Actividades Preliminares de Un Proyecto

 

Hotvgkhk`s pr`bgngdhr`s k` ud prcy`oc Ouhdkc s` vh h `npr`dk`r bh ocdsruoogÿd k` ouhbqug`r tpc k` `kgjohogÿd, sgd gnpcrhr `b hnhøc, udh k` bhs prgn`rhs pr`mudhs qu` s` k`i` eho`r `s6 ³Ouèdc vh h ocshr su r`hbgzhogÿd3 @s` gd`rrcmhd` k`i` s`r r`su`bc pcr bc m`d`rhb pcr ud prc`sgcdhb `d `b èr`h k` bh ocdsruoogÿd, `sc ocd `b jd k` dc qu`khr ocrcs `d `b pr`supu`sc d`o`shrgc. [hnigçd `s gnpcrhd` k`jdgr quç `s bc qu` s` k`s`h ci`d`r, `sc `s, oÿnc scd bhs ohrho`rîstohs qu` k`i` `d`r `b prcy`oc k` ocdsruoogÿd. @scs r`qugsgcs s`rèd sungdgsrhkcs pcr `b obg`d` c qug`d k`s`h gdv`rtr `d `b prcy`oc. H `sh hotvgkhk s` b` ocdco` ocd `b dcnir` k` ‒`shib`o`r bcs r`qugsgcs k`b obg`d`„, `d bh `hph k` pbhd`hogÿd.

@thph gdgoghb k`b prcy`otc M`d`rhbgkhk`s [ckc prcy`oc dc gnpcrh su îdkcb` s` k`i` ounpbgr ocd udh s`rg` k` `hphs qu` p`rngtrèd su r`hbgzhogÿd. @d bh `hph gdgoghb k`b prcy`oc s` k`i` r`vgshr qu` `b prcy`oc s`h vghib`, `s k`ogr, qu` s` pu`kh r`hbgzhr, bu`mc k` su vghigbgkhk s` k`i`d r`hbgzhr bcs kgs`øcs y `b pr`supu`sc, y pcr öbtnc s` k`i` `f`ouhr. @d ckhs bhs `hphs `b ocsc k`b prcy`oc `sè pr`s`d`, `s k`ogr qu` hb jdhb ckcs bcs prcy`ocs k` ocdsruoogÿd s` r`hbgzhd ocd r`ourscs jdhdog`rcs, s`hd `scs prcpgcs, pcr n`kgc k` ud orçkgc c kcdhkcs y k` hbbî bh gnpcrhdogh k` pr`supu`shr ig`d. @s ocnöd qu` bhs p`rscdhs pg`ds`d qu` `b ocsc k` ud prcy`oc, `s scbc `b ocsc k` ocdsruoogÿd k` bh `kgjohogÿd, sgd `nihrmc, `s d`o`shrgc k`fhr `d obhrc qu` `b ocsc chb k` bh `kgjohogÿd bc

 

ocdcrnhd ckhs bhs hotvgkhk`s d`o`shrghs k` b`mhbgzhogÿd, p`rngscs ` gnpu`scs qu` ocdbb`vhd bh `f`ouogÿd k` ouhbqug`r prcy`oc k` ocdsruoogÿd.

Jgfhogÿd k` cif`tgvcs Bh jfhogÿd k` cif`tvcs `d ud prcy`oc `s udkhn`dhb phrh k``rngdhr `b k`stdc ehogh kcdk` s` k`i`d kgrgmgr ckcs bcs `su`rzcs y hotvgkhk`s k`b prcy`oc, k``rngdhr bcs uscs k` bh `kgjohogÿd y `b hbohdo` qu` `dkrè bh r`hbgzhogÿd k` bh cirh k` ocdsruoogÿd. Bh jfhogÿd k` cif`tvcs `s bh ihs` phrh `shib`o`r bcs r`ourscs qu` s` r`qug`r`d phrh `b prcy`oc.

@stukgcs k` pr`jhotgigbgkhk @d `sh `hph s` r`hbgzhd ckhs bhs ocdsubhs d`o`shrghs scir` bcs hsp`ocs çodgocs y b`mhb`s k`b prcy`oc h r`hbgzhr, hb`s ocnc p`rngscs k` ocdsruoogÿd, gnpu`scs, v`rgjohogÿd k`b èr`h y cpcmrhh k`b `rr`dc, kgspcdgigb kgspcdgigbgkhk gkhk k` s`rvgogcs pöibgocs, r`srgoogcd`s b`mhb`s y ocdsruotvhs, ohphogkhk k`b su`bc, uscs k`b su`bc, `o.

@stukgcs pr`bgngdhr`s Bcs `sukgcs pr`bgngdhr`s k` ud prcy`oc scd hqu`bbcs qu` p`rng`d eho`r ci`d`r gdcrnhogÿd çodgoh scir` bhs ohrho`rîstohs k`b bc` hdc k` su sup`rjog` ocnc k`b suisu`bc. Bcs `sukgcs pr`bgngdhr`s scd udkhn`dhb`s phrh bcs kgs`øcs hrqug`oÿdgocs, `sruourhb`s ` egkrèubgocs k`b prcy`oc. H ocdtduhogÿd, s` pr`s`dhd bcs `sukgcs pr`bgngdhr`s nès ocnud`s qu` s` r`hbgzhd h ud prcy`oc k` ocdsruoogÿd6 

@sukgc cpcmrèjoc

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@sukgc M`cçodgoc

@stukgc tcpcmrèjgoc @b cif`tvc k` ud b`vhdhng`dc cpcmrèjoc `s ci`d`r bhs ohrho`rîstohs k`b `rr`dc qu` prcpcrogcd`d gdcrnhogÿd gnpcrhd` phrh bh r`pr`s`dhogÿd mrèjoh k` bh sup`rjog` k`b `rr`dc `d ud pbhdc. Ocd `s` b`vhdhng`dc s` pu`k` cptngzhr `b `sphogc kgspcdgib` y r`hbgzhr ud kgs`øc hrqug`oÿdgoc `jog`d` ocd `b jd k` r`kuogr bcs ocscs jdhb`s k`b prcy`oc. [hnigçd p`rng` bcohbgzhr bh uigohogÿd k` bhs r`k`s k` s`rvgogcs d`o`shrgcs phrh bh `kgjohogÿd. Pdh v`z k``rngdhkc `b b`vhdhng`dc, `s pr`ogsc r`hbgzhr ocdsubhs ocd `dtkhk`s cjoghb`s ocnc bh _`or`hrgh k` Qbhd`hogÿd Nudgogphb y bhs ourhkurîhs urihdhs< ocd `b cif`tvc k` gk`dtjohr pcsgib`s h`ohogcd`s pcr uurcs prcy`ocs k` k`shrrcbbc urihdc k` ouhbqug`r îdkcb` qu` s`hd k` gd`rçs m`d`rhb k` bh ogukhk.

@stukgc m`ctçodgoc Ocdsgs` `d k``rngdhr ocd hdtogphogÿd bhs prcpg`khk`s sgoc-n`oèdgohs k`b su`bc, sg `shs p`rng`d c dc `b k`shrrcbbc k`b prcy`oc k`s`hkc y sg `b gdsunc `s hk`ouhkc phrh `stnhr `b tpc k` `sruourh h ushr, ckc `sc `d bh hs` k` hd`prcy`oc. @b ocdcogng`dc k` bhs prcpg`khk`s k`b su`bc s` bcmrh n`kghd` prco`kgng`dcs ocnc6 gdsp`oogÿd vgsuhb k`b `rr`dc, `dshycs k` bhicrhcrgc, hdèbgsgs k` bcs `sukgcs y cirhs r`hbgzhkhs `d `rr`dcs v`ogdcs. @s d`o`shrgc k``rngdhr `b dön`rc k` `dshycs y `b vhbcr qu` `scs `dkrèd ` dkrèd phrh ``ocs k` gdobugrbcs `d `b vhbcr jdhb k`b prcy`oc. Pdc k` bcs hocr`s nès gnpcrhd`s h gk`dtjohr, `s bh

 

ohphogkhk pcrhd` k`b su`bc, `b ouhb gduy` kgr`ohn`d` `d `b ocsc k` bh ogn`dhogÿd y `s udc k` ocscs k` nhycr gdogk`dogh `d `b pr`supu`sc k` udh `kgjohogÿd.

Kgs`øcs k`b prcy`otc Hd`s k` gdgoghr `b prco`sc k` cirh `s d`o`shrgc r`vgshr bcs r`qu`rgng`dcs k`b obg`d`, `s k`ogr, quç `s bc qu` qug`r` ocdsrugr bh p`rscdh qu` jdhdoghrè `b prcy`oc, phrh `bbc `s d`o`shrgc `bhicrhr, hd` ckc, `b kgs`øc hrqug`oÿdgoc, `b ouhb `s bh ihs` phrh bcs kgs`øcs `sruourhb`s, egkrcshdghrgcs, `bçorgocs y hjd`s. @s` k`i` s`r scoghbgzhkc p`rnhd`d`n`d` ocd `b obg`d` phrh mhrhdtzhr qu` `b kgs`øc hprcihkc dc r`qug`rh ohnigcs gnpcrhd`s `d `b uurc y m`d`r` r`prco`scs `d bcs kgs`øcs. H ocdtduhogÿd, s` pr`s`dhd bcs kgs`øcs ièsgocs d`o`shrgcs phrh udh cirh k` `kgjohogÿd6

Kgs`øc hrqugt`otÿdgoc [g`d` ocnc cif`tvc prgdogphb `b k` shtsho`r bhs k`nhdkhs k` `sphogcs ehighib`s phrh `b s`r eunhdc `d ouhdc h6 ohphogkhk, udogcdhbgkhk, `sçtoh y `odcbcmîh. @b kgs`øc k`i` pr`s`dhr scbuogcd`s çodgohs y ocdsruotvhs h bcs prcy`ocs, k`i` s`r `jog`d` y `npb`hr ` npb`hr `b`n`dcs `odcbÿmgocs phrh `b ig`d`shr k` sus usuhrgcs.? @b prcy`oc hrqug`oÿdgoc k`i` ounpbgr bh r`mbhn`dhogÿd urihdh vgm`d` ` gdkgohr bcs uscs k` bh `kgjohogÿd< k`i` s`r jrnhkc pcr ud hrqug`oc. @d bh `bhicrhogÿd k` ud prcy`oc hrqug`oÿdgoc s` pr`s`dhd bhs sgmug`d`s hs`s6

@squ`nh ièsgoc @d `sh `hph s` r`hbgzh ud pbhd`hng`dc gdgoghb k`b prcy`oc h nhd`rh k` `squ`nh, p`rc h `sohbh, k` nckc qu` s` pu`kh pr`s`dhr hb obg`d` ocd o cd `b jd k` pck`r r`hbgzhr hfus`s k` hou`rkc ocd bhs d`o`sgkhk`s k`b obg`d`.

Hdt`prcy`otc hrqugt`otÿdgoc @d `sh `hph s` m`d`rhd `b ocdfudc o cdfudc k` pbhdcs k`b prcy`oc, `d bcs ouhb`s s` k`jd`d bcs `sphogcs k`b prcy`oc y ocd iu`d mrhkc k` k`hbb`. @b hd`prcy`oc k`i` ocd`d`r hb n`dcs bcs sgmug`d`s kcoun`dcs6

8. N` N`nc ncrg rgh h k` k`so sorg rgpt ptgv gvh h @s ud kcoun`dc qu` ocdt`d` bh gdcrnhogÿd ièsgoh k`b prcy`oc ocnc6 khcs k`b obg`d`, khcs k`b bc`, bhs d`o`sgkhk`s y r`srgoogcd`s k`b prcy`oc< bc ngsnc qu` bcs org`rgcs utbgzhkcs `d `b kgs`øc. 9. Qb Qbhd hdcs cs m` m`d` d`rh rhb` b`ss Bcs pbhdcs m`d`rhb`s bc ocdcrnhd `b ocdfudc k` pbhdcs r`subhkc k`b kgs`øc hrqug`oÿdgoc, `d `b ouhb s` nu`srhd bhs kgsrgiuogcd`s k` `sphogcs `d pbhdh, `d hburh y bcs ouhb`s ocdt`d`d gdcrnhogÿd scir` kgn`dsgcd`s y `sp`ogjohogcd`s çodgohs k` cirh. Jcrnhd bcs pbhdcs m`d`rhb`s bcs sgmug`d`s6 

Qbhdcs k` bcohbgzhogÿd m`d`rhb

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Qbhdcs k` Qbhdhs

 

Qbhdcs k` Jhoehkhs Qbhdcs k` Ocr`s

 

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Bcohbgzhogÿd m`d`rhb

Gdkgoh bh uigohogÿd k` bh ocdsruoogÿd `d `b `rr`dc ocd r`sp`oc h bhs ocdsruoogcd`s y k` nès `b`n`dcs qu` b` scd v`ogdcs (vîhs, zcdhs v`rk`s). K`i` ocbcohrs` bh crg`dhogÿd s`øhbhdkc ocd udh `oeh `b dcr` `d `b pbhdc 

Qbhdths

@s bh prcy`oogÿd k` bh `kgjohogÿd vgsh k`sk` hrrgih, `scs pbhdcs gdkgohd bh crnh ocnc `sèd kgsrgiugkcs bcs nurcs, v`dhdhs, pu`rhs, `sohb`rhs, hso`dscr`s, èr`hs ocnud`s, prgvhkhs y crcs `b`n`dcs `d ohkh pgsc c dgv`b.

 

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Jhoehkhs

@s bh r`pr`s`dhogÿd pcr n`kgc k` ud kgiufc k` bh gnhm`d k` bh `kgjohogÿd, vgsh k`sk` ud pudc ouhbqug`rh uigohkc `x`rgcrn`d`. 

Ocrt`s

_g pcr n`kgc k` ud pbhdc v`rtohb s` ocrh ud `kgjogc pcr udh s`oogÿd ouhbqug`rh, yh s`h `d su nhycr c n`dcr kgn`dsgÿd y bu`mc s` s`phrhd bhs phr`s< bh gnhm`d qu` hphr`o` `s h bc qu` bbhnhncs ‒ocr`„.

Pdh v`z r`hbgzhkcs bcs pbhdcs k`b hdt`prcy`otc, `st` p`rngt` `bhicrhr ud pr`supu`stc hprcxgnhkc k`b prcy`otc k`jdgvc. Qrcy`otc hrqugt`otÿdgoc @b prcy`oc hrqug`oÿdgoc k`jdgtvc, s` r`hbgzh udh v`z s` pr`s`dhd bcs pbhdcs k`b hd`prcy`oc hb obg`d` y s` cnh dch k` bhs sum`r`doghs y cis`rvhogcd`s. @d `sh `hph `s gnpcrhd` gdkgohr qu`, udh v`z hprcihkhs bhs nckgjohogcd`s phrh pbhdcs k`jdgtvcs, ouhbqug`r ohnigc pu`k` h`ohr `b t`npc y `b pr`supu`sc k` bh cirh, bc qu` m`d`rhrè r`rhscs `d `b gdgogc k`b prcy`oc y pu`k` h`ohr `b ocsc jdhb. @b prcy`oc hrqug`oÿdgoc k`jdgtvc hk`nès k` bcs pbhdcs m`d`rhb`s yh n`dogcdhkcs ocdt`d` bcs sgmug`d`s pbhdcs6 

Qbhdcs k` k`hbb`s

 

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Qbhdc k` ouig`rh

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Ouhkrc k` èr`hs

@sp`ogjgohogcd`s tçodgohs k` cirh Bhs `sp`ogjohogcd`s çodgohs k` cirh ocrr`spcdk`d hb kcoun`dc qu` ocdt`d` bh ohbgkhk k` bcs nh`rghb`s, gdkgohogcd`s k` oÿnc r`hbgzhr prco`scs `sp`oîjocs, usc k` k``rngdhkhs `odcbcmîhs, prco`kgng`dcs k` ocdrcb y ocdsruoogÿd y ohbgkhk k` bh nhdc k` cirh r`qu`rgkh. @shs `sp`ogjohogcd`s k` cirh s`rèd `sukghkhs ocd nhycr prcudkgkhk `d `b `nh ‒Kgs`øc k` `sp`ogjohogcd`s„.

Kgs`øc `struoturhb Ocd bh jdhbgkhk k` mhrhdtzhr bh pr`s`rvhogÿd k` vgkhs y ig`d`s qu` ehig`d bh `kgjohogÿd, `s` k`i` ocdhr ocd ud sgs`nh `sruourhb qu` p`rngh r`sgstr bhs u`rzhs gnpu`shs hdc pcr ud sgsnc ocnc bh rhdsngsgÿd k` ohrmhs prcpghs y k` s`rvgogc hb su`bc k`b bc` qu` bc sus`dh.

 

@b kgs`øc `sruourhb s` k`i` r`hbgzhr hocmg`dkc bc kgspu`sc `d bh Dcrnh sgsncr`sgs`d`-D_Y-81, bh b`y ;11 k` 877=, bh b`y 8997 k` 9115. @b oèboubc `sruourhb k`i` ocd`d`r o cd`d`r ocnc nîdgnc bcs sgmug`d`s kcoun`dcs6 h) Bhs kgn`dsgcd`s k` bcs `b`n`dcs k` scpcr` `sruourhb prgdogphb k` bh `kgjohogÿd i) Bh n`ncrgh k` oèboubc o) Bcs pbhdcs m`d`rhb`s y k` k`hbb`s. k) Bhs `sp`ogjohogcd`s çodgohs k` bcs `b`n`dcs `sruourhb`s. `) Bhs ohdtkhk`s k` cirh6 Q`sc `d r`u`rzc k`hbbhkc y ohdtkhk k` vcbun`d k` ocdor`c kgsorgngdhkc pcr r`sgs`dogh.

 

Kgs`øc k` gdsthbhogcd`s egkrèubgohs y shdgthrghs @b kgs`øc k` r`k`s egkrèubgohs y shdghrghs `s ocdcogkc `d `b n`kgc k` bh gdm`dg`rîh ocnc ‒Gdshbhogcd`s Egkrc-shdghrghs„ y ocrr`spcdk` hb kgs`øc k` r`k`s k` sungdgsrc k` hmuh pchib` y r`k`s k` `vhouhogÿd k` hmuhs d`mrhs c hmuhs s`rvgkhs.

@s` kgs`øc k`i` s`r r`hbgzhkc pcr ud prc`sgcdhb `sp`oghbgzhkc y ounpbgr ocd bc kgspu`sc `d bh dcrnh D[O- 8011 Oÿkgmc Dhogcdhb k` cdhd`rîh. Hb gmuhb qu` `b oèboubc `sruourhb, `b kgs`øc egkrc-shdghrgc k`b prcy`oc k`i` ocd`d`r ocnc nîdgnc bcs sgmug`d`s kcoun`dcs6 h) Bcs pbhdcs m`d`rhb`s y k` k`hbb`s. i) Bh n`ncrgh k` oèboubc.

 

o) Bhs `sp`ogjohogcd`s çodgohs k` bcs `b`n`dcs k`b sgs`nh. k) Bhs ohdtkhk`s k` cirh k`b sgs`nh egkrcshdghrgc.

Kgs`øc k` gdsthbhogcd`s `bçotrgohs y hjgd`s @b kgs`øc k` r`k`s `bçorgohs y hjd`s ocnpr`dk` `b kgs`øc k` bcs sgmug`d`s `b`n`dcs6 bcohbgzhogÿd k` shbgkhs k` gbungdhogÿd, cnhs, hib`rc k` ogrougcs, r`k k` ocnudgohogcd`s y scdgkc.

@b kgs`øc y ocdsruoogÿd k` `s` tpc k` r`k`s, `sè r`mubhkc pcr bh dcrnh D[O9101 bbhnhkc ‒Oÿkgmc `bçorgoc ocbcnighdc„ @b prcy`oc k` r`k`s `bçorgohs y hjd`s k`i` ocd`d`r o cd`d`r bh uigohogÿd k` `qugpcs `bçorgocs ocnc hib`rcs, sui`shogcd`s, ocdhkcr`s, shbgkhs k` gbungdhogÿd ` gd`rrupcr`s y cnhs k` ocrrg`d`. K`i` gdobugr hk`nès bhs `sp`ogjohogcd`s m`d`rhb`s k` nh`rghb`s. Ocnc phr` gd`mrhb k` bcs kgs`øcs `bçorgocs, s` k`i` `dr`mhr hnigçd udh n`ncrgh k` oèboubc, pbhdcs k` kgsrgiuogÿd k` r`k`s y k`hbb`s y ouhkrc k` ohrmhs.

Kgs`øc k` gdsthbhogcd`s n`oèdgohs y `sp`oghb`s Ouhdkc bcs prcy`ocs scd k` mrhd hnhøc ig`d s`h r`sgk`doghb, ocn`roghb c gdstuogcdhb, s` r`qug`r` bh gdshbhogÿd k` `qugpcs `sp`oghb`s ocnc6 ocdr`dscr`s, `sohb`rhs `bçorgohs, rhnphs n`oèdgohs, sgs`nhs k` hgr` hocdkgogcdhkc y r`k`s k` sungdgsrc k` mhs. @scs kgs`øcs k`i`d `dr`mhrs` ocd ud iu`d dgv`b k` k`hbb`, n`ncrghs k` oèboubc, pbhdc, `sp`ogjohogcd`s çodgohs y pr`supu`sc k` cirh, `b ouhb k`i` s`r gdocrpcrhkc `d `b ocsc chb k`b prcy`oc, occrkgdhdkc bhs hotvgkhk`s scir` t`npc y ocdkgogcd`s qu` k`i`d ounpbgrs` phrh bh gdshbhogÿd k` bcs `qugpcs.

 

@stukgcs ocnpb`n`dth ocnpb`n`dthrgcs rgcs Bu`mc k` ci`d`r bcs kgs`øcs k`b prcy`oc, `scs sgrv`d ocnc ihs` phrh r`hbgzhr `b pr`supu`sc k` cirh. Bcs `sukgcs ocnpb`n`dhrgcs p`rng`d `shib`o`r `b ocsc chb k`b rhihfc, `b t`npc k` kurhogÿd y bh r`vgsgÿd k` bcs hsp`ocs b`mhb`s `dr` bcs ouhb`s `sè `b ` b r`mbhn`dc k` prcpg`khk ecrgzcdhb, `scs hsp`ocs scd gnpcrhd`s hd`s k` r`hbgzhr `b prco`sc k` s`b`oogÿd k` bh p`rscdh c `npr`sh qu` vh h `f`ouhr bcs rhihfcs6

Qr`supu`stc k` cirh @b pr`supu`sc k` cirh `s udh `stnhogÿd ‒hd`s„ k` r`hbgzhr `b prcy`oc. _g dc s` t`d` obhrgkhk scir` `b ocsc k`b prcy`oc, ocd s`murgkhk bh r`hbgzhogÿd k` `s` dc s`rè `xgcsh, `b pr`supu`sc  fudc ocd bh prcmrhnhogÿd k` cirh k`i`d s`r bhs ohrhs k` k` dhv`mhogÿd `d `b prcy`oc. Pd iu`d pr`supu`sc k` cirh k`i` `shr hpcyhkc `d iu`dcs kgs`øcs, ocdjhib`s, k`hbbhkcs y udhs `sp`ogjohogcd`s ig`d `bhicrhkhs, qu` p`rnghd k`jdgr ocd obhrgkhk bh ohbgkhk jdhb k` bhs hotvgkhk`s.

 

Qhrh `np`zhr h ocdsrugr `b pr`supu`sc k` cirh, s` k`i` `sorgigr ud bgshkc k` ckhs bhs hotvgkhk`s k` cirh, ocd ihs` `d bcs pbhdcs m`d`rhb`s y k` k`hbb`s, bu`mc ocd `b cif`tvc k` khrb` crk`d hb pr`supu`sc, bhs hotvgkhk`s k`i`d hmruphrs` pcr ohpîubcs, ig`d s`h pcr su dhurhb`zh, c pcr `hph ocdsruotvh. @d bh sgmug`d` hibh s` pr`s`dh ud `f`npbc k` oÿnc s` k`i`d hmruphr.

Bhs hotvgkhk`s k` pr`supu`sc k` cirh, ocscs k` nhdc k` cirh, nh`rghb`s y e`rrhng`dhs c `qugpcs, bcs ouhb`s s` `sukghrèd `d `b nÿkubc GG k`b oursc. @s` prgn`r bgshkc k` hotvgkhk`s ho tvgkhk`s k`i` r`vgshrs` ouhdhs v`o`s s`h d`o`shrgc, phrh `vghr qu` hb`d hotvgkhk`s qu` `rngd`d pcr h`ohr `b ocsc r`hb k`b pr`supu`sc.

Qrcmrhnhogÿd k` cirh Bh prcmrhnhogÿd k` cirh `s udh hotvgkhk qu` p`rng` `vhbuhr bh kurhogÿd k` bhs hotvgkhk`s k` ocdsruoogÿd, crk`dhkhs k` crnh s`ou`doghb, qu` p`rngtrè ci`d`r hb jdhb, bh kurhogÿd chb k` bh

 

`f`ouogÿd k`b prcy`oc k` `kgjohogÿd. Hquî ehy qu` `d`r `d ou`dh o u`dh qu` `sh kurhogÿd sg ocrr`spcdk` h bh kurhogÿd chb k` bh ocdsruoogÿd k`b prcy`oc y qu` `b pr`supu`sc ci`dgkc ocrr`spcdk` hb mhsc m`d`rhkc ng`drhs s` r`hbgzh bh ocdsruoogÿd k` bh `kgjohogÿd. Bcs ocscs k` bhs hotvgkhk`s pr`bgngdhr`s qu`khd pcr u`rh k`b pr`supu`sc k` cirh. Qhrh r`hbgzhr bh prcmrhnhogÿd k` cirh, ecy `xgs`d e`rrhng`dhs gdcrnètohs, èogb`s k` nhd`fhr, qu` b` p`rngtrèd eho`r udh iu`dh `stnhogÿd k`b hvhdo` k`b prcy`oc pcr p`rgckcs k` s`nhdhs, c n`s`s, `sc p`rngtrè ohboubhr `b ufc k` ohfh k`b prcy`oc, hsî s` ocdco`rè `b ncdc k`b ohpghb qu` k`i` `d`rs` kgspcdgib` phrh r`hbgzhr bcs phmcs h prcv``kcr`s y ocdrhtshs, y pcr öbtnc b` p`rngtrè `d`r ud ocdrcb scir` bh `f`ouogÿd k` cirh, k``ohdkc hrhscs `d hr`hs y hk`bhdhrs` h bh ocnprh k` nh`rghb`s c hbqugb`r`s k` `qugpcs phrh bh r`hbgzhogÿd k` hotvgkhk`s qu` prcdc s` gdgoghrhd.

Y`mbhn`dtc k` prcpg`khk ecrgzcdthb y `sorgturhs Ouhdkc `b usc k` bh cirh `f`ouhkh `s ocnphrtkc ocnc vgvg`dkh, cjogdhs c bcohb`s ocn`roghb`s, k`i` `shib`o`rs` ud r`mbhn`dc k` k`r`oecs y k`i`r`s. @b r`mbhn`dc `s bbhnhkc k` ‒Qrcpg`khk ecrgzcdhb„, `b ouhb phrh r`qug`r` k` bh hprcihogÿd pcr bhs hucrgkhk`s bcohb`s, prccocbgzhkc pcr `sorgurh pöibgoh y r`mgsrhkc phrh qu` `dmh ``ocs b`mhb`s. @s` r`mbhn`dc k``rngdh bhs `b, ` b, k`r`oecs, cibgmhogcd`s y bgnghogcd`s h bhs ouhb`s k`i`d scn``rs` bhs p`rscdhs qu` ehmhd usc k` bh `kgjohogÿd.

Hkfukgohogÿd y ocdtrhtc k` cirh Qhrh bh hkfukgohogÿd k`b ocdrhc `s d`o`shrgc qu` `b ku`øc k` bh cirh c ocdrhhd` utbgo` ud n`ohdgsnc `d `b ouhb s` pu`kh ocdrhhr h bh p`rscdh c `npr`sh nès gkÿd`h phrh bh r`hbgzhogÿd k`b rhihfc ocd bhs n`fcr`s ocdkgogcd`s çodgohs y `ocdÿngohs.

 

@d `sh `hph, s`h qu` bh ocdrhhogÿd bh r`hbgo` `b ngsnc ku`øc k` bh cirh c suiocdrh` `sh hr`h, s` r`qug`r` qu` qug`d`s r`hbgo`d `sh bhicr s`hd nuy cif`tvcs hb ncn`dc k` `vhbuhr y hkfukgohr, yh qu` hb rhhrs` k` udh ocdrhhogÿd qu` r`pr`s`dh i`d`jogc `ocdÿngoc `o cdÿngoc phrh bcs gd`r`shkcs, `s gnpcrhd` qu` qug`d`s bgk`r`d `scs prco`scs, k`nu`sr`d s`r p`rscdhs ocd hbc s`dtkc k` ecd`stkhk y r`spcdshigbgkhk.

Bgogthogÿd Bh bgoghogÿd `s ud n`ohdgsnc utbgzhkc prgdogphbn`d` `d `b s`ocr pöibgoc, qu` t`d` ocnc cif`tvc `b`mgr `b ocdrhtsh qu` cr`zoh bhs n`fcr`s n` fcr`s ocdkgogcd`s y mhrhdhs phrh `b ocdrhhd` `d bc qu` r`j`r` hb nhd`fc k`b kgd`rc pöibgoc. @s` n`ohdgsnc udogcdh k` bh sgmug`d` crnh6 h) Bh `npr`sh ocdrhhd` puibgoh bh ocdvcohcrgh, `d bh ouhb s` `shib`o` ud orcdcmrhnh k` y bcs pbg`mcs k` ocdkgogcd`s. i) Bhs p`rscdhs gd`r`shkhs nhdgj`shd su gd`rçs `d pr`s`dhr bh prcpu`sh phrh bh ocdsruoogÿd k`b prcy`oc. o) Bu`mc k` `dr`mhkhs bhs prcpu`shs, bh `dtkhk ocdrhhd` s` `dohrmh k` r`hbgzhr udh `vhbuhogÿd çodgoh `ocdÿngoh. k) Bh `npr`sh ocdrhhd` s`b`oogcdh bh prcpu`sh nès ocdv`dg`d` k`sk` `b pudc k` vgsh `ocdÿngoc y çodgoc. @d ocdrhcs k` cirhs p`qu`øhs y prgvhkhs, s` r`ocng`dkh qu` `b obg`d` bbhn` h octzhr nîdgnc h ? p`rscdhs c `npr`shs. Qhrh `bbc k`i` prcpcrogcdhr bcs pbhdcs, bhs `sp`ogjohogcd`s y ud kcoun`dc qu` s` puk` bbhnhr ‒Ocdkgogcd`s nîdgnhs qu` k`i` ounpbgr `b ocdrhtsh„, phrh qu` ckcs bcs gd`r`shkcs octo`d scir` bhs ngsnhs ocdkgogcd`s. K` dc s`r hsî, s` pu`k` pr`s`dhr qu` hbmöd ocdrhtsh octo` ud pr`ogc nès ihfc, p`rc kgsngduy`dkc bh ohbgkhk k` bcs rhihfcs, y `sc m`d`rhbn`d` s` ocdvg`r` `d ud ocsc hkgogcdhb phrh `b ocdrhtsh. Ocd ihs` `d `scs phrèn`rcs s` bb`mh h `socm`r bh prcpu`sh nès ocdv`dg`d` k`sk` ckc pudc k` vgsh `d i`d`jogc k` ckcs.

Ocdtrhtcs @b ocdrhc `s `b kcoun`dc k` ocnprcngsc k`b ocdrhhd` y ocdrhtsh c `f`oucr k` bh cirh, kcdk` s` `shib`o`d bcs k`r`oecs y k`i`r`s k` ohkh o hkh udc. Hsî ocnc `b ocdrhtsh s` ocnprcn`` h r`hbgzhr bh cirh `d bcs çrngdcs `shib`ogkcs `d `b hbohdo` k` bcs rhihfcs, `d bhs ohdtkhk`s k`b pr`supu`sc y ocd bh ohbgkhk `xgmgkh `d bhs `sp`ogjohogcd`s, `b ocdrhhd` s` ocnprcn`` h mgrhr bcs kgd`rcs hb ocdrhtsh, k` hou`rkc ocd bh crnh k` phmc phohkh. @s` kcoun`dc k`i` `shib`o`r hk`nès bhs mhrhdhs qu` `b ocdrhtsh b` ccrmhrh hb ocdrhhd`, ocnc pÿbgzh k` ounpbgng`dc k`b ocdrhc, k` nhd`fc k`b hdtogpc `d ohsc k` `dr`mhrs`, k` shbhrgcs, pr`shogcd`s ` gdk`ndgzhogcd`s k` ohbgkhk y `shigbgkhk k` bh cirh. @s gnpcrhd` k`fhr ocdsgmdhkc `d `b kcoun`dc k`b ocdrhc, qu` hdc bcs pbhdcs ocnc bhs `sp`ogjohogcd`s k` cirh, eho`d phr` k`b ocdrhc, pcr bc ouhb `b ocdrhtsh s` cibgmh h b``r `scs kcoun`dcs y s` eho` r`spcdshib` pcr `b ounpbgng`dc k` bcs hbbî ocdsgmdhkc. Qhrh ocdrhcs k` cirh pöibgoh `xgs` bh r`mbhn`dhogÿd k` bh ocdrhhogÿd `shhb `d Ocbcnigh. K`or`c 8081 k`b 8=

 

k` fubgc k` 918? y phrh bcs ocdrhcs k` cirh prgvhkcs, s` r`mgrèd `d pcr `b Oÿkgmc ogvgb ocbcnighdc. @d bh r`hbgzhogÿd k` ocdrhcs s` k`i`d ounpbgr bcs sgmug`d`s r`qugsgcs6

Bh ohphogkhk _` r`j`r` h qu` bh p`rscdh `sç ehigbghkh b`mhbn`d` (gd`b`ouhb y n`dhbn`d`) phrh pck`r susorgigr ud ocdrhc, `sc s` ounpb` ouhdkc bh p`rscdh `s nhycr k` 85 høcs y dc `sç gdehigbghkc pcr b`y

Bgi`rthk c ocds`dtgng`dtc Xug`r` k`ogr qu` bhs cibgmhogcd`s h qu` s` scn`hd bhs p`rscdhs gdvcbuorhkhs `d `b ocdrhc k`i`d s`r vcbudhrghs y dc s`hd pcr cibgmhogÿd, `rrcr c `dmhøc.

Cif`tc @s bh gd`dogÿd pcr bh ouhb s` jrnh `b ocdrhc, pcr `f`npbc6 Bh `f`ouogÿd k` udh cirh c bh pr`shogÿd k` ud s`rvgogc. @b cif`c k`b ocdrhc k`i` s`r hbmc qu` dc `sç `d ocdrh k` bh b`y dg k` bhs iu`dhs ocsunir`s. Bcs ocdrhcs pu`k`d s`r o`b`irhkcs pcr kcs obhs`s k` p`rscdhs6 Bhs p`rscdhs dhurhb`s qu` scd hqu`bbhs qu` hoöhd `d su prcpgc dcnir` dc r`pr`s`dhdkc h dhkg` nès y ocnprcn`tçdkcs` ocd `bbhs. Bhs p`rscdhs furîkgohs qu` r`pr`s`dhd ud mrupc k` p`rscdhs, bhs ouhb`s `sèd hscoghkhs ocd ud cif`c ocnöd ocnc scd6 Bhs scog`khk`s y jrnhs. K`p`dkg`dkc k` bhs p`rscdhs `dr` bhs ouhb`s s` r`hbgo`d bcs ocdrhcs s` obhsgjohd `d6 h) Ocd Ocdrh rhc css O Ogv gvgb gb`s `s _cd ocdrhcs hocrkhkcs `dr` phrtoubhr`s y `d `s` ohsc o hsc `sèd r`mgkcs pcr bhs dcrnhs k`b Oÿkgmc Ogvgb y bh nhd`rh k` hkfukgohogÿd s` pu`k` `shib`o`r bgir`n`d`. i) Ocdrh Ocdrhcs cs hkn hkngdg gdgsr srhtv htvcs cs _cd hqu`bbcs r`hbgzhkcs `dr` `b @shkc y p`rscdhs c jrnhs phrtoubhr`s, `d `b ouhb o uhb `b @shkc sg`npr` `s `b qu` ocdrhh. H `scs ocdrhcs hnigçd s` b`s bbhnh ‒k` cirhs pöibgohs„. @scs ocdrhcs s` pu`k`d k`shrrcbbhr `d ihs` h dcrnhs k`b k`r`oec pöibgoc c ogvgb.

_gst`nhs k` ocdtrhthogÿd Qhrh bh `f`ouogÿd k`b prcy`oc k` `kgjohogÿd, `xgs`d kg`r`d`s crnhs k` ocdrhhogÿd phrh su r`hbgzhogÿd. H ocdtduhogÿd, s` pr`s`dhd bhs crnhs nès ocnud`s k` r`hbgzhogÿd k` ud ocdrhc6

Ocdtrhtc h pr`ogc udgthrgc @d `b ocdrhc h pr`ogc udghrgc, `b ocdrhtsh octzh bcs pr`ogcs pr`o gcs k` ohkh udh k` bhs hotvgkhk`s k` bh cirh, y phrh ci`d`r `b vhbcr chb k`b ocdrhc, o cdrhc, s` nubtpbgohd bhs ohdtkhk`s k` ohkh udh k` bhs hotvgkhk`s, pcr `b vhbcr udghrgc k` `shs, hpbgohdkc hb ocsc chb k` bhs hotvgkhk`s, ud hocr pcr hkngdgsrhogÿd, gnpr`vgscs y utbgkhk. @d `s` tpc k` ocdrhc, `b vhbcr jdhb pu`k` vhrghr sg `d bh `f`ouogÿd k` bhs hotvgkhk`s hun`dhd c kgsngduy`d bhs hotvgkhk`s hkgogcdhb`s. @b ocdrhtsh s` eho` r`spcdshib` pcr bhs pr`shogcd`s scoghb`s k`b p`rscdhb, bh o`b`irhogÿd k` suiocdrhcs y bh ocnprh y sungdgsrc k` nh`rghb`s phrh

 

bh cirh, y `s qug`d k`i`rè hsungr ckcs bcs rg`smcs hscoghkcs ocd bh r`hbgzhogÿd k`b prcy`oc, sgd ocnprcn``r `d dgdmöd ncn`dc hb obg`d` c ocdrhhd`. K` hquî bh gnpcrhdogh k` `shib`o`r bhs pÿbgzhs k` mhrhdhs, yh qu`, k` dc eho`rbc, `b obg`d` o bg`d` s`rè scbgkhrghn`d` r`spcdshib` fudc ocd `s`.

Ocdtrhtc h pr`ogc mbcihb Bcs ocdrhcs h pr`ogc mbcihb scd hqu`bbcs `d bcs qu` `b ocdrhtsh s` ocnprcn`` o cnprcn`` h r`hbgzhr bh chbgkhk k`b ocdrhc, pcr ud vhbcr chb jfc `d `b ouhb `sèd gdobugkcs ckcs bcs ocscs k` p`rscdhb, nh`rghb`s, rhdspcr`s, `qugpcs, hbqugb`r`s, y s` eho` r`spcdshib` k` bh vgdoubhogÿd k` p`rscdhb, k` bh `bhicrhogÿd k` suiocdrhcs y k` bh ci`dogÿd k` nh`rghb`s ckc bc ouhb r`hbgzh `d su prcpgc dcnir`, pcr su ou`dh, rg`smc y sgd qu` `b ku`øc k` bh cirh hkqug`rh r`spcdshigbgkhk hbmudh pcr kgoecs hocs. @d `s` tpc k` ocdrhc, `b ocdrhtsh r`hbgzhrh r` hbgzhrh bh chbgkhk k`b prcy`oc sgd k`r`oec h r`obhnhr hbmöd ocsc hkgogcdhb, `s k`ogr, qu` hsun` ckcs bcs rg`smcs.

Ocdtrhtc k` hkngdgstrhogÿd k`b`mhkh @d `s` tpc k` ocdrhc `b ocdrhhd` `dohrmh ` dohrmh hb ocdrhtsh phrh bh sup`rvgsgÿd çodgoh y hkngdgsrhtvh, p`rc `d ckc ncn`dc `b ocdrhhd` `dkrè `b ocdrcb k`b prcy`oc. @b ocdrhtsh hpcyh bhs bhicr`s k`b ocdrhhd` `d ouhdc h hkqugsgogcd`s y ocdrhhogcd`s, p`rc bh r`spcdshigbgkhk `s ocnphrtkh pcr bcs kcs.

Kgs`øc k` `sp`ogjgohogcd`s tçodgohs k` cirh Bhs `sp`ogjohogcd`s çodgohs k` cirh t`d`d pcr cif`c `shib`o`r y k`sorgigr bh ohbgkhk `d bh `f`ouogÿd k` bhs hotvgkhk`s k` cirh, ohbgkhk k` bcs nh`rghb`s y prco`kgng`dcs k` hou`rkc ocd bhs dcrnhs `shib`ogkhs, oÿkgmcs y/c r`mbhn`dcs k` kgs`øc k` ocdsruoogÿd `d bcs prco`scs h k`shrrcbbhr k`drc k`b ocdrhc k` ocdsruoogÿd. Bhs `sp`ogjohogcd`s k`i`d s`r `bhicrhkhs pcr p`rscdhs ocd ocdcogng`dc y `xp`rg`dogh k` bcs nh`rghb`s y prco`scs ocdsruotvcs k` nckc qu` dc s` pr`s`d`d `sp`ogjohogcd`s ocdrhkgocrghs c gdocnpb`hs.

Hbohdo` k` bhs `sp`ogjgoho `sp`ogjgohogcd`s gcd`s tçodgohs k` cirh Bhs `sp`ogjohogcd`s çodgohs k`i`d k`sorgigr bcs r`qugsgcs `xgmgkcs phrh ohkh hotvgkhk k` cirh, y `scs k`i`d `shr hocrk`s ocd bhs kgn`dsgcd`s y ohbgkhk ocd`dgkh `d bcs pbhdcs k`b prcy`oc, bcs hdèbgsgs k` pr`ogcs udghrgcs k`b pr`supu`sc, `sp`ogjohdkc bhs n`kgkhs y udgkhk`s k` phmc.

Kgs`øc k` `sp`ogjgohogcd`s tçodgohs k` cirh Qhrh bh `bhicrhogÿd k` `sp`ogjohogcd`s çodgohs k` cirh, s` k`i` ocdhr o cdhr ocd `xp`rg`dogh y ocdcogng`dc k` bh dcrnhtvgkhk `d prco`scs ocdsruotvcs, k` bhs ohbgkhk`s k` bcs nh`rghb`s y k` iu`dh b`ourh k` pbhdcs. Xug`d `bhicrh bhs `sp`ogjohogcd`s k`i` rhihfhr ocdfudhn`d` ocd bcs kgs`øhkcr`s phrh gdobugr ckcs bcs r`qugsgcs `sp`oghb`s `d bcs kg`r`d`s sgs`nhs k`b prcy`oc (`sruourh, nhnpcs`rîh, egkrèubgoc y shdghrgc, r`k`s `bçorgohs, ` bçorgohs, hgr` hocdkgogcdhkc). Bhs `sp`ogjohogcd`s k` cirh pu`k`d s`r6 m`d`rhb`s y phrtoubhr`s. Bhs `sp`ogjohogcd`s m`d`rhb`s k` cirh s` r`j`r`d h bhs dcrnhs, oÿkgmcs y r`mbhn`dcs k` kgs`øc y ocdsruoogÿd bcohb`s, dhogcdhb`s ` gd`rdhogcdhb`s, hpbgohib`s h bcs nh`rghb`s, y prco`kgng`dcs k`b prcy`oc k` ocdsruoogÿd y bcs ouhb`s k`i`d s`r r``r`doghkcs r`` r`doghkcs `d `b ocdrhc, ocnc phr` k`

 

bcs kcoun`dcs qu` rgm`d bhs `sp`ogjohogcd`s phrtoubhr`s. Hsî pcr `f`npbc s` pu`k` r``r`doghr bhs dcrnhs gd`rdhogcdhb`s phrh bh prckuoogÿd k`b ocdor`c k` bh QCY[BHDK O@N@D[ H__COGH[GCD ‟ QOH, k`b GD_[G[P[C OCBCNIGHDC K@ QYCKPO[CY@_ K@ O@N@D[C - GOQO, bhs dcrnhs D[O phrh r`k`s egkrcshdghrghs D[O 8011, phrh bhs gdshbhogcd`s k` r`k`s k` mhs. _` gdobuy`d `d `shs `sp`ogjohogcd`s bc sgmug`d`6 bhs ocdkgogcd`s k`b p`rscdhb `d cirh, bcs `dshycs k` bhicrhcrgc, bcs rhihfcs k``oucscs, `sp`ogjohogcd`s m`d`rhb`s k` `qugpcs ushkcs `d cirh, k` bh s`murgkhk gdkusrghb `d cirh, k` bh s`øhbgzhogÿd, k` bh kgspcsgogÿd jdhb k` bcs r`sgkucs sÿbgkcs, `o. Bhs `sp`ogjohogcd`s phrtoubhr`s s` r`j`r`d h bcs prco`kgng`dcs, ohbgkhk k` bcs nh`rghb`s, ohbgkhk k` bh nhdc k` cirh y `qugpcs r`qu`rgkcs phrh r`hbgzhr udh k``rngdhkh hotvgkhk. Pdh iu`dh `sp`ogjohogÿd çodgoh k` cirh k`i` ocd`d`r6 h) Pdh k`sorgpogÿd k` bh hotvgkhk. i) Pdh k`sorgpogÿd k`b nh`rghb y ohbgkhk h ounpbgr. o) Pdh k`sorgpogÿd k` bh nhdc k` cirh, k` bhs e`rrhng`dhs y k` bcs `qugpcs d`o`shrgcs phrh ci`d`r bh ohbgkhk `xgmgkh. k) Pdh k`sorgpogÿd k` bcs prco`kgng`dcs k` ocdsruoogÿd, r`srgoogcd`s, bgnghogcd`s. `) K`sorgpogÿd k` bh udgkhk k` n`kgkh hkcphkh phrh `b phmc k` bh hotvgkhk. Pdh iu`dh `sp`ogjohogÿd çodgoh, k`i` ounpbgr ocd bcs sgmug`d`s org`rgcs6  

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Iu`dh `sorgurh6 bh `sp`ogjohogÿd k`i` s`r obhrh, cif`tvh, k` èogb y ödgoh gd`rpr`hogÿd. Qr`s`dhogÿd6 `b `stbc, bh ocbcohogÿd k` bh hotvgkhk y bh dun`rhogÿd k`i` hogbghr `b usc k` bhs `sp`ogjohogcd`s. Cif`tvgkhk6 k`i` ihshrs` `d prco`kgng`dcs `sèdkhr`s k` rhihfc, `bgngdhr rhs`s k` r`qugsgc ocnc6 ‒ocnc s`h p`kgkc pcr `b gd`rv`dcr„ c ‒ocd `b Zc. I.c k`b gd`rv`dcr„. Y`hbgsnc `d bhs `sp`ogjohogcd`s6 k`i`d `d`r ud mrhkc k` `xgigbgkhk, sgd cb`rhdogh h r`obhncs. @sp`ogjohogcd`s r`srgotvhs6 dc k`i` gdobugrs` rhs`s kcdk` s` n`dogcd`6 ‒bc n`fcr pcsgib`„, `b r`qugsgc k`i` s`r hrmun`dhkc `d dcrnh. @sp`ogjohogcd`s k`b prckuoc jdhb6 k`i` `xgmgrs` `b ounpbgng`dc k` bhs `sp`ogjohogcd`s phrh ci`d`r bh ohbgkhk k`b prckuoc jdhb kgs`øhkc< pcr bc hdc, bcs r`ourscs y prco`kgng`dcs `npb`hkcs phrh bh ci`dogÿd k`b prckuoc k`i`d s`r hfushkcs h bhs dcrnhs vgm`d`s. Gd`rpr`hogÿd cif`tvh6 bhs `sp`ogjohogcd`s k`i`d gd`rpr`hrs` k` udh nhd`rh cif`tvh. Ohbgkhk y `ocdcnîh6 bh ohbgkhk y kurhigbgkhk k`b prckuoc jdhb scd ouhbgkhk`s gnpbîoghs `d bhs `sp`ogjohogcd`s çodgohs, y pcr hdc ocd`npbhd `b hocr `ocdÿngoc6 ud prckuoc k` ihfh ohbgkhk r`qug`r` k` gdv`rsgcd`s phrh su scs`dgng`dc, ng`drhs qu` phrh ud prckuoc k` iu`dh ohbgkhk bhs gdv`rsgcd`s scd n`dcr`s y nès `sphoghkhs `d `b t`npc.

@f`npbc k` `sp`ogjgoho `sp`ogjgohogÿd gÿd tçodgoh

H ocdtduhogÿd, s` pr`s`dhd kcs `f`npbcs k` oÿnc r`khohr udh `sp`ogjohogÿd çodgoh k` cirh6

 

@f`npbc 8 Bcohbgzhogÿd y r`pbhdt`c   

Pdgkhk k` n`kgkh6  n9 ‟ n`rc ouhkrhkc.

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K`sorgpogÿd6 bcohbgzhogÿd y r`pbhd`c k` bhs èr`hs h ocdsrugr k`b prcy`oc. Qrco`kgng`dtc6 -

K``rngdhr ocnc r``r`dogh pbhdgnçrgoh `b sgs`nh k` occrk`dhkhs `npb`hkc `d `b b`vhdhng`dc cpcmrèjoc. K``rngdhr ocnc r``r`dogh hbtnçrgoh `b Ihdoc k` Nhroh (IN) `npb`hkc `d `b b`vhdhng`dc cpcmrèjoc. Z`rgjohr bgdk`rcs, ohigkh k`b bc` y hgsbhng`dcs. Gk`dtjohr `f`s `xr`ncs k`b prcy`oc. Bcohbgzhr `f`s `sruourhb`s. K`nhrohr ` gk`dtjohr ocdv`dg`d`n`d` ohkh `f`. @shib`o`r y ocds`rvhr bcs sgs`nhs k` r``r`dogh pbhdgnçrgoh y hbtnçrgoh. @shib`o`r `b dgv`b D > 1.11 hrqug`oÿdgoc phrh ohkh zcdh. K``rngdhr èdmubcs prgdogphb`s ocd rèdsgc. Qr`ogsgÿd 91„. K``rngdhr èdmubcs s`oudkhrgcs pcr sgs`nh k` ? ‟ ; - 0. @npb`hr dgv`b k` pr`ogsgÿd phrh cirhs k` hbohdhrgbbhkc. @npb`hr dgv`b k` nhdmu`rh phrh rhihfcs k` hbihøgb`rîh. Y`pbhd`hr `sruourh `d pgscs sup`rgcr`s. Y`pbhd`hr nhnpcs`rîh `d pgscs sup`rgcr`s. Y`pbhd`hr `sruourhs n`èbgohs phrh ouig`rhs.

@f`npbc 9  @xohvhogÿd nhduhb `d nht`rghb ocnöd (gdobuy` ohrmu` y r`rc)    

Pdgkhk k` n`kgkh6 n9 ‟ n`rc ouhkrhkc. K`sorgpogÿd6 ncvgng`dc k` t`rrhs `d vcbön`d`s p`qu`øcs y h pcoh prcudkgkhk, d`o`shrgcs phrh bh `f`ouogÿd k` zhphhs, vgmhs k` hnhrr`, vgmhs k` rgmgk`z, nurcs k`

ocd`dogÿd y crcs. Qcr r`mbh m`d`rhb, s` r`hbgzhd kcdk` dc `s pcsgib` r`hbgzhrbc pcr n`kgcs n`oèdgocs. Gdobuy` `b ocr`, ohrmh y r`trc k` scirhd`s. Qrco`kgng`dtc6 - Ocd Ocdsub subhr hr y v`rgjo v`rgjohr hr r`ocn r`ocn`dk `dkhog hogcd` cd`ss k`b @sukg @sukgc c k` _u`b _u`bcs. cs.

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Ocd Ocdsub subhr hr y v`rgjo v`rgjohr hr prco`sc prco`scss ocdsru ocdsruotv otvcs cs k`b Qrcy` Qrcy`oc oc @s @sru ruou ourhb rhb.. Ocr Ocrrci rcicrh crhrr bh ocdv ocdv`dg `dg`dog `dogh h k` r`hbgzh r`hbgzhrr bh `xohvho `xohvhogÿd gÿd p pcr cr n`k n`kgcs gcs nhduh nhduhb`s b`s.. Z`rgj Z`rgjohr ohr dgv`b dgv`b`s `s y kgn`ds kgn`dsgcd`s gcd`s `xpr`shkcs `xpr`shkcs `d bcs Qbhdcs Qbhdcs @ @sruo sruourhb` urhb`s. s. Y`hbg Y`hbgzhr zhr ocr`s v`rtohb`s v`rtohb`s phrh `xohvhogcd` `xohvhogcd`ss h pcoh prcu prcudkgkh dkgkhk, k, scir` scir` `rr`dcs `rr`dcs jrn`s c scir` nh`rghb`s k` r`bb`dc, `vghdkc `b usc k` `dtihkcs. ` dtihkcs. Y`hbg Y`hbgzhr zhr ocr`s ocr`s gdobgdhkc gdobgdhkcss y pcr rgdoe rgdoe`rhs `rhs phrh nhycr` nhycr`ss prcudk prcudkgkhk gkhk`s `s y scir` `rr`dcs n`dcs jrn`s, `vghdkc `b usc k` `dtihkcs. Ptbgz Ptbgzhr hr ` `dtihk dtihkcs cs phrh `rr`dcs `rr`dcs gd`shi gd`shib`s, b`s, hdmcscs hdmcscs c `d `rr`dcs `rr`dcs j jrn`s rn`s ouhdkc ouhdkc bhs `xohvhogcd`s `dmhd prcudkgkhk`s nhycr`s h ud n`rc y s` qug`rhd `vghr bcs hbuk`s.

 

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K`pcs K`pcsghr ghr bh t t`rrh `rrh p prcv`d rcv`dg`d` g`d` k` bhs bhs `x `xohvhog ohvhogcd`s cd`s nîdg nîdgnc nc h ud n`rc n`rc k`b k`b icrk` icrk` k` bh `xohvhogÿd. K``rn K``rngdhr gdhr n`kghd` n`kghd` hucrg hucrgzhogÿ zhogÿd d `sorgh `sorgh k`b GGdm`dg dm`dg`rc `rc k` k` _u`bcs, _u`bcs, bbhs hs oc ochs hs jdhb`s k` `xohvhogÿd. Z`rgj Z`rgjohr ohr dg dgv`b`s v`b`s gd`rgcr`s gd`rgcr`s k` `xohvhog `xohvhogÿd ÿd y occrkgdhr occrkgdhr ocd dgv`b`s dgv`b`s k` ogn`dh ogn`dhogÿd. ogÿd. Ohr Ohrmhr mhr y r`t r`trhr rhr bcs bcs sc scirh irhd` d`s. s. Z` Z`rgj rgjohr ohr dg dgv`b v`b`s `s jd jdhb` hb`ss k` ogn ogn`d `dhog hogÿd. ÿd.

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Nht`rghb`s6 hibhs iurrhs y vhrhs k` obhvc phrh `dtihkcs.

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@qugpc6  @qugpc nhduhb phrh `xohvhogÿd

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Dc ocdcrngkhk6 @d ohsc k` dc ocdcrngkhk ocd `shs `sp`ogjohogcd`s, kurhd` su `f`ouogÿd ÿ h su `rngdhogÿd, bhs cirhs s` ocdsgk`rhrèd ocnc nhb `f`ouhkhs. @d `s`

`v`dc, `b prcpcd`d` s`b`oogcdhkc k`i`rè r`ocdsrugrbhs h su ocsc y sgd qu` gnpbgqu` nckgjohogcd`s y/c hkgogcd`s `d `b pbhzc y `d `b vhbcr k`b ocdrhc.