Active Band Pass Filter - Op-Amp Band Pass Filter

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Active Band Pass Filter Active Band Pass Filter As we saw previously in the Passive  Band Pass Filter (http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/filter/filter_4.html) tutorial, the principal characteristic  characteristic   of a Band Pass Filter or any filter for that matter, is its ability to pass frequencies relatively unattenuated over a specified band or spread of frequencies called the “Pass Band”. For a low pass f ilter ilter this pass band starts sta rts from 0Hz or DC and continues up to the specified cut-off frequency point at -3dB down from from the maximu maximum m pass band band gain. Equally, for a high pass filter the pass band starts from this -3dB cut-off  frequency and continues continues up to up to infinity or infinity  or the maximum open loop gain for an Active Filter (http://amazon.in/s/?fieldkeywords=Understand+Electronic+Filters). keywords=Understand+Electronic+Filte rs). However, the Active Band Pass Filter is slightly different in that it is a frequency selective filter circuit used in electronic systems to separate a signal at one particular frequency, or a range of signals that lie within a certain “band” of frequencies from signals at all other othe r frequencies. This band or range of frequencies is set between two cut-off or corner frequency  frequency  points labelled the “lower “lower frequency” ( ƒL ) and the “higher “higher frequency” ( ƒH  ) while attenuating any signals outside of these two tw o points. Simple Active Active   Band Pas Passs Filter  Filter  can be easily easily mad made by cascading together a single Low Pass Filter (http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/filter/filter_2.html)   with a single High Pass Filter (http://www.electronics(http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/filter/filter_2.html) tutorials.ws/filter/filter_3.html) as tutorials.ws/filter/filter_3.html)  as shown.

The cut-off or corner frequency of the low pass filter (LPF) is higher than the cut-off frequency of the high pass filter (HPF) and the difference between the frequencies at the -3dB point will determine the “bandwidth” of the band pass filter while attenuating any signals outside of these points. One way of making a very simple Active Band Pass Filter is to connect the basic passive high and low pass filters we look at previously to an amplifying op-amp circuit as shown.

Active Band Pass Filter Circuit

This cascading together of the individual low and high pass passive filters produces a low “Q-factor” type filter circuit which has a wide pass band. The first stage of the filter will be the high pass stage that uses the capacitor to block any DC biasing from the source. This design has the advantage of producing a relatively flat asymmetrical pass band frequency response with one half representing the low pass response and the other half representing high pass response as shown.

The higher corner point ( ƒH ) as well as the lower corner frequency cut-off point ( ƒL ) are calculated the same as before in the standard first-order low and high pass filter circuits. Obviously, a reasonable separation is required between the two cut-off points to prevent any interaction between the low pass and high pass stages. The amplifier also provides isolation between the two stages and defines the overall voltage gain of the circuit. The bandwidth of the filter is therefore the difference between these upper and lower -3dB points. For example, suppose we have a band pass filter whose -3dB cut-off points are set at 200Hz and 600Hz. Then the bandwidth of the filter would be given as: Bandwidth (BW) = 600 – 200 = 400Hz. The normalised frequency response and phase shift for an active band pass filter will be as follows.

Active Band Pass Frequency Response

While the above passive tuned filter circuit will work as a band pass filter, the pass band (bandwidth) can be quite wide and this may be a problem if we want to isolate a small band of frequencies. Active band pass filter can also be made using inverting operational amplifier. So by rearranging the positions of the resistors and capacitors within the filter we can produce a much better filter circuit as shown below. For an active band pass filter, the lower cut-off -3dB point is given by ƒC2 while the upper cut-off -3dB point is given by ƒC1.

Inverting Band Pass Filter Circuit

This type of band pass filter is designed to have a much narrower pass band. The centre frequency and bandwidth of  the filter is related to the values of R1, R2, C1 and C2. The output of the filter is again taken from the output of the opamp.

Multiple Feedback Band Pass Active Filter We can improve the band pass response of the above circuit by rearranging the components again to produce an infinite-gain multiple-feedback (IGMF) band pass filter. This type of active band pass design produces a “tuned” circuit based around a negative feedback active filter giving it a high “Q-factor” (up to 25) amplitude response and steep rolloff on either side of its centre frequency. Because the frequency response of the circuit is similar to a resonance circuit, this center frequency is referred to as the resonant frequency, ( ƒr ). Consider the circuit below.

Infinite Gain Multiple Feedback Active Filter

This active band pass filter circuit uses the full gain of the operational amplifier, with multiple negative feedback applied via resistor, R2 and capacitor C2. Then we can define the characteristics of the IGMF filter as follows:

We can see then that the relationship between resistors, R1 and R 2 determines the band pass “Q-factor” and the frequency at which the maximum amplitude occurs, the gain of the circuit will be equal to -2Q 2. Then as the gain increases so to does the selectivity. In other words, high gain – high selectivity.

Active Band Pass Filter Example No1 An active band pass filter that has a gain Av of one and a resonant frequency, ƒr of 1kHz is constructed using an infinite gain multiple feedback filter circuit. Calculate the values of the components required to implement the circuit. Firstly, we can determine the values of the two resistors, R 1 and R 2 required for the active filter using the gain of the circuit to find Q as follows.

Then we can see that a value of Q = 0.7071 gives a relationship of resistor, R 2 being twice the value of resistor R 1. Then we can choose any suitable value of resistances to give the required ratio of two. Then resistor R 1 = 10k Ω  and R2 = 20kΩ. The center or resonant frequency is given as 1kHz. Using the new resistor values obtained, we can determine the value of the capacitors required assuming that C = C 1 = C 2.

The closest standard value is 10nF.

Resonant Frequency Point The actual shape of the frequency response curve for any passive or active band pass filter will depend upon the characteristics of the filter circuit with the curve above being defined as an “ideal” band pass response. An active band pass filter is a 2nd Order type filter because it has “two” reactive components (two capacitors) within its circuit design. As a result of these two reactive components, the filter will have a peak response or Resonant Frequency ( ƒr ) at its “center frequency”, ƒc. The center frequency is generally calculated as being the geometric mean of the two -3dB frequencies between the upper and the lower cut-off points with the resonant frequency (point of oscillation) being given as:

Where: ƒr is the resonant or Center Frequency ƒL is the lower -3dB cut-off frequency point

ƒH is the upper -3db cut-off frequency point

and in our simple example in the text above of a filters lower and upper -3dB cut-off points being at 200Hz and 600Hz respectively, then the resonant center frequency of the active band pass filter would be:

The “Q” or Quality Factor In a Band Pass Filter circuit, the overall width of the actual pass band between the upper and lower -3dB corner points of the filter determines the Quality Factor or Q-point of the circuit. This Q Factor is a measure of how “Selective” or “Un-selective” the band pass filter is towards a given spread of frequencies. The lower the value of the Q factor the wider is the bandwidth of the filter and consequently the higher the Q factor the narrower and more “selective” is the filter. The Quality Factor, Q of the filter is sometimes given the Greek symbol of Alpha, ( α ) and is known as the alpha-peak frequency where:

As the quality factor of an active band pass filter (Second-order System) relates to the “sharpness” of the filters response around its centre resonant frequency ( ƒr ) it can also be thought of as the “Damping Factor” or “Damping Coefficient” because the more damping the filter has the flatter is its response and likewise, the less damping the filter has the sharper is its response. The damping ratio is given the Greek symbol of Xi, ( ξ ) where:

The “Q” of a band pass filter is the ratio of the Resonant Frequency, ( ƒr ) to the Bandwidth, ( BW ) between the upper and lower -3dB frequencies and is given as:

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Older comments (http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/filter/filter_7.html/comment-page-1#comments)

Rob Hello. Can you comment on the typical bandwidths of each circuit? I am curious to know if one circuit is better suited for my application based on the pass band. As well, with the IGMF circuit, what is the limit of the bandwith before the 3dB points start affecting each other? Cheers Reply (/filter/filter_7.html?replytocom=6499#respond)

April 7th, 2015 (http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/filter/filter_7.html/comment-page-2#comment-6499)

Wayne Storr (http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws) This is a very open question. A filters passband is dependant upon what you set as the corner or cut-off  frequencies. It can be very narrow and selective or very wide and flat with ripple in the pass band or stop band, also the roll-off either side of the -3dB points depending on what order the filter is and whether its a Butterworth, Chebyshev or Bessel design. Reply (/filter/filter_7.html?replytocom=6502#respond)

April 8th, 2015 (http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/filter/filter_7.html/comment-page-2#comment-6502)

kaya is there any reason for having HPF>AMP>LPF configuration could you not for instance have HPF>LPF>AMP etc Reply (/filter/filter_7.html?replytocom=6398#respond)

March 25th, 2015 (http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/filter/filter_7.html/comment-page-2#comment-6398)

Wayne Storr (http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws) Yes you could do that if you wished, or any combination you want. As explained in the text, the purpose of the op-amp is to isolate the two filters and stop them having a loading effect on each other. Reply (/filter/filter_7.html?replytocom=6399#respond)

March 25th, 2015 (http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/filter/filter_7.html/comment-page-2#comment-6399)

 Jack Hi Wayne Is there a way that you can have two separate band pass filters in the same circuit? For instance if I wanted a band pass filter that is close to 800Hz and then another for 970Hz? Obviously two band pass filters wouldn’t work because they would block each other, but is there something else similar? Thankyou for the help Reply (/filter/filter_7.html?replytocom=6393#respond)

March 25th, 2015 (http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/filter/filter_7.html/comment-page-2#comment-6393)

Wayne Storr (http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws) Hello Jack, yes you can do that with a single circuit. For example, keep the same value capacitor and switch between two different resistors, one sets the center frequency at 800Hz and the other at 970Hz, just switch between the two. A quick calculation suggests with a common 10nF capacitor, switching between a 20k resistor will give 800Hz and a 16k5 resistor will give 970Hz, more or less. Reply (/filter/filter_7.html?replytocom=6397#respond)

March 25th, 2015 (http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/filter/filter_7.html/comment-page-2#comment-6397)

Eric In ‘Active Band Pass Filter Example No1 ′   the resonant frequency, Fr is given as 1kHz but further down you calculate an Fr of 346Hz by taking the geometric mean of 200 and 600. Can you explain this difference and also where 200 and 600 came from? Thanks. Reply (/filter/filter_7.html?replytocom=5767#respond)

February 1st, 2015 (http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/filter/filter_7.html/comment-page-2#comment-5767)

Wayne Storr (http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws) Hello Eric, in the tutorial text above the filters normalised frequency response curve, I make reference to a theoretical filter having a Bandwith or 400Hz (600Hz – 200Hz). The same lower and upper frequencies are then used again to show that for this filter its center frequency would be 346Hz. Example No1 is another filter

calculation. I appologise if it was confusing and have ammended the text to hopefully make it more clearer. Reply (/filter/filter_7.html?replytocom=5768#respond)

February 1st, 2015 (http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/filter/filter_7.html/comment-page-2#comment-5768)

Mohammad Hello. I am an electronics engineer. I need to separate the different frequencies of sound, hence I need to have my filter design with minimal elements. Please help me. Reply (/filter/filter_7.html?replytocom=4865#respond)

November 13th, 2014 (http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/filter/filter_7.html/comment-page-2#comment-4865)

rafi13 Can anyone tell me what kind of filters are used in commercial devices like microphone or speaker?? Reply (/filter/filter_7.html?replytocom=4587#respond)

October 23rd, 2014 (http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/filter/filter_7.html/comment-page-2#comment-4587)

Mark Why is the term “infinite gain” used, when the gain is limited by the feedback itself? I’m curious as to how that terminology came about. Thank you for the tutorial. Reply (/filter/filter_7.html?replytocom=2182#respond)

September 29th, 2014 (http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/filter/filter_7.html/comment-page-2#comment-2182)

Wayne Storr (http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws) Hello Mark. Infinite Gain Multi Feedback filters are so called because they use a single op-amp as an infinite gain voltage amplifier with an RC network to provide the required negative feedback. In this case the amplifier is assumed to be ideal, (i.e., infinite input impedance, infinite gain, and zero output impedance) as it uses the

full open-loop gain of the op-amp but in reality all op-amps have a finite gain, (A) which can still be very large at dc especially the newer mosfet types. Therefore, the assumption of an infinite gain is unrealistic for most filter circuits. Reply (/filter/filter_7.html?replytocom=2184#respond)

September 29th, 2014 (http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/filter/filter_7.html/comment-page-2#comment-2184)

Older comments (http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/filter/filter_7.html/comment-page-1#comments)

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