trojonor mle hos pgrsleos y trotorhos mlal mlapoÿgrls, ske `gsmukòr ho `kigrgemko gxkstgetg getrg ue ngig y ue sujlr`keo`l, yo qug boy ueo rghomkýe `g rgsplesojkhkò` `kigrgetg bomko ho `krgmmkýe. O`gaïs, ho aoegro ge qug ueo lrdoekzomkýe troto o su dgetg oigmto ge droe aoegro su `gsgapgÿl.

Gh prlmgsl ` g oàkekstromkýe `g Z ZZBB ZBB Gh prlmgsl `g oàkekstromkýe `g ZZBB sg kekmko mle ho phoegomkýe `g rgmursls buaoels, hugdl gh rgmhutoakgetl, y gh rgmlrtg `g pgrsleoh, skdukge`l mle ho k`getkikmomkýe y sghgmmkýe `g gaphgo`ls mlapgtgetgs. O portkr `g oquá sg mlakgezo mle ho lrkgetomkýe, ho mopomktomkýe y ho omtuohkzomkýe `g hls gaphgo`ls ge muoetl o bojkhkò`gs y mlelmkakgetls, ljsgrvomkýe `gh aoegnl `gh `gsgapgÿl (mle mlapgesomklegs y jgegikmkls poro

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla hls gaphgo`ls), gh `gsorrlhhl `g morrgro y ikeohagetg mle ho rgtgemkýe `g gaphgo`ls mlapgtgetgs y `g ohtl `gsgapgÿl. Ge ho omtuohkò`, Ketgregt tkgeg aumbo kaplrtoemko ge ho jþsqugò hojlroh, gs ueo bgrroakgeto iueòagetoh yo qug sg pug`g gxphlror sljrg ueo vosto moetkò` `g trojonls, toetl `g `kstketls tkpls y roaos `g prligskýe mlal `g hudorgs. Ge aumbls mosls, sgr prligskleoh y el tgegr ueo k`getkò` `kdktoh prligskleoh vkskjhg gs tlao`l mlal ospgmtl egdotkvl plr sghgmtlrgs `g ZZBB. Vosls Vosls `gh pr lmgsl phoekikmomkýe `g hls ZZB ZZBB B Muoe`l els rgigrkals o ho phoekikmomkýe `g ZZBB mlesk`groals qug gs gh prlmgsl ag`koetg gh muoh hls dgrgetgs sg osgduroe mletor mle gh eþagrl `g pgrsleos o`gmuoòs, ge hls hudorgs oprlpko`ls y ge hls alagetls lplrtuels. O trovës `g ho phoekikmomkýe, hos lrdoekzomklegs gvktoe ho gsmosgz l ojueòemko rgpgetkeo `g pgrsleoh. Ho phoekikmomkýe `g ZZBB supleg `ls posls qug `gsmrkjkrgals ge ilrao sketëtkmo o mletkeuomkýe. Gh prkagrl gs ho gvohuomkýe `g rgmursls buaoels ge gh muoh hls dgrgetgs mlakgezoe ho phoegomkýe `g ZZBB mle ue kevgetorkl `g hls gaphgo`ls omtuohgs. Kemhuyg keilraomkýe sljrg hls gaphgo`ls mlal elajrg, gùmomkýe, mopomktomkýe, gaphgl oetgrklr, getrg ltrls òtls. Ge rghomkýe mle gh sgdue`l posl, gs `gmkr, gh muaphkakgetl `g egmgskò`gs iuturos `g ZZBB, pl`gals `gmkr qug sg `gtgrakeoe ag`koetg ho akskýe y hos gstrotgdkos `g lrdoekzomkýe. Mlal gxphkmoals oh prkemkpkl `g ho uekò`, ho phoekikmomkýe `g ho lrdoekzomkýe vo o mleskstkr ge gh `ksgÿl `g hos plskmklegs ke`kvkùohgs `getrl `g ho mlapoÿáo, `le`g `kmbos plskmklegs voe o sgr rgqugrkòs oh sgmtlr `g ZZBB, qug vo o mlagezor mle gstls `ls posls `g phoekikmomkýe `g ZZBB. O mletkeuomkýe, ljsgrvoals ue drïikml `le`g sg augstro gh ihunl `g trojonl `gh ïrgo `g ZZBB ge ho gaprgso. Drïikml E¾:; - Vrlmgsl `g oàkekstromkýe `g ZZBB ZZBB

Iugetg> ghojlromkýe prlpko ge josg o Zljjkes ]. y Mluhtgr A., :666.

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla Gs auy kaplrtoetg o ho blro `gh `ksgÿl `g hos plskmklegs ke`kvkùohgs mlesk`gror gh pgrikh rgqugrk`l poro gh pugstl, yo qug el sg `gjg lhvkòr qug poro hls mordls dgrgemkohgs `g ohtl roedl gs iueòagetoh mletor mle bojkhkò`gs `gh tkpl mlemgptuohgs qug gstkauhge gh pgesoakgetl skstëakml y gstrotëdkml. Voro gh mosl `g dgrgemkos `g ekvgh ag`kl sg voe o rgqugrkr bojkhkò`gs `gh tkpl buaoeos, qug sgoe pgrsleos mle ohto mopomkò` `g `krgmmkýe, optktu` `g hk`grozdl, qug sgpoe altkvor o kespkror o hls dgrgetgs tëmekmls `g ekvgh aïs jonl. Voro ho dgrgemko `g ekvgh jonl sg voe o rgqugrkr bojkhkò`gs tëmekmos qug hgs pgraktoe mlelmgr jkge o ile`l ho mugstkýe tëmekmo `g hls prlmgsls `g trojonl y prlùmtkvls. Ge gh mosl `g ueo gaprgso odrlpgmuorko, gsto þhtkao dgrgemko `gjg `lakeor tgaïtkmos vkemuhoòs o ho jltïekmo, dgeëtkmo, iksklhldáo vgdgtoh y oekaoh, `gjg tgegr mlelmkakgetls sljrg hos `kigrgetgs phodos, aoqukeorkos, pgrikh `gh sughl, odrlquáakmls, igrtkhkzoetgs, getrg ltros mlsos. Mojg `gstomor qug gstos trgs bojkhkò`gs oàkekstrotkvos `gjge gxkstkr ge tl`ls hls dro`ls dgrgemkohgs, pgrl `gpge`kge`l `gh dro`l dgrgemkoh sg `gjg `lakeor aïs ueo bojkhkò` qug ltros. Gs egmgsorkl qug ue dgrgetg `g ohtl roedl mlelzmo hl jïskml sljrg hls prlmgsls prlùmtkvls, pgrl sgráo ue `gspkhiorrl `g rgmursls qug sgpo `gaosko`l, yo qug su iuemkýe el vo o gstor ge ho ophkmomkýe `g igrtkhkzoetgs l kesgakeomkýe `g ueo vomo, skel ge ho phoekikmomkýe, lrdoekzomkýe, `krgmmkýe y mletrlh `g tlò t lò ho mlapoÿáo ge su mlenuetl. Gs plr tl`l gstl qug ge ueo gaprgso ag`koeo l droe`g muoe`l slhkmktgals ue dgrgetg `g ekvgh ag`kl o ho dgrgemko `g ZZBB prljojhgagetg el sgo ue prligskleoh tëmekml ?9, yo qug hl qug gstoals jusmoe`l, prkemkpohagetg, gs ueo pgrsleo mle bojkhkò`gs `g mlauekmomkýe y ilraoò poro `krkdkr. Hl aksal vo o lmurrkr muoe`l rgqukroals ue prligskleoh poro ho dgrgemko `g ekvgh jonl, el voals o slhkmktor o ue prligskleoh mlagrmkoh, yo qug hos bojkhkò`gs qug rgqugrkals sle tëmekmos, el toetl buaoeos. Poajkëe mojg `gstomor qug hos pgrsleos voe ilraoe`l su pgrsleohkò` `gs`g qug eomge, sgdþe slstkgeg hls gspgmkohkstos ge pskmlhldáo, gs mlesgmugemko `g `kmbo pgrsleohkò` gs ho ghgmmkýe `g ueo prligskýe, l sgo ho prligskýe gs mlesgmugemko `g ho pgrsleohkò`, el oh rgvës. Ouequg gs keegdojhg qug gsto prligskýe toajkëe oyuò o aoùror ho pgrsleohkò`. ¼_uë ¼_ uë iomtlrgs keihuyge ge hls poqugtg poqugtgss `g rgauegromkýe y pr gstomklegs< Ge muoetl o hls iomtlrgs qug keihuyge ge ue skstgao `g rgauegromkýe, pl`ráoals sgÿohor gh toaoÿl `g ho mlapoÿáo, su rgetojkhkò`, ho ujkmomkýe dgldrïikmo, ho ikhlsliáo dgrgemkoh, gh ëeiosks ge aoel `g ljro l mopktoh, ho ske`kmohkzomkýe, gh tkpl `g egdlmkl, gh dro`l `g rgsplesojkhkò` `gh pugstl, gh gngrmkmkl y `gsgapgÿl `gh gaphgo`l. Gs kaplrtoetg mlagetor qug ge eugstrl poás sg kestohý ueo muhturo ge gh gaprgsorkl VyAG `g podor aïs oh qug gstï aïs orrkjo ge gh lrdoekdroao. ]kgaprg sg pkgeso mlal tgmbl `g sohorkl `gh dgrgetg `g ekvgh jonl, gh pksl `gh sohorkl `gh dgrgetg `g ekvgh ag`kl. Mlesk`groals qug gsl gs grrýegl, yo qug ho rgauegromkýe `gjgráo mlrrgsple`grsg mle vorkos vorkojhgs, getrg ghhos, gh dro`l `g rgsplesojkhkò` `g ho plskmkýe, gh rkgsdl osuak`l, ho gikmkgemko `gh trojonl rgohkzo`l, gh vohlr `g gsg trojonl ge gh agrmo`l, gh kapomtl qug dgegro ge ho lrdoekzomkýe gsg trojonl y gh ekvgh `g mopomktomkýe qug sg rgqukgrg poro gngrmgrhl. ]k el sg ophkmo `g gsto aoegro, sgdukrgals vkge`l aumbls tëmekmls mle ohto mopomkò` mle doeos `g `gnor `g gngrmgr mlal tëmekmls poro mlagezor o gngrmgr mlal dgrgetgs, `gjk`l o qug su sugh`l gemletrý ue ‘tgmbl‑, skge`l ho þekmo ilrao `g

?9

Vrligskleoh tëmekml> mle mlelmkakgetl sýhk`ls ge iáskmo, quáakmo, aotgaïtkmo, gtm. Ge gh mosl `g gaprgsos odrlpgmuorkos> hkmgemko`ls ge gòilhldáo, hkmgemko`ls ge

jklhldáo, kedgekgrls odrýelals, aë`kmls vgtgrkeorkls, kedgekgrls zlltgmekstos, , gtm.

;7

Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla kemrgagetorhl osmge`gr gh lrdoekdroao. Gh droe prljhgao `g gstg skstgao gs qug gs aïs mlstlsl, yo qug egmgskto `g ho gh ag`kmkýe `ghge rgsuhto`l ge moò gaphgo`l. We gngaphl mhorl gs gh skstgao `g rgauegromkýe qug tkgege hls vge`g`lrgs, hls muohgs osuage portg `gh rkgsdl `gh egdlmkl y doeoe aïs l agels ge iuemkýe `g su rge`kakgetl. Gxkstge aumbls mosls `le`g hls vge`g`lrgs doeoe aïs `kegrl qug hls dgrgetgs `g vgetos, yo qug hls prkagrls mlakskleoe mle aoylrgs plrmgetongs y gh dgrgetg sýhl rgmkjg ue prgakl plr ljngtkvl tgekge`l ue sohorkl aïs iknl qug vor vorkojhg. kojhg. Ge gstg sgetk`l, gs kaplrtoetg tgegr ge mugeto qug ho mhovg gstï ge getge`gr qug poro sgr juge vge`g`lr sg rgqukgrge `gtgrakeo`ls tkpls `g bojkhkò`gs buaoeos, `kigrgetgs o hos qug sg `gaoeòe poro sgr juge dgrgetg `g vgetos. ]k gh agnlr vge`g`lr `g ueo mlapoÿáo `gno ho vgeto y osuag mlal dgrgetg `g vgetos, gsl el kaphkmo qug sgo juge dgrgetg, tl`l hl mletrorkl, m letrorkl, pug`g hhgdor o sgr auy mlstl poro ho mlapoÿáo yo qug pkgr`g oh agnlr vge`g`lr. Ge sáetgsks, pl`ráoals oikraor qug el boy ueo rgmgto þekmo poro ho phoekikmomkýe `g ZZBB ge ueo gaprgso, skel qug moò sktuomkýe `gjg oòptorsg oh tkpl `g egdlmkl y o hos pgrsleos qug ho ketgdroe. O@AKEK]PZOMKÝE O@AKEK]PZO MKÝE @GH M MOAJ OAJKL KL [ H HO O KEELYO KEELYOMKÝE MKÝE Gs auy kaplrtoetg qug muoe`l ustg` `ksgÿg ho gstrumturo aïs ýptkao poro ueo lrdoekzomkýe, tgedo ge mugeto gh getlrel ge `ýe`g `kmbo lrdoekzomkýe sg vo o `gsgapgÿor. Gsg getlrel vo o gngrmgr ueo iugrzo bomko su lrdoekzomkýe, gs plr ghhl qug gs egmgsorkl qug hls rgmursls buaoels qug ketgdroe gso lrdoekzomkýe tgedoe ho mopomkò` `g oòptorsg o gsos iugrzos ge jgegikmkl `gh mlenuetl `g ho getkò`. Gso mopomkò` `g oòptomkýe `gh mlenuetl `gh pgrsleoh sg `gelakeo oprge`kzong lrdoekzomkleoh mlhgmtkvl. Oblro, ustg` mlal dgrgetg aumbos vgmgs vo o tgegr qug ilrzor gh oprge`kzong `gjk`l o `kvgrsos mkrmuestoemkos qug pugòe lmurrkr qug bodoe qug gh pgrsleoh rgmbomg gh moajkl. Gs mhovg qug mlaprgeò muohgs sle hos iugrzos gxtgreos g ketgreos `g ho lrdoekzomkýe, osá pug`g dgstkleor `g ilrao gikmoz gh moajkl. ¼_uë ¼_ uë getg getge`gals e`gals plr moajkl ge hos lr doekzo doekzomklegs< mklegs< Gh tgao aïs kaplrtoetg ge ho omtuohkò` poro ueo lrdoekzomkýe gs gh moajkl, yo qug sg ò ge ilrao mletkeuo. Hos lrdoekzomklegs tkgege `grgmbl y egmgskò` oh moajkl, mle ho ikeohkò` `g ophkmor eugvos gstrotgdkos, poro ue agnlr iuemkleoakgetl, hl muoh pgraktg qug gstos sg geruajge bomko gh ëxktl. ëxktl.   ]g pug`g `gmkr qug hos lrdoekzomklegs moajkoe poro pl`gr poro pl`gr rgsple`gr o hos gxkdgemkos ketgreos poro su prlpko gvlhumkýe, osá mlal poro geirgetor hos gxkdgemkos gxtgreos rghomkleoòs mle su prlpkl mrgmkakgetl y mle gh aue`l `g ho mlapgtgemko ho mlapgtgemko ge qug lpgroe. Iugrzos `g moajkl gxtgreos Ho oàkekstromkýe oàkekstromkýe tkgeg plml plml mletrlh mletrlh sljrg gh iugrtg kapomtl `g euagrlsos iugrzos `g moajkl gxtgreos3 ske gajordl, lrdoekzomkýe `g su oajkgetg gxtgrel y `gjg omtuor mle ëh poro sljrgvkvkr. Hosqug iugrzos `g moajklueo gxtgreos -`gs`g`gpge`g hls prldrgsls tgmelhýdkmls bosto hos mle`kmklegs slmkohgslmoskleoe ueo

lrdoekzomkýe ohtgrg sus agtos, su gstrumturo y hls aëtl`ls hls aëtl`ls mle qug trojono. Ge gh skdukgetg drïikml prgsgetoals ho `kvgrskò` `g iugrzos gxtgreos qug keihuyge ge gh iuemkleoakgetl `g ueo lrdoekzomkýe>   lrdoekzomkýe>

;9

Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla Drïikml E¾=6 - Iug Iugrzos rzos `g moaj kl gxt gxtgreos greos

Iugetg> ghojlromkýe prlpko ge josg o Zljjkes ]. y Mluhtgr A., :666.

Iugrzos `g moajkl ketgreos Iugrzos Hos iugrzos `g moajkl toajkëe pug`ge vgekr `gh ketgrklr `g hos lrdoekzomklegs. Gstos pug`ge rgsuhtor `g `kigrgetgs agtos lrdoekzomkleohgs l `g eugvls `gsoiáls, l sgr lmoskleoòs plr eugvos kekmkotkvos `g mohkò`, `g mohkò`,   moajkl ge hos tgmelhldáos l mlaplrtoakgetls `g hls akgajrls `g ho lrdoekzomkýe. Ge gh drïikml qug prgsgetoals o mletkeuomkýe sg `gtohhoe hos plskjhgs iugrzos `g moajkl ketgreos `g ueo lrdoekzomkýe. Drïikml E¾=? - Iugrzos `g moajkl ke tgreos tgreos

Iugetg> ghojlromkýe prlpko ge josg o Zljjkes ]. y Mluhtgr A., :666.

Oblro jkge, gs kaplrtoetg `gstomor qug hls moajkls qug sg prlùmge `getrl `g ueo lrdoekzomkýe egmgsktoe ue motohkzo`lr. Hos pgrsleos qug omtþoe mlal motohkzo`lrgs ” hls dgrgetgs- osuage ho rgsplesojkhkò` `g `krkdkr hls prlmgsls `g moajkl y rgmkjge gh elajrg `g odgetgs `g moajkl. Ge gh mosl `g hos lrdoekzomklegs gaprgsorkohgs, muoe`l sg rgqukgrge moajkls hos prkagros pgrsleos qug rgmlelmge gsto egmgskò` y omtþoe mlal motohkzo`lrgs, oekao`lrgs y prkemkpohgs mlesuhtlrgs `gh moajkl sle hls gaprgsorkls.

;4

Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr.   www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla Zgskst Zg skst gemko o ohh moajk l ¼Vlr quë sg rgskstge hos pgrsleos oh moajkl ?. :. =.

Kemgrtkùajrg Vrglmupomkýe oetg plskjhgs për`kòs pgrsleohgs Mrggemko `g qug gh moajkl el gs jgegikmklsl poro ho lrdoekzomkýe.

@gsmrkjkrgals, o mletkeuomkýe, ohdueos tëmekmos poro rgùmkr `kmbo rgskstgemko> ❙

Vortkmkpomkýe Vortkmkpomkýe Gs `kiámkh qug hls ke`kvkùls sg rgskstoe o ueo `gmkskýe `g moajkl sk ghhls boe sk`l portámkpgs `g ho aksao. Oetgs qug sg rgohkmg ue moajkl, hos pgrsleos qug sg lplege pug`ge sgr kemlrplroòs oh prlmgsl `g `gmkskýe.

❙

Dgstlráo y slplr tg Dgstlráo tg Hls odgetgs `g moajkl pug`ge prlplrmkleor tlò ueo doao `g ghgagetls `g oplyl, mle m le akros o rgùmkr ho rgskstgemko.

❙

Egdlmkomkýe Egdlmkomkýe Ltro ilrao poro qug gh odgetg `g moajkl pugò mlajotkr ho plskjhg rgskstgemko mleskstg ge lirgmgr ohdl vohklsl o moajkl `g qug `kmbo rgskstgemko `ksakeuyo, plr gngaphl ue osmgesl l aomblrgs jgegikmkls hojlrohgs (`áos `g iroeml, vomomklegs, gtm.)

❙

Vgrsuomkýe Vgrsuomkýe Mleskstg ge gh ketgetl gemujkgrtl `g keihukr ge hos h os pgrsleos mlevgemkge`lhos slhl mle ho ‘hojko‑ .

Gxkstge hugdl trgs motgdlráos `g moajkl>

Gxkstge hugdl trgs motgdlráos `g moajkl> ❙

@g gstrumtur o Gspgmkohkzomkýe `gh trojonl, `gportoagetohkzomkýe, mo`geo `g aoe`l, oaphktu` `g mletrlh, mgetrohkzomkýe, ilraohkzomkýe l rg`ksgÿl `g pugstls `g trojonl.

❙

@g tgmelhldáo tgmelhldáo Vrlmgsl `g trojonl, aëtl`ls y gqukpls.

❙

@g pgrsleos pgrsleos Omtktu`gs, gxpgmtotkvos pgrmgpmklegs y mlaplrtoakgetl.

¼Mýal ¼M ýal ka pomto g ghh gstrës ge gh moajkl lrdoekzo lrdoekzomkleoh< mkleoh< Gh gstrës gs ueo sktuomkýe `keïakmo ge ho muoh ue ke`kvkùl sg gemugetro mleirleto`l mle ueo lplrtuekò`, rgstrkmmkýe l gxkdgemko rghomkleoò mle hl qug `gsgo y muyl rgsuhto`l r gsuhto`l pgrmkjg mlal ohdl kemkgrtl g kaplrtoetg oh aksal tkgapl.

;2

Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla Vl`gals `gmkr qug gh gstrës euemo sg pug`g suprkakr plr mlaphgtl ge ho vkò `g ueo pgrsleo, yo sgo `getrl l iugro `gh trojonl. Ge tërakels `g iomtlrgs lrdoekzomkleohgs, muohqukgr ketgetl `g rgùmkr hls ekvghgs `g gstrës tkgeg qug mlagezor mle ho sghgmmkýe `g hls gaphgo`ls. Vlr su portg, ho dgrgemko egmgskto osgdurorsg `g qug hos bojkhkò`gs `g moò gaphgo`l mlkemkòe mle hls rgquksktls `gh pugstl `g trojonl mlrrgsple`kgetg. Oskaksal, ue prldroao `g phoekikmomkýe `gh rge`kakgetl mlal ho oàkekstromkýe plr ljngtkvls (AJL) omhoro hos rgsplesojkhkò`gs `g trojonl, prgsgeto ljngtkvls mhorls `g rge`kakgetl y rgùmg ho oajkdøgò` plr ag`kl `g ho rgtrlohkagetomkýe. Ltro ilrao `g rgùmkr gh gstrës gs ho troesilraomkýe `gh `ksgÿl `g hls pugstls `g trojonl. Gh osgslroakgetl o hls gaphgo`ls pug`g prlvggr ohkvkl oh gstrës. Vlr gngaphl, ue prldroao `g tkgapl kaportk`l o hls gaphgo`ls qug tkgege prljhgaos ge su vkò pgrsleoh pug`g oyuòrhgs o lr`geor sus prklrkò`gs. Weo plskjkhkò` aïs poro ho rgùmmkýe `gh gstrës sle hls prldroaos `g omtkvkò`gs iáskmos potrlmkeo`ls plr ho lrdoekzomkýe. Ouequg gh gstrës qug prlvkgeg `g ho vkò pgrsleoh `gh gaphgo`l gs auy `kiámkh `g mlajotkr plr portg `g hls dgrgetgs `g ho lrdoekzomkýe.

HO LZDOEKÔMKÝE _WG OVZGE@G Muoe`l els rgigrkals o ueo lrdoekzomkýe qug oprge`g pl`gals `gmkr qug gs ueo lrdoekzomkýe qug bo `gsorrlhho`l ho mopomkò` `g oprge`gr ge ilrao mletkeuo, `g oòptorsg y moajkor.

Ge gstg tkpl `g lrdoekzomkýe, hls gaphgo`ls `g aoegro pgraoegetg o`qukgrge y mlaportge eugvls mlelmkakgetls y hls ophkmoe ge ho tlao `g `gmksklegs l oh rgohkzor su trojonl. Gstl rgqukgrg jorrgros gstrumturohgs y iáskmos aáekaos, yo qug ge ue getlrel ske háaktgs, hls gaphgo`ls trojonoe nuetls y mlhojlroe ge bomgr gh trojonl `g ho lrdoekzomkýe `g ho h o agnlr aoegro plskjhg y oprge`ge uel `g ltrl. HGMPWZO ZGMLAGE@O@O ]gmmkýe ‘Hls prkagrls posls‑ `gh hkjrl ]gedg, V. (:667) ‘Ho quketo `ksmkphkeo ge ho prïmtkmo‑. Jugels O krgs.

G`ktlrkoh Droekmo. Hls gqukpls `g trojonl mle outlrkò` tkge`ge o sgr ueo moromtgrástkmo kaplrtoetg `gh `ksgÿl gstrumturoh `g gstg tkpl `g lrdoekzomkýe. Mle gaphgo`ls y gqukpls mle outlrkò`, boy auy plmo egmgskò` `g ‘ngigs‑ poro `krkdkr y

mletrlhor, ge su hudor gstïe hls dgrgetgs poro iomkhktor, oplyor y `gige`gr. Mrgotkvkò` Mrgo tkvkò` g Keel vomkýe

Ho mrgotkvkò` g keelvomkýe gs auy kaplrtoetg oh alagetl `g tlaor ueo `gmkskýe `g `ksgÿor ueo gstrumturo lrdoekzomkleoh, yo qug hos gstrumturos plskjhgs sle toetos mlal lrdoekzomklegs o mrgor. El boy ueo þekmo rgmgto poro bomgrhl y aumbos vgmgs hls dgrgetgs `gjge ophkmor tlò su mrgotkvkò` poro òr slhumkýe o hls prljhgaos gstrumturohgs qug tkgege. Els porgmg kaplrtoetg gxphkmktor qug ho mrgotkvkò` y ho keelvomkýe sg rghomkleoe getg sá. Voro qug boyo keelvomkýe oetgs tkgeg qug bojgr mrgotkvkò`. Weo lrdoekzomkýe keelvo`lro sg moromtgrkzo plr su mopomkò`

;;

Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla poro gemouzor ho mrgotkvkò` bomko rgsuhto`ls þtkhgs. Muoe`l hls dgrgetgs bojhoe `g al`kikmor ueo lrdoekzomkýe poro bomgrho aïs mrgotkvo, hl qug, ge dgegroh, qukgrge `gmkr gs qug `gsgoe gstkauhor ho keelvomkýe. Voro ljtgegr ue prlùmtl mrgotkvl boy qug gxoakeor hls kesuals y su troesilraomkýe. Hls kesuals kemhuyge o hos pgrsleos y hls drupls mrgotkvls qug pgrtgegmge o ho lrdoekzomkýe. Pkgeg qug gxkstkr, o`gaïs, ue oajkgetg oprlpko`l poro qug gh prlmgsl `g keelvomkýe pugò orrkgsdorsg y prlspgror.

?66

Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla ]KEPG]K] ]KEPG ]K] @G HO WEK@O@ Ge gsto uekò` `gsorrlhhoals ho iuemkýe jïskmo `g ‘lrdoekzomkýe‑ `gh dgrgetg. Gstu`koals hos portgs `g ho lrdoekzomkýe, hls agmoeksals mllr`keo`lrgs y hos 7 mleikduromklegs gstrumturohgs sgdþe Aketzjgrd. Poajkëe trotoals mlal gs gh prlmgsl poro `ksgÿor ueo lrdoekzomkýe, prkagrl `gtgrakeoe`l gh ljngtkvl `g ho aksao, hugdl `ksgÿoe`l hos ïrgos y plskmklegs ke`kvkùohgs. Ikeohagetg gstu`koals gh prlmgsl `g oàkekstromkýe `g hls rgmursls buaoels y mlelmkals ho kaplrtoemko `gh oprge`kzong y moajkl ge hos lrdoekzomklegs.

?6?

Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla OMPKYK@O@ OMPKYK@O @ VZÏMPKMO ?) :)

Ghkno ueo gaprgso `gh sgmtlr odrlpgmuorkl (pgqugÿo, ag`koeo l droe`g) Jusqug su lrdoekdroao y rgohkmg ueo `gsmrkpmkýe dgegroh `g hos moromtgrástkmos `g ho gaprgso ge iuemkýe `g hos lpmklegs `g `ksgÿl qug gstu`ký ge gsto uekò`. @gjg ke`kmor quë tkpl `g gspgmkohkzomkýe plsgg, quë plskmklegs ketgdroe ho MG, HA, EL, Pgmelgstrumturo y ]toii `g Oplyl. Oplyl.

=)

Ke`kqug o quë tkpl `g mleikduromkýe gstrumturoh rgsple`g `g omugr`l mle ho mhoskikmomkýe `gh prligslr

Vb.@. Hkm. Bgery Aketzjgrd. Aketzjgrd. OWPLGYOHWO OWPLGYO HWOMKÝE MKÝE Ke`kqug ho rgspugsto mlrrgmto. ?/ ]gdþe ]gdþe Bgery Aketzjgrd, tlòs hos portgs `g ueo lrdoekzomkýe sle> o/ Muajrg gstrotëdkmo, háego ag`ko y eþmhgl lpgrotkvl. j/ Muajrg gstrotëdkmo, háego ag`ko, eþmhgl lpgrotkvl y tgmelgstrumturo. m/ Muajrg gstrotëdkmo, háego ag`ko, eþmhgl lpgrotkvl y stoii `g oplyl. `/ Plòs hos oetgrklrgs. g/ Ekedueo `g hos oetgrklrgs. oetgrklrgs. :/ Muoe`l `ksgÿoals ueo gstrum turo lrdoekzomkleoh, prkagrl `gjgals pgesor ge> o/ Hos pgrsleos. j/ Ho gstrotgdko `g ho mlapoÿáo. m/ Gh ljngtkvl y rgmursls `g ho mlapoÿáo. `/ Plòs hos oetgrklrgs. g/ Ekedueo `g hos oetgrklrgs. oetgrklrgs.

=/ Ge Ge ueo m lapoÿáo lapoÿáo,, sg pug`g bojhor `g `gportoageto `gportoagetohkzomkýe hkzomkýe m uoe`l gh lr doekdroao sg gstrumtur o ge iuemkýe `g> o/ Hos omtkvkò`gs o rgohkzor. j/ Hos zleos o mujrkr. m/ Hls prlùmtls o vge`gr. `/ Plòs hos oetgrklrgs. g/ Ekedueo `g hos oetgrklrgs.

0/ Ge Ge ueo lr doekzo doekzomkýe mkýe mgetrohkzo mgetrohkzoò> ò> o/ Gh pl`gr yomg ge ueo l plmos pgrsleos. j/ ]g `ghgdo outlrkò`. m/ Gh pl`gr yomg ge aumbos pgrsleos. `/ ]g `ghgdo rgsplesojkhkò`. g/ Ekedueo `g hos oetgrklrgs. oetgrklrgs. 7/ ¼Ge quë ïrg ïrgo o `g ueo lrdoekzomkýe `g`kmoò o ho o omtk mtk vk` o` `g mráo g kev greoò ujkmoráo ustg` o ue aë`kml vgtgrkeorkl< o/ Muajrg gstrotëdkmo. j/ Eþmhgl lpgrotkvl.

?6:

Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla m/ ]toii `g oplyl.

`/ Plòs hos oetgrklrgs. g/ Ge o y m. m. 9/ Ge Ge ueo gaprgso odrlpgmuorko pgqugÿo pgqugÿo,, prljojhgagetg gh prkem kpoh agmoeksal mllr`k eo`lr sgo> o/ Gstoeòrkzomkýe `g `gstrgzos. j/ Gstoeòrkzomkýe `g prlmgsls. m/ ]upgrvkskýe `krgmto. `/ Plòs hos oetgrklrgs. g/ Ekedueo `g hos oetgrklrgs. oetgrklrgs. 4/ Gh ïrgo qug sg gemordo `g gstoeòrkzor hls prlmgsls `g trojonl gs> o/ Muajrg gstrotëdkmo. j/ Eþmhgl lpgrotkvl. m/ Háego ag`ko. `/ ]toii `g oplyl. g/ Pgmelgstrumturo. Pgmelgstrumturo. 2/ ¼_uë mleikd uromkýe gstrum turoh tkge`g o plsgg plsggrr ue dr upl mýa l Mo Mordkhh< rdkhh< o/ Gstrumturo skaphg. j/ Jurlmromko agmïekmo. m/ Jurlmromko prligskleoh. `/ Ilrao `kvkskleoh. g/ Ekedueo `g hos oetgrklrgs. oetgrklrgs. ;/ Ge ueo Gstrumturo ]kaphg, g ghh prke mkpoh agmoeksal m llr`keo`lr gs> o/ Ho gstoeòrkzomkýe `g prlmgsls. j/ Ho gstoeòrkzomkýe `g prlùmtls. m/ Ho gstoeòrkzomkýe `g `gstrgzos. `/ Ho supgrvkskýe `krgmto. g/ Gh onustg autul. autul. ?6/ ?6/ Ohdueos iugrzos `g moajkl gxtgreos sle> o/ Vlhátkmos, muhturohgs, gùmotkvos, gmleýakmos y omtktu`gs `gh trojono`lr. j/ Vlhátkmos, muhturohgs, gùmotkvos, gmleýakmos y ljngtkvls `gho lrdoekzomkýe. m/ Vlhátkmos, muhturohgs, gùmotkvos, gmleýakmos y oajkgetohgs. `/ Plòs hos oetgrklrgs. g/ Ekedueo `g hos oetgrklrgs. oetgrklrgs.

ZGMWZ]L] @G GRPGE]KÝE

•

•

•

]gedg, V. (:667) ‘Ho quketo `ksmkphkeo ge ho prïmtkmo‑. Jugels Okrgs. G`ktlrkoh Droekmo.

Zljjkes, ]. y Mluhtgr, A. (:666). Oàkekstromkýe. Aoeuoh `g Oàkekstromkýe `g Gaprgsos. ]gxto G`kmkýe. Aëxkml. Vrgetkmg Bohh. Aketzjgrd, B. (:660). @ksgÿl `g Lrdoekzomklegs Gikmkgetgs. Gikmkgetgs . Jugels Okrgs. Gh Otgegl. O tgegl.

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla

WEK@O@ 7 Ho @krgmmký @krgmmkýe e l Mleùmm leù mmkýe kýe `g Vg Vgrsleos rsl eos

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla

KEPZL@WMMKÝE Ge gsto quketo uekò`, ojlròrgals hls tgaos vkemuho`ls o ho `krgmmkýe l mleùmmkýe `g pgrsleos. Voro ghhl, gs egmgsorkl mlelmgr gh mlaplrtoakgetl buaoel (omtktu`gs, pgrsleohkò`gs y oprge`kzong) ge ilrao ke`kvkùoh y drupoh. Elstrojonorgals lmuporgalshos `g rghomklegs ho tlao `g `g `gmksklegs ge drupl y `g hoporo aoegro `g oàkekstror gqukpls `g trojonl. Ikeohagetg, vohlr mlal bgrroakgeto ho dgstkýe `g pgrsleos, ho altkvomkýe, gh aoe`l y gh hk`grozdl. Zgmlr`gals qug hos lrdoekzomklegs sle tohgs plr gh bgmbl `g qug gxkstge pgrsleos portkmkpoe`l ge ghhos. Muoe`l hls dgrgetgs phoekikmoe hos omtkvkò`gs y lrdoekzoe hls rgmursls hos mlsos porgmge sgr auy iïmkhgs. El gs `kiámkh phoekikmor, hl mlaphkmo`l gs hhgvor o mojl `kmbl phoe. Ho phoekikmomkýe, gs ue prlmgsl mlaphgnl `gjk`l qug oh alagetl `g plegr ge ommkýe hls gngs `g trojonl prgmksoals pgrsleos qug mlhojlrge mle elsltrls l gngmutge hos ýr`gegs qug hgs kaportkals. Ho aksao kevlhumro ueo sgrkg `g vorkojhgs auy `kiámkhgs `g mletrlhor l phoekikmor, mlal sle gh gsto`l galmkleoh `g gsos pgrsleos, ho muhturo, hos mrggemkos rghkdklsos, hls moeohgs `g mlauekmomkýe ketgrels y gxtgrels, ho ketgrprgtomkýe `g hos mlsos, ho ilrao `g vgr gh aue`l (al`ghl agetoh), hls prljhgaos pskmlhýdkmls qug pu`kgroe tgegr, eugstrl gdl y gh `g hos pgrsleos o mordl, hls prljhgaos ioakhkorgs, getrg ltrls puetls. @g omugr`l mle hl agemkleo`l, mrggals egmgsorko ueo prgporomkýe o`gmuoò poro gh aoegnl `g pgrsleos y drupls, toetl poro `krkdkrhos y hldror hl phoekikmo`l mlal poro prg`gmkr gh mlaplrtoakgetl irgetg o hls gstáauhls l prgsklegs qug elsltrls gngrmgals sljrg ghhls. Ge rghomkýe mle hls mletgek`ls phoetgo`ls, ge gsto uekò` gspgroals qug ustg` pugò ohmoezor hls skdukgetgs ljngtkvls> ❙ ❙ ❙ ❙ ❙ ❙

Mlaprge`gr gh mlaplrtoakgetl buaoel ge ilrao ke`kvkùoh y drupoh. Mlelmgr hos `kigrgemkos getrg ue drupl y ue gqukpl. Mlelmgr hos tëmekmos `g oàkekstromkýe `g mleihkmtls y tlao `g `gmksklegs ge drupl. Mlelmgr hos rghomklegs `g vohlr gxkstgetgs ge gh trojonl drupoh. Mlaprge`gr ho kaplrtoemko `g ho altkvomkýe ge hos lrdoekzomklegs. Mlaprge`gr ho kaplrtoemko `gh aoe`l y hk`grozdl `g pgrsleos.

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla GH MLAVLZPOAKGEPL BWAOEL Hls geilqugs `gh mlaplr toakgetl lrdoekzomkleoh Gh mlaplrtoakgetl lrdoekzomkleoh sg vkemuho, prkemkpohagetg, mle trgs ïrgos. Ge prkagr hudor, gxoakeo gh mlaplrtoakgetl ke`kvkùoh, josïe`lsg ge mletrkjumklegs `g pskmlhýdls. Gsto ïrgo ojlrò hos mugstklegs vkemuhoòs o hos omtktu`gs, pgrsleohkò`gs, pgrmgpmklegs, oprge`kzong y altkvomkýe. Ge sgdue`l hudor, sg lmupo `gh mlaplrtoakgetl `g hls drupls, ojlròe`l hos elraos, rlhgs, ilraomkýe `g gqukpls y mleihkmtls mle gh oplrtg `g slmkýhldls y pskmýhldls slmkohgs. Vlr þhtkal, tlao hls ospgmtls lrdoekzomkleohgs qug kemhuyge gstrumturo, muhturos y plhátkmos, y prïmtkmos `g rgmursls buaoels. Hos agtos `gh mlaplrtoakgetl lrdoekzomkleoh mleskstge ge> Gxphkmor (plr quë hls gaphgo`ls tkgege `gtgrakeo`ls mlaplrtoakgetls) Vrg`gmkr (mýal voe o rgommkleor irgetg o `kvgrsos ommklegs l `gmksklegs) Keihukr ge gh mlaplrtoakgetl `g hos pgrsleos `g ueo lrdoekzomkýe •

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]gdþe Zljjkes?4, sg boe k`getkikmo`l sgks mlaplrtoakgetls qug els ketgrgsoe mlagetor, prg`gmkr g keihukr> ?.

Ho prlùmtk vkò` `gh gaphgo gaphgo`l `l (ag`kò (ag`kò `g `gsgapgÿl `g gikmkgemko y `g gigmtkvkò`).

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Gh ousgetksa ousgetksa l .

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Ho rltomkýe (moajkl rltomkýe (moajkl pgraoegetg `g pgrsleoh vlhuetorkl l plr `gspg`k`ls).

0.

Gh mlaplr toakgetl `g mk uòòeá (prlmg`gr `ksmrgmkleoh qug el ilrao uòòeáo o lrdoekzomkleoh lrdoekzomkleoh (prlmg`gr portg `g hls rgqugrkakgetls `gh pugstl `g trojonl pgrl mlhojlro oh `gsgapgÿl `g ho gaprgso).

7.

Ho sotksiomkýe hojlroh (omtktu` hojlroh (omtktu` `g ue gaphgo`l bomko su gaphgl).

9.

Gh aoh mlaplrtoakgetl ge gh hudor `g trojonl trojonl (muohqukgr mleùmto ketgemkleoh `gh gaphgo`l qug sgo pltgemkohagetg òÿkeo poro ho lrdoekzomkýe l poro hos pgrsleos `g ghho).

Pgekge`l ge mugeto hl gxprgso`l, pl`gals oikraor qug gh gaprgsorkl skgaprg `gsgo prg`gmkr gh mlaplrtoakgetl `g su pgrsleoh poro sojgr mýal rgsple`grïe o mkgrtos sktuomklegs l ommklegs qug lmurroe `getrl `g su lrdoekzomkýe y osá tlaor hos `gmksklegs aïs o`gmuoòs. Mojg rgmlròr qug gh dgrgetg, prkagrl, phoekikmo phoekikmo hos hos omtkvkò`gs, hugdl lrdoekzo lrdoekzo hls hls rgmursls poro hhgvorhos o mojl, `gspuës `krkdg `krkdg   o hos pgrsleos poro qug, o trovës `g ghhos, sg hldrg hl phoekikmo`l y mletrlho mletrlho   poro osgdurorsg qug tl`l sg voyo `gsorrlhhoe`l sgdþe hl phoekikmo`l. Gs egmgsorkl tgegr ge mugeto ho kaplrtoemko `g prg`gmkr gh mlaplrtoakgetl, yo qug, `g gsto aoegro, rgùmkals

ho prljojkhkò` `g el lmurrgemko `g hl phoekikmo`l. Ge ltros pohojros, qugrgals qug hos pgrsleos sg mlaplrtge `g ho ilrao phoekikmoò poro muaphkr mle hls ljngtkvls.

Zljjkes, ]. y Mluhtgr, A. (:666). Oàkekstromkýe. Aoeuoh `g Oàkekstromkýe `g Gaprgsos. ]gxto G`kmkýe. Aëxkml. Vrgetkmg Bohh.

?4

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla ¼Mýal ¼M ýal `gsmujrl ho pgrsleohkò` `g hos pgrsleos Al`ghl `g AJPK AJPK Gvohþo ho pgrsleohkò` utkhkzoe`l aïs `g ?66 prgduetos qug sg rghomkleoe mle ho aoegro a oegro ge qug hos pgrsleos omtuïe l skgetge ge `kigrgetgs sktuomklegs. Ho ilrao qug rgspleò o hos prgduetos hg mlhlmorï ge uel u ltrl `g hls gxtrgals `g hos skdukgetgs `kagesklegs>

Ketgrommkýe slmkoh> gxtrlvgrtk`l l ketrlvgrtk`l. Hls prkagrls egmgsktoe ue oajkgetg `g trojonl vorko`l y lrkgeto`l o ho ommkýe, qug hls rghomkleg mle ltrls y hgs jrke`g `kvgrsos gxpgrkgemkos. Ge moajkl, hls ketrlvgrtk`ls prgikgrge ue oajkgetg `g trojonl troequkhl y mlemgetro`l, qug hgs pgrakto gstor slhls.

Vrgigrgemko plr rgmlpkhor òtls> romkleoh l ketuktkvl. O ho pgrsleo romkleoh el hg dustoe hls prljhgaos p rljhgaos eugvls, prgikgrg hl rutkeorkl, egmgskto tgrakeor mlsos y sle jugels ge trojonls `g prgmkskýe. Ge moajkl, o hos pgrsleos ketuktkvos hgs dusto hk`kor mle prljhgaos eugvls, hgs ojurrg bomgr skgaprg hl aksal, somoe mlemhusklegs y sle kapomkgetgs mle hls `gtohhgs rutkeorkls. rutkeorkls.

Vrgigrgemkos poro tlaor `gmksklegs> sgeskjhgs l pgesoetgs. Hls prkagrls sg ketgrgsoe plr hls sgetkakgetls `g hls ltrls, el hgs dusto `gmkr mlsos `gsodroòjhgs, egmgsktoe ghldkls y sle mlaprgeskvls. Ge moajkl, hls pgesoetgs plsgge ueo omtktu` aïs rádkò, yo qug, sk tkgege qug `gspg`kr o ohdukge hl bomge ske ekedþe prljhgao, sle aïs oeohátkmls y hýdkmls. hýdkmls.

Gstkhl `g tlao `g `gmksklegs> pgrmgptkvl l mrátkml. Hos pgrsleos pgrmgptkvos sle murklsos, gspletïegos, ihgxkjhgs, oòptojhgs y tlhgroetgs. ]g geilmoe ge rgohkzor ueo torgo y qukgrge sojgr tl`l `g ghho oetgs `g mlagezorho. Ge moajkl, hls ke`kvkùls mrátkmls sle jugels phoego`lrgs, `gmk`k`ls, rgsughtls y gxkdgetgs. Plaoe ueo torgo, `gmk`ge rïpk`l y sýhl qukgrge sojgr hl egmgsorkl poro rgohkzor `kmbo torgo. torgo.

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Al`ghl `g hls mkeml droe`gs> `kvgrsos droe`gs> `kvgrsos kevgstkdomklegs boe `galstro`l qug boy mkeml `kagesklegs jïskmos `g ho pgrsleohkò` sljrg tlòs hos `gaïs. `ga ïs. O mletkeuomkýe hos geuemkoals ge ilrao sketëtkmo> •

Gxtrlvgrskýe> gh dro`l ge qug ohdukge gs slmkojhg, mlevgrso`lr m levgrso`lr y ikrag. ikrag.

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Oaojk Oa ojkhkhk ò` ò`>> gh dro`l ge qug ohdukge gs jleò`lsl, mllpgro`lr y mleikojhg. mleikojhg.

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla •

Gsmrupuhlskò`> gh dro`l ge qug ohdukge gs rgsplesojhg, `kdel `g mleikoezo, pgrskstgetg y lrkgeto`l bomko gh hldrl. hldrl.

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Gstojkhkò` galmkleoh> gh dro`l ge qug ohdukge gs troequkhl, getuskosto, sgdurl l tgesl, kesgdurl, `gprgskvl y egrvklsl. egrvklsl.

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Op grtur Opgrt uro o o ho gxp grkgem grk gemko> ko> gh dro`l ge qug ohdukge gs kaodkeotkvl, ortástkmoagetg sgeskjhg g ketghgmtuoh.   ketghgmtuoh.

Vl`ráoals `gmkr, getlemgs, qug mlelmgr hos pgrsleohkò`gs gs auy kaplrtoetg yo qug ojormoe `kigrgetgs ospgmtls qug els pug`ge ke`kmor `g quë aoegro ueo pgrsleo rgommkleo oetg ueo `gtgrakeoò sktuomkýe l ge ho rghomkýe mle hls `gaïs. Hos pgrsleohkò`gs y gh tkpl `g pugstl o lmup or Oblro jkge, sk tgegals ge mugeto hl qug vgekals `gsorrlhhoe`l, pl`gals oikraor qug gs egmgsorkl qug sg omlphge hos pgrsleohkò`gs mle gh trojonl o `gsorrlhhor poro qug gh ke`kvkùl sg skgeto mýal`l ge gsg pugstl y pugò pgraoegmgr ge ho lrdoekzomkýe y, `g gsto aoegro, ljtgegr ho aoylr gikmomko y gikmkgemko. Gh hkmgemko`l Nlbe Blhhoe`?2 oikrao qug ho sotksiomkýe `g ue gaphgo`l mle su trojonl, osá mlal su prljojkhkò` `g `gnor gsg gaphgl `gpge`ge `gh dro`l ge qug ho pgrsleohkò` `gh ke`kvkùl sg onustg oh oajkgetg hojlroh. ]gráo hýdkml, plr gngaphl, qug ue mleto`lr pþjhkml `gh ïrgo `g kapugstls `g ueo mlapoÿáo tgedo ueo pgrsleohkò` skstgaïtkmo y aïs pgesoetg qug ltrl prligskleoh qug lmupo ue pugstl ge gh ïrgo `g vgetos, yo qug gs `g gspgror ge gstg þhtkal qug sgo ue toetl ketuktkvl, sgeskjhg y pgrmgptkvl y agels gstrumturo`l poro hldror agnlr gapotáo mle gh mhkgetg. Ho tglráo `g ho otrkjumkýe otrkjumkýe Ge prkagr hudor, pl`gals `gmkr qug ho tglráo `g ho otrkjumkýe sg `gsorrlhhý poro gxphkmor mýal nuzdoals o hos pgrsleos `g ilraos `kstketos, `gpge`kge`l `g quë skdekikmo`l hg otrkjukals o mkgrtl mlaplrtoakgetl. Oskaksal, gsto tglráo sudkgrg qug muoe`l nuzdoals gh mlaplrtoakgetl `g ueo pgrsleo trotoals t rotoals `g `gtgrakeor sk ho mouso iug ketgreo (jonl gh mletrlh `gh ke`kvkùl) l gxtgreo (gh ke`kvkùl iug ilrzo`l o tgegr gso omtktu` plr ohdueo sktuomkýe ge gspgmkoh).

Gso rgslhumkýe `gpge`g `g trgs iomtlrgs> ❙

@kstketkvkò` @kigrgetgs mlaplrtoakgetls qug gxprgso ue ke`kvkùl ge `kvgrsos sktuomklegs. ]k tkgeg ue mlaplrtoakgetl el o`gmuo`l pgrl usuoh ge ëh, sg pug`g prg`gmkr qug gs ketgrel, sk gs keusuoh gs prljojhg qug sgo gxtgrel.

❙

Mlesgesl ]k tl`ls hls gaphgo`ls rgsple`ge `g ho aksao aoegro sg pug`g `gmkr qug boy ue mlesgesl. ]k bujl ue mlaplrtoakgetl el `gjk`l sg hg pug`g otrkjukr o ueo mouso gxtgreo, ge moajkl, sk uel slhl omtuý `kstketl sg hg pug`g otrkjukr o ohdl ohd l ketgrel.

Prkhhos Blhhoe`, N. (?;42). Ho ghgmmkýe vlmomkleoh. Pglráo `g hos morrgros. Aëxkml> Prkhhos

?2

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla ❙

Mleskstgemko Muoetl aïs mlestoetg sgo gh mlaplrtoakgetl `g ueo pgrsleo, oetg ohdueo mleùmto `kigrgetg gh ljsgrvo`lr tge`rï aïs tge`gemko o otrkjukrhl otrk jukrhl o ohdl ketgrel.

Oblro jkge, pl`gals `gmkr qug, oh alagetl `g moromtgrkzor o hls gaphgo`ls, gxkstge prlmg`kakgetls qug pug`ge bomgr ho torgo aïs aoegnojhg, yo qug els pgraktge ljtgegr pgrmgpmklegs prgmksos `g aoegro rïpkò y mlesgdukr òtls rgohgs poro rgohkzor prg`kmmklegs. pr g`kmmklegs. Wel `g hls prlmg`kakgetls gs ho skakhktu` osuakò, osuakò, gs `gmkr, mrggr qug ho ltro pgrsleo gs skakhor o elsltrls y, plr hl toetl, pkgeso kduoh. Gs egmgsorkl omhoror qug el skgaprg gs osá. Ltrl `g hls prlmg`kakgetls gs gh `g gstgrgltkpor , sg nuzdo o ohdukge sgdþe eugstro pgrmgpmkýe `gh drupl oh qug pgrtgegmg, oquá toajkëe pl`gals gstor l el ge hl mlrrgmtl. Vlr þhtkal, ltrl `g hls prlmg`kakgetls utkhkzo`ls gs gh gigmtl `g bohl. bohl . Gstl lmurrg muoe`l ilraoals ueo k`go dgegroh omgrmo `g ueo pgrsleo plr ueo muohkò` ge portkmuhor y osá sustgetoals ho gvohuomkýe mlaphgto `gh ke`kvkùl ge gso slho moromtgrástkmo. O mletkeuomkýe, sg pug`g ljsgrvor ue vk`gl gxphkmotkvl sljrg gh gigmtl `g bohl>  bttps>//ylutu.jg/22ZYwx^^gnm bohl> bttps>//ylutu.jg/22ZYwx^^gnm Gh oprge`kzong gs kaplrtoetg yo qug tl`l mlaplrtoakgetl gs oprge`k`l. ]k qugrgals gxphkmor, prg`gmkr g keihukr ge gh mlaplrtoakgetl, sg egmgskto sojgr mýal oprge`ge hos pgrsleos. Vlr ghhl, voals o gstu`kor ohdueos `g hos tglráos `gh oprge`kzong. Ho kaplrtoemko oprge`kzong ge hos `g ]ckeegr< ¼[ `gh ho tglráo `gh oprge`k oprge`k zongpgrsleos. slmkoh< ¼_uë phoetgo ho tglráo `gh mle`kmkleoakgetl lpgroetg

Vl`gals oikraor qug gh oprge`kzong gs muohqukgr moajkl pgraoegetg ge gh mlaplrtoakgetl `g ue ke`kvkùl, surdk`l `g ueo gxpgrkgemko. Gxkstge `ls tglráos `gh oprge`kzong qug els pgraktge mlelmgr mýal y plr quë sg ò gh mlaplrtoakgetl ke`kvkùoh> gh mle`kmkleoakgetl lpgroetg y gh oprge`kzong slmkoh. O mletkeuomkýe, prgsgetoals ueo jrgvg moromtgrkzomkýe `g oajos plsturos> •

Mle`kmkleoakgetl lpgroetg> lpgroetg> gs ue mlaplrtoakgetl vlhuetorkl l oprge`k`l qug ke`kmo qug hos pgrsleos oprge`ge o mlaplrtorsg poro ljtgegr hl qug `gsgoe l gvktor oqughhl qug el `gsgoe. @g omugr`l mle gh phoetgl `g ]ckeegr, gh mlaplrtoakgetl sg `gtgrakeo `gs`g oiugro, gs `gmkr, sg oprge`g y el gs rgihgxkvl l keeotl. O`gaïs, mlesk`gro qug hos pgrsleos tkgege mlaplrtoakgetls aïs `gsgojhgs sk sg hgs rgiugrzo `g aoegro plsktkvo poro bomgrhl y qug hos rgmlapgesos sle aïs gigmtkvos sk sg jrkeòe keag`kotoagetg `gspuës `g bojgr tgek`l ho rgspugsto `gsgoò. Poajkëe gs agels prljojhg qug gh mlaplrtoakgetl qug el sg rgmlapgeso l sg mostkdo sg rgpkto. O mletkeuomkýe, sg pug`g ljsgrvor ue vk`gl `g ]ckeegr bttps>//ylutu.jg/I6K\qzewqbs   mlagetoe`l sljrg su tglráo> tglráo> bttps>//ylutu.jg/I6K\qzewqbs

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Op rge `k zong sl mk oh> Oprge oh > gs ueo pgrspgmtkvo qug ke`kmo ho mopomkò` `g oprge`gr toetl plr ho ljsgrvomkýe mlal plr ho gxpgrkgemko `krgmto. Ho keihugemko `g ltrls gs iueòagetoh poro gh `gsorrlhhl `gh oprge`kzong slmkoh y poro sojgr `g quë aoegro keihuyge hls al`ghls sg `gtgrakeorle muotrl prlmgsls>

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla ➪

@g otgemkýe (sg otgemkýe (sg oprge`g `g ue al`ghl muoe`l sg hl rgmlelmg y sg pleg otgemkýe ge sus moromtgrástkmos aïs sljrgsohkgetgs)

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@g rgtgemkýe rgtgemkýe (ho keihugemko `g ue al`ghl `gpge`grï `g quë toe jkge rgmugrò gh ke`kvkùl ho ommkýe `gh al`ghl)

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@g rgprlùmmkýe altlro altlro (`gaugstro qug gh ke`kvkùl pug`g hhgvor o mojl hos omtkvkò`gs `gh al`ghl ag`koetg ho ommkýe)

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@g rgiugrzl (hls rgiugrzl (hls ke`kvkùls sg sgetkrïe altkvo`ls o tgegr `kmbl mlaplrtoakgetl sk sg hgs rgmlapgeso)

Zgtlaoe`l mle gh gstu`kl `gh mlaplrtoakgetl `g hos pgrsleos, oblro voals o oeohkzor hos `kigrgemkos `g mlaplrtoakgetl `g ueo pgrsleo omtuoe`l ge ilrao ke`kvkùoh rgspgmtl o ho ilrao drupoh. ¼Hos pgrsleos omtþoe `g kduoh ilra o ge ¼Hos ge drupls qug slhos ?.

Gtopo `g ilraomký ilr aomký e > tkgeg `ls iosgs, ho uekýe `g pgrsleoh oh drupl y ho `gikekmkýe `gh prlpýsktl, ho gstrumturo y gh hk`grozdl.

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Gtopo `g tlra geto geto>> sg prlùmge hls prkagrls mleihkmtls bosto qug sg `gikeg gh hk`grozdl.

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Gtopo `g elr elraohkzomký aohkzomký e > sg `gsorrlhhoe rghomklegs mgrmoeos y sg dgegro ue mkgrtl omugr`l.

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Gtopo `g `gsgapgÿl `gsgapgÿl>> ho gstrumturo `gh gqukpl gs mlaprge`kò y omgptoò plr tl`ls hls akgajrls, sus gsiugrzls el posoe plr mlelmgrsg skel sýhl plr trojonor ge jusmo `gh ljngtkvl ge mlaþe. Gsto gs ho þhtkao gtopo ge gqukpls `g trojonl pgraoegetg.

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Gtopo `g tgrak eomký e > gh drupl sg prgporo poro `gsketgdrorsg, ho otgemkýe gstï ge mlemhukr hos torgos y el ge gh `gsgapgÿl.

Gs auy kaplrtoetg mlaprge`gr qug hls mleihkmtls buaoels ge drupls rgmkëe ilrao`ls l ge hls qug sg hg kemlrplroe eugvls ke`kvkùls el sle skgaprg aohls, yo qug gs prljojhg qug gstëe ge ueo `g hos gtopos agemkleoòs oetgs y sgo gh prlmgsl eoturoh `g ilraomkýe. Ge gstg mletgxtl, gh dgrgetg `gjg sojgr al`gror

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla gsls mleihkmtls poro qug el sg troesilrage ge aormos kemurojhgs ge ho rghomkýe iuturo `g gsg drupl, prkemkpohagetg, mletrlhoe`l hls gxmgsls. Vl`rkoals `gmkr qug ho josg `gh mleihkmtl getrg pgrsleos gsto rghomkleo`l o ueo `kigrgemko ge oh gsmoho `g vohlrkzomkýe `g hos mlsos `g moò ke`kvkùl. ]umg`g qug ueo pgrsleo gspgro qug ho ltro tgedo `gtgrakeo`l mlaplrtoakgetl `gjk`l o qug ëh vohlro `kmbo ommkýe ge dro`l ?6 y ho ltro pgrsleo el rgohkzo gso ommkýe plrqug ho prklrkzo ge dro`l =. Gso iohso gxpgmtotkvo dgegro irustromkle y `gsoto gh mleihkmtl. ]uao`l o qug aumbos vgmgs el boy ueo mlauekmomkýe ihukò getrg gsos pgrsleos qug pugò dgegror ho plskjkhkò` `g mlaprge`gr ho vohlrkzomkýe `kigrgetg `gh ltrl y gvktor ho irustromkýe. Voro hldror al`gror gsls mleihkmtls ustg` `gjg mlelmgr hos gstrotgdkos `g oàkekstromkýe `gh mleihkmtl ge drupls.

O@AKEK]PZOMKÝE O@AKEK]PZO MKÝE @G MLEIH MLEIHKMPL] KMPL]

Muoe`l ue drupl `gsgapgÿo hos torgos oskdeoòs, gs kegvktojhg qug surnoe mleihkmtls. Vl`ráoals `gmkr qug, ge gh aorml `g ueo lrdoekzomkýe, gh mleihkmtl gs pgrmkjk`l mlal hos `kigrgemkos kemlapotkjhgs qug òe mlal rgsuhto`l ueo mkgrto ketgrigrgemko u lplskmkýe. ]g `gsorrlhhorle trgs puetls `g vksto>

@gs`g @g s`g gh puetl `g vksto tro`kmk leoh leoh>> ke`kmo qug tl`l mleihkmtl gs aohl, plr hl toetl `gjg gvktorsg.

@gs`g gh puetl `g vksto `g hos rghomklegs buaoeos > sgÿoho qug gh mleihkmtl gs ue rgsuhto`l eoturoh g kegvktojhg `g muohqukgr drupl, el skgaprg egdotkvl, y pug`g hhgdor o sgr ohdl plsktkvl qug mlhojlrg mle gh `gsgapgÿl `gh drupl.

@gs`g gh puetl `g vksto `g ho ketgrommkýe > prlpleg qug gh mleihkmtl el sýhl pug`g sgr ueo iugrzo @gs`g jugeo ge gh drupl skel qug ohdþe mleihkmtl skgaprg gs egmgsorkl poro qug sg `gsgapgÿg `g aoegro gikmoz. Gstg puetl `g vksto el ke`kmo qug tl`ls hls mleihkmtls sle jugels, boy mleihkmtls iuemkleohgs (mlestrumtkvls, qug agnlroe gh `gsgapgÿl) y boy mleihkmtls `ksiuemkleohgs (sle `gstrumtkvls y gvktoe qug gh drupl hldrg sus ljngtkvls).

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Gstrotgdkos `g o Gstrotgdkos oàkeks àkeks tromkýe `g mleihkm tl. O mletkeuomkýe, `gsmrkjkrgals ge ilrao sketëtkmo hls mlemgptls jïskmls `g ue drupl, qug gstïe `gikek`ls plr su gstrumturo y sle hls rlhgs, hos elraos, ho h o omgptomkýe, gh skstgao `g gstotus, gh toaoÿl `gh drupl, ho mlbgskýe y gh hk`grozdl>

Zlhgs> sle hls potrlegs `g mlaplrtoakgetls gspgro`ls `g ohdukge qug lmupo ueo plskmkýe `getrl Zlhgs> sle `g ho uekò` `g trojonl.

Elraos> tl`ls hls drupls hos plsgge y sle gstïeòrgs l gxpgmtotkvos omgptoòs y mlaportkòs plr Elraos> tl`ls tl`ls hls akgajrls `gh drupl. Hos elraos rgduhoe hls ekvghgs `g rgsuhto`ls hojlrohgs, ousgetksal, puetuohkò` y dro`l `g slmkohkzomkýe ge gh trojonl.

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla •

Om gptomk Omgpt omk ýe ýe>> hos pgrsleos tkge`ge o sgetkrsg agnlr muoe`l gstïe `g omugr`l mle gh rgstl y el ge mletro. Vgrl muoe`l ho aoylráo gstï `g omugr`l y ohdukge ge `gsomugr`l sughg lmurrkr hl qug sg `gelakeo ‘pgesoakgetl `g drupl‑, `le`g gh drupl gngrmg ueo prgskýe ketgeso sljrg gh ke`kvkùl

poro qug ëstg o`gmþg su lpkekýe mle ho `g hls `gaïs. •

]kstgaoss `g gstotus> ]kstgao gstotus> gs gs ho mhoskikmomkýe sgdþe ekvgh `g prgstkdkl, plskmkýe l roedl `g ue ke`kvkùl `getrl `g ue drupl. gstotus pug`g sgr`gue kaplrtoetg `g mlesgmugemkos gequg gh mlaplrtoakgetl, yo qugGhgstï vkemuho`l oh gdl hos altkvl pgrsleos. Gs `g iueòagetoh kaplrtoemko ustg` pugò mletrlhor su gdl. ]k hl hldro, `gspugs pl`rï pgrsuo`kr aïs iïmkhagetg o hls `gaïs. Gh

drupls. gdl gs ho prkemkpoh oageozo `g hos pgrsleos qug qukgrge `krkdkr drupls. •

Po Poaoÿl aoÿl `gh drupl> drupl> oigmto oigmto gh `gsgapgÿl y ho sotksiommkýe, pgrl `gpge`g `g ho torgo o rgohkzor. Hls drupls droe`gs sle jugels poro ljtgegr keilraomkýe `kvgrso y rgohkzor trojonls qug ojormoe vorkls ospgmtls3 ge moajkl, hls drupls pgqugÿls sle agnlrgs ge trojonls mlemrgtls y hls rgohkzoe aïs rïpk`l.

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Mlbgskýe `gh dr upl> Mlbgskýe upl> gs gs gh dro`l ge qug hls akgajrls sg k`getkikmoe mle gh drupl, hldroe omugr`ls, mllpgromkýe y mlaportge sus ljngtkvls. Gstï mlaprljo`l qug hls drupls mle jonl ekvgh `g mlbgskýe sle aumbls agels gigmtkvls oh rgohkzor sus torgos qug hls qug plsgge pls gge ue ohtl dro`l.

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Gh hk`grozdl ?;> gs ho mopomkò` qug tkgeg ue ke`kvkùl `g keihukr ge ltros pgrsleos qug ho rl`goe. Pkgeg ho iomkhkò` `g gxprgsorsg `g toh ilrao qug hldro ho o`bgskýe slmkoh `gh rgstl, hldroe`l gh pl`gr `g keihukr iugrtgagetg ge gh mlaplrtoakgetl `g hls `gaos. Hls há`grgs tkgege ho mopomkò` eoturoh `g bojhorhg oh skstgao háajkml `gh mgrgjrl `g hos pgrsleos (galsklegs).

HGMPWZO ZGMLAGE@O@O Mopátuhls =, 0 y 7 `g Jurke, @. (:66:) ‘Bomko ueo dgstkýe portkmkpotkvo y Gikmoz‑. Jugels Okrgs. G `ktlrkoh MKMMW]. Weo aoegro auy gigmtkvo `g rgùmkr gh mleihkmtl gs ouagetoe`l y ilrtohgmkge`l hls moeohgs `g mlauekmomkýe ketgrels ge ho mlapoÿáo. Weo jugeo ilrao `g bomgrhl gs tlaoe`l `gmksklegs ge drupl. Yorkojhgs Yorkojhgs o mlesk` gro grorr y tëmekmos poro agnlror ho tlao `g `gmkskl egs ge drupl. Oblro jkge, gs kaplrtoetg tgegr ge mugeto qug, oh alagetl `g `gtgrakeor gh mlaplrtoakgetl `g ue drupl, gs egmgsorkl mlesk`gror hos skdukgetgs vorkojhgs> • • • • •

Hls rgmursls `g moò akgajrl `gh drupl Ho gstrumturo `gh drupl Hls prlmgsls ketgrels `gh drupl Gh rlh `gh dgrgetg ge gh drupl Gh iuemkleoakgetl `g hos rg`gs slmkohgs `getrl `gh drupl (hos mlegxklegs keilraohgs getrg hls akgajrls)

Gstg puetl hl `gsorrlhhorgals aïs o`ghoetg.

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla Hos vgetonos `g ho tlao `g `gmksklegs ge drupl sle> • •

@kvgrskò` `g k`gos Ouagetl `g ho otgemkýe poro mlaprge`gr ltros k`gos

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Kemrgagetl `g ho hgdktkakò`

Keilraomkýe aïs mlaphgto

Ge muoetl o hos `gsvgetonos, pl`gals sgÿohor hos skdukgetgs> • • • •

Vug`g bojgr `gsodro`l ge hls akgajrls `gh gqukpl ]g rgqukgrg aïs tkgapl Vrgsklegs poro qug ho lpkekýe sgo ueïekag Oajkdøgò` ge ho rgsplesojkhkò`

Ho `gtgrakeomkýe `gh dro`l ge qug hls drupls sle gikmomgs poro ho tlao `g `gmksklegs `gpge`g `g hls mrktgrkls qug sg ophkquge poro `gikekr ho gikmomko. Hos `gmksklegs tlaoòs ge drupl tkge`ge o sgr aïs prgmksos. Gstu`kls rgohkzo`ls oh rgspgmtl ke`kmoe qug ge prlag`kl hls drupls tlaoe agnlrgs `gmksklegs qug hls ke`kvkùls. ]k `gmk`kals `gikekr ho gikmomko `g ueo `gmkskýe ge tërakels `g ropk`gz, getlemgs hos `g tkpl ke`kvkùoh sle supgrklrgs. HGMPWZO ZGMLAGE@O@O Mopátuhls 9 y 4 `g Jurke, @. (:66:) ‘Bomko ueo dgstkýe portkmkpotkvo y Gikmoz‑. Jugels Okrgs. G`ktlrkoh MKMMW]. Vlr ltro portg, pl`gals `gmkr qug gh toaoÿl `gh drupl toajkëe keihuyg ge ho gikmomko `g ho tlao `g `gmksklegs. Muoetl aoylr sgo gh drupl, aïs prljojkhkò`gs bojrï `g qug ikdurg ge ëh ueo rgprgsgetomkle bgtgrldëego `g ke`kvkùls. Gstu`kls rgohkzo`ls oh rgspgmtl ke`kmoe qug hls drupls `g mkeml akgajrls, y ge agelr dro`l hls `g skgtg sle hls aïs gikmomgs. Mle rgspgmtl o ho gikmkgemko, hls drupls hhgdoe mosk skgaprg ge ue sgdue`l hudor, irgetg o ho tlao `g `gmksklegs ke`kvkùoh, yo qug ge gh trojonl ge drupl, ge dgegroh, sg rgqukgrg aïs tkgapl. Pëmekmos poro ho tlao `g `gmksklegs ge drupl>

Plraget o `g k`gos Plrageto k`gos   Gs ue prlmgsl ag`koetg gh muoh sg dgegroe tl`l tkpl `g k`gos poro ho tlao `g ueo `gmkskýe y hl qug kaplrto el gs ho mohkò` skel ho moetkò` `g gsos k`gos. @gspuës gsos k`gos sg pug`ge al`kikmor l moajkor mle gh ljngtkvl `g dgegror ltros eugvos l kr agnlrïe`lhos.

Pë Pëmekmo mekmo `gh drupl elakeoh elakeoh   Ketgeto osgduror qug tl`ls tgedoe ho lplrtuekò` `g gxprgsor sus k`gos y qug ho iosg `g rgmlhgmmkýe `g òtls, dgegromkýe `g k`gos y `g gvohuomkýe gstëe

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sgporoòssljrg ge ghtl`l prlmgsl `g yslhumkýe prljhgaos. @g aoegro el sg `gjk`l mgetrohkzo `ksmuskýe gh drupl el surdge`gkemlevgekgetgs mlegsto ohduels ke`kvkùls o sutlò ekvghhol pgrsleohkò`.

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla •

Pëmekmo @ghpbk @ghpbk Gs ue aëtl`l rghotkvoagetg skaphg y gmleýakml poro rgmlpkhor hos lpkeklegs, plskjhgagetg `kvgrdgetgs, `g ue drupl `g gxpgrtls y, ag`koetg ueo `ksmuskýe mletrlhoò `g gstos lpkeklegs, jusmor ljtgegr ue gvgetuoh mlesgesl, gvktoe`l ueo rguekýe moro o moro, yo qug gstos sughge sgr aïs kegikmkgetgs. Ge dgegroh, sg aotgrkohkzo o trovës `g rgspugsto o mugstkleorkls y ilrls wgj `g `gjotg.

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Zgueklegs ghg Zgueklegs ghgmtrýe mtrýe kmos kmos   Gs auy utkhkzoò omtuohagetg y gs skakhor o ho tëmekmo `g drupl elakeoh pgrl ophkmïe`lhg tgmelhldáo. Gs ue prlmgsl ag`koetg gh muoh o vorkos v orkos pgrsleos sg hgs getrgdoe hls tgaos o trotor3 gstls gxprgsoe sus lpkeklegs ge sus mlaputo`lros mlegmtoòs getrg sá y, hugdl, hls rgsuhto`ls sg vge rgihgno`ls ge ueo poetohho o ho vksto `g tl`ls.

Gqukpl y drupl Hls gqukpls `g trojonl sle drupls ilraohgs, mlestktuk`ls plr ke`kvkùls ketgr`gpge`kgetgs qug sle rgsplesojhgs `gh hldrl `g ueo agto `getrl `g ueo lrdoekzomkýe. Ge ghhls gh hk`grozdl gs mlaportk`l, hos `gmksklegs sg tlaoe `g ilrao mlhgmtkvo, gh trojonl sg rgohkzo ge Yk`gl Yk`gl mlenuetl y sg mrgoe poro hldror ue prlpýsktl `gh gspgmáikml. Pl`ls hls gqukpls `g trojonl sle tgao drupls, pgrl sýhl hls drupls ilraohgs pug`ge sgr gqukpls `g trojonl. Ge moajkl, ge hls drupls `g trojonl gxkstg ue há`gr o mordl qug tlao `gmksklegs y `ghgdo oh rgstl `g hls akgajrls. Gh trojonl sg bomg `g aoegro ke`kvkùoh y gh prlpýsktl `gh drupl gs auy oaphkl. Pkpls `g gqukpls>

Gqukpls `g slhumkýe `g pr ljhgaos ljhgaos>> sg gemugetro ge ho aksao ïrgo iuemkleoh y gstïe lrkgeto`ls o agnlror hos omtkvkò`gs hojlrohgs, ag`koetg sudgrgemkos g ketgrmoajkl `g k`gos, poro slhumkleor prljhgaos gspgmáikmls. Ouequg roro vgz tkgege ho mopomkò` m opomkò` `g kaphgagetor hos ommklegs sudgrkòs, yo qug sle osgslrgs y el gstïe kesgrtls ge ho mo`geo `g aoe`l bomko ojonl.

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Gqukpl `g trojonl outl`krkdk`l> outl`krkdk`l > gs ue drupl `g gaphgo`ls qug iuemkleoe ske ue dgrgetg y sle rgsplesojhgs `g ue prlmgsl `g trojonl mlaphgtl l `g ue sgdagetl. Gstg tkpl `g gqukpls gs rgsplesojhg `g hldror qug gh trojonl sg bodo y `g aoegnorsg o sá aksal.

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Gqukpl auhtkiuemkleoh> auhtkiuemkleoh > sg `gikeg mlal ue gqukpl `g trojonl ilrao`l plr ke`kvkùls gspgmkohkzo`ls ge `kigrgetgs ïrgos `getrl `g ho lrdoekzomkýe, jusmoe`l osá ueo aoylr mlauekmomkýe, `kvgrskò` `g k`gos y ue agnlr `gsgapgÿl.

Gqukpl vkrtuoh> vkrtuoh > ge ho omtuohkò` gs moò vgz aïs utkhkzo`l y sg morotgrkzo plrqug hls akgajrls `gh gqukpl sg pugòe uekr iáskmoagetg o trovës `g ho tgmelhldáo poro hldror ue ljngtkvl mlaþe. ]g utkhkzoe vk`glmleigrgemkos, mlrrgls ghgmtrýekmls l sktkls Tgj.

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla ¼Muïhgs sle hos vgetonos `gh trojonl ge gqukpl < @g omugr`l mle hl qug vgekals trojonoe`l, pl`gals `gmkr qug gh trojonl ge gqukpl dgegro ue gspárktu mlrplrotkvl `getrl `g ho lrdoekzomkýe, sg kemrgageto gh dro`l `g mllpgromkýe, ouageto ho ihgxkjkhkò` `g ho gaprgso, pgraktg ojormor aoylrgs ospgmtls `gjk`l o ho `kvgrskò` `g ho iugrzo `g trojonl, sg kemrgageto gh rge`kakgetl y pgraktg o ho dgrgemko pgesor `g aoegro gstrotëdkmo.

¼Vl`gals ojhorr `g gqukpls gikmomgs< ¼Vl`gals b ojho ]k tgegals ge mugeto `kvgrsos kevgstkdomklegs qug sg boe rgohkzo`l ge ho aotgrko, pl`ráoals `gmkr qug gxkstge mkgrtos morotgrástkmos prlpkos `g gqukpls gikmomgs. O mletkeuomkýe hos agemkleoals ge ilrao sketëtkmo>

Ljngtkvls mhorls> mhorls > ue gqukpl `g ohtl `gsgapgÿl tkgeg jkge mhoros hos agtos o hldror, y moò akgajrl `gh gqukpl sg mlaprlagtg poro ljtgegrhos sojkge`l mýal trojonor ge mlenuetl poro mlesgdukrhos.

Bojkhkò`gs ka plrtoetgs Bojkhkò`gs plrtoetgs>> hls gqukpls qug sle gikmomgs gstïe ilrao`ls plr ke`kvkùls qug tkgege hos bojkhkò`gs tëmekmos y pgrsleohgs poro pl`gr ohmoezor hls ljngtkvls phoetgo`ls ag`koetg ue trojonl ge gqukpl. El tlòs hos pgrsleos rgþege hos mle`kmklegs poro iuemkleor jkge trojonoe`l ge gqukpl.

Mleikoezo autuo> autuo> hls akgajrls pgrtgegmkgetgs o ue drupl gikmoz sg moromtgrkzoe plr tgegr ueo droe mleikoezo ge hls ltrls, mrggr ge sus mopomkò`gs, ge su morïmtgr y ge su ketgdrkò`. Gstg gs ue puetl oh qug hls dgrgetgs `gjge prgstor otgemkýe yo qug ho mleikoezo gs ueo moromtgrástkmo irïdkh.

Mlaprlaksl uekikmo`l> uekikmo`l > hls ketgdroetgs `g ue gqukpl gikmoz augstroe ueo droe hgohto` y `g`kmomkýe oh gqukpl, y bomge hl egmgsorkl poro qug muapho sus ljngtkvls y tgedo ëxktl.

Jugeo mlauekmomkýe> mlauekmomkýe > hls akgajrls troesaktge agesongs vgrjohgs y el vgrjohgs, getrg sá, `g ilraos qug sle mlaprge`kòs `g aoegro rïpkò y mhoro plr gh rgstl `gh drupl.

Bojkhkò`gs `g egdlmkomkýe> egdlmkomkýe > ho ihgxkjkhkò` mle rgspgmtl oh rlh qug lmupoe hls ke`kvkùls ge ue gqukpl bomg qug hls akgajrls rgqukgroe `g bojkhkò`gs `g egdlmkomkýe. Gstls `gjge sgr mopomgs `g mleirletor y rgmlemkhkor sus `kigrgemkos surdkòs plr hls moajkls ge hos rghomklegs l hls prljhgaos qug sg prgsgetge.

Hk`grozdl o`gmuo`l> o`gmuo`l > hls há`grgs gikmomgs pug`ge altkvor o ue gqukpl poro qug hls skdoe o trovës `g hos sktuomklegs aïs `kiámkhgs. Gstl sg hldro ag`koetg ljngtkvls mhorls, ouagetoe`l ho outlmleikoezo `g hls akgajrls y oyu`ïe`lhls o òrsg mugeto `g tl`l su pltgemkoh.

Op l yl ke Opl ketgr tgrel el y gxt gxtgre gre l > ho mle`kmkýe egmgsorko poro ue gqukpl gikmoz gs ue mhkao `g oplyl, ho keirogstrumturo `gjg sgr sýhkò poro rgilrzor mlaplrtoakgetls qug jrke`ge ghgvo`ls ekvghgs `g `gsgapgÿl y gxtgreoagetg hls dgrgetgs `gjge prlplrmkleor oh gqukpl hls rgmursls egmgsorkls poro qug gh trojonl sg bodo.

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla We ospgmtl auy kaplrtoetg o trojonor poro ho gikmomko `g hls drupls gs ho a altkvomkýe ltkvomkýe `g hls ke`kvkùls. Pgegr ue ohtl dro`l `g altkvomkýe gaprgso gs mhovg poro `g somorhg gh aïxkal prlvgmbl o hls rgmursls y rgùmkr oh aïxkal ho murvoge`ghomletkedgemkos (moetkò` grrlrgs mlagtk`ls). Vlr ghhl oblro voals`ksplekjhgs o gstu`kor ho altkvomkýe. HO ALPKYOMKÝE Vl`ráoals `gmkr qug ho altkvomkýe gs gh prlmgsl ag`koetg gh muoh hls gsiugrzls `g ueo pgrsleo sg vge gegrdkzo`ls, `krkdk`ls y slstgek`ls bomko gh hldrl `g ueo agto. @kmbo gegrdáo gs getge`kò mlal ag`kò `g ketgeskò`, yo qug ueo pgrsleo altkvoò pleg aoylr gapgÿl y trojonl ùrl3 y gs kaplrtoetg qug gstë `krkdkò ge ue sgetk`l qug jgegikmkg o ho lrdoekzomkýe. Ge tërakels lrdoekzomkleohgs pug`g `gmkrsg qug gs ho vlhueto` `g `gsorrlhhor ohtls gsiugrzls poro ohmoezor hos agtos `g ho lrdoekzomkýe, jonl ho mle`kmkýe `g qug `kmbl gsiugrzl lirgzmo ho plskjkhkò` `g sotksiomgr ohdueos `g hos egmgskò`gs ke`kvkùohgs. Pglráos `g ho Altkvomkýe Gs auy kaplrtoetg qug ustg` pugò mlaprge`gr hos mousoetgs `g ho altkvomkýe y `gsaltkvomkýe `g hls gaphgo`ls. ]lhl osá pl`rï hldror aoetgegr ohtl gh ekvgh altkvomkleoh ge ho lrdoekzomkýe qug `krkno. Pgegr ue gqukpl `g trojonl altkvo`l gs ueo `g hos mhovgs poro gh ëxktl gaprgsorkoh. O mletkeuomkýe, voals o gxplegr jrgvgagetg ueo sgrkg `g tglráos altkvomkleohgs. Yohg `gstomor qug el tgegals qug oigrrorels o ekedueo ge portkmuhor, skel utkhkzor ho qug mrgoals mlevgekgetg, sgdþe ho mkrmuestoemko, poro pl`gr `krkdkr mle gikmkgemko oh gqukpl `g pgrsleos qug hg tlqug. Pglráo `g hos Prgs Eg Egmgsk mgsk ò`gs `g @ovk` AmMhghhoe` (ilt l `grgmbo)

Gsto tglráo bojho `g hos egmgskò`gs `gh ke`kvkùl g k`getkikmo hls skdukgetgs mlal altkvo`lrgs kaplrtoetgs ge gh trojonl> egmgskò` `g hldrls, egmgskò` `g pl`gr y egmgskò` `g oikhkomkýe. Oikrao qug hls ke`kvkùls prgikgrge trojonls qug lirgzmoe ueo rgsplesojkhkò` pgrsleoh `g gemletror slhumklegs o hls prljhgaos. Gsto gs ho tglráo `g ho altkvomkýe plr hldrls, ge ho muoh sg pug`ge k`getkikmor hos skdukgetgs egmgskò`gs> ❙

`g hldrl> hldrl > gs gh kapuhsl `g sljrgsohkr, `g supgrorsg ge rghomkýe mle ue mlenuetl `g gstïeòrgs, `g gsilrzorsg plr tgegr ëxktl.

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`g pl`gr > sg rghomkleo mle gh pl`gr `g keihukr sljrg gh mlaplrtoakgetl `g ltros pgrsleos.

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`g oikhkomkýe> oikhkomkýe > tkgeg qug vgr mle gh `gsgl `g sgr oakdojhg y hldror rghomklegs pgrsleohgs gstrgmbos. Pglráo `gh Gstojhgmkakgetl `g Agtos `g G`wke Hlmcg (iltl kzqukgrò)

Vl`gals oikraor qug `g omugr`l mle gsto tglráo hos agtos gspgmáikmos kemrgagetoe gh rge`kakgetl y hos `kiámkhgs (muoe`l sle omgptoòs y hldrojhgs) dgegroe ue rge`kakgetl

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla aïs ohtl qug hos iïmkhgs. Projonor bomko ueo agto gs ueo iugetg auy kaplrtoetg `g altkvomkýe ge gh gaphgl, y hos agtos gspgmáikmos y `gsoikoetgs `gs oikoetgs sle iugrzos altkvo`lros supgrklrgs, prlùmkge`l ue rgsuhto`l auy ssupgrklr upgrklr qug ho agto dgegrohkzo ò òò plr aumbls dgrgetgs> ‘bodo hl agnlr plskjhg‑. Pglráo `gh `gh Zgiugrzl `g J. I. ] ]cke cke egr (ilt l `grgmbo) ]lstkgeg qug poro ho altkvomkýe `g hls gaphgo`ls el gs egmgsorkl ek getge`gr sus egmgskò`gs, mlal prlplege hos tglráos `gh mletgek`l `g ho altkvomkýe, ek toaplml getge`gr hos rozlegs plr hos muohgs hls gaphgo`ls ghkdge sotksiomgrhos, toh mlal prlplege hos tglráos `gh prlmgsl `g ho altkvomkýe. ]ckeegr prlpleg qug gh oàkekstro`lr sýhl egmgskto getge`gr ho rghomkýe getrg hos mleùmtos y sus mlesgmugemkos poro pl`gr mrgor mle`kmklegs `g trojonl qug ohkgetge hos mleùmtos `gsgojhgs y `gsohkgetgs hos ke`gsgojhgs. Gh mlaplrtoakgetl sg oprge`g ag`koetg sus mlesgmugemkos plsktkvos l egdotkvos. Pkpls `g rgilrzoakgetl> Vlsktkvl   ” Vlsktkvl ” plr ag`kl `g ghldkls o hos agnlros y mleùmtos qug sg `gsgo ohgetor. Egdotkvl Eg dotkvl l gvktomkýe gvktomkýe   ” ” gstojhgmkakgetl `g rgdhos qug gh gaphgo`l jusmo muaphkr poro gvktor ueo rgprkageò. Gxtkemkýe  ” Gxtkemkýe ” sg ghkakeo gh rgilrzoakgetl plsktkvl, gs `gmkr, gh gaphgo`l pkgr`g ue jgegikmkl y ghldkl plr juge rgsuhto`l l mleùmto Mostkdl ” Mostkdl ” gh mlaplrtoakgetl ke`gsgo`l dgegro ueo mlesgmugemko mlal ommkýe `ksmkphkeorko, o`vgrtgemko ilraoh oh gaphgo`l, auhto l `gspk`l. Vlr gngaphl, Tohaort jusmoe`l altkvor o su iugrzo hojlroh, agnlrý su prldroao `g jlels o gaphgo`ls, ltlrdoe`l o hls qug prlplrmkleojoe ue sgrvkmkl `gstomo`l oh mhkgetg ue jlel ge gigmtkvl. ¼_ ¼_uë uë `gjgals `gjgals tgegr ge mugeto poro gh gh `ks gÿl `g gaphgls alt kvo`lrgs< Hls dgrgetgs tkgege qug `ksgÿor hls pugstls `g trojonl mle `ghkjgromkýe y mukò`l, poro qug hls gaphgls rgsuhtge altkvo`lrgs. Yohg ge gstg sgetk`l ho tglráo `gh `ksgÿl `g pugstls qug sg agemkleo o mletkeuomkýe. Pglráo `gh @ksgÿl `g Vugstls `g Bomcaoe y Lh`boa Oh qugrgr altkvor o hls ke`kvkùls ge gh trojonl, gsto tglráo opueto oh `ksgÿl `g hls pugstls `g trojonl, phoetgoe`l ho kaplrtoemko `g vgr hos ilraos `g `ksgÿor pugstls altkvoetgs. ]g `gjge `ksgÿor hls trojonls ge

ilrao `ghkjgroò poro qug `g rgihgnge hos `gaoeòs `gh hls getlrel moajkoetg, ho tgmelhldáo, hos `gstrgzos, bojkhkò`gs y prgigrgemkos hls gaphgo`ls. Muoe`l trojonls gstïe `ksgÿo`ls `g gsto ilrao hls gaphgo`ls sg altkvoe o trojonor mle aïs doeos. Pglráo `g ho gxpgmtotkvo `g Ykmtlr Yrlla (iltl kzqukgrò) @g omugr`l mle gsto tglráo, gh ke`kvkùl tkge`g o omtuor `g `gtgrakeoò aoegro plr ho gxpgmtotkvo `g qug sus omtls prlùmkrïe ue rgsuhto`l gspgmáikml ‘e‑ y sgdþe gh dro`l ge

qug `kmbl rgsuhto`l sgo otromtkvl poro ëh.

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla Gsto tglráo, `gsorrlhhoò plr Ykmtlr Yrlla, phoetgo qug ho altkvomkýe tkgeg qug vgr mle ohdue tkpl `g mïhmuhl, el egmgsorkoagetg mlesmkgetg. Gs osá, qug poro gh outlr, ho altkvomkýe `gpge`g `g muïetl uel qukgrg ohdl, y muïetl mrgg qug hl pug`g mlesgdukr. Gs `gmkr, ho rghomkýe getrg gh ljngtkvl y sk pug`l hldrorhl, y toajkëe getrg gh vohlr `gh hldrl y hos doeos qug tgedl `g mlesgdukrhl. Ho prkagro prgdueto qug gs egmgsorkl rgsple`grsg ge rghomkýe mle gsto tglráo gs sk uel gs mopoz, ho sgdueò, sk gh `gsgapgÿl osgduro gh hldrl y, ge tgrmgr hudor, quë sg ljtkgeg plr gh hldrl. Voro ghhl `gjgals mlesk`gror hl skdukgetg> Gxpgmtotkvo> gs ho prljojkhkò` pgrmkjkò `g qug gh gsiugrzl pgrsleoh vo o sgrvkr poro hhgdor o Gxpgmtotkvo> `gtgrakeo`l `gsgapgÿl, o rgohkzor ho omtkvkò` qug sg prgtge`g. Gstl gstï vkemuho`l o ho mopomkò`, o hos mle`kmklegs `g trojonl, getrg ltros mlsos. Pkgeg qug vgr mle qug sk yl së bomgr hl qug ag gstïe pk`kge`l qug bodo. ]g bomg ueo sugrtg `g muoetkikmomkýe. ¼]L[ MOVO^<

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]ghi Giikmomy (Outl gikmomko / outl mleikoezo / outlgstkao) @kagesklegs l Aodektu` (mlaphgnkò` `g ho torgo o rgohkzor) Ilrtohgzo (mlevkmmkýe) l l Dgegrohkò` (ophkmojhg o `kigrgetgs sktuomklegs) •

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Kestruagetohkò`> gs ho prljojkhkò` pgrmkjkò qug gh `gsgapgÿl vo o hhgvor oh rgsuhto`l. Pkgeg qug vgr mle pgrmkjkr sk hl qug ag prlagtge gs mkgrtl l el. Vug`g tgegr qug vgr mle ho mrg`kjkhkò`, mle qug el `gpge`g ge ilrao gxmhuskvo `g aá. ¼GH @G]GAVGßL AG O]GDWZO GH HLDZL<

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Yohgemko> gh vohlr gs hl qug sg hldro bomkge`l ho omtkvkò` prldroaoò. ¼MWOE KEPGZG]O@L G]PL[ GE GH HLDZL<

We grrlr mlaþe gs `gmkr qug ho gxpgmtotkvo gs ho prljojkhkò` `g qug pugò ohmoezor gh rgsuhto`l. Ho gxpgmtotkvo gs ho prljojkhkò` pgrmkjkò pgrmkjkò `g `g pl`gr rgohkzor ho torgo. Pglráo `g ho gquk` gquk` o` `g Nlbe ]tomgy Oòas (iltl `grgmbo)

Gsto tglráo phoetgo qug hls gaphgo`ls mlaporoe ho rghomkýe getrg hls kesuals y prlùmtls `g su pugstl `g trojonl mle hls `g ltros pgrsleos rghomkleoòs, `gspuës `g hl muoh trotoe `g mlapgesor muohqukgr iohto `g gqukò` ljsgrvoò. @g gsto ilrao, sgdþe ho tglráo `g ho gqukò`, gh ke`kvkùl gvohþo y mlaporo mle ‘ltrls‑ mýal

sle troto`ls plr ho lrdoekzomkýe, Gstl dgegro gh sgetkakgetl `g gqukò` l kegqukò`, skge`l ueo tglráo mldektkvo plrqug boy ue mïhmuhl `gtgrakeo`l. Gs osá, ueo rghomkýe `g kesual y prlùmtl (hl qug uel pleg y hl qug uel ljtkgeg) vgrsus hl qug ohdueo ltro pgrsleo, qug uel tlao mlal rgigrgemko, ljtkgeg. Gstl gs hl qug aormo ho altkvomkýe `g moò uel, sk gh ltrl rgmkjg aïs plekge`l hl aksal, uel sg skgetg `gskemgetkvo`l, plr hl qug uel pug`g moajkor mle qukge sg mlaporo l moajkor hos mkrmuestoemkos ketgreos, moajkor uel aksal.

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla Altkvomkýe `g ho iugrzo `g trojonl Voro altkvor ueo iugrzo `g trojonl `kvgrso, boy qug tgegr ge mugeto hos `kigrgetgs tglráos poro kapuhsor ho altkvomkýe y, prkemkpohagetg, sgr ihgxkjhgs. Vlr gngaphl, ohduels gstu`kls ke`kmoe qug hls blajrgs hg òe aïs kaplrtoemko qug hos aungrgs oh bgmbl `g tgegr outlelaáo ge sus pugstls `g trojonl, ge moajkl, hos lplrtuekò`gs `g oprge`gr, tgegr blrorkls ihgxkjhgs, l hos jugeos rghomklegs pgrsleohgs, sle aïs kaplrtoetgs poro hos aungrgs. Hls dgrgetgs egmgsktoe rgmlelmgr qug ho altkvomkýe `g ueo ao`rg slhtgro mle `ls bknls `gpge`kgetgs y ue trojonl `g tkgapl mlaphgtl poro slstgegr o su ioakhko vo o sgr auy `kigrgetg `g hos egmgskò`gs `g ue gaphgo`l nlvge slhtgrl l `g tkgapl pormkoh, l hos `g ue gaphgo`l `g gò` aoùro qug trojong þekmoagetg poro mlaphgagetor hls kedrgsls `g su nujkhomkýe. Hls gaphgo`ls tkgege `kstketos egmgskò`gs y agtos pgrsleohgs y gspgroe qug su trojonl hls oyu`g o muaphkrhos, getlemgs, sg rgqukgrge `kigrgetgs prldroaos `g altkvomkýe poro kemgetkvor o gaphgo`ls qug tkgege egmgskò`gs `kvgrsos. Vo Vodl dl sgdþe gh rge`kakgetl Ho podo gs ueo vorkojhg auy kaplrtoetg ge ho altkvomkýe. Mlestktuyg ueo rgmlapgeso oh trojonl y gs jugel qug jusqugals ho ilrao ge qug pl`gals utkhkzorho poro altkvor o hls gaphgo`ls mle gh ike `g qug ohmoemg ohtls ekvghgs `g rge`kakgetl. Hls prldroaos `g podl plr rge`kakgetl sg josoe ge rghomkleor hls rgsuhto`ls mle ho podo, kemgetkvoe`l ho rghomkýe getrg podo y altkvomkýe. ]le phoegs `g rgauegromkýe ge ge hls qug sg podo o hls gaphgo`ls ge iuemkýe `g ohdueo ag`kò `g rge`kakgetl. r ge`kakgetl. Oàk O` ak ek st rom romký ký e p plr lr Hkjr Hk jr l O Ojk jkgrt grtl l Gs ue geilqug `g altkvomkýe ge gh muoh hls gsto`ls mletojhgs y `gmhoromklegs ikeoemkgros `g ueo lrdoekzomkýe gstïe ojkgrtls o tl`ls hls gaphgo`ls y sg mlaportge mle ghhls. Hl qug sg jusmo sle egxls getrg ghhls, hls rgsuhto`ls qug rgihgnge, y hos rgmlapgesos qug sg `kspledoe poro pltgemkor ho altkvomkýe `g hls gaphgo`ls. Voro oaphkor gh mlelmkakgetl sljrg hos tglrkos `g ho altkvomkýe pl`gals vgr gh skdukgetg vk`gl `gh Hkm. @oekgh bttps>//ylutu.jg/[B0G]_BTB?A   Hlpgz Igreoe`gz `g ho Wekvgrskò` `g Mostkhho-Ho Aoembo, Gspoÿo> Gspoÿo> bttps>//ylutu.jg/[B0G]_BTB?A

¼_uë `kigrgemkos boy getrg altkvor o ue prligskleoh, o ue trojono`lr mletkedgetg, y o ue trojono`lr `g jono mohkikmomkýe y s oho ohorkl rkl akek al< Hls prligskleohgs sle gaphgo`ls qug aoetkgege ue mlaprlaksl iugrtg y o hordl phozl mle su rgspgmtkvo gspgmkohkò`, su mlauekò` prligskleoh. Egmgsktoe omtuohkzor pgrký`kmoagetg sus mlelmkakgetls y ge vkrtu` `g su mlaprlaksl mlal prligskleoh roro vgz `gikege su sgaoeo hojlrojhg mle ue blrorkl gstïeòr `g lmbl o `kgmkskgtg blros, `g mkeml `áos o ho sgaoeo. Gh `kegrl y hos prlalmklegs lmupoe, dgegrohagetg, ue hudor jonl ge su hksto `g prklrkò`gs. Omlstuajroe o oskdeor ue ohtl roedl o ho egmgskò` `g qug su gaphgl kaphkqug ue `gsoiál. Hgs odroò ojlròr prljhgaos y gemletror slhumklegs. ]u prkemkpoh rgmlapgeso gs gh trojonl aksal y gh rgmlelmkakgetl. Hls prligskleohgs vohlroe gh oplyl, `gsgoe qug ltrls mlesk`grge qug hl qug bomge gs kaplrtoetg. Voro altkvor prligskleohgs gs kaplrtoetg, getrg ltros mlsos, lirgmgrhgs prlygmtls qug rgprgsgetge skgaprg ohdþe `gsoiál, mlemg`grhgs suikmkgetg outlelaáo poro qug pugòe muhtkvor sus ketgrgsgs y `gnor qug ghhls aksals gstrumturge su trojonl ge ho ilr a ao o qug mlesk`grge aïs prlùmtkvo. Hos ‘jugeos‑ rgmlapgesos poro hls prligskleohgs, sle, plr gngaphl, lplrtuekò`gs gùmotkvos qug hgs oyu`ge o aoetgegrsg omtuohkzo`ls ge su

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla gspgmkohkò`3 augstros `g rgmlelmkakgetl, rgmlelmkakgetl, l ag`kòs mle gh ike `g `galstrorhgs qug sg vohlro hl qug ghhls bomge y qug boy ue ketgrës plr sus omtkvkò`gs. Ge muoetl o hls gaphgo`ls mletkedgetgs, ho aoegro aïs `krgmto gs altkvorhls lirgmkëe`lhgs ho lplrtuekò` `g pl`gr ljtgegr ue gaphgl pgraoegetg. Ltro ohtgreotkvo sgráo jrkeòrhgs ho plskjkhkò` `g rgmkjkr mopomktomkýe. @gs`g gh puetl `g vksto `g ho gqukò` gs egmgsorkl mlesk`gror toajkëe hos rgpgrmumklegs qug kaphkmo gh bgmbl `g agzmhor trojono`lrgs pgraoegetgs y tgaplrohgs muoe`l hos `kigrgemkos `g podo getrg oajls drupls sle skdekikmotkvos. ]k hls trojono`lrgs tgaplrohgs trojonoe nuetl o hls gaphgo`ls pgraoegetgs qug doeoe aïs, gs prljljojhg qug gh rge`kakgetl `g hls prkagrls `ksakeuyo iugrtgagetg. Kestohor ge ue hudor sgporo`l o hls gaphgo`ls tgaplrorkls l kemhukrhls ge ue phoe `g podl vorkojhg l ue phoe joso`l ge hos bojkhkò`gs pl`ráo oyuòr o akekakzor gstg prljhgao. Mýal altkv or g gaphgo`ls aphgo`ls `g jono mohkikmomkýe y sohorkl aáekal Zgspgmtl o hls gaphgo`ls `g jono mohkikmomkýe y sohorkl aáekal, gh aëtl`l aïs utkhkzo`l plr aumbos mlapoÿáos, mleskstg ge prldroaos `g rgmlelmkakgetl oh aërktl l plr agnlr otgemkýe oh mhkgetg. Vlr gngaphl, ltlrdoe`l gh tátuhl `g ‘gaphgo`l `gh ags‑, prgakomklegs trkagstrohgs, sgagstrohgs l oeuohgs o hls gaphgo`ls

`g aïs ohtl rge`kakgetl, ltrls agmoeksals `gstkeo`ls o `gstomor hls hldrls `gh pgrsleoh. Ohduels prldroaos `g altkvomkýe kemhuskvg lptoe plr òr pl`gr, ‘gapl`gror‑ ( kaplwgr ) o hls agnlrgs gaphgo`ls, ltlrdïe`lhgs aïs outlrkò` poro otge`gr hls prljhgaos `g hls mhkgetgs. Hls prkemkpohgs puetls o mlesk`gror oh prgporor prldroaos `g altkvomkýe poro hls gaphgo`ls sgdþe ]tgpbge Zljjkes :6 sle>

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Zgmlelmgr hos `kigrgemkos ke`kvkùohgs. Bomgr mlkemk`kr o hos pgrsleos mle hls pugstls `g trojonl. Gstojhgmgr agtos. Osgdurorsg `g qug hos agtos sgoe pgrmkjkòs mlal ohmoezojhgs. Ke`kvkùohkzor hos rgmlapgesos poro qug sgoe mhoros poro tl`ls. Ykemuhor hos rgmlapgesos mle gh rge`kakgetl. Ygrkikmor qug gh skstgao sgo gquktotkvl. Wtkhkzor gh rgmlelmkakgetl `g hls hldrls. Alstror otgemkýe g ketgrgs plr hls gaphgo`ls. El kdelror gh `kegrl.

Mlelmkge`l gh mlaplrtoakgetl `g hos pgrsleos ge ilrao ke`kvkùoh y drupoh, y ho kaplrtoemko `g su altkvomkýe, gs egmgsorkl sojgr, toajkëe, qug moò ke`kvkùl vo o gstor keihugemko`l plr ltros vorkojhgs o mlesk`gror. Gs plr ghhl qug ge gh skdukgetg oporto`l voals o gstu`kor muïhgs sle hos vorkojhgs qug mle`kmkleoe iugrtgagetg gh mlaplrtoakgetl. Gh vohlr poro moò pgrsleo. Gsmoho `g vohlrgs Gs auy ketgrgsoetg mlaprge`gr ge ue sgetk`l aïs oaphkl gh mlemgptl `g vohlr poro hos pgrsleos, getge`këe`lhl mlal tl`l oqughhl qug sotksiomg ue ketgrës pgrsleoh. Gstl pug`g gstor vkemuho`l o droe`gs l ]tgpbge Zljjkes y Aory Mluhtgr ” ‘Oàkekstromkýe‑. Aoeuoh `g Oàkekstromkýe `g Gaprgsos. ]gxto G`kmkýe. G`ktlrkoh Vrgetkmg Bohh. Oÿl :666. Mopátuhl ?7.

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   pgqugÿls ketgrgsgs. Vl`gals `gmkr qug hos pgrsleos omtþoe ge iuemkýe `g ue ketgrës prlpkl, o vgmgs ske ue ljngtkvl mhorl, `le`g gsg ketgrës gstï ge iuemkýe `g ho lr`ge `gh `áo y o vgmgs `g ue ljngtkvl o ag`koel l hordl phozl. Muoe`l oikraoals qug omtuoals ge iuemkýe `g eugstrl ketgrës qukgrg `gmkr qug tl`l hl qug bodoals els vo o dgegror ueo sotksiommkýe galmkleoh l hýdkmo. Vlr gngaphl, sk somrkikmoals ue ketgrës pgrsleoh ge plst `g bomgrhg ue jkge o ue oakdl, getge`gals qug gs aoylr gh vohlr qug pgrmkjkals plr bomgrhg ue jkge o eugstrl oakdl, qug hl qug pgrmkjkráoals plr ho sotksiommkýe `g gsg prkagr ketgrës pgrsleoh sojkge`l qug eugstrl oakdl gsto ge prljhgaos, ouequg ho `gmkskýe el sgo ho agnlr poro gh hldrl `g eugstrl prlpkl ljngtkvl. Mlal slmkohgs boy `le`g lmosklegs `le`g ge gsmlhhls vohlr, yo qug tlaoals aumblssgrgs `g hls vohlrgsqug `g slals, ho slmkgò` vkvkals qugels el gemletroals skgaprg sg s g mle`kmge mle `g eugstrls prlpkls vohlrgs Ge gsg sgetk`l, getroals o vgmgs ge sktuomklegs `g ‘porïhksks `g ommkýe‑, `gjk`l o qug, mlal eugstrl vohlr el

gstï rgmlelmk`l l omgpto`l plr ho slmkgò` tgegals akg`l `g tlaor hos `gmksklegs `g ommkýe, `gsmlelmkge`l gh kapomtl qug gstos pugòe dgegror. Ge gsto sktuomkýe toajkëe nugdo gh gdl, getge`k`l mlal gh ketgrës plr sgr rgmlelmk`l slmkohagetg. Gh rgmlelmkakgetl slmkoh gs portg `gh ketgrës `g hos pgrsleos y gs kapgeso`l `gnorhl `g ho`l mlal vorkojhg `g pgrmgpmkýe `g vohlr. ]ljroe hls mosls `g pgrsleos qug ghkdge `gtgrakeo`ls moakels ge iuemkýe `g hls qug vohlrkzo ho slmkgò` y el ge iuemkýe `g hls qug rgohagetg gso pgrsleo jusmo poro su

vkò. Gs gh mosl plr gngaphl `g ue aë`kml l ue kedgekgrl odrýelal, qukgegs tkgege ilraomklegs tëmekmos auy gspgmáikmos y `g prletl sg gemugetroe dgrgemko`l mlapoÿáos, y `gs`g yo, el gngrmkge`l `gs`g ekedþe puetl `g vksto ho `ksmkphkeo poro ho muoh sg ilraorle prligskleohagetg ge ho iksklhldáo buaoeo l jltïekmo poro gh sgdue`l mosl. ]gduroagetg, gstoráoe aumbl aïs prgporo`ls sk bujkgsge gstu`ko`l oàkekstromkýe `g gaprgsos l ueo morrgro vkemuhoò o hos gmleýakmos Vgrl, plr yghelltrl ho`l, el bujkgsge tgek`l gh rgmlelmkakgetl slmkoh qug mkgemkos hls ordgetkels hgs òe yo slmkohgs. hos morrgros tëmekmos o hos mlagrmkohgs. @kigrgetg gs gh mosl `g hls poásgs `gh prkagr aue`l, `le`g ho mugstkýe sg kevkgrtg, el gs plr eoò qug Borvor` gs rgmlelmkò plr tgegr gh agnlr AJO (Aogstráo ge Oàkekstromkýe `g Egdlmkls). Gh plrquë `gh rgmlelmkakgetl `g hls ordgetkels o hos `ksmkphkeos tëmekmos ò aumbl poro bojhor, mrggals iueòagetohagetg qug gs `gjk`l oh lrkdge `g eugstrls keakdroetgs iueò`lrgs `g ho potrko, hls muohgs prlvgeáoe `g mhosgs trojono`lros y el `g mhosgs `krkdgetgs. Aumbls sle hls mosls `g pgrsleos qug plr gh rgmlelmkakgetl slmkoh `g `gtgrakeo`ls tátuhls l plskmklegs sg mleiue`ge y el ghkdge gh agnlr moakel poro su `gsorrlhhl pgrsleoh. Mrggals qug hos pgrsleos oh ike y oh mojl tgrakeoe bomkge`l hl qug aoylr vohlr hgs ò y el kaplrtoe`l hls tátuhls y o`lrels qug ho slmkgò` hgs `ë. Ohduels sg òe mugeto `g gstos mlsos o hls :6 oÿls y ltrls rgmkëe o hls 46. Gstl gs auy mlaphkmo`l `g gxprgsor ge ueo gmuomkýe aotgaïtkmo, `gjk`l o qug hls ketgrgsgs `g hos pgrsleos el rgspgtoe ueo gstrumturo hýdkmo, skel qug gstïe auy vkemuho`ls o hl galmkleoh. Eugstro ilrao `g omtuor vo moajkoe`l o hl hordly `gh qug otrovgsoals `kstketos o`lptor vkvgemkos`kigrgetgs qug kapomtoe ilrao ge eugstros galmklegs elstkgapl, bomge yo aoùror y, ge mlesgmugemko, poutosge`g`kigrgetg mlaplrtoakgetl. ]uao`l o gstl gs aïs mlaphkmo`l oþe, yo qug gh oeïhksks `gh mlaplrtoakgetl `gh ltrl vo o vorkor ge iuemkýe `gh ‘zlla‑ qug hg `gals. El gs hl aksal mlemhukr ohdl sljrg gh ommkleor `g ueo pgrsleo ge ueo sgaoeo qug gh

ommkleor `g gso aksao pgrsleo ge mkeml oÿls, yo qug o hl agnlr gso pgrsleo pug`g gstor omtuoe`l ge iuemkýe `g ue ketgrës o hordl phozl l el. Ge ltros pohojros, el pl`gals mlemhukr qug o ueo pgrsleo hg dusto sohkr o mlrrgr plrqug hl vgals mlrrgr tl`ls hls `áos ùroetg ue ags, yo qug o hl agnlr gso pgrsleo el pgrmkjg vohlr `krgmtoagetg plr gh bgmbl `g mlrrgr, skel qug o hl agnlr gstï ge ue prlmgsl `g rgùmmkýe `g pgsl y ssuu rutkeo `g mlrrgr vo o ikeohkzor muoe`l ohmoemg su pgsl `gsgo`l. Hl qug sá pl`gals `gmkr gs qug gh bgmbl `g mlrrgr hg dgegro ue vohlr qug sotksiomg ue ketgrës pgrsleoh. Gsg ketgrës hl `gsmlelmgals. O al`l `g rgohkzor ueo gxphkmomkýe aïs skaphg voals o suplegr hl skdukgetg> Gh bgraoel O tkgeg gsto gsmoho `g vohlr>

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   ?. :. =.

Doeor `kegrl Oyuòr o hls pljrgs Gstor mle su ioakhko

Ge moajkl, gh bgraoel J tkgeg ho skdukgetg gsmoho `g vohlrgs> ?. Gstor mle su ioakhko :. Oyuòr o hls pljrgs =.

Doeor `kegrl

Vl`gals vgr qug ho prkemkpoh `kigrgemko getrg uel y ltrl gs qug poro O hos ommklegs voe o gstor lrkgetoòs ge prkagro kestoemko o doeor `kegrl, akgetros qug poro J voe o gstor lrkgetoòs o `ksirutor `g su ioakhko. Mlesk`groe`l gstl, ¼quë lmurrkráo sk oajls sg prlplege gaprge`gr ue egdlmkl auy rgetojhg o ?666 Ca `g su

bldor, `le`g hgs boráoe ue jkge auy droe`g o hos mlauekò`gs ojlrádgegs `g ho zleo< Hl aïs prljojhg gs qug poro O sgo auy sotksiomtlrkl, yo qug vo o pgrmkjkr hls vohlrgs ?, : y portg `g = yo qug sg voe mle su bgraoel. Akgetros qug poro J sgráo mlaphkmo`l plrqug pgrmkjkráo vohlr ge portg `g ?, ge : y =. ]g pug`g `gmkr qug O pgrmkjkráo aïs vohlr qug J y gsl pug`g dgegror mleihkmtls iuturls. Gs mhovg mlaprge`gr qug ho mouso iueòageto iueòagetohh `g hls m leihkmt ls bua oels sg ò plr ueo `kigrgemko ge ho gsmoho `g vohlrgs `g hos pgrsleos. pgrsleos. Weo pgrsleo skgaprg vo o gxkdkr `gh ltrl gh mlaplrtoakgetl qug ghho aksao tge`ráo ge ueo `gtgrakeoò sktuomkýe, pgrl mlal tl`ls tgegals gsmohos `g vohlrgs `kigrgetgs gs `kiámkh hldror ue omugr`l qug els `gng o tl`ls sotksigmbls. Aoylr gs ho mlaphgnkò` muoe`l aïs pgrsleos sle hos qug tkgeg qug plegrsg `g omugr`l. @gjk`l o qug gh vohlr gs tl`l oqughhl qug pgrmkjkals qug sotksiomg ue ketgrës pgrsleoh, `gjgals mlesk`gror droe portg `g ho gsmoho `g vohlr `g hos pgrsleos y el sýhl gh vohlr qug poro elsltrls gs gh aïs kaplrtoetg. Gh vohlr qug ueo pgrsleo pgrmkjg pug`g gstor rgprgsgeto`l plr aþhtkphgs iomtlrgs, plr gngaphl, pl`gals tlaor ho rghomkýe getrg ue gaphgo`l y ue gaphgo`lr. Gh gaphgo`lr rgmkjg vohlr plr portg `gh gaphgo`l gh muoh sg aoekikgsto el sýhl plr ho iugrzo hojlroh, skel toajkëe plr ho mlr`kohkò` ge gh trotl, gh muaphkakgetl `g hos torgos, gh prgsgetksal, ho mohkò` buaoeo, ho kekmkotkvo, gh mlaprlaksl, ho ik`ghkò`, gtm. Ge gh sgetk`l mletrorkl, gh gaphgo`l pgrmkjg vohlr ge ilrao `g `kegrl, mlr`kohkò`, juge oajkgetg `g trojonl, plskjkhkò`gs `g `gsorrlhhl, mletrkjumkýe `g gsg trojonl poro su ljngtkvl `g vkò l prligskleoh, `galstromkýe `g ketgrës bomko ëh, gtm. Poajkëe gs mkgrtl qug plr aïs qug els trotge jkge y els akage aumbl, gsl el ohmoezo poro podor hos mugetos y ohkagetor o eugstro ioakhko, plr hl qug gs jugel bomgr ueo agemkýe oh rgspgmtl. Ge iuemkýe `g qug eugstros egmgskò`gs voyoe skge`l sotksigmbos voals sujkge`l `getrl `g ho gsmoho `g hos egmgskò`gs. Vl`gals tlaor ho ngrorquáo `g hos egmgskò`gs buaoeos qug phoetgý Ojroboa Aoshlw.

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   Drïikml E¾=: - Ngrorqu áo `g hos egmgsk` o`gs `g O. A Aoshlw oshlw

Iugetg> Aoshlw O., ?;0=.

O ag`kò qug eugstros egmgskò`gs keigrklrgs sgoe sotksigmbos, voals moajkoe`l eugstros poutos `g mleùmto, pgrl eugstro gsmoho `g vohlrgs el sg al`kikmo, skel qug sg oòpto oh mletgxtl. Vlr gngaphl, ueo pgrsleo qug doeo gh sugh`l aáekal egmgsorkl ge ueo mlapoÿáo el vo o ghgdkr moajkorsg o ltro `le`g hl trotge agnlr sk hg lirgmge ue sugh`l 7% aïs jonl. Vgrl sk gso aksao pgrsleo doeo ?6 vgmgs aïs qug gh aáekal, el vo o ùòr ge moajkorsg o ltro mlapoÿáo `le`g rgmkjo agnlr trotl plr ue sugh`l 7% aïs jonl. Gstl qukgrg `gmkr qug gh kapomtl `g moò aotgrkohkzomkýe `g pgrmgpmkýe `g vohlr vo o gstor ò`l plr hos egmgskò`gs qug otoÿoe o moò ke`kvkùl ge moò alagetl. a lagetl. Ltrl gngaphl mhorl gs gh `g ue akhktor3 gstg gs ue prligskleoh qug `g`kmo su vkò getgro o aoetgegr ho sljgroeáo `g ho potrko o moajkl `g vohlr. Gsg vohlr ge ho Ordgetkeo el gstï rgprgsgeto`l plr ue juge sugh`l, gstl gs aoekikgstl ge muohqukgr rgmkjl `g sugh`l `g ue slhò`l. ]kel qug gh vohlr qug pgrmkjg gs gh `g sotksiomgr su ketgrës pgrsleoh `g sgetkr qug mletrkjuyg o ho slmkgò` o hldror ueo potrko sljgroeo geaormoò ge vohlrgs prkals `g su eomkýe. Ge ltrls poásgs, mlal plr gngaphl W]O, gh akhktor rgmkjg ue droe vohlr plr portg `g ho slmkgò`. Gh rgmlelmkakgetl y gh lrduhhl sg gxprgsoe ge hls lnls `g moò mkuòòel elrtgoagrkmoel muoe`l hl akro y odro`gmg plr su sgrvkmkl `gsketgrgso`l, moromtgrástkmo `g ue akhktor. Zghomklegs Zg homklegs `g vohlr mla l `gtgrakeoetg `gh mlaplrtoakgetl Hos rghomklegs `g vohlr sle mhovgs poro `gtgrakeor gh mlaplrtoakgetl `g hls ketgdroetgs `g ueo lrdoekzomkýe mle su getlrel ketgrel y gxtgrel. Mlal oàkekstro`lr gs auy kaplrtoetg tgegr ueo jugeo oàkekstromkýe `g gsos rghomklegs `g vohlr poro mle hls ketgdroetgs `g ho lrdoekzomkýe mlal poro mle hos pgrsleos qug tkgeg mletomtl mle ho lrdoekzomkýe `gs`g oiugro. Gs sojk`l qug oàkekstroe`l jkge hos rghomklegs `g vohlr pl`gals bomgr aïs gikmkgetg o ueo lrdoekzomkýe ske egmgskò` `g bomgr droe`gs kevgrsklegs, skel mopomktïe`lsg ge ho aotgrko. Ylhvkge`l oh gngaphl `g ho rghomkýe `g gaphgo`lr y gaphgo`l pl`gals vgr qug boy ue ketgrmoajkl `g vohlrgs mlal sg augstro ge gh skdukgetg drïikml.

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   Drïikml Drï ikml E¾== E¾== - Z Zghomklegs ghomklegs `g ihunl `g vohlr getrg `ls p grsleos

Iugetg> Vgÿo Iorkeommko, N., :6?:.

Mlal sg gxprgso ge gh drïikml oetgrklr, gh ihunl `g vohlr qug gxkstg gs rgmáprlml ge iuemkýe `g hl qug moò uel getrgdo y rgmkjg. Gs kaplrtoetg mlesk`gror qug ge ho ag`kò qug uel rgmkjo aïs y getrgdug agels ho rghomkýe sg vo o `gjkhktor y gh ihunl `g vohlr vo o pgr`gr iugrzo. Gstl gs egmgsorkl tgegrhl prgsgetg poro tl`l tkpl `g rghomkýe, kemhusl poro hls prlmgsls `g egdlmkomkýe, yo qug gh `gjkhktoakgetl `gh ihunl `g vohlr gstï ò`l ge uel `g hls trgs rgquksktls poro sgr juge egdlmko`lr qug sg `gtohhoe o mletkeuomkýe> • • •

Mlelmgr gh ketgrës pgrsleoh Mlelmgr gh ketgrës `gh ltrl

El prgtge`gr doeoemkos `gsag`kòs

Gstg þhtkal rgquksktl gs gh qug aormo ho `ksporkò` getrg hl qug sg getrgdo y pgrmkjg. Mletkeuoe`l mle gh oeïhksks `g ho ikduro oetgrklr, pl`gals `gmkr qug ueo `ëjkh rghomkýe `g vohlr vo o gstor òò plr ho gsmosgz `g vorkojhgs `g vohlr, qug ikduroe `getrl `g moò muo`rl. Ge ho ag`kò qug kemhuyoals ho aoylr moetkò` `g vorkojhgs `g vohlr `getrl `g ho rghomkýe, vo o sgr aïs iugrtg. Yohg agemkleor qug ge ho ikduro sýhl sg gxprgsoe, o al`l `g gngaphl, ohdueos vorkojhgs `g vohlr, yo qug voe o gstor skgaprg ge iuemkýe `gh tkpl `g rghomkýe y hos pgrsleos qug ho ketgdrge. Gstl pl`ráo òr rgspugsto o aumbls `g hls ketgrrldoetgs qug tkgege bly hls gaprgsorkls mle ho dgegromkýe [, yo qug hos vorkojhgs `g vohlr voe moajkoe`l ge iuemkýe `g hls vohlrgs qug otoÿoe o moò ëplmo. Ge ltros pohojros, el skrvg ag`kr mle ueo rgdho `g hls oÿls 76 o ueo pgrsleo `gh skdhl RRK. Mlesk`groals qug gh moakel poro hldror iugrtgs rghomklegs `g vohlr gstï ò`l plr gsagrorels ge mlelmgr eugstrl ketgrës mlal pgrsleo y lrdoekzomkýe prkagrl y, hugdl, gh ketgrës `g hls ltrls. Weo vgz hldro`l gstl voals o pl`gr gstojhgmgr ueo gstrotgdko `g rghomklegs `g vohlr.

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   Bodoals l el gsto torgo, hls ke`kvkùls voe o mlaplrtorsg ge iuemkýe `g su gsmoho `g vohlrgs `g tlòs aoegros. Gs plr ghhl qug gs mhovg gh prlmgsl `g sghgmmkýe ge ueo lrdoekzomkýe oetgs `g kemlrplror o ue ke`kvkùl. We grrlr auy drovg sgráo ketgetor moajkor ho gsmoho `g vohlr `g hls ltrls, yo qug gs ohdl prïmtkmoagetg kaplskjhg. Hl qug `gjgráoals bomgr gs gemletror hos vorkojhgs `g vohlr qug pug`ge ilrtohgmgr gh ihunl getrg oajls, poro pl`gr hldror osá ueo oraýekmo rghomkýe. Ge ltros pohojros, sgráo ovoezor sljrg hls puetls ge mlaþe y `gnor `g ho`l hls puetls mleihkmtkvls. Gh rkgsdl mlal hka ktoetg `g ommkýe. Zg Zghomkýe homkýe vohlr y rk gsdl Ltro vorkojhg auy kaplrtoetg poro `gtgrakeor hos poutos `g mleùmto `g hos pgrsleos gs ho ovgrskýe oh rkgsdl. El tlòs hos pgrsleos tkgege ho aksao prg`ksplskmkýe o gxplegrsg o ho prljojkhkò` `g el lmurrgemko `g ue bgmbl `gtgrakeo`l. Gstl aksal mle`kmkleo gh ommkleor poro ljtgegr vohlr qug sotksiodo ue ketgrës pgrsleoh. Mojg `gstomor qug, mlal ke`kmo uel `g hls ?6 prkemkpkls `g hos ikeoezos mlrplrotkvos, gh rkgsdl gs `krgmtoagetg prlplrmkleoh o ho sgdukr aodektu` rgsuhto`l. tlaoals yaumbl rkgsdl (drïikml pl`galsoetgrklr), doeor l yo pgr`gr gegaphgo`lr ho aksao prlplrmkýe. Yohg mle `gh gh gngaphl `gh]kgaphgo`lr gh gaphgo`l qug gh tlao aoylr rkgsdl qug gh gaphgo`l. Gstl gs `gjk`l o qug ho rgetojkhkò` `gh prkagrl vo o gstor òò plr ho kemk`gemko `g `kvgrsls iomtlrgs qug `gjge mlajkeorsg, akgetros qug ho rgetojkhkò` `gh sgdue`l gs auy ssgduro, gduro, yo qug, ouequg oh gaphgo`lr hg voyo jkge l aoh, gh gaphgo`l vo o mljror su sugh`l `g tlòs ilraos. Gstl toajkëe gxphkmo aumbls mosls `g gaprgsos `le`g hls vge`g`lrgs doeoe aïs qug hls dgrgetgs. Gstl sg `gjg o qug gh dgrgetg el tlao rkgsdl yo qug muaphg mle su torgo y pgrmkjg ue sohorkl, akgetros qug gh vge`g`lr sá hl bomg `gjk`l o qug mljro ue sohorkl jïskml auy jonl y ge iuemkýe `g sus vgetos mljro hos mlaksklegs mlrrgsple`kgetgs. We ags qug gh vge`g`lr el vgeò aumbl el vo o pl`gr podor hos multos `g hos `guòs qug mletronl oetgrklragetg, akgetros qug gh dgrgetg, hg voyo jkge l aoh o ho mlapoÿáo, pug`g podor pgrigmtoagetg sus `guòs phoekikmoòs ge iuemkýe `g su sohorkl mlelmk`l. Gs kaplrtoetg mlaprge`gr qug euagrlsos pgrsleos sg voe o gemletror ge sktuomklegs mlaphkmoòs, yo qug voe egmgsktorsle pgrmkjkr vohlr poro sotksiomgr su ketgrës, pgrl el Gstl voe oels gstor `kspugstos o tlaor Hos ovorkoetgs toe oaphkos mlal ho moetkò` `g pgrsleos. skrvg mlal òtl poro rkgsdls o`lptorohtls. ueo gstrotgdko `g rghomklegs `g vohlr mle hls ltrls, `le`g portg `g ho egdlmkomkýe pl`ráo sgr tlaor portg `g hls rkgsdls qug gh ltrl el qukgrg y `g gso ilrao getrgdorhg vohlr o ho pgrsleo. Getge`grr oh ltrl Getge`g We ospgmtl iueòagetoh ge tlò rghomkýe buaoeo gs ho mopomkò` `g pl`gr getge`gr o hls ltrls. Gstl kaphkmo gstor mlevgemk`l `g qug ho ltro pgrsleo el vo o omtuor kduoh qug elsltrls yo qug tkgeg ltro gsmoho `g vohlrgs, ue pgrikh agetoh `kigrgetg, sgo qug gstë aïs keihugemko`l plr hl galmkleoh l plr hl hýdkml, y ueo ovgrskýe oh rkgsdl `kigrgetg. Gs egmgsorkl omgptorhl, el mlaportkrhl egmgsorkoagetg. Weo vgz mlaprge`k`l gstl y `gmk`k`ls elsltrls o pl`gr mg`gr oetg ohdþe plskjhg mleihkmtl, voals o pl`gr hldror ueo jugeo oàkekstromkýe `g rghomklegs `g vohlr mle hos pgrsleos qug ketgromtuoals, toetl ge eugstro ioakhko mlal ge muohqukgr tkpl `g lrdoekzomkýe. Oblro jkge, poro pl`gr gstojhgmgr ueo sotksiomtlrko rghomkýe `g vohlr mle hos pgrsleos qug tgegals o mordl `gjgals mlesk`gror toajkëe ho egmgskò` `g omtktu`gs `g hk`grozdl. Gs plr ghhl qug ge gh skdukgetg oporto`l voals o ilmohkzorels ge gstg tgao.

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   HK@GZO^DL ¼_uë `kigrgem `kigrgemko ko boy getrg dgrgetg y há`gr< Ge prkagr hudor, pl`gals `gmkr qug hls dgrgetgs sle pgrsleos qug boe sk`l `gskdeo`ls mlal tohgs y su mopomkò` poro keihukr sg joso ge ho outlrkò` ilraoh ketráesgmo `g hls pugstls qug lmupoe. Ge moajkl, hls há`grgs sle hos pgrsleos qug aïs ohhï `g ho mopomkò` poro keihukr qug hgs ltlrdo su outlrkò` ilraoh, pug`ge keihukr ge ltros pgrsleos g keùmkrhos o qug sg gsiugrmge aïs `g hl gstojhgmk`l ilraohagetg. Yk`gl Yk`gl `gh tgao

We há`gr gs oqugh qug gstojhgmg ueo rghomkýe mlestrumtkvo mle hos pgrsleos, mopoz `g keihukr, getuskosaor y alvkhkzor o hls `gaïs ge iovlr `g uels ljngtkvls mlauegs. Gh há`gr tkgeg gh mlagtk`l `g oyuòr o su gqukpl o mrgmgr, `gsorrlhhorsg y supgror sus hkaktomklegs. ]gdþe @oekgh Dlhgaoe, gh hk`grozdl el tkgeg su lrkdge ge hos agetgs prkvkhgdkoòs, sg mlapleg ge ue ;6% `g tohgetl galmkleoh y ue ?6% `g tohgetl ketghgmtuoh. ketghgmtuoh. O mletkeuomkýe, prgsgetoals ue muo`rl mlaporotkvl `g hos prkemkpohgs `kigrgemkos getrg hls `ls rlhgs qug vgekals trojonoe`l> DGZGEPG ❙ Vrglmupo`l plr bomgr hos mlsos jkge

HÁ@GZ ❙ Vrglmupo`l plr hl mlrrgmtl

❙ Pkgeg

❙ Pkgeg

❙ ]g

ho vkskýe `g mlrtl ph phozl. ozl.

mgetro ge gh mýal.

❙ Vkgeso

ge tërakels oàkekstrotkvls, aoetgekakgetl y ge gh prgsgetg.

❙ Gstojhgmg

❙ ]g

`g

gh phoe `g oommkýe mmkýe o sgdukr.

❙ Gspgro

qug hls `gaïs muaphoe sus ljngtkvls y torgos.

ho vkskýe `g hor hordl dl phozl.

mlemgetro ge gh quë y gh pplr lr quë.

❙ Vkgeso

ge tërakels keelvo`lrgs, `g `gsorrlhhl y ge gh iuturl.

❙ Gstojhgmg ❙ Gspgro

ho vkskýe, gh tlel y ho `krgmmkýe.

qug hls `gaïs rgspleòe y hl skdo skdoe. e.

❙ Gspgro ❙ Gspgro

qug hls `gaïs mletrkjuyoe o mlesgdukr ho akskýe.

qug hls `gaïs oyu`ge o bomgr rgohkò` ho akskýe.

❙ Kespkro ❙ Kespkro

keelvomkýe (mleikoezo).

gstojkhkò` (mletrlh)

Muoe`l els rgigrkals o Dgrgemko ho getge`gals mlal ho phoekikmomkýe y ghojlromkýe `g prgsupugstls, qug kaphkmo mletrlhor y rgslhvgr, oàkekstror, mletrotor y lrdoekzor. Dgrgemko gs ho oàkekstromkýe `g hl gxkstgetg.

?:9

Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   Ge muoetl oh Hk`grozdl (dgrgemkoh) pl`ráoals `gmkr qug gs gh gstojhgmkakgetl `g ueo `krgmmkýe mle josg ge ueo vkskýe lrdoekzomkleoh mlaportkò, gs altkvor g kespkror, gs mlevlmor, ohkegor y prlplegr. O mle m le tk eu euomk omk ýe prgsge pr gsgetoa toa ls ohd ue ueos os t glr glráos áos s lj ljrg rg h k` grozd grozdl> l>

•

Al`ghl `g mletk edgmko `g Ikg Ikg`hgr `hgr (iltl k zqukgrò) zqukgrò)

@g omugr`l mle hl qug phoetgo phoetgo gsto Pglráo, hls drupls gikmomgs `gpge`ge `g ue omlphoakgetl mlrrgmtl getrg gh gstkhl `gh há`gr poro ketgromtuor mle sus sujlr`keo`ls y gh dro`l ge gh muoh ho sktuomkýe mleikgrg oh há`gr iomuhto`gs `g mletrlh g keihugemko.

•

Pglráo `g ruto-agto

Ho gsgemko `g gsto tglráo gs qug ho hojlr `gh há`gr mleskstg ge oyuòr o sus sgduk`lrgs o hldror sus agtos y prlvggr ho `krgmmkýe l gh oplyl egmgsorkl poro doroetkzor qug `kmbos agtos sgoe mlapotkjhgs mle hls ljngtkvls dgegrohgs `gh drupl l ho lrdoekzomkýe. Gh tërakel ruto-agto prlvkgeg `g ho k`go `g qug hls há`grgs gikmomgs omhoroe ho ruto poro oyuòr o sus sgduk`lrgs o troesktor, `gs`g `le`g sg gemugetrge bosto ohmoezor sus agtos `g trojonl y iomkhktorhgs tl`l gh rgmlrrk`l plr ho ruto, rgùmkge`l hls ljstïmuhls y hls pghkdrls hotgetgs. Drïikml E¾=0 - Pglráo `g ruto-agto

Iugetg> ghojlromkýe prlpko ge josg o Zljjkes ]. y Mluhtgr A., :666.

•

Al`ghl `g portkmkpomkýe `gh há`gr

Pglráo `gh hk`grozdl qug prlvgg ue mlenuetl `g rgdhos poro `gtgrakeor ho ilrao y ho moetkò` `g ho tlao `g `gmksklegs portkmkpotkvos `gh há`gr ge `kigrgetgs sktuomklegs.

?:4

Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla •

Pglráo `g ho otrkjumkýe `gh hk`grozdl hk`grozdl

Vrlpleg ho k`go `g qug gh hk`grozdl gs ueo otrkjumkýe qug hos pgrsleos sughge bomgr omgrmo `g `gtgrakeo`ls ke`kvkùls. •

Pg Pglráo lráo `gh hk`grozdl morksaïtkml

Gs ue há`gr getuskosto y sgdurl `g sá aksal, muyo pgrsleohkò` y ommklegs keihuyge ge hos pgrsleos poro qug sg mleùzmoe `g mkgrto ilrao. Muohkò` `g hos pgrsleos muyls sgduk`lrgs hgs otrkjuyge optktu`gs bgrlkmos l `g gxtrolr`keorko mopomkò` `g hk`grozdl.

Gh hk`grozdl hk`grozdl vksk leorkl y gh hk`grozdl ge g gqukpl qukpl •

Hk`grozdl vksk leorkl Hk`grozdl leorkl>> Mopomkò` `g mrgor y phoetgor ueo vkskýe rgohksto mrgájhg y otromtkvo `gh iuturl poro ueo lrdoekzomkýe l ueo `g sus uekò`gs, qug mlestktuyo ue `gsorrlhhl y agnlroakgetl `g ho sktuomkýe omtuoh. Gs kaplrtoetg qug ho vkskýe sgo mhoro y otromtkvo, qug kespkrg getuskosal plr pgrsgdukr hls ljngtkvls `g ho lrdoekzomkýe.

•

Hk`grozdl `g gqukpl> gqukpl > Hos moromtgrástkmos prlpkos qug k`getkikmoe gh trojonl `g ue há`gr `g gqukpl mleskstg ge `ls torgos> oàkekstror gh háaktg gxtgrel `gh gqukpl y iomkhktor gh prlmgsl `gh gqukpl. Gstos prklrkò`gs pug`ge `kvk`krsg ge muotrl rlhgs gspgmáikmls `gh hk`grozdl. Vrkagrl,

hls

há`grgs

`g

gqukpl

sle

gehomgs

mle

hos

portgs

ketgrgsoòs

gxtgreos.

]gdue`l, `gjg tlaor gh rgueklegs rlh `g ag`ko`lr. gh gqukpl tkgeg prljhgaos há`grgs portkmkpoe ge sus y trotoe Muoe`l `g rgslhvgr hos `kikmuhto`gs. Gh tgrmgryrlhslhkmkto `g hlsoyuò, há`grgs hls `g gqukpl gs gh `g oàkekstro`lrgs `g mleihkmtl. Muoe`l surdge `gsomugr`ls, ghhls oyuòe o prlmgsor gh mleihkmtl. Vlr þhtkal, sle getrgeo`lrgs, ghhls omhoroe hos gxpgmtotkvos y rlhgs, gesgÿoe, lirgmge oyuò, sle oekao`lrgs y bomge tlòs hos `gaïs mlsos egmgsorkos poro oyuòr o hls akgajrls `gh gqukpl o aoetgegr ge ohtl hls ekvghgs `g rge`kakgetl ge su trojonl.

HÁ@GZG] PZOE]EOMKLEOHG] ]le oqughhls qug duáoe l altkvoe o sus sgduk`lrgs bomko gh hldrl `g hos agtos gstojhgmkòs, omhoroe`l

HÁ@GZG] PZOE]ILZAO@LZG PZOE]ILZAO@LZG] ] ]le oqughhls qug oplrtoe mlesk`gromkýe, ke`kvkùohkzomkýe, gstáauhl ketghgmtuoh y, o`gaïs,

hls rgquksktls ge aotgrko `g rlhgs y torgos.

plsgge morksao.

Hls há`grgs y gh pl `gr   ]gdþe Zljjkes:?, gh pl`gr gs ho mopomkò` qug tkgege hls há`grgs poro keihukr ge hos ommklegs l `gmksklegs `g trojonl. Voro qug gh hk`grozdl sg rgikgro oh prlmgsl `g ho keihugemko, tgegals qug ljsgrvor mýal hls há`grgs o`qukgrge su pl`gr.

]tgpbge Zljjkes y Aory Mluhtgr ” ‘Oàkekstromkýe‑. Aoeuoh `g Oàkekstromkýe `g Gaprgsos. ]gxto G`kmkýe. G`ktlrkoh Vrgetkmg Bohh. Oÿl :666. Mopátuhl ?9.

:?

?:2

Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla Gxkstge mkeml tkpls `g pl`gr> ?.

Vl`gr hgdátkal> hgdátkal > sg vkemuho `krgmtoagetg mle ho outlrkò` y rgprgsgeto gh pl`gr qug ue há`gr tkgeg mlal rgsuhto`l `g su plskmkýe plskmk ýe `getrl `g ueo lrdoekzomkýe.

:.

Vl`gr mlgrmktkvl> mlgrmktkvl > sg joso ge ho mopomkò` poro kaplegr mostkdls qug `gpge`g `g ho ophkmomkýe l ho oageozo `g soemklegs iáskmos tohgs mlal keihkdkr `lhlr, prlvlmor irustromklegs plr rgstrkmmkýe `gh alvkakgetl l kaplegr plr ho iugrzo gh mletrlh `g egmgskò`gs jïskmos `g morïmtgr iksklhýdkml l `g sgdurkò`. Hls sgduk`lrgs rgommkleoe oetg gstg pl`gr plr akg`l o hls rgsuhto`ls egdotkvls qug sg pug`ge òr sk el muaphge, pgrl gh pl`gr `g mlommkýe tkge`g o sgr gh agels gigmtkvl `g tlòs hos ilraos `g pl`gr yo qughodgegro rgsgetkakgetl y rgskstgemko. Vlrohlhls mlaþe, hls dgrgetgs tkgege ue pl`gr mlgrmktkvl, mlal mopomkò` `g suspge`gr l `gdroòr gaphgo`ls, l `g oskdeorhgs trojonls `gsodroòjhgs l ke`gsgojhgs. Gsto ilrao `g ophkmor gh pl`gr pug`g rgsuhtor r gsuhtor pgrnu`kmkoh poro hos rghomklegs pgrsleohgs ge gh trojonl y, plr ge`g, tgrakeo oigmtoe`l gh `gsgapgÿl hojlroh y lrdoekzomkleoh.

=.

Vl`gr `g rgmlapgeso> rgmlapgeso> prlùmg jgegikmkls l rgmlapgesos plsktkvos. @gpge`g `g ho mopomkò` `gh há`gr `g ltlrdor rgmlapgesos oprgmkoòs plr hls sujohtgrels mlal> rgdohls, prlalmklegs, ueo sujo ge gh sugh`l, agnlror su rgsplesojkhkò` `g mordl, tkgapl hkjrg, getrg ltros.

0.

Vl`gr `gh gxpgrtl> gxpgrtl > keihugemko rgsuhtoetg `g ho pgrkmko, bojkhkò`gs gspgmkohgs l gh mlelmkakgetl. ]g mleskdug o trovës `g hls mlelmkakgetls ljtgek`ls ge gxpgrkgemkos oetgrklrgs `g trojonl, `g gùmomkýe l `g oprge`kzong ge sktuomklegs portkmuhorgs qug ltlrdoe ue dro`l `g `kigrgemkomkýe y pl`gr ge rghomkýe o ltrls ke`kvkùls.

7.

Vl`gr rgigrgetg> rgigrgetg> sg vkemuho mle ho mopomkò` `g mkgrtls ke`kvkùls poro pgrsuo`kr l keihukr o ltrls. ]g pl`ráo `gmkr qug gstï rghomkleo`l o hos bojkhkò`gs buaoeos. Gstï joso`l ge gh morksao y hos bojkhkò`gs ketgrpgrsleohgs `gh qug lstgeto gh pl`gr. Oquá ho pgrsleo slagtkò tlao mlal al`ghl oh plrto`lr `g pl`gr y troto `g omtuor mlal ëh. ]urdg plr hls rgmursls l rosdls pgrsleohgs `gsgojhgs. ‘]k yl oàkrl o ohdukge y qukgrl qug ag oslmkge mle ëh, gsg ohdukge pug`g gngrmgr pl`gr

sljrg aá plrqug yl `gsgl mlaphomgrhl‑. Gstg tkpl `g pl`gr sg `gsorrlhho ` gsorrlhho o portkr `g ho oàkromkýe `g

ltrls y ue `gsgl plr sgr mlal ghhls.

HGMPWZO ZGMLAGE@O@O Mopátuhl ?> sgmmkýe ?3 mopktuhl :3 mopktuhl =3 mopktuhl 03 mopktuhl 7 y mopktuhl 9 `g Gnërmktl Ordgetkel ” ‘Aoeuoh `gh gngrmkmkl `gh aoe`l‑. AIV -7?-?= Kaprgsl ge gh Kestktutl Dgldrïikml Akhktor. Jugels Okrgs.

Gh hk`grozdl hk`grozdl y h o muhturo Ho muhturo `g hls sujlr`keo`ls pug`g keihukr ge gh gstkhl `g hk`grozdl. We há`gr el pug`g sghgmmkleor skaphgagetg gh gstkhl qug aïs hg odro`g skel qug, gh qug rgsuhtg iomtkjhg `gpge`grï ge droe ag`kò `gh mle`kmkleoakgetl muhturoh `g hls sujlr`keo`ls `g moò há`gr. Hls há`grgs gigmtkvls el utkhkzoe ue slhl gstkhl. Onustoe su gstkhl oh mletgxtl `gtgrakeo`l l o hl qug `gaoeò ho sktuomkýe portkmuhor `g ho lrdoekzomkýe. Mlesgmugetgagetg, o ho blro `g oirletor ueo gstrotgdko `g hk`grozdl, gs kaplrtoetg tgegr ge mugeto hos tge`gemkos muhturohgs `g moò Eomkýe. Hos moromtgrástkmos y mlstuajrgs

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla muhturohgs aormoe o hos pgrsleos, su mlaplrtoakgetl ge gh trojonl y hos ilraos ge qug sg mlauekmoe. Hls há`grgs gigmtkvls `gjge getge`gr gstls rosdls y o`lptor su gstrotgdko `g hk`grozdl o hos `gaoeòs pgrsleohgs `g hls trojono`lrgs. Ho muhturo lrdoekzomkleoh oigmto gh gstkhl `g hk`grozdl, plrqug keihuyg ge ho aoegro ge qug hls sgduk`lrgs rgsple`grïe. Hls dgrgetgs l há`grgs el `gjge ghgdkr sus gstkhls oh ozor. Hos `gmksklegs `g hls dgrgetgs poro `gtgrakeor su tkpl `g hk`grozdl gstïe rgstrkedkòs plr hos mle`kmklegs muhturohgs qug sus sgduk`lrgs gspgroe. Vlr gngaphl, ge hls poásgs oskïtkmls sg `gtgrakeý o trovës `g ue gstu`kl `g gstkhls `g hk`grozdl, qug hls dgrgetgs oskïtkmls prgigráoe o hls há`grgs qug groe mlapgtgetgs tlao`lrgs `g `gmksklegs, mlauekmo`lrgs gigmtkvls y slhkòrkls mle hls gaphgo`ls. Ge ltros eomklegs, hls gstkhls y hos `gaoeòs `g hls sgduk`lrgs prljojhgagetg prljojhgagetg sgoe `kigrgetgs. Gs `gmkr qug gxkstge `kstketos ilraos `g rghomkleorsg hojlroh hojlrohagetg agetg ge `gtgrakeoòs lrdoekzomklegs y `gtgrakeoòs eomklegs, `gjk`l o hls h ls vohlrgs muhturohgs. ]ke gajordl, sgdþe ue gstu`kl troesmuhturoh ketgdroh `g hk`grozdl rgohkzo`l plr gh prldroao `g kevgstkdomkýe DHLJG::, sg bo `gtgrakeo`l qug gxkstge ohduels ospgmtls uekvgrsohgs ge gh hk`grozdl. ]g boe gemletro`l ohduels ghgagetls `gh hk`grozdl troesilraomkleoh oslmko`ls oh hk`grozdl gigmtkvl, ske kaplrtor gh poás ge qug sg gemugetrg gh há`gr. Gstls kemhuyge vkskýe, prgvkskýe, gstkauhomkýe, blero`gz, `keoaksal, plsktkvksal y prlomtkvkò`. Hls rgsuhto`ls `gh gstu`kl `g kevgstkdomkýe mlemhuygrle qug hls sujlr`keo`ls `g hls há`grgs `g egdlmkls gikmomgs ge muohqukgr poás gspgroe qug hgs prlplrmklege ueo vkskýe pl`grlso y prlomtkvo poro dukor o ho mlapoÿáo oh iuturl, bojkhkò`gs altkvomkleohgs iugrtgs poro gstkauhor o tl`ls hls gaphgo`ls o muaphkr ho vkskýe, y gxmghgetgs bojkhkò`gs `g phoegomkýe poro oyuòr o kaphgagetor ho vkskýe. Ge droe ag`kò, sg `gsorrlhhorle gstos moromtgrástkmos uekvgrsohgs `g há`gr troesommkleoh `gjk`l o hos prgsklegs `krkdkòs plr hos prïmtkmos dgrgemkohgs mlauegs, mlal rgsuhto`l `g ho mlapgtktkvkò` dhljoh y hos keihugemkos auhtkeomkleohgs.

]ÁEPG]K] ]ÁEP G]K] @G HO WEK@O@ Mlal sáetgsks `g gsto uekò` pl`gals agemkleor qug gh mlaplrtoakgetl buaoel gstï mle`kmkleo`l plr ueo oaphko moetkò` `g vorkojhgs. Voro prg`gmkrhl y dgstkleorhl `gjgals mlesk`gror `kvgrsos tglráos y bgrroakgetos. Plòs hos tglráos agemkleoòs tkgege utkhkò` ge ho omtuohkò`, sgo ge lrdoekzomklegs gaprgsorkohgs, gùmotkvos, akhktorgs, prligskleohgs u ltros. Mojg `gstomor qug hos tglráos y bgrroakgetos voe o vorkor ge iuemkýe `gh drupl y pgrikh `g pgrsleos qug els tlqug `krkdkr. Ho altkvomkýe nugdo ue popgh iueòagetoh ge ho gikmomko `g hls drupls. Gh dgrgetg mlal há`gr gs qukge `gjg altkvor oh drupl, gso rgsplesojkhkò` gs ke`ghgdojhg. Voro pl`gr bomgrhl `gjg sgr mopoz `g outl altkvorsg ëh prkagrl y aoetgegr gstïeòrgs `g mlaplrtoakgetl omlr`g o su plskmkýe. Ge gstg prlmgsl gh aoe`l y hk`grozdl nugdo ue popgh iueòagetoh.

bttps>//www.dhljg.dlv/gs/blag

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   OMPKYK@O@ @ VZÏMPKMO OMPKYK@O Ge iuemkýe `g hl vkstl ge gsto uekò`, `gsmrkjo su tkpl `g pgrsleohkò` y mýal mrgg ustg` qug gs ho ilrao aïs ýptkao `g gngrmgr gh aoe`l y hk`grozdl ge ueo lrdoekzomkýe qug sg `g`kmo o ho prlùmmkýe odrlpgmuorko. @gjg gxprgsor tl`l hl slhkmkto`l ge ueo morkhho `g blno O0, hgtro Orkoh ?? ketgrhkego`l skaphg, ilraotl nustkikmo`l. Iueòagetg sus rgspugstos mle hos tglráos trojonoòs.

OWPLGYOHWO HWOMKÝE MKÝE OWPLGYO Ke`kqug ho rgspugsto mlrrgmto. ?/ ¼Vlr quë g gss ka plrtoetg mlelmgr gh mlap lrtoakgetl buaoel< o/ Vlrqug pl`gals prg`gmkr `gtgrakeoòs ommklegs oetg `gtgrakeo`ls gstáauhls. j/ Vlrqug hos pgrsleos sle ho portg aïs kaplrtoetg `g ho lrdoekzomkýe.

m/ Vlrqug ag pgraktg rgslhvgr mleihkmtls getrg pgrsleos aïs rïpkòagetg. `/ Plòs hos oetgrklrgs. g/ Ekedueo `g hos oetgrklrgs. oetgrklrgs. :/ ¼Vl`g ¼Vl`gals als mlesk` gro grorr bkp ýmrkt o o ueo pg pgrsleos rsleos qug sg mlaplr to `g ueo aoeg aoegro ro muoe`l gstï slho y `g ltro aoegro muoe`l gstï ge ge dru pl< o/ mlaplrtorsg skgaprg j/ ]á, El,plrqug plrqug`gjg hos pgrsleos slals sgrgs kduoh. slmkohgs y rgsple`gals ge ilrao `kigrgetg oetg gh aksal gstáauhl gst áauhl muoe`l gstoals keihugemko`ls plr ltros pgrsleos. =/ Zgspgmtl o tlòs hos tglráos `g oprge`kzong `gsorrlhhoòs, `gjgals utkhkzor> o/ ]lhl ueo. j/ Plòs poro tl`ls hls gaphgo`ls. m/ Plòs hos tglráos mlajkeoòs `gpge`kge`l gh tkpl `g gaphgo`l `gh qug sg trotg. `/ Ekedueo `g hos oetgrklrgs. oetgrklrgs. 0/ Vl`ráo Vl`ráoals als `gmkr qug ho altk vomkýe gs> o/ Gh prlmgsl ag`koetg gh muoh hls gsiugrzls `g ueo pgrsleo sg vge gegrdkzo`ls, `krkdk`ls y slstgek`ls bomko gh hldrl `g ueo agto agto j/ Pgegr doeos `g bomgrghohdl. m/ Gh prlmgsl ag`koetg muoh hls gsiugrzls `g ueo ueo pgrsleo sg vge gegrdkzo`ls, el `krkdk`ls y slstgek`ls bomko gh hldrl `g ueo agto `/ Ekedueo `g hos oetgrklrgs. oetgrklrgs. 7/ ¼_uë rghomkýe gxkstg getrg ue dr upl y ue gqukpl< o/ Pl`ls hls gqukpls `g trojonl sle drupls, pgrl slhl hls drupls ilraohgs pug`ge sgr gqukpls `g trojonl. j/ Hls drupls el tkgege ue prlpýsktl mlaþe gspgmáikml poro hl muoh iugrle mrgo`ls, hls gqukpls sá. m/ Ge hls drupls `g trojonl gxkstg ue há`gr o mordl qug tlao `gmksklegs y `ghgdo oh rgstl `g hls akgajrls. Ge hls gqukpls gh trojonl hos `gmksklegs sg tlaoe ge mlenuetl. `/ Plòs hos oetgrklrgs. g/ Ekedueo `g hos oetgrklrgs. oetgrklrgs.

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla

9/ ¼Ge quë mleskstg ho tëmekmo drupoh ‘Plragetl `g k`gos‑ o/ Vl`gr hgdátkal y pl`gr mlgrmktkvl. j/ Vl`gr `g rgmlapgeso y pl`gr `gh gxpgrtl. m/ Vl`gr rgigrgetg. `/ hos`goetgrklrgs. g/ Plòs Ekedueo hos oetgrklrgs. ;/ Ohdueos `kigrgemkos getrg dgrgetg dgrgetg y há`gr sle> o/ Gh há`gr tkgeg vkskýe `g mlrtl phozl, gh dgrgetg `g hordl phozl. j/ Gh há`gr kespkro mletrlh, gh dgrgetg d grgetg kespkro mleikoezo. m/ Gh há`gr gspgro qug hls `gaïs muaphoe sus ljngtkvls y torgos. Gh dgrgetg gspgro qug hls `gaïs rgspleòe y hl skdoe. `/ Plòs hos oetgrklrgs. g/ Ekedueo `g hos oetgrklrgs. oetgrklrgs. ?6/ ?6/ Hos gto gtopos pos `g ilraomkýe ` g ue drupl s le> o/ Ilraomkýe, tlrageto, elraohkzomkýe, `gsgapgÿl y tgrakeomkýe. j/ Ilraomkýe, elraohkzomkýe, `gsgapgÿl y tgrakeomkýe. m/ Ilraomkýe, `gsgapgÿl y tgrakeomkýe. `/ Plòs hos oetgrklrgs. g/ Ekedueo `g hos oetgrklrgs. oetgrklrgs. ZGMWZ]L] @G GRPGE]KÝE

Jurke, @. (:66:) ‘Bomko ueo dgstkýe portkmkpotkvo y Gikmoz‑. Jugels Okrgs. G`ktlrkoh MKMMW]. ]tgpbge Zljjkes y Aory Mluhtgr ” ‘Oàkekstromkýe‑. Aoeuoh `g Oàkekstromkýe `g Gaprgsos. ]gxto

G`kmkýe. G`ktlrkoh Vrgetkmg Bohh. Oÿl :666. Jrok`lt, E. (:6?6). Egurlaoeodgagt Egurlaoeodgagt.. Jugels Okrgs. Droekmo. Gnërmktl Ordgetkel ” ‘Aoeuoh `gh gngrmkmkl `gh aoe`l‑. AIV-7?-?= Kaprgsl ge gh Kestktutl Dgldrïikml Akhktor. Jugels Okrgs.

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla

WEK@O@ 9 Hls ]kstg kst gaos aos `g Mo Mohkò hk` o` y Mletrlh

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla

KEPZL@WMMKÝE Ge rghomkýe mle hls mletgek`ls `g gsto uekò` gspgroals qug ustg` pugò ohmoezor hls skdukgetgs ljngtkvls> ❙ ❙

❙   ❙ ❙

Mlelmgr gh prlmgsl, tkpls y moromtgrástkmos `g ue skstgao `g mletrlh gigmtkvl. Mlaprge`gr ho kaplrtoemko ho ëtkmo hls agmoeksals `g mletrlh. Mlelmgr hls agmoeksals `g`g mletrlh `gge lpgromklegs. Mlelmgr ho gsgemko `g ho Elrao KK]L ]L ;666 `g Dgstkýe `g ho Mohkò`. Mlelmgr hls prkemkpohgs agmoeksals `g mletrlh `g keilraomkýe ikeoemkgro.

¼_WË G] GH MLEPZLH [ _WË KAVLZPOEMKO PKGEG< Voro mlagezor gsto þhtkao uekò` pl`gals `gmkr qug gh mletrlh gs gh prlmgsl `g alektlrgor, mlaporor y mlrrgdkr hos omtkvkò`gs poro osgdurorsg `g qug sg hhgvge o mojl `g omugr`l mle hl phoekikmo`l y poro mlrrgdkr muohqukgr `gsvkomkýe skdekikmotkvo. Hls dgrgetgs el pug`ge sojgr sk sus uekò`gs tkgege ue juge rge`kakgetl ske gvohuor, prkagrl, quë omtkvkò`gs sg boe rgohkzo`l y ske mlaporor gh rge`kakgetl ljtgek`l mle gh gstïeòr `gsgo`l. Hls mletrlhgs gigmtkvls doroetkzoe qug hos torgos rgohkzoòs sg pugòe mlaphgtor `g toh aoegro qug sg hldrge hls ljngtkvls. Ho gigmtkvkò` `g hls mletrlhgs gs `gtgrakeoò ag`koetg ho ljsgrvomkýe `g sk hls aksals oyuòe o hls gaphgo`ls y o hls dgrgetgs o ohmoezor hl prlygmto`l. Vl`gals `gmkr, getlemgs, qug gh mletrlh gs kaplrtoetg plrqug, oue muoe`l sg pugò hhgvor o mojl ho phoekikmomkýe, sg mrgg ueo gstrumturo lrdoekzomkleoh qug iomkhktg gikmozagetg gh hldrl `g hls ljngtkvls y hls gaphgo`ls sgoe jkge `krkdk`ls y altkvo`ls ag`koetg a g`koetg ue hk`grozdl gigmtkvl, el sg tge`rï ho sgdurkò` `g qug hos omtkvkò`gs voyoe o `gsorrlhhorsg sgdþe hl phoekikmo`l ek qug hos agtos qug pgrskduge hls dgrgetgs voyoe o sgr ohmoezoòs, ‘bosto hls agnlrgs phoegs o vgmgs sohge aoh‑ . Vlr hl toetl, pl`gals oikraor qug gh mletrlh gs kaplrtoetg plrqug mlestktuyg gh gshojýe ikeoh `g ho mo`geo iuemkleoh `g hos omtkvkò`gs oàkekstrotkvos, oyuòe`l o hls dgrgetgs o sojgr sk sg gstïe muaphkge`l hos agtos lrdoekzomkleohgs y, ge mosl egdotkvl, oeohkzor hos rozlegs. Gs gh þekml ag`kl plr gh muoh hls dgrgetgs pug`ge sojgr sk hos agtos `g ho lrdoekzomkýe boe sk`l ohmoezoòs l el y hos mousos `g ueo u ltro sktuomkýe. Gh vohlr `g ho iuemkýe `g mletrlh sg pug`g vgr ge trgs ïrgos gspgmáikmos> • •

Vhoegomkýe. Ltlrdoakgetl `g iomuhto` `g `gmkskýe o hls gaphgo`ls.

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   •

Vrltgmmkýe `gh hudor `g trojonl.

Aumbls dgrgetgs sg ekgdoe iomuhtor o sus tgage qug sohdogeaoh sg qug hgs rgsplesojkhkmg plr ghhl. Gs `gmkroqug mletrlhoe porogaphgo`ls prltgdgr o plrqug ho lrdoekzomkýe y susohdl rgmursls, mosly `g lmurroe `gsostrgs eoturohgs, gsmïeòhls ikeoemkgrls, vklhgemko ge gh hudor `g trojonl, ketgrrupmklegs ge ho mo`geo `g suakekstrls, vklhomklegs `g sgdurkò` y plskjhgs otoqugs gxtgrels. Ge muoetl oh mletrlh, pl`gals k`getkikmor ue prlmgsl `g trgs posls ge gh qug sg ak`g gh `gsgapgÿl rgoh, hugdl sg hl mlaporo mle ue gstïeòr (qug surdg `g hl phoekikmo`l) y, plr þhtkal, sg tlaoe ommklegs oàkekstrotkvos poro mlrrgdkr muohqukgr `gsvkomkýe l poro bomgrsg mordl `g hls gstïeòrgs keo`gmuo`ls. Ge gh skdukgetg drïikml sg pug`ge ljsgrvor hos muotrl omtkvkò`gs jïskmos `gh dgrgetg. Gh prlmgsl `g oàkekstromkýe mleskstg ge phoegor `gtgrakeo`l ljngtkvl o ohmoezor, lrdoekzor hls rgmursls `g ho ilrao aïs ýptkao poro qug ho lrdoekzomkýe sgo gikmkgetg, `krkdkr o hos pgrsleos poro qug moò ueo rgohkmg ho torgo phoeg phoegoò oò y mletrlhor qug muaphoe su torgo, ak`kge`l hls `gsváls y rgohkzoe`l hos mlrrgmmklegs pgrtkegetgs. Gs kaplrtoetg rgaormor qug gh mletrlh pug`g sgr jugel l aohl, pgrl gs ueo rgsplesojkhkò` ke`ghgdojhg `gh dgrgetg. dgrgetg. _ _ukge ukge el mletr lho el pug`g nustkikmors g mle su ngig ketgetoe`l troesigrkr ho rgsplesojkhkò` o su sujlr`keo`l, yo qug gh ngig hg rgsple`grï> ‘Wstg` `gjg mletrlhor qug hos torgos sg muaphoe‑. Gh mletrlh gs prlpkl ` g ho o outlrkò` utlrkò` qug sg tkgeg. Drïikml E¾=7 - Gehomg Vhoego Vhoegomký mký e-Mletr e-Mletrlh lh

Iugetg> ghojlromkýe prlpko ge josg o Zljjkes ]. y Mluhtgr A., :666.

¼_WË PKVL] @G MLEPZLH GRK]PGE< Oetgs `g `gsmrkjkr hls tkpls `g mletrlh qug pug`ge gigmtuorsg ge ueo lrdoekzomkýe, els porgmg kaplrtoetg sgÿohor qug hls dgrgetgs tkgege ho plskjkhkò` `g kaphgagetorhls oetgs `g qug mlakgemg ueo omtkvkò`, ùroetg gh tkgapl ge qug sg `gsorrlhho y `gspuës `g qug bo ikeohkzo`l. Pgekge`l ge mugeto hl oetgrklr, pl`gals `kstkedukr hls skdukgetgs tkpls `g mletrlh>

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla

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Vrgvgetkvl Vrgvg etkvl l oetgrklr o ho ommkýe Gs gh aïs `gsgojhg, prgvkgeg prljhgaos yo qug sg ò oetgs `g ho omtkvkò` rgoh. Ho mhovg gstï ge tlaor ommkýe oàkekstrotkvo oetgs `g qug hls prljhgaos lmurroe, `g gso aoegro sg gvkto mlrrgdkrhls `gspuës `g bojgr mouso`l òÿl mlal pug`g sgr, prlùmtls `g aoho mohkò`, `gnor kesotksigmbls o hls mhkgetgs, tgegr për`kòs ge hos doeoemkos, getrg ltros mlsos. Pl`l gstl rgqukgrg tgegr keilraomkýe lplrtueo y prgmkso qug el skgaprg gs iïmkh `g mlesgdukr.

Mlemurrgetg ]g rgohkzo akgetros ueo omtkvkò` gstï ge prlmgsl. Weo ilrao mlelmkò gs ho supgrvkskýe `krgmto. Ltrl `g hls tërakels qug sg utkhkzo poro `gikekrhl gs ho oàkekstromkýe `g mlrrg`lr, qug `gsmrkjg o ue dgrgetg qug gstï ge gh ïrgo hojlroh g ketgromtþo `krgmtoagetg mle hls gaphgo`ls. Gstg tkpl `g mletrlh oyuò o mlrrgdkr prljhgaos oetgs `g qug sg vughvoe `gaosko`l mlstlsls.

@g rgtrlohkagetomkýe rgtrlohkagetomkýe ]g kapleg `gspuës `g qug ho ommkýe bo tgek`l hudor y tkgeg `ls vgetonos, prkagrl y prkemkpoh, prlplrmkleo o hls dgrgetgs keilraomkýe kaplrtoetg omgrmo `g quë toe gigmtkvls boe sk`l sus gsiugrzls `g phoegomkýe. Ho rgtrlohkagetomkýe qug augstro plmo vorkomkýe getrg gh gstïeòr y gh `gsgapgÿl rgoh ke`kmo qug ho phoegomkýe gs o`gmuoò ge dgegroh. ]k ho `gsvkomkýe gs mlesk`grojhg, ue dgrgetg pug`g utkhkzor gso keilraomkýe poro ilrauhor eugvls phoegs. Vlr ltro portg, ho rgtrlohkagetomkýe dgegro altkvomkýe, yo qug prlplrmkleo keilraomkýe o hos pgrsleos poro sojgr sk gstïe bomkge`l jkge su trojonl. Gh aoylr prljhgao mle gstg tkpl `g mletrlh gs qug poro muoe`l ue dgrgetg tkgeg ho keilraomkýe, hls prljhgaos yo boe lmurrk`l, òe`l mlal rgsuhto`l `gspgr`kmkls l òÿls.

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O mletkeuomkýe, sketgtkzoals ge ue drïikml hl trojono`l oetgrklragetg> Drïikml E¾=9 E¾=9 - P Pkpls kpls `g mletrlh

Iugetg> ghojlromkýe prlpko ge josg o Zljjkes ]. y Mluhtgr A., :666.

MOZOMPGZÁ]PKMO] @G WE ]K]PGAO @G MLEPZLH GIGMPKYL

Pgekge`l ge mugeto ho tkplhldáo oetgrklr, mrggals kaplrtoetg `gstomor qug hls skstgaos `g mletrlh gikmomgs doroetkzoe qug hos omtkvkò`gs sg hhgvge o mojl `g toh ilrao qug ho agto sgo hldror muaphkr hls ljngtkvls `g ho

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla lrdoekzomkýe. Oblro jkge, hls skstgaos sughge tgegr mkgrtos moromtgrástkmos ge mlaþe muyo kaplrtoemko voráo sgdþe ho sktuomkýe. O mletkeuomkýe, `gsmrkjkrgals hos moromtgrástkmos `g ue skstgao `g mletrlh poro qug sgo gikmoz> •

Vrgmkskýe> ho keilraomkýe kaprgmkso pug`g keùmkr o ho dgrgemko o el omtuor muoe`l `gjkgro bomgrhl Vrgmkskýe> ho l rgommkleor mletro ue prljhgao qug el gxkstg. We skstgao `g mletrlh prgmksl gs `kdel `g mleikoezo y prlplrmkleo òtls vïhk`ls.

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Lplrtuekò`> hls mletrlhgs `gjgrïe hhoaor ho otgemkýe `g hls dgrgetgs ge ilrao lplrtueo muoe`l Lplrtuekò`> hls sg prlùmge vorkomklegs o ike `g prgvgekr gigmtls drovgs ge pgrnukmkl `gh rge`kakgetl `g ueo uekò` lpgrotkvo. Bosto ho agnlr keilraomkýe tkgeg gsmosl vohlr muoe`l gs ljslhgto. Vlr hl toetl, ue skstgao `g mletrlh gikmoz `gjgrï oplrtor keilraomkýe lplrtueo.

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Gmlelaáo> tl`l skstgao `g mletrlh tge`rï qug nustkikmor hls jgegikmkls qug oplrto ge rghomkýe mle Gmlelaáo> tl`l hls mlstls qug lmoskleo. Voro akekakzorhls, hls dgrgetgs `gjge trotor `g kaplegr ho agelr `lsks `g mletrlh qug sgo egmgsorko poro ljtgegr hls rgsuhto`ls `gsgo`ls. Gh ljngtkvl `gh skstgao gs rgùmkr mlstls kegspgro`ls y ohmoezor ljngtkvls mlapgtktkvls, rozýe plr ho muoh, sk gs auy mlstlsl l ke`ksmrgtl ouageto hls dostls y rgùmg ho mlapgtktkvkò`.

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Ihgxkjkhkò`> ue skstgao `g mletrlh gigmtkvl gs ihgxkjhg muoe`l tkgeg ho mopomkò` `g prlmgsor hls Ihgxkjkhkò`> ue òtls qug o`qukgrg poro qug ho dgrgemko pugò oòptorsg o hos sktuomklegs `g moajkls l poro oprlvgmbor eugvos lplrtuekò`gs. Vlmos lrdoekzomklegs sg `gsgevughvge ge oajkgetgs toe gstojhgs qug el egmgsktge ihgxkjkhkò` ohdueo. Bosto hos gstrumturos ohtoagetg agmoekmkstos rgqukgrge mletrlhgs qug sgo plskjhg onustor o ag`kò qug moajkoe hls tkgapls y hos mle`kmklegs.

Ketghkdkjkhkò`> hls Ketghkdkjkhkò`> hls mletrlhgs qug el sle mlapgesojhgs poro hls usuorkls morgmge `g vohlr. Vlr hl toetl, o vgmgs gs egmgsorkl sustktukr hls skstgaos slikstkmo`ls plr mletrlhgs agels mlaphgnls. We skstgao `g mletrlh qug gs `kiámkh `g getge`gr pug`g lmoskleor grrlrgs keegmgsorkls, irustror o hls gaphgo`ls y o ho hordo sgr kdelro`ls.

Mrktgrkls rozleojhgs> rozleojhgs> hls gstïeòrgs `g mletrlh `gjgrïe sgr rozleojhgs y susmgptkjhgs `g ohmoezor. Ge mosl mletrorkl, su plskjhg ommkýe altkvo`lro `gsoporgmg. Vugstl qug ho aoylráo `g hls gaphgo`ls el `gsgoe

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orrkgsdorsg o qug hls mlesk`grge kemlapgtgetgs plr omusor o sus supgrklrgs l bomgr `gaoskoòs prgduetos, gs plskjhg qug rgmurroe o otonls khgdohgs el ëtkmls slhl poro ohmoezor hls gstïeòrgs. Hls mletrlhgs `gjgrïe gxohtor gstïeòrgs qug sgoe ue rgtl poro ho dgetg y ho ljhkduge o supgrorsg poro ohmoezor ekvghgs `g rge`kakgetl aïs ohtls, pgrl qug el sgoe sg oe `gsohgeto`lrgs ek kemktge oh gedoÿl. •

Hlmohkzomkýe gstr otë otëdkmo> dkmo> hls hls dgrgetgs `gjgrïe gstojhgmgr mletrlhgs sljrg hls iomtlrgs qug sgoe gstrotëdkmls poro gh rge`kakgetl `g ho lrdoekzomkýe y ojormor hos omtkvkò`gs, lpgromklegs y gvgetls

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla mrátkmls. Oskaksal, tge`rïe qug gstor geilmo`ls ge hudorgs `le`g hos `ksmrgpoemkos `g hls gstïeòrgs tgedoe aïs prljojkhkò`gs `g prgsgetorsg l `le`g ueo vorkomkýe pu`kgro mousor aoylr òÿl. Voro `gtgrakeor ho prljojkhkò` `g moò grrlr sg `gjg rgmurrkr oh bkstlrkoh ge gh skst skstgao. gao. Ohhá sg pl`rïe   ljsgrvor hos lpgromklegs qug aoylr gxplskmkýe oh grrlr tkgege y onustor hls mletrlhgs sljrg pl`rïe ghhos.

Ëeiosks ge hos gxmgpmklegs> hls gxmgpmklegs> hls dgrgetgs el pug`ge mletrlhor tlòs hos omtkvkò`gs, gs plr ghhl qug `gjge gstojhgmgr sus `ksplsktkvls `g mletrlh gstrotëdkmls `le`g gstls pugòe hhoaor su otgemkýe muoe`l sg prgsgetge gxmgpmklegs. Gstg tkpl `g skstgao osgduro qug gh dgrgetg el rgmkjo ue vlhuage ojruao`lr `g keilraomkýe sljrg ho `ksmrgpoemko mle rgspgmtl oh gstïeòr.

Mrktgrkls aþhtkphgs> aþhtkphgs> hls dgrgetgs y gaphgo`ls `gsgorïe prlùmkr ueo ‘jugeo kaprgskýe‑ ge hls mrktgrkls sghgmmkleo`ls mle prlpýsktls `g mletrlh. Ge gh mosl `g qug ho dgrgemko supgrvksg plr a ag`kl g`kl `g ueo slho ag`kmkýe, (mlal hos doeoemkos uektorkos), hls gsiugrzls `g trojonl sg geilmorïe sýhl ge prlygmtor ueo jugeo kaodge o ho huz `g gsg gstïeòr. Hos ag`kmklegs aþhtkphgs `gh rge`kakgetl bomge qug gsg geilqug sgo agels gstrgmbl.

Mlrrgmtkvo> ue skstgao `g mletrlh gikmoz el sýhl ke`kmo muïe`l sg prgsgetoe `gsvkomklegs Mlrrgmtkvo> skdekikmotkvos mle rgspgmtl oh gstïeòr, skel qug toajkëe sudkgrg quë ag`kòs sgrï mlevgekgetg tlaor poro mlrrgdkr ho `ksmrgpoemko. Gs `gmkr, `gjgrï sgÿohor gh prljhgao y gspgmkikmor ueo slhumkýe. Gstl sg hldro mle irgmugemko gstojhgmkge`l duáos mle ueo gstrumturo `g ‘sk sg prgsgeto toh mlso, getlemgs toh ltro‑.

]lrprgso> gs `g iueòagetoh kaplrtoemko qug ge gh mletrlh gxksto gh iomtlr slrprgso. Gstl qukgrg ]lrprgso> `gmkr qug muoe`l gh dgrgetg mletrlho eo`kg `gjg sojgr gh alagetl, zleo y hudor `le`g hl borï, yo qug hls gaphgo`ls qug rgohkmge aoh su trojonl o mouso `g `kigrgetgs vkmkls, muoe`l sgpoe qug sgrïe supgrvkso`ls, al`kikmorïe su mlaplrtoakgetl bomkge`l hos mlsos mlrrgmtoagetg poro el sgr mostkdo`ls. Ge moajkl, sk mletrlhoals ge ilrao slrprgso gso váo `g gsmopg el gxkstkrï, yo qug pl`rïe sgr slrprge`k`ls bomkge`l aoh hos mlsos ge muohqukgr alagetl. Gh iomtlr slrprgso tlao aïs rghgvoemko muoe`l sg troto `g ue mletrlh sghgmtkvl, `le`g boy euagrlsos vorkojhgs o mletrlhor y, ge mlesgmugemko, gh dgrgetg ghkdg oh ozor slhl ohdueos ge ilrao rgprgsgetotkvo. Gstg puetl gs auy kaplrtoetg y gs `le`g sg `gjg bomgr aoylr bkemopkë, yo qug, ge dgegroh, hls dgrgetgs plr ueo mugstkýe `g mlal`kò` skgaprg rgohkzoe gh mletrlh `g ho aksao aoegro ge gh aksal hudor, `ïe`lhg

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prgvkskjkhkò` `gh mletrlh oh gaphgo`l mletrlho`l. @g gsto aoegro `gsoporgmg gh iomtlr slrprgso y gh skstgao `g mletrlh sg vughvg `gikmkgetg. Gh dgrgetg `gjg sgr `ksmkphkeo`l y rgphoekikmor pgraoegetgagetg hls mrleldroaos `g mletrlh. We gngaphl auy mlaþe ge hos gaprgsos odrlpgmuorkos gs ho rgohkzomkýe `g mletrlh `g mlsgmbo. Wsuohagetg gh lpgrorkl `g ho mlsgmbo`lro poro tgrakeor aïs rïpk`l su trojonl y pl`gr mlsgmbor aïs moetkò` `g bgmtïrgos y osá mljror aïs blelrorkls plr sgrvkmkls `g mlsgmbo (omtlr mlaþeagetg `gelakeo`l mletrotksto), el rgspgto ho vghlmkò` `g mlsgmbo `g ho aïqukeo y vo aïs rïpk`l `g hl mlrrgmtl. Gsl dgegro pgr`kò `g droels ge ho mlsgmbo plr ho gikmkgemko `g ho mlsgmbo`lro y dgegro ue pgrnukmkl gmleýakml oh gaprgsorkl odrlpgmuorkl. ]k gh gaprgsorkl el phoekikmo ue juge skstgao `g mletrlh sg pug`g vgr pgrnu`kmo`l. Wsuohagetg gh mletrlh `g mlsgmbo sg rgohkzo bomkge`l vksktos irgmugetgs akgetros sg rgohkzo gh trojonl y sg vo tlaoe`l gh tkgapl `g ovoemg `g ho mlsgmbo. Bomkge`l mïhmuhls pl`gals sojgr muïetos bgmtïrgos plr blro pug`g bomgr gh mletrotksto ge eugstrl moapl y sk vgals qug `galrý agels `g hl phoekikmo`l gs plrqug iug o ueo vghlmkò` aoylr. Hls droels pgr`k`ls sle krrgmupgrojhgs, plr hl qug `g eoò els skrvg `gmkrhg qug iug aïs rïpk`l `g hl mlrrgmtl ueo vgz

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla pgr`k`l hls droels, skel qug `gjgals gstor ohhá y bomgrhg eltor qug gstoals bomkge`l mletrlhgs pgraoegetgs poro qug sg skgeto mletrlho`l y el tlag ho `gmkskýe `g kr aïs rïpk`l `g hl mlrrgmtl.

GH O]VGMPL O ]VGMPL @ @K]IWEM K]IWEMKLEOH KLEOH @GH MLEPZLH Hugdl `g bojgr ojlrò`l hos moromtgrástkmos `g ue skstgao `g mletrlh poro qug sgo gigmtkvl, els porgmg kaplrtoetg rgmlelmgr qug hls mletrlhgs tkgege sus vgetonos y `gsvgetonos. ]k el sg `lto `g ihgxkjkhkò` o ue skstgao `g mletrlh lrdoekzomkleoh, pug`g mrgor prljhgaos aïs drovgs qug hls lrkdkeohgs qug sg ketgetojo prgvgekr. Vl`gals oikraor, getlemgs, qug hls mletrlhgs pug`ge vlhvgrsg `ksiuemkleohgs muoe`l prlvlmoe qug gh mlaplrtoakgetl sg `gsvág `g hos agtos `g ho lrdoekzomkýe. Gstl pug`g prlùmkrsg mlal rgsuhto`l `g ho keihgxkjkhkò` l `g gstïeòrgs el rozleojhgs. O`gaïs, muoe`l hos rgmlapgesos gstïe ge nugdl, gs prljojhg qug hls ke`kvkùls aoekpuhge hls òtls o ike `g qug su rge`kakgetl sgo pgrmkjk`l ge ilrao plsktkvo. Pl`l mleihkmtl pug`g agnlrorsg sk hls kevlhumro`ls rgmlelmge su mlaplrtoakgetl `ksiuemkleoh y sk gstïe `kspugstls o mlauekmorsg. Gstos mle`kmklegs el sle iïmkhgs `g muaphkr yo qug al`kikmor bïjktls `ksiuemkleohgs qug boe sk`l orrokdo`ls ùroetg hordl tkgapl gs `kiámkh. El tl`ls hls ke`kvkùls gstïe `kspugstls o geirgetor ho vgrò` `g su aue`l ketgrklr ek o rghomkleorsg soeo y plsktkvoagetg mle ltrls. ltrls. Weo `g hos torgos aïs kaplrtoetgs `g ho `krgmmkýe `g ueo gaprgso gs gvohuor hls moajkls toetl rgohgs mlal pltgemkohgs `gh skstgao slmkoh `g aoegro qug sg pugòe `gtgrakeor hls plskjhgs gigmtls iuemkleohgs y `ksiuemkleohgs, o ike `g qug pugòe prgvgrsg y gigmtuorsg hos rgspugstos aïs o`gmuoòs. Hls gaphgo`ls toajkëe pug`ge gngrmgr `kigrgetgs gigmtls sljrg ho lrdoekzomkýe. Vug`ge sgr mrgotkvls, prlùmtkvls y pgrsgdukr omtkvoagetg ho ghgvomkýe `g ho mohkò` `gh prlùmtl l sgrvkmkl `g ho lrdoekzomkýe. Vgrl toajkëe pug`ge sgr kapuetuohgs, ousgetorsg mle irgmugemko, egdorsg o usor su tohgetl y rgskstkrsg o moajkls

lrdoekzomkleohgs. Voro hldror qug hls gaphgo`ls o`lptge mleùmtos iuemkleohgs gs egmgsorkl qug sg hgs lirgzmoe gxpgmtotkvos mhoros y prlagsos `g rgtrkjumkýe. Vlr su portg, gs prgmksl qug ho lrdoekzomkýe rgmkjo o moajkl gh mlaprlaksl `g sus gaphgo`ls. ËPKMO GE GH MLEPZLH Voro o bojhor `g houeo ëtkmo, pl`gals `gikekrho mlalprïmtkmo gh puetlrgspgmtl `g vkstoo`g mugstklegs alrohgs`g qug jusmomlagezor ue ke`kvkùl, gs `gmkr, rgspugsto, ueo lrkgetomkýe hlshos prljhgaos mlemrgtls ho slmkgò`. O pgsor `g qug sojgals hl kaplrtoetg qug gs gh mletrlh `g hos lrdoekzomklegs y gh rlh skdekikmotkvl qug `gsgapgÿoe ge gh prlmgsl `g oàkekstromkýe, hos mugstklegs ëtkmos pug`ge surdkr muoe`l hls dgrgetgs `ksgÿoe skstgaos `g mletrlhgs gikmkgetgs y gikmomgs. Hls o`ghoetls tgmelhýdkmls ge keilraïtkmo, plr gngaphl, boe iomkhkto`l gh prlmgsl `g mletrlh, pgrl gstls ovoemgs boe troá`l mleskdl prgduetos gspkelsos ge muoetl o hl qug tkgege `grgmbl o sojgr hls dgrgetgs omgrmo `g sus gaphgo`ls y qug toe hgnls pug`ge hhgdor ge gh ketgetl `g mletrlhor gh mlaplrtoakgetl `g gstls, toetl ge gh trojonl mlal iugro `g ëh. @gs`g gh puetl `g vksto ëtkml, el pug`g gxkstkr ekedþe `kïhldl sgrkl sljrg mugstklegs alrohgs ske gstojhgmgr gh aorml `g hos bgrroakgetos y supugstls poro ho tlao `g `gmksklegs mrátkmos `g hls portkmkpoetgs. @kigrgetgs bgrroakgetos tkgege mlal

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   rgsuhto`l `kigrgetgs `gmksklegs. Hls supugstls mrátkmls aïs kaplrtoetgs ge muoetl o hos rghomklegs hojlrohgs sle oqughhls qug skrvge `g josg poro oskdeor ljhkdomklegs l `gjgrgs oetg hos `kstketos ohtgreotkvos, o ageu`l ge mleihkmtl, poro prltgdgr hls ‘`grgmbls‑ `g hls trojono`lrgs y `g hos gaprgsos. Vl`gals oikraor, getlemgs, qug sle hls mletrlhgs ketgrels kaphoeto`ls mle gsto ikeohkò`, ge prkemkpkl, hls aïs o`gmuo`ls y gspgmáikmls poro mlajotkr hls irou`gs ge hos gaprgsos. Ge muoetl o gstls þhtkals, (mlal ho oprlpkomkýe ke`gjkò `g ile`ls y jkgegs `g ho gaprgso l ho iohskikmomkýe `g `lmuagetls), sle ueo rgohkò` ge gh aue`l gaprgsorkoh omtuoh. Vl`ráoals `gmkr qug su `gsmujrkakgetl gs `kiámkh, yo qug, sgdþe gemugstos, droe portg sg `gtgmto plr mosuohkò` aïs qug plr ho ophkmomkýe `g skstgaos `g mletrlh, hl qug keùmg o pgesor qug pug`g gxkstkr ueo droe moetkò` `g irou`gs ske sk e oihlror. Mrggals kaplrtoetg `gstomor o hls mletrlhgs ketgrels `g morïmtgr dgegroh kestoho`ls ge hos gaprgsos mlal ho prkagro ag`kò `g k`getkikmomkýe. Hls mletrlhgs ketgrels gspgmáikmls poro ïrgos mlemrgtos, mlal ho keilraïtkmo, ghgvoe hls plrmgetongs `g gikmomko. Gngaphl aphl `g `ksgÿl `g prlmgsl oàkekstrotkvl m le kemlrp lromkýe `g agmoeksal agmoeksal ` g mletrlh. Gng O mletkeuomkýe, `gtohhoals ue prlmgsl oàkekstrotkvl poro rgohkzor ho mlapro `g aotgrkoh iohtoetg ge ueo iïjrkmo `g ohkagetls johoemgo`l jlvkel. ?. Elto `g pg`k`l `gh sgmtlr iohtoetg, `g sohgs akegrohgs.

:. Ho rgmkjg Ohaomëe `g Aotgrkos Vrkaos. Mletrlho sk boy stlmc. Ge mosl `g bojgr, geváo gh aotgrkoh slhkmkto`l. Ge gh mosl `g el bojgr, sg rgaktg ueo slhkmktu` oh ïrgo `g Mlapros. =. Gh ïrgo `g mlapros rgohkzo hls skdukgetgs posls> o. @gtgmto oh prlvgg`lr. j. Vk`g mltkzomkýe. (plr hl agels o trgs prlvgg`lrgs). m. Mlaporo hos mltkzomklegs. Ljsgrvo ho mohkò` qug lirgmg moò uel, ho igmbo `g getrgdo, prgmkl, phozl `g podl, oetgmg`getgs `gh prlvgg`lr. Ghkdg ho aïs mlevgekgetg. 0. Zgaktg ueo lr`ge `g mlapro oh prlvgg`lr (`lmuagetl el ketgrel, mle vohk`gz hgdoh). Hl `gjg ikraor ohdukge mle pl`gr ge ho gaprgso. 7. ]g hg getrgdo ho lr`ge `g mlapro lrkdkeoh oh prlvgg`lr y sg hg bomg ikraor ue ùphkmo`l. 9. Gh prlvgg`lr getrgdo ho agrmo`gráo mle gh rgaktl. Gh qug ho rgmkjg ge gh Ohaomëe `g Aotgrkos V Vrkaos rkaos mletrlho ho moetkò`. Muoe`l sg vo gh prlvgg`lr sg mletrlho eugvoagetg ho moetkò` y ho mohkò`. ]k boy ue prljhgao sg bomg gh rgmhoal mlrrgsple`kgetg oh prlvgg`lr. 4. Hugdl gh prlvgg`lr bomg ho iomturo y ho getrgdo ge gh ïrgo `g Mletojkhkò` `g ho gaprgso. Ohhá sg mletrlho qug mlkemkò gh prgmkl mle ho lr`ge `g mlapro y ho moetkò` m oetkò` mle gh rgaktl ikrao`l ge gh Ohaomëe `g Aotgrkos Vrkaos. ]k gstï tl`l jkge sg rgdkstro ho mlapro. 2. ]g geváo tl`l o Pgslrgráo. Oquá sg gaktg ho lr`ge `g podl rgspohòtlrko `g ho gakskýe `gh mbgqug. ]g hhoao oh prlvgg`lr poro qug vgedo o rgtkror gh mbgqug. Muoe`l sg hg getrgdo gh mbgqug, gh prlvgg`lr ikrao ue rgmkjl. ;. Ikeohagetg, vo tl`l o Mletojkhkò` M letojkhkò` poro rgdkstror ho moemghomkýe `g ho `guò.

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Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   Ge gstg prlmgsl sg pug`g ljsgrvor qug, ge gh posl = gh ïrgo `g mlapros, sg `gjg slhkmktor plr hl agels trgs prgsupugstls. Gstl sg gstojhgmký osá, `gjk`l o qug gs auy mlaþe qug ge hos gaprgsos hls gaphgo`ls `g mlapros orrgdhge ge ilrao keilraoh mle hls prlvgg`lrgs gh podl `g ueo mlakskýe `gsblegsto plr sgr ghgdk`ls ge ho troesommkýe, bomkge`l qug sg ghgvge hls mlstls poro ho gaprgso mlapro`lro y hhgvïe`lsg gso doeoemko keilraoh gh gaphgo`l y gh prlvgg`lr. @g gsto aoegro, sk gh gaphgo`l `gjg slhkmktor trgs prgsupugstls, sg tlreo aïs `kiámkh orrgdhor keilraohagetg mle = prlvgg`lrgs. Yohg omhoror qug ekedþe skstgao `g mletrlh gs pgrigmtl, pgrl ho gxkstgemko `gh aksal aoxkakzo ho mlaphgnkò` poro gh `gsblegstl, rgùmkge`l ho prljojkhkò` `g lmurrgemko `gh bgmbl `ghkmtkvl. Gh prgsupugstl gs ue `lmuagetl ilraoh qug qugò rgdkstro`l y ormbkvo`l, plr hl qug gh gaphgo`l `g mlapros el pug`g ghgdkr `g aoegro orjktrorko o uel plr sljrg ltrl, yo qug gh dgrgetg `g mlapros ge gh prlmgsl `g mletrlh pug`g `gtgmtor ho `kigrgemko `g prgmkl y `gaïs otrkjutls prgsupugsto`ls. Gstg posl iug kemhuk`l gxmhuskvoagetg poro dgegror `lmuagetomkýe qug iomkhktg gh mletrlh ml etrlh plr portg `gh dgrgetg. Ge gh posl 4 toajkëe sg pug`g ljsgrvor qug gh ïrgo `g Mletojkhkò` rgohkzo ue mletrlh `g ho `lmuagetomkýe

`ksplekjhg, yo qug mruzo ho keilraomkýe mletgekò ge ho iomturo mle ho `ksplekjhg ge ho lr`ge `g mlapro y rgaktl. Gstl gs auy kaplrtoetg, yo qug sk el sg mletrlho gh prlvgg`lr pug`g el rgspgtor gh prgsupugstl dgegro`l prgvkoagetg ek ho moetkò` gigmtkvoagetg getrgdoò. Ge gh skdukgetg oporto`l trotorgals gh mletrlh ge hos lpgromklegs. Voro ghhl `gjgals mlelmgr gh prlmgsl `g oàkekstromkýe `g lpgromklegs `gsmrkptl o mletkeuomkýe.

O@AKEK]PZOMKÝE O@AKEK]PZO MKÝE @G LVGZO LVGZOMKLEG] MKLEG] Ge rghomkýe mle gh tërakel ‘oàkekstromkýe ‘ oàkekstromkýe `g lpgromklegs‑, `krgals qug gh skstgao tlao hls kesuals (pgrsleoh,

tgmelhldáo, mopktoh, gqukpl, aotgrkohgs g keilraomkýe) y hls troesilrao o trovës `g `kvgrsls prlmgsls, prlmg`kakgetls y omtkvkò`gs hojlrohgs ge prlùmtls y sgrvkmkls tgrakeo`ls. Ho oàkekstromkýe `g lpgromklegs gs kaplrtoetg `getrl `g hos lrdoekzomklegs `gjk`l o qug> ❙

Ojormo toetl sgrvkmkls mlal aoeuiomturo. ➪ ➪

❙ ❙

Hos lrdoekzomklegs `g sgrvkmkls sle hos qug ghojlroe prlùmtls qug el sle iáskmls. Hos lrdoekzomklegs `g aoeuiomturo l odrlpgmuorkos sle hos qug iojrkmoe prlùmtls iáskmls.

Gs kaplrtoetg poro aoegnor gikmkgetg y gikmozagetg ho prlùmtkvkò`. @gsgapgÿo ue rlh gstrotëdkml ge gh ëxktl mlapgtktkvl `g ueo lrdoekzomkýe.

Gstg `gsgapgÿl gxktlsl `g ueo lpgromkýe sg pug`g oprgmkor o ag`kò qug aïs lrdoekzomklegs `gmk`ge aoegnor sus lpgromklegs `gs`g ho pgrspgmtkvo `g ho mo`geo `g vohlr. Ge gh skdukgetg drïikml sg pug`g ljsgrvor qug ho oàkekstromkýe `g lpgromklegs mleskstg ge troesilraor kesuals ge prlùmtls. Hugdl, sle vge`k`ls o hls mhkgetgs y ge iuemkýe `g su `gsgapgÿl sg rgohkzoe onustgs ge gh prlmgsl poro eugvoagetg `gtgrakeor hls kesuals egmgsorkls o utkhkzor.

?0:

Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   Drïikml E¾=4 - Gh ]kstgao `g Lpgromklegs.

Iugetg> ghojlromkýe prlpko ge josg o Zljjkes ]. y Mluhtgr A., :666.

Yohg `gstomor qug gh oàkekstro`lr `g lpgromklegs `gjg k`getkikmor hls ‘mughhls `g jltghho‑ ge gh prlmgsl, gs

`gmkr, hls sujprlmgsls ge hls qug sg prlùmge aoylrgs `galros, plr gngaphl, ge ueo háego `g prlùmmkýe `g ohkagetl johoemgo`l poro jlvkels sg `kspleg `g ueo tlhvo qug tkgeg ueo mopomkò` `g ojostgmkakgetl `g 7 tleghoòs (Pe) pgrl ho agzmho`lro pug`gplr agzmhor = Pe plr blro. dgegroe`l Oquá gh mughhl jltghho gs `g ho agzmho`lro, yoplr qugblro, prlùmg `galros ge ghsýhl prlmgsl iohto `g mopomkò`, ue `g `gspgr`kmkl mopomkò`:= ge ho tlhvo `g : Pe plr blro. Ltro hkaktoetg ge ho oàkekstromkýe `g lpgromklegs pug`g sgr ho `ksplekjkhkò` `g kesuals poro gh prlmgsl, l ho iohto `g gspomkl iáskml poro stlmcgor :0 hls kesuals l hls prlùmtls tgrakeo`ls. Plòs gstos vorkojhgs `gjge gstor jkge phoekikmoòs plr gh dgrgetg `g lpgromklegs, yo qug, `g ltro aoegro, el sg pug`g kemurrkr ge ohtls ekvghgs `g lmklskò` (`gsoprlvgmboakgetl `g rgmursls). Gxkstge `kvgrsos ilraos poro oàkekstror hos lpgromklegs, o mletkeuomkýe, `gsorrlhhoals hls prkemkpohgs geilqugs. PKVL] ] @G LVGZOMKLEG] @G VHOEKIKMOMKÝE VHO EKIKMOMKÝE BO[< ¼_WË PKVL Lpgromkýe geilmoò oh mhkgetg Lpgromkýe Hos lrdoekzomklegs gxkstge poro sotksiomgr hos egmgskò`gs `g sus mhkgetgs, yo qug, ske ghhls, el bojráo qukge ojslrjo hls jkgegs prlùmk`ls plr ho lrdoekzomkýe. ]ke gajordl, el gs suikmkgetg qug hls dgrgetgs rgmlelzmoe ho gxkstgemko `g hls mhkgetgs, `gjk`l o qug sýhl sgdukrïe iovlrgmkge`l o ho lrdoekzomkýe sk plr ag`kl `g ghho hldroe ho sotksiommkýe mlaphgto y tltoh `g sus egmgskò`gs. Ho hgohto` `gh mhkgetg pug`g rg`ktuor droe`gs rgmlapgesos. Gstls skstgaos `g lpgromklegs sle `ksgÿo`ls poro sotksiomgr plr mlaphgtl g, kemhusl, gxmg`gr hos egmgskò`gs `g hls mhkgetgs. ❙

❙

:=

Vrlmgsl `g trojonl `g rgkedgekgráo

@gspgr`kmkl `g mopomkò` gs hl aksal qug Mopomkò` Lmklso y bomg rgigrgemko o ho mopomkò` el utkhkzoò `g hls rgmursls `ksplekjhgs, qug gstï ge

mle`kmklegs Ohaomgeor.ýptkaos `g pl`gr sgr utkhkzoò. :0

?0=

Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   Mleskstg ge vlhvgr o `ksgÿor ge ilrao tltoh hos lpgromklegs `g ueo mlapoÿáo, sg trotg `g ueo lrdoekzomkýe `g aoeuiomturos, odrlpgmuorko l ueo `g sgrvkmkls. Ho prkemkpoh bgrroakgeto `g ho rgkedgekgráo gs ueo blno `g popgh ge jhoeml. Kaphkmo mlagezor `gs`g mgrl o ike `g rgpgesor y rg`kstrkjukr ho ilrao ge qug sg rgohkzo r gohkzo gh trojonl.

O` ak ek st rom Oàk romký ký e gs gstr trotëd otëdkm km o `g l lpgr pgromk omk le legs gs Ho prlùmmkýe `gjg sgr oàkekstroò `gs`g orrkjo bomko ojonl y el o ho kevgrso. Ho gstrotgdko dgegroh `g ho lrdoekzomkýe tkgeg qug rgihgnor sus mopomkò`gs y hkaktomklegs `g aoeuiomturo g kemhukr ljngtkvls y gstrotgdkos `g lpgromklegs. Ge muoetl o hos þhtkaos, gs egmgsorkl qug ge moò lrdoekzomkýe sgoe þekmos y rgihgnge hos vgetonos y `gsvgetonos `g moò uel `g hls prlmgsls `g prlùmmkýe. ❙

❙

Lpgromklegs `g phoekikm omkýe Lpgromklegs Ho phoekikmomkýe `gjg oetgmg`gr oh mletrlh, rozýe plr ho muoh, oetgs `g prgsgetor hos tëmekmos `g mletrlh mlrrgsple`kgetgs o ho oàkekstromkýe `g lpgromklegs, gs egmgsorkl qug rgposgals ohdueos `g hos `gmksklegs aïs kaplrtoetgs rghomkleoòs mle hos lpgromklegs `g phoekikmomkýe> ❙

Vhoekikmomký e `g ho mopomkò` Vhoekikmomký Gvohuomkýe `g hos plskjkhkò`gs `g ue skstgao `g lpgromklegs poro ghojlror gh eþagrl `gsgo`l `g uekò`gs `g moò tkpl `g prlùmtl p rlùmtl ùroetg ue pgrál`l gspgmáikml. Vhoekikmomký e `g ho hlmohkzo Vhoekikmomký hlmohkzomkýe mkýe `g kes tohomklegs @ksgÿl y ujkmomkýe `g hos kestohomklegs `g lpgromklegs.

❙

Vhoekikmomký e `g prlmgsls Vhoekikmomký @gtgrakeomkýe `g ho ilrao ge qug ue prlùmtl l sgrvkmkl `gjgrï prlùmkrsg. ❙

Vhoekikmomký e `g ho `kstr kjumký e iáskmo `g kestohomklegs Vhoekikmomký Vrlmgsl `g gvohuomkýe y sghgmmkýe, getrg vorkos lpmklegs ohtgreotkvos, `g ho `kstrkjumkýe `gh gqukpl y hos gxtrommklegs `g trojonl.

❙

Vhoekikmomký e odrgdo Vhoekikmomký odrgdoò ò Ilrao `g phoekikmor hos omtkvkò`gs dgegrohgs `g prlùmmkýe y hls rgmursls `g lpgromkýe oslmko`ls o ghhos. ❙

❙

Vrldroao aogstrl Gspgmkikmo ho moetkò` y gh tkpl `g ghgagetls qug bojrïe `g prlùmkrsg3 gh mýal, muïe`l y `ýe`g `gjgrïe sgr prlùmk`ls, hls ekvghgs `g ho iugrzo `g trojonl y gh kevgetorkl. Vhoekikmomký e `g rgquksktls `g aotg Vhoekikmomký aotgrkohgs rkohgs ]kstgao sgdþe gh muoh hls prlùmtls sg suj`kvk`ge ge hos portgs y aotgrkohgs egmgsorkls poro prlpýsktls `g mlapro, kevgetorkl y phoekikmomkýe `g prklrkò`gs. ❙

?00

Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla

PKVL] @G MLEPZLH @G LVGZOMKLEG] Oblro jkge, pl`ráoals `gmkr qug muoe`l gh skstgao `g lpgromklegs yo bo sk`l `ksgÿo`l g kaphgageto`l, sus ghgagetls mhovg tkgege qug sgr ljngtl `g alektlrgl. Ge gstg sgetk`l, tge`rgals ge mugeto gstls ghgagetls `gtgrakeoetgs poro ho mlapgtktkvkò` `g ho gaprgso. Mletrlh `g mlstls ❙ Mgetrl `g mlstls> mlstls > uekò` ge ho muoh ho rgsplesojkhkò` `g tl`ls hls mlstls oslmko`ls rgmog sljrg hls dgrgetgs (plr gngaphl, Mgetrl `g Mlstls `g Odrkmuhturo, Mgetrl `g Mlstls `g Doeo`gráo, Mgetrl `g Mlstls `g Vhoeto `g Ohkagetls Johoemgo`ls, gtm.) gtm.) ❙ Mlstls `krgmtls> `krgmtls > aletl ge prlplrmkýe mle ho moetkò` prlùmkò `g ue jkge l sgrvkmkl ge portkmuhor (plr gngaphl, Mlstl `g mlsgmbo, mlstl `g sgakhhos y igrtkhkzoetgs, odrlquáakmls, gtm.) gtm.) ❙ Mlstls ke`krgmtls> ke`krgmtls > oqughhls qug, ge droe portg, el rgsuhtoe oigmto`ls plr hls moajkls rgdkstro`ls ge ho moetkò` `g prlùmmkýe (plr gngaphl, mlstls `g oàkekstromkýe, mlstls `g aoetgekakgetl `g kestohomklegs doeo`gros, mlstl `g pgrsleoh pgraoegetg, gtm.) gtm.) Mletrlh `g mlapros Hls dgrgetgs `gjge vkdkhor ho getrgdo, rge`kakgetl, mohkò`, moetkò` y prgmkl `g hls kesuals qug rgmkjge `g sus prlvgg`lrgs. Gh prlpýsktl `g gstg mletrlh gs doroetkzor ho `ksplekjkhkò` `gh prlùmtl, ho mohkò` omgptojhg, hos iugetgs mlestoetgs y `kdeos `g mleikoezo, prlmuroe`l oh aksal tkgapl rgùmkr hls mlstls. O mletkeuomkýe, agemkleorgals `ls plskjhgs skstgaos `g ojostgmkakgetl `g ho gaprgso> ❙

]kstgao `g rg lr lr`ge `ge ge ue puetl iknl> oeu oeuemko emko gh bgmbl `g qug ggss egmgsorkl rgojostgmgr gghh kevgetorkl muoe`l `gsmkge`g o mkgrtl ekvgh.

❙

]kstgao `g rg lr`ge o ketgrvohls iknls> gh tkgapl sg uso mlal iomtlr `g `gtgrakeoetg tgrakeoetg poro rgvksor y rglr`geor hls ghgagetls `gh kevgetorkl.

Gs kaplrtoetg qug ustg` tgedo ge mugeto qug gh ïrgo `g mlapros ge hos gaprgsos gs auy `ghkmoò, `gjk`l o qug sle sljro`ls hls mosls `g gaphgo`ls qug bomge omugr`ls keilraohgs mle hls prlvgg`lrgs, keihoe`l hls prgmkls y ljtgekge`l doeoemkos pgrsleohgs `gsblegstos plr oiugro `g ho gaprgso, gemorgmkge`l gh mlstl `g hls prlùmtls poro ho mlapoÿáo. Vlr ghhl gs auy kaplrtoetg `ksgÿor agmoeksals `g mletrlh gigmtkvls ge hos ïrgos `g mlapros `g hos mlapoÿáos, mlal, plr gngaphl, gstojhgmgr qug gh gaphgo`l `g mlapros `gjg slhkmktor trgs prgsupugstls `g `kigrgetgs prlvgg`lrgs (toh mlal sg agemkleý ge gh gngaphl oetgrklr), bomkëe`lsg aïs `kiámkh poro gh gaphgo`l orrgdhor ue prgmkl keiho`l mle trgs prlvgg`lrgs. Ltro ilrao bojktuoh gs rltor gh pgrsleoh ge gh ïrgo, dgegroe`l ueo iohto `g pgraoegemko ge ho plskmkýe y gvktoe`l ho mlestrummkýe `g mleikoezo getrg gh gaphgo`l y gh prlvgg`lr. Mletrlh `g aoetgekakgetl Ho getrgdo `g jkgegs l sgrvkmkls ge ilrao gikmkgetg y gikmoz rgqukgrg skstgaos `g lpgromkýe mle ohto utkhkzomkýe `gh gqukpl y ueo moetkò` aáekao `g tkgapl keomtkvl. Ho kaplrtoemko `gh mletrlh `g aoetgekakgetl `gpge`grï `g ho tgmelhldáo `g prlmgsls qug sg utkhkmg. Ge gstg sgetk`l, pl`gals gemletror hls skdukgetgs tkpls `g aoetgekakgetl> ❙

Vrgvgetkvl> sg ophkmo oetgs qug sg prlùzmo ueo ovgráo (gngaphl, aoetgekakgetl prldroao`l `g ho aoqukeorko odrámlho) odrámlho)

?07

Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   ❙ ❙

Mlrrgmtkvl> mleskstg ge ho rgel rgelvomkýe, vomkýe, sustktumkýe l rgporomkýe `gh gqukpl muoe`l sg ovgráo (gngaphl, rggaphozl `g mujkgrto `g ho moaklegto mo aklegto qug sg mlrtý mle ue bkgrrl) bkgrrl) Mle`kmkleoh> sg rg rgohkzo ohkzo ueo rgelvomkýe y/ l rgporomkýe ge rgspugsto oh rgsuhto`l `g ueo kespgmmkýe.

Mletrlh `g mohkò` Vl`ráoals `gmkr qug sg rgikgrg o ho oàkekstromkýe `g ho mohkò` tltoh. ]u ikeohkò` gs ho agnlro mletkeuo `g mohkò` ge hls prlmgsls, prlùmtls y sgrvkmkls `g ho lrdoekzomkýe. O mletkeuomkýe, agemkleorgals hls plskjhgs skstgaos o o`lptor poro rgohkzor gstg tkpl `g mletrlh> •

Augstrgl `g omgptomkýe> sg tlao ueo augstro y ho `gmkskýe `g omgptor l rgmbozor ho portkò mlaphgto sg joso ge ue mïhmuhl `gh rkgsdl `g grrlr `g ho augstro.

•

Mletrlh `gh prlmgsl> gh augstrgl sg hhgvo o mojl ùroetg gh prlmgsl `g troesilraomkýe, poro `gtgrakeor sk gstï jonl mletrlh.

Augstrgl `g otrkjutls> tëmekmo `g mletrlh `g mohkò` o trovës `g ho muoh hls ghgagetls sle mhoskikmo`ls mlal omgptojhgs l keomgptojhgs `gspuës `g mlapororhls mle ue gstïeòr.

Augstrgl vorkojhg> tëmekmo `g mletrlh `g mohkò` ge ho muoh sg rgohkzo ueo ag`kmkýe po poro ro `gtgrakeor ho aodektu` `g ho vorkomkýe `g ue ghgagetl mle rgspgmtl oh gstïeòr.

•

•

ELZAO] KEPGZEOMKLEOHG] KEPGZEOMKLEOHG] @G MOHK@O MOHK@O@ @ Hos elraos ketgreomkleohgs `g mohkò` sle oqughhos elraos rgmlelmkòs ketgreomkleohagetg qug omrg`ktoe `gtgrakeo`l ekvgh `g mohkò`. We drupl `g elraos auy utkhkzoòs aue`kohagetg sle hos Elraos K]L (Lrdoekzomkýe Ketgreomkleoh `g Gstoeòrkzomkýe), qug sg `kvk`ge ge Elraos `g Dgstkýe `g ho Mohkò` (K]L;666), Elraos `g Dgstkýe Oajkgetoh (K]L?0.666), getrg ltros. Oblro jkge, muoe`l bomgals rgigrgemko o ho elrao K]L ;666 mlesk`groals qug gs ue gstïeòr poro skstgaos `g oàkekstromkýe `g ho mohkò` qug gs pujhkmoò y aoetgekò plr ho K]L (Lrdoekzomkýe Ketgreomkleoh poro ho Gstoeòrkzomkýe), y oàkekstroò oàkekstroò plr getkò getkò`gs `gs gxtgreos `g omrg`ktomkýe y mgrtkikmomkýe. Mrggals kaplrtoetg sgÿohor qug hl qug mgrtkikmo ho elrao gs gh onustg o hos gspgmkikmomklegs `g `ksgÿl `gh prlùmtl l sgrvkmkl, y el gh mlemgptl plpuhor `g mohkò` mlal ohdl ljngtkvoagetg jugel. Vl`ráoals `gstomor, getlemgs, qug ho omtkvkò` `gh hkmgemko`l ge oàkekstromkýe/dgstkýe `g gaprgsos el gs `gaosko`l rgmlelmkò plr hls dgrgetgs el prligskleohgs ge ho omtuohkò` ge hls poásgs ge váos `g `gsorrlhhl, toajkëe gs auy plml rgmlelmkò plr ltrls prligskleohgs `g `ksmkphkeos tëmekmos. Aïs ohhï `gh rgmlelmkakgetl, hls dgrgetgs prligskleohgs o hl hordl `g ho bkstlrko sg gemletrorle mle sgrkls prljhgaos oh trotor mle prlvgg`lrgs l mhkgetgs qug el tuvkgroe ueo dgstkýe prligskleoh. Vlr gsto rozýe, `g ohdueo aoegro ljhkdorle o hos gaprgsos mle hos qug sg vkemuhojoe o kemlrplror ho `ksmkphkeo aoegnoò plr hls hkmgemko`ls ge oàkekstromkýe/dgstkýe o trovës `g ho ljtgemkýe ljhkdotlrko `g mgrtkikmomkýe `g dgstkýe `g mohkò` (K]L ;666). Gsto iug ho agnlr ilrao `g kemlrplror o hls hkmgemko`ls ge oàkekstromkýe/dgstkýe, hldroe`l ho prligskleohkzomkýe ge ho dgstkýe. Ge gstg mletgxtl, pl`ráoals `gmkr qug hls ?6 mopátuhls qug troto ho elrao `g dgstkýe `g mohkò` K]L ;666 sle tl`ls hls mlemgptls sljrg hls muohgs `kmbl prligskleoh tkgeg kemuajgemkos.

?09

Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   Oblro jkge, oetgs `g bojhor `g mohkò` els porgmg kaprgsmke`kjhg gxphkmktor qug ho getge`gals mlal gh rgsuhto`l `g ho ag`kmkýe `g ueo `gtgrakeoò moetkò` `g otrkjutls `g ue jkge l sgrvkmkl. Ge ltros pohojros, ue prlùmtl l sgrvkmkl gs `g mohkò` muoe`l sg onusto o hos gspgmkikmomklegs `g su `ksgÿl `g rgohkzomkýe. Hls otrkjutls `g ue jkge sle, plr gngaphl, ohtl, hordl, aotgrkoh, oembl, pgsl, moetkò` `g prltgáeo, moetkò` `g droso, mohkjrg, gtm.3 y hls otrkjutls `g ue sgrvkmkl> torgo o rgohkzor, tkgapl `g gngmumkýe, getrg ltrls. ltrls.   Ge iuemkýe `g hl prlagtk`l plr gh `ksgÿl voals o `gtgrakeor ho mohkò` `g ohdl. Vlpuhoragetg oh mlemgptl `g mohkò` `g ue jkge l sgrvkmkl sg hl getkge`g mlal gh ekvgh `g sotksiommkýe `gh mhkgetg. Mlesk`groals qug gsto omgpmkýe gs tltohagetg grrýego, yo qug sk prgstoals ue sgrvkmkl toh mlal hl prlagtkals, gsg sgrvkmkl gs `g gxtrgaoò mohkò`, aïs ohhï `g qug gh mhkgetg qug`g sotksigmbl l el. ]k el qugò o dustl gs plr ltros mugstklegs ongeos o ho rgohkzomkýe `g eugstrl sgrvkmkl. Gs plskjhg qug gh grrlr boyo sk`l `g ho gaprgso poro ho muoh trojonoals plr prlagtgr ohdl `kigrgetg o hl qug els lr`georle bomgr. Gh mlemgptl `g sotksiommkýe `gh mhkgetg sg pug`g tlaor mlal ue otrkjutl poro ag`kr ho mohkò` `gh `gsgapgÿl `g ueo mlapoÿáo ge su mlenuetl, el `g ue jkge l sgrvkmkl ge ilrao ke`kvkùoh prgsto`l plr ueo gaprgso. gaprgso. Ho K]L mlal lrdoekzomkýe el ltlrdo `krgmtoagetg ho mgrtkikmomkýe, skel qug hl bomge lrdoeksals `g omrg`ktomkýe mgrtkikmo`ls qug sg gemugetroe ge moò poás. Ge Ordgetkeo, plr gngaphl, uel `g hls qug ltlrdo ho mgrtkikmomkýe gs gh Kestktutl Ordgetkel `g Elraohkzomkýe (KZOA). ( KZOA). Gh prlmgsl `g mgrtkikmomkýe sg hhgvo o mojl ag`koetg ou`ktlráos (rgohkzoòs plr ou`ktlrgs gxtgrels g ketgrels o ho mlapoÿáo) y gstï elrao`l plr ho K]L ?;6??. Ho gaprgso sg `gjg prgporor poro su mgrtkikmomkýe, osgduroe`l qug tl`ls sus prlmgsls sg onustge o hls rgqugrkakgetls `g ho elrao. Weo vgz ljtgekò ho mgrtkikmomkýe, `gjg sgr rgelvoò o ketgrvohls rgduhorgs, hl qug gs `gtgrakeo`l plr gh lrdoeksal mgrtkikmo`lr. Ho `gmkskýe poro ljtgegr ho mgrtkikmomkýe K]L ;666 el skgaprg gs sgemkhho, y toajkëe gxkstge `gsvgetonos mlal ho gxmgskvo jurlmrotkzomkýe y gh ouagetl ge hls mlstls. Vlr gstg altkvl, ohdueos gaprgsos boe lpto`l plr elraos skakhorgs, pgrl `g agelr kapomtl, l boe prgigrk`l ojstgegrsg `g ljtgegr ho mgrtkikmomkýe, kaphgagetoe`l sus prlpkls skstgaos `g osgduroakgetl `g ho mohkò`. Gs egmgsorkl, getlemgs, tgegr ge mugeto qug oetgs `g ghgdkr ueo mgrtkikmomkýe K]L sg `gjg gvohuor sk gs egmgsorko poro gh toaoÿl y omtkvkò` `g ho gaprgso. Ge dgegroh, gh `gsgl `g mgrtkikmor ge ho Ordgetkeo sg vkemuho mle hos gxkdgemkos `g `kmbo mgrtkikmomkýe plr portg `g mhkgetgs hlmohgs l gxtroengrls. Ho kemlrplromkýe `g ho mgrtkikmomkýe `gjg dgegror aïs kedrgsls qug mlstls, l agnlror ho keilraomkýe poro ho tlao `g `gmksklegs, gs plr ghhl qug ge ilrao dhljoh `gmkals qug `gjg prlvlmor ue kapomtl plsktkvl. Mle hos elraos K]L ;666 sg iomkhkto gh ketgrmoajkl ketgreomkleoh `g jkgegs, y gs, ge aumbls agrmo`ls, ue rgqugrkakgetl poro egdlmkor. Gsto gs ho rozýe `gh ketgrës `g hls gxplrto`lrgs plr onustorsg o ho elrao. Voro `gtgrakeor ho egmgskò` `g su ophkmomkýe, sg `gjg oeohkzor mosl o mosl, mle gh osgslroakgetl `g ohdþe gxpgrtl. Gstls gstïeòrgs mujrge `gs`g ho rgvkskýe `gh mletrotl bosto gh `ksgÿl `gh prlùmtl y su getrgdo. ]le rgmlelmk`ls ketgreomkleohagetg poro ho gvohuomkýe y mlaporomkýe `g hos mlapoÿáos ge gh agrmo`l dhljoh. Aumbos mlapoÿáos bly ge `áo pk`ge gstg tkpl `g mgrtkikmomkýe prgvkl o bomgr egdlmkls dhljohgs. _ug ho lrdoekzomkýe hldrg ho mgrtkikmomkýe K]L ;666 `gaugstro qug gh skstgao `g lpgromklegs `g mohkò` sg gemugetro ge iuemkleoakgetl.

?04

Outlr> @r. Nleotoe O. Vgÿo Iorkeommko, M`lr. Hkm. Odr. Odr. www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla www.pgeoiorkeommko.mla   O mletkeuomkýe, sg pug`g ljsgrvor gh gsqugao `g mgrtkikmomkýe K]L;666, `le`g gh dgrgetg `gtgrakeo hls rgquksktls `gh prlùmtl ge iuemkýe `gh pg`k`l `gh mhkgetg. Hugdl, gh skstgao `g dgstkýe `g ho mohkò` prlmg`g o rgohkzor gh prlùmtl l sgrvkmkl tgrakeo`l qug sg hg vge`g oh mhkgetg, qukge bomg hos sudgrgemkos egmgsorkos sljrg ho mohkò` ljsgrvoò. Gsos sudgrgemkos sle tlaoòs plr gh dgrgetg, qug vughvg o `gtgrakeor hls rgquksktls `gh prlùmtl y mlakgezo gh mkmhl eugvoagetg. Drïikml E¾= E¾=2 2-G Gsqu squ gao `g g gxkd xkd gemko `g mgrtk ikm omkýe K]L ;6 ;666 66

Iugetg> ghojlromkýe prlpko ge josg o Zljjkes ]. y Mluhtgr A., :666.

Hls rgquksktls dgegrohgs poro kaphgagetor ue skstgao `g dgstkýe `g ho mohkò` K]L;666 sle> ❙

Ho Lrdoekzomkýe (Gaprgso l Mlapoÿáo) `gjg gstojhgmgr, `lmuagetor, kaphgagetor y aoetgegr ue ]kstgao `g Dgstkýe `g ho Mohkò`, y agnlror ge ilrao mletkeuo su gikmomko `g omugr`l mle hls rgquksktls `g gsto elrao. Gh ]kstgao `g Dgstkýe `g ho Mohkò` gs gh prlmgsl dhljoh qug mlaprge`g tl`ls hls ltrls prlmgsls.

❙

Ho `lmuagetomkýe `gh ]kstgao `g Dgstkýe `g ho Mohkò` `gjg kemhukr hl skdukgetg> ➪ ➪ ➪ ➪ ➪ ➪ ➪

➪

@gmhoromklegs `g ho plhátkmo `g ho mohkò` y ljngtkvls `g ho mohkò`. Aoeuoh `g ho mohkò`. Hls prlmg`kakgetls rgqugrk`ls ge gsto elrao. Hls `lmuagetls egmgsorkls poro osgduror ho phoekikmomkýe, lpgromkýe y mletrlh `g hls prlmgsls. Hls rgdkstrls rgqugrk`ls plr gsto elrao. We phoe qug osgdurg ho `ksplekjkhkò` `g rgmursls g keilraomkýe poro ho llpgromkýe pgromkýe y sgdukakgetl `g gstls prlmgsls. We phoe qug osgdurg ho rgohkzomkýe `gh sgdukakgetl, ag`kmkýe y oeïhksks `g gstls prlmgsls. We phoe `g kaphgagetomkýe `g ommklegs poro ohmoezor hls rgsuhto`ls phoekikmo`ls y ho agnlro mletkeuo `g gstls prlmgsls.

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