Actividad Presupuesto Unidad 1

 

HI[@R@KHK KG HU]GJK@SHCG ’ WJ@KHK 8

[W[F]H3 ]W[A NGK@JH È]GH3 U]GYWUWGY[F I@UH3 O]WUF KG []HMHCF H @MG[A NGL@YYH IFOFLLF SHMHLH HJK]GH IH]FL@JH KW]HJOF NH]@H @YHMGL ]W@S NH][@JGS BHJF] NH][@JGS

WJ@RG]Y@KHK KG IH][HOGJH - IGJ[]F [W[F]@HL IG]G[À HKN@J@Y[]HI@ÙJ GJ LFY YG]R@I@FY KG LH YHLWK BHIWL[HK KG GJBG]NG]@H YGQ[F YGNGY[]G =5=8

 

@J[]FKWII@ÙJ3

Gl i`ph orupf kg trhmhcf H, kgjtrf kg lh hit`v`khk kg hprgjk`zhcg kg lh uj`khk 8, P rglhi`fjhkf ifj lfs ifjigptfs kgsolfshkfs y pr`ji`p`fs prgsupugsthr`fs, ifnprgjkg qug gs uj ifjcujtf kg rgolhs y ir`tgr`fs tgjkgjtgs h frkgjhr gj bhsgs, bfrnhs ifjtgj ifj tgj`kf `kfss y gbgi gbgitfs tfs kgl prg prgsupu supugst gstff kg lhs nólt`pl nólt`plgs gs ilhs`b ilhs`b`ih `ihi`f i`fjgs jgs gx`stg gx`stgjtg jtgss sfmrg sfmrg lfs  pr`ji`p`fs prgsupugsthr`fs, s` m`gj gs i`grtf lfs pr`ji`p`fs prgsupugsthlgs sfj rghlngjtg bujkhngjthlgs lfs iuhlgs sg kgmgj fmsgrvhr h b`j kg gbgituhr ujh hkgiuhkh ogst`ùj prgsupugsthl, kgjtrf kg sus k`bgrgjtgs k`bgrgjtgs ilhs`b`ihi`fjgs ilhs`b`ihi`fjgs glhmfr glhmfrhkhs hkhs f m`gj sgh prforhnhkhs prforhnhkhs y hprfmhkhs phrh lh gc gcgi giui` ui`ùj ùj,, nf nfk` k`b` b`ih ihi` i`ùj ùj f hc hcust ustgg kg ifjtr ifjtrfl fl,, pf pfrr th thjt jtff sg pugkg pugkg hjhl` hjhl`zhr zhr y if ifnp nprg rgjkg jkgr  r  kgthllhkhngjtg qug gstfs pr`ji`p`fs rgihg gj su `npfrthji`h yh qug s`j luohr h kukh gstg musih rhi`fjhl`zhr y hungjthr lh trhsphrgji`h kgl prfigsf y bhi`l`thr lh gcgiui`ùj mhcf sus ifjcujtfs kg ir`tgr`fs hpl`ihmlgs h lh rgspgit`vh glhmfrhi`ùj kgl prgsupugstf.

 

8. Fmcgt`vf8 8.8. Ogj Ogjgrh grhll Urgsgjthr pfr phrtg I`ph3 orupf kg trhmhcf H, lh rghl`zhi`ùj kg lh ifjigptuhl`zhi`ùj kg tàrn`jfs,  pr`ji`p`fs y ilhs`b`ihi`fjgs prgsupugsthr`fs, qug ifjtgjoh lh nèx`nh `jbfrnhi`ùj sfmrg gl tgnh  prgsupugsthl.

8.=. Gspg Gspgiîb iîb`if `ifss Kgb`j`r uj olfshr`f kg s`oj`b`ihkfs kg tàrn`jfs rglhi`fjhkfs ifj gl tàrn`jf prgsupugsthr`f. Kgsir`m`r lfs pr`ji`p`fs prgsupugsthr`fs y sus ilhs`b`ihi`fjgs y sus kgb`j`i`fjgs. Ifnprgjkgr lh `npfrthji`h kgl tgnh kg lh uj`khk 8, rglhi`fjhkf ifj hspgitfs  prgsupugsthr`f. ]glhi`fjhr lfs tàrn`jfs phrh ujh rgtrfhl`ngjthi`ùj oruphl gjtrg lfs `jtgorhjtgs kgl I`ph orupf kg trhmhcf H.

=. @jvgst`ohr lh kgb`j`i`ùj kg lfs s`ou`gjtgs ifjigptfs phrh glhmfrhr uj olfshr`f ifj

rgspgitf h lfs tgnhs h nhjgchr gj gstg nùkulf ifj gl b`j kg bhn`l`hr`zhrjfs ifj lfs [àrn`jfs. Ulhjgs3 Ifjcujtf kg kgi`s`fjgs phrh gl lforf kg lfs fmcgt`vfs prfpugstfs. Uflît`ihs3 Yfj lhs nfk`b`ihi`fjgs qug sg ahigj gj iugjths kgl prgsupugstf `j`i`hl kg buji`fjhn`gjtf f kg lfs prfygitfs hprfmhkfs pfr lh Cujth K`rgit`vh, s`j qug sg ihnm`g lh i`brh kgl prgsupugstf tfthl.

 

Urgvgr3 gs hjt`i`phr gl rgsulthkf prfmhmlg kg lfs hifjtgi`n`gjtfs. Gs uj pujtf kg  phrt`kh gsgji`hl phrh lh glhmfrhi`ùj kg prgsupugstfs. Urgsupugsthr ifj ifjs`stg s`stg gj  plhjghr lf jgigshr`f phrh ifjsgou`r ifjs gou`r uj rgsulthkf qug sg b`ch ifnf fmcgt`vf y prgvgr lfs ifjtrflgs jgigshr`fs phrh lforhr qug gsg rgsulthkf sg ifjs`oh, Kgtgrn`jhr kg nhjgrh hjt`i`phkh lf qug vh h prfkui`r 

Urforhnhs3 Ihkh ujh kg lhs phrtgs gspgiîb`ihs kg uj plhj hl iuhl sg lg hs`ojhj lfs rgiursfs jgigshr`fs phrh hlihjzhr lhs ngths prfpugsths.

K`hojùst`if3 Kgsir`pi`ùj, gvhluhi`ùj y hjèl`s`s kg lh s`tuhi`ùj hituhl y lh trhygitfr`h a`stùr`ih kg lh rghl`khk gifjùn`ih, pflît`ih y sfi`hl kg hloój bgjùngjf f vhr`hmlg qug sg kgsgg gstuk`hr.

Nhjuhl kg prgsupugstf3 gs gl `jstrungjtf kg kgshrrfllf hjuhl kg lhs gnprgshs f `jst`tui`fjgs iuyfs plhjgs y prforhnhs sg bfrnulhj pfr tàrn`jf kg uj høf. Glhmfrhr uj prgsupugstf pgrn`tg h lhs gnprgshs, lfs ofm`grjfs, lhs frohj`zhi`fjgs  pr`vhkhs f lhs bhn`l`hs gsthmlgigr pr`fr`khkgs y gvhluhr lh ifjsgiui`ùj kg sus fmcgt`vfs.

N`s`ùj3 Lh pr`ji`phl buji`ùj kg lfs prgsupugstfs sg rglhi`fjh ifj gl Ifjtrfl b`jhji`grf kg lh frohj`zhi`ùj. Gl ifjtrfl prgsupugsthr`f gs gl prfigsf kg kgsiumr`r quà gs lf qug sg gstè ahi`gjkf, ifnphrhjkf lfs rgsulthkfs ifj sus khtfs  prgsupugsthkfs ifrrgspfjk`gjtgs ifrrgsp fjk`gjtgs phrh vgr`b`ihr lfs lforfs f rrgngk`hr gngk`hr lhs k`bgrgji`hs.

Urfpùs`tfs3 Ulhjghr lfs rgsulthkfs kg lh frohj`zhi`ùj gj k`jgrf y vflóngjgs. Ifjtrflhr gl nhjgcf kg `jorgsfs y gorgsfs kg lh gnprgsh. Iffrk`jhr y rglhi`fjhr

 

lhs hit`v`khkgs kg lh frohj`zhi`ùj. Lforhr lfs rgsulthkfs kg lhs fpgrhi`fjgs  pgr`ùk`ihs.

Rhr`hmlgs ifjtrflhmlgs3 sfj hqugllhs vhr`hmlgs gj lh qug lh gnprgsh, sus hii`fj`sths f sus k`rgit`vfs lhs tfnhj gj ifjs`kgrhi`ùj yh qug gstèj sucgths h ujh k`spfs`i`ùj kg lhs k`rgit`vhs gj gl nfngjtf kg lh tfnh kg kgi`s`fjgs.

Rhr`hmlgs jf ifjtrflhmlgs3 sfj hqugllhs qug gj nuiafs kg lfs ihsfs sfj ifnplgchs, pgrf sg pugkgj shihr prfvgiafs kg gsths, pfr lf qug sfj bugrtgs qug l`n`thj lhs kgi`s`fjgs kg lhs qug pugkgj llgohr lfs gnprgshr`fs, gsths vhr`hmlgs gx`stgj bugrh kg lh gnprgsh, pgrf `jiluygj k`rgithngjtg kg lhs kgi`s`fjgs kgl jgofi`f.

R`s`ùj3 Gs ujh gxpgitht`vh `kghl kg lf qug lh gnprgsh gspgrh. Ihphi`khk nèx`nh3 ahig rgbgrgji`h hl nèx`nf vflungj kg prfkuii`ùj qug  pugkg fmtgjgrsg kurhjtg uj pgrîfkf pgr îfkf kg t`gnpf kgtgrn`jhkf, gnplghjkf phrh gllf tfkhs lhs afrhs k`spfj`mlgs (`jilu`khs lhs gxtrhfrk`jhr`hs) g `jilusf ut`l`zhjkf lfs gqu`pfs pfr gji`nh kg su ihphi`khk rgifngjkhkh.

Urfygitfs3 Gl plhj b`jhji`grf kg uj prfygitf pfr uj pgrîfkf kgtgrn`jhkf kg t`gnpf qug nugstrh thjtf ohstfs ifnf `jorgsfs.

Fmcgt`vfs3 Ngths ahi`h kfjkg sg kgmgj gjbfihr lfs gsbugrzfs y rgiursfs kg lh gnprgsh. [rgs sfj mès`ihs3 supgrv`vgji`h, irgi`n`gjtf y rgjthm`l`khk.

 

Fmcgt`vfs3 lfs fmcgt`vfs kgl prgsupugstf sfj kg Urgv`s`ùj, Ulhjghi`ùj, Frohj`zhi`ùj, Iffrk`jhi`ùj f @jtgorhi`ùj, K`rgii`ùj y Ifjtrfl4 gs kgi`r, ifnprgjkg f gstèj gj tfkhs lhs gthphs kgl Urfigsf Hkn`j`strht`vf.

Ihphi`khk prèit`ih3 Gs hqugllh nèx`nh fmtgj`kh kg bfrnh rghl gj ifjk`i`fjgs jfrnhlgs y ifjs`kgrhjkf qug kurhjtg tfkf gl t`gnpf k`spfj`mlg jf gs pfs`mlg gsthr  gj t`gnpf kg trhjsbfrnhi`ùj, s`jf qug `jgv`thmlgngjtg ahy t`gnpfs kg phrhkh nîj`nfs phrh prgphrhr y rgphrhr lhs nèqu`jhs g `jsthlhi`fjgs.

Ifstf kg prfkuii`ùj3 gs gl ohstf jgigshr`f phrh bhmr`ihr uj m`gj f phrh ogjgrhr uj sgrv`i`f. Yuglg `jilu`r lh nhtgr`h pr`nh y hprfv`s`fjhn`gjtfs, lh nhjf kg fmrh k`rgith g `jk`rgith y ftrfs ifstgs kg ogst`ùj ifnf hnfrt`zhi`fjgs, hlqu`lgrgs f ohstfs kg hsgsfrhn`gjtf.

Ifstfs k`rgitfs3 Lfs ifstfs qug sg pugkgj htr`mu`r k`rgithngjtg h lhs hit`v`khkgs kg uj prfygitf.

Gsthi`ùj kg trhmhcf3 Lhs gsthi`fjgs kg trhmhcf, thnm`àj ifjfi`khs ifnf _frdstht`fj, ifjs`stgj gj gqu`pfs kg hltf rgjk`n`gjtf qug sg gnplghj gj iuhlqu`gr trhmhcf ifj jgigs`khkgs gspgiîb`ihs. Yuglgj bfrnhr phrtg kg ujh rgk kfjkg sg hlnhigjhj y ifnphrtgj uj s`jbîj kg hria`vfs y ihrpgths ifj `jbfrnhi`ùj rglhi`fjhkh ifj gl trhmhcf kg ujh gnprgsh. Yg suglgj ut`l`zhr gj lfs sgitfrgs kg `jogj`grîh, ngk`i`jh, hrqu`tgiturh, b`jhjzhs, huk`fv`suhl, gti.

 

Gstèjkhr3 sg mhsh gj khtfs iu`khkfshngjtg prgkgtgrn`jhkfs qug sg ut`l`zhj phrh  plhj`b`ihr y ifjtrflhr lfs ifstfs kg bhmr`ihi`ùj bhmr `ihi`ùj phrh fmtgjgr gl nhyfr mgjgb`i`f  pfs`mlg.

@jvgjthr`fs kg sgour`khk3 gs ujh prftgii`ùj hjtg lh vhr`hm`l`khk kg lh kgnhjkh y kgl t`gnpf kg rghmhstgi`n`gjtf.

Nhjubhiturh3 Wjh nhjubhiturh gs gl rgsulthkf kg ifjvgrt`r nhtgr`hs pr`nhs gj uj prfkuitf glhmfrhkf pfr ngk`f kg uj prfigsf `jkustr`hl. Kg gsg nfkf sg fmt`gjgj lfs m`gjgs tgrn`jhkfs, l`stfs phrh su vgjth gj lfs k`st`jtfs ngrihkfs.

Nhrogj kg ifjtr`mui`ùj3 gs lh k`bgrgji`h gjtrg gl prgi`f kg vgjth ngjfs lfs ifstfs vhr`hmlgs. [hnm`àj sg ifjs`kgrh ifnf ujh kgb`j`i`ùj kgl nhrogj kg ifjtr`mui`ùj y gl gxigsf kg `jorgsfs gj rglhi`ùj h lfs ifstfs vhr`hmlgs, gxigsf qug kgmg iumr`r lfs ifstfs b`cfs y lh ut`l`khk.

Ulhjt`llh lhmfrhl3 gs ujf kg lfs glgngjtfs bujkhngjthlgs kgjtrf kg ujh gnprgsh u frohj`zhi`ùj.

Urfigsf kg prfkuii`ùj3 gs gl kfiungjtf pfr gl iuhl sg prgvà gl j`vgl kg bhmr`ihi`ùj kg gx`stgji`hs f rghl`zhi`ùj kg sgrv`i`fs.

Urforhnhi`ùj l`jghl3 gs uj nàtfkf nhtgnèt`if kg fpt`n`zhi`ùj, qug pgrn`tg rgprgsgjthr nfkglfs l`jghlgs phrh rgkui`r ifstfs f nhx`n`zhr ohjhji`hs gj k`bgrgjtgs èrghs kg ujh frohj`zhi`ùj. Ufr lf qug, gs ut`l`zhkh phrh lh hkn`j`strhi`ùj gb`i`gjtg kg lfs prfigsfs gj tfkfs lfs ènm`tfs kg lh gifjfnîh.

 

Y`stgnh kg prfkuii`ùj3 gs gl nfkf iùnf sg ut`l`zhj y sg ifnm`jhj lfs bhitfrgs  prfkuit`vfs phrh llgvhr h ihmf su s u trhjsbfrnhi`ùj y pfstgr`frngjtg ifjvgrt`rlfs gj  m`gjgs y sgrv`i`fs.

Uhrt`kh prgsupugsthl3 sfj lhs prgv`s`fjgs rgihukhtfr`hs gst`nhkhs sfmrg uj ifjigptf rgihukhtfr`f gj uj gcgri`i`f.

]umrf prgsupugsthl3 ]gprgsgjth ihkh ujf kg lfs îtgns f ifjigptfs gj qug sg k`v`kg gl prgsupugstf kg lh Gjt`khk, ihrhitgr`zhkf pfr ifrrgspfjkgr h uj ifjigptf gspgiîb`if kg `jorgsfs f ohstfs.

Gcgri`i`f prgsupugsthl3 Ugrîfkf kurhjtg gl iuhl sg ahj kg gcgiuthr f rghl`zhr lfs `jorgsfs y ohstfs prgsupugsthkfs4 jfrnhlngjtg if`ji`kg ifj gl høf jhturhl. Ugr`fkf gifjùn`if f b`sihl3 gs gl lhpsf kg t`gnpf gj gl iuhl sg rghl`zh gl agiaf ogjgrhkfr kg uj `npugstf, y sfmrg gl iuhl sg kgmg rgpfrthr, kgilhrhr f phohr uj kgtgrn`jhkf `npugstf f tr`mutf.

9. Ifj Ifjsul sulthr thr lfs pr`ji pr`ji`p` `p`fs fs prgsup prgsupugst ugsthr` hr`fs, fs, su ilhs`b ilhs`b`ih `ihi`ù i`ùj j y kgb`jh ihkh ujf. kg lfs pr`ji` pr` ji`p`f p`fss prgsupug prgsupugsthr sthr`fs `fs musi musihh rhi` rhi`fjhl fjhl`zh `zhrr y hun hungjth gjthrr lh trh trhjsph jsphrgj rgji`h i`h kgl prfigsf, y bhi`l`th bhi`l`th su gcgiui`ùj, gcgiui`ùj, pfr lf qug gstg ifjcujtf kg ir`tgr` ir`tgr`fs fs hpl`ihml hpl`ihmlgs gs h lh glhmfrhi`ùj kg uj prgsupugstf pfr thjtf gstfs sg k`v`kgj gj trgs orupfs ifnf sfj lfs. Lfs pr`ji`p`fs rgv`stgj gspgi`hl `npfrthji`h gj gl ihnpf kgl prfigsf kg glhmfrhi`ùj g `nplgngjthi`ùj kgl prgsupugstf, pfr lf qug hjtgs kg gjuji`hrlfs gs jgigshr`f rgshlthr gl agiaf kg qug s`rvgj kg ouîhs gspgi`b`ihs f kg nfkglhkfrgs kg ir`tgr`fs kg lhs pgrsfjhs gjihrohkhs kg lh glhmfrhi`ùj lfs prgsupugstfs phri`hlgs f gl prgsupugstf ogjgrhl kg lh gnprgsh. Ufr thjtf lfs

 

 pr`ji`p`fs kgl prgsupugstf sfj i`jif orupfs orupf s qug ifnprgjkgj ftrfs pr`ji`p`fs thl ifnf lfs qu qugg sg hjhl`zhrhj h ifjt`juhi`ùj.

U]@JI@U@F KG U]GR@Y@ÙJ3 Gstfs pr`ji`p`fs kgsthihj lh `npfrthji`h kgl gstuk`f hjt`i`phkf kg lfs prfigsfs kg lh frohj`zhi`ùj y kg lhs pfs`m`l`khkgs kg lforhr lhs ngths prfpugsths gsths sg ihrhitgr`zhj pfr ifjtgnplhr trgs qug sfj lh  U]GK@I[@R@KHK3 gs pfs`mlg prfjfst`ihr hlof qug ah kg suigkgr f f qug qugrgnfs qug suigkh.

 LH KG[G]N@JHI@ÙJ IWHJ[@[H[@RH3 gj gsth sg kgmgj kgtgrn`jhr gj uj`khkgs nfjgthr`hs lhs hit`v`khkgs prforhnhkhs phrh gcgiuthr lfs plhjgs kg lh gnprgsh kurhjtg gl pgr`fkf  prgsupugsthl.

GL FMCG[@RF3 pugkg prgvgrsg hlof s`gnprg y iuhjkf sg musqug uj fmcgt`vf.

U]@JI@U@F KG ULHJGHI@ÙJ3 sg rgb`grg h lh jgigs`khk kg prforhnhr lh hii`ùj phrh lforhr lfs fmcgt`vfs kgsghkfs, gjtrg gllfs sg `jiluygj lh3

KG U]GI@Y@ÙJ3 qug sfj lfs prgsupugstfs kg plhjgs kg hii`ùj y kgmgj gxprgshrsg kg nhjgrh  prgi`sh y ifjirgth y thnm`àj kgmgj gv`thr vhougkhkgs qug `np`kh su ifrrgith gcgiui`ùj. KG IFY[GHM@L@KHK3 sg rgb`grg hl mgjgb`i`f kg `jsthlhi`ùj kgl s`stgnh kg ifjtrfl  prgsupugsthl kgmg supgrh gl ifstf kg `jsthlhi`fjgs y buji`fjhn`gjtf kgl s`stgnh.

KG BLGQ@M@L@KHK3 sg rgb`grg h qug tfkf plhj kgmg kgchr nhrogj phrh lfs ihnm`fs qug surchj gj rhzùj kg agiafs tfthlngjtg `nprgv`s`mlgs y kg lhs i`riujsthji`hs qug ahyhj vhr`hkf kgspuàs kg lh prgv`s`ùj.

 

KG IFJB@HJSH3 Gl kgi`k`kf hpfyf y lh ifjv`ii`ùj gj lfs pr`ji`p`fs hl `ouhl qug lh gb`i`gji`h kgl ifjtrfl prgsupugsthl pfr phrtg kg tfkfs lfs k`rgit`vfs kg lh gnprgsh, sfj bujkhngjthlgs phrh gl àx`tf kgl prgsupugstf.

KG UH][@I@UHI@ÙJ3 Gs gsgji`hl qug gj lh plhjghi`ùj y gj gl ifjtrfl sg lfs jgofi`fs `jtgrvgjohj tfkfs lfs gnplghkfs kg gsth nhjgrh sg prfvgiah lh gxpgr`gji`h kg ihkh ujf kg gllfs y sg hsgourh su ifnprfn`sf ifj gl prgsupugstf.

KG FUF][WJ@KHK3 lf plhjgs kgmgj gsthr ifnplgthngjtg prgphrhkfs hjtgs kg `j`i`hr gl  pgr`fkf prgsupugsthl phrh tgjgr t`gnpf kg tfnhr lhs ngk`khs ifjkuigjtgs h lfs b`jgs gsthmlgi`kfs.

KG IFJ[HM@L@KHK UF] È]GHY KG ]GYUFJYHM@L@KHK3  lh ifjthm`l`khk, hkgnès kg iunpl`r lfs pfstulhkfs kg lh ifjthm`l`khk ogjgrhl, kgmg sgrv`r phrh lfs b`jgs kg ifjtrfl  prgsupugsthl h j`vgl kg ihkh ujh kg lhs èrghs. èr ghs.

U]@JI@U@F KG F]OHJ@SHI@ÙJ3 gstfs pr`ji`p`fs kgjfthj lh `npfrthji`h kg lh gstruiturhr lhs hit`v`khkgs aunhjhs phrh hlihjzhr lhs ngths gjtrg gllfs sg kgsthihj lfs pr`ji`p`fs kg frkgj y kg ifnuj`ihi`ùj.

LFY KG F]KGJ3 sfj rgbgr`kfs h lh plhjghi`ùj, ifjtrfl prgsupugsthl qug sg kgmgj bujkhngjthr  gj ujh frohj`zhi`ùj bfrnhl trhzhkhs gj frohj`orhnhs y lîjghs kg hutfr`khk y rgspfjshm`l`khk

 

 prgi`sh y kg lhs buji`fjgs kg ihkh n`gnmrf kgl orupf kg k`rgit`vf, kgthllhjkf lfs kgmgrgs y rgspfjshm`l`khkgs.

KG IFNWJ@IHI@ÙJ3 gstg pr`ji`p`f gjtrhøh qug kfs f nès pgrsfjhs, f s` gl ihsf qug tfkfs lfs `npl`ihkfs gjt`gjkhj kgl n`snf nfkf uj hsujtf kgtgrn`jhkf kg nhjgrh fpfrtujh y ifji`sh.

U]@JI@U@F KG K@]GII@ÙJ3 lfs pr`ji`p`fs kg k`rgii`ùj `jk`ihj gl nfkf kg ifjilu`r lhs hituhi`fjgs kgl `jk`v`kuf ahi`h gl lforf kg lfs fmcgt`vfs kgsghkfs gjtrg gstfs sg gjiugjtrhj lfs  pr`ji`p`fs kg hutfr`khk y kg iffrk`jhi`ùj.

LFY KG HW[F]@KHK3 lh hutfr`khk llgvh ifjs`of `nplîi`th lh rgspfjshm`l`khk. Gstg pr`ji`p`f gsthmlgig qug lh kglgohi`ùj kg hutfr`khk jf sgh chnès thj hmsfluth, ifnf phrh gx`n`r tfthlngjtg hl buji`fjhr`f kg lh rgspfjshm`l`khk b`jhl qug lg ihmg pfr lhs hit`v`khkgs mhcf su cur`sk`ii`ùj.

KG IFF]K@JHI@ÙJ3 gl `jtgràs ogjgrhl kgmg prgvhlgigr sfmrg gl `jtgràs phrt`iulhr, lhs èrghs kgmgj hrnfj`zhr sus gsbugrzfs phrh lforhr lfs fmcgt`vfs y ngths kg lh frohj`zhi`ùj.

U]@JI@U@F KG IFJ[]FL3 gstfs pgrn`tgj ifnphrhi`fjgs gjtrg lfs fmcgt`vfs y lfs lforfs gjtrg gllfs sg gjiugjtrhj lfs pr`ji`p`fs kg rgifjfi`n`gjtf, kg gxigpi`ùj kg jfrnhs y kg ifji`gji`h kg ifstfs.

KG ]GIFJFI@N@GJ[F3 Gs jgigshr`f rgifjfigr f khr iràk`tfs hl `jk`v`kuf pfr sus àx`tfs, hsî ifnf llhnhrlf hl frkgj y hifjsgchrlf pfr bhlths y fn`s`fjgs.

KG GQIGUI@ÙJ3 rgifn`gjkh qug lfs gcgiut`vfs kgk`qugj su t`gnpf h lfs prfmlgnhs gxigpi`fjhlgs, s`j prgfiuphrsg pfr lfs hsujtfs qug kgmgj nhriahr kg hiugrkf ifj lfs plhjgs.

 

KG JF]NH3 lfs prgsupugstfs ifjst`tuygj lh jfrnhs pfr gxiglgji`h phrh tfkhs lhs fpgrhi`fjgs kg lh gnprgsh, gl gsthmlgi`n`gjtf kg jfrnhs ilhrhs y prgi`shs gj ujh gnprgsh pugkgj ifjtr`mu`r gj bfrnh hprgi`hmlg h lhs ut`l`khkgs y prfkui`r hkgnès ftrfs mgjgb`i`fs.

KG IFJI@GJI@H KG IFY[FY3 phrh gl àx`tf kgl jgofi`f sg kgmgj tgjgr ifji`gji`h kg qug ihkh kgi`s`ùj kg uj `jk`v`kuf t`gjgj hloój gbgitf sfmrg lfs ifstfs4 ihkh supgrv`sfr kgmg ifnprgjkgr gl `nphitf kg sus kgi`s`fjgs sfmrg lfs ifstfs phrh ihkh kgi`s`ùj qug tfng y sgh  mgjgb`i`fsh phrh lh gnprgsh , thnm`àj tfkfs lfs pr`ji`p`fs kgsir`tfs ifjst`tuygj lh rhzùj kg sgr  prfpugstf, yh qug su fmsgrvhji`h fmsgrvhji `h gj lfs prfigsfs kg plhj`b`ihi`ùj ogjgrhl kg k g lh gnprgsh h phrt`r kg lh kgb`j`i`ùj kg lh n`s`ùj, v`s`ùj, fmcgt`vfs, gstrhtgo`hs, pflît`ihs. Gs mès`ih pugstf qug s`rvg kg hpfyf h lh tàij`ih kg glhmfrhi`ùj kg prgsupugstfs.

 

;. IFJILWY@Ù @ÙJ J

Gl orupf kg trhmhcf H, pugkg ifjilu`r qug ngk`hjtg gl prgsupugstf sg pugkgj hkn`j`strhr  lfs rgiursfs kg ujh gjt`khk b`jhji`grh, lh iuhl s`rvg phrh kgthllhr lfs ohstfs `jiurr`kfs kurhjtg lh ogst`ùj y gsth h su vgz hyukh h ujh gsthm`l`khk b`jhji`grh, pfr thjtf puk`nfs ifnprgjkgr y hjhl`zhr lfs k`bgrgjtgs pr`ji`p`fs y lhs k`st`jths phlhmrhs qug gj gbgitf ahigjj rgbg ahig rgbgrgj rgji`h i`h y rgl rglhi` hi`ùj ùj hl prgsupug prgsupugstf stf ifn ifnff thl thl,, puk`nfs puk`nfs kgb` kgb`j`r j`r sus k`st` k`st`jth jthss ilhs`b`ihi`fjgs y lhs rglhi`fjgs qug gstèj ifjt`gjgj gjtrg sî, pfr thjtf phrh lfs `jtgorhjtgs kg gstg i`ph sg jf gs nuy jgigshr`f y sht`sbhitfr`f tgjgr ifj ilhr`khk gstfs hspgitfs qug rglhi`fjhj rglhi` fjhj tgnhs prgsupugsthr` prgsupugsthr`f, f, phrh ifj gl gjtfrj gjtfrjff kg jugstrh jugstrh ift`k`hj`khk ift`k`hj`khk y gj mhsg h jugstrf rgtrfhl`ngjthi`ùj ifnf gstuk`hjtgs prfbgs`fjhlgs.

 

7. ]G ]GBG BG]G ]GJI JI@H @HY Y M@M M@ML@ L@FO FO]H ]HB@ B@IH IHY Y

]gbgrgji`hs HouÜgrf, N. C. (s.b.). U]GYWUWGY[F P U]@JI@U@FY U]GYWUWGY[H]@FY. Fmtgj`kf kg sl`kgr plhygr3 attps3//sl`kgplhygr.gs/sl`kg/8977?581/ UÀ]GS, H. (=58?). Lfs 9 pr`ji`p`fs prgsupugsthr`fs nès `npfrthjtgs. Fmtgj`kf kg FMY Mus`jgss Yiaffl3 attps3//www.fmsmus`jgss.siaffl/mlfo/lfs-9-pr`ji`p`fs-prgsupugsthr`fsnhs-`npfrthjtgs Rhllg, B. H. (s.b.). Olfshr`f kg [grn`jfs Urgsupugsthr`fs. Fmtgj`kf kg Yir`mk Lfof3 attps3//gs.sir`mk.ifn/kfiungjt/9?29?=5=2/Olfshr`f-kg-[grn`jfs-Urgsupugsthr`fs  Cfrog G. Murmhjf ]u`z. Urgsupugstfs3 Wj gjbfqug kg k`rgii`fjhn`gjtf

y ifjtrfl kg rgiursfs. Ni Orhw A`ll. ;ª gk`i`ùj

gstrhtào`if, ogst`ùj