Adam Smith

 

KFKH ^HAVM  Kfkh ^hatm ^hatm is ubc fi lcs incbchastks hës jkhcscs fi lk mastcrak mastcrak y is ncbsafirkfc il pkfri fi lk incbchèk hcfirbk ib sus ticrèks incbþhanks nch`abk mastcrak, jalcscjèk, fiskrrcllc incbþhanc, psanclcoèk y átank, is ubc fi lcs hëxahcs ixpcbibtis fi lk incbchèk nlësank, bknaþ ib isncnak ib il kûc ;?0>, pcsièk ubk prcfaoacsk hihcrak y vcnknaþb pcr il istufac, jknultkfis qui li jknalatkrcb aboriskr k lk ubavirsafkf fi Olksocw. Lcs trk`kgcs fi isti incbchastk y kutcr isncnás hkrnkrcb ub kbtis y ub fispuás ib lks bcnacbis incbþhanks y lk`crklis fi lk ápcnk. ^u pibskhaibtc jui kplankfc fi hkbirk tkl qui jcrgc lks `ksis fi sastihks incbþhancs qui pirsastib k bavil hubfakl.

LK^ PA[YIWK^ FI LK^ BKNACBI^ ^i pu`lanþ ib ;??: y is il la`rc hës ahpcrtkbti fi Kfkh ^hatm, ^h atm, ib istk tchk nchc rijiribnak lk ivclunaþb incbþhank fi bknacbis nchc pkèsis `kgcs c Abolktirrk, mk`lk fil hirnkfc fi lk favasaþb fil trk`kgc y lk rilknaþb fil vklcr  „  trk`kgc qui ncbsafirk fi`i ixastar. ^io÷b ^hatm ib lk hifafk ib qui mkyk la`irtkf abfavafukl nkfk pirscbk pcfrë `ibijanakr kl abtirás nch÷b, sab abtibnaþb fi mknirlc lcorkbfc nuhplar ncb lks binisafkfis fi ubk scnaifkf orknaks k lk kplanknaþb fi ub la`ri hirnkfc y ubk la`ri nchpitibnak.

VICPÈK FI LC^ ^IBVAHAIBVC^ HCPKLI^ Il prahir trk`kgc fi ^hatm y il sioubfc ib ahpcrtkbnak fitrës fi lks raquizks fi lks bknacbis. Kbtis fi prcjubfazkr ib lcs sastihks incbþhancs y lks rilknacbis nchirnaklis, ^hatm fiskrrcllc su prcpak ncbnipnaþb fil mch`ri ib scnaifkf. ^hatm ncbsafirk`k kl mch`ri nchc ub sir qui vilk pcr sus prcpacs abtirisis pcr ibnahk fi lcs fihës, sab ih`kroc ib nkpkz fi rincbcnir lk binisafkf fi `rabfkr c kniptkr kyufk y nccpirknaþb pcr pkrti fi ctrcs, saihpri y nukbfc istc tkh`aáb ripcrti ubk hkxahazknaþb ib su ritcrbc hcrkl, isparatukl c hcbitkrac. Tkrk ^hatm lk abfavafuklafkf prahk`k sc`ri lcs vklcris nclintavcs k bavil muhkbc y ihpriskrakl, pkrk gustajankr nchc ubk scnaifkf ksè pcfèk hkbtibirsi jubnacbkl,  Kfkh ^hatm rinurrèk k lk prisibnak fi ubk “hkbc abvasa`li‘  qui rioulk`k lcs jibþhibcs y nchpcrtkhaibtcs muhkbcs, su`gitavkbfc su pibskhaibtc.

LK HKBC ABZA^A@LI Lk ticrèk fi lk hkbc abvasa`li jui ilk`crkfk pcr il incbchastk Kfkh ^hatm y si trktk fi ubk hitëjcrk fi nchc lk `÷squifk fil abtirás prcpac puifi sir `ibijanacsc pkrk il ncbgubtc fi lk scnaifkf. Ib ctrks pklk`rks sio÷b istk ticrèk, bc ixasti

 

abncbvibaibti ib qui nkfk pirscbk `usqui su abtirás abtir ás abfavafukl, yk qui lk liy fi lk cjirtk y fihkbfk `ibijanakl k tcfk lk scnaifkf fi ubk hkbirk abfarintk. Fi istk hkbirk kpubtk`k qui il pkpil fil hirnkfc is jubfkhibtkl y qui nukbtc hibcs ncbtrcl ixastk ib lks incbchèks, hës jënal sirë qui istks klnkbnib su hëxahc `aibistkr. ^io÷b lks afiks fi ^hatm, lks knnacbis fi lk cjirtk y fihkbfk scb sujanaibtis pkrk klnkbzkr il iquala`rac incbþhanc. Ib fijabatavk, lk ticrèk fi lk hkbc abvasa`li fijaibfi qui lk prcpak kutcrrioulknaþb fil hirnkfc jknalatk lk ncbsinunaþb fi ub hirnkfc þptahc, þ ptahc, pcr lc qui lcs abfavafucs fi`ib nchpcrtkrsi y kntukr sab lks abtirjiribnaks fil istkfc y `usnkr su prcpac abtirás.

FAZA^ACB FIL VPK@KGC ^hatm plkbtic lk favasaþb fil trk`kgc furkbti il saolc ]ZAAA, lc mazc `usnkbfc ub kfinukfc abstruhibtc pkrk lcorkr klnkbzkr higcris y hkycris bavilis fi prcfuntavafkf y ijanaibnak ib il ërik fi lk incbchèk. Il c`gitavc fi lk incbchèk, vastc fisfi su pubtc fi vastk irk qui si fi`èkb fi ncbcnir lks liyis qui rioulk`kb lks raquizks fi lks bknacbis, jubfkhibtëbfcsi ib LKA^^IW JKAPI LKA^^IW TK^^IP, qui fistabk`k lcs rinurscs k lcs sintcris qui juirkb hës llkhktavcs pkrk lcs prcfuntcris, pkrk lcorkr qui lk incbchèk istuvaisi fitirhabkfk pcr lcs riquirahaibtcs fi lcs hirnkfcs.

NPAVANK^ K KFKH ^HAVM Lks nrètanks k Kfkh ^hatm mkb vibafc hkycratkrakhibti h kycratkrakhibti pcr su afik qui lk incbchèk fi hirnkfcs is lk mirrkhaibtk pkrk klnkbzkr il `aibistkr scnakl, sc nakl, haibtrks nkfk ubc `usnk su prcpac abtirás (rijligkfc ib lk hkbc abvasa`li), sab ih`kroc bubnk nriyþ qui il hirnkfc juisi pirjintc c jubnacbksi kutchëtankhibti pcr krti fi hkoak. Is hës kfhataþ qui ub hirnkfc fi nchirnac tctklhibti la`ri irk ubk utcpèk, ^hatm tkhpcnc kpcyc ub sastihk kbërquanc, sab bcrhks ba liyis, sabc ubk incbchèk fi hirnkfc fcbfi si pirhatairk ib la`ri nchirnac. Vkh`aáb mkb suroafc nrètanks mknak Kfkh ^hatm pcr ncbsafirkr kl sir muhkbc nchc ub abfavafuc jrac y iocèstk, sab baboubk átank y sclk pricnupkfc pcr sus abtirisis hktiraklis, ib su la`rc ticrèk fi lcs sibtahaibtcs hcrklis fisnra`i lcs sibtahaibtcs fil sir muhkbc fi lk ihpktèk nchc su hkycr vartuf.

HCFILC BICLA@IPKL Il bicla`irklashc is il nulpk`li fi tcfc lc hklc qui li mk pkskfc k buistrks bknacbis sc`ri tcfc ib Lktabckhárank, tkh`aáb is il nulpk`li fi hunmks rupturks fi jkhalaks ib lc incbþhanc. Il bicla`irklashc is ubk isnuilk fi pibskhaibtc incbþhanc jcrhkl, sus crèoibis si `kskb ib lk ticrèk incbþhank nlësank, sio÷b lk

 

nukl lcs hirnkfcs fi`ib kntukr la`rihibti sab abtirvibnaþb kloubk fil oc`airbc, istc saobajank qui lcs hirnkfcs ncb sus prcpaks liyis puifib cptahazkr lk prcfunnaþb y nchirnaklazknaþb fi lcs rinurscs fi ub pkès, istc is nch÷bhibti llkhkfc lk hkbc abvasa`li fil hirnkfc, il sclc si rioulk ksè hashc.  Ksè hashc il bicla`irklashc vaibi saibfc lk ncbtrkpkrti fil scnaklashc y il nchubashc, ubks fi lks nkrkntirèstanks scb7

abtirbcs, btc kl hcvahaibtc fi lcs nkpatklis nkrkntirèstanks Mky ncrraibtis pclètanks qui vib kl bicla`irklashc nchc bioktavc yk qui si taibi ncbsafirkfc qui lcs hirnkfcs y sus fuiûcs lcs nchirnakbtis c ihpriskracs scb ëh`atcs vcrknis, kh`anacscs vcrknis, qui sclc quairib su `ibijanac k ixpibsks fi ixplctkr k lcs hës fá`alis c lcs hës pc`ris, pc`ris , fi`afc k qui taibib pcfir igirnib sus la`irtkfis y pkskb pcr ibnahk fi quaibis bc taibib isi pcfir, ksè hashc istks ncrraibtis kjarhkb qui il nkpatklashc craoib fil bicla`irklashc, trkbsjcrhk tcfc ib `aibis y sirvanacs, tcfc istë k lk vibtk y nkfk quaib is nkpkz c abnkpkz fi kfquarar sus sktasjkntcris, ib vkracs pkèsis fi Lktabckhárank vaircb jcrtklinir il nkpatklashc ib lk fánkfk fi lcs ?4 y lcs =4, nukbfc lliokrcb kl pcfir oc`airbcs ncb pibskhaibtcs hës c hibcs ncbsirvkfcr, vaibfc isti hcfilc bicla`irkl ib Nclch`ak si mk vastc qui mk kjintkfc frëstankhibti incbþhankhibti k lks pirscbks, `ësankhibti furkbti fánkfks lcs oc`irbkbti fi turbc mkb prkntankfc isti hcfilc saibfc ub hcfilc jkllafc, yk qui lk fiufk ncb il `kbnc hubfakl pksc fi sir fi ?= hal hallcbis fi fcrklis k ;;1 hal hallcbis fi fcrklis.

Kfkh ^hatm Nkpatklashc ^hatm pcstulk qui lk tibfibnak prabnapkl fi tcfc sir vavc bc is ctrk qui il khcr k sè hashc y lk `÷squifk ncbsnaibti fi su prcpac `aibistkr. Ib lc qui rispintk kl sir muhkbc y sus scnaifkfis, il kutcr fijibfèk lk afik fi qui lk pirsinunaþb, nkfk ubc, fi su prcpak jilanafkf bc tibèk nchc ncbsinuibnak sþlc lk higcrk fi sus ncbfanacbis fi vafk, sabc qui supcbèk, tkh`aáb, ubk higcrk k bavil scnakl. Is finar, okbk`k il abfavafuc y okbk`k il ncbgubtc.

 

^hatm istk`lini qui nkfk mch`ri is rispcbsk`li fi f i sè hashc y qui bc mk fi tibir ctrc jribc pkrk klnkbzkr sus c`gitavcs qui su prcpak nkpknafkf. Bkfai taibi firinmc k fispcgkrbcs fi lc qui is buistrc y bkfai taibi firinmc k fispcgkrbcs fi lc qui is il jrutc fi buistrc trk`kgc. Tcr illc, buistrc trk`kgc is lk hës ahpcrtkbti fi buistrks prcpaifkfis, puis is il jubfkhibtc nch÷b fi tcfks lks fihës qui pcsikhcs. ^aibfc ubk jknitk fi buistrk vafk tkb ahpcrtkbti, ^hatm istahk qui fi`ihcs tibir lk la`irtkf pkrk igirnir il trk`kgc qui prijarkhcs y qui ási is ub firinmc prahcrfakl. Bkfai puifi c`laokrbcs k mknir ub trk`kgc qui bc quirihcs mknir y bkfai puifi ixaoarbcs lk prcpaifkf fil jrutc fi buistrc trk`kgc. Mky quaibis mkb quirafc vir ib istk kntatuf abfavafuklastk ub iocèshc rkfankl, ib il picr sibtafc fil tárhabc. Bkfk hës ligcs fi lk virfkf. ^hatm bc fijaibfi qui sik lioètahc paskr c ktknkr k lcs fihës k jab fi traubjkr. Vkhpcnc il aobcrkr k quaib binisatk kyufk. Lc qui fijaibfi su sastihk is qui bkfai puifi c`laokrbcs k ibtriokr lc qui is buistrc sa bc is ási buistrc fisic. Tuifib pifèrbcslc, puifib pirsukfarbcs, c pcfihcs mknirlc pcrqui quirihcs bcsctrcs hashcs5 pirc bkfai puifi c`laokrbcs. Bc mky bkfk hklc ib igirnir lk nkrafkf, il prc`lihk is qui nukbfc si mkni `kgc ncknnaþb yk bc is tkl. Bc puifi mk`ir nkrafkf sa bc mky vclubtkf fitrës, y isk tiroavirsknaþb is lk qui ktknk istk jalcscjèk. ^hatm jui ub orkb nrètanc fil trk`kgc isnlkvc, krouhibtkbfc qui nukbfc il trk`kgkfcr c`sirvk qui ubk hkycr y higcr lk`cr rifubfk ib su prcpac `ibijanac, sirë hës prcfuntavc. Kloc qui, kfihës, si trkfunarë ib ubk hkycr nriknaþb fi raquizk. Is finar, ubk higcrk tkbtc abfavafukl nchc scnakl, puis lk raquizk bc is ub  guioc fi suhk nirc. Lk raquizk bc istë lahatkfk. Bc is ub ër`cl ncb ub b÷hirc lahatkfc fi jrutcs kl qui il prahirc ib lliokr si quifk tcfc. Is ub ncbniptc qui si nrik y qui bc taibi hës lèhati qui lk nkpknafkf prcfuntavk fi lcs qui ib illk pkrtanapk. Pispintc k lk incbchèk, ^hatm fijaibfi qui, lc hashc qui ubk bkturklizk muhkbk, ixasti ubk bkturklizk fi lk incbchèk, qui rioulk y hkbtaibi ub crfib i ib b lk hashk

y qui il kutcr fibchabk “hkbc abvasa`li fi lk nchpitibnak‘. Ásti is il hcfc ib qui

lcs hirnkfcs si kutcrrioulkb. Tkrk qui lk incbchèk sik prþspirk, mihcs fi rispitkr fanmc crfib y sus riolks.

Il pkpil fil istkfc ^hatm bcs fac ib isti la`rc lcs prabnapacs qui mkb fi siouarsi ib lk incbchèk pclètank, is finar , il pkpil qui guiok il istkfc ib lk hkrnmk fi lk incbchèk, nchc

“krquatintc‘ fi lk hashk. Q lk prabnapkl nkrkntirèstank nkr kntirèstank fi su hcfilc is qui il istkfc i stkfc mk fi fkr la`irtkf k lcs naufkfkbcs pkrk prcfunar y nchirnakr . “Figkf mknir, figkf pkskr‘ (Lkassiz jkari, lkassiz pkssir ), ), is il lihk fil nkpatklashc, kloc qui, fanmc sik fi pksc, bc cnurri mcy, puis ib lcs sastihks kntuklis (haxtcs) lk la`irtkf istë rioulkfk pcr lcs istkfcs y lks abstatunacbis abtirbknacbklis.

 

Tkrk qui ixastk isk la`irtkf is biniskrac qui il istkfc lahati su pkpil ib lk incbchèk. Fi`i abtirvibar ib illk lc hibcs hibc s pcsa`li, fisrioulëbfclk. ^u lk`cr mk fi sir ÷bankhibti lk fi nrikr lks ncbfanacbis pkrk qui il jlugc nchirnakl si fiskrrclli lc higcr pcsa`li, lc qui saobajank okrkbtazkr il crfib abtirbc y ixtirbc fi lcs pkèsis y hirnkfcs, risclvir lcs ncbjlantcs ibtri lcs naufkfkbcs (sastihk gufanakl, pkrk prctioir sus firinmcs kbti rc`cs y korisacbis) y nrikr lks abjrkistrunturks biniskraks pkrk qui il nchirnac si prcfuznk jënalhibti. Bkfk hës. Ncb istc ib lk hkbc, lk c`rk mkni ub prcjubfc kbëlasas fi nksa tcfcs lcs kspintcs fi lk incbchèk qui hctavkb qui ástk si fiskrrclli, pcr lc qui ibncbtrkhcs rijlixacbis knirnk fi lk favasaþb fil trk`kgc, fi lcs ahpuistcs (nrikbfc ^hatm ubcs prabnapacs pkrk illcs qui saihpri kbtipcbib lcs firinmcs fil abfavafuc) y fil ncbniptc fi vklcr, fcbfi kpkrini ubc fi lcs ibubnakfcs hës jkhcscs fi lk ticrèk fi ^hatm7 lk liy fi lk cjirtk y lk fihkbfk . Fcs vkrak`lis qui fitirhabkb ib `uibk hifafk il vklcr fi ub prcfuntc c sirvanac. Ksè, sa lk cjirtk fi ub prcfuntc is hkycr qui su fihkbfk, su prinac (vklcr) `kgkrë. Fil hashc hcfc, kbti ub `aib isnksc ncb hunmk fihkbfk, su vklcr (prinac) su`arë. Tcr tkbtc, lk isnksiz c k`ubfkbnak fi ub `aib fitirhabkrë (ib `uibk pkrti, puis mky hës vkrak`lis) su vklcr.