Acute Bacterial Rhinosinusitis in Children_ Clinical Features and Diagnosis
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10/1/2016
Acute bacterial rhinosinusitis in children: Clinical features and diagnosis
Official reprint from UpToDate® www.uptodate.com ©2016 UpToDate®
Acute bacterial rhinosinusitis in children: Clinical features and diagnosis Author Ellen R Wald, MD
Section Editors Sheldon L Kaplan, MD Robert A Wood, MD Glenn C Isaacson, MD, FAAP
Deputy Editor Mary M Torchia, MD
All topics are updated as new evidence becomes available and our peer review process is complete. Literature review current through: Dec 2015. | This topic last updated: Apr 30, 2015. INTRODUCTION — Acute rhinosinusitis is an illness that results from infection of one or more of the paranasal sinuses. A viral infection associated with the common cold is the most frequent etiology of acute rhinosinusitis, more properly called viral rhinosinusitis. (See "The common cold in children: Clinical features and diagnosis" and "The common cold in children: Management and prevention".) Uncomplicated viral rhinosinusitis usually resolves without treatment in 7 to 10 days. Although acute bacterial rhinosinusitis (ABRS) also may resolve without treatment, treatment with antibiotics hastens recovery [1,2]. It is important to distinguish between uncomplicated viral rhinosinusitis and ABRS to prevent unnecessary use of antibiotics (table 1). The clinical features and diagnosis of ABRS in children will be discussed here. The microbiology and treatment of ABRS in children and acute sinusitis and rhinosinusitis in adults are discussed separately. (See "Acute bacterial rhinosinusitis in children: Microbiology and treatment" and "Acute sinusitis and rhinosinusitis in adults: Clinical manifestations and diagnosis" and "Acute sinusitis and rhinosinusitis in adults: Treatment".) ANATOMY — The paranasal sinuses develop as outpouchings of the nasal cavity (figure 1) [3]. The onset and duration of development of the paranasal sinuses vary depending upon the location, as described below. Development of the paranasal sinuses may not be fully completed until 20 years of age; however, by 12 years of age, the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses in most individuals have nearly reached adult proportions [4]. ● The maxillary sinuses are present at birth and expand rapidly by four years of age [4]. Ciliary activity is necessary for drainage of secretions from the maxillary sinus into the nose because the ostia are located high on the medial walls of the maxillary sinus [5]. ● The ethmoid sinuses are present at birth; they are made up of a collection of tiny air cells, each with its own opening into the nose [4]. ● The sphenoid sinuses, which begin to develop during the first two years of life, are typically pneumatized by five years of age, and attain their permanent size by 12 years [4]. ● Development of the frontal sinuses is variable [3]. By six to eight years of age, the frontal sinuses can be distinguished radiographically from the ethmoid sinuses [5], but they do not complete their development for another 8 to 10 years. Between 1 and 4 percent of adults have agenesis of the frontal sinuses, 80 percent have bilateral frontal sinuses, and the remainder has unilateral frontal sinus hypoplasia [3]. DEFINITIONS — Sinusitis is inflammation of the mucosal lining of one or more of the paranasal sinuses [3]. The terms "sinusitis" and "rhinosinusitis" often are used interchangeably because inflammation of the paranasal sinuses is almost always accompanied by inflammation of the nasal mucosa [6]. Inflammation of the sinuses is common during upper respiratory infection (URI) but usually resolves spontaneously. Acute bacterial rhinosinusitis (ABRS) occurs when there is secondary bacterial infection of the sinuses. ABRS has been classified according to duration and recurrence as follows [7]: http://www.uptodate.com.proxy.bib.udec.cl/contents/acutebacterialrhinosinusitisinchildrenclinicalfeaturesanddiagnosis?topicKey=PEDS%2F6069&elap…
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Acute bacterial rhinosinusitis in children: Clinical features and diagnosis
● Acute – symptoms completely resolve in 3 days; in worsening presentation, fever may develop or recur on day 6 to 7 of illness after initial improvement
Nasal discharge
Peaks on days 3 to 6 of illness and then steadily improves
Fails to improve or worsens over time
Cough
Peaks on days 3 to 6 of illness and then steadily improves
Fails to improve or worsens over time
Illappearance
Absent
May occur (in severe presentation)
Severe headache
Absent
May be a sign of severe illness or complication
Clinical course
Symptoms peak in severity on days 3 to 6 and then improve
Symptoms are present for ≥10 days without improvement
Graphic 83921 Version 1.0
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Acute bacterial rhinosinusitis in children: Clinical features and diagnosis
Paranasal sinus anatomy
Schematic drawing showing location of the frontal, ethmoid, maxillary, and sphenoid sinuses. Graphic 78790 Version 5.0
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Acute bacterial rhinosinusitis in children: Clinical features and diagnosis
Course of uncomplicated viral upper respiratory infection (URI)
The course of most uncomplicated viral URIs is 5 to 10 days. Most patients with viral URI are afebrile. If fever is present, it tends to occur on the first two days of illness, in concert with constitutional symptoms (eg, headache, myalgia). As fever and/or constitutional symptoms resolve, respiratory symptoms become more prominent, peaking in severity on days three to six of illness. Respiratory symptoms may continue to be present on day 10 of illness, but are less severe than earlier in the course. Graphic 55537 Version 1.0
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Acute bacterial rhinosinusitis in children: Clinical features and diagnosis
Complications of acute bacterial rhinosinusitis in children Complication Preseptal (periorbital) cellulitis
Clinical manifestations Swelling of eyelids/periorbital area Erythema of eyelids/periorbital area Absence of proptosis Normal eye movements
Orbital cellulitis
Periorbital swelling Erythema of eyelids Pain with eye movement Conjunctival swelling (chemosis) Proptosis Limitation of eye movements Double vision Vision loss
Orbital subperiosteal abscess
Periorbital swelling Erythema of eyelids Pain with eye movement Conjunctival swelling (chemosis) Proptosis Limitation of eye movements Double vision Vision loss
Septic cavernous sinus thrombosis
Ptosis Proptosis Limitation of eye movements Periorbital edema Headache Change in mental status
Meningitis
Fever Headache Nuchal rigidity Change in mental status
Osteomyelitis of the frontal bone with subperiosteal abscess
Fever
(Pott puffy tumor)
Forehead or scalp swelling and tenderness Headache
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Acute bacterial rhinosinusitis in children: Clinical features and diagnosis
Photophobia Vomiting Lethargy Epidural abscess
Focal neurologic signs Headache Lethargy Nausea Vomiting Papilledema
Subdural abscess
Fever Severe headache Meningeal irritation Progressive neurologic deficits Seizures Vomiting Papilledema
Brain abscess
Headache Neck stiffness Change in mental status Vomiting Focal neurologic deficits Papilledema 3rd and 6th cranial nerve deficits
Graphic 83408 Version 2.0
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Acute bacterial rhinosinusitis in children: Clinical features and diagnosis
Subperiosteal abscess by CT scan
This CT scan with intravenous contrast shows a medial subperiosteal abscess associated with maxillary and ethmoid sinusitis. The arrows indicate the location of the subperiosteal abscess. Reproduced with permission from: Harris GJ. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 1993; 91:474. Graphic 61952 Version 4.0
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Acute bacterial rhinosinusitis in children: Clinical features and diagnosis
Sagittal computed tomography demonstrating Pott puffy tumor
Sagittal computed tomography demonstrating subperiosteal abscess of the frontal bone (arrow) and soft swelling if the forehead (Pott puffy tumor). Graphic 101313 Version 2.0
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Acute bacterial rhinosinusitis in children: Clinical features and diagnosis
Computed tomography findings in rhinosinusitis
Computed tomography (CT) findings in rhinosinusitis: (A) Coronal CT demonstrating complete opacification of the right ethmoid sinus (white arrow) and mucosal thickening of the roof of the right maxillary sinus (yellow arrow). (B) Axial CT demonstrating airfluid level (white arrow) in the right maxillary sinus. Courtesy of Glenn C Isaacson, MD, FAAP, FACS. Graphic 84006 Version 1.0
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Acute bacterial rhinosinusitis in children: Clinical features and diagnosis
Sinusitis antral puncture
Illustration of antral puncture on coronal computed tomography image. A trocar is passed beneath the inferior turbinate, through the lateral nasal wall to reach the maxillary sinus antrum. Reprinted by permission of Edizioni Minerva Medica from Minerva Pediatrica 2015;67:35768. Graphic 101312 Version 1.0
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Acute bacterial rhinosinusitis in children: Clinical features and diagnosis
Disclosures Disclosures: Ellen R Wald, MD Nothing to disclose. Sheldon L Kaplan, MD Grant/Research/Clinical Trial Support: Pfizer [vaccine (PCV13)]; Forest Lab [antibiotic (Ceftaroline)]; Optimer [antibiotic (fidaxomicin)]. Consultant/Advisory Boards: Pfizer [vaccine (PCV13)]. Robert A Wood, MD Grant/Research/Clinical Trial Support: DBV [Food allergy]. Consultant/Advisory Boards: Sanofi [Food allergy (Epinephrine)]; Stallergenes [Allergic rhinitis (Sweet vernal/orchard/perennial rye/timothy/Kentucky blue grass mixed pollen allergen extract sublingual route)]. Glenn C Isaacson, MD, FAAP Consultant/Advisory Boards: CONMED [tonsillectomy (tonsillectomy instruments)]. Mary M Torchia, MD Nothing to disclose. Contributor disclosures are reviewed for conflicts of interest by the editorial group. When found, these are addressed by vetting through a multilevel review process, and through requirements for references to be provided to support the content. Appropriately referenced content is required of all authors and must conform to UpToDate standards of evidence. Conflict of interest policy
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