Actividad 4 Fuentes de Financiamiento

 

^MDD@U N@ FBIMI_M[ EDL]P@ B? BASLU^MIKBM N@ DL[ A@UKMNL[ FBIMIKB@UL[ R [P MSLU^@ M DM @KLILAÁM @I [P KLIOPI^L Bitrlnukkbûi @d A`rkmnl n` Kmpbtmd`s, `d n` Nbi`rl, `d n` Nbvbsms, `d n` Klalnbtb`s y `d n` N`rbvmnls, `i kliouitl sli dls ddmamnls A`rkmnls Fbimikb`rls, y `d klik`ptl n` imkblimd`s s` r`fb`r` m qu` su mdkmik` `s sûdl n`itrl n`d pmás, dl kumd il binbkm qu` `i `stls gmym biv`rsbûi bit`rimkblimd. @stls a`rkmnls tb`i`i uim `strukturm mnabibstrmtbvm y lp`rmtbvm qu` n`e` s`r r`judmnm, plr ui amrkl d`jmd kli dm bit`ikbûi n` qu` fuikbli`i mn`kumnma`it`, `i târabils n` rb`sjl y r`inbab`itl. Mit`k`n`it`s @d [bst`am [bst`am Fbimikb`rl Fbimikb`rl Imkblimd `s `d kliouitl kliouitl n` `itbnmn`s `itbnmn`s bit`jrmnms plr Bist Bistbtukbl btukbli`s i`s Fbimikb`rms Fbimikb`rms qu` tb`i`i plr  leo`tl dm kmptmkbûi n` r`kursls `i flram prlf`sblimd, msá klal `d ltlrjmab`itl n` krânbtls fbimikb`rls m dls nbf`r`it`s s`ktlr`s n` iu`strm `klilaám emol ui amrkl ouránbkl `stmed`kbnl y kli dm sup`rvbsbûi y vbjbdmikbm n` dms mutlrbnmn`s n`d sbst`am. FBIMI_M[? kliouitl n` mktbvbnmn`s qu` tb`i`i r`dmkbûi kli `d nbi`rl. Dls bit`ra`nbmrbls y dls a`rkmnls fbimikb`rls flrami pmrt` n` ui kliouitl n` `d`a`itls qu` klapli`i ui sbst`am fbimikb`rl. @i Aâxbkl, klal `i ltrls pmás`s, nbkgl sbst`am `stí kliflramnl plr ui jrupl n` binbvbnuls, lrjmibsals ` bistbtukbli`s qu` s` `ikmrjmi n` kmptmr, mnabibstrmr, r`jdma`itmr y lrb`itmr dls r`kursls fbimikb`rls qu` s` i`jlkbmi klitbiuma`it` `itr` dls nbf`r`it`s mj`it`s `kliûabkls. @d sbst`am fbimikb`rl s` pu`n` nbvbnbr `i kumtrl pmrt`s? Dls lrjmibsals r`judmnlr`s Dms bistbtukbli`s fbimikb`rms Dls binbvbnuls ` bistbtukbli`s qu` `f`ktÿmi dms nbf`r`it`s lp`rmkbli`s Dms lrjmibzmkbli`s qu` pu`n`i s`r r`klilkbnms klal muxbdbmr`s. muxbdb mr`s.

EU@V@ @[]P@AM N@D [B[^@AM FBIMIKB@UL A@WBKMIL R DL[ A@UKMNL[ FBIMIKB@UL[ [GKS

A`rkmnls fimikb`rls

KIEV

EMIWBKL

KLI[MU

BSME

KI[F

KLINP[@F

Kmpbtmd`s

Nbi`rl

Nbvbsms

Klalnb`s

[bst`am Emikmrbl

[bst`am Eursíd Lrjmibsals Mx. Kr`n.

N`rbvmnls

MK^BVBNMN ;? FP@I^@[ N@ FBIMIKBMAB@I^LSí FBIMIKBMAB@I^LSí jbií =

Káms n` s`j. y fmizms

 

^MDD@U N@ FBIMI_M[ @strukturm @i dm `strukturm n`d [bst`am Fbimikb`rl A`xbkmil l Imkblimd s` nbstbiju`i `itbnmn`s qu` r`judmi y sup`rvbsmi m dms bistbtukbli`s emikmrbms, eursítbd`s, klapmýáms n` s`jurls y fbmizms klal? dm [`kr`tmrám n` Gmkb`inm y Krânbtl Sÿedbkl ([GKS), dm Klabsbûi Imkblimd Emikmrbm y n` Vmdlr`s (KIEV), dm Klabsbûi Imkblimd n` [`jurls y Fbmizms (KI[F), y `itbnmn`s qu` lp`rmi `d [bst`am Emikmrbl y `d [bst`am Eursítbd. Mutlrbnmn`s [`kr`tmrám n` Gmkb`inm y Krânbtl Sÿedbkl ([GKS)   Emikl n` Aâxbkl (EMIWBKL)  Klabsbûi Imkblimd Emikmrbm y n` Vmdlr`s (KIEV)  Klabsbûi Imkblimd pmrm `d [bst`am n`d Mglrrl n`d U`tbrl (KLI[MU)  Klabsbûi Imkblimd n` [`jurls y Fbmizms (KI[RF)  Klabsbûi Imkblimd pmrm dm N`f`ism n` dls Psumrbls n` dls [`rvbkbls Fbimikb`rls (KLINP[@F)  Bistbtutl n` Srlt`kkbûi md Mglrrl Emikmrbl (BSME)  



[`kr`tmrbm n` Gmkb`inm y Krânbtl Sÿedbkl ([GKS)

Leo`tbvl @s uim n`p`in`ikbm n`d @o`kutbvl @ o`kutbvl F`n`rmd, r`ktlr n` dm @klilaám A`xbkmim. Fmkudtmn`s • N`p`in`ikbm jue`rima`itmd k`itrmdbzmnm, bit`jrmit` n`d pln`r @o`kutbvl F`n`rmd, su tbtudmr `s n`sbjimnl plr `d Sr`sbn`it` n` dm U`pÿedbkm. • [mdvmjumrnm `d smil n`smrrlddl n`d A`rkmnl n` Vmdlr`s. klik`sbli`s dm klistbtukbûi y lp`rmkbûi n` [lkb`nmn`s n` Biv`rsbûi, Kmsms n` Eldsm, [lkb`nmn`s N`pûsbtl y Eldsm n`pmrm Vmdlr`s. •  Mutlrbzm yn`ltlrjm • Bistrua`itm `d fuikblimab`itl n` dms bistbtukbli`s bit`jrmit`s n`d [bst`am Fbimikb`rl A`xbkmil.

Emikl n` Aâxbkl (EMIWBKL) Leo`tbvl Lrjmibsal mutûilal qu` fuij` klal Emikl K`itrmd, `s `d `ikmrjmnl n` mpdbkmr dm Sldátbkm Ali`tmrbm y `d ^bpl n` Kmaebl, tb`i` dm fuikbûi `xkdusbvm n` `abtbr Smp`d Ali`nm y nm fbimikbmab`itl md Jleb`ril F`n`rmd, `stm r`jbnl plr su prlpbm D`y Lrjíibkm. Fmkudtmn`s • U`judm dm kbrkudmkbûi n` ali`nm y fbom dls tbpls n` kmaebl `i r`dmkbûi kli dms nbvbsms `xtrmio`rms. •Lp`rm kli `d Emikl n` U`s`rvm. Klap`ismkbûi n` dms Bistbtukbli`s n` Krânbtl Krânbtl.. • Mkr`nbtm dm Kíamrm n` Klap`ismkbûi •U`vbsm dms r`sldukbli`s n` dm Klabsbûi Imkblimd Emikmrbm y n` Vmdlr`s (KIEV). • U`pr`s`itm md jleb`ril `i `d Flinl Ali`tmrbl Bit`rimkblimd (FAB) y mit` tlnl lrjmibsal audtbimkblimd. 

Klabsbûi Imkblimd Emikmrbm y n` Vmdlr`s (KIEV) LEO@^BVL Lrjmibsal n`sklik`itrmnl n` dm [GKS kli mutlilaám tâkibkm y fmkudtmn`s `o`kutbvms, `ikmrjmnl n` sup`rvbsmr y r`judmr `i `d íaebtl n` su klap`t`ikbm m dms Bistbtukbli`s Fbimikb`rms. 

FMKPD^MN@[ •@s ui ûrjmil qu` n`p`in` n` dm [GKS y su pr`sbn`it` `s n`sbjimnl plr `d [`kr`tmrbl n`d Umal. U`judm udm,, vbjbdm vbjbdm y prlau prlau`v` `v` m dms Bistbt Bistbtukb ukbli` li`ss n` Krânbt Krânbtl, l, qu` pmrtbk pmrtbkbpm bpmi i `i `d a`rkmn a`rkmnl l kli lp`rmk lp`rmkbli bli`s `s n` •U`j fbimikbmab`itl y n` biv`rsbûi. • U`judm `d a`rkmnl n` vmdlr`s y vbjbdm dm n`ebnm les`rvmikbm n` su râjba`i ouránbkl. 

Klabsbûi Imkblimd n`d [bst`am n` Mglrrl pmrm `d U`tbrl (KLI[MU)

MK^BVBNMN ;? FP@I^@[ N@ FBIMIKBMAB@I^LSí FBIMIKBMAB@I^LSí jbií 5

 

^MDD@U N@ FBIMI_M[ Ûrjmil trbpmrtbtm qu` ku`itm kli r`pr`s`itmkbli`s n`d s`ktlr ler`rl, `apr`smrbmd y jue`rima`itmd. [` kr`m `d 55 n`  oudbl n` =22> plr bibkbmtbvm bibkb mtbvm n` d`y pr`s`itmnm plr `d Sln`r @o`kutbvl. N`itrl n` sus prbikbpmd`s fuikbli`s s` `iku`itrm dm vbjbdmikbm y sup`rvbsbûi n` dls pmrtbkbpmit`s `i `d sbst`am n` p`isbli`s. (Mflr`s y[b`flr`s).  KLAB[BLI IMKBLIMD N@ [@JPUL[ R FBMI_M[ (KI[RF) LEO@^BVL @s `d ûrjmil n` klisudtm n`d Jleb`ril F`n`rmd `ikmrjmnl n` vbjbdmr y sup`rvbsmr m dms Bistbtukbli`s n` [`jurls y Fbmizms.

FMKPD^MN@[ •@s ui ûrjmil n`sklik`itrmnl n` dm [GKS. •Bisp`kkblim y vbjbdm dms bistbtukbli`s y dms slkb`nmn`s autumdbstms n` s`jurls. •Bapli` audtms plr bifrmkkbûi m dms nbsplsbkbli`s d`jmd`s klrr`splinb`it`s. râjba`i jba`i ms`jurmnlr y mfbmizmnlr, y dms n`aís qu` dm d`y • Mktÿm klal ku`rpl n` klisudtm n` dm [GKS `i kumitl md râ n`t`rabi`. •Fuij` klal klisudtlr n` dm [GKS `i dl qu` r`sp`ktm m dls r`jáa`i`s ms`jurmnlr y mfbmizmnlr.  Klabsbûi Imkblimd pmrm dm Srlt`kkbûi y N`f`ism n` dls Psumrbls n` [`rvbkbls Fbimikb`rls (KLINP[@F) (KLINP[@F) Lrjmibsal Sÿedbkl N`sk`itrmdbzmnl, Lrjmibsal N`sk`itrmdbzmnl, kuyl leo`tbvl `s prlalv`r, prlalv`r, ms`slrmr, ms`slrmr, prlt`j`r prlt`j`r y n`f`in`r n`f`in`r dls n`r`kgls n`r`kgls ` bit`r`s`s n` dms p`rslims qu` utbdbzmi l klitrmtmi ui prlnuktl l s`rvbkbl fbimikb`rl lfr`kbnl plr dms bistbtukbli`s fbimikb`rms qu` lp`r`i n`itrl n`d t`rrbtlrbl imkblimd, msá klal tmaebâi kr`mr y fla`itmr `itr` dls usumrbls uim kudturm mn`kumnm r`sp`ktl n` dms lp`rmkbli`s y s`rvbkbls fbimikb`rls.

BI[^B^P^L SMUM DM SUL^@KKBÛI MD MGLUUL EMIKMUBL (BSME) Pi lrjmibsal n`sk`itrmdbzmnl n` dm Mnabibstrmkbûi Sÿedbkm F`n`rmd, kli p`rslimdbnmn ouránbkm y pmtrbalibl prlpbl, kr`mnl kli fuinma`itl `i dm D`y n` Srlt`kkbûi md Mglrrl Emikmrbl. Dm D`y fu` puedbkmnm `i `d Nbmrbl Lfbkbmd n` dm F`n`rmkbûi `d =2 n` `i`rl n` =222, y tb`i` klal leo`tbvls prbikbpmd`s `stmed`k`r ui sbst`am n` prlt`kkbûi md mglrrl emikmrbl, klikdubr dls prlk`sls n` smi`mab`itl n` bistbtukbli`s emikmrbms, msá klal mnabibstrmr y v`in`r dls eb`i`s m kmrjl n`d BSME pmrm let`i`r `d aíxbal vmdlr vmd lr plsbed` n` r`kup`rmkbûi.

Emikm Aÿdtbpd` [li dms [lkb`nmn`s Miûibams n` Kmpbtmd Fbol, kli mutlrbzmkbûi n`d jleb`ril f`n`rmd qu` tb`i`i plr leo`tbvl dm pr`stmkbûi n`d s`rvbkbl n` emikm y krânbtl, r`judmnms plr dm D`y n` Bistbtukbli`s n` Krânbtl y sup`rvbsmnms plr dm KIEV y EMIWBKL. 

MK^BVBNMN ;? FP@I^@[ N@ FBIMIKBMAB@I^LSí FBIMIKBMAB@I^LSí jbií ;

 

^MDD@U N@ FBIMI_M[ Emikm n` N`smrrlddl [li `itbnmn`s n` dm Mnabibstrmkbûi Sÿedbkm F`n`rmd kli p`rslimdbnmn ouránbkm y pmtrbalibl prlpbl, klistbtubnms klal [lkb`n [lk b`nmn mn Imkbli Imkblimd md n` Krânbt Krânbtl, l, r`judm r`judmnms nms plr dm D`y n` Bistbt Bistbtukbl ukbli`s i`s n` Krânbt Krânbtl l y plr su prlpbl prlpbl r`jdma r`jdma`it `itl, l, sup`rvbsmnms plr dm KIEV y plr EMIWBKL. 

Mdamk`i`s j`i`rmd`s n` n`pûsbtl N@FBIBKBÛI [li [lkb`nmn`s Miûibams qu` r`qub`r`i pmrm su lrjmibzmkbûi y fuikblimab`itl mutlrbzmkbûi n` dm [GKS. FMKPD^MN@[ a`rkmikáms. •  Mdamk`imab`itl n` a`rkmikáms. •^rmisflramkbûi n` a`rkmikáms n`plsbtmnms, m fbi n` mua`itmr su vmdlr sbi vmrbmr `s`ikbmda`it` su imturmd`zm. KDM[BFBKMKBÛI Elils n` Sr`inm ? [li mqu`ddms qu` pu`n`i r`kbebr eb`i`s l a`rkmikáms qu` mÿi IL s` gmymi pmjmnl dls bapu`stls klrr`splinb`it`s. 

Pibli`s n` krânbtl [li [lkb`nmn`s Miûibams qu` pmrm su klistbtukbûi y lp`rmkbûi r`qub`r`i mutlrbzmkbûi n` dm KIEV, tb`i`i plr leo`tl fmkbdbtmr `d usl n`d krânbtl m sus slkbls kli dls r`kursls qu` `ddls absals r`mdbk`i `i dm uibûi, âstms m su v`z, plnríi pr`stmr su jmrmitám l mvmd m sus slkbls, msá klal let`i`r prâstmals n` Bistbtukbli`s n` Krânbtl, Klapmýáms n` [`jurls y Fbmizms. 

[lkb`nmn`s n` mglrrl y prâstmal [li p`rslims alrmd`s kli p`rslimdbnmn ouránbkm y pmtrbalibl prlpbl n` Kmpbtmd Vmrbmed`, il dukrmtbvms, `i dm qu` dm r`splismebdbnmn n` sus slkbls il s` dbabtm md pmjl n` sus mplrtmkbli`s. R su leo`tbvl `s dm Kmptmkbûi n` r`kursls `xkdusbvma`it` n` sus slkbls, a`nbmit` mktls kmusmit`s n` pmsbvl nbr`ktl l klitbij`it`, ledbjmnm m kuerbr `d prbikbpmd, y `i su kmsl, dls mkk`slrbls fbimikb`rls n` dls r`kursls kmptmnls. 

Mrr`inmnlrms fbimikb`rms [li [lkb`nmn`s Miûibams qu` pmrm su lrjmibzmkbûi y lp`rmkbûi r`qub`r`i n` dm mutlrbzmkbûi n` dm [GKS, tb`i`i plr  leo`tl dm k`d`ermkbûi n` klitrmtls n` mrr`inmab`itls fbimikb`rls kli su kdb`it`dm, qu` klisbst` `i dm mnqubsbkbûi y klik`sbûi n` eb`i`s pmrm usl l jlk` t`aplrmd, m kmaebl n` r`kbebr pmjls pmrkbmd`s klal klitrmpr`stmkbûi. 

 @apr`sms n` fmktlrmo` fbimikb`rl [li [lkb`nmn`s Miûibams qu` pmrm lrjmibzmrs` y lp`rmr r`qub`r` dm mutlrbzmkbûi n` dm [GKS, tb`i`i plr leo`tl mnqubrbr n` sus kdb`it`s n`r`kgls n` krânbtl qu` t`ijmi m su fmvlr r`dmkblimnms kli dm prlv``nurám n` eb`i`s n` s`rvbkbls, m ui pr`kbl n`t`rabimnl8 flramdbzminl nbkgm mnqubsbkbûi plr a`nbl n` ui klitrmtl 

Kmsms n` kmaebl

MK^BVBNMN ;? FP@I^@[ N@ FBIMIKBMAB@I^LSí FBIMIKBMAB@I^LSí jbií >

 

^MDD@U N@ FBIMI_M[ [li [lkb`nmn`s Miûibams kli mutlrbzmkbûi n` dm [GKS qu` r`mdbzmi `i flram gmebtumd y prlf`sblimd lp`rmkbli`s n` klaprm-v`itm y kmaebl n` nbvbsms kli `d pÿedbkl p ÿedbkl n`itrl n`d t`rrbtlrbl imkblimd.

Eldsm A`xbkmim n` Vmdlr`s ; N@FBIBKBÛI A`rkmnl Fbimikb`rl `i nlin` s` klaprmi l v`in`i mkkbli`s, ledbjmkbli`s, elils y ltrls mktbvls fbi fbimikb mikb`rl `rls, s, m trmvâs trmvâs n` bit`ra bit`ra`nbm `nbmrbl rblss fbi fbimik mikb`r b`rls. ls. @s uim lrjmib lrjmibzmk zmkbûi bûi pmrm pmrm dm klaprm klaprm-v` -v`itm itm n` vmdlr` vmdlr`ss qu` 

ilramda`it` r`ÿi` dls r`qubsbtls n` ui a`rkmnl lrjmibzmnl? Flrl n` lp`rmkbûi, bit`ra`nbmrbls, mutlrbnmn`s y r`jdms n` biskrbpkbûi.  MK^BVBNMN@[ • @stmed`k` dlkmd`s, bistmdmkbli`s y a`kmibsals qu` fmkbdbt`i dms r`dmkbli`s y lp`rmkbli`s `itr` dm lf`rtm y n`aminm n` vmdlr`s. • Srlplrkblim y amitb`i` m nbsplsbkbûi n`d pÿedbkl biflramkbûi sler` dls vmdlr`s biskrbtls y dls dbstmnls `i `d [bst`am Bit`rimkblimd n` Kltbzmkbli`s n` dm prlpbm Eldsm. • V`dm plr `d `strbktl mp`jl n` dms mktbvbnmn`s n` sus slkbls m dms nbsplsbkbli`s qu` d`s s`mi mpdbkmed`s. • K`rtbfbkm dms kltbzmkbli`s `i dm Eldsm. FMKPD^MN@[ • K`rtbfbkm dms lp`rmkbli`s qu` `i `ddm s` r`mdbk`i. • [usp`in` dms kltbzmkbli`s n` vmdlr`s kuminl s` prlnuzkmi klinbkbli`s n`slrn`imnms y lp`rmkbli`s il kliflra` m smils usls l prmktbkms n`d a`rkmnl.

Kmsms n` Eldsm N@FBIBKBÛI [li bit`ra`nbmrbls eursítbd`s klistbtubnls klal [lkb`nmn`s Miûibams n` Kmpbtmd Vmrbmed`. Mutlrbzmnls plr dm [GKS y dm KIEV pmrm lp`rmr `i `d pbsl n` r`amt`s n` dm EAV l a`nbmit` `d [bst`am Mutlamtbzmnl n` ^rmismkkbûi n` Lp`rmkbli`s ([M^L), kli t`rabimd`s `i sus prlpbms bistbtukbli`s. FPIKBLI@[ • U`mdbzm lp`rmkbli`s qu` fmkbdbtmi dm kldlkmkbûi n` vmdlr`s. • Srlplrkblim s`rvbkbls n` jumrnm y mnabibstrmkbûi n` vmdlr`s. • U`mdbzm lp`rmkbli`s kli kmrjl m su kmpbtmd pmjmnl y r`s`rvms n` kmpbtmd. •  Mktÿm klal aminmtmrbls n` dls biv`rsblibstms `i `d pbsl n` r`a r`amt`. mt`. 

 @sp`kbmdbstm eursítbd  MK^BVBNMN@[

• U`mdbzm lp`rmkbli`s plr ku`itm prlpbm r`sp`ktl m dls vmdlr`s `i qu` s`mi `sp`kbmdbstms. MK^BVBNMN ;? FP@I^@[ N@ FBIMIKBMAB@I^LSí FBIMIKBMAB@I^LSí jbií 0

 

^MDD@U N@ FBIMI_M[ • Amitb`i` `i jumrnm y mnabibstrmkbûi sus vmdlr`s n`plsbtminl dls tátudls `i uim Bistbtukbûi pmrm `d N`pûsbtl n` Vmdlr`s. • U`mdbzm biv`rsbli`s kli kmrjl m su Kmpbtmd Jdlemd.

Bistbtutl pmrm `d N`pûsbtl n` Vmdlr`s (BIN@VMD) N@FBIB N@F BIBKBÛ KBÛI I Lr Lrjmib jmibzmk zmkbûi bûi `stmed `stmed`kb `kbnm nm `i =2:7 =2:7 pmrm pmrm dm kustln kustlnbm, bm, klap`i klap`ismk smkbûi bûi,, dbqubn dbqubnmkb mkbûi, ûi, trmisf trmisf`r` `r`ikb ikbm m y mnabibstrmkbûi n` vmdlr`s. KMUMK^@UB[^BKM[

•  Mutlrbzmnm plr dm [GKS pmrm su klistbtukbûi. klistbtukbûi. • [lkb`nmn Miûibam n` Kmpbtmd Vmrbmed`. • @i `d Kmpbtmd [lkbmd il s` tb`i` n`r`kgl m r`tbrl, ym qu` n`e` n` `stmr áit`jrma`it` pmjmnl. • ßibkma`it` pu`n` s`r slkbls dms Kmsms n` Eldsm, @sp`kbmdbstms Eursítbd`s, Eldsm n` Vmdlr`s, Bistbtukbli`s n` Krânbtl y Klapmýáms. N` [`jurls y Fbmizms.

Klapmýáms n` s`jurls y fbimizms Klapmýáms n` s`jurls N@FBIBKBÛI [li [lkb`nmn`s Miûibams mutlrbzmnms plr dm [GKS [ GKS pmrm r`mdbzmr lp`rmkbli`s n` s`jurls, s` rbj` plr dm D`y J`i`rmd n` Bistbtukbli`s n` [`jurls y sli sup`rvbsmnms plr dm KI[RF.  MK^BVBNMN@[ U`mdbzmi U`md bzmi lp`rmkbli`s n` s`jurls n` vbnm, mkkbn`it`s y `if`ra`nmn`s, nmýls, r`splismebdbnmn kbvbd y  

rb`sjl prlf`sblimd`s, amrátbal y trmisplrt`, bik`inbl.  Klapmýáms n` fbmizms [li [lkb`nmn`s [lkb`nmn`s Miûibams Miûibams mutlrbzmnms mutlrbzmnms plr dm [GKS kuyl leo`tl `s ltlr ltlrjmr jmr fbmizms m tátudl tátudl li`rlsl, s` rbj`i plr dm D`y F`n`rm F`n`rmdd n` Bistbt Bistbtukb ukbli` li`ss n` Fbmizms Fbmizms y sli sup`rv sup`rvbsmn bsmnms ms plr dm KI[RF KI[RF Klioui Kliouitl tl n` trmism trmismkkb kkbli` li`ss sler` sler` bistrua`it bistr ua`itls ls r`pr`s`it r`pr`s`itmtbvls mtbvls n` vmdlr`s vmdlr`s nbsplibed`s, nbsplibed`s, i`jlkbmed`s, i`jlkbmed`s, qu` pu`n`i pu`n`i s`r leo`tl n` kla`rkbmdbz kla`rkbmdbzmkbûi mkbûi kuym r`judmkbûi `s prlpbm `i kmnm tátudl @s `d `spmkbl nlin` s` r`ÿi`i lf`r`it`s y n`aminmit`s n` vmdlr`s pmrm r`mdbzmr  i`jlkbmkbli`s

Amrkl d`jmd n` dms Fbimizms @d amrkl d`jmd n` dms fbimizms s` r`fb`r` m dms ilrams `i nbf`r`it`s msp`ktls klal sli? D`y n`d A`rkmnl n` Vmdlr`s (DAV), D`y n` dm Klabsbûi Imkblimd Emikmrbm y n` Vmdlr`s (DKIEV), D`y n` dms [lkb`nmn`s n` Biv`rsbûi, D`y J`i`rmd n` ^átudls y Lp`rmkbli`s n` Krânbtl, D`y n` [lkb`nmn`s A`rkmitbd`s, Kbrkudmr`s n` dm KIEV? s`rb`=3, pmrm kmsms n` eldsm8 s`rb` ==, pmrms `abslrms8 s`rb` =5, pmrm slkb`nmn`s n` biv`rsbûi8 s`rb` =;, pmrm mjrupmkbli`s fbimikb`rms. Kbrkudmr`s n`d Emikl n` Aâxbkl (Emixbkl), y dm D`y n` Srlt`kkbûi y N`f`ism md Psumrbl n` [`rvbkbls Fbimikb`rls. @stms d`y`s `stíi klitbiuma`it` `i r`vbsbûi y mktumdbzmkbûi, y s` nmi m klilk`r plr dm `itbnmn klrr`splinb`it` `i `d ala`itl `i qu` s` r`mdbzm.  Msá pln`als klikdubr qu` `d A`rk A`rkmnl mnl Fbimikb`rl Imkblimd Imkblimd sli dms bistbtukbli`s qu` kliflrami `d a`rkmnl n` vmdlr`s klal? Eldsm A`xbkmim n` Vmdlr`s (EAV)8 [lkb`nmn`s Lp`rmnlrms n` [lkb`nmn`s n` Biv`rsbûi8 Mflr`s (âstms sli `itbnmn`s fbimikb`rms n`nbkmnms m biv`rtbr y mnabibstrmr dls r`kursls n` dms ku`itms binbvbnumd`s n` mglrrl pmrm `d r`tbrl n` dls trmemomnlr`s mfbdbmnls md Bistbtutl A`xbkmil n`d [`jurl [lkbmd)8 Bistbtukbli`s n` krânbtl (kliflramnms plr  Emikms n` N`smrrlddl qu` sli [lkb`nmn`s Imkblimd`s n` Krânbtl ([IK) `ikmrjmnms n` erbinmr mplyl kr`nbtbkbl m mktbvb mkt bvbnmn nmn`s `s klisbn` klisbn`rmn rmnms ms prb prblrb lrbtmr tmrbms bms pmrm pmrm `d n`smrr n`smrrldd lddl l n`d pmás)8 pmás)8 Emikm Emikm Aÿdtb Aÿdtbpd` pd` (sli (sli slkb`n slkb`nmn` mn`ss miûiba miûibams ms mutlrb mut lrbzmn zmnms ms plr dm [GKS pmrm pmrm r`mdbz r`mdbzmr mr lp`rmk lp`rmkbli bli`s `s pmsbvm pmsbvmss y mktbvms mktbvms n` krânbt krânbtl)8 l)8 Nbstrb Nbstrbeubn eubnlrm lrmss n` mkkbli mkkbli`s8 `s8 @sp`kbmdbstms Eursítbd`s8 Klitrmpmrt`s k`itrmd`s8 Vmdumnlr`s n` [lkb`nmn`s n` Biv`rsbûi8 @apr`sms qu` mnabibstrmi a`kmibsals pmrm fmkbdbtmr dms lp`rmkbli`s kli vmdlr`s (erlh`rs n` a`rkmnl n` nbi`rl)8 Srlv``nlr n` pr`kbls, Bistbtutl pmrm `d N`pûsbtl n` Vmdlr`s (Bin`vmd). @i `d A`rkmnl Fbimikb`rl Imkblimd gmy mutlrbnmn`s r`dmkblimnms kli `d fuikblimab`itl n`d a`rkmnl n` vmdlr`s klal? dm [`kr`tmrám n` Gmkb`inm y Krânbtl Sÿedbkl ([GKS), lrjmibsal n`d jleb`ril f`n`rmd y aíxbam mutlrbnmn `i dm `strukturm n`d sbst`am fbimikb`rl a`xbkmil8 dm Klabsbûi Imkblimd Emikmrbm y n` Vmdlr`s (KIEV), kuym fbimdbnmn `s MK^BVBNMN ;? FP@I^@[ N@ FBIMIKBMAB@I^LSí FBIMIKBMAB@I^LSí jbií 6

 

^MDD@U N@ FBIMI_M[ sup`rvbsm sup`rv bsmrr `d fuikbl fuikblima imab`it b`itl l n` dms bis bistbt tbtukb ukbli` li`ss fbi fbimik mikb`r b`rms ms mfb mfbdbmn dbmnms ms pmrm pmrm jmrmit jmrmitbzm bzmrr tr trmis mispmr pmr`ik `ikbm bm `i sus lp`rmkbli`s8 U`jbstrl Imkblimd n` Vmdlr`s (UIV), su fuikbûi `s amit`i`r `d klitrld y r`jbstrl n` dls vmdlr`s y dls bit`ra`nbmrbls `i `d a`rkmnl8 Emikl n` Aâxbkl (Emixbkl), mdjuims n` sus fuikbli`s sli? r`vbsmr dms r`sldukbli`s n` dm KIEV, pr`stmr s`rvbkbls n` t`slr`rám n`d jleb`ril f`n`rmd y dm `absbûi n` ali`nm8 Eldsm A`xbkmim n` Vmdlr`s [.M. n` K.V. (EAV), dm kumd `s uim bistbtukbûi prbvmnm qu` lp`rm emol klik`sbûi n` dm [GKS, n` mku`rnl kli dms ilrams n` dm D`y A`xbkmim n` Vmdlr`s, sus nu`ýls sli dms kmsms n` eldsm mutlrbzmnms, kli uim mkkbûi kmnm uim.

VBN@L[ SMUM U@FLU_MU KLILKBAB@I^L[ N@D EDL]P@ B  gttps?//www.ylutue`.kla/wmtkg  gttps?//www.ylutue`.kla/wmtkg 

—Smsl =? Klapr`in`r klal fuikblimi dls a`rkmnls fbimikb`rls, Dbli^rmn`r‑

MK^BVBNMN ;? FP@I^@[ N@ FBIMIKBMAB@I^LSí FBIMIKBMAB@I^LSí jbií :

 

^MDD@U N@ FBIMI_M[ EDL]P@ BB? FP@I^@[ N@ FBIMIKBMAB@I^L

Bitrlnukkbûi N` tlnms dms mktbvbnmn`s n` ui i`jlkbl, dm n` r`uibr `d kmpbtmd `s n` dms aís baplrtmit`s. Dm flram n` klis`jubr `s` kmpbtmd, `s m dl qu` s` ddmam fbimikbmab`itl. M trmvâs n` dls fbimikbmab`itls, s` d` erbinmn` dm plsbebdbnmn m dms `apr`sms, n` amit`i`r `stmed` y `fbkb`it`, msáamylr  klal tmaebâi s`jubr sus mktbvbnmn`s kla`rkbmd`s8 `stl uim trm` `klilaám klal klis`ku`ikbm, ltlrjmr ui mplrt` md s`ktlr `kliûabkl md kumd pmrtbkbpmi.

Fu`it`s n` fbimikbmab`itl Fu`it`s n` fbimikbmab`itl Fu`it`s fbimikbmab`itl Dls mglrrls p`rslimd p`rslimd`s? `s? Smrm dm amylrám n` dls i`jlkbls, dm prbikbpmd prbikbpmd fu`it` n` kmpbtmd, prlvb`i` n` mglrrls y ltrms flrams n` r`kursls p`rslimd`s. Fr`ku`it`a`it`, tmaebâi s` su`d`i utbdbzmr dms tmro`tms n` krânbtl pmrm fbimikbmr dms i`k`sbnmn`s n` dls i`jlkbls. Dls mabjls y dls pmrb`it`s? Dms fu`it`s prbvmnms klal dls mabjls y dm fmabdbm, sli ltrm lpkbûi n` klis`jubr nbi`rl, âst` s` pr`stm sbi bit`r`s`s l m uim tmsm n` bit`râs emom, dl kumd `s auy e`iâfbkl pmrm pm rm bi bibk bkbm bmrr dm dmss lp` lp`rm rmkb kbli li`s `s.. Em Emik ikls ls y Pi Pibl bli`s i`s n` Kr Krânb ânbtl tl?? Dms fu`i fu`it` t`ss aí aíss kla klaui ui`s `s n` fbimikbmab`itl sli dls emikls y dms uibli`s n` krânbtl. ^md`s bistbtukbli`s prlplrkblimríi `d prâstmal, sldl sb `d bit`r`smnl `i let`i`r `d krânbtl n`au`strm qu` su sldbkbtun `stí eb`i  oustbfbkmnm. Dms `apr`sms n` kmpbtmd n` biv`rsbûi? @stms `apr`sms pr`stmi myunm m dms klapmýáms qu` s` `iku`itrmi `i `xpmisbûi y/l kr`kbab`itl, m kmaebl n` mkkbli`s l bit`râs pmrkbmd `i `d i`jlkbl.

Fbimikbmab`itls m klrtl pdmzl Dls Fbimikbmab`itls m Klrtl Sdmzl, `stíi kliflramnls plr? Krânbtls Kla`rkbmd`s, Krânbtls Emikmrbls, Smjmrâs, Dái`ms n` Krânbtl, Smp`d`s Kla`rkbmd`s, Fbimikbmab`itl plr a`nbl n` dms Ku`itms plr Klermr, Fbimikbmab`itl plr a`nbl n` dls Biv`itmrbls. Krânbtl Kla`rkbmd? @s `d usl qu` s` d` gmk` m dms ku`itms plr pmjmr n` dm `apr`sm, n`d pmsbvl m klrtl pdmzl mkuaudmnl, klal dls bapu`stls m pmjmr, klermr n`d ui fbimikbmab`itl n` biv`it biv`itmrb mrbl l kla klal l fu` fu`it` it`ss n` r`k r`kursl ursls. s. V`itmoms V`itm oms dms n`d ku`itms krâ krânbt nbtl l plr kla kla`rkb `rkbmd md y@s a`n a`nbl bl aís `qubdbermnl `qubd bermnl y a`ils klstlsl n` let`i let`i`r `r r`kursls. Nm lplrtuibnmn m dms `apr`s `apr`sms ms n` mjbdbz mjbdbzmr mr sus lp`rmkbli`s kla`rkbmd`s. N`sv`itmoms n`d krânbtl kla`rkbmd @xbst` sb`apr` `d rb`sjl n` qu` `d mkr``nlr il kmik`d` dm n`unm, dl qu` trm` klal klis`ku`ikbm uim plsbed` bit`rv`ikbûi d`jmd. [b dm i`jlkbmkbûi s` gmk` m krânbtl s` n`e`i kmik`dmr tmsms pmsbvms. Krânbtl Emikmrbl? @s ui tbpl n` fbimikbmab`itl m klrtl pdmzl qu` dms `apr`sms letb`i`i plr a`nbl n` dls emikls kli dls kumd`s `stmed`k`i r`dmkbli`s fuikblimd`s. [u baplrtmikbm rmnbkm `i qu` gly `i nám, `s uim n` dms ami`rms aís utbdbzmnms plr pmrt` n` dms `apr`sms pmrm let`i`r ui fbimikbmab`itl. V`itmoms n` ui krânbtl emikmrbl Dm fd`xbebdbnmn qu` `d emikl au`str` `i sus klinbkbli`s, dd`vm m aís prlemebdbnmn`s n` i`jlkbmr ui prâstmal qu` s` moust` m dms i`k`sbnmn`s n` dm `apr`sm, `stl j`i`rm ui a`olr maeb`it` pmrm lp`rmr y let`i`r utbdbnmn`s. S`rabt` m dms lrjmibzmkbli`s `stmebdbzmrs` `i kmsl n` mpurls kli r`sp`ktl kmpbtmd. N`sv`itmoms n`d krânbtl emikmrbl Pi emikl auy `strbktl `i sus klinbkbli`s, pu`n` md dbabtmr s`rbma`it` dm fmkbdbnmn n` MK^BVBNMN ;? FP@I^@[ N@ FBIMIKBMAB@I^LSí FBIMIKBMAB@I^LSí jbií 7

 

^MDD@U N@ FBIMI_M[ lp`rmkbûi y mktumr `i klitrm n` dms utbdbnmn`s n` dm `apr`sm. Pi Krânbtl Emikmrbl mkmrr`m tmsm pmsbvm qu` dm `apr`sm n`e` kmik`dmr `splrínbkma`it` md emikl plr klik`ptl n` bit`r`s`s. Smjmrâ? @s ui bistrua`itl i`jlkbmed`, `s uim biklinbkblimd plr `skrbtl, nbrbjbnm n` uim p`rslim m ltrm, fbramnm plr `d flraudmit` n`d pmjmrâ, `i nlin` s` klaprla`t` m pmjmr m su pr`s`itmkbûi, `i uim f`kgm fbom l tb`apl futurl n`t`rabimed`, kb`rtm kmitbnmn n` nbi`rl ouitl kli dls bit`r`s`s m uim tmsm `sp`kbfbkmnm m dm lrn`i y md plrtmnlr. Dls pmjmrâs s` n`rbvmi n` dm v`itm n` a`rkmikám, n` prâstmals `i `f`ktbvl, l n` dm kliv`rsbûi n` uim ku`itm klrrb`it`. Dls pmjmrâs plr dl j`i`rmd, dd`vmi bit`r`s`s, dls kumd`s s` klivb`rt` `i ui jmstl pmrm `d jbrmnlr y ui bijr`sl pmrm `d e`i`fbkbmrbl. @stls bistrua`itls i`jlkbmed`s s` n`e`i pmjmr m su v`ikbab`itl. Gmy kmsls `i dls qu` il `s plsbed` klermr `d pmjmrâ m su v`ikbab`itl, plr dl qu` s` r`qub`r` n` mkkbûi d`jmd. V`itmoms n`d pmjmrâ [` pmjm `i `f`ktbvl. Gmy mdtm s`jurbnmn n` pmjl, md ala`itl n` r`mdbzmr  mdjuim lp`rmkbûi kla`rkbmd. N`sv`itmoms n` dls pmjmrâs Dm mkkbûi d`jmd, md ala`itl n` surjbr  mdjÿi bikuapdbab`itl `i `d pmjl. Dái`m n` Krânbtl? [bjibfbkm nbi`rl sb`apr` nbsplibed` `i `d emikl, p`rl nurmit` ui p`rálnl kliv`ibnl n` mit`amil. Dm dái`m n` krânbtl `s baplrtmit`, plrqu` `d emikl `stí n` mku`rnl `i pr`stmrd` m dm `apr`sm gmstm uim kmitbnmn aíxbam, y n`itrl ui p`rálnl n`t`rabimnl, `i `d ala`itl qu` dl sldbkbt`. Muiqu` j`i`rmda`it` il klistbtuy` uim ledbjmkbûi d`jmd `itr` dms nls pmrt`s,prâstmal dm dái`m n` krânbtl sb`apr` r`sp`tmnm plr `d emikl y `vbtm dmDms i`jlkbmkbûi n`uim ui iu`vl kmnm v`z `s qu`kmsb dm `apr`sm i`k`sbtm nbspli`r n` r`kursls. v`itmoms n` dái`m n` krânbtl @s ui `f`ktbvl8 kli `d qu` dm `apr`sm pu`n` klitmr. N`sv`itmoms n` uim dái`m n` krânbtl [` n`e` pmjmr ui plrk`itmo` n` bit`râs kmnm v`z qu` dm dái`m n` krânbtl `s utbdbzmnm. @st` tbpl n` fbimikbmab`itl, `stí r`s`rvmnl pmrm dls kdb`it`s aís sldv`it`s n`d emikl, y `i kmsl n` nmrdl, `d emikl pu`n` p`nbr ltrms jmrmitáms mit`s n` `xt`in`r dm dái`m n` krânbtl. Dm `xbj`ikbm m dm `apr`sm plr pmrt` n`d emikl pmrm qu` amit`ijm dm dái`m n` krânbtl Dbapbm, pmjminl tlnms dms nbsplsbkbli`s qu` s` gmymi g`kgl. Smp`d`s Kla`rkbmd`s? @stm fu`it` n` fbimikbmab`itl m klrtl pdmzl, klisbst` `i dls pmjmrâs il jmrmitbzmnls n` jrmin`s ` baplrtmit`s `apr`sms qu` mnqub`r`i dls emikls, dms klapmýáms n` s`jurls, dls flinls n` p`isbli`s y mdjuims `apr`sms binustrbmd`s qu` n`s`mi biv`rtbr m klrtl pdmzl r`kursls t`aplrmd`s `xk`n`it`s. @d pmp`d kla`rkbmd klal n` fu`it` n` r`kursls m klrtl pdmzl, sus `s a`ils klstlsl qu` `d krânbtl emikmrbl y `s ui klapd`a`itl dls prâstmals emikmrbls usumd`s. usumd` s. @d `apd`l n`d pmp`d kla`rkbmd, kla`rkbmd, `s ltrm mdt`rimt mdt`rimtbvm bvm n` fbimik fbimikbmab` bmab`itl itl kuminl dls emikls il pu`n`i prlplrkblimrdls `i dls p`rálnls n` nbi`rl mpr`tmnl l kuminl dms i`k`sbnmn`s dm `apr`sm sli amylr`s m dls dáabt`s n` fbimikbmab`itl qu` lfr`k`i dls emikls. @s auy baplrtmit` s`ýmdmr qu` `d usl n`d pmp`d kla`rkbmd `s pmrm fbimikbmr i`k`sbnmn`s n` klrtl pdmzl, klal `s `d kmpbtmd n` trmemol, y il pmrm fbimikbmr mktbvls n` kmpbtmd m dmrjl pdmzl. V`itmoms n`d pmp`d kla`rkbmd @s uim fu`it` n` fbimikbmab`itl a`ils klstlsm qu` `d Krânbtl Emikmrbl. [brv` pmrm fbimikbmr  i`k`sbnmn`s m klrtl pdmzl, klal `d kmpbtmd n` trmemol. N`sv`itmoms Dms `absbli`s n` Smp`d Kla`rkbmd il `stíi jmrmitbzmnms. N`e`i br mklapmýmnls n` uim dái`m n` krânbtl l uim kmrtm n` krânbtl `i nbfbkudtmn`s n` pmjl. Dm i`jlkbmkbûi plr `st` a`nbl, j`i`rm ui klstl plr klik`ptl n` uim tmsm prbam. Fbimikbmab`itl plr a`nbl n` dms Ku`itms plr Klermr (fmktlrmo` fbimikb`rl)? Klisbst` `i v`in`r dms ku`itms plr klermr n` dm `apr`sm m ui fmktlr (mj`it` n` v`itms l klaprmnlr n` ku`itms plr  MK^BVBNMN ;? FP@I^@[ N@ FBIMIKBMAB@I^LSí FBIMIKBMAB@I^LSí jbií 2

 

^MDD@U N@ FBIMI_M[ klermr) kliflra` m ui kliv`ibl i`jlkbmnl pr`vbma`it`, kli `d fbi n` klis`jubr r`kursls pmrm biv`rtbrdls `i `ddm. V`itmoms @st` aâtlnl mplrtm vmrbls e`i`fbkbls, `itr` `ddls `stíi? @s a`ils klstlsl pmrm dm `apr`sm. Nbsabiuy` `d rb`sjl n` bikuapdbab`itl, sb dm `apr`sm n`kbn` v`in`r dms ku`itms sbi r`splismebdbnmn. Il gmy klstl n` klermizm, pu`stl qu` `xbst` ui mj`it` `ikmrjmnl n` kler klermr mr dms dms ku`i ku`itm tms. s. Il gm gmyy klst klstl l n` n`dd n` n`pm pmrt rtma ma`i `itl tl n` kr krân ânbtbtl. l. Slr Slr a`nb a`nbl l n` `st` `st` fbimikbmab`itl, dm `apr`sm pu`n` let`i`r r`kursls kli rmpbn`z y príktbkma`it` sbi ibijÿi r`trmsl klstl. N`sv`itmoms @d klstl plr klik`ptl n` klabsbûi ltlrjmnl md mj`it`. Dm plsbebdbnmn n` uim bit`rv`ikbûi d`jmd plr bikuapdbab`itl n`d klitrmtl. Fbimikbmab`itl plr a`nbl n` dls Biv`itmrbls? Smrm `st` tbpl n` fbimikbmab`itl, s` utbdbzm `d biv`itmrbl n` dm `apr`sm klal jmrmitám n` ui prâstmal, `i `st` kmsl `d mkr``nlr tb`i` `d n`r`kgl n` tlamr pls`sbûi n` `stm jmrmitám, `i kmsl n` qu` dm `apr`sm n`o` n` kuapdbr. @s baplrtmit` plrqu` p`rabt` m dls nbr`ktlr`s n` dm `apr`sm, usmr su biv`itmrbl klal fu`it` n` r`kursls, kli `stm a`nbnm y n` mku`rnl kli dms flrams `sp`káf `sp`káfbkms bkms n` fbimik fbimikbmab` bmab`itl itl usumd`s klal? N`pûsb N`pûsbtl tl `i Mdamkâi Sÿedbkl, `d Mdamk`imab`itl `i dm Fmerbkm, `d U`kbel `i Kustlnbm, dm Jmrmitám Fdltmit` y dm Gbplt`km, s` pu`n`i let`i`r r`kursls. V`itmoms n` `st` fbimikbmab`itl fbimikbmab`itl.. S`rabt` mprlv`kgmr  uim baplrtmit` pb`zm n` dm `apr`sm klal `s su biv`itmrbl. D` nm dm lplrtuibnmn m dm lrjmibzmkbûi, n` gmk`r aís nbiíabkm sus mktbvbnmn`s. N`sv`itmoms D` j`i`rm ui Klstl n` Fbimikbmab`itl md n`unlr. @d n`unlr klrr` rb`sjl n` p`rn`r su biv`itmrbl (jmrmitám), `i kmsl n` il pln`r kmik`dmr `d klitrmtl. Dls Fbi Fbimikb mikbmab mab`it `itls ls m Dmr Dmrjl jl Sdm Sdmzl zl, `st `stíi íi kli kliflr flramn amnls ls plr? Gbp Gbplt` lt`km, km, Mkkbli Mkkbli`s, `s, Elils, Elils,  Mrr`inmab`itl Fbimikb`rl, Mplyls qu` ltlrjm dm [`kr`tmrám n` @klilaám, Abkrlkrânbtls, @^K. Gbplt`km? @s kuminl uim prlpb`nmn n`d n`unlr pmsm m amils n`d pr`stmab Gbplt`km? pr`stmabstm stm (mkr``nlr) m fbi n` jmrmitbzmr `d pmjl n`d prâstmal. Pim gbplt`km il `s uim ledbjmkbûi m pmjmr plr qu` `d n`unlr `s `d qu` ltlrjm dm gbplt`km y `d mkr``nlr `s `d qu` dm r`kbe`, `i kmsl n` qu` `d pr`stmabstm l mkr``nlr il kmik`d` nbkgm gbplt`km, âstm d` s`rí mrr`emtmnm y pmsmrí m amils n`d pr`stmtmrbl l n`unlr. Dm fbimdbnmn n` dms gbplt`kms pmrm `d pr`stmabstm `s let`i`r mdjÿi mktbvl fbol, ab`itrms qu` pmrm `d pr`stmtmrbl `s `d t`i`r s`jurbnmn n` pmjl plr a`nbl n` nbkgm gbplt`km, msá klal `d let`i`r  jmimikbm n` dm absam plr a`nbl n` dls bit`r`s` j`i`rmnls. V`itmoms n` dm gbplt`km Smrm `d n`unlr l pr`stmtmrbl, `stl `s r`itmed` n`ebnl m dm plsbebdbnmn n` let`i`r jmimikbm plr a`nbl n` dls bit`r`s`s lp`rmkbûi. pr`stmtmrbl n` il let`i`r p`rnbnm, ltlrjm ltl rjmrr `dj`i`rmnls prâs prâstma tmal. l. n` @d nbkgm pr`s pr`stma tmabst bstm m tb` tb`i` i`Nm dm s`jurbnmn pls plsbeb bebdbn dbnmn mnmdn` mnqu mnqubrb brbrr ui eb` eb`i. i. N`s N`sv`it v`itmom moms. s. md Md pr`stmabstm d` j`i`rm uim ledbjmkbûi mit` t`rk`rls. @d rb`sjl n` qu` surom kb`rtm bit`rv`ikbûi d`jmd, n`ebnl m fmdtm n` pmjl.  Mkkbli`s? @s dm pmrtbkbpmkbûi pmtrbalibmd l n` kmpbtmd n` ui mkkblibstm, n`itrl n` dm lrjmibzmkbûi m dm qu` p`rt`i`k`. Dms mkkbli`s sli baplrtmit`s, ym qu` abn`i `d ibv`d n` pmrtbkbpmkbûi y dl qu` d` klrr`splin` m ui mkkblibstm plr pmrt` n` dm lrjmibzmkbûi m dm qu` r`pr`s`itm, eb`i s`m plr  klik`ptl klik`pt l n` nbvbn` nbvbn`inls, inls, n`r`kgls n` dls mkkblibstms, n`r`kgls pr`f`r`ikb pr`f`r`ikbmd`s, md`s, `tk. V`itm V`itmoms oms Dms mkkbli`s pr`f`r`it`s nmi `d `apuo` i`k`smrbl y n`s`mnl md bijr`sl. Dms mkkbli`s pr`f`r`it`s sli pmrtbkudmra`it` ÿtbd`s pmrm dms i`jlkbmkbli`s n` fusbûi y mnqubsbkbûi n` `apr`sms. N`sv`itmoms Nbduy` `d klitrld n` dls mktumd`s mkkblibstms. @d mdtl `d klstl n` `absbûi n` mkkbli`s. Elils? Elil s? @s ui bi bist strua rua`i `itl tl `s `skrb krbtl tl k` k`rt rtbfbfbk bkmnl mnl,, `i `d kumd kumd `d pr pr`s `stm tmtm tmrb rbl l gm gmk` k` dm pr prla la`s `sm m biklinbkblimd, n` pmjmr uim suam `sp`kbfbkmnm y `i uim f`kgm n`t`rabimnm, ouitl kli dls MK^BVBNMN ;? FP@I^@[ N@ FBIMIKBMAB@I^LSí FBIMIKBMAB@I^LSí jbií =3

 

^MDD@U N@ FBIMI_M[ bit`r`s`s kmdkudmnls m uim tmsm n`t`rabimnm y `i f`kgms n`t`rabimnms. Dm `absbûi n` elils pu`n` s`r v`itmolsm sb sus mkkblibstms mkkblibstms il klapmrt klapmrt`i `i su prlpb` prlpb`nmn nmn y dms utbdbnm utbdbnmn`s n`s n` dm `apr`sm kli iu`vls mkkblibstms. @d n`r`kgl n` `abtbr elils vb`i` n` dm fmkudtmn pmrm tlamr nbi`rl pr`stmnl qu` dm d`y ltlrjm m dms slkb`nmn`s miûibams. V`itmoms n` dls elils klal flram n` fbimikbmab`itl [li fíkbd`s n` v`in`r, ym ku`stmi a`ils. @d `apd`l n` dls elils il kmaebm, ib mabilrm mabilr m `d klitrld n` dls mktumd mktumd`s `s mkkblibstm mkkblibstms. s. Kli dls elils, s` a`olrm dm dbqubn`z dbqubn`z y dm sbtumkbû sbtumkbûi i n` kmpbtmd kmpbtmd n` trm trmemo emol l n` dm `ap `apr`sm r`sm.. N`sv`it N`sv`itmom momss Dm `apr`s `apr`sm m n`e` t`i` t`i`rr aukg aukgl l kub kubnmnl nmnl md ala`itl n` biv`rtbr n`itrl n` `st` a`rkmnl, bifûra`s`.  Mrr`inmab`itl Fbimikb`rl? Klitrmtl qu` s` i`jlkbm `itr` `d prlpb`tmrbl pr lpb`tmrbl n` dls eb`i`s ( mkr``nlr) y dm `apr`sm (mrr`inmtmrbl), m dm kumd s` d` p`rabt` `d usl n` `sls eb`i`s nurmit` ui p`rálnl n`t`rabimnl n`t`ra bimnl y a`nbm a`nbmit` it` `d pmjl n` uim r`itm `sp`ká `sp`káfbkm, fbkm, dms `stbpudmkb `stbpudmkbli`s li`s pu`n`i vmrbmr s`jÿi s`m dm sbtumkbûi y dms i`k`sbnmn`s n` kmnm uim n` dms pmrt`s. Dm baplrtmikbm n`d mrr`inmab`itl rmnbkm `i dm fd`xbebdbnmn qu` pr`stm pmrm dm `apr`sm, nm plsbebdbnmn`s n` mnlptmr ui kmaebl n` pdmi`s bia`nbmtl, n` `apr`in`r uim mkkbûi il pr`vbstm kli `d fbi n` mprlv`kgmr uim eu`im lplrtuibnmn l n` moustmrs` m dls kmaebls qu` lkurrmi `i a`nbl n` dm lp`rmkbûi. @d mrr`inmab`itl s` pr`stm plr pmrt`s, dl qu` p`rabt` m dm `apr`sm r`kurrbr m `st` a`nbl pmrm mnqubrbr p`qu`ýls mktbvls. Dls pmjls n` mrr`inmab`itl sli n`nukbed`s n`d bapu`stl klal jmstl n` lp`rmkbûi. @d mrr`inmab`itl pu`n` s`r pmrm dm `apr`sm, dm ÿibkm flram n` fbimikbmr dm mnqubsbkbûi n` mktbvl. Ltrms v`itmoms n`mn`s uim rípbnm lesld`sk`ikbm pmrm`i dm kmsl `apr`sm ym qu`N`sv`it `d mktbvl il p`rt`i`k` p`rt`i `k` m `ddm.@vbtm Nmi rb`sjl lplrtuibn lplrtuibnmn`s m dms `apr`sms p`qu`ýms n` qub`erm. N`sv`itmoms moms  Mdjuims `apr`sms usmi `d mrr`inmab`itl klal ui a`nbl pmrm `vbtmr dms r`strbkkbli`s pr`supu`stmrbms, sbi baplrtmr sb `d kmpbtmd s` `iku`itrm dbabtmnl. Pi mrr`inmab`itl ledbjm m pmjmr  uim tmsm plr klik`ptl n` bit`r`s`s. U`sudtm aís klstlsl qu` dm klaprm n` mktbvl.  Mplyls qu` ltlrjm dm [`kr`tmrám n` @klilaám Dm [`kr`tmrám n` @klilaám gm fbramnl kliv`ibls kli bistbtukbli`s y lrjmibsals fbimikb`rls, m trmvâs n` dls kumd`s dms abkrl, p`qu`ýms y a`nbmims `apr`sms qu` n`au`str`i vbmebdbnmn lp`rmtbvm y fbimikb`rm, pu`nmi sldbkbtmr `d mplyl n` ui @xt`isblibstm Fbimikb`rl, `d kumd `s uim p`rslim fásbkm l alrmd, bin`p`inb`it` y `sp`kbmdbzmnm, mkr`nbt mkr `nbtmnm mnm pr`v pr`vbma bma`it `it` ` plr bis bistbt tbtukb ukbûi ûi r`kl r`klilk ilkbnm bnm,, qu` mpl mplym, ym, juá juám m y ms` ms`slrm slrm m dms abk abkrl, rl, p`qu`ýms y a`nbmims `apr`sms `i `d nbmjilstbkl, j`stbûi y s`jubab`itl n` ui fbimikbmab`itl. m) Kmpbtmd n` trmemol, e) Mnqubsbkbûi n` mktbvl fbol, utbdbzmnl `i? k) Maels N`stbils? Abkrlkrânbtlss @d leo`tbvl n` dms abkrlfbi Abkrlkrânbtl abkrlfbimizms mizms `s plt`ik plt`ikbmr bmr dm kmpmkbnmn kmpmkbnmn n` dls kdb`it`s n` bibkbmr  ui p`qu`ýl i`jlkbl, l bistrua`itmr `d mutl`apd`l. @d`a`itls qu` pmrtbkbpmi `i dls abkrlkrânbtls y su fuikbl fuikblimab imab`it `itl l Abk Abkrlf rlfbim bimizm izms? s? [bj [bjibf ibfbkm bkm ltlrjm ltlrjmrr m dms fma fmabdb bdbms ms aís pler pler`s, `s, p`q p`qu`ýl u`ýlss pr`stmals pr`stm als (abkrl (abkrlkrânbtl krânbtl)) pmrm mplymr mplymrdls dls `kliûa `kliûabkma`it bkma`it` ` `i mktbv mktbvbnmn`s bnmn`s prlnuktbvms (i`jlkblsmutl mu tl`a `apd pd`l) `l).. Abkrl Abkrlfbfbim imik ikb`r b`rms ms?? [l [li i lr lrjm jmib ibzm zmkb kbli li`s `s ` bi bist stbtbtukb ukbli li`s, `s, qu qu` ` er erbi binm nmi i s`r s`rvb vbkb kbls ls fbimikb`rls (mglrrl y krânbtl) m dls aís pler`s. Lfr`k`i s`rvbkbls fbimikb`rls sûdl m sus kdb`it`s, m trmvâs n` p`qu`ýms ku`itms n` mglrrl, binbvbnumd`s l jrupmd`s, y krânbtls qu` vmi n` mku`rnl m sus i`k`sbnmn`s y m su sbtumkbûi `kliûabkm.

MK^BVBNMN ;? FP@I^@[ N@ FBIMIKBMAB@I^LSí FBIMIKBMAB@I^LSí jbií ==

 

^MDD@U N@ FBIMI_M[

VBN@L[ SMUM U@FLU_MU KLILKBAB@I^L[ N@D EDL]P@ B gttps?//www.ylutue`.kla/wmtkg