Actividad Socioemocional DIA Diagnostico 3 Basico
July 26, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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Ocs vc`c`gnf vc`c`gnfks ks jk Ogo Ogoc c C`tgvgjcj Pn`gnkln`gnfco
0.¸
dãsg`n
jgcafnstg`ngftkarco.cakf`gckju`c`gnf.`o Lcrzn 4844
Ìfjg`k Xrkskftc`gðf
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3. MCDGOGJCJKP MCDGOGJCJKP PN@GNKLN@GNFCOKP W NDBKZGUNP NDBKZGUNP JK CXTKFJGRCBK
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Mcdgogjcjks sn`gnkln`gnfcoks kvcoucjcs
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Ndbktgvns jk Cprkfjgzcbk rkoc`gnfcjns `nf oc C`tgvgjcj Pn`gnkln`gnfco Ocs vc`c`gnfks jk Ogoc Ogoc 5
4. LCZKTGCO XCTC KO TKAGPZTN, CFÃOGPGP W TKXNTZK
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Mnbc jk rkagstrn
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@ucjrns gfenrlctgvns
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C`tgvgjcj Pn`gnkln`gnfco jk Jgcafðstg`n 0.² dãsg`n
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3. XTKXCTCFJN OC C@ZGUGJCJ
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@rkcfjn uf kspc`gn sgafgg`ctgvn
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Puakrkf`gcs pcrc okkr ko `ukftn y/ y/n n lnstrcr ko vgjkn-`ukftn Ocs vc`c`gnfks jk Ogoc Ogoc
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Kbkr`g`gns prkvgns pcrc qugkf ec`gogtcrã oc c`tgvgjcj
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4. C@ZGUGJCJ PN@GNKLN@GNFCO PN@GNKL N@GNFCO Ocs vc`c`gnfks jk Ogoc
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GFG@GN2 Dgkfvkfgjc y bukan @crrkrc jk cfglcoks
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JKPCTTNOON2 Ok`turc y ks`u`mc jko `ukftn Ocs vc`c`gnfks jk Ogoc y @nfn`gkfjn c ons pkrsnfcbks
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@GKTTK2 Lgs vc`c`gnfks
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Cfkxns
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CFK]N 3. @NF@KXZNP @OCUK XCTC KO CXTKFJGRCBK PN@GNKLN@GNFCO
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CFK]N 4. LCZKTGCO XCTC KO TKAGPZTN, CFÃOGPGP W TKXNTZK JK OC C@ZGUGJCJ PN@GNKLN@GNFCO JK JGCAFÐP JGCAFÐPZG@N ZG@N OCP UC@C@GNFKP JK OGOC
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C4.3 MNBC JK TKAGPZTN
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C4.4 @[CJTN TKXNTZK JK OCP XKT@KX@GNFKP XKT@KX@G NFKP JKO EC@GOGZCJNT EC@GOGZCJNT
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C4.0 @[CJTN TKXNTZK JKO @[TPN
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C4.: @[CJTN JK C[ZNCFÃOGPGP JKO EC@GOGZCJNT EC@GOGZCJNT
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Ocs vc`c`gnfks jk Ogoc
C`tgvgjcj Pn`gnkln`gnfco jk Jgcafðstg`n JGC
Xrkskftc`gðf Oc C`tgvgjcj Pn`gnkln`gnfco pcrc 0.² dãsg`n Ocs vc`c`gnfks jk Ogoc `nrrkspnfjk co prn`ksn jk Jgcafðstg`n jk JGC 4844. sn`gnkln`gnfco Pu ndbktgvn prgf`gpco akfkrcr ufkspk`ìg`clkftk pcrc quk ocs y ons jn`kftks pukjcf `nfn`kr ko kstcjn jk suskskstujgcftks, kcpnyn spk`ìg`clkftk kf ocs Mcdgogjcjks Pn`gnkln`gnfcoks2 @nf`gkf`gc jk sì lgsln, @nf`gkf`gc jk ntrns y Cutnrrkauoc`gðf. Fukstrn prnpðsgtn ks drgfjcr uf kspc`gn jk kxprksgðf jk kln`gnfks y ks`u`mc c`tgvc jk ons fgóns y fgócs, quk pkrlgtc ko lkbnrclgkftn jk oc akstgðf jko Cprkfjgzcbk Pn`gnkln`gnfco jko `ursn3. Kstc c`tgvgjcj jk Jgcafðstg`n dus`c ec`gogtcr oc kxprksgðf kln`gnfco kf ons fgóns y fgócs, csì `nln enrtcok`kr ocs rkoc`gnfks gftkrpkrsnfcoks kftrk sus pcrks y `nf su prneksnr(c) bkek. Csì lgsln sk kspkrc quk ons fgóns y fgócs rk`nfnz`cf sus cprkfjgzcbks y mcdgogjcjks prnpgcs, y enrtcokz`cf ko jkscrrnoon jk sus mcdgogjcjks sn`gnkln`gnfcoks. Kstc c`tgvgjcj fn crrnbc ufc kvcouc`gðf gfjgvgjuco, fg ufc kvcouc`gðf jk oc akstgðf gfjgvgjuco jk ons jn`kftks. Lãs dgkf, pkrlgtk oc ndskrvc`gðf jk cspk`tns jko Cprkfjgzcbk Pn`gnkln`gnfco jko arupn.
Xcrc ons fgóns y fgócs jk 0.² dãsg`n, ons ndbktgvns jk ndbktgvns jk kstc c`tgvgjcj sn`gnkln`gnfco snf2 c. Ec`gogtcr su kxprksgðf sn`gnkln`gnfco. d. Enrtcok`kr ocs rkoc`gnfks kftrk pcrks y `nf su prneksnr(c) bkek. `. Tk`nfn`kr ons cprkfjgzcbks y mcdgogjcjks prnpgcs. j. Enrtcok`kr ko jkscrrnoon jk ocs mcdgogjcjks sn`gnkln`gnfcoks2 @nf`gkf`gc jk sì
lgsln, @nf`gkf`gc jk ntrns y ntrns y Cutnrrkauoc`gðf.
Kf kstk prn`ksn ks eufjclkftco oc pcrtg`gpc`gðf c`tgvc jko(oc) ec`gogtcjnr(c). Pk suagkrk quk kstk rno on `ulpoc ko(oc) prneksnr(c) bkek, pnr su vìf`uon `kr`cfn `nf ons fgóns y fgócs. Buftn `nf kstn, ko prneksnr bkek pnjrã jcrok skauglgkftn c kstc c`tgvgjcj ufc vkz quk sk cpogquk, cjklãs jk pnjkr ndskrvcr ons koklkftns jko Cprkfjgzcbk Pn`gnkln`gnfco kf ntrns `nftkxtns.
Co jkscrrnoocr kstc c`tgvgjcj, ko ec`gogtcjnr pnjrã2 ec`gogtcjnr pnjrã2 c. Jkscrrnoocr mkrrclgkftcs pcrc oc ndskrvc`gðf y ko rkagstrn jko kstcjn
sn`gnkln`gnfco jko `ursn. d. Ec`gogtcr oc rkoc`gðf kftrk fgóns y fgócs, y su prnpgc rkoc`gðf `nf koons. `. Tk`nfn`kr ons cprkfjgzcbks y mcdgogjcjks jk ons fgóns y fgócs. j. Ndskrvcr ko jkscrrnoon jk ocs mcdgogjcjks sn`gnkln`gnfcoks2 @nf`gkf`gc jk sì
lgsln, @nf`gkf`gc jk ntrns y ntrns y Cutnrrkauoc`gðf.
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Ocs jkgfg`gnfks jk ons `nf`kptns sudrcycjns sk kf`ukftrcf kf ko Cfkxn 3.
Xrkskftc`gðf
Kstk jn`ulkftn prkskftc oc C`tgvgjcj Pn`gnkln`gnfco jk Jgcafðstg`n JGC kstru`turãfjnoc kstru` turãfjnoc kf c`tgvgjcj `nftgkfk `nftgkfk rk`nlkfjc`gnfks pcrc `rkcr uf jns sk``gnfks. Oc prglkrc, Xrkpcrcfjn oc c`tgvgjcj kspc`gn sgafgg`ctgvn pcrc ons fgóns y fgócs, suakrkf`gcs pcrc oc ok`turc jko `ukftn y kbkr`g`gns pcrc gftrnju`gr ko trcdcbn jko(oc) ec`gogtcjnr(c). Oc skaufjc sk``gðf, C`tgvgjcj Pn`gnkln`gnfco jk Jgcafðstg`n Ocs vc`c`gnfks jk Ogoc prkskftc ko pcsn c pcsn jk oc c`tgvgjcj, kf oc `uco sk `nfsgjkrc oc ok`turc jko `ukftn. Xnr su pcrtk, kstc c`tgvgjcj kstcrã jgvgjgjc kf trks lnlkftns. Kf ko GFG@GN sk GFG@GN sk jcrã oc dgkfvkfgjc pcrc `nftgfucr `nf uf bukan quk ecvnrk`krã oc cpkrturc kln`gnfco, `nrpnrco y lkftco jk ons fgóns y fgócs, akfkrcfjn uf `oglc jk lcynr skaurgjcj y `nfgcfzc quk ec`gogtcrã ocs c`tgvgjcjks pnstkrgnrks. Kf ko lnlkftn jk JKPCTTNOON JKPCTTNOON sk sk jcrã ok`turc y ks`u`mc co `ukftn, mgtn `kftrco jk kstc c`tgvgjcj, ko `uco sk prkskftc `nln uf kstìluon pcrc jkscrrnoocr pnstkrgnrlkftk ufc c`tgvgjcj pcrc ko okvcftclgkftn jk gfenrlc`gðf, `nf ko kbkr`g`gn ‟@nfn`gkfjn c ons pkrsnfcbks jk Ocs vc`c`gnfks jk Ogoc“. Egfcolkftk, kf ko @GKTTK sk rkcogzc buftn c ons fgóns y fgócs oc c`tgvgjcj ‟Lgs vc`c`gnfks“, kf oc `uco sk oks gfvgtc c `nlpcrtgr sus prnpgcs vc`c`gnfks, `nftcfjn on quk oks austð jk koocs y vconrcfjn su kxpkrgkf`gc y oc jk ons `nlpcókrns(cs), `nln ufc lcfkrc jk jcrok uf `gkrrk pnsgtgvn c oc c`tgvgjcj. Cjklãs, pcrc ko jkscrrnoon jk oc c`tgvgjcj sk cjbuftcf ons sgaugkftks jn`ulkftns2 • @nf`kptns `ocvk pcrc ko Cprkfjgzcbk Pn`gnkln`gnfco2 aonscrgn `nf ocs jkgfg`gnfks jk jgstgftns `nf`kptns quk sk fnldrcf kf kstk jn`ulkftn y quk snf rkokvcftks pcrc ko Cprkfjgzcbk Pn`gnkln`gnfco jk ons kstujgcftks (sk kf`ukftrc kf oc poctcenrlc y kf ko Cfkxn 3). • Lctkrgco pcrc ko rkagstrn, cfãogsgs y rkpnrtk2 rkpnrtk2 pocftgoocs pcrc `nlpoktcr `nf jgvkrsns cspk`tns jko Cprkfjgzcbk Pn`gnkln`gnfco ndskrvcjns jurcftk oc c`tgvgjcj (sk kf`ukftrcf kf oc poctcenrlc y kf ko Cfkxn 4). • Nrgkftc`gnfks pcrc ko jkscrrnoon sn`gnkln`gnfco 0.¸ dãsg`n2 dãsg`n2 suakrkf`gcs suakrkf`gcs pcrc `nftgfucr akfkrcfjn prã`tg`cs quk cpuftkf co lkbnrclgkftn jk oc akstgðf jko Cprkfjgzcbk Pn`gnkln`gnfco jko `ursn, kf rkoc`gðf `nf ocs Mcdgogjcjks Pn`gnkln`gnfcoks ndskrvcjcs (sk kf`ukftrc kf oc poctcenrlc).
Cftks jk ookvcr c `cdn oc C`tgvgjcj Pn`gnkln`gnfco `nf ko `ursn, sk jkdkf `nfsgjkrcr ocs `crc`tkrìstg`cs y ko prn`ksn jk kfskócfzc ookvcjn c `cdn `nf oc jgvkrsgjcj jk kstujgcftks quk on `nlpnfkf. Kf dcsk c oc gfenrlc`gðf quk ustkj tkfac, ks fk`kscrgn pocfgg`cr y tnlcr lkjgjcs pcrc cbustcr oc cpog`c`gðf jk oc c`tgvgjcj. Kstns cbustks jkdkf skr `nmkrkftks `nf ocs cjk`uc`gnfks `urrg`uocrks quk ons y ocs kstujgcftks `nf fk`ksgjcjks kju`ctgvcs mcf tkfgjn jurcftk su prn`ksn jk ks`nocrgzc`gðf. Kf ko Lcfuco jk cpog`c`gðf, kf oc sk``gðf Ctkf`gðf c oc jgvkrsgjcj, quk sk kf`ukftrc kf oc poctcenrlc, kf`nftrcrã ons pcsns suakrgjns pcrc rkcogzcr kstcs cjk`uc`gnfks n c`nlnjc`gnfks.
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Ocs vc`c`gnfks jk Ogoc
C`tgvgjcj Pn`gnkln`gnfco jk Jgcafðstg`n JGC
3. Mcdgogjcjks Pn`gnkln`gnfcoks y Ndbktgvns jk Cprkfjgzcbk Mcdgogjcjks Pn`gnkln`gnfcoks kvcoucjcs Xcrc uf jkscrrnoon ðptgln jk oc c`tgvgjcj, ks òtgo tkfkr kf `ukftc on quk sk dus`c `nfn`kr jk `cjc ufc jk ocs Mcdgogjcjks Pn`gnkln`gnfcoks y on quk ks pnsgdok ndskrvcr kf `cjc ufc jk koocs. • @nf`gkf`gc jk sì lgsln2 sk dus`c `nfn`kr `ðln ons fgóns y fgócs kxprkscf su `nfn`glgkftn sndrk sì lgslns. Xcrc kstn skrã glpnrtcftk ndskrvcr su `cpc`gjcj pcrc rk`nfn`kr sus prnpgcs kln`gnfks, fnldrãfjnocs y/n kxprksãfjnocs kf uf okfaucbk vkrdco y fn vkrdco9 csì `nln gjkftgg`cr sus enrtcokzcs, rk`nfn`gkfjn kf sì lgslns coan quk vconrcf, yc skc quk tgkfkf n mc`kf.
• @nf`gkf`gc jk ntrns2 ntrns2 sk dus`c `nfn`kr sg ons fgóns y fgócs pnskkf oc `cpc`gjcj jk kftkfjkr c ons jklãs y pnfkrsk kf su ouacr. Xcrc kstn skrã rkokvcftk ndskrvcr su `cpc`gjcj pcrc rk`nfn`kr ocs kln`gnfks jk ons jklãs, kxpog`gtcfjn ocs jgekrkf`gcs y sglgogtujks quk sk tgkfk `nf ntrns rkspk`tn jk on quk pgkfscf, sgkftkf y/n mc`kf, y su `cpc`gjcj pcrc rk`nfn`kr ocs enrtcokzcs jk ntrns.
• Cutnrrkauoc`gðf2 sk dus`c `nfn`kr `ðln fgóns y fgócs jkscrrnoocf y snf `cpc`ks jk akstgnfcr sus kstcjns gftkrfns jk lcfkrc kek`tgvc kf jgstgftcs sgtuc`gnfks y `nftkxtns. Xcrc kstn skrã glpnrtcftk ndskrvcr su `cpc`gjcj pcrc rkokxgnfcr c`kr`c jk sus prnpgcs kln`gnfks y `nlpnrtclgkftns gftkfsns y jk ocs kstrctkagcs quk utgogzcf pcrc rkauocr kstn pnr sì lgslns.
Gaucolkftk, `cjc ufc jk kstcs Mcdgogjcjks Pn`gnkln`gnfcoks, kstã rkoc`gnfcjc `nf ons Ndbktgvns jk Cprkfjgzcbks jk oc csgafcturc jk Nrgkftc`gðf y `nf coaufns jk ons Ndbktgvns Zrcfsvkrscoks jko @urrì`uoul Fc`gnfco. Jk kstk lnjn, sulcjn co jkscrrnoon gftkarco, sk kspkrc k spkrc quk kstc mkrrclgkftc skc uf cpnrtk pcrc ko `ulpoglgkftn jko `urrì`uon jk ons fgóns y fgócs.
Ndbktgvns jk Cprkfjgzcbk rkoc`gnfcjns `nf oc C`tgvgjcj Pn`gnkln`gnfco Ocs vc`c`gnfks jk Ogoc Ndbktgvns jk Cprkfjgzcbk (NC) jk Nrgkftc`gðf2 • Ndskrvcr, jks`rgdgr y vconrcr sus `crc`tkrìstg`cs, mcdgogjcjks y enrtcokzcs y prnpnfkrsk c``gnfks `nf`rktcs pcrc ons cspk`tns quk rkqugkrc supkrcr. • Gjkftgg`cr y c`kptcr sus prnpgcs kln`gnfks y ocs jk ons jklãs, y prc`tg`cr kstrctkagcs pkrsnfcoks jk lcfkbn kln`gnfco. • Lcfgekstcr c`tgtujks jk snogjcrgjcj y rkspktn, quk ecvnrkz`cf oc `nfvgvkf`gc. • Tksnovkr `nfog`tns kftrk pcrks kf enrlc augcjc y cpog`cr kstrctkagcs jgvkrscs jk rksnou`gðf jk prndoklcs tcoks `nln ks`u`mcr, jks`rgdgr ons skftglgkftns skft glgkftns jko ntrn y dus`cr uf c`ukrjn quk sctgsecac c cldcs pcrtks. • Xcrtg`gpcr jk enrlc augcjc kf oc `nlufgjcj ks`nocr y kf oc nracfgzc`gðf jko `ursn.
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3. Mcdgogjcjks sn`gnkln`gnfcoks sn`gnkln`gnfcoks y Ndbktgvns jk Cprkfjgz Cprkfjgzcbk cbk
Ndbktgvns jk Cprkfjgzcbk Cprkfjg zcbk Zrcfsvkrsco (NCZ)2 • Cjqugrgr uf skftgjn pnsgtgvn cftk oc vgjc, ufc scfc cutnkstglc y `nfgcfzc kf sì lgsln, dcscjc kf ko `nfn`glgkftn pkrsnfco, tcftn jk sus pntkf`gcogjcjks `nln jk sus oglgtc`gnfks. • Cprk`gcr oc glpnrtcf`gc sn`gco, cek`tgvc y kspgrgtuco jk oc eclgogc pcrc ko jkscrrnoon gftkarco jk `cjc ufn jk sus lgkldrns y jk tnjc oc sn`gkjcj. • Uconrcr oc vgjc kf sn`gkjcj `nln ufc jglkfsgðf kskf`gco jko `rk`glgkftn jk oc pkrsnfc, y c`tucr jk c`ukrjn `nf vconrks y fnrlcs jk `nfvgvkf`gc `ìvg`c, pc`ìg`c y jkln`rãtg`c, `nfn`gkfjn sus jkrk`mns y rkspnfscdgogjcjks, y csulgkfjn `nlprnlgsns `nfsgan lgsln y `nf ons ntrns. • Xcrtg`gpcr snogjcrgc y rkspnfscdoklkftk kf ocs c`tgvgjcjks y prnyk`tns jk oc eclgogc, jko kstcdok`glgkftn y jk oc `nlufgjcj.
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Ocs vc`c`gnfks jk Ogoc
C`tgvgjcj Pn`gnkln`gnfco jk Jgcafðstg`n JGC
4. Lctkrgco pcrc ko rkagstrn, cfãogsgs y rkpnrtk Mnbc jk rkagstrn Oc Mnbc jk rkagstrn (Cfkxn C4.3) sk kstru`turc `nln ufc tcdoc jnfjk sk pukjkf gr cfntcfjn ocs ndskrvc`gnfks jko(oc) ec`gogtcjnr(c) c fgvko jko `ursn. Kf ocs gocs sk kf`ukftrcf ocs trks c`tgvgjcjks prnpukstcs, y kf ufc `noulfc sk kf`ukftrcf jgstgftcs prkauftcs pcrc augcr oc ndskrvc`gðf jk ocs `nfju`tcs, pkfsclgkftns y c`tgtujks jk ons fgóns y fgócs. Zcldgçf sk kspkrc quk sk rkagstrkf ntrns cspk`tns `nln oc jgg`uotcj n ec`gogjcj quk tuvgkrnf `nln `ursn pcrc rkcogzcr `cjc c`tgvgjcj n `ucoqugkr ntrn cspk`tn quk ko ec`gogtcjnr `nfsgjkrk rkokvcftk.
@ucjrns gfenrlctgvns @nln sìftksgs jk oc gfenrlc`gðf okvcftcjc y rk`ursn pcrc cfcogzcr ons prgf`gpcoks mcooczans `ucogtctgvns kf ko `ursn, sk prkskftcf trks t rks `ucjrns pcrc skr `nlpoktcjns pnr ko(oc) ec`gogtcjnr(c)2 • @ucjrn rkpnrtk jk ocs pkr`kp`gnfks jko ec`gogtcjnr2 (Cfkxn C4.4) ks uf rksulkf jk ocs pkr`kp`gnfks jko ec`gogtcjnr sndrk oc cpog`c`gðf jk oc c`tgvgjcj. Tk`nak on quk ko ec`gogtcjnr pkfsð y sgftgð jurcftk oc c`tgvgjcj, ko `oglc kf quk sk jkscrrnooð y ons cprkfjgzcbks quk rks`ctc. • @ucjrn rkpnrtk jko `ursn2 `ursn2 (Cfkxn C4.0) rk`nak ons prgf`gpcoks en`ns jk ctkf`gðf kf rkoc`gðf `nf ko Cprkfjgzcbk Pn`gnkln`gnfco y ons prgf`gpcoks rk`ursns jko `ursn kf ons ãldgtns ndskrvcjns. Kf kstk `ucjrn sk gjkftgg`c ko fgvko kf quk sk kf`ukftrc ko arupn kf `cjc mcdgogjcj sn`gnkln`gnfco2 Klkrakftk, Kf jkscrrnoon, Co`cfzcjn n Pndrkscogkftk. Kstk rksuotcjn sk `nf`ouyk c pcrtgr jk ocs ndskrvc`gnfks mk`mcs pnr ko ec`gogtcjnr y ko jks`rgptnr jk `cjc mcdgogjcj sn`gnkln`gnfco. Tk`ukrjk quk oukan jk mcdkr ookacjn c ufc sìftksgs, skrã fk`kscrgn trcdcbcr `nf ons en`ns quk rksuotcrnf lãs jçdgoks n quk rkqugkrkf lcynr ctkf`gðf. Xcrc kstn, `nfsuotk ko jn`ulkftn Nrgkftc`gnfks pcrc ko jkscrrnoon sn`gnkln`gnfco, jgspnfgdok kf oc poctcenrlc. • @ucjrn jk cutncfãogsgs jko ec`gogtcjnr2 ec`gogtcjnr2 (Cfkxn C4.:) ko ec`gogtcjnr rkvgsc sus prnpgcs mcdgogjcjks pcrc c`nlpcócr c ons fgóns y fgócs kf ons cspk`tns jko Cprkfjgzcbk Pn`gnkln`gnfco trcdcbcjns kf kstc mkrrclgkftc, rkekrgjcs c oc @nf`gkf`gc jk sì lgsln, @nf`gkf`gc jk ntrns y Cutnrrkauoc`gðf. Cutnrrkauoc`gðf. @nf kstn sk pnjrãf vgsucogzcr ons cspk`tns c enrtcok`kr pcrc ko c`nlpcóclgkftn jk fgóns y fgócs y ons cspk`tns quk mcy quk lcftkfkr `nln dukfc prã`tg`c. Oc Zcdoc 3 ks uf rksulkf jk oc C`tgvgjcj Pn`gnkln`gnfco jk Jgcafðstg`n Ocs vc`c`gnfks jk Ogoc y jk ocs Mcdgogjcjks Pn`gnkln`gnfcoks quk pnjrãf skr ndskrvcjcs kf `cjc ufn jk sus lnlkftns, buftn `nf ocs prkauftcs pcrc mc`kron. Cjklãs, jktcooc ntrns cspk`tns `nln ons lctkrgcoks c klpokcr y ko tgklpn rkqukrgjn.
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4. Lctkrgco pcrc ko rkagstrn, cfãogsgs y rkpnrtk
Zcdoc 3. C`tgvgjcj Pn`gnkln`gnfco Ocs vc`c`gnfks jk Ogoc Ogoc Lnlkftn
C`tgvgjcj
Lctkrgcoks
Zgklpn
Mcdgogjcj
Xrkauftcs pcrc gjkftgg`cr ko Cprkfjgzcbk
(lgfutns)
Pn`gnkln`gnfco
Pn`gnkln`gnfco kf oc c`tgvgjcj
• ¾Tk`nfn`kf sus prnpgcs kln`gnfks>
Dgkfvkfgjc y bukan @crrkrc jk
GFG@GN
• @nf`gkf`gc jk jk sì lgsln • F Fn n sk fk`ksgtcf.
-¾Xukjkf jgstgfaugr jgstgfaugr kft kftrk rk kl kln`gnfks> n`gnfks> • ¾Xukjkf fnldrcrocs y/n kxprkscrocs kf uf okfaucbk vkrdco y fn vkrdco>
38 lgf
cfglcoks
• Cutnrrkauoc`gðf
Ok`turc y ks`u`mc jko `ukftn Ocs vc`c`gnfks jk Ogoc
• @ukftn goustrcjn • @nf`gkf`gc jk jk sì lgsln
Ocs vc`c`gnfks jk Ogoc n vgjkn-
`ukftn fcrrcjn.
• @nf`gkf`gc jk ntrns • Xoulnfks • Jns pcpkoðarcens2 pcpkoðarcens2
JKPCTTNOON
-¾@uãoks rk`nfn`kf lãs eã`golkftk>
@nfn`gkfjn c ons pkrsnfcbks jk Ocs vc`c`gnfks jk Ogoc
• ¾Onarcf rk`nfn`kr kln`gnfks n `nlpnrtclgkftns `nlpnrtcl gkftns jurcftk oc c`tgvgjcj, quk oks eukrnf jgeì`goks n skf`goons jk lcfkbcr> • ¾Tk`nfn`kf sus prnpgcs kln`gnfks Yerkftk co `ukftn\> • ¾Tk`nfn`kf ¾Tk`nfn`kf kf sì lgslns coan quk vconrcf, yc skc quk tgkfkf n quk mc`kf> • ¾Suç kln`gnfks rk`nfn`kf kf ons pkrsnfcbks> ¾Xukjkf fnldrcrocs y/n kxprkscrocs kxprkscr ocs kf uf okfaucbk vkrdco y fn vkrdco> • ¾Tk`nfn`kf ¾Tk`nfn`kf ocs jgekrkf`gcs y sglgogtujks quk tgkfkf `nf ons jklãs, kf on quk pgkfscf, sgkftkf y/n mc`kf> • ¾Ks`u`mcf c`tgvclkftk c`tgvclkftk c sus `nlpcókrns `ucfjn kstns mcdocf>
08 lgf
3. Xcrc cfntcr ocs prkauftcs y rkspukstcs.
• ¾Tk`nfn`kf kln`gnfks y `nlpnrtclgkftns `nlpnrtclgkftn s kf ko `ukftn quk eukrnf jgeì`goks jk lcfkbcr pcrc Ogoc n pcrc ko rkstn jk ons pkrsnfcbks>
4. Xcrc rk`nak rk`nakrr ocs kxpkrgkf`gcs.
• Cutnrrkauoc`gðf
• ¾Tk`nfn`kf ¾Tk`nfn`kf kstrctkagcs quk utgogzð Ogoc n sus `nlpcókrns pcrc lcfkbcr kstcs kln`gnfks y `nlpnrtclgkftns> • ¾Tk`nfn`kf kln`gnfks y `nlpnrtclgkftns `nlpnrtclgkftn s prnpgns quk mcf sgjn jgeì`goks jk lcfkbcr> • ¾Tk`nfn`kf ¾Tk`nfn`kf kstrctkagcs quk utgogzcf pcrc lcfkbcr ocs kln`gnfks y `nlpnrtclgkftns gftkfsns>
Lgs vc`c`gnfks
@GKTTK
• Xcpkoðarcen pcrc cfntcr ocs rkokxgnfks jk ons fgóns y fgócs.
38 lgf
• @nf`gkf`gc jk jk sì lgsln
• ¾Tk`nfn`kf ¾Tk`nfn`kf kf sì lgslns coan quk vconrcf, yc skc quk tgkfkf n quk mc`kf>
• @nf`gkf`gc jk ntrns
• ¾Ks`u`mcf c`tgvclkftk c`tgvclkftk c sus `nlpcókrns `ucfjn kstns mcdocf>
• Cutnrrkauoc`gðf
• ¾Tk`nfn`kf ¾Tk`nfn`kf kstrctkagcs quk utgogzcf pcrc lcfkbcr ocs kln`gnfks y `nlpnrtclgkftns gftkfsns>
Zntco
;8 lg f
7
Ocs vc`c`gnfks jk Ogoc
C`tgvgjcj Pn`gnkln`gnfco jk Jgcafðstg`n JGC
C`tgvgjcj Pn`gnkln`gnfco jk Jgcafðstg`n 0.² dãsg`n 3. Xrkpcrcfjn oc c`tgvgjcj Cftks jk ookvcr c `cdn oc C`tgvgjcj Pn`gnkln`gnfco jk Jgcafðstg`n JGC jk 0.² dãsg`n, ks glpnrtcftk tkfkr kf `ukftc on sgaugkftk2
@rkcfjn uf kspc`gn sgafgg`ctgvn Xcrc ko onarn jk ons ndbktgvns jk kstc c`tgvgjcj, ks eufjclkftco eufjclkftc o ko rno quk `ulpok ko cjuotn quk on ec`gogtc y ko kspc`gn sgafgg`ctgvn quk sk pukjc akfkrcr tcftn pcrc ko(oc) ec`gogtcjnr(c) `nln pcrc ons fgóns y fgócs. Kstcs snf coaufcs suakrkf`gcs pcrc ndtkfkr dukfns rksuotcjns2 ′
Ecvnrkz`c Ecvnrkz `c u uf f `oglc futrgtgvn4 quk vconrk y rk`nfnz`c oc pcrtg`gpc`gðf jk ons fgóns y fgócs
kf kstk kspc`gn. C`nbc jk ufc lcfkrc jgstgftc jgstgft c c oc mcdgtuco, pnr kbklpon, pukjk jgspnfkr oc scoc kf uf `ìr`uon. Jkdk cskaurcrsk jk quk tnjns(cs) sk sgkftcf skaurns(cs) y `ðlnjns(cs), pcrc on `uco ks eufjclkftco kvgtcr ufc skfsc`gðf jk `nlpktkf`gc. Xcrc koon, pnr kbklpon, pukjkf mc`kr rkaocs kf `nfbuftn. ′
C`nlpcók co arupn lgkftrcs kstk ec`gogtcfjn oc c`tgvgjcj, pnfgkfjn ctkf`gðf c `cjc ufn
jk ons fgóns y fgócs quk kstãf pcrtg`gpcfjn jk kooc. ′
Znlk nlk `nf`gk `nf`gkf`g f`gcc jk quk, quk, kf kstc kstc kxp kxpkrg krgkf kf`gc `gc,, fn mcy ufc lcfkrc ‟ndbktgvc ‟ndbktgvc fg vkrjcjkrc“ jk skftgr n pkfscr, fn mcy krrnrks quk `nrrkagr, pnr on quk ks fk`kscrgn vcogjcr oc kxprksgðf jk `cjc ufc jk ocs kln`gnfks y rkokxgnfks quk surakf jk ons fgóns(cs), `nln tcldgçf oocs cs 0 quk kocdnrc ko arupn. Kstn rkqugkrk kbkr`gtcr oc ks`u`mc c`tgvc . Xnr uf lnlkftn, fn mcy fcjc quk kfskócr, snon ks`u`mcr. ks`u`m cr.
′
Xrkstk ctkf`gðf c ocs c``gnfks, scdkrks y rk`ursns. Kf kstc c`tgvgjcj, ons fgóns y fgócs
tgkfkf uf rno c`tgvn, ks jk`gr, jkspogkacf y jkscrrnoocf mcdgogjcjks jk su `nftkxtn jgcrgn. Ks `ru`gco kstcr ctkftn c sus cprkfjgzcbks y scdkrks, rk`nfn`krons, fnldrcrons, `nfsgjkrcrons, vcogjcrons y kxprkscr ksk rk`nfn`glgkftn. @ucfjn pkr`gdc kf coaufn jk ons rkoctns uf scdkr n uf rk`ursn, kxpog`ìtkon fnldrcfjn oc enrtcokzc jklnstrcjc, pnr kbklpon2 ‟¡On mc`ks luy dgkf ks`u`mcfjn c tus `nlpcókrns. Pk fntc quk scdks ks`u`mcr luy dgkf c tnjns!“ ′
Xrkstk ctkf`gðf c oc jktk``gðf jk sgtuc`gnfks `nlpokbcs. Kxgstk oc pnsgdgogjcj jk quk
jurcftk oc c`tgvgjcj klkrbc coaufc sgtuc`gðf quk clkrgtk ufc gftkrvkf`gðf pnstkrgnr, pcrc rksaucrjcr oc scouj lkftco jk ons fgóns y fgócs. Jk skr fk`kscrgn, sk rk`nlgkfjc ufc jkrgvc`gðf c ons kspk`gcogstcs jko kstcdok`glgkftn (nrgkftcjnr(c), jupoc psg`nsn`gco, psg`ðonan(c), u ntrn).
4 y 0 Ocs jkgfg`gnfks jk kstns `nf`kptns sk kf`ukftrcf kf ko Cfkxn 3.
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3. Xrkpcrcfjn oc c`tgvgjcj
Puakrkf`gcs pcrc okkr ko `ukftn y/n lnstrcr ko vgjkn-`ukftn Ocs vc`c`gnfks jk Ogoc Ko `ukftn pkrlgtk ec`gogtcr oc kxprksgðf jksjk ko ãldgtn sn`gnkln`gnfco. Oc mgstnrgc trcfs`urrk kf ko `nokagn kf ufn jk ons prglkrns jìcs jk `ocsks, kf ons quk Ogoc y sus `nlpcókrns, rk`ukrjcf on quk mg`gkrnf pcrc ocs vc`c`gnfks. Kstc sgtuc`gðf `nlgkfzc c `nfog`tucr c Ogoc, qugkf `nlgkfzc c skftgr kln`gnfks gftkfscs erkftk co rkoctn quk vc ks`u`mcfjn jk sus `nlpcókrns y c on jgekrkftk quk `rkk quk euk su kxpkrgkf`gc. Oc sgtuc`gðf sk vukovk lãs jgeì`go jk lcfkbcr pcrc Ogoc, `ucfjn oc prneksnrc ons gfvgtc c rkcogzcr oc tcrkc jk jgdubcr sus vc`c`gnfks. Ocs kln`gnfks sk mc`kf gftkfscs pcrc oc crjgooc, sgkftk rcdgc, trgstkzc, lgkjn y vkraÿkfzc. Ons `nlpcókrns onarcf jcrsk `ukftc jk quk Ogoc fn sk sgkftk `ðlnjc y `nlgkfzcf c cyujcroc. Egfcolkftk, oukan jk quk Ogoc onarc `colcr sus gftkfscs kln`gnfks y su `nlpnrtclgkftn, pukjk rkoctcr su kxpkrgkf`gc c sus `nlpcókrns(cs).
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Okc ko `ukftn pkrsnfcolkftk cftks jk mc`kr oc ok`turc kf vnz cotc, pcrc
ntnracrok su prnpgn kstgon y lcfkbcr dgkf ocs pcuscs y kftnfc`gnfks. Okc n lukstrk ko `ukftn c ons fgóns fgó ns y fgócs, sgf gftrnju`gr fgfaòf kok koklkftn lkftn cjg`gnfco. Ko prnpðsgtn ks quk pukjcf ks`u`mcr, sgf mc`krsk ufc gjkc prkvgc jk on quk pukjc n jkdc n`urrgr n jk on quk jkdgkskf rk`nfn`kr kf ko `ukftn. On lãs glpnrtcftk jk kstc c`tgvgjcj, ks quk skcf koons ons quk vcycf jks`udrgkfjn y kxprkscfjn ocs kln`gnfks quk oks jkspgkrtc ko `ukftn y fn skclns ons cjuotns ons quk sk ocs gfju`glns. ‐ Jgserutk jk oc ok`turc buftn `nf sus kstujgcftks9 kstn kfrgquk`krã oc kxpkrgkf`gc jk tnjns. Xukjk buacr `nf ons tnfns jk oc vnz, `nf ko rgtln (lnlkftns lãs rãpgjns, lnlkftns lãs okftns pcrc jcrok suspkfsn) y `nf ko vnoulkf (lnlkftns lãs cotns y lnlkftns lãs dcbns). Gftkftk quk ons fgóns y ocs fgócs, pukjcf kftrcr kf ko `ukftn. Fn sk cpurk2 vcyc vgvgkfjn oc mgstnrgc buftn `nf koons.
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Kbkr`g`gns prkvgns pcrc qugkf ec`gogtcrã oc c`tgvgjcj Ks fk`kscrgn quk ko(oc) ec`gogtcjnr(c) kstç kf `nfjg`gnfks jk `nfk`tcrsk kln`gnfcolkftk `nf ons fgóns, jk lcfkrc quk oc ks`u`mc skc rkco. Xcrc ksn, c `nftgfuc`gðf, sk lukstrcf jns kbkr`g`gns pcrc mc`kr gfjgvgjucolkftk cftks jk oc c`tgvgjcj, sk suagkrk lcftkfkr ko nrjkf prnpukstn.
33
Ocs vc`c`gnfks jk Ogoc
C`tgvgjcj Pn`gnkln`gnfco jk Jgcafðstg`n JGC
Kbkr`g`gn 32 Ko kspkbn Pu ndbktgvn ks tnlcrsk ufns lgfutns pcrc kf`nftrcrsk `nf ufn lgsln cftks jk ec`gogtcr oc c`tgvgjcj `nf ons fgóns y fgócs. Kstn fns pkrlgtgrã scdkr `ðln fns skftglns erkftk c kstc gfstcf`gc c kstc tklãtg`c. Cjklãs, tnlcr `nf`gkf` `nf`gkf`gc gc c`kr`c jko prnpgn `ukrpn y ocs kln`gnfks prkvgcs, yyrkcogzcr coaufcs c``gnfks sg euksk fk`kscrgn9 pnr kbklpon, pkjgr cpnyn c ntrn cakftk kju`ctgvn, prkpcrcr lãs oc c`tgvgjcj n mc`kr coaufns kbkr`g`gns jk rkocbc`gðf, kftrk ntrns. Xcrc kstn pukjk `nlpoktcr ko sgaugkftk `ucjrn2 PÌ
FN
Lk sgkftn prkpcrcjn(c) pcrc ec`gogtcr kstc gfstcf`gc. Lk sgkftn trcfqugon(c). Lg `ukrpn kstã rkocbcjn. Pgkftn quk pukjn ks`u`mcr c ons fgóns y c ocs fgócs `nf ctkf`gðf. @rkn quk fk`ksgtn cpnyn pcrc ec`gogtcr kstc gfstcf`gc. @rkn quk kstc c`tgvgjcj pukjk skr dkfkg`gnsc pcrc lì. @rkn quk kstc c`tgvgjcj pukjk skr dkfkg`gnsc pcrc ons fgóns y ocs fgócs.
Kbkr`g`gn 42 Pnotcfjn ko `ukrpn: Kstcfjn jk pgk, `gkrrk ons nbns2 • Cmnrc tkfsk `cjc lòs`uon jk su `ukrpn co lgsln tgklpn. • Xgkrfcs, drczns, lcfjìduocs, puóns, `crc, mnldrns, kstðlcan. • Lcftçfacons csì... tkfsns. • Cmnrc rkoãbksk y sgkftc oc tkfsgðf quk scok c dnrdntnfks jk su `ukrpn. • Jkbk quk tnjc oc tkfsgðf ouyc mc`gc ceukrc jk su `ukrpn y su lkftk, lkftk, rkklpoczcfjn oc tkfsgðf pnr `colc, kfkraìc pc`ìg`c, jkbcfjn quk `cjc gfspgrc`gðf quk mcac ok drgfjk skrkfgjcj y rkocbc`gðf c su `ukrpn.
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Kstk kbkr`g`gn mc sgjn tnlcjn jk Ukftcfcs c fukstrns fgóns. Zkrcpgc Akstãotg`c pcrc fgóns y cjnoks`kftks cjnoks`kftks jk Nciocfjkr (4883) p. 34;. Pcftgcan, @mgok2 Kjgtnrgco `uctrn vgkftns.
3. Xrkpcrcfjn oc c`tgvgjcj
Tk`nlkfjc`gnfks pcrc oc cpog`c`gðf2 • Ks pnsgdok quk coaufns(cs) kstujgcftks sk gfmgdcf pnr ocs `crc`tkrìstg`cs jko arupn n quk kstçf vgvgkfjn ufc sgtuc`gðf pcrtg`uocr pcrtg`uoc r quk oks glpgjc kxprkscrsk cjk`ucjclkftk. Ko jn`kftk quk mc onarcjn kstcdok`kr uf vìf`uon cek`tgvn `nf sus kstujgcftks, pukjk tkfkr ntrcs npnrtufgjcjks pcrc ndskrvcr kstcs `nfju`tcs n ãldgtns jko Cprkfjgzcbk Pn`gnkln`gnfco. • Tk`ukrjk gr `nlpoktcfjn oc Mnbc jk rkagstrn quk rkagstrn quk sk kf`ukftrc kf ko Cfkxn C4.3, `nf tnjc oc gfenrlc`gðf rkokvcftk sndrk ocs jglkfsgnfks ndskrvcjcs. Kstn ok pkrlgtgrã jkspuçs mc`kr uf cfãogsgs y `nfstrugr ko @ucjrn rkpnrtk jko `ursn (Cfkxn `ursn (Cfkxn C4.0). • Ks rk`nlkfjcdok glpoklkftcr oc c`tgvgjcj kf jupoc, pcrc quk ufc pkrsnfc ec`gogtk oc C`tgvgjcj Pn`gnkln`gnfco y oc ntrc pukjc gr ndskrvcfjn y rkagstrcfjn ko jkscrrnoon jk kstc, ocs `nfju`tcs, kxprksgnfks y pkfsclgkftns pkf sclgkftns jk ons fgóns y fgócs. • Znlcr rkagstrn jk kstc c`tgvgjcj kf uf pcpkoðarcen n uf ouacr vgsgdok ks vcognsn pcrc quk ons fgóns y fgócs y ko ec`gogtcjnr vcycf vgsgdgogzcfjn sus npgfgnfks, kln`gnfks k gjkcs jko arupn. • Xrkstk ctkf`gðf c sg coaòf fgón n fgóc sk `nfk`tc `nf ufc kln`gðf quk rkqugkrc `nftkf`gðf.
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Ocs vc`c`gnfks jk Ogoc
4. C`tgvgjcj sn`gnkln`gnfco Ocs vc`c`gnfks jk Ogoc
C`tgvgjcj Pn`gnkln`gnfco jk Jgcafðstg`n JGC
4. C`tgvgjcj sn`gnkln`gnfco Ocs vc`c`gnfks jk Ogoc Ons tkxtns kf rk`ucjrns rk`ucjrns `nln kstk rkprkskftcf uf augnf suakrgjn, sndrk ko `uco ustkj pukjk mc`kr vcrgc`gnfks, gf`nrpnrcfjn su prnpgn okfaucbk `nf ons fgóns(cs).
GFG@GN C`tgvgjcj2 Dgkfvkfgjc y bukan @crrkrc jk cfglcoks Kstc c`tgvgjcj pkrlgtgrã c`nakr c ons fgóns y fgócs y ec`gogtcr oc cpkrturc kln`gnfco, `nrpnrco y lkftco, y csì prkpcrcr co arupn pcrc oc pcrtg`gpc`gðf kf ocs c`tgvgjcjks pnstkrgnrks `nf uf `oglc jk lcynr skaurgjcj y `nfgcfzc. Zgklpn cprnxglcjn2 cprnxglcjn2 38 lgfutns. Lctkrgcoks2 Fn sk fk`ksgtcf. Gfstru``gnfks2 Gfstru``gnfks2 3. Tk`gdc c ons fgóns y fgócs. @rkk uf `oglc jk c`nagjc gfvgtãfjnons c skftcrsk skft crsk kf uf `ìr`uon y jç gfg`gn c kstk kspc`gn, `nlpcrtgkfjn ko skftgjn y ons ndbktgvns. Xukjk `nlpcrtgr on sgaugkftk2 Mny jìc mklns prkpcrcjn uf tcookr pcrc quk pnjclns `nfn`krfns lkbnr, tcftn c fnsntrns lgslns `nln c fukstrns `nlpcókrns. @nlpcrtgrklns fukstrns pkfsclgkftns, fukstrcs kln`gnfks y fukstrcs gjkcs c pcrtgr jk uf `ukftn quk qugkrn okkroks. Kspkrn quk on pcsklns dgkf buftns y jgserutklns jk oc o c c`tgvgjcj, pkrn cftks jk okkr ko `ukftn, `nlkfzcrklns `nf uf bukan. ¾Zgkfkf prkauftcs quk qugsgkrcf mc`kr cftks jk klpkzcr>
Xukjk rk`nakr ocs gfqugktujks jk ons fgóns y fgócs cftks jk `nftgfucr `nf oc c`tgvgjcj. Pg coaufn ok prkauftcrc ‟¾quç snf ocs kln`gnfks>“ pukjk uscr kstc jkgfg`gðf2 ‟Ocs kln`gnfks snf on quk skftglns kf ko `ukrpn, on quk pkfsclns n mc`klns `ucfjn fns pcscf `nscs dukfcs n fn tcf dukfcs. Kf n`csgnfks fn scdklns `ðln fnldrcrocs, ntrcs vk`ks ocs `nfn`klns uf pn`n lkbnr, `nln oc rcdgc, oc cokarìc, oc trgstkzc, trg stkzc, oc ekog`gjcj.“ ekog`gjcj.“
3:
3:
4. C`tgvgjcj sn`gnkln`gnfco Ogoc y ko fukvn vk`gfn
4. Ec`gogtk ko bukan @crrkrc jk cfglcoks klpokcfjn ko augnf quk sk prkskftc c `nftgfuc`gðf. On glpnrtcftk jk kstk bukan ks jgserutcr y akfkrcr `nlnjgjcj pcrc pnjkr kxprkscrsk ogdrklkftk. Csì lgsln, ons ec`gogtcjnrks pnjrãf ndskrvcr `ðln sk `nlpnrtcf ons fgóns y fgócs. Tk`ukrjk quk ks kskf`gco quk oc c`tgvgjcj sk jkscrrnook jk lcfkrc ougjc pcrc quk rksuotk kftrktkfgjc. Augnf pcrc oc c`tgvgjcj @crrkrc jk cfglcoks
;
Cftks jk `nlkfzcr c augcr ko bukan, cfglk c ons fgóns y fgócs y pìjcoks quk sk pnfacf jk pgk y sk pnfacf kf jns oìfkcs. Jgvgjc co arupn kf jns oìfkcs, jkpkfjgkfjn jko tclcón jk oc scoc y jk oc `cftgjcj jk jk kstujgcftks. [fc jk ocs mgokrcs jk fgóns(cs) sk pnfjrã kf uf kxtrkln jk oc scoc, jnfjk sk mc lcr`cjn `nf ‟Xcrtgjc“ y oc ntrc sk pnfjrã kf ko ntrn kxtrkln, jnfjk sk mc lcr`cjn ‟Lktc“. Oukan pukjk skaugr `nf oc sgaugkftk gfstru``gðf. @nlkfzcrklns buacfjn uf bukan quk sk ooclc ‟@crrkrc jk cfglcoks“, quk sk bukac csì2 Mcrklns ufc `crrkrc jk cfglcoks, pcrc ksn, `cjc ufn jkdk pkfscr kf uf cfglco. Oukan grklns glgtcfjn ko `clgfcr jk ksk cfglco, sgklprk cvcfzcfjn jksjk oc oìfkc jk pcrtgjc mcstc oc oìfkc jk lktc jnfjk kstcrãf kspkrãfjnfns ons jklãs `nlpcókrns(cs), rk`ukrjkf quk fn pukjkf jkbcr jk cvcfzcr. Oc arcf jgekrkf`gc `nf ufc `crrkrc fnrlco, ks quk fn ks ko prglkr cfglco quk `ruzc oc lktc qugkf acfc, sgfn cquko quk oc `ruzc òotgln(c), pnr on quk jkdkf gr on lãs okftn quk pukjcf, glcagfkf `nln `clgfcrìc ksk cfglco okftn…okftn, jk vkrjcj ¡On lãs okftn quk pukjcf! Ons `nlpcókrns quk kstãf kf oc lktc, kspkrcrcf c quk ookaukf ons cfglcoks, sgf lnvkrsk jk su oìfkc y kf sgokf`gn, ndskrvcfjn.
@ucfjn tkrlgfk ko prglkr arupn jk cfglcoks, cfglk co skaufjn arupn c gr c oc pcrtgjc y rkpgtc ko kbkr`g`gn.
0. Tk`nbc oc kxpkrgkf`gc jk ons fgóns y fgócs. Co gfcogzcr ko bukan, pìjcok c ons fgóns y fgócs sus prgf`gpcoks skfsc`gnfks k glprksgnfks. Xukjk augcrsk pnr ocs sgaugkftks prkauftcs2 • • • •
¾@ðln sk sgftgkrnf> ¾Suç kln`gnfks oks prnjubn kstk bukan> b ukan> ¾@ðln ks ksc kln`gðf>, ¾jðfjk oc sgkftkf> ¾Suç euk on lãs jgeì`go jk kstk bukan>
@nfsgjkrk quk tnjcs ocs rkspukstcs snf vãogjcs sg `nrrkspnfjkf c kln`gnfks n skfsc`gnfks kek`tgvclkftk rk`nfn`gjcs y fnldrcjcs jk coaufc lcfkrc2 cokarìc, eukrzc, `urgnsgjcj, ` urgnsgjcj, ekog`gjcj, snrprksc, pnjkr, pcz… ;
Kstk kbkr`g`gn mc sgjn cjcptcjn jk Dgnjcfzc pcrc fgóns y bðvkfks jk Dcodg, Cokbcfjrn y Lkzc, Bkrðfgln (4831), pa. 3;8.
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Ocs vc`c`gnfks jk Ogoc
4. C`tgvgjcj sn`gnkln`gnfco Ocs vc`c`gnfks jk Ogoc
C`tgvgjcj Pn`gnkln`gnfco jk Jgcafðstg`n JGC
JKPCTTNOON C`tgvgjcjks2 • Ok`turc y ks`u`mc jko `ukftn Ocs vc`c`gnfks jk Ogoc • @nfn`gkfjn c ons pkrsnfcbks jk Ocs vc`c`gnfks jk Ogoc Zgklpn cprnxglcjn2 cprnxglcjn2 08 lgfutns. Lctkrgcoks2 • @ukftn goustrcjn Ocs vc`c`gnfks jk Ogoc, n vgjkn-`ukftn fcrrcjn. • Xoulnfks • Jns pcpkoðarcens2 ‐ [fn pcrc cfntcr ocs prkauftcs y ocs rkspukstcs9 ‐ Ntrn, pcrc rk`nakr ocs kxpkrgkf`gcs jk ons fgóns y fgócs. Gfstru``gnfks2 3. Okc ko `ukftn y/n `nlpcrtc ko vgjkn‐`ukftn Ocs vc`c`gnfks jk Ogoc. Oc ok`turc jko `ukftn skrvgrã `nln kstìluon, yc quk fns pkrlgtgrã cdrgr oc tklãtg`c jk oc rkauoc`gðf jk ocs kln`gnfks y ons `nlpnrtclgkftns y, kspk`ìg`clkftk, fns cyujcrã c `nfn`kr coaufns cspk`tns jko jkscrrnoon sn`gnkln`gnfco.
Ks glpnrtcftk fn gftrnju`gr koklkftns cjg`gnfcoks co `ukftn, jkbcr c ons fgóns y fgócs kxprkscr sus kln`gnfks y fn gfju`gr sus rkspukstcs.
Tk`ukrjk2 • Jgspnfkr oc scoc n ko kspc`gn eìsg`n pcrc oc ok`turc jko `ukftn y okkr ko `ukftn `nf cftg`gpc`gðf, cftks jk rkoctcron. • Co okkr ko `ukftn c ons kstujgcftks, k stujgcftks, pukjk buacr `nf ons tnfns jk vnz, rgtln (lãs rãpgjn n lãs okftn) y vnoulkf (lãs cotn n lãs dcbn). 4. Tk`nbc ocs prglkrcs glprksgnfks jk ons fgóns y fgócs. [fc vkz quk tkrlgfk oc ok`turc jko `ukftn, cdrc ko jgãonan jk lcfkrc ogdrk, pcrc ks`u`mcr ocs prglkrcs npgfgnfks y kln`gnfks quk prnvn`ð ko `ukftn. Xukjk augcrsk `nf ocs sgaugkftks prkauftcs2
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4. C`tgvgjcj sn`gnkln`gnfco Ogoc y ko fukvn vk`gfn
• ¾Suç oks mc austcjn jk kstk `ukftn> • ¾Suç fn oks mc austcjn> • ¾Coan quk oks mcyc ooclcjn oc ctkf`gðf> • ¾On rkoc`gnfcf `nf coaufc ntrc kxpkrgkf`gc>
0. Ec`gogtk oc c`tgvgjcj2 @nfn`gkfjn c ons pkrsnfcbks jk Ocs vc`c`gnfks jk Ogoc . Kstc c`tgvgjcj pkrlgtk prneufjgzcr uf pn`n lãs kf ocs kln`gnfks, pkfsclgkftns pkfsclgkf tns y `nfju`tcs jksjk oc pkrspk`tgvc jk ons pkrsnfcbks y ocs rkoc`gnfks `nf sus prnpgcs kln`gnfks, pkfsclgkftns y `nfju`tcs. Augnf pcrc @nfn`gkfjn c ons pkrsnfcbks jk Ocs vc`c`gnfks jk Ogoc
Gfvgtk c ons fgóns c buacr c glcagfcr quk kstãf kf uf prnarclc jk tkokvgsgðf, kf ko `uco tkfjrãf `nln gfvgtcjns c ons pkrsnfcbks jko `ukftn Ocs vc`c`gnfks jk Ogoc. Cfìlkons c buacr k glcagfcrsk quk pnjrãf kftrkvgstcr c ons pkrsnfcbks jko `ukftn, pcrc `nfn`krons uf pn`n lkbnr. @nlkftk2 Ons qugkrn gfvgtcr c glcagfcr c quk kstclns kf uf prnarclc jk tkokvgsgðf, y quk tkfjrklns oc pnsgdgogjcj jk kftrkvgstcr c ons pkrsnfcbks jko `ukftn pcrc scdkr lãs sndrk koons. Wn skrç ko(oc) cfglcjnr(c) jko prnarclc, coaufns jk ustkjks skrãf ons pkrsnfcbks gfvgtcjns co prnarclc y ons jklãs skrãf ko pòdog`n jko prnarclc jk tkokvgsgðf.
Oukan, pgjc c ; fgóns(cs) quk skcf vnouftcrgns pcrc rkprkskftcr c ons ; pkrsnfcbks jko `ukftn. [fc vkz quk mcycf sgjn skok``gnfcjns, prkpcrk ko ouacr pcrc ko skt glcagfcrgn jk tkokvgsgðf. @nlkftk2 Cquì tkfklns c Ogoc, oc `mgf`mgooc, ko `ngpn, ko `mgfauk y oc vgz`c`mc. Wn skrç ko(oc) kftrkvgstcjnr(c) jko prnarclc, ustkjks uf pòdog`n pcrtg`gpctgvn y oks qugkrn pkjgr c ustkjks, ons pkrsnfcbks gfvgtcjns c kstk prnarclc, quk rkspnfjcf ocs prkauftcs `nf on quk ustkjks sk glcagfcf quk rkspnfjkrìcf ons pkrsnfcbks jko `ukftn Ocs vc`c`gnfks jk Ogoc.
@nlgkf`k pnr ko prglkr pkrsnfcbk, pìjcok c ons fgóns y fgócs quk pgkfskf y jgacf ocs prkauftcs quk oks austcrìc mc`krok c kstk pkrsnfcbk. Xukjk jk`gr2 Cmnrc ustkjks, ko pòdog`n, pgkfskf y jgacf ocs prkauftcs quk oks austcrìc mc`krok c kstk pkrsnfcbk. Wn ocs cfntcrç.
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Ocs vc`c`gnfks jk Ogoc
C`tgvgjcj Pn`gnkln`gnfco jk Jgcafðstg`n JGC
Cfntk ocs prkauftcs kf ko pcpkoðarcen n kf ufc tcrbktc y rkcog`k ocs prkauftcs. Xukjk carkacr ocs sgaugkftks prkauftcs2 - ¾Suç kln`gnfks skftgstk kf kstk prglkr jìc jk `ocsks kf oc ks`ukoc> - ¾Suç pgkfscs jk on quk pcsð kf kstk prglkr jìc jk `ocsks kf oc ks`ukoc, `ucfjn oc prneksnrc oks pgjgð mc`kr oc tcrkc> - ¾Suç euk on lãs jgeì`go jk oc sgtuc`gðf jk Ogoc jurcftk kstk prglkr jìc jk `ocsks> Pg oc prkauftc vc jgrgagjc c Ogoc2 ¾Suç euk on lãs jgeì`go jk tu sgtuc`gðf jurcftk kstk prglkr jìc jk `ocsks kf ko rk`rkn n kf oc scoc, Ogoc> - ¾@ðln `rkks quk sk skftìcf ons jklãs `nf kstn quk ok kstcdc su`kjgkfjn c Ogoc y `nf on quk kooc kstcdc sgftgkfjn> - ¾Suç `rkks quk cyujð c quk sk rksnovgkrc oc sgtuc`gðf jk Ogoc kf kstk prglkr jìc jk `ocsks> W sg oc prkauftc ks pcrc Ogoc2 ¾Suç `rkks quk tk cyujð c quk tk sgftgkrcs lkbnr kf kstk prglkr jìc jk `ocsks>
Oukan pìjcok co prglkr pkrsnfcbk vnouftcrgn quk glcagfk skr ksk pkrsnfcbk y quk vcyc rkspnfjgkfjn ocs prkauftcs ufc c ufc. Cfntk ocs rkspukstcs kf ko pcpkoðarcen. Tkpgtc ko lgsln prn`ksn `nf ons ntrns : pkrsnfcbks. Co tkrlgfcr oc rnfjc jk ocs kftrkvgstcs, carcjkz`c oc pcrtg`gpc`gðf jk `cjc ufn jk ons vnouftcrgns y jko pòdog`n.
:. Tk`nbc oc kxpkrgkf`gc jk ons fgóns y fgócs. Co gfcogzcr oc c`tgvgjcj @nfn`gkfjn c ons pkrsnfcbks jko `ukftn Ocs vc`c`gnfks jk Ogoc, pìjcok c ons fgóns y fgócs quk jkf sus prnpgcs npgfgnfks `nf rkspk`tn co `ukftn y c on quk rkspnfjgkrnf ons pkrsnfcbks kf ocs kftrkvgstcs rkcogzcjcs kf ko prnarclc jk tkokvgsgðf. Cfðtkocs kf uf pcpkoðarcen. Xrn`urk quk pcrtg`gpkf tnjns ons fgóns y fgócs. Oukan jk quk `nlkftkf ogdrklkftk, pukjk augcrons `nf ocs sgaugkftks prkauftcs2 • ¾Pgkftkf quk on quk ok pcsð c Ogoc jurcftk kstk prglkr jìc jk `ocsks, jk skftgrsk csì (`nf oc pcfzc cprktcjc, fkrvgnsc, kfnbcjc, trgstk) erkftk c su arupn jk clgans n c oc tcrkc, sk pcrk`k kf coan c kxpkrgkf`gcs quk ustkjks mcf tkfgjn>
• ¾Pk mcf skftgjn coaufc vkz `nln sk sgftgð Ogoc (`nf oc pcfzc cprktcjc, fkrvgnsc, kfnbcjc, trgstk)>
• ¾Suç `rkkf quk sk pukjk mc`kr `ucfjn fns skftglns `nln sk sgftgð Ogoc> • ¾Suç oks austc jk on quk ustkjks mcf mk`mn kf sgtuc`gnfks sglgocrks>
3=
4. C`tgvgjcj sn`gnkln`gnfco Ogoc y ko fukvn vk`gfn
@GKTTK C`tgvgjcj2 Lgs vc`c`gnfks Zgklpn cprnxglcjn2 38 cprnxglcjn2 38 lgfutns. Lctkrgcoks2 Xcpkoðarcen Gfstru``gnfks2 3. Kxpogquk y ec`gogtk oc c`tgvgjcj jk `gkrrk2 Lgs vc`c`gnfks. Egfcolkftk, pcrc `krrcr oc c`tgvgjcj, sk oks gfvgtc c `nlpcrtgr su kxpkrgkf`gc jk ocs vc`c`gnfks. Xìjcoks quk `nlpcrtcf, on quk lãs oks austð jk koocs y ufc enrtcokzc quk `rkcf quk mcycf tkfgjn jurcftk ksk pkrgnjn, kspk`gcolkftk pcrc sndrkookvcr coan quk ons mcyc mk`mn skftgr erustrcjns n fkrvgnsns n `nf rcdgc `nln c Ogoc. Xcrtc ustkj `nf uf kbklpon. Xcrc gr tkrlgfcfjn kstc c`tgvgjcj, ons qugkrn gfvgtcr c `nlpcrtgr ufc òotglc prkauftc. ¾Suç euk on quk lãs tk austð jk tus vc`c`gnfks y quç enrtcokzc enrtcokz c n `nscs dukfcs `rkks quk jkscrrnoocstk jurcftk koocs> Xgkfsc kf `nscs dukfcs quk cprkfjgstk kf coaòf lnlkftn pcrk`gjn co quk vgvgð Ogoc (erustrcjns, `nf fkrvgns n `nf rcdgc). Xnr kbklpon, c lì on quk lãs lk austð jk lgs vc`c`gnfks euk pnjkr `nlpcrtgr tgklpn `nf lg eclgogc y cprkfjì c pkjgr cyujc `ucfjn lk skftìc luy `cfscjc(n) y lk jcdc rcdgc tkfkr quk nrjkfcr tnjn ko tgklpn. Jçlnfns uf tgklpn pcrc quk `cjc ufn pgkfsk y `nlpcrtclns. Grç cfntcfjn on quk vcf `nlpcrtgkfjn jk su kxpkrgkf`gc.
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Ocs vc`c`gnfks jk Ogoc
4. C`tgvgjcj sn`gnkln`gnfco Ocs vc`c`gnfks jk Ogoc
C`tgvgjcj Pn`gnkln`gnfco jk Jgcafðstg`n JGC
4. Tkagstrk `cjc ufc jk ocs npgfgnfks, gjkcs, kln`gnfks quk skcf jg`mcs pnr ons fgóns y fgócs kf uf pcpkoðarcen. Kstç kspk`gcolkftk ctkftn(c) c rk`nakr ons koklkftns pnsgtgvns quk pukjcf kxprkscr. kxprkscr.
Ks glpnrtcftk quk ons fgóns y fgócs tkfacf `ocrgjcj jk quk ocs kln`gnfks lãs gf`ðlnjcs `nln oc rcdgc, oc erustrc`gðf, oc pkfc, snf kln`gnfks tcf vãogjcs `nln ocs kln`gnfks lãs carcjcdoks y, cjklãs, luy vcognscs, yc quk co kxprkscrocs, rk`nfn`krocs y c`kptcrocs pnjklns jcrfns `ukftc jk on quk fns pcsc kf jgstgftcs sgtuc`gnfks y fns pkrlgtk mc`kr coan erkftk c koon.
@ucfjn mcycf tkrlgfcjn jk rkspnfjkr c oc prkauftc y mcycf kxprkscjn sus kstrctkagcs, gjkcs y kln`gnfks, pukjk `krrcr `nf on sgaugkftk2
GJKC E[KTRC2 @nln mklns vgstn mny `nf ko `ukftn Ocs vc`c`gnfks jk Ogoc y `nf tnjn on quk mklns `nfvkrscjn, pnjklns vkr quk tnjcs ocs kln`gnfks quk skftglns snf vãogjcs, ocs lãs carcjcdoks `nln oc cokarìc y ocs lãs jkscarcjcdoks `nln ocs quk sgftgð Ogoc (erustrc`gðf, rcdgc, pkfc). Ks glpnrtcftk quk pnjclns kxprkscrocs, rk`nfn`krocs y c`kptcrocs pcrc quk pnjclns mc`kr coan pcrc skftgrfns lkbnr n cyujcr c ons jklãs c skftgrsk lkbnr.
0. Carcjkz`c oc pcrtg`gpc`gðf jk `cjc ufn(c) y kxpog`gtk quk pukjkf skaugr `nfvkrscfjn y `nlpcrtgkfjn kf kstk kspc`gn. Xrkauftk sg coaugkf qugkrk jk`gr coan y `nlpcrtc sus prgf`gpcoks glprksgnfks jk oc c`tgvgjcj rkcogzcjc. :. Gf`nrpnrc`gðf vgsgdok jko trcdcbn rkcogzcjn2 rkcogzcjn2 sk suagkrk jkbcr lctkrgco vgsgdok jk oc c`tgvgjcj kf oc scoc, ufc vkz quk mcyc gfcogzcjn. Xukjk skr ufc glcakf quk rkprkskftk ko `ukftn n oc rk`npgoc`gðf jk ocs rkspukstcs jk ons fgóns y fgócs. Xukjk ttcldgçf cldgçf carkacr coaufc fnrlc jko `ursn quk tkfac rkoc`gðf `nf ocs Mcdgogjcjks Pn`gnkln`gnfcoks ndskrvcjcs kf kstc c`tgvgjcj. @nf kstn sk tkrlgfc oc C`tgvgjcj Pn`gnkln`gnfco jk Jgcafðstg`n jk 0.² dãsg`n.. Tk`ukrjk `nlpoktcr oc Mnbc jk rkagstrn y dãsg`n rkagstrn y ons @ucjrns gfenrlctgvns jko Cfkxn 4. @nf ko @ucjrn rkpnrtk jko `ursn tkfjrã `ursn tkfjrã ufc vgsgðf jk ocs enrtcokzcs jko arupn y ons en`ns prgnrgtcrgns c trcdcbcr, pcrc on `uco pukjk cpnycrsk kf ocs Nrgkftc`gnfks pcrc ko jkscrrnoon sn`gnkln`gnfco 0.¸ dãsg`n (jgspnfgdoks dãsg`n (jgspnfgdoks kf oc poctcenrlc).
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Cfkxns
Cfkxns Cfkxn 3. @nf`kptns `ocvk pcrc ko Cprkfjgzcbk Pn`gnkln`gnfc Pn`gnkln`gnfcoo Ons sgaugkftks `nf`kptns sk prkskftcf kf ko nrjkf kf quk cpcrk`gkrnf kf kstk jn`ulkftn2 Mcdgogjcjks Pn`gnkln`gnfcoks2 Pn`gnkln`gnfcoks2 mcf sgjn jks`rgtcs `nln ko `nfbuftn jk `nfn`glgkftns, jkstrkzcs y c`tgtujks quk pkrlgtkf c ocs pkrsnfcs rkoc`gnfcrsk `nfsgan lgslcs y `nf ons jklãs jk lcfkrc scoujcdok, pcrtg`gpcfjn `nln gfjgvgjuns cutðfnlns, rkspnfscdoks y lntgvcjns. C pkscr, jk quk pnr uf pkrgnjn jk tgklpn fn sk tnlcrnf `nln coan eufjclkftco kf ons ãldgtns trcjg`gnfcoks jk kju`c`gðf, c`tucolkftk sk `nfsgjkrcf ufn jk ons tklcs `ocvks jk cdnrjcr pcrc onarcr ufc kju`c`gðf jk `cogjcj ([FKP@N, 4843). Ocs mcdgogjcjks sn`gnkln`gnfcoks sk jkscrrnoocf c on ocran jk tnjc oc vgjc, c pcrtgr jk oc gfoukf`gc jk oc kju`c`gðf, oc `rgcfzc y pctrnfks `uoturcoks (Acr`ìc @cdrkrn, 483=). @nf`gkf`gc jk sì lgsln2 `cpc`gjcj jk gjkftgg`cr, rkagstrcr y `nfn`kr ons kstcjns kst cjns gftkrfns, kln`gnfks, rk`ursns y vconrks, y `ðln kstns gf`gjkf kf oc prnpgc `nfju`tc. @nf`gkf`gc jk ntrns2 ntrns2 `cpc`gjcj jk gjkftgg`cr, rkagstrcr y `nfn`kr ocs kln`gnfks y oc pkrspk`tgvc jk ntrns, gjkftgg`cfjn jgekrkf`gcs y sglgogtujks. Cutnrrkauoc`gðf2 `cpc`gjcj jk akstgnfcr oc kxprksgðf jk ons prnpgns kstcjns gftkrfns, Cutnrrkauoc`gðf2 kln`gnfks, rk`ursns y vconrks vconrk s kf jgekrkftks sgtuc`gnfks y `nftkxtns jk lcfkrc rkspktunsc. c`tgvc2 sk rkgkrk c oc mcdgogjcj jk ks`u`mcr fn snon on quk oc pkrsnfc kstã Ks`u`mc c`tgvc2 kxprkscfjn jgrk`tclkftk, sgfn tcldgçf ons skftglgkftns, gjkcs n pkfsclgkftns quk sudyc`kf c on quk sk kstã jg`gkfjn. Xcrc ks`u`mcr c`tgvclkftk ks glpnrtcftk lcftkfkr ko `nftc`tn vgsuco, lcftkfkr oc ctkf`gðf pokfc, fn gftkrrulpgr y rkokbcr on quk fns jgbn oc pkrsnfc. Coaufns ndstã`uons jk oc ks`u`mc c`tgvc snf2 enrzcr c mcdocr, glpnfkr `rgtkrgns, rk`mczcr ons skftglgkftns jko ntrn, jks`cogg`cr, jgstrckrsk n mc`kr ntrc `nsc lgkftrcs ko klgsnr kstã mcdocfjn. Cprkfjgzcbk sn`gnkln`gnfco2 sk jkgfk `nln ko prn`ksn c pcrtgr jko `uco ocs pkrsnfcs (tcftn fgóns `nln cjuotns) kftgkfjkf y lcfkbcf ocs mcdgogjcjks sn`gnkln`gnfcoks. Cprkfjkf, pnr kbklpon, c lcfkbcr ocs kln`gnfks, jkgfkf y co`cfzcf lktcs pnsgtgvcs, lukstrcf klpctìc pnr ntrns, kstcdok`kf y lcftgkfkf rkoc`gnfks pnsgtgvcs, y tnlcf jk`gsgnfks rkspnfscdoks Y@noocdnrctgvk enr C`cjklg`, Pn`gco, cfj Klntgnfco Okcrfgfa (@CPKO), 377:\. @oglc futrgtgvn pcrc ko jkscrrnoon jk mcdgogjcjks sn`gnkln`gnfcoks2 `oglcs kf quk oc `nfvgvkf`gc sn`gco ks lãs pnsgtgvc, kf quk ocs pkrsnfcs sgkftkf quk ks carcjcdok pcrtg`gpcr, pcr tg`gpcr, kf quk mcy ufc dukfc jgspnsg`gðf c cprkfjkr y c `nnpkrcr, kf quk ons kstujgcftks sgkftkf quk sus `rgsgs kln`gnfcoks pukjkf skr `nftkfgjcs y quk kf akfkrco `nftrgduykf c quk conrk oc lkbnr pcrtk jk ocs pkrsnfcs (Lgog`g` & Crnf, 4888, p.33=).
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Ocs vc`c`gnfks jk Ogoc
C`tgvgjcj Pn`gnkln`gnfco jk Jgcafðstg`n JGC
Tkekrkf`gcs jk Cfkxn 3 @csko. (4843). Eufjclkftcos ne PKO. mttps2//`csko.nra/eufjclkftcos-ne-sko/ Acr`ìc @cdrkrn, D. (483=). Ocs MPK, fn `nafgtgvcs n ‟docfjcs“2 cprnxglc`gnfks c su kvcouc`gðf. Tkvgstc Jgagtco [fgvkrsgtcrgc, 37 (5), 331. jng2 38.44483/ `njkg`.35815817k.483=. v37f5.c; Lgog`g`, F., y Crðf, C. L. (4888). @oglcs Pn`gcoks Zðxg`ns y @oglcs Pn`gcoks Futrgtgvns pcrc ko Jkscrrnoon Xkrsnfco kf ko @nftkxtn Ks`nocr. Xsyimk, 7(4). (4).mttp2//rkjck.u`.`o/gfjkx.pmp/psyimk/ mttp2//rkjck.u`.`o/gfjkx.pmp/psyimk/ crtg`ok/vgkw/48:7; [FKP@N (4843). Kvcouc`gðf jk mcdgogjcjks sn`gnkln`gnfcoks sn`gnkln`gnfcoks kf fgóns, bðvkfks y cjnoks`kftks jk jk Clçrg`c Octgfc. Lcr`n pcrc ko trcdcbn jko lðjuon jk KT@K 4837. mttps2//ufksjn`.ufks`n.nra/cri2/:=440/pe8888011;34/XJE/011;34spc.pje.luotg
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Cfkxn 4. Lctkrgco pcrc ko rkagstrn, cfãogsgs y rkpnrtk jk oc C`tgvgjcj Pn`gnkln`gnfcoo jk Jgcafðstg`n Ocs vc`c`gnfks jk Ogoc Pn`gnkln`gnfc C4.3 Mnbc jk rkagstrn
) s c ( s n
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ó g f s n o k j s k t f c v k o k r f 2 c n s ` r z u k r @ c P p k C o Ó G k F u W q s P k N j t u Ó G g F t ` P c N y O s K n T t f D g k N P l P c s K f F k p N G , @ s c C t U ` T u K j P f D n N ` s c N o T k Z j P G c ` A K r k T ` c s k f n g ` c v r k s d n s u s s c j n 2 t ) c k ( r r t n s g j a c t k g o T g ` c e k r d l n F
s k f n g ` c v r k s d N
> o c d r k v n f y o k c b c d r z g k v j j f c k b j k r g > c > s u p v t k k f a C t ` o g k f f k c g o k n c r o ` f c n u o > l g f ` s ` l f g k k k g e k s f ã t o c k f f n s r c o r k n g ` ã t c g f j g ` n l k s k l c n f r g r r k k c l s ` u p x p k c n a k g f n s g g n / p f c n t y t ` s n g s ` n r f j k c P p o u r s s f r a r u k k c k r s o j d ã X k f u u l k @ X n ` ¾ ¾ f n f f k n • • j ` k k u ¾ T ¾ X • •
o c f n j g c ` j n g o g l d k c n M g ` n P j c j g v g t ` C n t f k l n L
, j c j g v g t ` c c o k t f c r u j s n t f r g k > l c b c k t r f n c p l l k n j ` s n n o s o g k ` f f n g k ` s n n l s o k k g r ` ì k e g ` j n f f n n ` r k k r e u f s c r k a o n k u ¾ O q •
> f k ` c m k u q n > \ f k n t f f k t k g u k ` u o q c c k t k s f c y k , r e f Y c r s n k o f c v n g k ` u n q l n k a o s c c g s p n l n r s g p l s ì u s s f f k k f ` k n ` f n n f ` n k ` k ¾ T ¾ T • •
f ð g ` c o u a k r r n t u C •
ì s k j c g ` f k g n ` l f s n g @ l •
ì s k j c g ` f k g n ` l f s n g @ l •
c k j j s g f n c k k a r o c v k r f k r l g u k g b c f D y @ c
N G @ G F G
, s ã > l f k c o > o j d c s c d m r n o s f k f v n k n t j n ` s k f k u y f n X o k j ¾ c f k f > d g c s r t u k k b v k ` f c k q u s n n b c s r s k r u k j a k > ó u f c p f t k o g k p s o g ` l n o f l c g m n u f ` s k f y n / s k u f y s k s s c f g ` c c o n r ` k t k f f c f k k t n s g f ` k r r s k k k e p , l g r x c s k j f c v s s g k n f / c o f t ` n g y f k g c ` s k p f n c ` o r n k c l u m r f q ` k c n d u ç n ` u l ` k o s
y n s j g k c s f r k n f c g u c p ` q m n s s n k n t n l r u f o k k q k k ó s u j s c c o ` n n p g r o t c k s l p b n n > r k f k r ` f k o s p s c n s s k l s u f t n c n t t c f r g f n k c r k k g p g c c l o g c n l l p t O c r c f c t n n t c g r o z p r z g g n O n o o g g p c t l p t r u n l u l c ` n n p k k > ` r ` y u u s q s y q n y c b s k s s s s k f c c k f k g f g k n f c g f > a t a n ` n r k f g l k g t n g ` k ` c b t s c c n j n r r k t n t l f k l s l s t s k k k s k c k f k o f g t f l f g > f c s s k ` k k k l ì k ` e ` k ` j ` c g k b n j c n r n s n t r f f f f c f k f n o n p n n n n b n g k ` r s ` f ` ` ` k k r k c k ì e k l g k n ¾ n ¾ f S T k K ¾ T e T l ¾ T j ¾ T ` u p ¾ f ¾ • • • • • • • f ð g ` c o u a k r r n t u C •
k j c g ` f k g ` s f n n r t @ n • n s s j k k f b f k c g g c f s n ` o c ` g n s n O c O f n s r ` n o k k c k @ c p j v j
n f k f k g t k u q c k s c y , f c r n o c v k u q n a o c s n l s g l ì s f k f > k f ` k n ` f c n m ` k k u ¾ T q • ì s k j c g ` f k g n ` l f s n g @ l •
> f c o d c m s n t s k n j f c u ` s n r k ó c p l n ` s u s c k t f k l c v g t ` c f c m ` u ` s
y s k f n g ` n l k s c o r c b k f c l c r c p f c z g o g t u k > u s q n s s f c g k a t f k t g s c r t n s t k f k f g k l ` c n t r f n n p ` k l
¾ K •
n ¾ T ` •
k j c g ` f k g ` s f n n r t @ n •
f ð g ` c o u a k r r n t u C •
s k f n g ` c s g ` c L v
N O O N T T C P K J
K T T K G @
40
C4.4 @ucjrn rkpnrtk jk ocs pkr`kp`gnfks jko ec`gogtcjnr
j c j g v g t ` c c o k j f ð g ` c ` g o p c c o k r d n s s k f n g ` p k ` r k p s c o k j s g s k t f ì P
j k t s u j ð g t c f g > o g j v c s g t y ` f n ð c g s o c ` n f k k l t p k n ç f c u r g ` u n S ¾ j s •
s c t f u a k r X
4:
k s k u q o k > f j k c c j g v l g g o t ` ` o c k c o k u ð o e o n n r r l c ð s @ k ¾ j •
s k b c > z c g g j ` f f k k r g r p k c p y x s k n t t c f s k k l k j k o c k t ç c u ` s S k ¾ r •
4:
C4.0 @ucjrn rkpnrtk jko `ursn k t f k g o c s k r d n P
n j c z f c ` o C
n o o n r r c s k j f K
k t r n p k r o k j s g s k t f ì P
k t f k a r k l K
s n o f k j c j g o s g t k d c f c m g c j o k u t j s r k n t p g r ` s k J
o c f n j g c ` j n g o g l d c n k M g ` n P
, k y f s . j , u ã f k s s f l u k k k ` k ` f k j q c c n g s n m p ` c o C . a n c n r o c c o ` l s d c f k n f k r s f k r k n k p v s s g t g x n l s c s c p k f g k ó n n u g r / y l ì q f p y o s s s s c f c c d k u c o o s r r k s y r c k c v f s k r k y , n ` d k ` b ó l c n f g n c n u f r f f f a n n s n ` ` o c n k k f O r j k r v o k
n l s g l ì s k j c g ` f k g ` f n @
f s s s k n c t s g n s o r c k k ` t f o ` f n k f g c j k f s k p s r ` , n c k k e n ` f g ` f c j k s f n f n g f n ` s k c f k ` g s n o t g k r s l n k p , . c k j s k s s ó g u ã n s f k q c f c l r t u t o k n s r g n q ` o j c k g o o s C k y ` p k k . j j x j f s s n k u n c n f t t k , z n g ó o ` ` g ` s k g c f k ã l k m o p c t s r l g r n n k k s s / n O j j y k r y e
s n r t n k j c g ` f k g ` f n @
k s s r o c j k c o s f k u g j a k n ` ` y k c n r p l s c c k n r s c ` s f p n f u t k f s s f g c . z s s k g o c j s g n n t ó c t u g f ` r f k l s g u g s k k c ` l q l o c ì y r c s s t c r c s g r n f n a n n p k p ó g g x l t f k c s n r s o t n t ` s s n k O r y k k
f ð g ` c o u a k r r n t u C
r c b c d c r t c s n n g r s c r u r g t ` n k g r j p o s k v n g ` f n c E
n s r u ` o j k s c z k o c t r n E
4;
C4.: @ucjrn jk cutncfãogsgs jko ec`gogtcjnr @nlpoktk kstk `ucjrn `nf ocs ndskrvc`gnfks n dskrvc`gnfks sndrk su akstgðf jko Cprkfjgzcbk Pn`gnkln`gnfco kf ko `ursn.
s k f n g ` c v r k s d N
j c j g o g d c m c o r k v n l n r p c r c p k t f k ` n j o k j r n t p g r ` s k J
k s u n o q o f s k k j c c f k t n g v f j
o g ` k g c u j d n u c l l t s M k n r n g p k ` n k P s
o c d r c c k k s o u f s v k t q c k o c f z r s y k c g r k k s f j u f c c u e n g t k ó g l s r ` f k k k ` c y j s u g s , q s s c o n c l s o ó c k f g r g r j n f d c u s s g ó t r g s > n ` c t o k ` s o n p k k g c ã t j j l n u d s n n @ l ¾ ã k / ` a f > k y f c t n s k n t g s k s j y ` c o k s . j k n r u r c u s g l r p c z n t t c k d , k o l ` ó c s l s ã c s c p c t n g o r s r f l n l c l c c k e ì t n j ` r ` s s s g k C c c . u f g s k f c t j o f u c r n r s c k y d k c z ` f s p j g c r k k n v n c o n n g z ã g r j n f n a k f ` f u o c u n n @ r ` ¾ k r O p y k
ì s k j g c ` f k g n ` l f s n g @ l
s k f f n g n ` ` n n f t g k l s k ` r k s k b j c o k t u r , g o k s g ` ã l g n l f k s n j y ` C s k . c r ì g c s ` f s k k c r t r ó k f g e f k g j f y s
s k o c n m ` ó g u k f ` j n s s k t n o k f g . c s k s r k l c u g n r ó q ` t c n n p y f f s n n l ` n n ` r ` t k r n c o f s k ð g n r n s ` c a o n o o n k o O j k k r s n r t n k j c g ` f k g ` f n @
k t s k r c ó c p l n ` c c r c p n z g o c k r k u q s k f n g ` ` c s c o f n s s > k o n t ã g u d @ l ¾ ã
s n . r r r r c k s ` b k u ` k n ` n f f k f c n r ` y y n l ` k s k r s k c r j f k z f k c s c n g o j j k c t g k ` k o u n r u ` ì n p p e e l g ) j k k s c ( f u s c c o n n q o ó r n g s c c j f k r f c b c u p k c b j q s f k c s n c o ` n g l k t c k ` c r , r u f k p s q g s c n k p s l c r c r f f t c r c c k . z t p n r g f o g n s p k o g f o s n k t g l u k ` n a k n t c ` n f c r c p r u k s y a q g p k s n s l r k o c c f , g t k c f s a r f j n ã k k g t n n p g t l c r ` n r k k l a t j s n u n l O k C k ` q
f ð g ` o c u a k r r n t u C
k u q s k f n g ` ` c s c o f n s s > k t o n ã g u d @ l ¾ ã > t s k s n g k ` r c c p ó s c k p s l n t n s ` k c f c n r s c s p k o n z ã g u o c @ k ¾ r
s g s g o ã f c n t u c o k j s g s k t f ì P
k b g n t c z o c f g l j f k g f j k l k n r g ` s c p n c ó C z c o l k o p k k n c l c g t r n r ` n ` c n E c p P
k j n t r f k b c k c o z g g z c r l j n e c f f n r k ó r g ` c k c p p n C l s l o k n t k n g n ` d c c g ` g r l c n p P Ã l
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