Actividadt1 02
February 23, 2023 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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W@KMJBÛNIKJ MHKIJMHB G@ CÉQIKJ CÉQIKJ IM[WIWPWJ W@KMJBÛNIKJ G@B VHBB@ G@ @WBH
IMN@MI@_ÃH @M @M@_NÃH[ _@MJVHOB@[
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Imv`stinhkiûm Gjkuc`mthb ?
Ur`s`mth _uiz Bûp`z Chri`ta
Hs`sjr C.K. L`au Luèr`z _`y`s
[`c`str`< >¼
Pmiûm Aighbnj, Jhxhkh, Céxikj
Jktuor` 5;, ?5?5
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Imgiké
Kjmt`migj _`suc`m< _`suc `m< ........................................................................................................................... ; ?. W`jrã W`jrãhh g`b giskj rjtjr ..................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................... 7 ?.8. _jthkiûm _jthkiûm g` `st`bh ....................................................................................................... 7 ?.;. Ujt`mkih Ujt`mkih cèxich cèxich ......................................................................................................... > ?.7. @strukturh g` bh `st`bh .................................................................................................. 1 _`f`r`mki _`f `r`mkihs hs Oiobijnrèfi Oiobijnrèfikhs khs .............................................................................................. 88
;
_`suc`m< @m bh pr`s`mt` imv`stinhkiûm imv`stinhkiûm s` g`skrioirèm bhs t`jrãhs t`jrãhs y kjmk`ptjs ushgjs phrh bbjs js kèbkubjs h`rjgimècikjs. Gjmg` kjcpr`mg`r`cjs kjcj umh turoimh `ûbikh `xtrh` `m`rnãh kimétikh g`b vi`mtj phrh trhmsfjrchrbh `m `m`rnãh c`kèmikh y pjst`rijrc`mt` `m `béktrikh. [` hsuc` qu` bh chsh g` hir` hf`kthgh p`rchm`k` s`phrhgh g`b r`stj g` hir` qu` mj phsh h trhvés g`b rjtjr `ûbikj, `s g`kir, mj ahy fbulj g` hir` h trhvés g`b `mtjrmj. G`oigj h qu` `b hir` g`mtrj g`b tuoj s` fr`mh, p`rj mj s` kjcpric`, bh s`kkiûm g`b fbulj g` hir` g`o` huc`mthr phrh p`rcitir `b phsj g`b fbulj fbulj g` hir` h c`mjr c`mjr v`bjkighg. @sth @sth `m`rnãh kimétikh s` `xtrh` c`gihmt` bjs bjs khcoijs khcoijs g` pr`siûm qu` bh vhrihkijm`s g` v`bjkighg prjguk`m `m bjs p`rfib`s g` bhs phbhs.
H kjmtimuhkiûm v`r`cjs bjs bjs t`chs rjthkiûm g` `st`bh, `st`bh, t`jrãh g`b cjc`mtj hmnubhr, pjt`mkih pjt`mkih cèxich y pjr übticj `m `sth imv`stinhkiûm imv`stinhkiûm mjs `mfjkhr`cjs `m bh `strukturh g` `s `st`bh. t`bh.
7
?. W`jrãh g`b giskj rjtjr Bh fjrch `m qu` bh `m`rnãh `xtrhãgh s` kjmvi`rt` `m `m`rnãh utibizhob` g`p`mg` sjor` `b ` b gis`øj phrtikubhr g` bh turoimh. Bh chyjrãh g` bjs kjmv`rtigjr`s g` `m`rnãh `ûbikh `cpb`hm um rjtj rjtjrr kjm vhrihs phbhs qu` nirhm kjm umh v`bjkighg hmnubhr
Ω
hbr`g`gjr g` um `l` mjrchb hb pbhmj
g`b rjtjr y phrhb`bj h bh gir`kkiûm g`b vi`mtj. Bhs kukaibbhs ohrr`m um giskj y `m virtug g` su gis`øj h`rjgimècikj g`shrrjbbhm umh gif`r`mkih g` pr`siûm `m tjgj `b giskj, qu`, kjcj s` giskutiû `m bh s`kkiûm hmt`rijr, `s r`spjmshob` g` bh pérgigh g` hxihb icpubsj `m bh `st`bh. `st` bh. Hsjkihgh kjm bh pérgigh g` cjc`mtj hxihb ahy umh pérgigh g` `m`rnãh qu` pu`g` s`r r`kjb`kthgh pjr, ginhcjs, um n`m`rhgjr `béktrikj kjm`kthgj hb rjtjr `l` si, hg`cès g` um `cpul`, `b rjtjr `xp`ric`mth um phr `m `b s`mtigj g` rjthkiûm. @b n`m`rhgjr `l`rk` um phr inuhb y jpu`stj hb g`b fbulj g` hir` qu` chmti`m` bh kjmsthmt` g` v`bjkighg g` rjthkiûm. @b trhohlj r`hbizhgj pjr `b phr h`rjgimècikj `m `b n`m`rhgjr s` kjmvi`rt` `m `m`rnãh `béktrikh. .
?.8. _jthkiûm g` `st`bh @b `l`rkikij g` um phr `m `b giskj g iskj g`b rjtjr pjr `b hir` qu` phsh h trhvés g` éb r`qu r`qui`r` i`r` phr inuhb y jpu`stj qu` s` icpjmgrè hb hir`. Bh kjms`ku`mkih g`b phr g` r`hkkiûm `s ahk`r qu` `b hir` nir` `m umh gir`kkiûm jpu`sth h bh g`b rjtjr4 `b hir` nhmh icpubsj hmnubhr y, pjr bj thmtj, h rhãz g`b giskj g`b rjtjr, `b hir` bhs phrtãkubhs ti`m`m um kjcpjm`mt` g` v`bjkighg `m umh gir`kkiûm qu` `s thmn`mkihb h bh rjthkiûm hsã kjcj um kjcpjm`mt` hxihb (Finurh 8). Bh hgquisikiûm g` bh kjcpjm`mt` thmn`mkihb g` bh v`bjkighg pjr `b hir` sinmifikh um huc`mtj g` su `m`rnãh kimétikh qu` s` kjcp`msh kjm umh khãgh `m bh `stètikh pr`siûm g`b hir` `m bh `st`bh. @b fbulj qu` imnr`sh hb giskj g`b hktuhgjr mj ti`m` mimnüm cjvici`mtj g` rjthkiûm. @b fbulj qu` shb` g`b giskj ti`m` rjthkiûm y `sh rjthkiûm p`rchm`k` kjmsthmt` h c`gigh qu` `b fbuigj prjnr`sh pjr bh `st`bh, s` prjguk` bh trhmsf`r`mkih g`b cjvici`mtj g` rjthkiûm hb hir`, tjthbc`mt` h bj bhrnj g`b g` b nrjsjr g`b giskj (Finurh ?). @b khcoij thmn`mkihb bh v`bjkighg s` `xpr`sh `m tércim t ércimjs js g` um fhktjr g` imgukkiûm g` fbulj
‿ . Hnuhs hrrioh g`b giskj bh v`bjkighg thmn`mkihb `s k`rj. Imc`gihthc`mt` g`spués g`b giskj, bh v`bjkighg thmn`mkihb `s g `b giskj, umh ?Ωr‿. @m `b c`gij g`b `sp`sjr g`b
thmn`mkihb
0
gisthmkih rhgihb r g`sg` `b `l` g` rjthkiûm, rjt hkiûm, bh v`bjkighg thmn`mkihb imgukigh `s
Ωrh
. Ujrqu` `s
prjgukigj `m r`hkkiûm hb phr g` tjrsiûm bh v`bjkighg thmn`mkihb th mn`mkihb s` jpjm` j pjm` hb cjvici`mtj cjvici`mtj g`b rjtjr.
@m bh prèktikh, mj s` pu`g` prjgukir umh hgquisikiûm horupth g` v`bjkighg thmn`mkihb. (Finurh ?) cu`strh bh hk`b`rhkiûm g`b fbulj `m bh gir`kkiûm thmn`mkihb h c`gigh qu` s` "hpri`th" `mtr` bhs kukaibbhs4 bh s`phrhkiûm g` bhs ajlhs s` ah r`gukigj phrh `b `f`ktj, p`rj `s `b huc`mtj g`b objqu`j sûbigj qu` pr`s`mthm bhs phbhs hb fbulj h c`gigh qu` s` hk`rkh hk`r kh h bh rhãz qu` prjvjkh bjs vhbjr`s hbtjs g` v`bjkighg thmn`mkihb k`rkh g` bh rhãz. T8S
?. W`jrãh g`b cjc`mtj hmnubhr Bh v`bjkighg thmn`mkihb imgukigh mj s`rè bh bh cisch `m tjgjs bjs bjs pumtjs, pjr bj bj qu` phrh `b `stugij g` `sth utibizhr`cjs um `b`c`mtj gif`r`mkihb g` phbh h umh gisthmkih r y kjm um `sp`sjr gr. @b imkr`c`mtj `m `b phr rjtûrikj g`b giskj khushrh `b huc`mtj g` v`bjkighg thmn`mkihb ci`mtrhs qu` bh fu`rzh hxihb qu` hktüh sjor` `b giskj khushrh bh giscimukiûm g` bh v`bjkighg hxihb. (Véhs` `m bh finurh 8 y ?).
Finurh 8. Wrhy`ktjrih Wrhy`ktjrih g` umh phrtãkubh phrtãkubh g` g` hir` phshmgj phshmgj pjr `b `b giskj rjtûrikj. rjtûrikj.
6
Finurh ?. V`bjkig V`bjkighg hg thmn`mkihb thmn`mkihb kr`ki`mt` kr`ki`mt` h bj bhrnj g`b giskj.
@b phr `l`rkigj `m `b giskj s`rè inuhb h bh vhrihkiûm g` bh khmtighg g` cjc`mtj hmnubhr<
[i`mgj
3Η 3Η 33∝8 ∟ ?Ω‿
.8
`b èr`h gif`r`mkihb g`b hmibbj `stugihgj. @b phr pjr bh v`bjkighg g` nirj gh kjcj
r`subthgj bh pjt`mkih s`nüm
3Ω 3 3?∝8∟
, y g` hku`rgj h bh `kuhkiûm (?)<
.?
[` kucpb`<
Y jp`rhmgj jot`m`cjs<
Ω
?∝8∟ 3∝8 ∟ ?Ω‿ .; ∝8 ∟ 3 Ω‿ 3Ω/∝
`s bh v`bjkighg thmn`kihb g`b hmibbj, hsi s` ush `b kj`fiki`mt`
.7
kjmjkigj kjcj
r`bhkiûm g` v`bjkighg pumth, qu` r`bhki r`bhkijmh jmh bh v`bjkighg g`b hmibbj kjm bh g`b vi`mtj imkig`mt`. Ujr thmtj<
8 ∟ 3 ‿
.0 .0
>
[hoi`mgj qu` `b èr`h vhb`
3? 3Ω3(8? ∝?Υrηr)7·8 ∟ g` bh `kuhkiûm (8) jot`m`cjs
.6
@b tércimj fu`rh g`b phrémt`sis `s bh `fiki`mkih g` bh phbh khpturhmgj bh `m`rnãh g`b vi`mtj
3 7‿8 ∟
.>
Xu` `m tércimjs g` kj`fiki`mt` g` khpthkiûm g` pjt`mkih r`subthm bhs `kuhkijm`s<
[i`mgj
3 7∝8 ∟ ‿ 3 18 ∟ ‿ 8? ∝ ‿ 3 18 ∟ 3/. ‿ . Kjmjki`mgj bh vhrihkiûm rhgihb g`
.1
.9 .9
s` pu`g` imt`nrhr bh `kuhkiûm
hmt`rijr phrh kjmjk`r `b kj`fiki`mt` g` khpthkiûm g` pjt`mkih nbjohb phrh `b giskj phrh um vhbjr g`t`rcimhgj g`
?.;. Ujt`mkih cèxich G`rivhmgj bh `kuhkiûm (>) r`sp`ktj g`
‿
` inuhbhmgj h 5 phrh jot`m`r `b r`mgici`mtj
cèxicj jot`m`cjs<
‿ 3 8 ∟‿ 3 8∟?
.85
‿ 3 8 ∟ 8∟?
.88
_`subthmgj
Bjs vhbjr`s qu` fimhbc`mt` chxicizhm `b kj`fiki`mt` g` khpthkiûm g` pjt`mkih sjm
1
3 8; ‿ 3 8∟
.8?
@b vhbjr g`b kj`fiki`mt` `s `b ciscj qu` sim kjmsig`rhr bh rjthkiûm y `s umifjrc` h bj bhrnj g` tjgj `b giskj. @m khcoij
·
vhrãh h bj bhrnj g`b rhgij. Imt`nrhmgj bh `kuhkiûm (9) y
‿ ‿ 3 ∤ 18 ∟ ∤∤ 18 ∟ T8∟S 378 ∟
sustituy`mgj `b vhbjr g`
g` bh `kuhkiûm (8?) jot`m`cjs< j ot`m`cjs<
3 86?>
.8?
Xu` `s `b ciscj vhbjr qu` phrh `b khsj sim kjmt`cpbhr bh rjthkiûm. Ujr thmtj, phrh `sths gjs t`jrãhs, s` kjmsig`r` j mj bh kjcpjm`mt` thmn`mkihb qu` tjch bh v`bjkighg trhs `b giskj, `b cèxicj hprjv`kahci`mtj pjsiob` g` bh `m`rnãh kimétikh qu` pjrth `b vi`mtj `s 09.?6%. @m `st` pumtj s` g`o` pr`kishr pr`k ishr qu` bh khmtighg g` t`jrãhs t`j rãhs y fjrcubhkijm`s phrh `stjs primkipijs h`rjgimècikjs `xk`g` kjm cukaj `b hbkhmk` g` `st` prjy`ktj. @m `st` khsi tjchr`cjs bhs pr`k`g`mt`s phrh fjrcubhr bh t`jrãh g`b `b`c`mtj g` phbh, cuy utibizhgh ut ibizhgh p`rj qu` sinu` sim kjmt`cpbhr tjgjs bjs f`mûc`mjs qu` phrtikiphm. T?S
?.7. @strukturh g` bh `st`bh @b cjc`mtj hmnubhr icphrtigj h bh `st`bh huc`mth bh `m`rnãh kimétikh `m `b g`sp`rthr, p`rj `sth `m`rnãh s` `quibiorh kjm umh pérgigh g` pr`siûm `stètikh<
[ustituy`mgj bh `xpr`siûm g`
‿
Η 3 8? ?Ω ‿
.8;
8∟ 8 Η 3 ? ∝ T? S
.87
ghgh pjr bhs `kuhkijm`s (8?)<
9
Bh v`bjkighg thmn`mkihb huc`mth kjm `b rhgij g`kr`ki`mt` (@kuhkiûm (8?) y hsã bh pr`siûm giscimuy` kr`hmgj um nrhgi`mt` g` pr`siûm rhgihb. Bh pr`siûm rhgihb nrhgi`mt` `quibiorh bh fu`rzh k`mtrãfunh sjor` `b fbuigj `m rjthkiûm. Bh khãgh g` pr`siûm pr`siûm h trhvés g`b giskj khushgj pjr bh thsh g` khcoij khcoij g`b cjc`mtj hxihb, `s hgikijmhb h bh khãgh g` pr`siûm hsjkihgh kjm bh rjthkiûm g` bh `st`bh y `s umifjrc` `m tjgj `b giskj. [i bh `st`bh mj s` `xphmgiû yh qu` rhb`mtizh bh `strukturh g` `st`bh rjthkijmhb lumtj kjm `b nrhgi`mt` g` pr`siûm rjthkijmhb mj khcoihrãh h c`gigh qu` bh `st`bh s` g`shrrjbbh ci`mtrhs qu` bh pérgigh g` pr`siûm khushgh pjr `b khcoij g`b cjc`mtj hxihb r`gukir nrhguhbc`mt` h k`rj `m bh `st`bh kjcpb`thc`mt` g`shrrjbbhgh, kjcj s` cu`strh `m bh (Finurh ;).
Finurh ;. Pm giskj hktuhgjr g` `xtrhkkiûm g` `m`rnãh y um tuoj g` fbulj.
Ujr bj thmtj, bh pr`siûm `m bh `st`bh kjcpb`thc`mt` g`shrrjbbhgh `sthrãh sup`rpu`sth h bh htcjsférikh, qu` s`rãh bh pérgigh g` pr`siûm ghgh pjr bh `kuhkiûm (87). @m kjms`ku`mkih, bh fu`rzh hxihb sjor` `b fbuigj `m bh `st`bh qu` ahk` qu` giscimuyh bh v`bjkighg s`rãh sjbj bh khushgh pjr bh khãgh g` pr`siûm umifjrc` h trhvés g`b giskj. G` a`kaj, bh `st`bh s` `xphmg` y bjs g`thbb`s kjcpb`tjs kj cpb`tjs g`b hmèbi hmèbisis sis vi`m`m ghgjs pjr Nbhu`rt (89;0). @b hmèbisis g` Nbhu`rt s` hpbikh h bhs aébik`s gjmg` `b fbulj `s hk`b`rhgj pjr `b rjtjr, p`rj `stj `s sjbj umh ku`stiûm g` imv`rtir bjs sinmjs g`b fbulj fbulj fhktjr`s g` imgukkiûm. Bh imkbusiûm g` bh `xphmsiûm g`b fbulj y bh rjthkiûm g` `st`bh `m um bh t`jrãh g`b icpubsj imt`nrhgj
cu`strh qu` bh v`bjkighg imgukigh hxihbc`mt` `m bh `st`bh g`shrrjbbhgh `s chyjr qu` ? , p`rj `b `f`ktj sjbj `s sinmifikhtivj `m r`bhkijm`s g` v`bjkighg pumth c`mjr`s g` hprjxichghc`mt` 8,0, qu` prjohob`c`mt` `sté fu`rh g`b rhmnj jp`rhtivj g` bh chyjrãh turoimhs g` vi`mtj.
85
[im `cohrnj, `b hmèbisis g`cu`strh qu` bh `m`rnãh kimétikh g` bh rjthkiûm g` bh `st`bh s` `xpbikh pjr bh r`gukkiûm g` bh pr`siûm `stètikh `m bh `st`bh. Bh kjmkbusiûm g` Nbhu`rt sjor` bh `xphmsiûm g` bh `st`bh y su su imt`rhkkiûm kjm bh rjthkiûm g` bh `st`bh `s qu` su imkbusiûm imkbusiûm ahk` pjkh gif`r`mkih gif`r`mkih kjm kj m bjs r`subthgjs r` subthgjs jot`migjs g` bh sicpb` t`jrãh t `jrãh g`b icpubsj hxihb sicpb` y, pjr bj thmtj, pu`g` inmjrhrs`. Gjmg`, `m bh cisch r`f`r`mkih, Nbhu`rt trhth sjor` "Cjbimjs g` vi`mtj y v`mtibhgjr`s" (89;0) hgjpth bh t`jrãh g`b icpubsj sicpb` p`rj bu`nj ti`m` qu` t`m`r `m ku`mth bh `m`rnãh kimétikh g` bh rjthkiûm g` bh `st`bh, bj qu` ahk` hsuci`mgj qu` s` `xtrh` g` bh `m`rnãh kimétikh g`b fbulj. Bh kimétikh rjthkijmhb Ujr bj thmtj, bh `m`rnãh g` bh `st`bh s` kjmsig`rh umh pérgigh y r`guk` `b miv`b g` `m`rnãh qu` s` pu`g` `xtrh`r. @m kjms`ku`mkih, h ohlhs r`bhkijm`s g` v`bjkighg bjkhb, `b cjtjr imt`rijr s`kkijm`s g` um rjtjr, bh `fiki`mkih h`rjgimècikh bjkhb kh` pjr g`ohlj g`b bãcit` g` O`tz. Cès hutjr`s g`sg` Nbhu`rt ahm hsucigj bh cisch kjmkbusiûm p`rj, g` a`kaj, Nbhu`rt éb ciscj ah g`cjstrhgj qu` bh kjmkbusiûm `s imkjrr`kth. @b `rrjr ahk` cuy pjkh gif`r`mkih kjm bjs r`subthgjs fimhb`s g` bh chyjrãh g` bhs turoimhs `ûbikhs cjg`rmhs gis`øhghs phrh n`m`rhkiûm g` `b`ktrikighg. Uhrh ojcohs g` vi`mtj, gjmg` um phr g` hrrhmqu` hbtj h btj y hbtj sjbig`z, `b `rrjr prjohob`c`mt` s`rãh cuy sinmifikhtivj pjrqu` jp`rhm h rhtijs g` v`bjkighg g` pumth cuy ohljs. T8S
88
_`f`r`mkihs Oiobijnrèfikhs T8S Ourtjm W, [ahrp` G, L`mdims M, Ojsshmyi. (?558). ^img @m`rny Ahmgojjd. ^ib`y @gitjrihb. T?S B`n`r`m H. (?587). Gis`øj g` sist`ch g` pika phsivj phrh h`rjn`m`rhgjr`s `m `mtjrmj urohmjs.
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