Actas Simposio Intern Musicoterapia UCES 2019

 

Akvjhbmrh >=, =?>:  Nuljtkrjk Bnykr XEHU Muhaks Njrhs  Nrghatjan

Hljtkrn Bnrehdn Djecthaszthi Djecthaszthia a

 

Netns lhd Ujbpksjk jathranejkand lh Busjekthrnpjn Akrlk﬏ ]kmmjas9 Bùsjen, ljvhrsjlnl y trnasfkrbnejõa / Bnrehdn Djecthaszthia... Pht nd.R0 ekbpjdnlk pkr Bnrehdn Djecthaszthia.- >n hl.- Ejulnl Nutõakbn lh Muhaks Njrhs9 XEHU - Hljtkrjnd lh dn Xajvhrsjlnl lh Ejhaejns Hbprhsnrjndhs Hbpr hsnrjndhs y Ukejndhs, U kejndhs, =?=?. Djmrk ljgjtnd, _LF Nrecjvk Ljgjtnd9 lhsenrgn y kadjah JUMA :73-:37->38?-. Busjekthrnpjn. Busjekthrnpjn. =. Fjdksjfân lhd Nrth. 5. Bùsjen. J. Djecthaszthia, Bnrehdn, ekbp. ekbp. ELL 6>8.38>8<

Dn jafkrbnejõa ekathajln y dns kpjajkahs hxprhsnlns ha hstks bnauserjtks ska lh hxedusjvn rhspkasnmjdjlnl lh dks nutkrhs lh enln nrtâeudk y ak rh﬍hina ahehsnrjnbhath dks puatks lh vjstn lh dks hljtkrhs y uajvhrsjlnl. Dn Fneudtnl lh Ejhaejns lh dn Undul, dn Xajvhrsjlnl lh Ejhaejns Hbprhsnrjndhs y Ukejndhs, hd Ekbjtê Krgnajznlkr y dn hljtkrn lh hsth djmrk lh netns ak nsubha dn rhspkasnmjdjlnl pkr dks hrrkrhs u ktrn ekasheuhaejn quh surin lhd usk lh dn jafkrbnejõa ekathajln ha hstn pumdjenejõa. Hd dhetkr lhmhrî cnehr su prkpjn hvndunejõa ha eunatk nd usk nprkpjnlk lh dns têeajens nquâ lhserjptns. Dks nutkrhs cna prhpnrnlk sus prkpjks bnauserjtks y cna ktkrgnlk hd phrbjsk ekrrhspkaljhath pnrn su pumdjenejõa ha hsth vkdubha. Ajaguan pnrth lh hstn pumdjenejõa pklrî shr rhprkluejln, ndbnehanln ha ajagùa sjsthbn lh ndbnehanbjhatk k trnasbjtjln lh eundqujhr bnahrn k pkr ajagùa bhljk hdhetrõajek k bheîajek, aj sh pklrîa cnehr fktkekpjns, grnmnejkahs k uan ekbmjanejõa lh hstks, shn hsth bhljk nckrn ekakejlk k bîs tnrlh lhsnrrkddnlk, eka hd prkpõsjtk lh ekpjnr hd prhshath bnthrjnd sja prhvjk phrbjsk lh dks prkpjhtnrjks lh dks lhrhecks.

Ekatnetk9 ejhaejnslhdnsndulOuehs.hlu.nr

 

Ujbpksjk Jathranejkand Busjekthrnpjn Akrlkff ]kmmjas =?>: Bùsjen, Ljvhrsjlnl y \rnasfkrbnejõa Ekbjtê Krgnajznlkr Bnrehdn Djecthaszthia=, BN, B\-ME, B\-ME, DEN\, DEN\, Akrlkff ]kmmjas Busje \chrnpjst \chr npjst  (_rhsjlhath) Bnrjnan Nsdna>, BB, BN, DEN\ DEN\, B\-ME, B\-ME, Akrlkff Akrlkf f ]kmmjas ]km mjas Busje \chrnpjst \chr npjst B\ Bnrjan Frhjrh5 B\ _nudn Bneecj=  Xajvhrsjlnl lh Ejhaejns Hbprhsnrjndhs y Ukejndhs, Nrghatjan  Akrlkff ]kmmjas Ehathr fkr Busje \chrnpy, Ahw Zkr` Xajvhrsjty, XUN  5  Xajvhrsjlnlh Fhlhrnd lh Bjans Ghrnjs, Mrnsjd > =

Hljtkrn lhd Vkdubha Bnrehdn Djecthaszthia \rnlueejkahs9 Bnrjnan Nsdna _nudn Bneecj Akvjhbmrh >=, =?>:  Nuljtkrjk Bnykr XEHU Muhaks Njrhs  Nrghatjan

 

Âaljeh _rhshatnejõa Jastjtuejkand ....................................................................................... 7 _rõdkgk ............................................................................................................. : Jatrklueejõa ....................................................................................................... >> \rnmninalk ha y eka dn Bùsjen9 prjaejpjks fualnbhatndhs lhd nmkrlnih Akrlkff ]kmmjas lh Busjekthrnpjn y sus npdjenejkahs ha dn prîetjen Akrlkff ]kmmjas ha Grna Mrhtnþn K`snan Ycnrjakvn―Unalhrska ................................................................................. >5 Hd rkd lh dn vkz ha dn Busjekthrnpjn Akrlkff ]kmmjas Bnrjnan Nsdna ..................................................................................................... =? _nud Akrlkff y Edjvh ]kmmjas ha Akruhgn9 su jaspjrnejõa, ja﬍uhaejn h jbpkrtnaejn phrskand y prkfhsjkand pnrn hd lhsnrrkddk lh dn Busjekthrnpjn y dn ekastrueejõa lh puhaths \kb Anhss Anhss ........................................................................................................ 5> —¡^ujhrk vkdnr, vkdnr, ndtk!‒ Eunalk dks bîs enddnlks nprhalha n tkenr9 tkenr9 jathgrnejõa hatrh NMN y Busjekthrnpjn ha Ecjan Bja-Bja Echuag ................................................................................................. ?-=?>> Hd vjnih lh lks bhshs quh Edjvh rhndjzõ lurnath bnrzk y bnyk lh =?>? pnrn lnr ednshs, nd quh Edjvh sh rh﬎hrh ha su ekrrhk lhd 5 lh ngkstk lh =?>? jaeduyh uan hakrbh djstn lh enpnejtnejkahs quh jaeduyh HH.XX., \k`jk, @yktk, Mhjijag, Uhùd, Ckag-@kag, Ujagnpur, _rngn, Jagdnthrrn y _kdkajn. Edjvh ddnbõ n hstk su Grna Fjand.

Hsh nþk, ha Ljejhbmrh, Edjvh tuvk shrjks prkmdhbns lh sndul y phasnbks quh jmn n fnddhehr.. Bj hspksn y yk dk vjsjtnbks ha hd ckspjtnd. Fuh jaerhâmdh quh fnddhehr quh sh rheuphrnrn y, lh check, ekbhazõ n hashþnr auhvnbhath ha hd Ehatrk Akrlkff ]kmmjas hd vhrnak lh =?>>. _hrk lurnath hd ktkþk y hd javjhrak sjgujhaths vkdvjõ n pnlhehr bîs ekbpdjenejkahs lh sndul. Hd 7 lh ljejhbmrh lh hsh nþk fnddhejõ n dn hlnl lh 3< nþks. Dk prjaejpnd \natk _nud Akrlkff ekbk Edjvh ]kmmjas hafntjznmna dn jbpkrtnaejn lhd nbkr. _nud nmrjõ hd eursk ha Dkalrhs >:7< eka hstns pndnmrns9 —Cny lks eksns quh lhmês pkshhr pnrn ekavhrtjrth ha ua muha busjekthrnphutn9 ¡Nbkr pkr dn bùsjen y nbkr pkr hd ajþk!‒. 57

 

Netns lhd Ujbpksjk Jathranejkand Busjekthrnpjn Akrlk﬏ ]kmmjas

 Nd bjrnr cnejn ntrîs, nd musenr dn hshaejn lh Edjvh ]kmmjas ekbk phrskan, tnbmjêa hs hd Nbkr. Edjvh nbnmn nd shr cubnak, eka k sja ljsenpnejlnl, nbnmn dn erhntjvjlnl, hd nrth y dn bùsjen ha pnrtjeudnr0 nbnmn dn anturndhzn y hsphejndbhath (shgùa bj hxphrjhaejn) anturndhzn Akruhgn. haenatnmn dn fnvkrjtn9 ekbuajenejõa y hd cubkr, dn muhandnekbjln y dns lh mhmjlns, uanDhhsphejndbhath hd Nqunvjt Akruhgk (Nqunvjt sjgaj﬎en hd ngun lh dn vjln). ¡Nbnmn dn vjln! Fuh dn haenranejõa lhd prjaejpjk sndutkgêajek lh Natkakvs`y. Ha ekatrnsth eka hd prjaejpjk pntkgêajek, hd sndutkgêajek ehdhmrn dn vjln y dks rheursks lhatrk tuyk y lh tus shbhinaths. Edjvh ak skdnbhath dk hashþnmn, sjak quh tnbmjêa vjvân lh bnahrn sndutkgêajen pnrn ehdhmrnr dn vjln, ehdhmrnr n dks pnejhaths, lnr nbkr y hbpklhrnr n dns phrskans. ]hfhrhaejns  Natkakvs`y N. (>:7:). Chndtc, strhss nal ekpjag . Una Frnaejsek. Iksshy Mkss.  Natkakvs  Natk akvs`y `y N. (>::6 (>::6).). \ch shas shashh kf ekch ekchrhaeh rhaeh.. N cjstkr cjstkrjend jend nal futur futurhh phrsph phrsphetjvh etjvh.. Jsr I. Bhl. Uej . Mkalh, D.K. & ]uul, H. & U`èadnal, B. U. & \rkalndha G. (Hls.) (=?>5) Busjend djfh stkrjhs. Anrrntjvhs ka chndtc busje`jag . Akrwhgjna nenlhby kf Busje pumdjentjkas. Akrlkff, _. & ]kmmjas, E. (>:63). Mjkgrnpcy kf wkr`s ja busje tchrnpy wjtc cnaljenpphl ecjdlrha >:8:->:63  PAkrlkff-]kmmjas‚  PAkrlkff-]kmmjas‚ prjvnth hljtjkaR. Akrlkff, _. & ]kmmjas, E. (>:7>). Busje tchrnpy ja sphejnd hluentjka . Ahw Zkr`9 Ikca Lny Ekbpnay. Akrlkff,, _. Akrlkff _. & ]kmmjas, ]kmmj as, E (>:77). (>: 77). Erhntjvh busje tchrnpy tchrnpy.. Jaljvjlundjzhl trhntbhat fkr tch cnaljenpphl ecjdl . Ahw Zkr`9 Zkr`9 Ikca Lny Ekbpna Ekbpnayy. Akrlkff, _. & ]kmmjas, E. (=??7). Erhntjvh Busje \chrnpy. N gujlh tk fksthrjag edjajend busjejnascjp. ]hvjshl nal hxpnalhl my Edjvh ]kmmjas . Gjdsub, AC9 Mnrehdkan _umdjschr. Aæss, \. (>:3:). Dyl kg Vh`st   PUkual nal grkwtcR. Ahskllha, Akrwny9 Busj``phlngkgjs` fkrdng. Aæss,\. (=??7). Chdtha nv busj``thrnpjhvhatyrht9 Ht jathrviu bhl Edjvh ]kmmjas   P\ch Chrk ja tch Busje \chrnpy Nlvhaturh. Na jathrvjhw wjtc Edjvh ]kmmjasR. Busj``thrnpj, =??7( >>:3 \ & ]uul, H. (=??7).  Nulj  Nuljmdh mdh ghst ghsturhs urhs99 Fr Frkb kb edj edjajen ajendd jbpr jbprkvjs kvjsntjka ntjka tk ekbbuajty busje busj e tchrnpy tchrnpy. Akrlje Ikurand kf Busje \chrnpy, >6(=), >6?->7=. LKJ9 >?.>?3?/?3?:3>5?7?:?.>?3?/?3?:3>5?7?:36 >36 Aæss, \. (=?>=) Edjvh‚s ﬎rst nal dnst trjp tk Akrwny nal skbhtcjag mhtwhha .  Vkjehs9 cttps9//vkjehs.ak/jalh cttps9//vkjehs.ak/jalhx.pcp/vkjehs/nrtje x.pcp/vkjehs/nrtjedh/vjhw/=?>:/>765 dh/vjhw/=?>:/>765 ]kmmjas, E. & ]kmmjas, E. (Hls.) (>::3). Chndjag chrjtngh9 _nud Akrlkff hxpdkrjag tch tkand dnagungh kf busje . Gjdsub, AC9 Mnrehdkan _umdjschrs. ]uul, H. (=?>?). Busje tchrnpy9 N phrsphetjvh frkb tch cubnajtjhs . Gjdsub, AC9 Mnrehdkan _umdjschrs. \ch Akrlkff ]kmmjas nlvhaturh. Fjfty Fjfty yhnrs kf erhntjvh busje Ujbpska, F. (=??:). tchrnpy . Dkalka 9 Inbhs & Inbhs. Utjgh, M. (=?>=). \ch phrskand js prkfhssjkand9 Ja bhbkry kf Edjvh ]kmmjas. Vkjehs9  N Wk Wkrdl rdl Fk Fkrub rub fkr Busj Busjee \chr \chrnpy npy,, >=  (>).  (>). ]htrjhvhl frkb cttps9//akrbt.ujm.ak/jalhx.pcp/vkjehs/nrtjedh/vjhw/6. \kb Anhss \kb hs prkfhskr nskejnlk ha Busjekthrnpjn, ha dn Akrwhgjna Nenlhby kf Busje.  Nlhbîs,  Nlhb îs, hs ekbpk ekbpksjtk sjtkrr y busje busjekthr kthrnphut nphutnn eka eka Ljpd Ljpdkbn kbn Akrl Akrlkff kff ]kmm ]kmmjas, jas, Dkal Dkalrhs, rhs, ha >:7 lh enln 8: ajþks shrî ljngakstjenlk eka nutjsbk (Mnjk ht nd., =?>%―=%. (ELE,

=?>:). Ha dks ùdtjbks nþks eka hd erhejhath rhekakejbjhatk y ljngaõstjek lhd \HN, dn shdheejõa lh jathrvhaejkahs ljspkajmdhs pnrn jathrvhaejõa thbprnan tnbmjêa sh cn nbpdjnlk. NMN hs uan lh dns jathrvhaejkahs bîs pkpudnrhs prkpkrejkanlns ha ehatrks prjvnlks ha Ecjan (Ycku ht nd., =?>:). 7, ha uan hseuhdn lh jathrvhaejõa thbprnan pnrn ajþks eka nutjsbk, sh erhõ ua lhpnrtnbhatk pnrn quh Akrlkff ]kmmjas Busje \chrnpy puhln fkrbnr pnrth lh su pdna lh hstuljks. Lnlk quh dn hseuhdn utjdjznmn NMN ekbk su bklndjlnl prjaejpnd lh jathrvhaejõa pnrn \HN, sh ekavjrtjõ ha dn prjbhrn hseuhdn lh  NMN ha Ecjan ha ekdnmkrnr eka hd nmkrlnih Akrlkff ]kmmjas. Hd ekatrnsth lh dks lks hafkquhs ljfhrhaths prkvkeõ aubhrksns ljseusjkahs skmrh sj hsth shrân nlheunlk y sj dks lks hafkquhs sh ekbpdhbhatnrâna hatrh sâ k enusnrâna eka﬍jetk. Uh kmshrvõ y prhshatõlurnath ua hstuljk lh ensk ypnrn quh hd pnejhath hxphrjbhatõ dns shsjkahs eõbkhxpdkrnr jbpnetõdkssuenbmjks hatrhanbjhatk krjgjand. Hd hstuljk lh ensk Hd pnejhath hrn ua ajþk lh < nþks lh hlnl (@) quh cnmân hstnlk ha dn hseuhdn lhslh sus 5 nþks. Lhmjlk nd check lh quh thaân ndmjajsbk, su bnlrh ak sh ljk euhatn lh quh êd tnbmjêa thaân prhshatnejkahs lh nutjsbk cnstn quh eubpdjõ 5 nþks. @ nsjstjõ n shsjkahs prjvnlns lh NMN 8 vhehs n dn shbnan, 6? bjautks pkr shsjõa, y nlhbîs lh hsk, tnbmjêa tuvk ednshs grupndhs lurnath 5 ckrns, 8 lâns n dn shbnan. Uu bnlrh dk ddhvõ n dn busjekthrnpjn pkrquh shatân quh tnd vhz n êd dh gustnrân dn bùsjen, yn quh shatân quh ak dh jathrhsnmn anln bîs y quh dn skejndjznejõa hrn ua kmstîeudk jbpkrtnath. Ha auhstrn ekasudtn jajejnd eka @ lhseumrjbks quh thaân ua muha lkbjajk lhd dhagunih hxprhsjvk y rhehptjvk, y hrn buy hxphrtk ha shgujr dns jastrueejkahs lnlns. Uja hbmnrgk, ha nushaejn lh jastrueejkahs u õrlhahs, @ jgakrnrân n dks thrnphutns y bkstrnrân rhphtjejkahs nutkbîtjens, pnrpnlhk lh kiks. Nuaquh phasnmn quh ak ljsfrutnmn lh ajagùa ekatnetk eka dks thrnphutns y sh ndhinrân sj dks thrnphutns sh nehrenmna, êd hstnmn nmjhrtk n dks jastrubhatks y kensjkandbhath dks tkenmn sunvhbhath.

Lhspuês lh dn hvndunejõa, dks thrnphutns lhejljhrka trnmninr ha trhs kmihtjvks eka êd9

 

Netns lhd Ujbpksjk Jathranejkand Busjekthrnpjn Akrlk﬏ ]kmmjas

>. Lhsnrrkddnr eurjksjlnl y eka﬎nazn pnrn hxpdkrnr. =. Jaerhbhatnr dn ekaejhaejn lh uak bjsbk y lh dks lhbîs. 5. _klhr _klhr jajejnr ha dn bùsjen. Ekaedusjõa Jajejndbhath, dn bnlrh hsphrnmn quh dn busjekthrnpjn fuhrn ekbk NMN -shsjkahs tklks dks lâns, prîetjen ha hd ckgnr- eunalk sh ljk euhatn lh quh NMN sh lhrjvn lh dn krjhatnejõa ekaluetund lh dn psjekdkgân y A]B\ lh dn krjhatnejõa cubnajstn, y fuaejkana lh bnahrn ljfhrhath, sh vkdvjõ ua pkek hseêptjen lh dks hfhetks, phrk ekatjaunrka dn busjekthrnpjn ekbk rherhnejõa. Uja hbmnrgk, n bhljln quh sh lhsnrrkddnmn, hddn rhakvõ rhakvõ sus shsjkahs lks vhehs y hxprhsõ quh shatân quh êd hstnmn rhndbhath jathrhsnlk y hsphrnmn hstnr ha dn bùsjen tklns dns shbnans.

 Nbhikrns dk dnr dk dnrgk gklhlh@ dn dns s 56 56 shb shbna nans ns,, dk dks thrnp thr nphu hutn y dk dkss bnh bnhst strk rks lh NM lh NMNNquh bkajt bka krhn hnrk rkaabîs dns dns bhljnath naîdjsjs lhs vjlhk. Uhtnsslhseumrjõ quh nsbhljln shjtkr vkdvjõ netjvk y sh javkduerõ ha dn bùsjen, tnbmjêa ekbhazõ n pklhr usnr dns chrrnbjhatns quh nprhaljõ ha dn shsjõa NMN eka buecn bîs ﬍hxjmjdjlnl y ghahrndjznejõa quh naths. Ha hsth ekathxtk, lhseumrjbks quh A]B\ y NMN sh ekbpdhbhatnmna buy mjha y pklâna rhfkrznrsh butunbhath eunalk cnmân lhmjdjlnlhs ha dks lks hafkquhs.  NMN prkpkrejkaõ dks ekbpkahaths mîsjeks pnrn hd nprhaljznih y hd ekbpkrtnbjhatk, bjhatrns quh A]B\ prkpkrejkaõ ghahrndjznejõa y erhntjvjlnl ha hd usk lh dks ekbpkahaths mîsjeks. ]hfhrhaejns  Nutjsb Uphn`s ― Nppdjhl Mhcnvjkr Nandysjs (NMN). cttps9//www cttps9//www.nutjsbsphn`s. .nutjsbsphn`s. krg/nppdjhl-mhcnvjkr-nandysjs-nmn-? Mnjk, I., Wjggjas, D., Ecrjsthasha, L.D. ht nd. _rhvndhaeh kf Nutjsb Uphetrub Ljskrlhr nbkag Ecjdlrha Nghl 3 Zhnrs. Nutjsb nal Lhvhdkpbhatnd Ljsnmjdjtjhs Bkajtkrjag Ahtwkr`, >> Ujths, Xajthl Utnths, =?>30 67 (Ak. UU-6)9>―=5. LKJ9 cttp9//lx.lkj.krg/>?. cttp9//lx.lkj.krg/>?.>8838/bbwr >8838/bbwr.ss67?6n>hxthrand .ss67?6n>hxthrand jeka. Ehathrs fkr Ljshnsh Ekatrkd nal _rhvhatjka ― Nutjsb Lntn, =?>:. cttps9//www.ele.gkv/aemlll/nutjsb/lntn.ctbd ::5 tk =?>=) kf lntn frkb bnjadnal Ecjan‚s ﬎rst jathrvhatjka ehatrh fkr ecjdlrha wjtc nutjsb sphetrub ljskrlhr. Bkd  Nutjsb , 89 8=. Bja-Bja Echuag Kmtuvk su tâtudk lh psjeõdkgn y sh grnluõ ekbk busjekthrnphutn ha Ahw Zkr` Xajvhrsjty. Duhgk lh grnlunrsh ekbpdhtõ su ehrtj﬎enejõa Akrlkff ]kmmjas ha hd Akrlkff ]kmmjas Ehathr ha Auhvn Zkr`. Anejõ y erhejõ ha Auhvn Yhdnaln, rhgrhsõ n su pnâs antnd duhgk lh hstuljnr ha Hstnlks Xajlks. Ha =?>7 sh trnsdnlõ n Ecjan eka hd kmihtjvk lh hxpnaljr Akrlkff ]kmmjas nddâ, netundbhath hs uak lh dks lks ùajeks thrnphutns Akrlkff ]kmmjas ehrtj﬎enlks ha Ecjan. Uh lhshbphþn ekbk busjekthrnphutn ha \hbpk ]umntk

Busje \chrnpy Ehathr, Ehathr, ha dn ejulnl lh Mhjijag.

y = ha hd Ehatrk Nlaursh lh Busjekthrnpjn lh @yktk. >) Undn >9 Bju`n, ajþn eka nutjsbk lh : nþks (hihbpdk ha vjlhk)  Îrhn9 >8,57 bhtrks eunlrnlks, shsjkahs prjvnlns, phquhþks grupks, pjsk, ndbkcnlõa sunvh =) Undn =9 Bj`j, =< nþks, eka Uâalrkbh lh Lkwa (hihbpdk ha vjlhk)  Îrhn9 7?,5? bhtrks bhtrks eunlrnlks, eunlrnlks, shsjkahs shsjkahs grupndhs, grupndhs, shsjkahs shsjkahs prjvnlns pnrn ajþks eka cjphrnetjvjlnl pnrtjejphjEheâdjn lh bjacn prjbhjrn skmrh busjekthrnpjn. FkjBhabjajstrnln prkfhsskrn Ekalh h phdnk﬎ejan busjekthrnphutn Djn ]hinahFkj lhs Mnrehddks. Hstns luns bhstrns bh nuxjdjnrnb n, anquhdn shbnan, rhekachehr aåk skbhath k quh hu shrjn bns k quh hu hrn9 hrn busjekthrnphutn. Kmvjnbhath quh pnrn pklhr hxhrehr n prk﬎ssåk, naks bnjs tnrlh, vjrjn ekbpdhtnr n fkrbnçåk. Ak hatnatk, fkj ak bhsbk nak lh >::> quh fuj ekavjlnlk n sumstjtujr ub prkfhsskr lh bùsjen hb ubn edâajen quh trnmndcnvn ekb phsskns ekb \rnastkrak lk Hsphetrk lk Nutjsbk (\HN). Nehjthj k ekavjth h jajejhj k trnmndck ekb ub grupk fkrbnlk pkr 3 nlkdhsehaths ekb \HN. Nk bhsbk thbpk, pnrtjejpnvn lh ekagrhssks lhjbhrsåk, busjekthrnpjn Mrnsjd h pkr pnâshs ln Nbêrjen lk Uud. N pnrtjr lhstn tjvh n phdk kpkrtuajlnlh lh kutrks ekachehr n thkrjn skmrh busjekthrnpjn, prkpkstn phdk psjqujntrn nrghatjak ]kdnalk Mhahazka. \hkrjn bujtk akrthnlkrn lns prîtjens busjekthrnpéutjens ln êpken.  Nphsnr lh rhsphjtnr n thkrjn lh Mhahazka, aåk haekatrnvn ahdn ns rhspkstns n luns phrguatns fualnbhatnjs, quh bh fnzjn an êpken9 >) aåk phrehmjn n bùsjen pksjejkanln hatrh k thrnphutn h k pnejhath. Dkgk, Dkgk, kalh pklhrjn hathalhr k pksjejkanbhatk ln bùsjen an ljaíbjen lk trnmndck quh hxphrhaejnvn; h =) phasnvn quh rhspkalhr n hstn prjbhjrn phrguatn tnbmêb ekatrjmujrjn pnrn quh jlhatj﬎enssh bjacn jlhatjlnlh ekbk busjekthrnphutn. ^und ^und hrn bjacn jlhatjlnlh; Hb >::6, ﬎andjzhj bjacn fkrbnçåk ekbk busjekthrnphutn ak Mrnsjd h lhejlj quh ::7, jajejhj k bhstrnlk an AZX h k hstîgjk an Akrlkff ]kmmjas. Ahsth Ehatrk, tjvh nudns lh jbprkvjsnçåk busjend ekb k Lr. Ndna \urry h hstulks lh ensks edâajeks ekb k Lr. Edjvh ]kmmjas. _krêb, k suphrvjskr lk hstîgjk fkj k Lr. Lr. @haahtc Njgha quh, jajejndbhath, bh skdjejtku quh ka hseutnssh n ubn sêrjh quh lh îuljks. Njgha hstnvn_nud bh Akrlkff nprhshatnalk pnrnak\nd`s Busje (îuljk lk eursk k busjekthrnphutn bjajstrku nak lh >:7::3, k djvrk Chndjag Chrjtngh  (]kmmjas   (]kmmjas & ]kmmjas).

H, ln djthrnturn Akrlkff ]kmmjas, thb sjlk hsth djvrk nk qund bnjs bh lhljek. Hsth djvrk ê ekbpkstk pkr 67 kmrns ejtnlns pkr _nud Akrlkff, rhdnejkanlns n >: ljfhrhaths ekbpksjtkrhs bualjnjs quh nmrnaghb lk sêeudk SVJJ nk SS. Lhatrh hdhs, ks bnjs ejtnlks fkrnb Mhhtckvha (Ndhbnacn, sêe. SVJJJ) pkr >8 vhzhs, Lhmussy (Frnaçn, SJS),lhpkrhstulk >5 vhzhs Mbkbhatk9 nec (Ndhbnacn, (Ndhbna sêe.prjbhjrn SVJJ) pkr fnsh, > ? vhzhs. >? Fkrnb ljfhrhathssêe. fnshs ntêhkMnec hbcn,ubn shpnrhj ks frngbhatks busjenjs lk djvrk (hxhbpdks tkenlks pkr _nud Akrlkff ekb n jathaçåk lh ednrj﬎enr ndgub ekathùlk têeajek), ﬎z eõpjns h ns shpnrhj hb ub enlhrak lh bùsjen. Hsth enlhrak, hatåk, shrvju lh gujn pnrn quh, ekb ub prkfhsskr lh bùsjen ekbk krjhatnlkr, ﬎zhssh nuljçøhs h naîdjshs lk bnthrjnd utjdjznlk pkr Akrlkff. Hb ubn shgualn fnsh lh hstulk, lhljquhj-bh n nprkfualnr ns Hxpdkrnçøhs (k djvrk ê ekbpkstk pkr >3 Hxpdkrnçøhs, nk javês lh enpâtudks). Lhatrh hdns, n Hxpdkrnçåk < ecnbnln lh —N Vjln lks Jathrvndks‒, tâtudk quh pnrn bujtks pkljn rhprhshatnr ubn bhtîfkrn. Ndgk quh shatjn quh aåk hrn. Akrlkff nerhljtnvn ahstn —vjln‒. Hu prhejsnvn bhdckr hathalhr hstn phrehpçåk pkrquh, n bhu vhr, hrn k quh ljfhrhaejnvn _nud Akrlkff lh kutrks busjekthrnphutns ― n erhaçn lh quh cî —vjln‒ an bùsjen, fhaübhak fhaübhak quh pklh shr rhekachejlk phdn busjendjlnlh lh ub pnejhath sumbhtjlk n prkehssk lh busjekthrnpjn. Janugurnvn-sh, hatåk, n threhjrn fnsh lh bhu hstulk skmrh n kmrn Chndjag Chrj-  tngh. Jlhatj﬎quhj ub nutkr quh ja﬍uhaejku _nud Akrlkff ak hathaljbhatk skmrh bùsjen, pkr kutrk íagudk9 k ﬎dõskfk ln bùsjen Vjetkr Yue`hr`nald. Yue `hr`nald. An Hxpdkrnçåk 0 >:750 >:76). N ekbmjançåk lh hstulks ln kmrn Akrlkff ]kmmjas ekb k nuxâdjk ln ﬎dksk﬎n lh Vjetkr Yue`hr`nald, hatåk, bh fkrahehu n pkssjmjdjlnlh lh rhspkalhr ïs phrguatns jajejnjs, lh >::>. Bùsjen, euins aktns såk krgnajznlns hb bhdkljns h cnrbkajns, ê ekavhrskrn lh fkrçn. Fkrçn Fkrçn hstn quh ê phrehmjln phdn busjendjlnlh lks nghaths nghaths havkdvjlks hb ubn rhdnçåk thrnpéutjen (thrnphutn h pnejhath). Dkgk, jgundbhath jbpkrtnath an ljaíbjen pkjs bùsjen tnbmêb musen ekatntk. Bùsjen aåk hstî pksjejkanln hatrh thrnphutn h pnejhath bns ekbk ub lks vêrtjehs lh ub trjíagudk (Fjgurn >)>9

> \  \rntn-sh rntn-sh lk —\rjíagudk —\rjíagudk lh Enrphath h Mrnalndjsh‒, erjnlk h nprhshatnlk n prhshatnlk lurnath k

S Ujbpõsjk Bùsjek-ehatrnln  n   Mrnsjdhjrk lh Busjekthrnpjn (Mrnsjd, =???) h pumdjenlk ak djvrk Busjekthrnpjn Bùsjek-ehatrnl (Mrnalndjsh, =??>). 8?

 

Netns lhd Ujbpksjk Jathranejkand Busjekthrnpjn Akrlk﬏ ]kmmjas

Bùsjen thb vjln. Bùsjen tnbmêb lhshin. _rkvken nçøhs, rhdnejkanbhatks. Hathaljbhatk fualnbhatnd pnrn quh hu hathalhssh tnbmêb skmrh bjacn jlhatjlnlh (shgualn phrguatn jajejnd). H, rhspkalhr n hstns quhstøhs dhvku-bh ï ekastruçåk h prkpkstn lh ubn nmkrlnghb prõprjn quh ecnbhj lh —Busjekthrnpjn Busjekehatrnln‒, pumdjenln ak djvrk lh =??> (Npkatnbhatks). \hbks bujtk njaln n rhspkalhr, thbks bujtk njaln n hathalhr, n phasnr, n trntnr. Bns sku bujtk ktjbjstn lh quh phasnbhatks h prîtjens Akrlkff ]kmmjas h lh Busjekthrnpjn Busjekthrnpjn Busjekehatrnln ekatjaunråk n ekatrjmujr hakrbhbhath pnrn n prõprjn prõprjn îrhn ln busjekthrnpjn bns, fualnbhatndbhath, pnrn k enln vhz bnjkr mhb hstnr lns erjnaçns h lns fnbâdjns quh nekdchbks, hseutnbks h pnrn ns qunjs qunjs fnejdjtnbks lhshavkdvjbhatk. Bujtk kmrjgnlk _nud Akrlkff, Edjvh ]kmmjas h Vjetkr Yue`hr`nald pkr hsth jbhask dhgnlk. ]hfhréaejns Mrnalndjsh, N. (=??>). Busjekthrnpjn bùsjek-ehatrnln . Npkatnbhatks9 Npkatnbhatks9 Uåk _nudk, U_. U_. ]kmmjas, E. & ]kmmjas, E. (=??3). Chndjag chrjtngh . Mnrehdkan _umdjschrs9 Gjdsub, AC. Yue`hr`nald, Yue`hr `nald, V. V. (>:7>). (>:7>). \ch shash kf busje . _rjaehtka Xajvhrsjty _rhss0 Ahw Ihrshy Ihrshy,, AI. Yue`hr`nald, Yue`hr `nald, V. V. (>:75). (>:75). Ukual nal sybmkd . _rjaehtka Xajvhrsjty _rhss0 Ahw Ihrshy Ihrshy,, AI. Yue`hr`nald, Yue`hr `nald, V. V. (>:76). (>:76). Bna tch busjejna . _rjaehtka Xajvhrsjty _rhss0 Ahw Ihrshy Ihrshy,, AI. Nalrê Mrnalndjsh Hs Djehaejnlk ha Bùsjen (XF]GU, ]U), Hsphejndjstn ha Busjekthrnpjn (EMB-]I), Bîsthr ha Busjekthrnpjn (AZX, HXN) y _cL ha Busjekthrnpjn (\hbpdh Xajvhrsjty, HXN). Ha hstn ùdtjbn uajvhrsjlnl fuh mhenrjk lurnath lks nþks ekbk prkfhskr-nsjsthath, rhndjznalk fuaejkahs lh prkfhskr y suphrvjskr. Hs uak lh dks fualnlkrhs lh NGNBXUJ (Nsskejnçåk Gnùecn lh Busjekthrnpjn) sjhalk su prhsjlhath hatrh >::: y =??5. Jathgrn hd ekashik hljtkrjnd lh dn ]hvjstn Mrnsjdhjrn lh Busjekthrnpjn. Mrnalndjsh hs ljrhetkr-fualnlkr lhd Ehatrk Gnùeck lh Busjekthrnpjn (vjaeudnlk nd Jastjtutk lh Erjntjvjlnlh h Lhshavkdvjbhatk-JEL), ha _krtk Ndhgrh, lkalh trnmnin ekbk edâajek, suphrvjskr, javhstjgnlkr y krjhatnlkr eka phrskans eka trnstkrak lhd hsphetrk nutjstn (\HN), Uâalrkbh lh Lkwa y trnstkraks ahurkdõgjeks. Hs nutkr lh dks djmrks Busjekthrnpjn Bùsjek-ehatrnln (=??>) y J Ikranln Mrnsjdhjrn skmrh Busj-  ekthrnpjn Bùsjek-ehatrnln (=??5). Hsth ùdtjbk ekbk krgnajznlkr. Cn sjlk javjtnlk

n hxpkahr su trnmnik ha vnrjks hstnlks lh Mrnsjd, ha Nrghatjan, ha Xruguny, ha Ecjdh, ha Ekdkbmjn y ha Hstnlks Xajlks, pumdjenalk nrtâeudks ha Mrnsjd, ha Hstnlks Xajlks, ha Nrghatjan (]hvjstn JEBus) y pnrn hd sjtjk akruhgk —Vkjehs‒ (Akruhgn). 8>

 

Netns lhd Ujbpksjk Jathranejkand Busjekthrnpjn Akrlk﬏ ]kmmjas

Busjekthrnpjn Akrlkff ]kmmjas9 dn erhntjvjlnl nd shrvjejk lh lhthrbjanr y fnejdjtnr kmihtjvks edâajeks ha Busjekthrnpjn Ndna \urry Nmstrnet Dn busjekthrnpjn Akrlkff ]kmmjas anejõ lh dn ekdnmkrnejõa pjkahrn hatrh _nud Akrlkff, lhstnenlk pjnajstn y ekbpksjtkr, y Edjvh ]kmmjas, jaakvnlkr hluenlkr hsphejnd. Uu trnmnik ekbhazõ ha >:8: ha Uua﬎hdl Ecjdlrha‚s Ckbhs, Wkrehsthrscjrh, Jagdnthrrn. Cky hd nmkrlnih hsphejndjznlk hs prnetjenlk ha tklk hd bualk pkr busjekthrnphutns ehrtj﬎enlks ha Akrlkff ]kmmjas quh trnmnina eka ua nbpdjk nbpdjk hsphetrk lh pkmdnejkahs. Ekakejlk tnbmjêa ekbk busjekthrnpjn erhntjvn (Akrlkff & ]kmmjas, >:77/=??7), hs ekasjlhrnlk hd nmkrlnih krjgjand lh thrnpjn bùsjek-ehatrnln (Njgha, =??8), y hs uak

lh dks bklhdks lh busjekthrnpjn bîs hstnmdhejlks y lhsnrrkddnlks ha hd bualk. Hstn prhshatnejõa hxpdjenrî dns enrnethrâstjens hshaejndhs lhd nmkrlnih h jdustrnrî dn bklndjlnl lh trnmnik n trnvês vjlhks lh shsjkahs lh busjekthrnpjn. _rhshatnejõa  Nathehlhaths 

_nud Akrlkff y Edjvh ]kmmjas fuhrka pjkahrks ha lhsnrrkddnr dk quh nckrn sh lhakbjan ekbkdâlhr, nmkrlnih ha busjekthrnpjn. Fuhlh@ha Mrusejn, ua javhstjgnlkr edâajekbùsjek-ehatrnlk y prkfhskr, hserjtkr lhd djmrk Bklhdks Jbprkvjsnejõa ha Busjekthrnpjn , qujha neuþõ nd nmkrlnih Akrlkff ]kmmjas ekbk —Busjekthrnpjn Erhntjvn‒ pkr prjbhrn vhz. Lhslh dks jajejks lh dks nþks 6?, dn busjekthrnpjn busjekthrnpjn Akrlkff ]kmmjas cn sjlk uan lh dns fkrbns bîs rhsphtnlns lh busjekthrnpjn eka ejhatks lh busjekthrnphutns ehrtj﬎enlks y ehatrks lh enpnejtnejõa h javhstjgnejõa ha tklk hd bualk. Jatrklueejõa

Hd Akrlkff ]kmmjas tjhah hs dns phrskandjznlk,nmkrlnih bnykrbhath bnykrbhath jbprkvjsnlk y sh vnrjns mnsn haenrnethrâstjens dn erhntjvjlnlùajens9 jaantn lh phrskans ―tnatk lhd thrnphutn ekbk lhd pnejhath― pnrn trnasfkrbnr vjlns. 8=

 

Netns lhd Ujbpksjk Jathranejkand Busjekthrnpjn Akrlk﬏ ]kmmjas

Hsth nrtâeudk lhserjmh dn jbpkrtnaejn lh dn utjdjznejõa lh dn erhntjvjlnl ha dn prîetjen lh dn jbprkvjsnejõa edâajen. Dn erhntjvjlnl ―hd usk lh dn jbngjanejõa k lh jlhns krjgjandhs ekbk jaspjrnejõa pnrn dn bùsjen lhd thrnphutn― ekbmjanln eka hd eujlnlksk naîdjsjs, hs ua ekbpkahath jathgrnd eunalk vndkrnbks, jathrvhajbks y hvndunbks hd trntnbjhatk lh busjekthrnpjn. Hd busjekthrnphutn bùsjek-ehatrnlk utjdjzn dks ekbpkahaths nrtâstjeks y ejhatâ﬎eks lh dn prîetjen busjekthrnpêutjen. Dn hseuecn hs uan neejõa erhntjvn quh ddhvn n uan sjatkaân shasjmdh Dn cnmjdjlnl bîs jbpkrtnath quh hd busjekthrnphutn bùsjek-ehatrnlk ahehsjtn thahr y ekatjaunr lhsnrrkddnalk hs dn hseuecn. Dn hseuecn hs uan neejõa erhntjvn tkbnln pkr hd busjekthrnphutn pnrn kâr y trntnr lh hathalhr quê hs dk quh hd pnejhath hstî vjvhaejnalk. Hd thrnphutn hseuecn nthatnbhath eka uan netjtul lh rhvhrhaejn cnejn hd pnejhath y su sjtunejõa, eka dn ljspksjejõa pnrn lhseumrjr dns pksjmjdjlnlhs quh dn jathrneejõa puhlh cnehr pkr hd pnejhath. Hd thrnphutn rhspkalh busjendbhath, sjatkajznalk eka hd pnejhath n trnvês lh bùsjen jbprkvjsnln, nua eunalk hd pnejhath ak hstî tkenalk. _uhlh ekrrhspkalhr dn ekbuajenejõa ak vhrmnd lhd pnejhath. Xan vhz quh hsth hatkanbjhatk nfhetjvk hs dkgrnlk, hd thrnphutn puhlh erhnr bùsjen pnrn javjtnr nd pnejhath n lnr hd sjgujhath pnsk, utjdjznalk tnatk dn jatujejõa ekbk dn jathaejõa ekasejhath. Jbprkvjsnejõa edâajen Dn jbprkvjsnejõa dh mrjaln nd thrnphutn dn pksjmjdjlnl lh rhspkalhrdh nd pnejhath bkbhatk trns bkbhatk pnrn ekastrujr ua puhath ekbuajentjvk. Hd vâaeudk y dn eka﬎nazn ekbjhazna n lhsnrrkddnrsh ha ua ajvhd ak-vhrmnd. N ljfhrhaejn lh dn ekavhrsnejõa, dn bùsjen sh puhlh hiheutnr nd bjsbk tjhbpk, phrbjtjhalk quh hd pnejhath vjvhaejh quh hd thrnphutn hstî vhrlnlhrnbhath eka êd. Hd thrnphutn puhlh niustnr su bùsjen n dns ahehsjlnlhs lhd bkbhatk, phrbjtjêalkdh nd pnejhath shatjr quh hstî sjhalk hseuecnlk y nsjstjlk.

Bhljnath dn hxpdkrnejõa busjend, hd thrnphutn puhlh lhseumrjr dns fkrtndhzns y îrhns lh ahehsjlnl lhd pnejhath. _uhlh erhnr bùsjen quh javjth nd lhsnrrkddk lhd pnejhath. Hs uan ekdnmkrnejõa erhntjvn lkalh hd thrnphutn bklhdn busjendbhath dn tkbn lh rjhsgks y sh javkduern ha ua prkehsk eknetjvk. 85

 

Netns lhd Ujbpksjk Jathranejkand Busjekthrnpjn Akrlk﬏ ]kmmjas

Mhah﬎ejks lh jbprkvjsnr pnrn hd pnejhath  Nd pnrtjejpnr pnrtjejpnr ha jbprkv jbprkvjsne jsnejõa jõa busjend busjend eka hd thrnphut thrnphutn, n, hd hd pnejhath pnejhath puhlh puhlh vjvhavjvhaejnr su shdf ha y n trnvês lh dn bùsjen. Hstk puhlh ekaluejr n lhseumrjr y hxpdkrnr jlhns k shatjbjhatks prhvjnbhath prhvjnbhath lhsekakejlks lhsekakejlks lhatrk lh sâ bjsbk. _uhlh nyulnr n krgnajznr phasnbjhatks, hafkenr dn nthaejõa, rhdnejkanrsh y rhspkalhr n ktrn phrskan n trnvês lh dn jathrneejõa busjend rheâprken. Dn erhnejõa busjend puhlh

nyulnr nd pnejhath n lhsnrrkddnr dn bktjvnejõaauhvks jatrâashen pnrn lnr pnsk ha hd prkgrhsk lh su thrnpjn, lhsnrrkddnalk nsphetks lh hd susjgujhath shr, cnejhalk usk lh pkthaejndjlnlh pkthaejndjlnlhss jahxpdkrnlns. Bùsjek-psjekthrnpjn Ha Bùsjek-psjekthrnpjn dns rhdnejkahs thrnpêutjens sh ekastruyha n trnvês lh dn ekdnmkrnejõa busjend. Dns ekahxjkahs jathrphrskandhs sh puhlha cnehr n trnvês lh dn bùsjen jaedusk eunalk ktrks enandhs enandhs hstîa mdkquhnlks. Hs uan thrnpjn vjvhaejnd quh vn bîs nddî lh dn phrehpejõa. Hd pnejhath vjvhaejn cnejhalk, neejkanalk,

sjhalk bîslurnath sâ bjsbk, phrbjtjhalk quh ndgk lh sâ sh bnaj﬎hsth ha hd bkbhatk dn hxphrjhaejn hxphrjha ejn busjend. Hstkbîs puhlh shrbjsbk pklhrksk pkrquh dn hxphrjhaejn nrtâstjen hs pkr anturndhzn, pkthaejndbhath trnasfkrbnlkrn. Busjekthrnpjn bùsjek-ehatrnln Dn prîetjen lh dn busjekthrnpjn bùsjek-ehatrnln sh hafken prjaejpndbhath ha dn hxphrjhaejn lh cnehr bùsjen. Dks kmihtjvks hstîa ekathajlks ha dn hxphrjhaejn netjvn lh dn ljbhasjõa hstêtjen / hxprhsjvn lh dn bùsjen. Dn bùsjen aks nmrh n tklns dns sutjdhzns y prkfualjlnlhs lh dn hxphrjhaejn cubnan. _nrtjejpnr ha cnehr bùsjen, netjvn prkehsks hshaejndhs hbkejkandhs, jathdhetundhs y lh lhsnrrkddk.

Lhmjlk n quh puhlh ekathahr eundjlnlhs bjxtns, dn bùsjen erhnln ha dn thrnpjn puhlh shr sjbudtîahnbhath ua lhsnfâk y ua npkyk, uan javjtnejõa y uan lhbnaln, puhlh gujnr y shgujr. Hatkaehs, dn hfhetjvjlnl lh ua busjekthrnph busjekthrnphutn utn sh mnsn, ha hd ekathxtk lhd hafkquh bùsjek-ehatrnlk, ha dn jlhn ehatrnd lh quh dns hxphrjhaejns busjendhs tjhaha hd pkthaejnd lh trnasfkrbnraks. \rhs hihbpdks edâajeks lh Bùsjek-psjekthrnpjn bùsjek-ehatrnln 

Dks pnejhaths ska auhstrks bhikrhs bnhstrks. Hd sjgujhath bnthrjnd hs uan lhserjpejõa lh ua trntnbjhatk prkdkagnlk lh busjekthrnpjn. Uh jaeduyh nquâ pnrn jdustrnr dks puatks pdnathnlks nathrjkrbhath nathrjkrbhath ha hsth nrtâeudk. 8<

 

Netns lhd Ujbpksjk Jathranejkand Busjekthrnpjn Akrlk﬏ ]kmmjas

Ihff hseuecõ skmrh busjekthrnpjn ha dn rnljk h jabhljntnbhath sjatjõ eurjksjlnl. Xa ckbmrh shasjmdh y nrtjeudnlk0 bh ljik quh thaân ua tâtudk uajvhrsjtnrjk ha cjstkrjn lhd nrth y ktrk tâtudk ha Lhrheck. N phsnr lh quh cneân trntnbjhatk eka lks psjekthrnphutns vhrmndhs, hstnmn lhejljlk n jathatnr ua hafkquh ljfhrhath pnrn rhejmjr nyuln. \haân 87 nþks eunalk vjak nd Ehatrk. Uh lhserjmjõ n sâ bjsbk ekbk jaenpnz lh thahr hxphrjhaejns sjgaj﬎entjvns pkrquh nandjznmn sjtunejkahs ha dugnr lh vjvjrdns quhpudsk‒. hrn hxtrhbnlnbhath shasjmdh nd skajlk. dn rnljk NB yndnfkalk. bùsjen]h﬎rjõ —sja ua Nuaquh sh lhserjmjõ lhprjbjlk, ak _rhfhrân rhekrlnmn dn ùdtjbn vhz quh cnmân ddkrnlk. ]hdnejkaõ sus eka﬍jetks netundhs eka hvhatks pnsnlks, n bhaulk eudpnalk dn fndtn lh shasjmjdjlnl y nbkr lh sus pnlrhs. Lhserjmjõ hafnlnrsh y hakinrsh buy rîpjlnbhath, dk quh rhsudtn ha quh pjhrlh dks hstrjmks. Hstk enusõ lj﬎eudtnlhs eka su hbpdhk y eka sus rhdnejkahs skejndhs. Ekbk hihbpdk, bh ljik quh rhejhathbhath cnmân thrbjanlk nmruptnbhath su rhdnejõa eka uak lh sus thrnphutns vhrmndhs pkrquh skaõ hd thdêfkak ha dn k﬎ejan lhd thrnphutn. _hasê quh pklrân shr ua bhasnih jbpdâejtk pnrn bâ pnrn ak bkdhstnrdk k thrbjanrân auhstrk trnmnik lh busjekthrnpjn naths lh quh rhndbhath ekbhaznrn. Ihff tnrlõ bueck tjhbpk naths lh hdhgjr tkenr ha su prjbhrn shsjõa. Hs jathrhsnath quh cnyn hdhgjlk tkenr hd pjnak, qujzîs hd bîs lhsn﬎nath jathdhetundbhath lh tklks dks jastrubhatks quh hstnmna ljspkajmdhs. Bjhatrns tkenmn, sh cjzk hvjlhath quh snmân skmrh dn hstrueturn busjend eunalk hiheutnmn trânlns, ha ua bkbhatk eruznalk dns bnaks. Ha ktrk bkbhatk, tkeõ uan aktn bîs grnvh y rhneejkaõ vjsjmdhbhath lh bnahrn skmrhsndtnln, bkstrnalk dn shasjmjdjlnl nd skajlk quh cnmân lhserjtk nathrjkrbhath. \kquê eka êd ha dn gujtnrrn, hdjgjhalk n prkpõsjtk ua jastrubhatk quh fuhrn ljfhrhath nd suyk, y hatrê ha dn bùsjen iuatk eka êd. Jbprkvjsê nrbkaâns sjbpdhs quh ak hrna hspheâ﬎enbhath bnykrhs k bhakrhs0 dn bùsjen nlqujrjõ uan eundjlnl ekathahlkrn, ekbk sj fuhsh uan enaejõa lh euan. Ha uan shsjõa pksthrjkr, uans shbnans bîs tnrlh, Ihff hdjgjõ dks ekraks. _hquhþks jastrubhatks lh uan skdn aktn ghahrndbhath hbpdhnlks ha hd trnmnik eka ajþks.  N bhljln bhljln quh skpd skpdnmn nmn y sh sh javkduern javkduernmn mn bîs bîs y bîs, bîs, jbpr jbprkvjs kvjsêê bùsjen bùsjen ha hd hd pjnak pjnak pnrn lnr skstêa n su frnshk y kfrhehr uan prkgrhsjõa nrbõajen quh n dn vhz erhõ thasjkahs. Dn bùsjen nenrrhnmn uan thasjõa hbkejkand fnejdjtnln pkr hd check lh quh ekastruâ uan bhdklân ha hd pjnak ekbk sj êd bjsbk dn hstuvjhrn tkenalk eka su skpdjlk. Hstns eundjlnlhs lh dn bùsjen bùsjen erhnrka thasjõa. Eunatk bnykr hs dn thasjõa, bnykr pkthaejnd lh djmhrnejõa hbkejkand ha dn rhskduejõa lh hsn thasjõa. Ihff 88

 

Netns lhd Ujbpksjk Jathranejkand Busjekthrnpjn Akrlk﬏ ]kmmjas

sh sjatjõ vjsjmdhbhath ekabkvjlk pkr dn hxphrjhaejn h jabhljntnbhath ekbpnrtjõ quh —hstk hrn ndgk phsnlk. _uhlk enptnr tklk tjpk lh shatjbjhatks ha dks skajlks‒. skajlks‒. Eunalk hatrõ n dn sndn ha dn dn sjgujhath shsjõa, shsjõa, hstnmn bkdhstk. Ak dh gustnmn dn bùsjen quh nenmnmn nenmnmn lh hseuecnr hseuecnr bjhatrns sumân sumân pkr hd nsehaskr nsehaskr.. \nbmjêa sh quhiõ quhiõ lh quh hbphzîmnbks tnrlh. Bjrê hd rhdki y vj quh, lh check, hstîmnbks ekbhaznalk nhstnr tjhbpk. Ha dugnreka lh dnekrrhgjrdk endbnrdk, quh supush quhhxphrjbhatnlk su fuhrth jrrjtnejõa pklrân rhdnejkanln nphrturnkhbkejkand cnmân ha dn shsjõa nathrjkr. Jlhatj﬎quê hstk ekbk uan kpkrtuajlnl pnrn trnmninr eka dks shatjbjhatks bîs eka﬍jetjvks quh Ihff hstnmn sjatjhalk0 dk javjtê n hdhgjr ua jastrubhatk pnrn tkenr.. \kbõ hd tnbmkr y hd pdntjdd tkenr pdntjddk. k. Uhatâ quh cnmân thasjõa thasjõa hatrh aksktrks0 aksktrks0 hsphrnmn quh puljêrnbks tkenr iuatks eka nuthatjejlnl. Bjhatrns êd hiheutnmn hstnddjlks mrhvhs ha hd mkrlh lhd tnbmkr, tkquê hd pjnak rhspkaljêalkdh eka ljskanaejn. Hrn ekbk sj hstuvjhrn ljejhalk, n trnvês lh bj bùsjen, —sj hstîs jrrjtnlk, nlhdnath, tkendk ha hd tnbmkr‒. —Ak hs ahehsnrjk quh th lhthagns‒. Lh check, ekatjauõ tkenalk nsâ inzz lurnath ua tjhbpk0 duhgkndntkenr bùsjen hatrh aksktrks lhrjvõskmrh ha uan lh swjag eunalk êd ekbhazõ lh bnahrn bîs ljrhetn hd hsphejh pnrech. Ukarjõ bjhatrns tkenmn0 shatâ quh pnrn Ihff hsth hrn ua bkbhatk jbpkrtnath ha su thrnpjn9 pklrân jrrjtnrsh ekabjgk sja lhstrujr auhstrn rhdnejõa. Ha dns sjgujhaths shsjkahs, Ihff ekbhazõ n enatnr. Nd prjaejpjk dk cjzk lh vkendjznalk lh bnahrn ak vhrmnd, cnstn quh duhgk hbphzõ n erhnr ua thxtk enatnalk —Dîgrjbns lhslh hd ejhdk‒. Ihff sh pusk n ddkrnr bjhatrns enatnmn. Hxpdjeõ quh dn hxphrjhaejn fuh jathasnbhath ekabkvhlkrn ekabkvhlkrn pkrquh cjzk quh sh ljhrn euhatn lh dn prkfualn hxphrjhaejn hbkejkand quh fndtnmn ha su vjln. Bhaejkaõ hspheâ﬎enbhath hspheâ﬎enbhath —nbkr, shgurjlnl y nbnmjdjlnl‒. Ekbpnrtjõ quh, nuaquh sh shatân trjsth, tnbmjêa sh shatân krguddksk lh cnmhr erhnlk uan enaejõa. Hstns hxphrjhaejns lh hxprhsnrsh n trnvês lh dn erhnejõa busjend tuvjhrka ua jbpnetk ha Ihff fuhrn lh busjekthrnpjn. Lhserjmjõ shatjrsh bhaks lhprjbjlk, bîs najbnlk y eka bîs êxjtk ha dns rhdnejkahs eka dks lhbîs. _kr dk tnatk, hd prkehsk jbpdjeõ nd prjaejpjk pnrtjejpnr jathdhetundbhath ha hd pjnak. Duhgk, hdhgjr ua jastrubhatk quh fuhrn bîs fîejd lh tkenr, ekbk shr dks ekraks, quh dh phrbjtjhrka nd pnejhath hxphrjbhatnr shatjbjhatks bjhatrns jathrnetunmn eka dn bùsjen erhnln pkr hd thrnphutn. Dn bùsjen lhd thrnphutn surgjõ lhd rhekakejbjhatk 86

 

Netns lhd Ujbpksjk Jathranejkand Busjekthrnpjn Akrlk﬏ ]kmmjas

y lh dn rhspuhstn n dns eundjlnlhs lh dk quh tkeõ hd pnejhath. Hd prkpjk pnejhath lhserjmjõ nd ekrak ekbk pklhrksk y ehrenak nd enatk. Ha uan shsjõa pksthrjkr, fuh enpnz lh enandjznr su ngjtnejõa n trnvês lh su hxprhsjõa busjend ha hd tnbmkr. Ujatjêalksh shgurk lh quh dn rhdnejõa thrnpêutjen pklrân rhsjstjr rhsjstjr su jrn, dkgrõ lnr hd sjgujhath pnsk. Lhspuês lh hstk, ekbhazõ n enatnr y hbkejkanrsh bjhatrns erhnmn bùsjen quh hrn phrskandbhath hxprhsjvn, hxprhsjõa busjend lh dn quh sh shatân krguddksk lh erhnr. Lhspdjhguh lh prkehsk busjend 

Lhmjlk n quh dn bùsjen ekatjhah bhzedns lh eundjlnlhs, dn bùsjen puhlh thahr tnatk dns eundjlnlhs hbkejkandhs quh hd pnejhath hstî vjvhaejnalk ekbk dns eundjlnlhs hbkejkandhs quh hd pnejhath hstî musenalk . Nsjbjsbk, puhlh vjvhaejnr dn jajejntjvn prkpjn (Ihff sh sjatjõ krguddksk lh su erhnejõa) jaedusk sj hd thrnphutn cneh uan ekatrjmuejõa sjgaj﬎entjvn nd tkak hbktjvk ljrhetk y nd lhsnrrkddk busjend lh dn enaejõa lîalkdh fkrbn n dks hdhbhatks busjendhs. Hd thrnphutn erhn bùsjen mnsnln ha dk quh hstî hseuecnalk y phrejmjhalk lhd pnejhath. Lurnath uan jbprkvjsnejõa, puhlha puhlha surgjr ljfhrhaths nsphetks lh dn phrskandjlnl lhd pnejhath. _uhlh keurrjr ua enbmjk ha su puatk lh vjstn. Hd pnejhath puhlh tkbnr auhvns lhejsjkahs y rkbphr vjhiks cîmjtks. ]kshamdntt (>::8) n﬎rbn quh dn hxphrjhaejn hstêtjen npkyn —... hd lhsnrrkddk lh dn jbngjanejõa9 dn enpnejlnl lh hsenpnr lh dns djbjtnejkahs lhd tjhbpk, hd dugnr y hd nbmjhath, dn enpnejlnl lh ekaehmjr ndthrantjvns ha hd hstjdk lh vjln‒ (p. =76). Busjek-psjekthrnpjn bùsjek-ehatrnln9 busjend y rhdnejkand Ha hsth nmkrlnih, hd pnejhath sh jlhatj﬎en k rhsuhan eka dn eundjlnl hbkejkand lh dn bùsjen. Ha dn hxphrjhaejn busjend tjhah dugnr dn vjvhaejn lh uak bjsbk. Hd pnejhath tjhah uan shasnejõa vjsehrnd lh quh ndgujha bîs hatjhalh eõbk sh sjhath y hstk dk nyuln n lhsnrrkddnr eka﬎nazn. Hstk dh mrjaln npkyk n su jajejntjvn prkpjn y pnrn nrrjhsgnr. Z phrbjth quh dn bùsjen dk bktjvh n jajejnr uan auhvn fkrbn lh shr. Hihbpdk edâajek =9 _hrbnahehr javkduernlk lurnath bkbhatks lh ngjtnejõa 

Ha hd sjgujhath hihbpdk edâajek, hd thrnphutn jathatn ekavkenr nd pnejhath bjhatrns hstîa trnasjtnalk pkr ua hpjskljk jathask, pnrheh ua mhrrjaech. Ha hsth nmkrlnih lh busjekthrnpjn, hd thrnphutn sh ehatrn ha hseuecnr dn hstêtjen/bùsjen lhd pnejhath ha eundqujhr bklk quh hstn sh prhshath. _klrân shr grjtnalk, ddkrnalk, gjbjhalk. Hd thrnphutn jathatn ekakehr eõbk hs pnrn hd pnejhath hstn hxphrjhaejn y euîd shrân hd sjgujhath pnsk pnrn hddks. 87

 

Netns lhd Ujbpksjk Jathranejkand Busjekthrnpjn Akrlk﬏ ]kmmjas

Ikscun fuh ljngakstjenlk n hlnl thbprnan eka enrnethrâstjens psjeõtjens y nutjsbk. Dh haenatn dn bùsjen, phrk lhmjlk n sus lj﬎eudtnlhs pnrn rhgudnrsh, ak cn pkljlk sksthahr dn hsekdnrjlnl. Hstk sh lhmh prjaejpndbhath n hpjskljks jbprhlhejmdhs, trhbhalnbhath jathasks y rhphatjaks ha dks quh hatrn ha pîajek, pnrheh shatjr lkdkr y puhlh vkdvhrsh ngrhsjvk ekasjgk bjsbk y eka dks lhbîs. Lurnath sus vnrjks nþks ha busjekthrnpjn, auaen chbks vjstk hsth ekbpkrtnbjhatk. Cnstn hsth bkbhatk. Lhserjpejõa 

Ikscun hstî ekathatk tkenalk dks tnbmkrhs quh skstjhah hd ekthrnphutn (ha hd nmkrlnih Akrlkff ]kmmjas, uak lh dks thrnphutnn hs qujha tjhah dn rhspkasnmjdjlnl prjaejpnd lh dn hiheuejõa busjend, y hd ktrk thrnphutn nyuln n fnejdjtnr dn pnrtjejpnejõa busjend lhd pnejhath lhslh hd pjsk). ]hphatjanbhath, hd hstnlk lh îajbk enbmjn n bhljln quh enbmjn dn hxprhsjõa fnejnd lh Ikscun y tkbn nd ekthrnphutn lh dn enbjsn. _nrheh hstnr ha ua hstnlk lh hdhvnln nasjhlnl y pîajek. dks thrnphutns jathatna trnaqujdjznr n Ikscun, ekatjaùnNuaquh jathasj﬎eîalksh. Hd ekthrnphutn trntn lh haekatrnr ndgksun lhsrhgudnejõa dk quh Ikscun puhln nfhrrnrsh, phrk bjhatrns tnatk, Ikscun tjrn tklks dks tnbmkrhs nd pjsk. Hd thrnphutn quh hstî nd pjnak hseuecn dks skajlks quh Ikscun hstî cnejhalk eka dn vkz. Nuaquh pkshh buy pkek dhagunih vhrmnd, ha bhljk lh su nrrhmntk grjtn —Ndna‒. Dn bùsjen lhd pjnak hs ha bklk bhakr y Ikscun hbjth sus skajlks vkendhs nd thbpk y pnusns quh kfrheh dn bùsjen. Ha lhthrbjanlk bkbhatk, hd thrnphutn enbmjn n bklk bnykr y tken uan bhdklân sjbpdh, dhatn y djgnln. Uh puhlh vhr n Ikscun quh sh endbn ua pkek, y rhspjrn prkfualk. Hd thrnphutn jbprkvjsn uan enaejõa9 —\jhahs ua nbjgk ha bùsjen‒. Ikscun rhpjth dn pndnmrn nbjgk vnrjns vhehs, eka hd npkyk lh dn bùsjen quh suhan ha hd pjnak. Dn dhtrn ekatjaùn sjhalk erhnln ha hd bkbhatk —eunalk th sjhaths bnd‒, y Ikscun ghstjeudn y rhpjth, ekbk sj trntnrn lh endbnrsh. Eunalk thrbjan hd hpjskljk, Ikscun sh vh hxcnustk phrk bîs rhgudnlk y cny uan shasnejõa ha dn sndn lh quh iuatks chbks trnasjtnlk ndgk.  Nd utjdjznr dn jbprkvjsnejõa, jbprkvjsnejõa, hd thrnphutn puhlh sksthahr sksthahr dn cnmjdjlnl lhd pnejhath pnrn rhdnejkanrsh nua eunalk hd pnejhath trnasjtn ua bkbhatk lh ngjtnejõa. _hrbjth nd pnejhath musenr hstnmdhehr y bnathahr ekatnetk y thahr dn vjvhaejn lh rhejmjr nyuln. Jaedusk ha bkbhatks lh nagustjn, dn pnrtjejpnejõa busjend puhlh nyulnr nd pnejhath n neehlhr n sus fkrtndhzns. Dn jabhljnthz, dn lhthrbjanejõa, dn 83

 

Netns lhd Ujbpksjk Jathranejkand Busjekthrnpjn Akrlk﬏ ]kmmjas

fkrbn ekbpksjejkand y dn enpnejlnl lh rhspuhstn ﬍hxjmdh quh sh prklueh lurnath dn jbprkvjsnejõa edâajen hfhetjvn phrbjtha jathrvhaejkahs edâajens hfhetjvns. Hd thrnphutn jbprkvjsnlkr puhlh hdhvnr k rhluejr dn jathasjlnl lh dn bùsjen, erhnr bùsjen quh prkbuhvn dn jathrneejõa rheâprken k sjatkajznr nfhetjvnbhath yhalk nd haeuhatrk lh dn hahrgân lhd pnejhath. Hd thrnphutn puhlh erhnr uan bhzedn lh eundjlnlhs ha dn bùsjen pnrn quh sjatkajeh eka hd hstnlk lh îajbk lhd pnejhath. Dn bùsjen puhlh ndhatnlkrn, hte. shr bîs k bhaks prhlhejmdh, bjsthrjksn, tjhran, hbkejkanath, Ùdtjbk hihbpdk edâajek Bkrgna fuh ljngakstjenlk eka nutjsbk n dks 5 nþks y bhljk lh hlnl. Uu bnlrh rh﬎rjõ quh êd —sjbpdhbhath lhiõ lh jathatnr ekbuajenrsh‒. Ak hstnmn jathrhsnlk ha rhdnejkanrsh eka dks lhbîs, njsdnlk y trjsth dn bnykr pnrth lhd tjhbpk. Dns trnasjejkahs hrna ljfâejdhs pnrn êd, n bhaulk prkvkenalk mhrrjaechs. Eka lj﬎eudtnlhs pnrn lkrbjr pkr dn akech. Jbprkvjsnr bùsjen eka êd, hvkeõ jabhljntnbhath su cnmjdjlnl pnrn rhdnejkanrsh. Dn ekdnmkrnejõa busjend erhõ uan hxphrjhaejn hbkejkandbhath sjgaj﬎entjvn ekbpnrtjln hatrh hd pnejhath y hd thrnphutn, quh hs bîs quh sjbpdh nthaejõa ekaiuatn ha dn bùsjen, nsphetk quh sh ekasjlhrn ua kmihtjvk hstîalnr pnrn dns phrskans eka nutjsbk. Nd shatjrsh ekbprhaljlk, hd ajþk sh nmrh y ﬍uyh ha dn rhdnejõa n trnvês lh dn erhnejõa busjend. Ha dn jathrneejõa busjend, Bkrgna ekbhazõ n lnrsh euhatn lh quh hd thrnphutn hstnmn tkenalk eka êd, y ekbhazõ n natjejpnr dk quh suehlhrân lhspuês. Eka ndhgrân pnrtjejpõ ha ua lùk jbprkvjsnlk, tkenalk tnbmkrhs, pdntjddk y xjdkfõa. Ha hd ùdtjbk hihbpdk ha vjlhk, vhbks quh cneh uan pnusn vnrjns vhehs, quh buhstrn su shasjmjdjlnl n dn enlhaejn nrbõajen y hd check lh quh hstnbks tkenalk iuatks. Hstî ednrnbhath ljsfrutnalk lh dn jathrneejõa, ndgk buy rnrk ha êd. Uus bnhstrks rh﬎rjhrka quh sh vkdvjõ bîs ekkphrntjvk ha dn hseuhdn y quh dns trnasjejkahs ha ensn sh tkranrka bîs fîejdhs. Dns hxphrjhaejns busjendhs phrbjtha quh dn phrskandjlnl keudtn lh ua ajþk ekmrh vjln. Dn bùsjen lhd thrnphutn enpturn dn anturndhzn hshaejnd lhd ajþk. 8:

 

Netns lhd Ujbpksjk Jathranejkand Busjekthrnpjn Akrlk﬏ ]kmmjas

]hsubha9 Eudtjvnr dn erhntjvjlnl ha dn jbprkvjsnejõa edâajen Hsth hafkquh sh mnsn ha ua hqujdjmrjk hatrh hd prkehsk jatujtjvk jatujtjvk y hd prkehsk jathaejkand. Xan lh﬎ajejõa prîetjen lh dn jatujejõa hs —uan phrehpejõa ljrhetn lh dn vhrlnl‒. Dn jatujejõa keurrh eunalk sh rhekakeh dk quh sh ahehsjtn pnrn dn sjtunejõa edâajen. Z sh eudtjvn bhljnath uan prîetjen prkdkagnln ha ua hatkrak hstnmdh. Eunatn bnykr prîetjen edâajen sh thagn, bîs sh pklrî eka﬎nr ha dn jatujejõa. Uh mnsn ha hd netk erhntjvk

lh hseuecnr. shþndhsnakpnrtjr vhrmndhs pnejhath, hd thrnphutn hstk ekbk sj fuhrna\kbnalk shþndhs dns busjendhs lh dnslhd eundhs jbprkvjsn bùsjen.vjvhaejn Dn jatujejõa sh autrh lh rhejmjr jafkrbnejõa lhd pnejhath y trnluejrdn ha hxphrjhaejn busjend. Dn jatujejõa sh hqujdjmrn eka dn jathaejõa ekasejhath. _dnaj﬎enalk _dnaj﬎enalk kmihtjvks lh trntnbjhatk mnsnlks ha uan kmshrvnejõa lhtnddnln. Ha hsth nmkrlnih lh busjekthrnpjn, enln shsjõa sh grnmn y hstuljn naths lh dn sjgujhath shsjõa. Hd thrnphutn tjhah dn pksjmjdjlnl lh rhgjstrnr lhtnddhs sutjdhs lh dn rhdnejõa hatrh su prkpjn bùsjen y dn ekatrjmuejõa busjend lhd pnejhath. _uhlh cnehr ua pdna pnrn javjtnr busjendbhath nd pnejhath n lnrpnrn su sjgujhath pnsk, sjhbprh dk quh hstn pklrân sjgaj﬎enr dn vjln lhd pnejhath haekasjlhrnalk ghahrnd. Hd lhsnrrkddk lh hxphrjhaejn bîs rheursks busjendhs y enpnejlnl lh rhspuhstn busjend pkr pnrth lhd thrnphutn, hs ua ekbpkahath lhd prkehsk jathaejkand pnrn ekatnr eka bhikrhs cnmjdjlnlhs edâajens. Uh ndjhatn nd thrnphutn n ddhvnr su tndhatk nrtâstjek n dn sjtunejõa edâajen. _kr su pnrth, hd thrnphutn hseuecn netjvnbhath pnrn prkmnr y ekbprhalhr dn vjvhaejn lhd pnejhath. Dk quh hiheutn hd thrnphutn puhlh mnsnrsh ha dn jatujejõa. Hd bklk ha quh tken hd thrnphutn ha rhdnejõa eka hd pnejhath hs ekasejhathbha ekasejhathbhath th jathaejkand. Mjmdjkgrnfân  Njgha, @. (=??8). Busje-ehathrhl busje tchrnpy . Mnrehdkan _umdjschrs. JUMA9 :73>3:>=73=8:.  Njgha,  Njg ha, @. (>::6) (>::6).. Mhjag ja busje9 Fkualntjkas kf Akrlkff ]kmmjas Busje \chrnpy . Mnrehdkan _umdjschrs. JUMA9 :73>3:>=7357=.  Nasslh  Na lhdddd,, G. (= (=?> ?>> y dn Fjrst Busje \chrnpy Ekafhrhaeh ha Ckag @kag ha =?>3. Cn prhshatnlk jathranejkandbhath skmrh su trnmnik eka ua nbpdjk rnagk lh pkmdnejkahs jaeduyhalk nludtks nutk-lhrjvnlks, pnejhaths psjqujîtrjeks y eka hstjdks ahurkljvhrsks lh nprhaljznih.

6>

 

Netns lhd Ujbpksjk Jathranejkand Busjekthrnpjn Akrlk﬏ ]kmmjas

Ljvhrsjlnl y \rnasfkrbnejõa9 Lhsnrrkddks netundhs ha hd nmkrlnih Akrlkff ]kmmjas Bnrehdn Djecthaszthia Nmstrnet Lhslh sus jajejks hd nmkrlnih Akrlkff ]kmmjas cn tkbnlk ekbk phasnbjhatk ehatrnd dn ljvhrsjlnl y dn trnasfkrbnejõa. Ljvhrsjlnl ha tnatk quh enln shr cubnak hs ùajek y pkshh fkrtndhzns y pkthaejndjlnlhs dnthaths quh tnbmjêa ska ùajens. Nsjbjsbk, hd busjekthrnphutn Akrlkff ]kmmjas ]kmm jas hbpdhn dn ekbmjanejõa e kbmjanejõa shasjmdh lhtnddnln y erhntjvn lh dks hdhbhatks busjendhs, hsendns y hstjdks pnrn kfrhehr bùdtjpdhs vhatnans lh kpkrtuajlnl nd neehlhr n dn busjendjlnl jaantn lhd pnejhath quh tnbmjêa hs ùajen. Dn trnasfkrbnejõa quh sh vh ha dn bùsjen rh﬍hin dn trnasfkrbnejõa phrskand lhd pnejhath0 hd prkehsk lhd lhspdjh-

guh lhd pkthaejnd jathrjkr lhvjhahyhaljgajlnl. erhejbjhatk y trnasfkrbnejõa phrskand, erhejhatherhntjvk nutkakbân, rhsjdjhaejn Cky ha lân ua nbpdjk hsphetrk lh pkmdnejkahs sh mhah﬎ejna eka busjekthrnpjn Akrlkff ]kmmjas0 dn vhrsntjdjlnl lh hsth nmkrlnih cn phrbjtjlk su nlnptnejõa n vnrjhlnl lh pkmdnejkahs, hatkraks lh trnmnik y ekathxtks eudturndhs nmrnznalk n nbmns9 dn ljvhrsjlnl y dn trnasfkrbnejõa. _rhshatnejõa Lurnath hd lân lh cky chbks hseuecnlk vnrjhlnl lh prkpuhstns mnsnlns ha hd

phasnbjhatk krjgjand lh _nud Akrlkff y Edjvh ]kmmjas. Ha dn eksbkvjsjõa Akrlkff ]kmmjas hs ehatrnd dn ekaehpejõa lh quh tklk shr cubnak tjhah dn pksjmjdjlnl/enpnejlnl lh rhspkalhr n dn bùsjen bîs nddî lh su ekaljejõa. Vjsjkanrjks nbmks, sksthaâna quh hxjsth uan busjendjlnl jaantn ha enln shr cubnak quh puhlh shr netjvnln nd shrvjejk lhd erhejbjhatk, lhd lhsnrrkddk, n dn eund lhakbjanrka busje ecjdl . Ktrk ekaehptk quh nmrnzn dn phrsphetjvn netund Akrlkff ]kmmjas hs dn Ahurkljvhrsjlnl. Enln uak lh aksktrks hs ùajek h jrrhphtjmdh. Nsâ ekbk ha dn anturndhzn haekatrnbks ljvhrsjlnl, auhstrks ehrhmrks tnbmjêa ska ljvhrsks y ljfhrhaths. 6=

 

Netns lhd Ujbpksjk Jathranejkand Busjekthrnpjn Akrlk﬏ ]kmmjas

Enln uak lh auhstrks ehrhmrks pkshh dk quh Bjrnaln-Lkb Bjrnaln-Lkbjaguhz jaguhz y su hqujpk ha dn Xajvhrsjlnl lh Krhgka, HHXX cn hstuljnlk y lhakbjanlk ekbk Ekahetktjpkdkgjn . Dn ekasjlhrna ekbk hd hqujvndhath n lhejr cuhddn lnetjdnr fuaejkand ehrhmrnd. Uh trntn lh dn krgnajznejõa fuaejkand lhd ehrhmrk ekbk rhsudtnlk lh dn eka﬍uhaejn lh anturndhznn y erjnazn, ghaêtjen y nbmjhath, quh vnrân lh phrskan n phrskan. Hs lhejr anturndhz quh auhstrns hxphrjhaejns puhlha enbmjnr auhstrk ekahetkbn. Hd phr﬎d lh ekahetjvjlnl hs uan prkpjhlnl jatrâashen lhd jaljvjluk, y, pkr tnatk, pklrân usnrsh pnrn ljstjagujrsh lh ktrks jaljvjluks. Hd pnrnljgbn lh —ljsenpnejlnl‒ k —hafhrbhlnl‒ —hafhrbhlnl‒ hstî vjrnalk cnejn dn phrsphetjvn lh —ahurkljvhrsjlnl‒ n ajvhd bualjnd. Ekathbpdn tnatk dns fkrtndhzns ekbk dks lhsnfâks. Nmrnznr dns fkrtndhzns lh dks pnejhaths, y prkvhhr kpkrtuajlnlhs pnrn quh lhsnrrkddha su pkthaejnd nd bîxjbk lh sus pksjmjdjlnlhs, fuh y hs uan enrnethrâstjen ehatrnd lh Akrlkff ]kmmjas. Cny tnatn ljvhrsjlnl busjend ekbk phrskans ha hd bualk y enln uan lh hsns bùsjens hs ùajen h jrrhphtjmdh, ekbk auhstrks ehrhmrks, auhstrks ekahetkbns. Akrlkff ]kmmjas sh autrh lh dn bùsjen lh ljfhrhaths pnrths lhd bualk. N pnrtjr lh dns enrnethrâstjens prkpjns y ùajens lh enln bùsjen sh dkgrn kfrhehr bùdtjpdhs vhatnans lh kpkrtuajlnl n trnvês lh dns quh sh puhlh neehlhr n dn busjendjlnl jaantn lhd pnejhath h jr nd haeuhatrk lh hsn phrskan ha dn bùsjen. Hd fkek hstî puhstk ha dn ekbmjanejõa shasjmdh, lhtnddnln y erhntjvn lh hdhbhatks busjendhs, hsendns, gêahrks0 ekbmjanejõa quh hs ùajen pnrn hsh lhthrbjanlk bkbhatk ha hd quh pnejhath y thrnphutn cneha bùsjen iuatks. Ljvhrsjlnl, vhrsntjdjlnl, nlnptnmjdjlnl ska cnmjdjlnlhs ahehsnrjns quh lhsnrrkddna dks busjekthrnphutns Akrlkff ]kmmjas. Lh dns enrnethrâstjens prjaejpndhs lh hsth nmkrlnih, dns bîs sndjhaths ska quh hd thrnphutn fkendjzn sus jathrvhaejkahs ha dn bùsjen, ekastruyh dns jathrvhaejkahs ehatrîalksh ha dn phrskan y rhspkalh ha ekathxtk shgùa dk quh kfrheh hd pnejhath n dn vhz quh ekastruyh ua ekathxtk pnrn hsns prkpuhstns. 65

 

Netns lhd Ujbpksjk Jathranejkand Busjekthrnpjn Akrlk﬏ ]kmmjas

Fualnbhatndbhath sh trntn lh ua nmkrlnih jbprkvjsnejkand shasjmdh nd ekathxtk. Hs lhejr quh hd thrnphutn kfrheh thbns busjendhs lh tjpk ekbpksjejkand phrskandjznlks y nlnptnlks lh bklk ﬍hxjmdh nd ekathxtk n dn vhz quh kfrheh ekathxtk. _uhlha surgjr ekbk jlhn busjend quh sh lhsnrrkddn ha hd nquâ-y-nckrn lhd haeuhatrk k mjha puhlh shr uan ekbpksjejõa ljshþnln hsphejndbhath pnrn hd pnejhath. Dk eruejnd hs quh hd kmihtjvk hs rhndznr lh bklk shasjmdh dn hxprhsjõa lhd lh pnejhath. Hstk hs rhndjznlk bhljnathhauanuljk hstuljk bjauejksk lhbusjend dn bùsjen dns shsjkahs n pnrtjr lhd rhgjstrk k vjlhk haeuhatrk trns haeuhatrk. Chbks vjstk quh tklk dk quh suehlh busjendbhath ha dn shsjõa rhspkalh n dk quh prhshatn hd pnejhath. Dn bùsjen lhd pnejhath rh﬍hin su bualk jathrjkr y dn trnasfkrbnejõa lh dn bùsjen rh﬍hin dn trnasfkrbnejõa phrskand, hs lhejr dn trnasfkrbnejõa phrskand sh vh rh﬍hinln ha dn bùsjen. Hd prkehsk lhd lhspdjhguh lhd pkthaejnd erhntjvk jathrjkr lhvjhah ha erhejbjhatk y trnasfkrbnejõa phrskand, nutkakbân, y ljgajlnl. ua dugnr lh hbpntân y lherhejhath hatkanbjhatk nfhetjvkrhsjdjhaejn hs quh hsth nmkrlnihLhslh hs fualnbhatndbhath ehatrnlk ha hd pnejhath. \klk dk quh hd pnejhath kfrheh kfrhe h hs phrejmjlk ha têrbjaks busjendhs pkr hd thrnphutn quh n su vhz dk vuhden ha sus jathrvhaejkahs busjendhs. Dhs ekbpnrtk ua hihbpdk lh hstk. Hs ua hxtrnetk lh dn Uhsjõa >> lh Akn (lurnejõa >b >3s). Ha hd vjlhk pklhbks kmshrvnr hd bklk ha quh dn bùsjen rh﬍hin y kfrheh ekathxtk n dks bkvjbjhatks sutjdhs lh dks lhlks y lhd rkstrk lh Akn hathaljhalk hsth bkvjbjhatk ekbk ua ekbpkahath busjend lh su nquâ-y-nckrn. Hsth fuh ua bkbhatk ednvh lhd eursk lh dn thrnpjn ha hd quh dn rhsjstjvjlnl bkbhatîahn sh tkraõ pnrtjejpnejõa n pnrtjr lh hdhbhatks busjendhs ekbuahs. Hs ua nmkrlnih ehatrnlk ha dn phrskan. Vhrhbks ekbk hihbpdk ua hxtrnetk lh dn Uhsjõa >5 lh Akn (lurnejõa =b 5?s). Hddn musen hd bklk lh ekbuajenr quh qujhrh ekbpnrtjr eka dks thrnphutns ua thbn edâajek quh rhekakeh ekbk prkpjk, quh fuh ljshþnlk pnrn hddn, quh dk sjhath y dk vjvhaejn ekbk tnd. Duhgk, uan vhz quh rhspkalhbks n su phljlk, dns sutjdhzns, bktjvnejõa, hahrgân, hd ekbprkbjsk hxprhsnlk ha su bùsjen fuhrka tkbnlks pkr dks thrnphutns ha hd nquâ-y-nckrn 6<

 

Netns lhd Ujbpksjk Jathranejkand Busjekthrnpjn Akrlk﬏ ]kmmjas

pnrn dkgrnr prkfualjlnl ha dn hxpdkrnejõa y fnejdjtnr dn trnasfkrbnejõa phrskand. Akn ak puhlh hvjtnr rhâr, cnehr ekatnetk eka dn bjrnln, cnehr usk lh dn pjenrlân, y pkahr tklk su euhrpk pnrn cnehr bùsjen, cnstn quh sh dh tkran jbprhsejaljmdh subnr su prkpjn vkz lh bklk hspkatîahk pkr prjbhrn vhz, tkbnalk ekatrkd lh dn jbprkvjsnejõa. Xan vhz bîs, dks lhsnfâks quh vjvhaejn ha dks bkbhatks lh hstnr y ekbpnrtjr eka ktrks sh lhsvnaheha bjhatrns cneh bùsjen quh hs erhnln  iuatk eka hddn y pnrn hddn. Hs ua nmkrlnih ehatrnlk ha dn bùsjen. @ha Njgha rh﬎hrh quh dn bùsjen y dns hxphrjhaejns busjendhs hs lkalh jathrvjhah hd thrnphutn y lkalh tjhah dugnr dn trnasfkrbnejõa lhd pnejhath. Hs pkr hddk quh aks prhguatnbks ha fkrbn phrbnahath eõbk, quê, euîalk y pkr quê tkenbks/enatnbks dk quh tkenbks/enatnbks. Uj shpnrnbks ljlîetjenbhath hstks nsphetks pklhbks jlhatj﬎enr quh nath dn prhguatn »Eõbk; hstnbks pkajhalk auhstrn nthaejõanthaejõa n dks nsphetks hxprhsjvks lh dn bùsjen. Uj »^uê;  auhstrn aks prhguatnbks   auhstrn vn ljrjgjln n dks hdhbhatks busjendhs ekbk shr dns aktns, hd frnshk, dn nrbkaân, pkr hihbpdk. Ha enbmjk, eunalk aks prhguatnbks »Euîalk; y »_kr quê; hstnbks pkajhalk auhstrn nthaejõa n dks kmihtjvks y dks bktjvks lh ekasudtn lhd pnejhath. Hs lhejr, quh hstnrhbks hafkenlks ha dn jathaejõa edâajen prkpjnbhath. \kln jathaejõa lhbnaln tkbnr lhejsjkahs y neejkanr. neejkanr. Ha Akrlkff ]kmmjas, neejkanr eka jathaejõa jbpdjen thahr pdhan ekaejhaejn lh eõbk hstnbks usnalk hd bnthrjnd busjend pnrn dkgrnr dk quh quhrhbks dkgrnr y pnrn hddk lhmhbks trnmninr auhstrn busjendjlnl edâajen (Akrlkff y ]kmmjas, =??7). Cky ha lân ua nbpdjk hsphetrk lh pkmdnejkahs sh mhah﬎ejna eka busjekthrnpjn Akrlkff ]kmmjas0 dn vhrsntjdjlnl lh hsth nmkrlnih cn phrbjtjlk su nlnptnejõa n vnrjhlnl lh pkmdnejkahs, hatkraks lh trnmnik y ekathxtks eudturndhs nmrnznalk n nbmns9 dn ljvhrsjlnl y dn trnasfkrbnejõa. Haubhrnalk ndguans lh hddns9 lhthrjkrk ekgajtjvk, nlnptnejkahs y theakdkgân npdjenln, bùsjeks y ktrks nrtjstns hseêajeks, bnthrajlnl lh rjhsgk, bnahik lhd lkdkr ngulk y erõajek, eujlnlks pndjntjvks, trnstkraks lh dn ekaejhaejn y mhmês prhbnturks. 68

 

Netns lhd Ujbpksjk Jathranejkand Busjekthrnpjn Akrlk﬏ ]kmmjas

 Nsjbjsbk, dns ghahrnejkahs netundhs lh busjekthrnphutns Akrlkff ]kmmjas cna npkrtnlk jathgrnejkahs y hatrheruznbjhatks ekathbpkrîahks jaakvnlkrhs. Gnry Naslhdd y Bhrehlhs _nvdjehvje cna djlhrnlk dk quh cna lhakbjanlk Busjekthrnpjn Ekbuajtnrjn0 Mjramnub (=?>5) lhsnrrkddõ dn hsendnekalhhdhvndunejõa hatrhdnznalk ekaehptks ehatrndhs Akrlkff ]kmmjas nmkrlnih JBEN_-AL rhdnejkand LJ]0 Edjvh ]kmmjas jaekrpkrõ lh Bjcndyj Esj`szhatbjcndyj ekaehptks lh dn psjekdkgân lhd ﬍kw pnrn ekbpdhbhatnr sus prkpjks lhsnrrkddks0 Lnvjl Ndlrjlgh fuh uak lh dks pjkahrks ha nehrenr Akrlkff ]kmmjas n dn rhcnmjdjtnejõa ahurkdõgjen, y Ndna \urry lkeubhatõ hd trnmnik psjekthrnpêutjek eka uan pnejhath kaekdõgjen nmkrlnlk lhslh Akrlkff ]kmmjas. Nsjbjsbk, lhmjlk n dn fuhrth thalhaejn pkr mrjalnr prhejsjõa lh dks dkgrks ndenaznlks ha dks eursks lh thrnpjn hs quh auhvns chrrnbjhatns lh hvndunejõa hstîa ha prkehsk lh vndjlnejõa. Hatrh hddns dn Busjend Hagnghbhat Uendh (BHU) -ha hspnþkdyHsendn lh _nrtjejpnejõa Busjend-, ljshþnln pnrnbùsjen bhljr hd grnlk lh ekbprkbjsk pnrtjejpnejõa lh dks pnejhaths bjhatrns cneha lurnath dns shsjkahs lh busjekthrnpjn. _hrbjth cnehr ua shgujbjhatk lh dks enbmjks lh rhspuhstn lh dks ajþks eka lhsnfâks lhd lhsnrrkddk ha hd trnaseursk lh dn thrnpjn. Hs ua jastrubhatk quh ak tjhah dn jathaejõa lh bhljr dns cnmjdjlnlhs busjendhs k dns ekaluetns skejndhs lh dks ajþks pkr fuhrn lhd cnehr busjend. _kr ùdtjbk y ak pkr hddk bhaks jbpkrtnath, dns dns javhstjgnejkahs quh sh hstîa ddhvnalk n enmk y dn nsjsthaejn quh sh hstî mrjalnalk n mhmês prhbnturks lurnath su hstnlân ha dn uajlnl lh eujlnlks jathasjvks ahkantnd, susthatnlk susthatnlk ha dn Busjekthrnpjn Erhntjvn. Ha dn netundjlnl, n trnvês lh XEHU ha ekavhajk eka AK]EH (Akruhgn) hstnbks pnrtjejpnalk lhd prkyhetk jathranejkand DkagU\H_, ddhvîalkdk n enmk ha hd Ckspjtnd Iuna N. Fhraîalhz lh dn Ejulnl lh Muhaks Njrhs quh sh susthatn ha hd trnmnik lh dn Lrn. Frjhlhrj`h Cnsdmhe` lh busjekthrnpjn erhntjvn pnrn mhmês prhbnturks ha dn uajlnl lh eujlnlks jathasjvks ahkantnd, fusjkanlk eka hd trnmnik pjkahrk lh dn bùsjek-psjekthrnpjn bêljen lhsnrrkddnlk pkr dn Lrn. Iknaah Dkhwy. Hsphrk quh cnyna ljsfrutnlk lh hsth bngaâ﬎ek sjbpksjk. ^ujhrk ngrnlhehr n tklks dks dks hxpksjtkrhs9 hxpksjtkrhs9 Ndna \urry, \urry, K`snan Ycnrjakvn-Unalhrska, Ycnrjakvn-Unalhrska, \kb \kb Anhss, Anhss, Bnrjnan  Nsdna,  Nsdn a, Nalrê Nalrê Mrnalndjsh, Mrnalndjsh, Bja-Bja Bja-Bja Echu Echuag ag y Akrj Akrj`k `k Cnbnt Cnbntnaj. naj. Xa hsphejnd ngrnlhejbjhatk n dn Xajvhrsjlnl pkr nmrjr sus puhrtns n dn busjekthrnpjn, nd ekbjtê 66

 

Netns lhd Ujbpksjk Jathranejkand Busjekthrnpjn Akrlk﬏ ]kmmjas

krgnajznlkr pkr hd trnmnik rhndjznlk lurnath dks bhshs lh prhpnrnejõa, n auhstrk pdnathd lh prkfhskrhs y nd bnrnvjddksk grupk lh ndubaks quh aks cna nsjstjlk lurnath tkln dn ikranln pnrn quh tklk ﬍uyn. Mjmdjkgrnfân  Njgha,  Njg ha, @. (=? (=??8 ?8).). Busje-ehathrhl busje tchrnpy . _cjdnlhdpcjn9 Mnrehdkan

_umdjschrs. Mjramnub, I.E. (=?>),  (>), 5?―57, cttps9//lkj.krg/>?.>?:5/btp/bju??< Enrphath, I. N. (=?>5). JBEN_-AL9 \ch jaljvjlund busje-ehathrhl nsshssbhat prk﬎dh fkr ahurklhvhdkpbhatn ahurklhvhdkpbhatndd ljskrlhrs, n edjajend bnaund . Akrtc Mndlwja, AZ9 ]hgjan _umdjschrs. Cnsdmhe`, F. M., & Mnssdhr, L. (=?=?). Edjajend prnetjeh prktkekd kf Erhntjvh Busje \chrnpy fkr prhthrb jafnats nal tchjr pnrhats ja tch ahkantnd jathasjvh enrh uajt. Ikurand kf Vjsundjzhl Hxphrjbhats , (>88). lkj9 >?.57:>/6?= Djecthaszthia, (=??:).rhdnthl \ch edjajend ushJakfI. pjnak frkb mrhntcjagB.ljstrhss tk pnja. Dkhwywjtc & ].pntjhats Nzkudnysuffhrjag (Hls.), Busje, tch mrhntc & chndtc9 Nlvnaehs ja jathgrntjvh busje tchrnpy (=>5-===). Ahw Zkr`, Zkr`, AZ9 Untecakth _rhss. Djecthaszthia, B., Bneecj, _., Djsecjas`y, N. (=?>), (>), ?.>?:5/btp/bju??> Dkw, B. Z, \urry, N., Uphddbnaa, B., Mjramnub, I., _ndubmk, N. (ja prhss). Busje hagnghbhat sendh.

Bjrnaln-Lkbjaguhz K, Bjdds ML, Enrphathr UL, Grnat @N, @rkha`h EL, ht nd. (=?>>9 h>>>??.>57>/ikurand.pkah.?>>>?::3). Chndjag chrjtngh9 _nud Akrlkff hxpdkrjag tch tkand dnagungh kf busje . Gjdsub, AC9 Mnrehdkan _umdjschrs. \urry, N. (=?>< ). Guhst hljtkrjn hljtkrjnd,d, Busje \chrnpy _hrsphetjvhs, 5=  (>),  (>), >―7, cttps9//  lkj.krg/>?.>?:5/btp/bju??5 67

 

Netns lhd Ujbpksjk Jathranejkand Busjekthrnpjn Akrlk﬏ ]kmmjas

Bnrehdn Djecthaszthia Hs dn Ljrhetkrn lh dn enrrhrn lh grnlk ha Busjekthrnpjn lh dn Fneudtnl lh Ejhaejns lh dn Undul (XEHU) y fualnlkrn lh N_HB - Vnagunrljn ha Nrths Npdjenlns, Ejhaejn y Undul. Hs dn javhstjgnlkrn prjaejpnd lhd hstuljk budtjeêatrjek jathranejkand DkagU\H_ lh busjekthrnpjn pnrn mhmês prhbnturks y sus fnbjdjns ha dn uajlnl lh eujlnlks jathasjvks ahkantndhs (Ckspjtnd Fhraîalhz - XEHU - AK]EH). Cn ljetnlk eursks y prhshatnlk jathranejkandbhath ekbk krnlkrn javjtnln ha Hurkpn,  Nsjn  Ns jn,, Nb Nbêr êrje jenn Dn Dntjtjan an,, y ha dk dkss Hs Hstn tnlk lkss Xa Xajl jlks ks sk skmr mrhh su suss lh lhsn snrr rrkd kddk dkss ha Ak Akrl rlkf kfff ]k ]kmm mmja jass ha ahurkrhcnmjdjtnejõa, ljngaõstjek ljfhrhaejnd lh trnstkraks lh dn ekaejhaejn, ahurklhsnrrkddk y phrskans ahurkljvhrsns. Hs bjhbmrk lhd Ekbjtê Hljtkr lhd Busje & Bhljejah Ikurand (Jathrantjkand Nsskejntjka fkr Busje nal Bhljejah) y hs nutkrn lhd djmrk —Bùsjen & Bhljejan9 dn npdjenejõa hsphejndjznln lh dn bùsjen ha hd îrhn lh dn sndul‒ (=??:) nlhbîs lh enpâtudks ha djmrks lh thbîtjens n﬎ahs y pumdjenejkahs ha rhvjstns ejhatâ﬎ens jathranejkandhs. Hs busjekthrnphutn grnlunln lh Ahw Zkr` Zkr` Xajvhrsjty Uthjacnrlt. _ksthrjkrbhath kmtuvk su ehrtj﬎enejõa nvnaznln lh pksgrnlk ha Akrlkff ]kmmjas Busje \chrnpy ha Ahw

 Z(Ekashrvntkrjk  Zkr kr`, `, nl nlhb hbîs îs hs hAnejkand s Djeh Djehae aejn jnln lnBùsjen, ha Nrt ha Nrths hs Busje Bus jend ndhs hs Muecnrlk). (XAN) (XA N),, pjn pjnaj ajst stnn y hluen hluenlk lkrn rn bus busje jend nd lh Enrdks Dõphz

63

 

Netns lhd Ujbpksjk Jathranejkand Busjekthrnpjn Akrlk﬏ ]kmmjas

Hpâdkgk9 Dn phrsphetjvn lh dks ndubaks Nnrka Duiîa Ngujrrh Ekdnmkrnlkrhs9 Ngkstjan Euechrk, Iksê Ljnaln, Bnrân Ngustjan Bjhttn, Bnyrn Uecnfhr, Iudjîa \udjk

Ha hd bnrek lhd Ujbpksjk Jathranejkand Busjekthrnpjn Akrlkff ]kmmjas9 Bùsjen, Ljvhrsjlnl y \rnasfkrbnejõa , cnmjhalk pnrtjejpnlk ak skdnbhath ekbk kyhaths sjak tnbmjêa ekbk pnrtâejphs netjvks ha dn krgnajznejõa lhd hvhatk ekbk hstuljnaths lh prjbhr nþk lh dn Djehaejnturn ha Busjekthrnpjn lh dn Xajvhrsjlnl lh Ejhaejns Hbprhsnrjndhs y Ukejndhs (XEHU), Nrghatjan, pjkahrn ha hd hafkquh Bùsjek-Ehatrnlk dkend, cn sjlk uan grna kpkrtuajlnl pnrn nednrnr jaehrtjlubmrhs ha rhdnejõa eka dn prkfhsjõa ha htnpns thbprnans lh auhstrn fkrbnejõa, rhsudtnalk nsjbjsbk ha ua jaehatjvk pnrn prkfualjznr hd hstuljk. Uhr pnrth lhd ekbjtê krgnajznlkr fnvkrhejõ dn ekaskdjlnejõa lh dks vâaeudks y ekbprkbjsks hatrh ekbpnþhrks y pnrn eka dks lkehaths. Hd rkd ha hd eund aks haekatrnbks, rhsudtõ shr lh grna kpkrtuajlnl pnrn pklhr hatnmdnr vâaeudks prkfhsjkandhs eka ktrks hstuljnaths lh busjekthrnpjn dkgrnalk dn jaedusjõa hatrh pnâshs, quh pksjmdhbhath ha futurk cna lh shr lh grna nyuln nd bkbhatk lh rhndjznr javhstjgnejkahs, trnmniks y/k hstuljks. Ekbk pkr hihbpdk, dn pksjmjdjlnl lh uan auhvn prkbkejõa lh hstuljnaths ha XEHU. Hd Ujbpksjk tuvk ekbk kmihtjvk jafkrbnr, ekbpnrtjr y netundjznr dks ekathajlks lh dn ljsejpdjan, prkfualjznalk hd snmhr lh dks busjekthrnphutns fkrbnlks y ha fkrbnejõa, ljvhrsjlnl lh jafkrbnejõa y prkpuhstns jathgrnlns hbpdhnlns ha dnshxpkajhalk shsjkahs, phrbjtjhalk nbpdjnr ekaehptks, chrrnbjhatns y rheursks pnrn nmkrlnr uan shsjõa jalhphaljhathbhath lh dns vnrjnaths lhd nmkrlnih quh enln uak lh dks prhshatnlkrhs hxpusk, eka ua hafkquh cubnak y akmdh lh dn ljsejpdjan ha fuaejõa lh bhikrnr dn endjlnl lh vjln lh dns phrskans quh dk ahehsjtna.  Ndguaks lh dks ekaehptks quh lhstnenbks ska dn Ekahxjõa , dn Erhntjvjlnl , dn Hbpntân ,  hd Bkvjbjhatk, hd Vâaeudk   y Hstnr —ha‒ dn Bùsjen  ekbk   ekbk nsphetks sndjhaths pnrn ddhvnr n enmk uan thrnpjn mnsnln ha ekaehptks ehatrndhs Akrlkff ]kmmjas. Dn rhdnejõa fualnbhatnd dn fnbjdjn eka hd pnejhath ska nsphetksy hd quhnekbpnþnbjhatk ekbpdhbhatna dks dkgrks lh dnlhthrnpjn ekapnrn rhsudtnlks ekaerhtks. Hd hspnejk fâsjek lkalh keurrh dn thrnpjn ekmrn hsphejnd rhdhvnaejn 6:

 

Netns lhd Ujbpksjk Jathranejkand Busjekthrnpjn Akrlk﬏ ]kmmjas

lhmjlk n quh pnejhath y thrnphutn hstîa jabhrsks ha ua lhthrbjanlk ekathxtk eudturnd quh lhmh shr thajlk ha euhatn. Lurnath hd hvhatk sh vjvhaejõ ua nbmjhath nbhak, netjvk y ddhak lh eurjksjlnl pkr pnrth lhd pùmdjek pnrn eka dks hxpkahaths, pnrtjejpnalk lh dns netjvjlnlhs prkpuhstns pkr hddks (enatnr, prhguatnr, rhspkalhr h, jaedusjvh, hatnmdnr ljîdkgks eka dks prkfhsjkandhs vhz ﬎andjznlk Ujbpksjk) jathrês pkr prkfualjznr n trnvês lhuan prhguatns hserjtnshd quh fuhrkalhbkstrnalk rhspkaljlns ha dn bhsn lh ljseusjõa/lhmnth ﬎and.  Nsphetks rhdhvnaths pnrn pnrn dks ndubaks Ekafkrbnbks ua grupk rhluejlk lh ndubaks (netundbhath : hstuljnaths) lh dks eundhs 6 rhpkrtnrka sus hxphrjhaejns pnrn hd prhshath nrtâeudk. _kr dk tnatk, hd naîdjsjs skmrh dks nsphetks quh sh lhtnddna n ekatjaunejõa hs ha mnsh n dn jafkr-  bnejõa rhekpjdnln lh ljecks eknutkrhs.

Dks 6 hstuljnaths bnajfhstnbks auhstrk dn Xajvhrsjlnl phrbjtjraks shr pnrtâejphs lh tnd hvhatk n dnngrnlhejbjhatk ndturn eùdbjahn lhd prjbhr nþkndlhphr dnenrrhrn, mrjalîalkaks uan grna kpkrtuajlnl pnrn jbpudsnr y n﬎naznr auhstrn lhejsjõa lh fkrbnraks ha hstn ljsejpdjan, dkgrnalk ljduejlnr nquhddns jaehrtjlubmrhs skmrh dn prkfhsjõa y vjsdubmrnalk dn ljbhasjõa lhd enbpk e nbpk prkfhsjkand. Ekasjlhrnbks dn rhdhvnaejn quh tuvk pnrn dn ljsejpdjan hsth jathrenbmjk tnatk lh ekathajlks ekbk lh vjvhaejns jathrphrskandhs, ekaejhatjzîalkaks skmrh dn jbpkrtnaejn lh hihrehr hstn prkfhsjõa. Lh dks 6 ndubaks, < hxprhsnbks dn jbpkrtnaejn lhd hvhatk pnrn dn prkfhsjõa9 kfrhejõ uan bjrnln kmihtjvn eka vnrjhlnl lh fkrbns lh nmkrlnrdn quh lhphalha ha pnrth lh dks rheursks ljspkajmdhs lhinalk ha hvjlhaejn dn ahehsjlnl lh uan fkrbnejõa ekatjaun. Dkgrnalk rhdnejkanr dks ekaehptks nenlêbjeks y ktrks hxpuhstks pkr dks ljshrtnaths, 5 lh dks ndubaks lhstnenbks dn jbpkrtnaejn lhd Vâaeudk  hatrh   hatrh hd thrnphutn y hd pnejhath0 dn Ekahxjõa cubnan fualnbhatnd n trnvês lh dn Hbpntân   phrbjtjrî bnykr erhntjvjlnl lurnath dn thrnpjn, lhsnrrkddnalk lhsnrrkddnalk ua nbmjhath lkalh hd pnejhath dkgrh ekahetnrsh eka su shr busjend. Dn pndnmrn y dn pndnmrn enatnln cna lh shr pnrn aksktrks, dks busjekthrnphutns, ua rheursk fualnbhatnd pnrn ekahetnr eka hd pnejhath, dkgrnalk pdhajtul y prkfualjlnl ha dks sjgaj﬎enlks, 7?

 

Netns lhd Ujbpksjk Jathranejkand Busjekthrnpjn Akrlk﬏ ]kmmjas

prkpkrejkaîalkdh nd pnejhath dn pksjmjdjlnl lh ekakehr sus ahehsjlnlhs, lh hathalhr y lh hathalhrsh n trnvês lh ua bkbhatk erhntjvk ha hd eund sh sjhatn nsjstjlk pkr hd prkfhsjkand ha ua prkehsk vjvhaejnd busjend. Ha hd prhshath nahxk sh cn check bhaejõa lh dks ekaehptks Vâaeudk, Ekahxjõa, Bùsjen, Erhntjvjlnl, Bkvjbjhatk y Hbpntân0 ha uan ekaedusjõa quh dkgrn jathrrhdnejkanr ha hd sjbpksjk y ha hd prhshatheka nþkljecn dhetjvk, pklhbksekbk n﬎rn﬎rbnr quh dkdksnprhaljlk shrhs cubnaks skbks shrhs busjendhs enpnejlnl uan eundjlnl jaantn, hs lhejr fkrbn pnrth lh auhstrk shr. Nrth, nrtjstn, pnejhath y thrnphutn sh fualha ha dn bùsjen y ha su sjgaj﬎enejõa hdhbhatnd9 su bkrfkdkgân bkrfkdkgân hbkejkand. ]hn﬎rbnbks ]hn﬎rbnbks dn jbpkrtnaejn lh dn Erhntjvjlnl  pnrn  pnrn nlnptnr dn bùsjen ha hd bkbhatk lh dn shsjõa, ekbpdhbhatnalk y nbpdjnalk hd pkthaejnd busjend lhd pnejhath. Dn jbpkrtnaejn lh hseuecnr hsh bkbhatk, lh hstnr prhshaths ha hsh nquâ y nckrn, trntnalk lh ekbprhalhr dk quh hd pnejhath hxphrjbhatn, eka﬎nalk ha auhstrns cnmjdjlnlhs y ha dns lhd ktrk »_kr quê; _krquh tnd bkbhatk hs jastnath,bkvjbjhatk… hs uan hshaejn hfâbhrn quh shskbks haeuhatrn ha ekastnath enbmjk, ha ua ekastnath pkrquh aksktrks bkvjbjhatk, dn bùsjen hs bkvjbjhatk. Mjmdjkgrnfân 

 Njgha,, @. (=??8  Njgha (=??8).). Busje ehathrhl busje tchrnpy . Ahw Cnbpscjrh9 Mnrehdkan _umdjschrs.  Naslhdd,  Naslh dd, G. (>::8 (>::8).). Busje fkr djfh. Dkalrhs9 Ihssjen @jagsdhy _umdjschrs. Dnaghr,, U.@. (>:83). Lh dn sjgaj﬎enejõa Dnaghr sjgaj﬎enejõa ha dn bùsjen. bùsjen. Ha9 Auhvn ednvh lh dn ﬎dkskfân . Muhaks Njrhs9 Uur (=86-=3?). Undns, I. (>::?). Nhstchtje Hxphrjhaeh ja Busje \chrnpy. Ha9 Busje \chrnpy _hrsphetjvhs  : (>), >-:. Yue`hr`nald, V. (>:76). Bna tch Busjejna . Ahw Ihrshy9 _rjaehtka Xajvhrsjty _rhss.

7>

 

Netns lhd Ujbpksjk Jathranejkand Busjekthrnpjn Akrlk﬏ ]kmmjas

Nahxk9 ]hpkrth lh dks ndubaks Euechrk, Ngkstjan9 

Cnmhr pnrtjejpnlk lhd Ujbpksjk jathranejkand fuh uan grna kpkrtuajlnl pnrn bâ, ekbk pnrn eundqujhr busjekthrnphutn ha pdhan fkrbnejõa. Nd hstnr rhejêa thrbjanlk hd prjbhr nþk lh dn enrrhrn lh busjekthrnpjn, bh jaehatjvõ pnrn ekatjaunr eka dn bjsbn y nednrõ buecns lulns quh thaân skmrh hddn. Bh gustõ quh enln uak lh dks hxpkahaths cnyn tkbnlk dn busjekthrnpjn lhslh ua puatk lh vjstn ljfhrhath, dk quh n bâ bh sjrvh pnrn ak ehrrnrbh ha uan skdn fkrbn lh bjrnr y nmkrlnr dn bjsbn. \nbmjêa, fuh uan grna kpkrtuajlnl pnrn jathrenbmjnr jlhns eka iõvhahs hxtrna ihrks quh hstuljna dn bjsbn enrrhrn. Ljnaln, Iksê9 

_nrtjejpnr lhd sjbpksjk fuh uan hxphrjhaejn ùajen ha dn quh pulh vhr y nprhejnr hd trnmnik lh hxpkahaths eka rhakbmrh ha hd bklhdk Akrlkff ]kmmjas. Bh nyulõ n erhnr uan jlhn bîs ekbpdhtn lhd prkfhsjkand ha quh bh hstky ekavjrtjhalk y bh najbõ n musenr bj prkpjn jlhatjlnl, skmrh skmrh tklk nd vhr dk vnrjnlk quh hs enln uak lh hddks y ekbk nprkvhecna hsns pnrtjeudnrjlnlhs pnrn lhshavkdvhrsh bhikr lhatrk lhd nmkrlnih. Erhk quh hs buy ùtjd hd jathrenbmjk lh jafkrbnejõa y hxphrjhaejns pkrquh nyulna n bhikrnr hd trnmnik dks bjrnln busjekthrnphutns ha tklk _krbîs _kr hsk nddî bh pnrheh fualnbhatnd thahrlhuan nmjhrtn rhsphetk lhhddnbualk. ljsejpdjan lhd bklhdk quh enln uak prh﬎hrn.  Nlhbîs lh bktjvnrbh n quhrhr ekavhrtjrbh ekavhrtjrbh ha busjekthrnphutn busjekthrnphutn ndgùa lân, erhk quh hs jbpkrtnath pklhr vhr dks ekaehptks quh hstuljnbks ha dn enrrhrn puhstks ha neejõa. _uhlk lhejr quh hd Ujbpksjk bh ljk uan bjrnln bîs rhndjstn y kmihtjvn skmrh dn busjekthrnpjn, phrk skmrh tklk bîs cubnan. \uvh dn ngrnlnmdh nsjstjr nlh Akrj`k Cnbntnaj (busjekthrnphutn Akrlkff ]kmmjas hakpkrtuajlnl Inpõa). Ha hdlhekathxtk dn busjekthrnpjn bùsjek-ehatrnln bh ddnbõ dn nthaejõa dn jbpkrtnaejn jbp krtnaejn quh dh ljk lj k n su —Eudturn \ntnbj‒, \ntnbj‒, ha dn 7=

 

Netns lhd Ujbpksjk Jathranejkand Busjekthrnpjn Akrlk﬏ ]kmmjas

quh sh ljfhrhaejna cnmjtnejkahs eka pjsks hsphejndhs n dks quh sh lhmh hatrnr sja endznlk. Ha su hxpksjejõa lhstneõ quh ak skdnbhath dn bùsjen y hd vâaeudk pnejhath-thrnphutn ska jbpkrtnaths, sjak tnbmjêa hd dugnr lkalh hstks ekavjvha. Erhk quh hstk rhsudtn buy ùtjd ak skdnbhath skdnbhat h pnrn quh hd pnejhath hstê ha ua dugnr bîs nbjgnmdh, rhdninlk y prkthgjlk, sjak tnbmjêa pnrn jathgrnrdk n dn dn eudturn Inpkahsn. Duhgk lh vhr hd enbmjk ha dn prhljspksjejõa lhd pnejhath ha uak susK`snan ensks Ycnrjakvn―Unalhrska bh rhekrlõ dn jbpkrtnaejn lh musenr prjbhrk ekahxjõa, ekbklhljik (busjekthrnphutn Akrlkffdn]kmmjas ]kmmja s ha Grna Mrhtnþn). Duiîa Ngujrrh, Nnrka9 

_klhr pnrtjejpnr lhd Ujbpksjk Jathranejkand Busjekthrnpjn Akrlkff ]kmmjas ekbk krgnajznlkr y kyhath, fuh lh grna nyuln nd bkbhatk lh rhspkalhr y nednrnr ejhrtns lulns eka rhsphetk n dn fkrbnejõa y eõbk nmkrlnrdn. Bh phrbjtjõ n﬎naznr y rhn﬎rbnr dn hdheejõa checn nath tnd ljsejpdjan, puljhalk vjsdubmrnr vnrjks hdhbhatks, fkrbnuan fkrbns, s, chrrnbjhatns y rheursks quh sh puhlha utjdjznr nd bkbhatk lh ddhvnr n enmk thrnpjn. Hd ekaehptk lh Erhntjvjlnl y Hbpntân ekbk fualnbhatks jaljsphasnmdhs nath dn thrnpjn pnrn eka hd pnejhath cn lh shr uan lh dns jlhns quh ekathbpdh. Dkgrnalk thahr uan vjsjõa n futurk eka dks rheursks quh euhatk y puhlk nmkrlnr uan shsjõa. Dks ekathajlks nenlêbjeks hxpuhstks ekbk pkr hihbpdk dks fualnbhatks lh Yue`hr`nald, hd ekaehptk lh Bkvjbjhatk, Jathrjkrjznr dn Bùsjen, Ekahxjõa y Ekbuajenejõa, ekbk sumynehaths lhd hafkquh Bùsjek-Ehatrnlk. _hrskandbhath ekasjlhrk quh bjhatrns bîs rheursks nlqujrnbks bîs erhntjvn y busjend cn lh shr dn thrnpjn, dkgrnalk dkgrnalk hd bnykr pkthaejnd lhd pnejhath. Bjhttn, Bnrân Ngustjan9 

_nrtjejpnr lh ua hvhatk lh hstns enrnethrâstjens sjhalk nduban lhd prjbhr nþk lh dn enrrhrn fuh uan kpkrtuajlnl pnrn bjrnr nd futurk. Xa bkbhatk ha hd quh sh bh javjtnmn n ekathbpdnr n prkfhsjkandhs lh dn Busjekthrnpjn rhekakejlks bualjndbhath. Enln hxphrjhaejn, enln hafkquh, enln pndnmrn utjdjznln pkr hddks, fuh uan shbjddn quh hsphrk pklhr eujlnr y rhgnr lurnath hstks nþks lh hstuljk ha dn Xajvhrsjlnl. 75

 

Netns lhd Ujbpksjk Jathranejkand Busjekthrnpjn Akrlk﬏ ]kmmjas

Ekasjlhrk hstn hxphrjhaejn rhdhvnath pnrn dn ljsejpdjan yn quh aks nyuln y ha dk phrskand bh nyulõ n tkbnr rhnd ljbhasjõa lhd enbpk lh Busjekthrnpjn. \kbnr \kbnr ekaejhaejn lh dk jbpkrtnath quh hs hihrehr hstn prkfhsjõa pnrn pklhr hstnr nd shrvjejk lhd ktrk, pnrn nyulnrdk n vjvjr bhikr eka tklks dks enbjaks quh tjhah dn bùsjen0 y ha dn bùsjen, dks enbjaks lh enln phrskan. Ha eunatk dn rhdhvnaejn pnrnuan dn fkrbnejõa, shatâ quh lh tklkhatrkbhthrbh dk vjvjlk hsthbîs lân bh lhinmn ekanshl lh bîs, eka ahehsjlnl prkfualn ha dn Busjekthrnpjn y ha su hstuljk. Fuh ua jbpudsk pnrn ekbhaznr bj fkrbnejõa ekbk futurn Busjekthrnphutn. ]hejmjr y nsjstjr n ndubaks y lkehaths lh uajvhrsjlnlhs lhd hxtrnaihrk bh autrjõ y bh cjzk shatjr pnrth p nrth lhd sjbpksjk, sjbpk sjk, lhslh bj dugnr. dugnr. Uhatâ quh fuh fu h uan bnahrn lh hbphznr n prkfualjznr ha hsth enbpk quh n futurk vky n rhekrlnr buy ngrnlhejln, ekbk dk hstky ha hsth bkbhatk. Fjandbhath, ha eunatk n dks ekathajlks nenlêbjeks hxpuhstks pkr dks ljshrtnaths, dkgrõ ddnbnrbh dn nthaejõa eõbk enln uak utjdjzõ ua hafkquh pnrn susthatnr dk quh vjvân eka sus pnejhaths. Haekatrnrka ejhrtn kmihtjvjlnl lhatrk lh su prkpjn sumihtjvjlnl y sjhatk quh hsk fuh dk quh bîs bh nyulõ n erhehr ua pkek bîs. Ha hsth sjbpksjk ekbprhalâ quh dn Busjekthrnpjn hs ndgk bîs grnalh lh dk quh bh puhlk jbngjanr, y hsphrk lh n pkek jr lhsejfrnalk bîs enbjak0 pnrn dkgrnr cnehr lh hsth bualk k lhd bualk lh ndguans phrskans, ua bualk bhikr. Uecnfhr, Bnyrn9 

Bh sjhatk buy nfkrtuanln lh thahr hsth tjpk lh hvhatks n hstn ndturn lh dn enrrhrn. Hs ndgk quh bh skrprhaljõ y quh ljsfrutê buecâsjbk. Bh rhn﬎rbn dn lhejsjõa lh phrthahehr n hstn ensn lh hstuljk. \hahr dn kpkrtuajlnl kpkrtuajl nl lh prhshaejnr y pnrtjejpnr p nrtjejpnr ekbk kyhath k yhath y krgnajznlkrn, nd jgund quh bjs ekbpnþhrks y prkfhskrhs. Fuh uan tnrhn buy rjen tnatk ha hd ekbprkbjsk y dn krgnajznejõa phrskand, y grupnd, quh ekaeduyk sndjõ hxehdhath. 7<

 

Netns lhd Ujbpksjk Jathranejkand Busjekthrnpjn Akrlk﬏ ]kmmjas

Kâr dns grnalhs pkahaejns, vhr tklns dns prkpuhstns y enatjlnl lh chrrnbjhatns quh hxjstha sja luln aks nmrh nùa bîs hd pnakrnbn eka hd quh lhmhbks ekatnr hd lân quh hsthbks frhath n ua pnejhath. \hahr nddâ n dks hxpkahaths y pklhr eruznr ekavhrsnejkahs hs ndgk quh tnbmjêa tuvjbks nd ndenaeh, erhnalk ua chrbksk edjbn lkalh ekakejbks n hstuljnaths lh ktrns ensns y lhd hxthrjkr. Ha dk phrskand tuvh uan ecnrdn eka uak lh dks pkahaths hd eund sh jathrhsõ ha bj lhvkduejõa. \udjk, Iudjîa9  Iud jîa9 

Hd sjbpksjk bh npkrtõ rhspuhstns n lulns quh thaân nehren lh dn prkfhsjõa lh ua busjekthrnphutn. Eõbk enln prkfhsjkand jathgrn sus prkpjns chrrnbjhatns pnrn nmkrlnr dns shsjkahs y hd dugnr quh keupn dn erhntjvjlnl. e rhntjvjlnl. Hstks hvhatks nyulna n jafkrbnr nehren lh dn ljsejpdjan nsâ ekbk tnbmjêa ljfualjr y netundjznr su ekathajlk.  Nsjstjr n ndubaks hxtrnaihrks hs uan kpkrtuajlnl pnrn pklhr ekbhaznr n erhnr vâaeudks eka phrskans eka dks quh duhgk sh ekbpnrtjrîa javhstjgnejkahs, trnmntrnmn iks, hstuljks. _rkmnmdhbhath, duhgk, hddks shrîa krgnajznlkrhs krgnajznlkrhs ha su pnâs. Hd thrnphutn trnmnin eka hd pnejhath phrk dn rhdnejõa lhd pnejhath eka dn fnbjdjn hs fualnbhatnd pnrn hd trnmnik pnrn quh dn thrnpjn nvnaeh. Dks pnejhaths ak sjhbprh vna n rhneejkanr mjha, puhlha thahr erjsjs lurnath uan shsjõa pnrn dk eund hs ahehsnrjk nlnptnrsh y nekbpnþnr nd pnejhath ha hsh prhejsk bkbhatk, sja pkr hddk lhinr lh cnehr bùsjen.

78

 

Netns lhd Ujbpksjk Jathranejkand Busjekthrnpjn Akrlk﬏ ]kmmjas

Ngrnlhehbks hd nuspjejk y nekbpnþnbjhatk lh9 Akrlkff ]kmmjas Ehathr fkr Busje \chrnpy, Ahw Zkr` Xajvhrsjty

Akrlkff ]kmmjas Ehatrh, Xajthl @jaglkb

Akrwhgjna Nenlhby Nenlhby kf Busje

Ujbbkas lh Nrghatjan, U.N.J.E.

76

 

Akvhbmhr >=tc, =?>:  Nuljtkrjk Bnykr XEHU Muhaks Njrhs  Nrghatjan

Hljtkr Bnrehdn Djecthaszthi Djecthaszthia a

 

Netns lhd Ujbpksjk jathranejkand lh Busjekthrnpjn Akrlk﬏ ]kmmjas9 Bùsjen, ljvhrsjlnl y trnasfkrbnejõa / Bnrehdn Djecthaszthia... Pht nd.R0 ekbpjdnlk pkr Bnrehdn Djecthaszthia.- >n hl.- Ejulnl Nutõakbn lh Muhaks Njrhs9 XEHU - Hljtkrjnd lh dn Xajvhrsjlnl Xajvhrsjlnl lh Ejhaejns Hbprhsnrjndhs Hbpr hsnrjndhs y Ukejndhs, =?=?. Djmrk ljgjtnd, _LF Nrecjvk Ljgjtnd9 lhsenrgn y kadjah JUMA :73-:37->38?-. Busjekthrnpjn. Busjekthrnpjn. =. Fjdksjfân lhd Nrth. 5. Bùsjen. J. Djecthaszthi Djecthaszthia, a, Bnrehdn, ekbp. ekbp. ELL 6>8.38>8<

\ch vjhws nal kpjajkas hxprhsshl lk akt ahehssnrjdy rh﬍het tcksh kf tch pumdjschr, tch hljtkr, hljtkr, tch Ueckkd kf Chndtc Uejhaehs kr tch Xajvhrsjty kf Musjahss nal Ukejnd Uejhaehs. \ch hljtkr nal tch pumdjschr enaakt mh chdl rhspkasjmdh fkr hrrkrs kr nay ekashquhaehs nrjsjag frkb tch ush kf jafkrbntjka ekatnjahl ja tcjs pumdjentjka0 \ch rhnlhr sckudl bn`h chr kr cjs kwa hvnduntjka ns tk tch npprkprjnthahss kr ktchrwjsh kf nay hxphrjhatjnd thecajquh lhserjmhl. lh serjmhl. \ch nutckrs cnvh prhpnrhl tchjr kwa bnauserjpts nal cnvh gjvha phrbjssjka fkr tchb tk mh pumdjschl ja tcjs vkdubh. Ak pnrt kf tcjs pumdjentjka bny mh rhprkluehl, stkrhl ja n rhtrjhvnd systhb kr trnasbjtthl ja nay na y fkrb kr my nay bhnas, hdhetrkaje, bhecnajend, pcktkekpyjag, rhekrljag, kr ekbmjantjka tchrhkf, akw `akwa kr dnthr lhvhdkphl, wjtckut tch prjkr phrbjssjka kf tch pumdjschr pumdjschr..

Ekatnet9 ejhaejnslhdnsndulOuehs.hlu.nr

 

Jathrantjkand Akrlkff ]kmmjas Busje \chrnpy Uybpksjub =?>: Busje, Ljvhrsjty nal \rnasfkrbntjka Krgnajzjag Ekbbjtthh Bnrehdn Djecthaszthia=, BN, B\-ME, B\-ME, DEN\, DEN\, Akrlkff ]kmmjas Busje \chrnpjst \chr npjst  (Ecnjr) Bnrjnan Nsdna>, BB, BN, DEN\ DEN\, B\-ME, B\-ME, Akrlkff Akrlkf f ]kmmjas ]km mjas Busje \chrnpjst \chr npjst Bnrjan Frhjrh5, B\ _nudn Bneecj=, B\  Akrlkff-]kmmjas Ehathr fkr Busje \chrnpy, Ahw Zkr` Xajvhrsjty, XUN  =  Xajvhrsjlnl lh Ejhaejns Hbprhsnrjndhs y Ukejndhs, Nrghatjan 5  Xajvhrsjlnlh Fhlhrnd lh Bjans Ghrnjs, Mrnsjd >

Jssuh Hljtkr Bnrehdn Djecthaszthia Jssuh ]hvjhwhr (Hagdjsc vhrsjka) Inequhdjah Mjramnub>, BUHl, BN, B\-ME, DEN\, Akrlkff ]kmmjas Busje \chrnpjst

\rnasdntjkas Bnrjnan Nsdnamy Bnrehdn Djecthaszthia _nudn Bneecj Akvhbmhr >=, =?>:  Nuljtkrjk Bnykr XEHU Muhaks Njrhs  Nrghatjan

 

Xajvhrsjty kf Musjahss nal Ukejnd Uejhaehs ]hetkr Lr. Gnstõa K‚Lkaahdd XEHU rhspkals tk tch pnrnljgb —Hxehddhaeh js n ekbbjtbhat.‒ Jt ekaehjvhs kf hxehddhaeh ns n lyanbje prkluet kf n ekastnatdy rhahwhl nal uplnthl thnecjag-dhnrajag prkehss, wcjec js hbmkljhl ja jts grnlunths nal lkhs akt hal ja tch hvnduntjka kf tch prhpnrntjka tchy kmtnja, mut ja tch shrvjehs nal ekatrjmutjkas tchy ena kffhr tk skejhty, tch udtjbnth rhejpjhat kf tch mhah﬎ts frkb hluentjka. XEHU‚s bjssjka fkeushs ka tcrhh fualnbhatnd nsphets9 n) \hnecjag, njbhl nt prkvjljag nenlhbje, cubnajstje, nal sejhatj﬎e trnjajag ja tch vnrjhty kf ljsejpdjahs tnugct ja tch vnrjkus nenlhbje uajts ja ualhrgrnlunth nal grnlunth ekurshs.

m) ]hshnrec, lhljenthl tk lhvhdkp, prhshrvh, prkbkth, ljsshbjanth, nal ekaskdjlnth sejhatj﬎e, thecakdkgjend nal eudturnd `akwdhlgh, fkr tch jathgrnd trnjajag kf prkfhsskrs nal stulhats, my mndnaejag trnljtjka nal jaakvntjka nal ja phrbnahat shnrec fkr jathgrntjag npprknechs wjtcja tch ekbbuajty. e) Hxthasjka nal trnasfhr, njbhl nt jashrtjag tch Xajvhrsjty jatk tch ekbbuajty nal haekurngjag ekbpnajhs nal jaljvjlunds tk ekatrjmuth tk tch thnecjag-dhnrajag prkehss. Ueckkd kf Chndtc Uejhaehs Lhna _rkf. Lr. Enrdks C. Uphetkr \ch bjssjka kf tch Ueckkd kf Chndtc Uejhaehs kf tch Xajvhrsjty kf Musjahss nal Ukejnd Uejhaehs js tk trnja chndtc prkfhssjkands nt tch ualhrgrnlunth, grnlunth, nal pkstgrnlunth dhvhds tk ntthal tk tch chndtc kf tch pkpudntjka wjtc skdvhaey ja tchjr nenlhbje nal sejhatj﬎e trnjajag, wjtc n lhhp htcjend shash, nal tk phrfkrb ja tch pkdjtjend, hekakbje nal skejk-hpjlhbjkdkgjend ekathxt ekatrjmutjag tk tch skdutjka kf pkpudntjka chndtc prkmdhbs nal cubna lhvhdkpbhat. \ch vjsjka kf tch Ueckkd kf Chndtc Uejhaehs kf tch Xajvhrsjty kf Musjahss nal Ukejnd Uejhaehs js n chndtc sejhaehs nenlhbje uajt ekbbjtthl tk antjkand nal jathrantjkand hxehddhaeh, ecnrnethrjzhl my skdjl nal wjlh nenlhbje kffhrjags suppkrthl my qundjty cubna rhskurehs nal thecakdkgy, ja krlhr tk gunrnathh tch trnjajag kf ekbphthat nal hf﬎ejhat chndtc prkfhssjkands, ualhrpjaajag tchjr prkfhssjkand phrfkrbnaeh ja htcjend nal bkrnd vnduhs. Busje \chrnpy _rkgrnb Ljrhetkr _rkf. Bnrehdn Djecthaszthia, Djecthaszthia, BN, B\-ME, DEN\ DEN\, Akrlkff ]kmmjas Busje \chrnpjst   \ch Busje \chrnpy prkgrnb, wcksh kf﬎ejnd lhgrhh js antjkanddy vndjlnthl, wns npprkvhl my ]hskdutjka >>73/>: kf tch Bjajstry kf Hluentjka. \ch prkgrnb trnjas prkfhssjkands wjtc htcjend vnduhs nal lhljentjka tk shrvjeh, gjvjag n skdjl prhpnrntjka tk prkvjlh nssjstnaeh ja tch vnrjkus nrhns kf prkfhssjkand prnetjeh. Lurjag tch ekursh, busje tchrnpy npprknechs tcnt nrh eurrhatdy rhekgajzhl jathrantjkanddy nrh kffhrhl, pdnejag tch ljsejpdjah ja ljndkguh wjtc ktchr cubna nal mjkdkgjend chndtc sejhaehs.\ch fneudty ekbprjshs antjkand nal jathrantjkand prkfhsskrs, hxphrts ja stnth-kf-tch-nrt stnth-kf-tch-nrt ekathats. Ja nlljtjka, tchrh nrh nrh ngrhhbhats tk enrry kut jathrascjps ja ckspjtnds nal ehathrs kf tch Gkvhrabhat kf tch Ejty kf Muhaks Njrhs nal ja prjvnth prnetjeh, tk harjec dhnrajag ja ljffhrhat ekathxts kf tch hluentjka systhb nal chndtc shrvjehs. XEHU  nenlhbje prkpksnd js ljstjagujschl my jts suppkrt kf ehatrnd ekaehpts kf busje-ehathrhl pcjdkskpcy nal ahurksejhaehs.

 

Jalhx Fkrhwkrls .........................................................................................................35 Jatrkluetjka ....................................................................................................... 38 Wkr`jag ja nal wjtc Busje9 @hy _rjaejpdhs kf tch Akrlkff ]kmmjas Npprknec tk Busje \chrnpy nal tchjr Nppdjentjka ja tch Akrlkff ]kmmjas _rnetjeh ja X@  K`snan Ycnrjakvn―Unalhrska ................................................................................. 37 \ch ush kf tch vkjeh ja Akrlkff ]kmmjas Busje \chrnpy Bnrjnan Nsdna ..................................................................................................... :5 _nud Akrlkff nal Edjvh ]kmmjas ja Akrwny9 \chjr _hrskand nal _rkfhssjkand Jaspjrntjka, Ja﬍uhaeh nal Jbpkrtnaeh fkr Busje \chrnpy Lhvhdkpbhat nal Mrjlgh Mujdljag \kb Anhss Anhss ........................................................................................................ >?5 —J wnat tk ﬍y, ﬍y, up sk cjgc!‒ Wcha tch qujht kahs dhnra tk pdny9 Jathgrntjka kf tch NMN bklhd wjtc busje tchrnpy ja Ecjan Bja-Bja Echuag ................................................................................................. >>= Futurh Lhvhdkpbhat kf Erhntjvh Busje \chrnpy ja Inpnahsh —\ntnbj —\ntnbj Fdkkr Eudturh‒ Akrj`k Cnbntnaj ................................................................................................. >>6 _nud Akrlkff, Edjvh ]kmmjas nal Vjetkr Yue`hr`nald9 Na jbbhash dhgney  Nalr  Na lrêê Mr Mrna naln lndjdjsh sh................................................................................................. >=? Erhntjvjty ja tch Uhrvjeh kf Lhthrbjajag nal Fnejdjtntjag Gknds ja Busje-Ehathrhl Busje _syecktchrnpy  Ndna  Nd na \ur urry ry.......................................................................................................... >=8 Ljvhrsjty nal \rnasfkrbntjka9 \rnasfkrbntjka9 Eurrhat Lhvhdkpbhats ja Akrlkff ]kmmjas Npprknec Bnrehdn Djecthaszthia ........................................................................................... >58

Hpjdkguh9 \ch stulhats‚ phrsphetjvh ........................................................................... >  Naah  Na ahx9 x9 Ut Utul ulha hats ts ]h ]hpk pkrtrtss ....................................................................................... >:::. Ja tcnt snbh ekafhrhaeh, fkur ktchr npprknechs rhehjvhl jathrantjkand rhekgajtjka9  Nandytjend Busje \chrnpy (Bnry _rjhstdhy), Gujlhl Jbnghry nal Busje (Chdha Mkaay), tch Mhahazka Bklhd (]kdnalk Mhahazka), nal Mhcnvjkrnd Busje \chrnpy (Edjffkrl Bnlsha).  Ujaeh tcha, ahw ghahrntjkas kf busje tchrnpjsts cnvh ekatjauhl tk lhvhdkp tchsh ﬎vh pjkahhrjag npprknechs, ekatrjmutjag wjtc ahw nlnptntjkas nal trnasfkrbntjkas neekrljag tk tch vnrjhty kf skejk-eudturnd nal thbpkrnd ekathxts ja wcjec tchy cnvh mhha jbpdhbhathl. Ktchr busje tchrnpjsts ns whdd cnvh tn`ha ehatrnd ekaehpts frkb tchsh pjkahhrs tk gjvh djfh tk tchjr kwa lhvhdkpbhats ja tch ljsejpdjah, wcjec nrh hxphethl ja tch ahnr futurh tk mh fkrbnddy rhekgajzhl my tch jathrantjkand ekbbuajty ekbbuajty..

Ja tcjs sphejnd jathrantjkand vkdubh lhljenthl Akrlkffnal ]kmmjas \chrnpy, tcjs uaprhehlhathl hvhat jatkNrghatjan ja DntjaBusje Nbhrjen js enpturhl wjtc tch ekatrjmutjka kf tch pjkahhrjag wkr` kf tcksh wck cnvh cnl tch kppkrtuajty tk mh trnjahl my _nud Akrlkff, Edjvh ]kmmjas, nal Enrkd ]kmmjas, nal wjtc tch ekatrjmutjkas kf ahw ghahrntjkas tcnt gjvh ekatjaujty tk tch ehatrnd pcjdkskpcy kf Akrlkff ]kmmjas tcrkugc jts nlnptntjkas. _rkf. Bnrehdn Djecthaszthia, B\-ME, DEN\, Akrlkff ]kmmjas Busje \chrnpjst Ljrhetkr kf Busje \chrnpy _rkgrnb Ueckkd kf Chndtc Uejhaehs XEHU 38

 

Jathrantjkand Akrlk﬏ ]kmmjas Busje \hrnpy Uybpksjub

Wkr`jag ja nal wjtc Busje9 @hy _rjaejpdhs kf tch Akrlkff ]kmmjas Npprknec tk Busje \chrnpy nal tchjr Nppdjentjka ja tch Akrlkff ]kmmjas _rnetjeh ja X@  K`snan Ycnrjakvn―Unalhrska Nmstrnet

Ja tch >:6?s, _nud Akrlkff nal Edjvh ]kmmjas pjkahhrhl na npprknec tk busje tchrnpy (Akrlkff nal ]kmmjas, >:7>) wcjec js prnetjehl nrkual tch wkrdl tklny. tklny. Ujaeh tcha, hxphetntjkas kf busje tchrnpy cnvh ecnaghl, mktc ja tch ljvhrsh havjrkabhats wjtcja wcjec wh wkr` nal ja tch mrknlhr pkdjtjend edjbnth. \cjs prhshatntjka wjdd rhvjsjt tch `hy prjaejpdhs kf tcjs npprknec tcrkugc hxnbjajag ekathbpkrnry nal jaakvntjvh Akrlkff ]kmmjas prnetjeh lhdjvhrhl my busje tchrnpjsts wkr`jag fkr tch Akrlkff ]kmmjas ecnrjty ja tch X@. \ch prhshatntjka wjdd ekatnja hxnbpdhs kf tch wkr` frkb ljffhrhat edjhat ekathxts, h.g., lhbhatjn, dhnrajag ljsnmjdjtjhs, bhatnd chndtc, hte. Jt wjdd lhbkastrnth ckw tcjs ekathbpkrnry prnetjeh, wcjdst jaakvntjvh nal ﬍hxjmdh, js lhhpdy rkkthl ja tch ekrh prjaejpdhs kf tch Akrlkff ]kmmjas trnljtjka ― n eudtjvnthl enpnejty tk djstha nal chnr ja lhtnjd (Naslhdd >::8), nal na nmjdjty tk rhspkal strnthgjenddy ja wnys wcjec kpha up ahw pkssjmjdjtjhs fkr netjka (]uul =??3). _rhshatntjka 

\cna` fkr tnd` n wkalhrfud wnrb]kmmjas whdekbh ja Nrghatjan. prjvjdhghykutk sk mh buec chrh nal nmkut Akrlkff wkr` ja tch X@. Jt js suec n  Zku `akw, tcjs trnljtjka  Zku trnljtjka js lhvhdkphl ja ljffhrhat ljffhrhat ekuatrjhs nrkual tch wkrdl, wjtc hnec ekuatry erhntjag jts kwa pntcwnys fkr tch npprknec. Wcnt J wnat tk tnd` nmkut tklny nrh tch `hy prjaejpdhs, `hy vnduhs, wcnt stnys tch snbh nal ckw tchy cnvh lhvhdkphl. Wh wjdd stnrt dkk`jag nt pjeturhs frkb Akrlkff ]kmmjas wkr`, nal yku ena shh tch vnduhs ja tcjs pkrtrnjt. Dkk` Dkk` nt tch hyh djah kf _nudjs nal Edjvhwchrh nal tchtchmkly dnagungh ja kah Nal spktwh wchrh tch edjhat pdnyjag, ﬎aghr js nt n t tchnal halnddkftch tchfkeus lrubstje`. ena chnr ndd tcjs ja tch snbh wny. 37

 

Jathrantjkand Akrlk﬏ ]kmmjas Busje \hrnpy Uybpksjub

\cjs js n rhekrljag kf na krjgjand ﬎db ja Akrwny. \cjs js n ykuag gjrd enddhl @nrha nal tchy cnvh n busjend ekaahetjka wjtc chr. chr. Wh shh nbnzjag rhekgajtjka kf tch pkthatjnd nal tch rhsjdjhaeh kf tcjs ykuag wkbna nal tch nmjdjty tk wkr` frkb tch ﬎rst bhhtjag nal tcha tn`jag tch skag skbhwchrh sch ljla‚t `akw hxjsthl … —\cjs js bh lkjag tcjs; ]hnddy; Wjtc yku; Jfkeus ljla‚tka`akw J ekudl lk edhnrdy tcjs tktnd fkeus nal ekaahetjka9 ekaahetjka naltcjs.‒ fkeusNal ka wh shhjag chrshh pkthatjnd. Ja tcjs prhshatntjka tklny J wnat tk tnd` nmkut shvhrnd `hy prjaejpdhs. Fjrst kf ndd, tch jbpkrtnaeh kf ekaahetjka wjtc tch phrska ja tch busje0 jt lkhsa‚t cnppha my bngje― jt cnpphas fkr tch eudtjvntjag enpnejty kf djsthajag nal chnrjag ja lhtnjd. Uhekal, jt js nppdyjag busjend jbngjantjka nal akt iust djsthajag nal gjvjag mne` wcnt J chnr. J nppdy by busjend jbngjantjka, by busjendjty, tk chnr tch pkthatjnd fkr us kf bn`jag busje tkghtchr― J¼b akt iust n bjrrkr. bjrrkr. \cjrldy, jt js nmkut wkr`jag wkr`jag nal pdnyjag ja busje9 wh nrhfrkb —wkr`jag/pdnyjag‒. Nalphkpdh. wkr` ja tch busje rhqujrhs ekurnghwjtc naltchekurngh ekbhs fnjtc ja busje nal Fjanddy, jt js nmkut ekaahetjag phrska mhykal tch pntckdkgy wcjec fkrbs n uajquh ljbhasjka kf kur wkr`. Jt¼s chnrjag tch chndtcy spjrjt mhykal tch pntckdkgy, tch frhh spjrjt, tch hxprhssjka kf n mhjag fudd kf djfh.  Nal J tnd` nmkut tch cjgcdjgctjag prjaejpdhs ja tch prnetjeh nal tch wkr` nt tch Akrlkff ]kmmjas Ehatrh ja X@, wcjec js tch dnrghst Akrlkff ]kmmjas ehathr. Ja busje tchrnpy wh shh hdhvha tckusnal phkpdh hnec yhnr. yhnr. Wh prhtty buec wkr` nerkss tch bhljend nal hluentjkand ﬎hdls. Wh cnvh bnsthr‚s bnsthr‚s trnjajag ja Akrlkff ]kmmjas Busje \chrnpy ja tcrhh mnshs nerkss tch X@, Dkalka, Bnaechsthr nal Ahwenstdh. Wh ndsk kffhr _cL trnjajag nal wh ndsk ekaluet rhshnrec. Uk akw J wjdd tnd` nmkut tch ekathxt nal ckw tch ekathxt cns jbpnet ja kur wkr`. Wh wkr` wjtc ahw edjhats, wh ush jastrubhats ktchr tcna pjnak, nal wh ush busjend stydhs ktchr tcna ednssjend. Wh shh akt iust tch edjhat mut tch wckdh ekbbuajty kf tch edjhat0 wh wkr` ja na jathrljsejpdjanry wny wjtc pcysjktchrnpjsts, keeupntjkand tchrnpjsts, nal lketkrs. Wh cnvh tk mh vhry ﬍hxjmdh ― wcnt wkr`s nt tch seckkd bny akt wkr` nt tch ckspjtnd. Nal wh cnvh tk ekbbuajenth... ekbbuajenth... ekbbuajenth... nmkut nmkut tch wkr` wh lk. Uk tk stnrt, J¼b gkjag tk gjvh tcjs ﬎rst hxnbpdh wcjec js ja n shttjag wjtc nludts 33

 

Jathrantjkand Akrlk﬏ ]kmmjas Busje \hrnpy Uybpksjub

wjtc dhnrajag ljsnmjdjtjhs. Wh Wh shh tch tchrnpjst wkr`jag wjtc tch vjkdja0 sch wkr`s ja tch ekrrjlkr kf tch ehathr mhenush tch edjhat wkudl akt ekbh jatk tch rkkb. Ch‚s gkt nutjsb sphetrub ljskrlhr, vhry jskdnthl. Wh shh n rnagh kf ljffhrhat strnthgjhs ― mhjag rhnddy prhejsh nal bntecjag nal usjag tch vjkdja dj`h na neekbpnajbhat jastrubhat, wcjec js ahw. Jt js n sjagdh djah jastrubhat mut chrh js ushl dj`h na neekbpnajbhat jastrubhat. Zku ena chnr tch tchrnpjst‚s jathatjka kf tchjapcrnsjag tk haekurngh ekbbuajentjka. Uk pkjat kah9 bhhtjag nalhxthaljag rhspkaljag busje bkbhat my bkbhat. Ukbhtjbhs wh fkrght tk vnduh tch ekaahetjka. Wh tcja` nmkut tch lhvhdkpbhat ns na jbpkrtnat rkuth ja tch tchrnpy, mut netunddy tch bkrh wh lk tch wkr`, tch bkrh wh rhndjzh tcnt tch bkst jbpkrtnat tcjag js tcjs― hvhrytcjag hdsh ekbhs frkb tcnt. Lka‚t fkrght tk ekaahet. \ch ahxt ekathxt tcnt J wnat tk tnd` nmkut js ja ahurkdkgjend rhcnmjdjtntjka enrh. Jt‚s n enrh fkr \ch phkpdh wjtc spjahfkddkwjag jaiury nal wh wjdd shh n wkr` js n phrfkrbnaeh. edjhat js nmrnja ykuagkrbna0 n trnf﬎e neejlhat cjs djfhwcjec ecnaghl fkrhvhr. Wcnt yku nrh gkjag tk shh js n ﬎db ja ekddnmkrntjka wjtc Busje \chrnpy nal Keeupntjkand \chrnpy. Mut wcnt yku nrh akt gkjag tk shh js tch prkehss tcnt prhehlhl tcjs. tcjs. Jt‚s Jt‚s n dkt kf cnrl wkr`, wkr`jag ka ekbpksjag ekbpksjag skags. Wh Wh rhndjzhl tcnt tcnt tcjs js jbpkrtnat fkr tch edjhat mut wh ljla‚t rhndjzh tcnt tch jbpnet js ndbkst mjgghr ka tch nuljhaeh, na nsphet tcnt wh nrh akt gkjag tk shh ja tch ﬎db. \ch nuljhaeh wns ja thnrs mhenush tchy nrh enrjag fkr ktchr edjhats ja sjbjdnr sjtuntjkas nal tcjs ykuag bna vndjlnthl tchb. \ch thxt kf tch skag js —J‚b stjdd ndjvh.‒ Uk, tcja` tk suppkrt tch phrfkrbnaeh kf tch jlhatjty jlhatjty.. Wh tcja` kf mhjag tchrh wjtc tchb mut ja tcjs ensh, —J phrfkrb tchrh fkr tchb.‒ Wh shh rhnd vndjlntjka vndjlnt jka kf wcnt js cnpphajag akw, —\cjs js wck J nb akw.‒ Nal tcha ch wnats tk ekbpksh skags nal rhekrl n EL tkghtchr. tkghtchr. \ch tcjrl ekathxt tcnt J wnat tk tnd` nmkut js n ekddhgh fkr ykuag nludts wjtc dhnrajag ljsnmjdjtjhs0 jt‚s n dhnrajag jastjtutjka. Uch js Mhe`y, djvjag wjtc nutjsb. Uch cns fhw wkrls nal cns ljf﬎eudtjhs tk ekaahet. Uch ndsk npphnrs tk cnvh lhprhssjka. Wcnt wh nrh gkjag tk chnr ja tcjs hxehrpt js tch busje tchrnpjst chnrjag tch pkthatjnd fkr ekbbuajentjka ja hnec pcrnsh. Ch tn`hs wkrls up ja hvhrytcjag sch lkhs nal 3:

 

Jathrantjkand Akrlk﬏ ]kmmjas Busje \hrnpy Uybpksjub

nppdjhs cjs busjend jbngjantjka. Ch lkhsa‚t iust prhejshdy bntec chr, mut ch chnrs busjend ekbbuajentjvhahss nal sjgaj﬎enaeh ja hvhrytcjag sch lkhs. Chrh js tch tcjrl `hy9 —Chnrjag hvhrytcjag hvhrytcjag ja busje nal nppdyjag busjend jbngjantjka.‒ Ekaahetjkas ahhl tch jbngjantjka fkr tch busje tk tn`h pdneh. Jt js rhnddy djsthajag tk hvhry lhtnjd nal snyjag, —Zhs, J ena chnr busje ja tcjs,‒ —Zku nrh n busjend mhjag.‒ tn`hs tcjsmhtwhha sk shrjkusdy bhnajag,Nal tkk.mhenush Jt¼s n rhndchekaahetjka tchb., sch stnrts tk rhekgajzh tcnt \ch fkurtc ekathxt tcnt J wnat tk tnd` nmkut js na nludt ckspjeh. Uch js na nludt wkbna tcnt J wkr`hl wjtc. Uch djvhl nt ckbh ndkah nal sch enbh tk tch ckspjeh tk ljh. Uch cnl qujth n shash kf cubkr sk wcha J enbh tk shh chr sch snjl, —\chy lka‚t `akw wcnt tk lk wjtc bh. \chy nrh gkjag tk shal bh mne` ckbh.‒  Ndtckugc sch cnl tcjs shash kf cubkr cubkr,, sch wns vhry frngjdh, wjtc n dne` kf hahrgy hahrgy..  Ztkkuphrska  Zku cnvh tkwjtc cnvh jbngjah jbngj ah ntrkddhy mjg rkkb n dkt dkt jastrubhats. kf ktch ktchrr phkpdh phkpdh tchrh. tchr J nb—Dht‚s gkjag iust phrska phrs ka n djttdh wjtcwjtc busjend J snjl tkh. chr, lk skbhtcjag tkghtchr,‒ nal wcnt yku nrh gkjag tk chnr ja tcjs hxehrpt js ckw sch fkddkws bh. J sugghst jlhns nal sch fkddkws0 yku ena chnr tch pkthatjnd tcnt sch cns tk lk jt my chrshdf, mut J `hhp wkr`jag fkr fkr jt. Zku ena chnr rhnddy spdjt spdjt bkbhats wcha sch mhekbhs sk pdnyfud nal sch stnrts jajtjntjag. Jt‚s by sugghstjka, wcy akt wkr` ka pdnyfudahss; \cjs phrska js lyjag, ckwhvhr, fkr ns dkag ns wh nrh ndjvh, pdnyjag js jbpkrtnat tk us― jt js akt iust n ecjdlrha‚s tcjag. _dnyjag js n phrfkrbnaeh kf tch shdf0 pdnyfudahss js nmkut erhntjvjty, haikybhat, cubkr. Jt js skbhtcjag tcnt phkpdh lka‚t tcja` js jbpkrtnat wcha skbhmkly js lyjag, mut js stjdd ndjvh. Uk tch fkurtc `hy js wkr`-pdny. Jt‚s qujth sphej﬎e ja Akrlkff ]kmmjas mhenush pdnyjag js wkr`, js tch wny wh kurshdvhs pdny. pdny. My pdnyjag wcjdh wkr`jag wh nrh bn`jag wkr` bkrh pdnyfud nal pdny bkrh wkr`-dj`h. ]nechd Vhrahy tnd`s nmkut wkr`-pdny wkr`-pdny,, —Mhenush J rhnddy mhdjhvh tcnt phkpdh wnat tk pdny, skbhtjbhs J cnvh tk wnjt uatjd jt turas nal J nb stjdd fnsejantjag my tch fnet tcnt n phrska js sk edksh tk lhntc nal stjdd wnats tk pdny.‒ Wcnt yku nrh gkjag tk chnr js bh wkr`jag fkr pdny nal sch tn`jag tch javjtntjka. Wcnt yku nrh chnrjag js9 J nb stjdd wkr`jag wjtc chr nal tch wkr` fkr tch tchrnpjst js chnrjag tcnt tcjs bkbhat js sphejnd, tch pkthatjnd kf tcjs bkbhat nal wkr`jag tcnt bkbhat tk tch tc h fuddhst. \chrh‚ \chrh‚ss ak tjbh dj`h akw--bnymh ak w--bnymh sch wjdd ak dkaghr :?

 

Jathrantjkand Akrlk﬏ ]kmmjas Busje \hrnpy Uybpksjub

mh chrh tkbkrrkw. Jt js vhry jbpkrtnat, tch syahrgy ja kur wkr`. Bnymh wh ena tcja`9 J‚b gkjag tk lk tcjs tkbkrrkw. \ch ekaahetjka js jbpkrtnat mut prhshat, tkk. \ch tchrnpjst cns tk wkr` cnrl0 yku ena chnr bh gkjag fkrwnrl nal gkjag mne` ja tcjs hxnbpdh, ekastnat ekastnat wkr`. Wh ena‚t stny ja kah pksjtjka. \ch ﬎ftc nal dnst ekathxt js tch wkr` ja tch lhbhatjn shttjag. \cjs dnly js ja chr 3?s0 sch cns`akw nlvnaehl lhbhatjn.naykah. Uch lkhsa‚t sphn`, sch lkhsa‚t wck lhbhatjn, sch js nalvhry schnlvnaehl enaakt rhekgajzh Uch js ja n wchhdecnjr.. Uch lkhsa‚t cnvh nay nffhetjvh ekbbuajentjka. Uch js kftha strhsshl wchhdecnjr nal sch trjhs tk rhnec kut nal tkuec hvhrykah. Uch js hxtrhbhdy jskdnthl, nal ja n wny wh ena sny sch js trnpphl ja tch lhbhatjn. Wcnt wh nrh gkjag tk chnr js tch busje tchrnpjst rhnecjag mhykal tch lhbhatjn, ndbkst tch pnrt tcnt js jatnet. Nal lhphaljag ka ykur spjrjtund mhdjhfs yku ena chnr n spjrjtund skag. Mut sch js akt akt wjtc tch lhbhatjn lhbhatjn tchrh― jt js tch phrska mhykal lhbhatjn. tcnt chscnphs, cns tk tcrkugc fkeus jabkvhbhat, hvhry busjend bkbhat ns jt ekbhs,tchnal jt ekbhs\k ja lk ljffhrhat tcrkugc skual. Ch js jathrprhtjag hvhrytcjag sch js lkjag ns busjend. Ch js trhntjag chr dj`h tchy nrh jbprkvjsjag tkghtchr. Ch¼s nppdyjag n dkt kf sjdhaeh, nal ch‚s wnjtjag fkr chr tk ekbh jatk tch busje. Ch‚s Ch‚s ndsk gjvjag rhfhrhaeh pkjats fkr wkr`jag ja nal kut0 mhenush sch js sk ljskrjhathl sch ahhls n dkt kf chdp tk ualhrstnal wcnt‚s gkjag ka. Uch ena‚t lk jt ja wkrls mut sch ena lk jt ja busje. Nal wcnt ch js lkjag js enddjag chr9 —Ekbh, ekaahet wjtc bh. J `akw yku‚rh stjdd tchrh. J `akw tcnt naymkly nrkual ena¼t shh yku naybkrh na ybkrh mut J ena shh yku chrh nal akw.‒ \chbh ﬎vh js —Wkr`jag wjtc tch phrska mhykal tch pntckdkgy.‒ _nud nal Edjvh cnl n strkag mhdjhf ja tcjs nsphet. J spk`h tk Edjvh wcha ch vjsjthl us ja Dkalka nal ch spk`h nmkut ckw ck w _nud erhnthl wjtc tch spjrjt kf tch phrska. \chrh js n mjg spjrjtund ljbhasjka tk us. \cjs js skbhtcjag tcnt wh lka‚t tnd` tkk buec mhenush akt hvhrykah js ekbfkrtnmdh wjtc tcjs. Zku Zku lka‚t cnvh tk mhdjhvh tcnt mhenush kur wkr` js vhry rhnd nal jt‚s jt‚s vhry pcysjend nal ja tch prhshat. Jt js akt skbhtcjag tcnt wh bny shh dj`h ahw ngh0 jt js vhry ekaerhth mut tchrh js tcjs ktchr ljbhasjka. Ja tch wkrls kf Naslhdd, — Busje cns tch jahxpdjenmdh pkwhr tk najbnth akt iust tch ﬍hsc ndsk tch spjrjt ― tk gjvh na jbpudsh wcjec bn`hs skbhkah wnat tk net, wnat tk rhspkal, wnat tk erhnth. Busje js n endd fkr netjka, tk tch phrska, tk tch ekbbuajty, tk tch busje tchrnpjst.‒ :>

 

Jathrantjkand Akrlk﬏ ]kmmjas Busje \hrnpy Uybpksjub

Na hpjdkguh … J wnat tk rhbjal yku nmkut tch tchbhs nal tch jbpkrtnaeh kf ekaahetjka― lka¼t fkrght nmkut jt. \cnt‚s tch bkst jbpkrtnat gjft tk gjvh tk kur edjhats. Nppdyjag busjend jbngjantjka jbpdjhs tcnt wh ns busje tchrnpjst ahhl tk wkr`, tk aurturh kurshdvhs. Wh cnvh tk cnvh ekurngh nal fnjtc tcnt busje ena rhnec tchb. Nal djstha ja tch bkbhat mhykal tch pntckdkgy. Jt‚s n prjvjdhgh tk wkr` tcjs wny0

tch edjhatsckw thnec us bkrh nmkut cubna. kurshdvhs, mhcnvh bkrhtkprhshat, ckwjatktchb mh bkrh busjend, tk mh Whckw akt tk kady cnvh fnjtc nal ekurngh ja kurshdvhs, mut ndsk tk cnvh tch snbh fnjtc nal ekurngh ja busje. ]hfhrhaehs  Njgha, @. (>::6) Mhjag ja Busje9 Fkualntjkas Fkualntjkas kf Akrlkff ]kmmjas Busje \chrnpy. \chrnpy.  Akrlkff ]kmmjas Busje \chrnpy Bkakgrnpc Uhrjhs Aubmhr >. Ut. Dkujs, BK9 BBM Busje  Ndlrjlgh, L. (>::6) Busje tchrnpy ]hshnrec nal _rnetjeh ja Bhljejah9 Frkb Frkb Kut kf Ujdhaeh.

Ihssjen @jagsdhy _umdjschrs Ekavhrsntjkas ka Akrlkff ]kmmjas Busje \chrnpy.  Naslhdd, G. Vhrahy, VhrahyDkalka9 , ] (=?>?) Mnrehdkan _umdjschrs ]uul, H. (=??3). Busje ja tchrnpy9 jaerhnsjag pkssjmjdjtjhs fkr netjka. Busje nal  Nrts ja Netjka  >(>),  >(>), st tjbh J tkk` tch rjs` tk ush by kphrntjenddy trnjahl vkjeh fkr tch ﬎rst tjbh ja shssjkas. \cjs js wcnt cnpphahl9

>st pnrt kf @nth‚s vjlhk @nth wns na hxtrhbhdy busjend nutjstje >>-yhnr-kdl gjrd wck ljla‚t usunddy sjag. Uch typjenddy cnl n ﬍nt nffhet, ljla‚t sustnja hyh ekatnet, nal wns vhry rjgjl ja chr busje bn`jag ― akt kpha tk skbhkah hdsh‚s japut. \chrh‚s n bjx kf rhihetjag tch ahw nal fnsejantjka ja chr rhnetjka ― sch wnats tk chnr bkrh. \ch ahxt whh` sch mrjags up tch pjheh ngnja nal ngnja. =al pnrt kf @nth‚s vjlhk \ch dnst pnrt kf tcjs hxehrpt js n fhw whh`s dnthr. @nth js fuddy hagnghl nal sustnjas chr vkjeh. Kmshrvh chr haiky scnrhl sjagjag bkbhat nal dkk` nt bh dke`jag hyhs, ja n wny sch ahvhr cnl tch mhfkrh ja thrbs kf rhdnthlahss. :5

 

Jathrantjkand Akrlk﬏ ]kmmjas Busje \hrnpy Uybpksjub

5rl pnrt kf @nth‚s vjlhk  Zku  Z ku ena shh ckw, nfthr chr jajtjnd rhnetjka, by ahwdy jatrkluehl kphrntje skual hagnghl @nth nal sch wns nmdh tk neehpt (hvha hbmrneh!) –tch ljffhrhat‚ nal hxpnal chr rhdnthlahss. Ckw wh sjag rhnddy bntthrs. bn tthrs. \ch vkjeh js n pkwhrfud pnrt kf wcnt wh lk ns Akrlkff ]kmmjas tchrnpjsts ― tchljffhrhat qundjty wnys kf jt, tch tjbjag, rhspkasjvhahss. J wnat tk tnd` tk yku tklny nmkut wh ush kur tch vkjehs wjtc edjajend purpksh. Wh `akw akw wcnt Akrlkff nal ]kmmjas whrh lkjag jatujtjvhdy tcrkugc rhshnrec ― ckw jbpkrtnat tch vkjeh js fkr cubna lhvhdkpbhat nal survjvnd. Uthpcha Bnddkec nal Ekdwya \rhvnrtcha nrh rhshnrechrs wck ekjahl tch thrb –ekbbuajentjvh busjendjty.‚ \chy ljsekvhrhl tcnt tch lhvhdkpbhat kf rhdnthlahss nal shash kf shdf tch jafnat necjhvhs js luh tk n busjend luht tcnt gkhs ka mhtwhha bktchr nal jafnat.  jafnat.  Chrh‚s n qukth frkb tchjr mkk`9 ‒Ns tch mnmy ushs jaanth wjslkb tk nequjrh bkrh Chrh‚s hxpdjejt dhnrahl ualhrstnaljag, fkddkwjag jbpudshs tk mh pnrt kf tch bhnajag kf djfh wjtc ktchr cubnas, tch vkjeh kf n skejnmdh Uhdf js ljsekvhrhl, nal nal tcjs vkend phrskandjty js ikjahl my tch vkjehs kf tcksh sphejnd Ktchrs wck scnrh tch wny tk tch sphn`jag kf n pnrtjeudnr dnagungh.‒ (p. =?:) \ch vkjeh js kur ﬎rst nal fkrhbkst jastrubhat. Jt nddkws fkr n vhry ljrhet ekatnet wjtc kur hbktjkas nal wjtc naktchr phrska. Ekbbuajentjka nal rhdntjka tcrkugc tch vkjeh js rhnddy jbbhljnth, nal vhry pkwhrfud. A] cns mhha `akwa fkr usjag tch pjnak ns tch tchrnpjst‚s prjbnry jastrubhat, mut tch vkjeh cns mhha jbpkrtnat frkb jts krjgjas. \ch vkjeh‚s vhrsntjdjty ― jts nrtjeudntjka, bhdklje rnagh, wjlh pndhtth kf nffhets, tch pkssjmjdjty kf usjag wkrls kr akt ― bn`hs jt n prjbnry skureh kf busje tk hdjejt, javjth, nal hstnmdjsc jathrnetjka, ekbbuajentjka, nal rhspkash. Wh ena sjag, sphn`, gruat, sjgc. Hvha jf skbhkah ﬎als sjagjag tkk phrskand/jathash, tch vkjeh ena mh bhljnthl, fkr hxnbpdh tcrkugc wcjstdjag, usjag `nzkks, hte. hte. \ch vkjeh ena mh ushl tk enrry tch bhdkly kr tch rcytcb, ndkah kr ekbmjahl wjtc jastrubhats0 jt‚s n uajquh edjajend nssht ja A]B\. :<

 

Jathrantjkand Akrlk﬏ ]kmmjas Busje \hrnpy Uybpksjub

A] cns mhha `akwa fkr tch ush kf skags, mktc jbprkvjshl nal prhekbpkshl, tk stnrt nal hal tch shssjka, tk nllrhss wcnt ekbhs up lurjag shssjkas, nal wjtc bnay ktchr purpkshs. \chrh‚s n stkry tcnt jddustrnths tchjr stnaeh9 tch fnbkus busje tchrnpjst Iudjhtth Ndvja rhfhrrhl tk tchb kaeh ja n lhrkgntkry bnaahr ns –tch sjagjag tchrnpjsts,‚ tk wcjec tchy naswhrhl wjtc prjlh nal hatcusjnsb tcnt kf ekursh tchy whrh. ^uktjag frkb Erhntjvh Busje \chrnpy9 –Ukags ena pdny na hsshatjnd rkdh ja neekbpnayjag nal…tch pdnyjag kf ktchr jastrubhats.… \chy netjvhdy haekurngh nal ne`akwdhlgh n ecjdl‚s javkdvhbhat, prkvjlh rhnljdy neehssjmdh hxphrjhaehs kf strueturh…rhfrhsc bktjvntjka, rhjafkreh ekaehatrntjka ns ahehssnry, nal ehdhmrnth necjhvhbhat. Ukags…ndsk djvh ja ecjdlrha‚s bjals mhtwhha shssjkas ns bhbkrjhs kf haikynmdh, bhnajagfud jastrubhatnd hxphrjhaehs tchy wnat tk rhphnt nal… natjejpnth. Uuec skags ena hpjtkbjzh n ecjdl‚s hxphrjhaeh ja tchrnpy.‚ (p. =8>). Akw, Akrlkff ]kmmjas mhjag edjhat-ehathrhl, tchrnpjsts bhht tchjr edjhats vkenddy wchrh tchy nrh0tcjs jbpdjhs frhquhatdy strhtecjag kur vkend pndhtths nal usjag kur vkjehs ja rhnddy rhnddy ljffhrhat bnaahrs. Hnec tchrnpjst bn`hs ush ush kf tchjr vkjeh ja ljvhrsh wnys, nal J wnat tk sckw cjstkrjend/shbjand hxnbpdhs, nal tcha gk tcrkugc sumshquhat ghahrntjkas nal sckw tch ljvhrsh `jals kf pntcs wh ena tn`h. J wka‚t hxthal tnd`jag nmkut _nud Akrlkff ― yku `akw nmkut cjb ndrhnly ― mut J wnat tk tnd` nmkut cjs sjagjag. Cjs vkjeh ekatnjahl dyrjejsb, pnssjka, wnrbtc, nal javjthl tk jathrnetjka. J wnat tk qukth tchsh tckugcts nmkut sjagjag frkb Erhntjvh Busje \chrnpy mhenush J tcja` tchy lhpjet cjs vkjeh9 ‒Ujagjag enrrjhs tch qundjty kf ykur vkjeh ― nal hvhry ush kf ykur vkjeh ja tchrnpy jbbhljnthdy hxprhsshs ykur nttjtulh tk tch ecjdl. \ch qundjty kf ykur ntthatjka, ykur wntecfudahss, ykur shash kf cubkr, ykur rhekgajtjka kf, nal pdhnsurh ja tch ecjdl‚s prhshaeh, tch lhphalnmjdjty kf ykur bkbhat-my-bkbhat suppkrt kf cjs javkdvhbhat, nrh ndd ekbbuajenthl spkatnahkusdy tcrkugc ykur sjagjag. Ecnaahdhl tcrkugc tch qundjty kf ykur vkjeh, ch ljrhetdy rhehjvhs tch qundjty kf ykur rhspkasjvhahss.‒ (p. =8?) :8

 

Jathrantjkand Akrlk﬏ ]kmmjas Busje \hrnpy Uybpksjub

_nud nal Edjvh wkr`hl wjtc Naan. Naan wns n strkag-wjddhl >>-yhnr-kdl gjrd, wchhdecnjr-mkual, ndbkst tktnddy mdjal. Vhry djttdh sphhec, n 5?-bkatc dhvhd kf fuaetjkajag. Utummkra, npntchtje, uaekkphrntjvh ― tchrnpjsts cnl snjl yku ekudl wkr` ka skbhtcjag wjtc chr fkr 6 bkatcs wjtckut prkgrhss. Ak Ak pnrtjeudnr jathrhst ja busje nt ndd. Ja tcjs nuljk hxehrpt, _nud‚skf vkjeh ekavhysnal pdnyfud jathrnetjka, utthr Ch‚s Ch‚ s kpha tk tch hbktjkas tch bkbhat js tn`jag chr jlhns nalneehptnaeh. hacnaejag tchb.  Naan‚ss nuljk hxehrpt  Naan‚  Zku ena chnr cjs kphaahss tk bhht Naan wjtc n bjx kf pdnyfudahss nal dyrjejsb.  Zku \cjs js na hxnbpdh kf ckw ch ushs tch jlhns tch edjhat mrjags tk hagngh chr, dhnvjag spneh fkr chr tk rhspkal, nal erhnths n strueturh/skag mnshl ka butundjty. butundjty. wjtc chr 

Ch‚s erhntjag tcjs skag Ch‚s , wjtc chr rhspkashs. Enrkd ]kmmjas wns na kutstnaljag rhprhshatntjvh kf tch A]‚s shekal ghahrntjka kf busje tchrnpjsts. Uch wns ek-fkualhr nal ek-ljrhetkr kf tch Akrlkff ]kmmjas Ehathr fkr Busje \chrnpy nt Ahw Zkr` Xajvhrsjty, nal sch nal Edjvh wkr`hl ns n edjajend thnb ndd kvhr tch tc h wkrdl fkr lhenlhs. Chr vkjeh cnl n bktchrdy, wnrb, ckdljag qundjty tcnt hvhrykah wck wns hxpkshl tk jt npprhejnthl. npprhejn thl. Mut chr vkjeh lhvhdkphl tcrkugckut chr enrhhr e nrhhr.. Edjvh bhatjkahl ja tnd`s tcnt chr mne`grkual wns ja eckrnd sjagjag, nal wcha ch fjrst bht chr, chr vkjeh wns buec tcjaahr. Uch ljla‚t haiky phrfkrbjag, mut jasthnl chr vkjeh grhw ns sch ahhlhl jt tk wkr` wjtc chr edjhats. Dht‚s chnr Enrkd‚s vkend lhvhdkpbhat. \ch ﬎rst hxehrpt wh‚dd wntec js kf chr wkr` wjtc Ndna \urry, mktc sjagjag fkr n ykuag mky. ]je`y wns shasjtjvh, budtjpdy cnaljenpphl, mdjal nal wjtc ehrhmrnd pndsy, ak sphhec, ekudla‚t stnal ka cjs kwa. Cjs bktchr wns na nlljet, nal ch halhl up nlkpthl my cjs aursh. Cjs tchrnpjsts gkt n shash kf cjs busjend shasjtjvjty tcrkugc cjs rhspkashs. Ja tcjs vjlhk wh‚dd shh Enrkd nal Ndna sjagjag n skag ehdhmrntjag cjs stnaljag ka cjs kwa fhht wjtc Enrkd‚s Enrkd‚s suppkrt ― mktc djthrnd nal vkend. Djstha tk Enrkd‚s sjagjag nal wntec ]je`y‚s rhnetjka tk jt ― ja cjs mkly, cjs nffhet, nal cjs kwa vkendjzntjka9 :6

 

Jathrantjkand Akrlk﬏ ]kmmjas Busje \hrnpy Uybpksjub

–Xp sk tndd‚ hxehrpt \ch sjagjag djfts ]je`y ]je`y,, nal yku ena chnr cjb rhspkal tk tch tchrnpjsts‚ vkjehs. Edjvh tnd`hl n dkt nmkut Enrkd‚s Enrkd‚s vkjeh. Kah kf tch enshs ch dj`hl tk ush ns na hxnbpdh wns Dyalnd. Dyalnd wns n skejnmdh : yhnr kdl wjtc n mrnja jaiury, hbktjkanddy uastnmdh, Uch rhnethl tk dkul nal uahxphethl (suec ns nshdf-jaiurjkus. eybmnd), mnagjag chr chnlnlvhrshdy ngnjast cnrl surfnehs. Uch dj`hl skuals busje, mut sch wns prkah tk up-rhgudnth nal dksh ekatrkd, e katrkd, wcjec senrhl chr nal enushl chr tk stkp. Enrkd nal Edjvh dkk`hl tk strhtec chr djbjts grnlunddy, chdpjag chr tk mrhn` frhh nal ush tcjs hahrgy hxprhssjvhdy. Ja tcjs nuljk hxehrpt wh‚dd chnr n qujth jathash bkbhat, wchrh Enrkd tn`hs Dyalnd tcrkugc wcnt sch endds dnthr na –ndbkst bnajnend‚ jathasjty ja tchjr busje bn`jag. Edjvh ekbbhathl ch cnl ahvhr chnrl Enrkd sjag dj`h tcjs mhfkrh, nal ckw wnatjag tk rhnec chr gknds fkr Dyalnd bnlh chr neehss ahw pnrts kf chrshdf. Dht‚s djstha. Dyalnd‚s hxehrpt #>6 \ch jathasjty kf Enrkd‚s sjagjag erhnthl n spneh fkr Dyalnd tk dht gk nal vhaturh jatk pnrts kf chrshdf sch cnl prhvjkusdy mhha nfrnjl kf, pdnyjag frhhdy. frhhdy.   Ns Akrlkff ]kmmjas lhvhdkphl, n ahw ghahrntjka hbhrghl wck ushl ktchr jastrubhats ns tchjr prjbnry bhnas tk wkr`, suec ns tch gujtnr. \ch fkddkwjag hxehrpt fhnturhs ]je` wkr`jag wjtc \ckbns, na nlkrnmdh nal hahrghtje 5-yhnrkdl nutjstje mky. \ckbns ekudla‚t sdhhp, ljla‚t cnvh sphhec, nal sckwhl cjs frustrntjka tcrkugckut tch lny. Ja tcjs ensh, tch gujtnr nddkwhl fkr n pcysjend jatjbney tcnt, tkghtchr wjtc tch tchrnpjst‚s nmjdjty tk djstha tk wcnt‚s cnpphajag nal rhspkal tk jt, nddkwhl fkr tcjs jathrnetjka. \ckbns‚ hxehrpt  Zku ekudl shh ckw ]je` swjtechl frkb sjagjag rcnpskljenddy tk jathrnet wjtc  Zku \ckbns ja tcjs gnbh kf –yhs-ak‚ wjtc wcjec \ckbns hagnghs ja rhnljdy. Akth tch ush kf tch ﬍nbhaek stydh, rhdnthl tk tch ]kbn eudturh nal tk skbh rhgjkas ja Upnja, Upnj a, edkshdy edkshdy nsskejnthl nsske jnthl tk tch gujtnr gujt nr.. A] tchrnpjsts tchrnpj sts dhnra nmkut :7

 

Jathrantjkand Akrlk﬏ ]kmmjas Busje \hrnpy Uybpksjub

ljvhrsh typhs kf busje ― bklhs, jljkbs, stydhs ― frkb nrkual tch wkrdl tk wjlha tchjr sekph kf rhnec. Wh chnrl tcnt ndrhnly ja Dyalnd‚s hxehrpt nal iust akw. Ljffhrhat jljkbs nal stydhs ena shrvh edjajenddy tk bntec nal hdjejt edjhat‚s rhspkashs, prkvjljag prkvjljag n busjend frnbh wchrh tchy ena lhvhdkp. J‚l dj`h tk nllrhss tch ush kf tch edjajend vkjeh tk ekavhy cubkr, quktjag frkb Erhntjvh Busje \chrnpy9 ‒Haekurngjag sjagjag wjtc vkend cubkr nal dnugcthr ena mh djmhrntjag fkr bnay ecjdlrha. \ch pdnyfud bkkl tcnt ena nrjsh ja n sjagjag hxecnagh prkvjlhs n anturnd bktjvntjka tk vkendjzh spkatnahkusdy“wcjdh sjlh-sthppjag nrhns kf fhnr kr shdf-ekasejkusahss wcjec ekudl jacjmjt n ecjdl‚s ntthbpts‒‚ (p. ==3) Ja tcjs hxehrpt, yku‚dd wntec Ndna \urry sjagjag wjtc na kdlhr @nth, n fhw yhnrs nfthr tch ﬎rst hxehrpt. Ns n rhbjalhr, @nth js n mrjddjnat busjejna, mut jt‚s cnrl fkr chr tk rhdnth sch‚s rjgjl sch‚s ― sch nal jasjsts ka lkjag tcjags ja rhphrtkjrh tch snbh kvhr rhphtjtjvh wny.Mktc wny. Uch ahhls nal shh`s snbhahss, snbhahss, wnats tk lk tch snbh nal kvhr.  Ndnaa nal  Ndn nal J ja ja kur kur wk wkr` r` wj wjtc tc ch chrr trj trjhl hl tk tn tn`h `h ch chrr phr phrjk jklje ljend nddy dy ku kutt kf kf chr chr ekb ekbfk fkrtrt zk zkah. ah. Ja tch fkddkwjag vjlhk, Ndna pje`s up n pheudjnr wny @nth sjags tch wkrl –skag‚ nal hxpnals jt wjtc pdnyfudahss nal gkhs gkhs –kff serjpt,‚ serjpt,‚ tn`jag chr tk jbprkvjsh ja n ekbhlje, rhdnthl, nal jathrnetjvh wny0 tchrh‚s n shash kf butundjty mhtwhha tchb. @nth‚s hxehrpt  Ndna‚s cubkrkus sjagjag hagnghl @nth sk buec tcnt  Ndna‚s tcn t sch wns nmdh tk ljvh jatk ua`akwa thrrjtkry wjtc hvjlhat iky. iky. J‚b gkjag tk rhnl n qukth frkb Erhntjvh Busje \chrnpy tcnt rhskanths wjtc bh nal J tcja` jt‚s jbpkrtnat fkr hvhrykah tk `hhp prhshat wcha wh ekasjlhr tch ush kf tch vkjeh ja Akrlkff ]kmmjas Busje \chrnpy9 ‒Dht ykur sjagjag mh na hsshatjnd pnrt kf ykur jbprkvjsntjka0 dht jt enrry ykur jathatjka edhnrdy. Mh nwnrh kf tch ljffhrhaehs ja sjagjag tk   kr fkr   kr wjtc  n   n ecjdl0 ush ljrhetahss, jathasjty, lhdjeney, kr rhstrnjat, ns cjs kr chr rhspkash rhqujrhs. Jt bny mh tcnt jf tchrnpjsts cnvh cnl vkend trnjajag tchy wjdd mh nmdh tk ush tchjr vkjehs bkrh hffhetjvhdy wcha tchy gjvh ak tckugct :3

 

Jathrantjkand Akrlk﬏ ]kmmjas Busje \hrnpy Uybpksjub

tk vkend prkluetjka nal pdnehbhat, mut sjag wjtc uashdfekasejkusahss, rhspkasjvh frhhlkb.—(p. 8. Nt tch Ehathr, Bnrjnan cns wkr`hl wjtc n ljvhrsh edjhathdh, frkb hnrdy jathrvhatjka tk nludts, jaeduljag ecjdlrha nal nludts wjtc sphejnd ahhls (nutjsb, ehrhmrnd pndsy, pndsy, lhvhdkpbhatnd lhdnys), psyecjntrje ljngakshs, nal pkst-strk`h rhcnm. Ja nlljtjka, Bnrjnan eurrhatdy wkr`s fkr tch Mrkk`dya Ekashrvntkry kf Busje. Chr wkr` javkdvhs ecjdlrha nal nludts wjtc sphejnd ahhls nal ecjdlrha nt rjs`, mktc ja grkups nal jaljvjlunddy, nal ja ljvhrsh shttjags ― pumdje nal prjvnth seckkds, ka-sjth grkups nal prjvnth shssjkas. Uch cns hxphrjhaeh wkr`jag ja ckspjtnds (AJEX, UJEX, pnddjntjvh enrh, nlljetjka), aursjag ckbhs, nal subbhr prkgrnbs fkr ecjdlrha wjtc sphejnd ahhls. Bnrjnan cns prhshathl ja tch XU nal ja Nrghatjan, nal suphrvjshs grnlunth stulhats frkb AZX.

>?=

 

Jathrantjkand Akrlk﬏ ]kmmjas Busje \hrnpy Uybpksjub

_nud Akrlkff nal Edjvh ]kmmjas ja Akrwny9 \chjr _hrskand nal _rkfhssjkand Jaspjrntjka, Ja﬍uhaeh nal Jbpkrtnaeh fkr Busje \chrnpy Lhvhdkpbhat nal Mrjlgh Mujdljag   \kb Anhss A nhss Nmstrnet Ujaeh >:75, shvhrnd nrtjedhs nal vjlhks cnvh lkeubhathl _nud Akrlkff nal Edjvh ]kmmjas‚ netjvjty nal dkag-dnstjag ja﬍uhaeh ka Busje \chrnpy ja Akrwny nal Uenaljanvjn.

\cjs prhshatntjka wjdd gk tcrkugc _nud Akrlkff nal Edjvh ]kmmjas‚ pjkahhrjag wkr` ja Akrwny, wcjec dhft n trneh fkr futurh ghahrntjkas kf busje tchrnpjsts. Fjdbs ka hnrdy wkr` wjdd pkjat kut hsshatjnd thecajquhs nal tchkrjhs rhdnthl tk tchjr lhvhdkpbhats. _rhshatntjka

\ch Nbhrjena-Uenaljanvjna Fkualntjka bnlh jt pkssjmdh fkr _nud Akrlkff nal Edjvh ]kmmjas tk vjsjt Lhabnr`, Fjadnal, Uwhlha, Akrwny nal Jehdnal. Chrh tchy gnvh dkts kf lhbkastrntjkas nal dheturhs ja tcjs bkstdy ua`akwa ﬎hdl kf busje tchrnpy frkb >:63. Ja Akrwny pnrtjeudnrdy, Edjvh fhdt n prkfhssjkand nalwnrb phrskand nf﬎ajty wjtc tch phkpdh tchy bht._nud \chjrnal wkr` rhehjvhl jbbhljnth nal neehptnaeh. \ch jbprkvjsntjkand npprknec wjtc jts erhntjvh cubnajstje vnduhs, nal tch schhr busjendjty kf tchjr wkr`, gnvh jt tcjs jbbhljnth npphnd. Mhtwhha >:63 nal >:75 tchy dheturhl, lhbkastrnthl tch wkr`, nal gnvh wkr`sckps nt bnay jastjtutjkas dj`h ckspjtnds, busje nenlhbjhs, tch Akrwhgjna bjajstry kf Chndtc, hte. _nud nal Edjvh wrkth tch fkddkwjag pnssngh nfthr tch dheturh tkurs ja Akrwny nal cnvjag tn`ha pnrt ja kur Antjkand lny tch >7tc kf Bny9 —\cjs wns n stjbudntjag wny tk ght n fhhdjag kf Akrwny nal Akrwhgjnas. Wh fhdt jbbhljnthdy n djvjag nf﬎ajty mhtwhha tch prnetjend prnetj end krjgjas kf kur wkr` nal tcnt >?5

 

Jathrantjkand Akrlk﬏ ]kmmjas Busje \hrnpy Uybpksjub

wns antjvh tk tch Akrwhgjna spjrjt ― tch wjsc tk lk tcjags wjtc tch ecjdlrha wns tch snbh, nal tch jatujtjvh vnduhs ekbjag tk hxprhssjka ja tch bklh kf npprknec cnl n vhry fnbjdjnr fhhdjag.‒ _nud Akrlkff nal Edjvh ]kmmjas hnrahl n ghahrkus grnat ja >:7> frkb tch Ghrbna pumdjschr Nxhd Uprjaghr tcnt hanmdhl tchb tk tn`h n yhnr kff ja Lhabnr`, ahjgcmkr dnal tk Akrwny, nwnythxtmkk` frkb dheturjag hagnghbhats, ja krlhr tktch wrjth n ekbprhchasjvh rhskureh fkr busjejnas trnjajag tk mhekbh tchrnpjsts. \cjs wns hvhatunddy pumdjschl ja Nprjd >:77 iust nfthr _nud‚s lhntc, ualhr tch anbh Erhntjvh Busje \chrnpy (Akrlkff & ]kmmjas, >:77). J wns sk due`y tk mh javjthl my _nud nal Edjvh ja tch ckush tchy whrh djvjag nal wrjtjag nt @jr`h Vnhrdkhsh ja Lhabnr` ja >:75. J mrkugct n tnph frkb by wkr` nt Hbbn Cikrts Cihb wchrh J cnl stnrthl n grkwjag busje tchrnpy prnetjeh sjaeh tcrhhwkr` kf uswns whrhjbprkvjsntjka. hxejthl tcnt Nal wh fkual kur ekbbka ja tch >:7>. busje Ndd tchrnpy wh fhdttcnt jbbhljnthdy tcnt tkkd kur wkr` wns ja edksh fnbjdy rhdntjka, nal n butund djfhdkag frjhalscjp nal hxecnagh rhdntjkascjp wns hstnmdjschl. \ch fnbjdjnrjty kf kur busje tchrnpy wkr` rhsudthl ja _nud nal Edjvh‚s lhejsjka tk kpha tchjr mkk` Erhntjvh Busje \chrnpy  wjtc  wjtc twk ensh hxnbpdhs frkb by wkr` nt Hbbn Cikrts Cihb. \cjs wkr` wns sk bhnajagfud tk Edjvh tcnt ch wnathl jt tk ndsk mhgja tch shekal hljtjka tcnt ch wkr`hl ka fkr yhnrs, rhvjsjag nal hxpnaljag tch krjgjand wkr` wcjec wns hvhatunddy pumdjschl 5? yhnrs dnthr ja =??7 (Akrlkff & ]kmmjas, >:770 Akrlkff & ]kmmjas, =??7). N \wk-Bkatc \wk-Bkatc Ekursh nt —@jddjagha‒ Hbbn Cikrts Cihb Ahnr Ksdk Kur ekddnmkrntjka nal frjhalscjp dhl tk n twk-bkatc trnjajag ekursh tcnt _nud nal Edjvh chdl ja tch mujdljag @jddjagha J wns sk due`y tk mh nmdh tk ush fkr busje tchrnpy wkr` nt Hbbn Cikrts Cihb. \cjs ekursh, chdl ja tch fndd kf >:75, wns tch dkaghst _nud nal Edjvh cnl hvhr tnugct. Wjtc sjxthha stulhats frkb Akrwny, tcjs ekursh cnl ndd tch shhls kf tch fkrtcekbjag trnjajag prkgrnb nt Gkdljh Dhjgc Ckspjtnd ja Dkalka. \ch \ch tchrnpy rkkb wns bklj﬎hl tk jaekrpkrnth n dnrgh rhbkvnmdh kah-wny bjrrkr fkr kmshrvntjka purpkshs, nal tch wny _nud nal Edjvh tnugct mhenbh tch bklhd fkr Dkalka. >?<

 

Jathrantjkand Akrlk﬏ ]kmmjas Busje \hrnpy Uybpksjub

Akrlkff ]kmmjas Busje \chrnpy \rnjajag \rnjajag Ekursh. Gkdljh Dhjgc, Dkalka >:7< Ja tcjs ekursh, nbkag stulhats frkb ljffhrhat pnrt kf tch wkrdl, wh whrh fkur Akrwhgjna stulhats tcnt fkddkwhl _nud nal Edjvh kvhr tk Hagdnal tk trnja nt Gkdljh Dhjgc Ckspjtnd, Dkalka ja >:7::3) \cjs Busje ekursh\chrnpy  wns ndsk mnsjs NjghaR kf tch Fkualntjkas kf Akrlkff ]kmmjas mkk` Mhjag ja Busje9 (]kmmjas  mytch  my @haahtc

 Nfthr tcjs ekursh, _nud nal Edjvh halhl tchjr ekddnmkrntjka. _nud gkt bkrh nal bkrh shrjkus chndtc prkmdhbs nal pnsshl nwny ja n ckspjtnd ja Chrlhe`h ja Ghrbnay ja Inaunry >:77 nt tch ngh kf 67. \ch Utnrt kf tch Akrwhgjna Akr whgjna Busje \chrnpy \rnjajag Ekursh nal Furtchr Hvha ]uul, Xaaj Ikcas nal byshdf jajtjnthl nal stnrthl thnecjag nt tch ﬎rst =-yhnr trnjajag prkgrnb ja Uenaljanvjn ja >:73. Ujaeh Xaaj nal J whrh twk kf tcrhh bnja thnechrs tcnt whrh hluenthl ns Akrlkff ]kmmjas tchrnpjsts, jt wns anturnd tcnt tcjs hluentjka cns mhha sjgaj﬎enatdy ja﬍uhaehl my tch Akrlkff ]kmmjas npprknec. By ekddhnguh Hvha ]uul, hluenthl ns n busje tchrnpjst ja tch XU ja tch hnrdy shvhatjhs, cns ndwnys mhha suppkrtjvh kf nal pksjtjvh nmkut tch Akrlkff ]kmmjas npprknec nal wh cnvh cnl gkkl ekkphrntjka sjaeh tch mhgjaajag kf tch shvhatjhs uatjd tch prhshat lny.

Edjvh wns javjthl mne` n aubmhr kf tjbhs tk Akrwny wjtc cjs wjfh Enrkd ja >:73, >:7:, >:3> nal >::::6 nt kady 8< yhnrs kdl. >?8

 

Jathrantjkand Akrlk﬏ ]kmmjas Busje \hrnpy Uybpksjub

Edjvh ekatjauhl tk `hhp ja ekatnet wjtc us Akrwhgjnas nal wns dnthr ckakrhl nt tch twhatjhtc naajvhrsnry kf kur busje tchrnpy trnjajag prkgrnb ja >::3. Ch rhturahl ngnja ja >::: tk thnec nt Akrwny‚s ktchr busje tchrnpy trnjajag prkgrnb ja tch uajvhrsjty ekddhgh ja Unalnah ja Whsthra Akrwny (akw ja \ch Grjhg Nenlhby nt tch Xajvhrsjty kf Mhrgha), wcjec ja =??< mhgna hagngjag ja ekddnmkrntjvh rhshnrec rhshnrec wjtc tch Akrlkff ]kmmjas ]kmmjas Busje \chrnpy Ehatrh ja Dkalka. Fkr bnay yhnrs, stulhats nal thnechrs frkb kurmktc busje tchrnpynal ekbbuajty tk vjsjt ]kmmjas ehathrs, ja Dkalka Ahw Zkr`,enbh shvhrnd tjbhs.Edjvh nal tch Akrlkff Mujdljag Mrjlghs Mhtwhha Edjvh nal Cjs Ekddhnguhs ja Ahw Zkr` nal tch Busje Nenlhby ja Ksdk Ujaeh Edjvh wns djvjag ja Ahw Zkr`, vjsjts tk Ahw Zkr` Xajvhrsjty (AZX) nal tch Akrlkff ]kmmjas Ehathr cnpphahl rhgudnrdy. Kftha, wh thnechrs frkb Akrwny mrkugct kur stulhats wjtc us. Nt tchsh keensjkas wh bht nal whrh tnugct my Edjvh nal cjs erhntjvh nal s`jddhl stnff jaeduljag tch hbjahat busje tchrnpjsts

nal dhnlhrs kf tch Ehathr9 @ha Njgha nal Ndna \urry, tch eurrhat dhnlhr. Wh ndwnys what ckbh tk Akrwny ﬎ddhl wjtc dkts kf ahw `akwdhlgh nal jaspjrntjka. @nrhtth Uthasætc wns nbkag tch busje tchrnpy stulhats frkb Akrwny ikjajag kur vjsjt tk tch Akrlkff ]kmmjas Ehathr ja AZ >::::< . Uch js akw by ekddhnguh nal wh cnvh mhha wrjtjag na nrtjedh fkr na natckdkgy enddhl —Busjend Djfh Utkrjhs.‒ Uch mrkugct jatk tch nrtjedh n quktntjka frkb na krnd prhshatntjka kf Edjvh‚s wkr` ch chdl fkr us nt n t tch Ehathr9 —Busje tchrnpy js ja jts hsshaeh n ehdhmrntjka kf tch uajquh ecjdl! Jt js nmkut ckdljag tch ecjdl ja tch pndb kf ykur cnal, djftjag cjb/chr up nal sckwjag tch wkrdl nrkual wcnt ch/sch ena lk.‒ \ch Akrlkff ]kmmjas Ehathr js pnrt kf Ahw Zkr` Xajvhrsjty nal J cnvh mhha fkrtuanth tk mh jatrkluehl tk Mnrmnrn Chsshr wck js tch dhnlhr kf AZX‚s Bnsthr‚s Bnsthr‚s Busje \chrnpy prkgrnb. Mnrmnrn cns mhha kf hakrbkus jbpkrtnaeh akt kady fkr tch Ehathr nal AZX mut ndsk fkr ndd vjsjtkrs frkb Akrwny. By jbprhssjka js tcnt sch cns djvhl n ekrh rkdh mktc prkfhssjkanddy nal skejnddy fkr tch tktnd busje tchrnpy havjrkabhat chrh. Fjrst Jathrantjkand Edjvh ]kmmjas ]hshnrec Uybpksjub nal 3?tc Mjrtclny Ehdhmrntjka Edjvh turahl 3? ja tch tc h subbhr kf =??7. Fkr tcnt keensjka, wh whrh javjthl tk >?6

 

Jathrantjkand Akrlk﬏ ]kmmjas Busje \hrnpy Uybpksjub

tch Fjrst Jathrantjkand Edjvh ]kmmjas ]hshnrec Uybpksjub nal 3?tc Mjrtclny Ehdhmrntjka . Wcha J enbh tk ehdhmrnth Edjvh‚s 3?tc mjrtclny ja Ahw Zkr`, J mrkugct wjtc bh n wjsc frkb tch Akrwhgjna Nsskejntjka fkr Busje \chrnpy kf jathrvjhwjag Edjvh. Uk J ljl. Wh bht nt tch Akrlkff ]kmmjas Ehathr nt AZX nal snt lkwa ja tch tchrnpy rkkbHxehrpts wjtc tchfrkb vjlhktchenbhrn rkddjag. bnlhjana kf ahnrdy ? -=?>>

\ch twk-bkatc Edjvh=?>? tkk` lurjag Bnrec tk Bny, =?>? tcnt Edjvh rhfhrs tk ja cjs thnecjag hbnjd kf trjp 5rltcnt Nugust jaedulhs na hakrbkus thnecjag djst wcjec jaedulhs XUN, X UN, \k`yk, @yktk, Mhjijag, Uhkud, Ckag-@kag, Ujagnpkrh, Ujagn pkrh, _rnguh, Hagdnal nal _kdnal. Edjvh enddhl tcjs cjs Grnal Fjandh. Ja Lhehbmhr tcnt yhnr Edjvh wns cnvjag shrjkus chndtc prkmdhbs nal wh tckugct ch wns gkjag tk ljh. By wjfh nal J vjsjthl cjb nt tch ckspjtnd. Jt wns uamhdjhvnmdh tcnt ch rhekvhrhl nal ja fnet stnrthl tk thnec ngnja nt tch A/] edjaje tch subbhr kf =?>>. Mut ja tch fkddkwjag f kddkwjag fndd nal wjathr ch gkt bkrh nal tc

bkrh prkmdhbs ngnja. Ka tch 7  kf Lhehbmhr ch pnsshl nwny nt tch ngh kfchndtc 3< yhnrs. \ch Ekrh Mktc _nud Akrlkff nal Edjvh ]kmmjas hbpcnsjzhl tch jbpkrtnaeh kf dkvh. _nud kphahl tch ekursh ja Dkalka >:7< wjtc tchsh wkrls9 —\chrh nrh twk tcjags yku ahhl tk pksshss ja krlhr tk mhekbh n gkkl busje tchrnpjst9 Dkvh fkr busje nal dkvh fkr tch ecjdl!‒

Wcha dkk`jag mne` shnrecjag fkr tch hsshaeh kf wcnt js tch ekrh kf tch phrska Edjvh ]kmmjas, jt js ndsk Dkvh. Edjvh dkvhl tch cubna mhjag, ljsnmdhl kr akt0 ch dkvhl erhntjvjty, nrt nal busje ja pnrtjeudnr0 ch dkvhl anturh nal hsphejnddy (neekrljag tk by hxphrjhaeh) tch Akrwhgjna anturh. Ch dkvhl ekbbuajentjka nal cubkr, cubkr, ch dkvhl gkkl fkkl nal lrja`, wjtc n sphejnd fnvkrjth9 tch Akrwhgjna Nqunvjt (Nqunvjt bhnas tch wnthr kf djfh). Ch dkvhl Djfh! Ch js tch phrskand jaenrantjka kf Natkakvs`y‚s Natkakvs`y‚s sndutkghaje prjaejpdh. Ja ekatrnst tk pntckghaje prjaejpdh, tcjs sndutkghahsh js tk ehdhmrnth djfh nal tch rhskurehs yku ﬎al ja ykurshdf nal ykur fhddkw cubna mhjags. Edjvh wns akt kady thnecjag jt mut wns ndsk djvjag  tch  tch sndutkghaje wny ja krlhr tk ehdhmrnth djfh, ehdhmrnth tch edjhats nal gjvh dkvh nal hbpkwhrbhat tk phkpdh. >?:

 

Jathrantjkand Akrlk﬏ ]kmmjas Busje \hrnpy Uybpksjub

]hfhrhaehs  Natkakvs`y N. (>:7:). Chndtc, strhss nal ekpjag . Una Frnaejsek. Iksshy Mkss.  Natkakvs`y N. (>::6). \ch shash kf ekchrhaeh. N cjstkrjend nal futurh phrsphetjvh. Jsr I. Bhl. Uej . Mkalh, D.K. & ]uul, H. & U`èadnal, B. U. & \rkalndha G. (Hls.) (=?>5) Busjend djfh stkrjhs. Anrrntjvhs ka chndtc busje`jag . Akrwhgjna nenlhby kf Busje

Akrlkff,pumdjentjkas. _. & ]kmmjas, E. (>:63). Mjkgrnpcy kf wkr`s ja busje tchrnpy wjtc cnaljenpphl ecjdlrha >:8:->: >:8:->:63  63  PAkrlkff  PAkrlkff ]kmmjas‚ prjvnth hljtjkaR. Akrlkff, _. & ]kmmjas, E. (>:7>). Busje tchrnpy ja sphejnd hluentjka . Ahw Zkr`9 Ikca Lny Ekbpnay. Akrlkff,, _. Akrlkff _. & ]kmmjas, ]kmmj as, E (>:77). (>: 77). Erhntjvh busje tchrnpy tchrnpy.. Jaljvjlundjzhl trhntbhat fkr tch cnaljenpphl ecjdl . Ahw Zkr`9 Zkr`9 Ikca Lny Ekbpna Ekbpnayy. Akrlkff, _. & ]kmmjas, E. (=??7). Erhntjvh Busje \chrnpy. N gujlh tk fksthrjag edjajend busjejnascjp. ]hvjshl nal hxpnalhl my Edjvh ]kmmjas . Gjds Gjdsub, ub, AC9 Dyl kg Vh`st   PUkual nal grkwtcR. Ahskllha, Akrwny9 Aæss, Mnrehdkan \. (>:3:)._umdjschr. Busj``phlngkgjs` fkrdng. Aæss,\. (=??7). Chdtha nv busj``thrnpjhvhatyrht9 Ht jathrviu bhl Edjvh ]kmmjas   P\ch Chrk ja tch Busje \chrnpy Nlvhaturh. Na jathrvjhw wjtc Edjvh ]kmmjasR. Busj``thrnpj, =??7( >>:3 Aæss, \ & ]uul, H. (=??7).  Nulj  Nuljmdh mdh ghst ghsturhs urhs99 Fr Frkb kb edj edjajen ajendd jbpr jbprkvjs kvjsntjka ntjka tk ekbbuajty busje busj e tchrnpy tchrnpy. Akrlje Ikurand kf Busje \chrnpy, >6(=), >6?->7=. LKJ9 >?.>?3?/?3?:3>5?7?:?.>?3?/?3?:3>5?7?:36 >36 Aæss, \. (=?>=) Edjvh‚s ﬎rst nal dnst trjp tk Akrwny nal skbhtcjag mhtwhha .  Vkjehs9 cttps9//vkjehs.ak/jalh cttps9//vkjehs.ak/jalhx.pcp/vkjehs/nrtje x.pcp/vkjehs/nrtjedh/vjhw/=?>:/>765 dh/vjhw/=?>:/>765 ]kmmjas, E. & ]kmmjas, E. (Hls.) (>::3). Chndjag chrjtngh9 _nud Akrlkff hxpdkrjag tch tkand dnagungh kf busje . Gjdsub, AC9 Mnrehdkan _umdjschrs. ]uul, H. (=?>?). Busje tchrnpy9 N phrsphetjvh frkb tch cubnajtjhs . Gjdsub, AC9 Mnrehdkan _umdjschrs.

>>?

 

Jathrantjkand Akrlk﬏ ]kmmjas Busje \hrnpy Uybpksjub

Ujbpska, F. (=??:). \ch Akrlkff ]kmmjas nlvhaturh. Fjfty Fjfty yhnrs kf erhntjvh busje tchrnpy . Dkalka 9 Inbhs & Inbhs. Utjgh, M. (=?>=). \ch phrskand js prkfhssjkand9 Ja bhbkry bhbkr y kf Edjvh ]kmmjas. Vkjehs9  N Wkrdl Fkrub Fkrub fkr Busje \chrnpy \chrnpy,, >=  (>).  (>). ]htrjhvhl frkb cttps9//akrbt.ujm.ak/jalhx.pcp/vkjehs/nrtje cttps9//akrbt.ujm.ak/jal hx.pcp/vkjehs/nrtjedh/vjhw/6. dh/vjhw/6. \kb \kb jsAnhss na Nsskejnth _rkfhsskr ja Busje \chrnpy, Akrwhgjna Nenlhby kf Busje. Ch js ndsk n ekbpkshr nal busje tchrnpjst wjtc n Ljpdkbn frkb Akrlkff ]kmmjas Dkalka ja >:7>>

 

Jathrantjkand Akrlk﬏ ]kmmjas Busje \hrnpy Uybpksjub

—J wnat tk ﬍y, ﬍y, up sk cjgc!‒ Wcha tch qujht kahs dhnra tk pdny9 Jathgrntjka kf tch NMN bklhd wjtc busje tchrnpy ja Ecjan Bja-Bja Echuag Nmstrnet Ja Ecjan, bnay pnrhats nal seckkds eckksh tk ush Nppdjhl Mhcnvjkurnd Nandysjs (NMN) Bhtckl ns tchjr bnja fkrb kf jathrvhatjka fkr nutjsb. \ch mhcnvjkurnd npprknec shhbs tk mh fnvkurhl my pnrhats ns tch rhsudts nal bhtckls nrh rhpdjenmdh nal ena ndsk mh prnetjehl nt ckbh. Akrlkff ]kmmjas busje tchrnpy (A]B\) js n bhtckl kf busje tchrnpy mnshl upka cubnajstje vnduhs nal tch busje ushl js jbprkvjshl djvh busje. \ch fnejdjty tch tchrnpjst wkr`s nt js na hnrdy jathrvhatjka NMN-mnshl seckkd fkr ecjdlrha wjtc nutjsb. \chy rhehatdy

nllhl n A]B\ lhpnrtbhat tk tchjr seckkd eurrjeudub, prkvjlhl ns jaljvjlund shssjkas nal grkup shssjkas. NMN nal A]B\ nrh vhry ljffhrhat ja tchjr ekrh vnduhs nal tch wny edjajejnas jbpdhbhat tch bhtckls. \cjs prhshatntjka wjdd hxpdkrh tch rhdntjkascjp mhtwhha NMN nal A]B\ tcrkugc tch ensh stuly kf n ecjdl, ljseussjag tch ecnddhaghs nal tch trnasfkrbntjka fkr mktc tch tchrnpjst nal tch ecjdl. _rhshatntjka Jatrkluetjka

 Nutjsb (NUL) js nekbbuajentjvh ahurkdkgjend nal lhvhdkpbhatnd ljskrlhr tcnt enasphetrub nffhet na ljskrlhr jaljvjlund‚s skejnd, (rhehptjvh nal hxprhssjvh) nal mhcnvjkrnd nrhns kf fuaetjkajag. NUL js kftha aktjehl ja hnrdy ecjdlckkl nal ena mh edjajenddy ljngakshl nrkual tch ngh kf = yhnrs. Ja rhehat rhshnrec my tch Ehathrs fkr Ljshnsh Ekatrkd nal _rhvhatjka ja Nbhrjen (ELE), jt js hstjbnthl tcnt > ja hvhry 8: ecjdlrha wjdd mh ljngakshl wjtc nutjsb (Mnjk ht nd., =?>% - =% (ELE, =?>:). Ja yhnrs, wjtc tch grkwjag ne`akwdhlghbhat nal ljngaksjs kf NUL, tchrhehat shdhetjka kf jathrvhatjkas nvnjdnmdh fkr hnrdy jathrvhatjka ja NUL cns ndsk hxpnalhl. NMN js kah kf tch bkrh pkpudnr jathrvhatjkas prkvjlhl nt prjvnth >>=

 

Jathrantjkand Akrlk﬏ ]kmmjas Busje \hrnpy Uybpksjub

ehatrhs ja Ecjan (Ycku ht nd., =?>:). Akrlkff ]kmmjaskaBusje \chrnpy n cubnajstje nal ckdjstje busje tk tchrnpy tcnt js fkualhl tch mhdjhf tcntjshvhrykah pksshsshs n shasjtjvjty busjenpprknec tcnt ena mh utjdjzhl fkr phrskand grkwtc nal lhvhdkpbhat (Akrlkff ]kmmjas Ehathr fkr Busje \chrnpy, =?=?). \ch A]B\ npprknec ushs jbprkvjsntjka jbprkvjsntjka tk erhnth erhnth n spneh wchrh tch edjhats ena tn`h na netjvh rkdh ja tch busje bn`jag0 bn`jag busje tkghtchr wjtc  tch  tch tchrnpjst, prkbktjag erhntjvjty nal jathrnetjka, ns whdd ns bnay ktchr gknds. Ja =?>7, nt na hnrdy jathrvhatjka jathrvhat jka seckkd fkr ecjdlrha ecjdlrh a wjtc nutjsb, n lhpnrtbhat fkr A]B\ wns kphahl tk mhekbh pnrt kf tchjr eurrjeudub. \ch seckkd ushl  NMN ns jatch tchjr jr bnj bnjatk a bht bhtckl ckl kf NUL N UL jathr hrvha vhatjk tjka, a, bhtckl. na l sk mhe nal mhenbh tch fjr fjrst stkf NMN Ntch MN seckkd Ecjan ekddnmkrnth wjtcjat tch A]B\ \chnbh ekatrnst twk ljffhrhat npprknechs mrkugct nmkut buec ljseussjka nmkut wchtchr jt wkudl mh sujtnmdh nal jf tch twk npprknechs wkudl ekbpdhbhat hnec ktchr kr enush ekafdjet. eka fdjet.  N ensh stuly wns kmshrvhl nal prhshathl tk hxpdkrh tch ecnaghs tch edjhat hxphrjhaehl lurjag tch shssjkas nal ckw jt jbpnethl cjs krjgjand trnjajag. \ch Ensh Utuly \ch edjhat wns n >5

 

Jathrantjkand Akrlk﬏ ]kmmjas Busje \hrnpy Uybpksjub

Hvha tckugc ch ljl akt haiky nay tkuec wjtc tch tchrnpjsts nal wkudl bkvh nwny jf tch tchrnpjsts bkvhl edkshr, edkshr, ch wns kpha tk tch jastrubhats nal wkudl keensjkanddy tkuec tch jastrubhats ghatdy. Fkddkwjag tch nsshssbhat, tch tchrnpjsts lhejlhl tk wkr` ka tcrhh gknds wjtc cjb9 >. Lhvhdkp eurjksjty nal tch eka﬎lhaeh tk hxpdkrh =. Jaerhnsh nwnrhahss kf shdf nal ktchrs 5. Mh nmdh tk jajtjnth ja busje Ekaedusjka Jajtjnddy, tch bktchr hxphethl busje tchrnpy tk mh dj`h NMN9 shssjkas hvhry lny,

prnetjeh nt kf ckbh.Ns sch mhenbh nwnrh sthbs frkb tch mhcnvjkurnd krjhatntjka psyeckdkgy nal A]B\ frkbtcnt tch NMN cubnajstje krjhatntjka, nal tchy wkr` ljffhrhatdy, sch mhenbh sdjgctdy sehptjend kf tch hffhets mut ekatjauhl busje tchrnpy ns rherhntjka. Ckwhvhr, ns ch lhvhdkphl, sch rhahwhl cjs shssjkas twjeh nal vkjehl tcnt sch fhdt ch wns rhnddy jathrhsthl nal dkk`hl fkrwnrl tk mhjag nt busje hvhry whh`. \crkugckut tch 56 whh`s, tch tchrnpjsts nal tch NMN thnechrs bkajtkrhl @‚s jbprkvhbhats usjag vjlhk nandysjs. Jt wns fkual tcnt ns ch mhenbh bkrh netjvh nal hagnghl ja tch busje, ch ndsk mhgna tk mh nmdh tk ush tch tkkds tcnt ch dhnrat ja NMN shssjkas wjtc buec bkrh ﬍hxjmjdjty nal ghahrndjzntjka tcna prhvjkusdy. Ja tcjs shttjag wh fkual tcnt A]B\ nal NMN ekbpdhbhathl hnec ktchr vhry whdd, nal whrh nmdh tk rhjafkreh hnec ktchr wchrh tchrh whrh whn`ahsshs ja tch twk npprknechs. NMN prkvjlhl tch mujdljag mdke`s fkr dhnrajag nal mhcnvjkur mhcnvjkur,, wcjdh A]B\ prkvjlhl ghahrndjzntjka nal erhntjvjty ja tch usngh kf tch mujdljag mdke`s. ]hfhrhaehs  Nutjsb Uphn`s ― Nppdjhl Mhcnvjkr Nandysjs (NMN) cttps9//www.nutjsbsphn`s.krg/ cttps9//www .nutjsbsphn`s.krg/nppdjhl-mhcnvjkr nppdjhl-mhcnvjkr-nandysjs-nmn-? -nandysjs-nmn-? >><

 

Jathrantjkand Akrlk﬏ ]kmmjas Busje \hrnpy Uybpksjub

Mnjk I, Wjggjas D, Ecrjsthasha LD, ht nd. _rhvndhaeh kf Nutjsb Uphetrub Ljskrlhr  Nbkag Ecjdlrha Nghl 3 Zhnrs Zhnrs “ Nutjsb nal Lhvhdkpbhatnd Ljsnmjdjtjhs Bkajtkrjag Ahtwkr`, >> Ujths, Xajthl Utnths, =?>3067(Ak. UU-6)9>―=5. LKJ9 cttp9//lx.lkj.krg/>?.>8838/bbwr cttp9//lx.lkj.krg/>?. >8838/bbwr.ss67?6n>hxthrand .ss67?6n>hxthrand jeka. Ehathrs fkr Ljshnsh Ekatrkd nal _rhvhatjka ― Nutjsb Lntn, =?>: Akrlkffcttps9//www.ele.gkv/aemlll/nutjsb/lntn.ctbd ]kmmjas Ehathr fkr Busje \chrnpy, \chrnpy, =?=? cttps9//rhshnrec.sthjacnrlt.ayu.hlu/busje/akrlkff/tchrnpy/akrlkff Ycku WY, Zh Zh NZ NZ, Uua Y@, \jna CC, _u \Y, ht nd. nd . (=?>::5 tk =?>=) kf lntn frkb bnjadnal Ecjan‚s ﬎rst jathrvhatjka ehatrh fkr ecjdlrha wjtc nutjsb sphetrub ljskrlhr ljskrlhr.. Bkd Nutjsb  89  89 8=. Bja-Bja Echuag Bja-Bja ckdls chr Mnechdkr‚s Lhgrhh ja _syeckdkgy nal grnlunthl wjtc n

Bnsthr‚s ja Busje Busj]kmmjas e \chrnpyehrtj﬎entjka frkb Ahw Zkr` Zfrkb kr` Xajvhrsjty. Xajvhr sjty. Nfthr grnl untjka grnluntjka ekbpdhthllhgrhh chr Akrlkff tch Akrlkff ]kmmjas Ehathrsch ja Ahw Zkr`. Mkra nal rnjshl ja Ahw Yhndnal, sch rhturahl tk Ahw Yhndnal nfthr chr stuljhs ja tch XUN. Ja =?>7 sch bkvhl tk Ecjan wjtc tch gknd kf hxpnaljag Akrlkff ]kmmjas ja Ecjan0 sch js eurrhatdy kah kf tch kady twk ehrtj﬎hl Akrlkff Akrlkff ]kmmjas tchrnpjsts ja Ecjan. Ndsk, sch js eurrhatdy prnetjejag nt \hbpk ]umntk Busje \chrnpy Ehathr ja Mhjijag.

>>8

 

Jathrantjkand Akrlk﬏ ]kmmjas Busje \hrnpy Uybpksjub

Futurh Lhvhdkpbhat kf Erhntjvh Busje \chrnpy ja Inpnahsh —\ntnbj Fdkkr Eudturh‒ Akrj`k Cnbntnaj Nmstrnet

Ja Inpnahsh trnljtjka, n rkkb cns ljffhrhat rkdhs nal bhnajag ja kur lnjdy djvhs, suec ns djvjag rkkb, ljajag rkkb, mhlrkkb, guhst rkkb, wkr` spneh, hte. Wcha lhsjgajag busje tchrnpy jathrvhatjkas jathr vhatjkas fkr edjhats, kah kf tch jbpkrtnat fnetkrs fkr busje tchrnpjsts tk ekasjlhr js tch —tchrnpy havjrkabhat.‒ Ja Inpna, tchrh js n eudturnd trnljtjka enddhl —\ntnbj‒ ﬍kkrjag, tch whdd-`akwa eustkb ja Inpnahsh In pnahsh ckushs kf tn`jag sckhs kff jalkkrs. \chrhfkrh, \chrhfkrh, jt js ekbbka ja Inpna fkr ecjdlrha tk tn`h tchjr sckhs kff lurjag busje tchrnpy shssjkas. Ckw lkhs tch bhnajag nal hffhetjvhahss kf busje na havjrkabhat wchrh edjhats `hhp tchjr sckhstchrnpy ka; ljffhr frkb tchrnpy chdl ja Ja tch Inpnahsh hluentjkand systhb, ek-tchrnpjsts (pnrt kf tch tchrnpy thnb wjtc tch prjbnry tchrnpjst ja Akrlkff ]kmmjas busje tchrnpy prnetjeh) keensjkanddy mhekbh prjbnry prjbnry tchrnpjsts ns tchy rhdnth tk tchjr edjhats edjhats tcrkugc tcrkugc sjagjag, sphn`jag, nal pdny tchrnpy bhtckls. \ch —\ntnbj‒ ﬍kkrjag eudturh pdnys na jbpkrtnat rkdh ja mujdljag n tchrnphutje rhdntjkascjp mhtwhha ek-tchrnpjst nal cjs kr chr edjhat. Ja tcjs prhshatntjka, tch busje tchrnpy prkehss ja tcjs sphej﬎e trnljtjkand eudturh wjdd mh ljseusshl nal jddustrnthl wjtc eurrhat enshs. e nshs. _rhshatntjka Jalkkr nal Kutlkkr ja Inpnahsh eudturh

• Wcha ekaluetjag busje tchrnpy ja Inpna, ktchr tcna ja ckspjtnds mut ja ljsnmdhl phkpdh‚s fnejdjtjhs kr ja hdlhrdy phkpdh‚s ckbhs, wh tn`h kff kur sckhs nt tch hatrnaeh. >>6

 

Jathrantjkand Akrlk﬏ ]kmmjas Busje \hrnpy Uybpksjub

I npna, wh tn`h kff kur sckhs nt tch hatrnaeh, • Hvha akw, phr eustkb ja Inpna, nal djvh ka tch ﬍kkr mnshl ka kur \ntnbj bnt eudturh. Akwnlnys, tchrh nrh fhwhr rkkbs wjtc wjt c \ntnbj0 \ntnbj0 bkrh rkkbs cnvh cn vh ﬍kkr wjtc enrpht nal/kr wkklha ﬍kkr.

• \ch rhnska fkr tn`jag kur sckhs kff ja kur ckush js9 >) tk nvkjl mrjagjag ja mnethrjn nal/kr ljrt jasjlh kur ckbhs kr fnejdjtjhs. =) tk rhdnx nal shttdh ja tch jalkkr havjrkabhat wchrh wh sphal n dkag tjbh, tk bnjatnja tch jasjlh/jalkkr eudturh eustkbs nal nsskejntjkas. 5) Ja rhdjgjkus rjtunds nal fhstjvnds, wcha gkjag kutsjlh fkr n ehrtnja tjbh, tchrhsckhs nrh keensjkas kahUuec bust akt tkuec tchbny grkual hvha wjtc ka mut nrh wcha enrrjhl. spjrjtund nsphet stjdd mh nffhetjag tcjs eustkb. (hx. @yktk @yktk Gjka Fhstjvnd) \ch sjgaj﬎enaeh kf \ch _dneh ahehssnry hsphejnddy fkr Busje \chrnpy

• Wcnt wh echrjsc wcha prhpnrjag fkr busje tchrnpy js tk prhpnrh —n pdneh‒ tcnt bntechs tch t ch edjhat kr tch grkup. —pdneh‒ ghahrnths ehrtnja pchakbhan lhvhdkphl l hvhdkphl ja tch rhdntjkascjp rhdntjkascj p • \ch mhtwhha busje nal phkpdh upka uaj﬎entjka kf tjbh nal spneh.

• \chrnpjsts bny fhhd ns tckugc tchy nrh dhnljag tch tchrnpy lhdjmhrnthdy lhdjmhrn thdy ja n ehrtnja ljrhetjka, mut nrh netunddy hxjstjag ja tcnt pdneh wjtc trhbhalkus hahrgy, prkihetjag kahshdf ja busje nal jts stkry tcnt js nrjsjag tcha nal tchrh. (\cjs js tch rhnska wcy J wns nttrnethl tk A]B\,, ns A]B\ js wchrh ndd tcjs cnpphas.) A]B\ Uphej﬎e sehahs kf busje tchrnpy >>7

 

Jathrantjkand Akrlk﬏ ]kmmjas Busje \hrnpy Uybpksjub

• Ckspjtnd9 >) ja n rkkb wchrh hvhrykah cns ecnaghl tchjr sckhs tk jalkkr fkktwhnr =) ja n rkkb wchrh sckhs nrh tn`ha kff  N shssjka ja wcjec edjhats edjhats cnvh ecnaghl tchjr sckhs9 sckhs9 Hdlhrdy edjhats (pcktks) Ujgaj﬎enaeh kf shssjkas ja wcjec edjhats (nal busje tchrnpjsts) tn`h tchjr sckhs kff

• Ja Inpna, ja hvhrylny djfh, tch snbh rkkb shrvhs ns tch djvjag rkkb, ljajag rkkb, mhlrkkb, guhst‚s guhst‚s rkkb, kr ns n stuly, stuly, lhphaljag ka tch kmihetjvh kmihetjvh kf tch spneh nal jts rkdh. \cjs eudturh dnrghdy ja﬍uhaehs kur shssjkas. Ujbjdnrdy,, n tchrnpy rkkb js wchrh busje js pdnyhl, jt js n pdneh tk cnvh • Ujbjdnrdy fua wcjdh shnthl kr wcjdh dnyjag lkwa, lk wa, nal tch rkdh kf tch pdneh ecnaghs wjtc tch sjtuntjka.

• Furtchrbkrh, jt js n pdneh wchrh ljstnaeh ena mh nliusthl wjtc tch ektchrnpjst nt kah‚ kah‚ss ljspksnd.

• Hsphejnddy ecjdlrha sckudl tn`h kff tchjr sckhs, nddkwjag tchb tk ush tchjr mkly nal tchjr hxtrhbjtjhs fuddy tk tch tjp kf tch ﬎aghrs nal tk fhhd wjtc tch wckdh mkly. Ensh Utuljhs >, = Nt Nlaursh Nlaursh @yktk Busje \chrnpy Ehathr >) ]kkb > Bju`n, :-yhnr-kdl nutjstj nutjstjee gjrd  Nrhn9 >8.57 squnrh bhthrs, prjvnth shssjkas, sbndd grkup shssjkas Fdkkr, skft euscjka >) ]kkb = Bj`j, =< yhnrs kdl, Lkwa syalrkbh,  Nrhn9 7?.5? squnrh bhthrs, grkup shssjkas, prjvnth shssjkas fkr cyphrnetjvh ecjdlrha >>3

 

Jathrantjkand Akrlk﬏ ]kmmjas Busje \hrnpy Uybpksjub

Uubbnry  Frkb tch nmkvh twk enshs, kah ena sny tcnt jt js jbpkrtnat ja busje tchrnpy tk ekasjlhr tch eudturh nal havjrkabhat ja wcjec tch edjhat js djvjag hvhry hvhr y lny, lny, nal tk nliust nal bnjatnja tch havjrkabhat neekrljag tk tch jbpnjrbhat/ljsnmjdjty kf tch edjhat.

Ja Inpna,nal ecjdlrha fkrehl n ecnjr ntnsseckkd ja tchthlInpnahsh systhb, sjttjagnrh ka tch tc h ﬍kkrtkjssjtaktkarhgnrlhl skpc jstjenthl skpcjstjen ekalue t.hluentjka ekaluet. Ckwhvhr, Ckwhvhr, J tcja` tcnt tch sjth/vhauh fkr busje tchrnpy ena mh bkrh djmhrnthl. \ch ﬍kkr sckudl akt mh tn`ha ns n ahgntjvh nsphet kf —akt mhjag nmdh tk sjt ka n ecnjr,‒ mut wh sckudl rhekgajzh tch Inpnahsh ﬍kkr eudturh, nal wh sckudl echrjsc tch ﬍kkr havjrkabhat wcjec ena mh na jbpkrtnat fnetkr fkr psyeckdkgjend, pcysjend, nal skejnd suppkrt. \ch djmhrty kf ljstnaeh mhtwhha phkpdh, tch neehptnaeh kf vjsund stjbudntjka phr ljstnaeh frkb tch ehjdjag, nal tk fhhd tch ﬍kkr   hvha wcha akt lkjag naytcjag, ndd tchsh nsphets nrh fnetkrs ja tchrnpy. Akrj`k Cnbntnaj Akrj`k grnlunthl wjtc n Bnsthr‚s ja Busje \chrnpy frkb Ahw Zkr` Xajvhrsjty, nal hnrahl chr A]B\ ehrtj﬎entjka frkb tch Akrlkff ]kmmjas Ehathr fkr Busje \chrnpy,, XUN. Uch eurrhatdy bnanghs n busje tchrnpy grkup —B\^‒ nal \chrnpy nal wkr`s ja bhljend shttjags nal wjtc ecjdlrha wjtc sphejnd ahhls.

>>:

 

Jathrantjkand Akrlk﬏ ]kmmjas Busje \hrnpy Uybpksjub

_nud Akrlkff, Edjvh ]kmmjas nal Vjetkr Yue`hr`nald9 Na jbbhash dhgney Nalrê Mrnalndjsh Nmstrnet \cjs prhshatntjka prhshatntj ka hxpdkrhs _nud Akrlkff nal Edjvh ]kmmjas‚ ]kmmj as‚ss busjendjty ns whdd ns tchjr edjajend tcja`jag ja —\nd`s ka Busje‒ nal —Chndjag Chrjtngh‒ mnshl ka Vj`tkr Yue`hr`nald‚s jafduhaeh tcrkugc cjs pcjdkskpcy pcjdkskpc y, lhvhdkpbhats nal wrjtjags. \cjs tkpje wjdd mh prhshathl akt kady ns n dhgney my _nud nal Edjvh fkr busje nal busje tchrnpy mut ndsk ns n dhgney fkr ndd cubna`jal. _rhshatntjka  Ja >::>, J ntthalhl by fjrst busje tchrnpy tc hrnpy wkr`sckp. _rkfhsskr Eheâdjn Ekalh

nal busje Djn twk ]hinah Bhalhs chdphl Mnrehddks tch akt trnjajag. Lurjag tcnt tchrnpjst whh`, tchsh prkfhsskrs bh jbpnrthl tk rhekgajzh kady wcnt J wkudl mh mut mu t wcnt J ndrhnly ndrhnl y wns9 n busje tchrnpjst. Kmvjkusdy, Kmvjkusdy, ja krlhr tk prnetjeh tch prkfhssjka, yhnrs dnthr J what tk fjajsc tch trnjajag. Ckwhvhr, jt wns ja tch snbh yhnr tcnt J wns ns`hl tk sumstjtuth fkr n busje thnechr nt n edjaje tcnt shrvhl phkpdh wjtc Nutjsb Uphetrub Ljskrlhr (NUL). J neehpthl tch javjtntjka nal stnrthl wkr`jag wjtc n grkup kf 3 nlkdhsehats wjtc NUL. Ujbudtnahkusdy, J ntthalhl busje tchrnpy ekagrhsshs tcrkugckut Mrnzjd nal ktchr ekuatrjhs ja j a Ukutc Nbhrjen. Frkb Frkb tcjs jbbhrsjka, jbbhrsjka , J cnl tch kppkrtuajty tk ght tk `akw tch Mhahazka, busje tchrnpy tchkry prkpkshl Nrghatjahna psyecjntrjst ]kdnalk n cjgcdy dhnljag tchkrymyfkrtchbusje tchrnpy prnetjehs nt tcnt tjbh. Lhspjth by rhsphet rhsphe t fkr Mhahazka‚s tchkry, J ekudl akt fjal f jal tchrh tch naswhrs na swhrs tk twk fualnbhatnd quhstjkas tcnt J wns ns`jag byshdf nt tch tjbh9 >) J ljl akt phrehjvh tch busje ns pksjtjkahl mhtwhha tch tchrnpjst nal tch pntjhat. \cha, ckw ekudl J ualhrstnal tch rkdh kf tch busje ja tch lyanbjes kf tch wkr` J wns hxphrjhaejag; nal =) J tckugct tcnt naswhrjag tcjs fjrst quhstjka wkudl ndsk chdp bh tk pjapkjat by jlhatjty ns n busje tchrnpjst. Wcnt wns by jlhatjty; >=?

 

Jathrantjkand Akrlk﬏ ]kmmjas Busje \hrnpy Uybpksjub

Ja >::6, J ﬎ajschl by trnjajag ns n busje tchrnpjst ja Mrnzjd nal lhejlhl tk ekatjauh by stuljhs, njbjag tk naswhr tchsh quhstjkas nt Ahw Zkr` Xajvhrsjty (AZX) nal nt tch Akrlkff ]kmmjas Ehathr fkr Busje \chrnpy. \cha, ja >::7 J stnrthl n bnsthr‚s lhgrhh nt AZX nal na jathrascjp nt tch Akrlkff ]kmmjas Ehathr nt n t AZX. Ja tch Ehathr, J tkk` ednsshs ka busjend b usjend jbprkvjsn j bprkvjsntjka tjka wjtc Lr L r. Ndna \urry nal ka edjajend ensh stuljhs wjtc Lr. Edjvh ]kmmjas. Ckwhvhr, tch jathrascjp suphrvjskr wns Lr. @haahtc Njgha wck bh jajtjnddy ns`hlka bhBusje‒ tk djstha tk n shrjhs kf nuljk hxehrpts. Njgha wns jatrkluejag tk —\nd`s (nuljk hxehrpts frkb tch ekursh tcnt _nud Akrlkff tnugct ja >:7::3, tch mkk` —Chndjag Chrjtngh‒ (]kmmjas & ]kmmjas). Frkb tch Akrlkff ]kmmjas djthrnturh, tcjs tcjs mkk` cns mhha tch kah J cnvh lhljenthl byshdf tk. \cjs mkk` ekbprjshl 67 wkr`s ejthl my _nud Akrlkff, rhdnthl tk >: ljffhrhat ekbpkshrs frkb tch >7tc tk tch =?tc ehatury. Nbkag tchb, tch bkst ejthl whrh Mhhtckvha (Ghrbnay, >3tc ehatury), >8 tjbhs0 Lhmussy (Frnaeh, >:tc ehatur ehatury), y), pcnshs >5 tjbhs0kfnal (Ghrbna y, >7tc ehatpcnsh, ehatury) ury),, >?J tjbhs. \chrhtch cnvh mhh a mhha ljffhrhat by Mnec stuly(Ghrbnay sk fnr9 ja tch ﬎rst shpnrnthl busjend frngbhats frkb tch mkk` (hxehrpts pdnyhl my _nud Akrlkff wjtc tch jathatjka kf ednrjfyjag skbh thecajend ekathat), bnlh ekpjhs nal shpnrnthl tchb ja n busje akthmkk`. \cjs akthmkk` shrvhl ns n gujlh tk djstha tk nal tk nandyzh, wjtc tch suppkrt kf n busje thnechr ns nlvjskr, tch bnthrjnd tcnt Akrlkff ushl ja cjs thnecjags. Ja tch shekal pcnsh kf tch stuly, J ekatjauh ljvjag jatk tch Hxpdkrntjkas (tch mkk` ekasjsts kf >3 Hxpdkrntjkas, Hxpd krntjkas, jasthnl kf ecnpthrs), ecnpt hrs), pnrtjeudnrdy, pnrtjeudnrdy, Hxpdkrntjka < enddhl —\ch Djfh kf Jathrvnds,‒ n tjtdh tcnt fkr bnay ekudl rhprhshat n bhtnpckr. J fhdt jt wnsa‚t. Akrlkff mhdjhvhl ja tcjs —djfh.‒ J ahhlhl tk mhtthr ualhrstnal tcjs phrehptjka mhenush, ja by vjhw, tcjs wns wcnt ljffhrhatjnthl _nud Akrlkff frkb ktchr busje tchrnpjsts ― tch mhdjhf tcnt tchrh js —djfh‒ ja tch busje, n pchakbhaka tcnt ena mh rhekgajzhl ja n edjhat‚s busjendjty ualhrgkjag n busje tchrnpy prkehss. \cha, tch tcjrl pcnsh kf by stuly kf —Chndjag Chrjtngh‒ mhgna. J jlhatj﬎hl na nutckr wck ja﬍uhaehl _nud Akrlkff‚s ualhrstnaljag nmkut busje frkb naktchr nagdh9 tch busje pcjdkskpchr Vjetkr Yue`hr`nald. Ja Hxpdkrntjka =>

 

Jathrantjkand Akrlk﬏ ]kmmjas Busje \hrnpy Uybpksjub

• Busje js n bjrnedh0 • Hvhry busjend tkah js na hvhat0 • \kahs ekatnja uadjbjthl pkssjmjdjtjhs0 e kavhrthrs0 • Busjend tkahs nrh fkreh ekavhrthrs0

• Djsthajag tk busje bhnas djsthajag tk na netjka kf fkrehs0 • \kahs ekatnja netjvjty0 • \kahs mhekbh netjvh ja bhdkljhs nal cnrbkajhs. \chsh pcjdkskpcjend bnlh gkkl tk bh. J stnrthl tk furtchr lhhpha by `akwdhlgh ja tchtckugcts pcjdkskpchr‚s wkr`shash (Yue`hr`nald, >:7>0 >:750 >:76). \ch ekbmjantjka kf stuljhs stuljhs kf tch wkr` my Akrlkff nal ]kmmjas, wjtc tch suppkrt kf Vjetkr Yue`hr`nald‚s pcjdkskpcy, gnvh bh tch kppkrtuajty tk naswhr by jajtjnd quhstjkas frkb >::>. Busje, wcksh tkahs nrh krgnajzhl jatk jatk bhdkljhs nal cnrbkajhs, cnrbkajhs, js n fkreh ekavhrthr. ekavhrthr. \cjs fkreh js phrehjvhl my tch nghats javkdvhl ja n tchrnphutje rhdntjkascjp (tchrnpjst (tchrnpjst nal edjhat) tcrkugc tchjr busjendjty. \chrhfkrh, tchy nrh hqunddy jbpkrtnat ja tch lyanbjes mhenush busje ndsk shh`s ekatnet. Busje js akt pksjtjkahl mhtwhha tchrnpjst nal edjhat mut ns kah kf tch vhrtjehs kf n trjnagdh (Fjgurh >)>9

>

—Enrphath nal Mrnalndjsh \rjnagdh‒, \rjnagdh‒, erhnthl nal prhshathl nt tch S Mrnzjdjna Busje \chrnpy Uybpksjub (Mrnzjd, =???), pumdjschl ja tch mkk` —Busjekthrnpjn Bùsjek-ehatrnln‒ (Mrnalndjsh, =??>). 

>==

 

Jathrantjkand Akrlk﬏ ]kmmjas Busje \hrnpy Uybpksjub

Busje cns djfh. Busje ndsk cns n wjdd. Jt trjgghrs netjkas, rhdntjkascjps. \cjs wns n ekrh jlhn fkr bh tk ualhrstnal by kwa jlhatjty (shekal jajtjnd quhstjka).  Naswhrjag tchsh quhstjkas cns cns dhl bh tk lhvhdkp by kwa npprknec tcnt J enddhl —Busje-Ehathrhl Busje \chrnpy‒(mkk` pumdjschl ja =??>, Npkatnbhatks). Wh stjdd cnvh n grhnt gr hnt lhnd tk naswhr na swhr,, tk ualhrstnal, tk tcja`, tk lhnd wjtc. Mut J nb vhry kptjbjstjewjdd tcntekatjauh Akrlkff ]kmmjas nal busje-ehathrhl tchrnpy ekaehpts nal prnetjehs tk ekatrjmuth hakrbkusdy tk busje tch busje tchrnpy ﬎hdl jtshdf, nal udtjbnthdy wjdd ekatrjmuth tk tch jaerhnsjag whdd-mhjag kf ecjdlrha nal fnbjdjhs tcnt wh whdekbh, djstha tk nal fkr wckb wh prkvjlh kppkrtuajtjhs fkr lhvhdkpbhat. \cna` yku vhry buec bue c _nud Akrlkff, Edjvh ]kmmjas nal Vjetkr Yue`hr`nald fkr tcjs jbbhash dhgney. ]hfhrhaehs Mrnalndjsh, Mrnalnd jsh, N. (=??>) (=??>).. Busjekthrnpjn bùsjek-ehatrnln . Npkatnb Npkatnbhatks9 hatks9 Uåk _nudk, _nud k, U_.. U_ ]kmmjas, ]kmmja s, E. & ]kmmjas, ]kmmj as, E. (=??3) (=??3).. Chndjag chrjtngh . Mnrehdkan _umdjschrs9 Gjdsub, AC. Yue`hr`nald, V. (>:7>). \ch shash kf busje . _rjaehtka Xajvhrsjty _rhss0 Ahw Ihrshy, AI. Yue`hr`nald, V. (>:75). Ukual nal sybmkd . _rjaehtka Xajvhrsjty _rhss0 Ahw Ihrshy, AI. Yue`hr`nald, V. (>:76). Bna tch busjejna . _rjaehtka Xajvhrsjty _rhss0 Ahw Ihrshy, AI. Nalrês Mrnalndjsh  Nalrê cns n Mnechdkr kf Busje (XF]GU, Mrnzjd) cnvjag ednssjend gujtnr ns cjs bnikr. Ch js n sphejndjst ja busje tchrnpy (EMB]I, Mrnzjd), BN ja Busje \chrnpy (AZX), nal _cL ja Busje \chrnpy (\hbpdh Xajvhrsjty). Nt \hbpdh X. ch wkr`hl ns n thnechr nssjstnat (\N). Mrnalndjsh cns mhha wkr`jag ns n busje-ehathrhl edjajejna ja tch ejty kf _krtk Ndhgrh wchrh, ja >::3, ch fkualhl tch Ehatrk Gnùeck lh Busjekthrnpjn. EGB wns tch bnja krgnajzhr kf tch >st Mrnzjdjna Ekafhrhaeh ka Busje-Ehathrhl Busje \chrnpy (=??5) nal, wjtc ^njrkz, krgnajzhl tch =al Mrnzjdjna Ekafhrhaeh ka Busje-Ehathrhl Busje tchrnpy (=??3). Mrnalndjsh tnugct >=5

 

Jathrantjkand Akrlk﬏ ]kmmjas Busje \hrnpy Uybpksjub

ja shvhrnd busje tchrnpy trnjajag prkgrnbs ja Mrnzjd. Ch js kah kf tch fkualhrs kf NGNBXUJ (Nsskejnçåk Gnùecn lh Busjekthrnpjn) nal wkr`hl ns jts prhsjlhat frkb >::: uatjd =??5. Ch js tch nutckr kf twk mkk`s9 —Busjekthrnpjn Bùsjekehatrnln‒ (Busje-Ehathrhl Busje \chrnpy, \chrnpy, =??>) nal —J Ikranln Mrnsjdhjrn skmrh Busjekthrnpjn Bùsjek-ehatrnln‒ (>st Mrnzjdjna Ekafhrhaeh ka Busje-Ehathrhl Busje \chrnpy, \chrnpy, =??5). Mrnalndjsh cns mhjag javjthl tk prhshat cjs wkr` ja shvhrnd Mrnzjdjna Utnths, janrtjedhs Nrghatjan, Xruguny, Ecjdh, Ekdkbmjn, nalXajthl ja tch Utnths. Xajthl Utnths. Ch cns pumdjschl ja Mrnzjd, Nrghatjan, Akrwny, nal

>=<

 

Jathrantjkand Akrlk﬏ ]kmmjas Busje \hrnpy Uybpksjub

Erhntjvjty ja tch Uhrvjeh kf Lhthrbjajag nal Fnejdjtntjag Gknds ja Busje-Ehathrhl Busje _syecktchrnpy Ndna \urry Nmstrnet

Akrlkff ]kmmjas busje tchrnpy wns mkra frkb tch pjkahhrjag ekddnmkrntjka mhtwhha _nud Akrlkff, na neekbpdjschl ekbpkshr nal pjnajst, nal Edjvh ]kmmjas, na jaakvntjvh sphejnd hluentkr. \chjr pnrtahrscjp mhgna ja >:8: nt Uua﬎hdl Ecjdlrha‚s Ckbhs ja Wkrehsthrscjrh, Hagdnal. \klny tch sphejndjzhl npprknec js prnetjehl tcrkugckut tch wkrdl my trnjahl Akrlkff ]kmmjas busje tchrnpjsts wkr`jag wjtc n wjlh sphetrub kf edjajend pkpudntjkas. @akwa ndsk ns erhntjvh busje tchrnpy (Akrlkff & ]kmmjas, >:77/=??7), jt js ekasjlhrhl tk mh tch krjgjand busje-ehathrhl npprknec tk tchrnpy (Njgha, =??8), nal js kah kf tch dkaghst hstnmdjschl nal bkst cjgcdy lhvhdkphl bklhds kf busje tchrnpy ja tch wkrdl. \cjs prhshatntjka wjdd hxpdnja tch hsshatjnd ecnrnethrjstjes kf tch npprknec nal jddustrnth tch bhtckl usjag rhekrljags frkb busje tchrnpy shssjkas. _rhshatntjka Mne`grkual 

_nud Akrlkff nal Edjvh ]kmmjas whrh pjkahhrs ja lhvhdkpjag wcnt js akw ednssj﬎hl ns n busje-ehathrhl npprknec tk busje tchrnpy tchrnpy.. Jt wns @ha Mrusejn, n dhnljag rhshnrechr,, edjajejna nal prkfhsskr wck wrkth tch shbjand mkk` —Jbprkvjsntjkand rhshnrechr Bklhds kf Busje \chrnpy,‒ wck ﬎rst ekjahl tch Akrlkff ]kmmjas npprknec ns —Erhntjvh Busje \chrnpy.‒ \chrnpy.‒ Frkb Frkb tch hnrdy >:6?s, Akrlkff ]kmmjas busje tchrnpy cns mhha kah kf tch bkst cjgcdy rhgnrlhl fkrbs kf busje tchrnpy wjtc cualrhls kf ehrtj﬎hl prnetjtjkahrs nal shvhrnd trnjajag nal rhshnrec ehathrs wkrdlwjlh. Jatrkluetjka Akrlkff ]kmmjas cns n aubmhr kf uajquh ecnrnethrjstjes9 jt js jaljvjlundjzhl, dnrghdy jbprkvjshl, nal lrnws upka tch jaanth erhntjvjty kf phkpdh ― mktc tchrnpjst nal edjhat ― tk trnasfkrb djvhs.

\cjs pnphr lhserjmhs tch jbpkrtnaeh kf utjdjzjag erhntjvjty wcha prnetjejag >=8

 

Jathrantjkand Akrlk﬏ ]kmmjas Busje \hrnpy Uybpksjub

edjajend jbprkvjsntjka. Erhntjvjty ― tch ush kf tch jbngjantjka kr krjgjand jlhns tcnt jaspjrh tch tchrnpjst‚s busje ― ekbmjahl wjtc enrhfud nandysjs, js na jathgrnd ekbpkahat wcha nsshssjag, jathrvhajag, nal hvnduntjag busje tchrnpy trhntbhat. \ch busje-ehathrhl busje tchrnpjst utjdjzhs mktc tch nrtjstje nal sejhatj﬎e ekbpkahats kf busje tchrnpy prnetjeh. Djsthajag n Erhntjvh Netjka tcnt dhnls tk ]hspkasjvh Nttuahbhat \ch bkst jsjbpkrtnat s`jdd n busje-ehathrhl busje tchrnpjst cns nal ahhls tk ekatjauh tk lhvhdkp js djsthajag. Djsthajag js n erhntjvh netjka tn`ha my tch busje tchrnpjst tk chnr nal try tk ualhrstnal wcnt tch edjhat js hxphrjhaejag. \ch tchrnpjst djsthas edkshdy wjtc na nttjtulh kf rhvhrhaeh tkwnrls tch edjhat nal tch sjtuntjka, wjtc n rhnljahss tk ljsekvhr tch pkssjmjdjtjhs kf wcnt busjend hagnghbhat ena lk fkr tch edjhat.

\ch tchrnpjst rhspkals busjenddy, nttuajag tk tch edjhat my jbprkvjsjag busje. \cjs ena tn`h pdneh hvha jf tch kf edjhat akt pdnyjag. tchrnpjst ena bntec tch aka-vhrmnd ekbbuajentjkas tch jsedjhat. Kaeh tcjs\ch nffhetjvh nttuahbhat js necjhvhl, tch tchrnpjst ena erhnth busje tk javjth tch ahxt sthp ja tch edjhat‚s lhvhdkpbhat, utjdjzjag utjdjzjag mktc jatujtjka nal ekasejkus jathatjka. Edjajend Jbprkvjsntjka Jbprkvjsntjka erhnths na kppkrtuajty fkr tch tchrnpjst tk rhspkal tk tch edjhat ja n bkbhat-tk-bkbhat fnscjka tk mujdl n ekbbuajentjvh mrjlgh. N rnppkrt nal trust mhgjas tk lhvhdkp ka n aka-vhrmnd dhvhd. Xadj`h ekavhrsntjka, busje ena mh pdnyhl nt tch snbh tjbh, nddkwjag fkr tch edjhat tk hxphrjhaeh tcnt tch tchrnpjst js trudy wjtc tchb. \ch tchrnpjst ena nliust busje tk tch ahhls kf tch bkbhat, nddkwjag fkr tch edjhat tk shash ch/sch js mhjag chnrl nal suppkrthl.

\ch tchrnpjst, tchrnp jst, my hxpdkrjag busjenddy, busje nddy, ena ljsekvhr ljsekv hr tch edjhat‚s strhagt strhagtcs cs nal nrhns kf ahhl. \ch tchrnpjst ena tcha erhnth busje tcnt javjths edjhat lhvhdkpbhat. Jt js n erhntjvh pnrtahrscjp wchrh tch tchrnpjst bklhds rjs`-tn`jag busjenddy nal hagnghs ja n ek-netjvh prkehss. Mhah﬎ts kf Jbprkvjsjag fkr tch Edjhat Hagngjag ja jbprkvjsjag busje wjtc tch tchrnpjst nddkws tch edjhat tk hxphrjhaeh tch shdf ja nal tcrkugc busje. \cjs ena dhnl tk ljsekvhrjag nal hxpdkrjag hxpdkrjag prhvjkusdy >=6

 

Jathrantjkand Akrlk﬏ ]kmmjas Busje \hrnpy Uybpksjub

ua`akwa jlhns kr fhhdjags wjtcja tch shdf. Jt ena chdp tk krgnajzh tckugcts, fkeus ntthatjka, rhdnth nal rhspkal tk naktchr phrska tcrkugc rhejprkend busjend jathrnetjka. Busje bn`jag ena chdp tch edjhat lhvhdkp tch jatrjasje bktjvntjka tk tn`h tch ahxt sthp ja tchjr tchrnpy prkgrhss, my lhvhdkpjag ahw wnys kf mhjag, lrnwjag ka uatnpphl pkthatjnds. Busje _syecktchrnpy Ja busje psyecktchrnpy, tchrnphutje rhdntjkascjps nrh mujdt tcrkugc busjend ekddnmkrntjka. Jathrphrskand Jathrphrskand ekaahetjkas ena mh bnlh tcrkugc busje hvha wcha ktchr ecnaahds nrh mdke`hl. Jt js na hxphrjhatjnd tchrnpy tcnt gkhs mhykal jasjgct. \ch edjhat hxphrjhaehs lkjag, tn`jag netjka, mhjag bkrh kf tchbshdvhs, nddkwjag bkrh kf tchbshdvhs tk bnajfhst ja tch bkbhat lurjag busjend hxphrjhaeh. \cjs ena mh qujth pkwhrfud mhenush nrtjstje hxphrjhaeh js, my anturh, pkthatjnddy trnasfkrbntjvh. Busje-Ehathrhl Busje \chrnpy \ch prnetjeh kf busje-ehathrhl busje tchrnpy fkeushs ﬎rst nal fkrhbkst ka tch busje bn`jag hxphrjhaeh. \ch gknds nrh ekatnjahl ja tch netjvh hxphrjhaejag kf tch nhstchtje/hxprhssjvh ljbhasjka kf busje. Busje kphas us tk ndd tch sumtdhtjhs nal prkfualjtjhs kf cubna hxphrjhaeh. Hagngjag ja busje netjvnths hsshatjnd hbktjkand, jathddhetund nal lhvhdkpbhatnd prkehsshs.

Mhenush busje ena ekatnja mdhals kf qundjtjhs, tch busje erhnthl ja tchrnpy ena mh sjbudtnahkusdy ecnddhagjag nal suppkrtjag, javjtjag nal lhbnaljag, dhnljag nal fkddkwjag. Uk tch hffhetjvhahss kf n busje tchrnpjst rhdjhs ka, ja n busjeehathrhl npprknec, tch ekrh jlhn tcnt busjend hxphrjhaehs cnvh tch pkthatjnd tk ecnagh us. \crhh Edjajend Hxnbpdhs kf Busje-Ehathrhl Busje _syecktchrnpy _syecktchrnpy Edjhats nrh kur mhst thnechrs. \ch fkddkwjag bnthrjnd js n lhserjptjka kf dkag-thrb busje tchrnpy. Jt js jaedulhl chrh tk jddustrnth tch pkjats bnlh prhvjkusdy ja tcjs pnphr. Ihff chnrl nmkut busje tchrnpy ka tch rnljk nal wns jbbhljnthdy eurjkus. N shasjtjvh nal nrtjeudnth bna, ch tkdl bh cnl n ekddhgh lhgrhh ja nrt cjstkry nal naktchr lhgrhh ja dnw. dn w. Lhspjth tch fnet tcnt t cnt ch wns ndrhnly ja trhntbhat wjtc >=7

 

Jathrantjkand Akrlk﬏ ]kmmjas Busje \hrnpy Uybpksjub

twk vhrmnd psyecktchrnpjsts, ch wns lhthrbjahl tk try n ljffhrhat npprknec tk ghttjagg chdp. Ch wns 87 yhnrs kdl wcha ch enbh tk tch Ehathr. ghttja Ehathr. Ch lhserjmhl cjbshdf ns mhjag uanmdh tk cnvh bhnajagfud hxphrjhaehs mhenush ch nandyzhl sjtuntjkas rntchr tcna fuddy hxphrjhaejag tchb. Ch hxpdnjahl tcnt ch wns hxtrhbhdy shasjtjvh tk skual. Ch lhserjmhl hxphrjhaejag tch ahw thecakdkgy tcnt nddkwhl fkr surrkual skual tk mh tkk edksh. Ch prhfhrrhl NB rnljk, nal busje —wjtckut ndnst mhnt.‒ cjbshdf nseka﬍jets lhprhsshl, ch ljl akt rhbhbmhr tch tjbh \ckugc ch erjhl.chChlhserjmhl rhdnthl cjs prhshat tk pnst hvhats, kftha mdnbjag cjs pnrhat‚s pnrhat‚s dne` kf shasjtjvjty nal dkvh. Ch lhserjmhl ghttjag naakyhl nal qujth nagry vhry quje`dy wcjec wkudl rhsudt ja cjb dksjag cjs thbphr. \cjs enushl ljf﬎eudtjhs wjtc cjs hbpdkybhat nal wjtc cjs skejnd rhdntjkascjps. Ns na hxnbpdh, ch tkdl bh tcnt ch cnl rhehatdy nmruptdy halhl cjs rhdntjkascjp wjtc kah kf cjs vhrmnd tchrnpjsts mhenush tch pckah rnag ja tch tchrnpjst‚s kf﬎eh. J tckugct tcnt ekudl mh na jbpdjejt bhssngh tk bh tk akt ght cjb upsht kr ch wkudl hal kur busje tchrnpy wkr` mhfkrh jt netunddy mhgna. Ihff tkk` n dkag tjbh mhfkrh netunddy eckksjag tk pdny ja cjs ﬎rst shssjka. Jathrhstjagdy, ch ecksh tk pdny tch pjnak, phrcnps tch bkst jathddhetunddy ecnddhagjag kf ndd tch jastrubhats tcnt whrh nvnjdnmdh tk cjb. Ns ch pdnyhl jt mhenbh nppnrhat tcnt ch `ahw nmkut busjend strueturh ns ch pdnyhl trjnls, nt kah pkjat erkssjag cjs cnals. Nt kah pkjat ch strue` n dkwhr akth nal vjsjmdy rhnethl ja n stnrtdhl fnscjka, ljspdnyjag tch shasjtjvjty tk skual tcnt ch cnl lhserjmhl hnrdjhr. J pdnyhl ndkag wjtc cjb ka tch gujtnr, purpkshdy pje`jag na jastrubhat tcnt wns ljffhrhat frkb cjs, nal hathrhl jatk tch busje wjtc cjb. J jbprkvjshl mnsje cnrbkajhs tcnt whrh akt sphej﬎enddy bnikr kr bjakr, nal tch busje cnl n ekatnjajag, duddnmy qundjty. Ja n sumshquhat shssjka n fhw whh`s dnthr, Ihff pje`hl tch rhhl ckras, sbndd sjagdh-akth jastrubhats usunddy hbpdkyhl wjtc ecjdlrha. Ns ch mdhw nal mhenbh bkrh nal bkrh hagnghl, J jbprkvjshl busje nt tch pjnak tcnt suppkrthl cjs pcrnsh strueturh nal erhnthl n cnrbkaje prkgrhssjka tcnt erhnthl thasjkas. \ch busje cnl hbktjkand thasjka tcnt wns ndsk erhnthl my by erhntjag n bhdkly ns jf ch wns pdnyjag jt my mdkwjag. \chsh qundjtjhs ja tch busje mujdt thasjka. \ch grhnthr tch thasjka, tch grhnthr pkthatjnd kf hbktjkand rhdhnsh upka tch rhskdutjka kf tcnt thasjka. Ihff wns vjsjmdy bkvhl my tch hxphrjhaeh nal jbbhljnthdy scnrhl tcnt —tcjs wns chnvy stuff. J ena ght ndd skrts kf fhhdjags jatk tch skuals.‒ >=3

 

Jathrantjkand Akrlk﬏ ]kmmjas Busje \hrnpy Uybpksjub

Wcha ch hathrhl tch rkkb fkr tch ahxt shssjka ch wns upsht. Ch ljla‚t dj`h tch busje ch cnl iust chnrl rjljag up tch hdhvntkr. hdhvntkr. Ch ndsk ekbpdnjahl tcnt wh whrh stnrtjag dnth. J gdnaehl nt tch edke` nal snw tcnt, ja fnet, wh whrh stnrtjag ka tjbh. ]ntchr tcna ekrrhet cjb, kr skktch cjb, J surbjshl tcnt cjs strkag jrrjtntjka ekudl mh rhdnthl tk tch hbktjkand kphaahss ch cnl hxphrjhaehl tch shssjka mhfkrh. J rhekgajzhl na kppkrtuajty tk wkr` wjtc tch bkrh eka﬍jetund fhhdjags tcnt Ihfftchwns fhhdjag, nal haekurnghl cjbtchrh tk pje` jastrubhat tk us, pdny.nal ChJ pje`hl lrub nal eybmnd. J shashl tcnt wnsna thasjka mhtwhha ckphl tcnt wh wkudl mh nmdh tk pdny ja na nutchatje wny tkghtchr. tkghtchr. Ns ch pdnyhl ja sckrt mursts ka tch rjb kf tch lrub, J pdnyhl wjtc cjb nt tch pjnak, rhspkaljag rhspkaljag tk cjb wjtc ljsskanaehs. Jt wns ns jf J wns snyjag, tcrkugc by busje, –Jf yku‚rh jrrjtnthl, gk nchnl nal pdny jt ka tch lrub. Zku lka‚t ahhl tk ckdl mne`.‚ Ja fnet, ch ljl ekatjauh tk pdny dj`h tcjs fkr n fhw bkbhats, nal tcha tch busje mhtwhha us lhvhdkphl jatk n `jal kf inzzy swjag fhhd ns ch nllhl bkrh ljrhet pdnyjag ka tch lrub chnl. Ch sbjdhl ns ch pdnyhl, nal J shashl tcjs wns na jbpkrtnat bkbhat ja tchrnpy fkr Ihff ― ch ekudl ght jrrjtnthl wjtc bh wjtckut lhstrkyjag kur rhdntjkascjp. Ja tch fkddkwjag shssjkas Ihff mhgna tk sjag. Nt ﬎rst ch ljl tcjs aka-vhrmnddy mut tcha ch mhgna erhntjag dyrjes, sjagjag —\hnrlrkps frkb Chnvha.‒ Ihff netunddy erjhl wcjdh sjagjag. Ch hxpdnjahl nfthrwnrl tcnt tch hxphrjhaeh wns jathashdy bkvjag mhenush jt bnlh cjb nwnrh kf n lhptc kf hbktjkand hxphrjhaeh tcnt wns bjssjag frkb cjs djfh. Ch sphej﬎enddy bhatjkahl —dkvh, snfhty, nal `jalahss.‒ Ch ndsk scnrhl tcnt hvha ns ch wns fhhdjag snl, ch ndsk fhdt prkul tcnt ch cnl erhnthl n skag. \chsh hxphrjhaehs kf hxprhssjag cjbshdf tcrkugc busje bn`jag cnl na jbpnet ka Ihff kutsjlh kf busje tchrnpy. Ch lhserjmhl fhhdjag dhss lhprhsshl, bkrh najbnthl, nal cnvjag bkrh sueehss ja rhdntjag tk ktchrs. Uk tch prkehss hatnjdhl nt ﬎rst hagngjag jathddhetunddy nt tch pjnak0 tcha eckksjag na jastrubhat tcnt wns sjbpdhr tk pdny, tch ckras, tcnt nddkwhl cjb, wcjdh hagngjag wjtc tch busje erhnthl my tch tchrnpjst, tk hxphrjhaeh fhhdjags. \ch tchrnpjst‚s tchrnpjst‚s busje enbh frkb aktjejag nal rhspkaljag tk tch qundjtjhs kf tch edjhat‚ss pdnyjag. \ch edjhat cjbshdf lhserjmhl tch ckra pdnyjag ns pkwhrfud, edjhat‚ pkwhrfud, nal edksh tk sjagjag. Ja n sumshquhat shssjka ch wns nmdh tk ecnaahd ec naahd cjs ngjtntjka >=:

 

Jathrantjkand Akrlk﬏ ]kmmjas Busje \hrnpy Uybpksjub

jatk cjs busjend hxprhssjka ka tch lrub. Fhhdjag sheurh tcnt tch tchrnphutje rhdntjkascjp ekudl wjtcstnal cjs naghr, naghr, ch what what ka tk tn`h cjs ahxt sthp. Nfthr tcjs, ch mhgna tk sjag nal fhhd hbktjka wcjdh erhntjag busje tcnt tcn t wns phrskanddy hxprhssjvh, busjend busjend hxprhssjka tcnt ch fhdt prkul kf erhntjag. Xafkdljag Busjend _rkehss 

Mhenush kf qundjtjhs, ena cnvh mktc tcnt tch hbktjkand qundjtjhs busje tcnt tchekatnjas edjhat jsmdhals hxphrjhaejag   nal tch  nal tchbusje hbktjkand qundjtjhs tch edjhat js shh`jag. Nal tch edjhat ena hxphrjhaeh n shash kf jajtjntjvh (j.h., Ihff fhdt prkul kf cjs erhntjka) hvha wcjdh tch tchrnpjst bn`hs n sjgaj﬎enat ekatrjmutjka tk tch jbbhljnth hbktjkand tkah nal tch futurh busjend lhvhdkpbhat kf tch skag my scnpjag tch busjend hdhbhats. \ch tchrnpjst erhnths busje mnshl ka wcnt ch js chnrjag nal shasjag frkb tch edjhat. Lurjag na jbprkvjsntjka, ljffhrhat pnrts kf tch edjhat‚s phrskandjty ena hbhrgh.  Nmrhn` scjftkut ja kf tchjr kf vjhw ena keeur keeur. . \chnsshrts edjhat ena n ahw eckjeh nal kdlpkjat pntthras. ]kshamdntt (>::8) tcnt bn`h tch nhstchtje hxphrjhaeh suppkrts —…tch lhvhdkpbhat kf tch jbngjantjka9 tch nmjdjty tk hsenph frkb tch djbjtntjkas kf tjbh nal pdneh nal havjrkabhat, tch enpnejty tk havjsngh ndthrantjvhs ja wnys kf djfh‒ (p =76). Busje Ehathrhl Busje _syecktchrnpy9 Busjend nal ]hdntjkand Ja tcjs npprknec, tch edjhat jlhatj﬎hs kr rhskanths wjtc tch hbktjkand qundjty kf tch busje. Na hxphrjhaeh kf shdf cnpphas ja tch busjend hxphrjhaeh. \ch edjhat ghts n vjsehrnd shash tcnt skbhkah hdsh ualhrstnals ckw tchy fhhd nal tcjs chdps tk lhvhdkp trust. \cjs suppkrts jajtjntjka nal rjs`-tn`jag. Jt nddkws tch busje tk bktjvnth tchb tk jajtjnth tchjr kwa ahw wny kf mhjag.

Edjajend Hxnbpdh =9 Utnyjag Hagnghl lurjag bkbhats kf turbkjd Ja tch ahxt edjajend hxnbpdh, tch tchrnpjst wkr`s tk hagngh tch edjhat wcjdh tchy nrh cnvjag na jathash, tnatrub-dj`h hpjsklh. Ja tcjs npprknec tk busje tchrnpy, tch tchrnpjst wkr`s tk chnr tch nhstchtje/busje kf tch edjhat, ckwhvhr tchy nrh prhshatjag. \chy ekudl mh serhnbjag, eryjag, bknajag. \ch tchrnpjst trjhs tk ght n shash kf wcnt tch hxphrjhaeh js fkr tch edjhat, nal wcnt tch ahxt sthp fkr tchb wkudl mh. Ikscun wns ljngakshl wjtc mktc psyecktje fhnturhs nal nutjsb nt n vhry ykuag >5?

 

Jathrantjkand Akrlk﬏ ]kmmjas Busje \hrnpy Uybpksjub

ngh. Ch dkvhs busje, mut mhenush kf cjs ljf﬎eudtjhs rhgudntjag ch cns mhha uanmdh tk bnjatnja harkddbhat ja cjs seckkd prkgrnb. \cjs js luh bnjady tk uaprhljetnmdh, wjdldy jathash nal sullha hpjsklhs wchrh ch pnajes, shhbs tk mh ja pnja, nal ena mhekbh nggrhssjvh tkwnrls cjbshdf nal ktchrs. Lurjag cjs bnay yhnrs ja busje tchrnpy, wh cnvh ahvhr shha tcjs mhcnvjkr. Xatjd tcjs bkbhat. Lhserjptjka  Ikscun js cnppjdy pdnyjag tch lrubs wcjec nrh mhjag chdl my tch ek-tchrnpjst (ja

tch Akrlkff ]kmmjas npprknec, kah tchrnpjst js prjbnrjdy rhspkasjmdh fkr hagngjag busjenddy, nal tch ktchr tchrnpjst chdps tk fnejdjtnth tch busjend hagnghbhat frkb tchjr pksjtjka –ka tch ﬍kkr‚ wjtc tch edjhat). Uullhady, tch bkkl scjfts ns Ikscun‚s fnejnd hxprhssjka ecnaghs nal ch grnms tch ek-tchrnpjst‚s scjrt. Ch npphnrs tk mh ja n stnth kf cjgc naxjhty nal pnaje. \ckugc tch tchrnpjsts try tk rhnssurh Ikscun, cjs lysrhgudntjka ekatjauhs tk jathasjfy jathasjfy.. \ch ek-tchrnpjst trjhs tk ﬎al skbhtcjag tcnt Ikscun ena ckdl katk, mut ja tch bhnatjbh Ikscun tcrkws ndd tch lrubs tk tch ﬍kkr. Ndd tchvkenddy wcjdh,. tch tchrnpjst nt tch fkr nal tch skuals tcnt Ikscun js bn`jag vkenddy. \ckugc ch cns vhrypjnak djttdh djsthas dnagungh dnagungh lkhs akt jajtjnth, ja tch bjlldh kf cjs kutmurst ch endds kut —Ndna.‒ \ch busje frkb tch pjnak js ja bjakr nal Ikscun scnphs cjs vkend skuals tk tch tjbjag nal pnejag kf tch busje. Nt n ehrtnja pkjat, tch tchrnpjst scjfts tk bnikr, bnikr, nal pdnys n sdkw, sjbpdh dhgntk bhdkly. Ikscun ena mh shha rhdnxjag n mjt, tn`jag n lhhphr mrhntc. \ch tchrnpjst jbprkvjshs n skag —Zku‚vh gkt n frjhal, ja busje.‒ Ikscun rhphnts tch wkrl –frjhal‚ shvhrnd tjbhs, wcjec js suppkrthl my busje frkb tch pjnak. \ch dyrjes ekatjauh tk mh erhnthl ja tch bkbhat9 —wcha yku‚rh fhhdjag lkwa,‒ nal Ikscun ghsturhs nal rhphnts –lkwa,‚ ns jf tryjag tk endb cjbshdf lkwa. Ns tch hpjsklh hals, Ikscun dkk`s hxcnusthl mut bkrh rhdnxhl nal tchrh js n shash ja tch rkkb tcnt tcn t wh cnvh ndd djvhl tcrkugc skbhtcjag tkghtchr tkghtchr.. Xtjdjzjag jbprkvjsntjka, tch tchrnpjst ena bnjatnja rhdnthlahss hvha ns tch edjhat js hxphrjhaejag turbkjd. Jt nddkws tch edjhat tk rhnec kut tk bn`h nal sustnja ekatnet nal hxphrjhaeh suppkrt. Hvha lurjag bkbhats kf ljstrhss, busjend hagnghbhat ena chdp tch edjhat neehss strhagtcs. \ch jbbhljney, purpkshfudahss, ekbpksjtjkand fkrb, nal ﬍hxjmdh rhspkasjvhahss tcnt keeurs lurjag hffhetjvh edjajend jbprkvjsntjka nddkws fkr hffhetjvh edjajend jathrvhatjkas. \ch jbprkvjsjag tchrnpjst ena jathasjfy kr lhjathasjfy tch busje, erhnth busje tcnt hdjejts rhejprkend jathrnetjka, kr nffhetjvhdy nttuah my bntecjag tch hahrgy >5>

 

Jathrantjkand Akrlk﬏ ]kmmjas Busje \hrnpy Uybpksjub

kf tch edjhat. \ch tchrnpjst ena erhnth n mdhal kf qundjtjhs ja tch busje tcnt ena mh hxphrjhaehl ns bntecjag tch edjhats bkkl. \ch busje ena mh bkrh kr dhss prhljetnmdh, bysthrjkus, thalhr, hxejtjag, ckphfud, hte. Dnst edjajend hxnbpdh Bkrgna wns ljngakshl wjtc nutjsb nt ngh 5 >/=. Cjs bktchr rhpkrthl tcnt ch —iust stkpphl tryjag tk ekbbuajenth.‒ Ch\rnasjtjkas wns akt jathrhsthl ja rhdntjag tk ktchrs, jskdnthl, nal uacnppy bkst kf tch tjbh. whrh ljf﬎eudt fkr cjb, kftha trjgghrjag tnatrubs. Ch struggdhl tk sdhhp nt ajgct. Jbprkvjsjag busje wjtc cjb jbbhljnthdy hvk`hl rhdnthlahss. Bkrh tcna iust  ikjatdy ntthaljag tk busje, wcjec js ekasjlhrhl n stnalnrl gknd fkr nutjstje phkpdh, tch busjend ekddnmkrntjka erhnthl n scnrhl hbktjkanddy bhnajagfud hxphrjhaeh mhtwhha edjhat nal tchrnpjst. Fhhdjag ualhrstkkl, tch ecjdl kphas up nal ﬍kws jatk tch rhdntjkascjp tcrkugc busje bn`jag. Ja tch busjend jathrnetjka, Bkrgna mhgna rhndjzhcnppha tcnt tchahxt. tchrnpjst wns pdnyjag wjtcjacjb, nal ch mhgna tk natjejpnth wcnttkwkudl Ch ikykusdy hagnghl na jbprkvjshl luht, pdnyjag tch lrubs, eybmnd nal xydkpckah. Ja tch dnst hxehrpt, wh shh tcnt ch pnushs shvhrnd tjbhs, jaljentjag cjs shasjtjvjty tk tch cnrbkaje enlhaeh nal tch fnet tcnt wh nrh pdnyjag tkghtchr tkghtchr.. Ch js edhnrdy haikyjag tch jathrnetjka, skbhtcjag vhry rnrh fkr cjb. \hnechrs rhpkrthl tcnt ch mhenbh bkrh ekkphrntjvh ja seckkd, nal cjs trnasjtjkas nt ckbh mhenbh hnsjhr. \ch busjend hxphrjhaehs nddkw n ecjdl‚s cjllha phrskandjty tk ekbh tk djfh. \ch busje frkb tch tchrnpjst enpturhs tch hsshatjnd anturh kf tch ecjdl. Uubbnry9 Eudtjvntjag Erhntjvjty ja Edjajend Jbprkvjsntjka \cjs npprknec rhdjhs ka n mndnaeh mhtwhha tch jatujtjvh prkehss nal tch jathatjkand prkehss. \ch wkr`jag lh﬎ajtjka kf jatujtjka js —n ljrhet phrehptjka kf tch trutc.‒ Jatujtjka keeurs wcha tchrh js rhekgajtjka kf wcnt js ahhlhl fkr tch edjajend sjtuntjka. Nal jt js eudtjvnthl my prkdkaghl prnetjeh ja n stnmdh havjrkabhat. \ch bkrh edjajend prnetjeh kah cns, tch bkrh tcnt jatujtjka ena mh rhdjhl upka. Jt js mnshl ka tch erhntjvh erhntjv h net kf djsthajag. _je`jag up frkb tch edjhat‚s aka-vhrmnd >5=

 

Jathrantjkand Akrlk﬏ ]kmmjas Busje \hrnpy Uybpksjub

euhs, tch tchrnpjst hxphrjhaehs tchsh ns busjend euhs tk jbprkvjsh busje frkb. Jatujtjka js mnshl ka rhehjvjag jafkrbntjka frkb tch edjhat nal trnasdntjag jt jatk n busjend hxphrjhaeh. Jatujtjka js mndnaehl wjtc ekasejkus jathatjka. _dnaajag fkr trhntbhat gknds js mnshl ka edksh kmshrvntjka. Ja tcjs npprknec tk busje tchrnpy, hvhry shssjka js rhekrlhl nal tch stuljhl mhfkrh tch ahxt shssjka. tchrnpjst aktjehbusjend sumtdh lhtnjds nmkut rhdntjkascjp mhtwhha cjs/chr \ch busje nal tchena edjhat‚s ekatrjmutjka. \ch tchrnpjst ena bn`h n pdna tk javjth tch edjhat tk tn`h tchjr ahxt sthp busjenddy, ndwnys ekasjlhrjag wcnt tcjs hxphrjhaeh ekudl bhna fkr tch edjhat‚s djfh ja ghahrnd. Lhvhdkpjag bkrh busjend rhskurehs nal busjend rhspkasjvhahss js n pnrt kf na jathatjkand prkehss tk mujdl grhnthr edjajend s`jdds. \ch tchrnpjst js haekurnghl tk mrjag cjs phrskand nrtjstry tk tch edjajend sjtuntjka. \cha tch tchrnpjst djsthas netjvhdy tk try tr y nal ualhrstnal tch edjhat‚ edjhat‚ss hxphrjhaeh. Wcnt 

Ckw 

 tchtktchrnpjst ena mh mnshl ka jatujtjka.  tch tchrnpjst pdnys ja rhdntjka tch edjhatpdnys js ekasejkusdy jathatjkand.   Mjmdjkgrnpcy  Njgha, @. (=??8) Busje-ehathrhl busje tchrnpy . Mnrehdkan _umdjschrs. JUMA 9 :73>3:>=73=8:  Njgha, @. (>::6) Mhjag ja busje9 Fkualntjkas kf Akrlkff ]kmmjas Busje \chrnpy . Mnrehdkan _umdjschrs. JUMA 9 :73>3:>=7357=  Naslhdd, G. (=?>> nal tch Fjrst Busje \chrnpy Ekafhrhaeh ja Ckag @kag ja =?>3. Ch cns dheturhl jathrantjkanddy ka cjs wkr` wjtc n wjlh rnagh kf edjhat pkpudntjkas jaeduljag shdf-rhfhrrhl nludts, psyecjntrje pntjhats nal tcksh wjtc ahurkljvhrsh dhnrajag stydhs.

>5<

 

Jathrantjkand Akrlk﬏ ]kmmjas Busje \hrnpy Uybpksjub

Ljvhrsjty nal \rnasfkrbntjka9 Eurrhat Lhvhdkpbhats ja Akrlkff ]kmmjas Npprknec Bnrehdn Djecthaszthia Nmstrnet Ujaeh jts mhgjaajags, ljvhrsjty nal trnasfkrbntjka cnvh mhha ehatrnd tk Akrlkff ]kmmjas tcja`jag. Ljvhrsjty mhenush hnec cubna mhjag js uajquh nal pksshsshs strhagtcs nal jaahr pkthatjnd wcjec nrh uajquh ns whdd. Ndsk mhenush tch Akrlkff ]kmmjas busje tchrnpjst ushs n shasjtjvh nal lhtnjdhl erhntjvh ekbmjantjka kf busjend hdhbhats, jljkbs nal stydhs tk kffhr budtjpdh wjalkws kf kppkrtuajty wcha rhnecjag tch edjhat‚s uajquh jaanth busjendjty. \ch trnasfkrbntjka tcnt js shha ja tch busje rh﬍hets tch edjhat‚s phrskand trnasfkrbntjka0 tch prkehss kf uafkdljag tch edjhat‚s jaahr erhntjvh pkthatjnd rhsudts ja phrskand grkwtc nal jaahr trnasfkrbntjka, jaerhnsjag nutkakby,

rhsjdjhaey nal ljgajty. Akwnlnys n wjlhkfsphetrub kf pkpudntjkas pkpudn frkb Akrlkff ]kmmjas busje tchrnpy0 tch vhrsntjdjty tcjs npprknec cnstjkas dhl tkmhah﬎t jts nlnptntjka tk n vnrjhty kf pkpudntjkas, wkr` havjrkabhats, nal eudturnd ekathxts my hbmrnejag mktc9 ljvhrsjty nal trnasfkrbntjka. \cjs edksjag prhshatntjka wjdd jaedulh hxehrpts nmkut eurrhat lhvhdkpbhats mnshl ka fkualntjkand Akrlkff ]kmmjas prjaejpdhs.

_rhshatntjka   tk ndd. \cna` yku vhry buec fkr mhjag chrh. Jt js n grhnt pdhnsurh tk Gkkl nfthrakka whdekbh yku tk tcjs sphejnd hvhat.

\klny wh cnvh chnrl n vnrjhty kf prhshatntjkas prhshatntjkas mnshl ka tch krjgjand krjgjand tcja`jag kf _nud Akrlkff nal Edjvh ]kmmjas. Ja tch Akrlkff ]kmmjas wkrdlvjhw, tch jlhn tcnt hvhry cubna mhjag cns tch pkssjmjdjty pkssjmjdjty  / nm nmjdj jdjty ty tk rh rhspk spkal al tk bu busje sje mh mhyk ykal al tch tchjrjr eka ekaljt ljtjka jka js eha ehatrn trnd.d. Mk Mktc tc vj vjsjk sjkan anrjh rjhss mh mhdjh djhvh vhll ja tcnt tchrh js na jaanth busjendjty ja hnec cubna mhjag tcnt ena mh netjvnthl ja tch shrvjeh kf grkwtc, wcnt tchy enddhl tch busje ecjdl . >58

 

Jathrantjkand Akrlk﬏ ]kmmjas Busje \hrnpy Uybpksjub

 Naktchrr ek  Naktch ekaeh aehpt pt tcn tcntt tch eur eurrh rhat at Ak Akrlk rlkffff ]km ]kmmja mjass ph phrs rsphe phetjv tjvhh hb hbmrn mrnehs ehs js Ahurkljvhrsjty. Hnec kf us js uajquh. Iust ns ja anturh anturh wh ﬎al ljvhrsjty, kur mrnjas nrh ndsk ljvhrsh nal ljffhrhat. Hnec kf kur mrnjas pksshsshs wcnt Bjrnaln-Lkbjaguhz nal cjs thnb nt tch Xajvhrsjty Xajvhrsjty kf Krhgka, XUN cnvh stuljhl nal enddhl Ekaahetktypjag . \chy ekasjlhr jt ns tch hqujvndhat kf tch mrnja fuaetjkand ﬎aghrprjat. Jt js tch fuaetjkand krgnajzntjka kf tch mrnja ns n rhsudt kf tch eka﬍uhaeh kf anturh nal aurturh, ghahtjes nal wcjec vnrjhs \ch frkbekaahetjvjty phrska tk phrska. phrska wkrls, kur hxphrjhaehs ena havjrkabhat, ecnagh kur ekaahetkbh. prk﬎dhJajsktchr na jatrjasje prkphrty kf tch jaljvjlund, nal tchrhfkrh ekudl mh ushl tk ljstjagujsc jtshdf frkb ktchr jaljvjlunds. Wkrdlwjlh, tch —ljsnmjdjty‒ kr —ljshnsh‒ pnrnljgb js turajag tkwnrls tch —ahurkljvhrsjty‒ phrsphetjvh. Jt ekathbpdnths mktc strhagtcs nal ecnddhaghs. Hbmrnejag pntjhats‚ strhagtcs nal prkvjljag kppkrtuajtjhs fkr tchb tk lhvhdkp tchjr pkthatjnd tk tch bnxjbub kf tchjr pkssjmjdjtjhs, jt wns nal jt js n ehatrnd fhnturh kf Akrlkff ]kmmjas. \chrh js nsnal buec busjend ljvhrsjty tchrh nrh ja tch wkrdl0 hnec kah–s busje js uajquh uarhphntnmdh, dj`h kurnsmrnjas, kurphkpdh ekaahetkbhs. Akrlkff ]kmmjas lrnws ka busje frkb ljffhrhat pnrts kf tch wkrdl. Mnshl ka tch uajquh qundjtjhs kf hnec typh kf busje, jt js pkssjmdh tk kffhr budtjpdh wjalkws kf kppkrtuajty tcrkugc wcjec tch tchrnpjst ena neehss tch jaanth busjendjty kf tch pntjhat nal bhht tchb ja tch busje. \ch fkeus js ka tch shasjtjvh, lhtnjdhl nal erhntjvh ekbmjantjka kf busjend hdhbhats, sendhs, jljkbs0 n ekbmjantjka tcnt js uajquh fkr tcnt pnrtjeudnr bkbhat ja wcjec pntjhat nal tchrnpjst bn`h busje tkghtchr. Ljvhrsjty, vhrsntjdjty, nal nlnptnmjdjty nrh ahehssnry s`jdds tcnt Akrlkff ]kmmjas busje tchrnpjsts lhvhdkp. _rjbnrjdy, tch Akrlkff ]kmmjas busje tchrnpjst mujdls mujdls tch jathrvhatjkas my fkeusjag ka tch phrska nal busjenddy rhspkaljag ja ekathxt neekrljag tk wcnt tch edjhat kffhrs, wcjdh nt tch snbh tjbh kffhrjag n ekathxt fkr tch edjhat‚s busjend ekatrjmutjkas. Jt js na jbprkvjsntjkand ekathxt-shasjtjvh npprknec. \ch tchrnpjst kffhrs ekbpksjtjkand stydh busjend tchbhs tcnt nrh phrskandjzhl nal nlnpthl ja n ﬍hxjmdh wny wcjdh kffhrjag n ekathxt. \chbhs ena hbhrgh ns busjend jlhns lhvhdkp ja tch chrh-nal-akw kf tch shssjka kr jt ena mh n ekbpksjtjka ekbpksjtjka erhnthl fkr tch edjhat. \cjs prnetjeh js suppkrthl my n enrhfuddy lhtnjdhl nandysjs kf tch busjend busjend jathrvhatjkas nal kf tch edjhat‚ edjhat‚ss rhspkashs. \k tcjs hal, cjgc-qundjty nuljk-vjlhk rhekrljags kf hnec shssjka nrh rhqujrhl fkr ekatjauhl >56

 

Jathrantjkand Akrlk﬏ ]kmmjas Busje \hrnpy Uybpksjub

pntjhat nsshssbhat nal fkr ﬎ah-tuajag tch ekursh kf tch tchrnpy. Wh cnvh shha tcnt hvhrytcjag tcnt cnpphas busjenddy ja tch shssjka js ja rhspkash tk wcnt tch edjhat prhshats. \ch busje kf tch edjhat rh﬍hets cjs jaahr wkrdl nal tch trnasfkrbntjka ja tch busje rh﬍hets cjs/chr phrskand trnasfkrbntjka, tcnt js, phrskand trnasfkrbntjka js rh﬍hethl ja tch busje. \ch prkehss kf ljspdnyjag tch jaahr erhntjvh pkthatjnd jatkFrkb grkwtc nalkfphrskand nutkakby, rhsjdjhaeh nalturas ljgajty. n pdneh hbpntcytrnasfkrbntjka, nal nffhetjvh nttuahbhat, nttjaerhnsjag uahbhat, tcjs npprknec js fualnbhatnddy ehathrhl ka tch phrska. Hvhrytcjag tch edjhat kffhrs js phrehjvhl ns busje my tch tchrnpjst, wck ja tura jaekrpkrnths tchsh hdhbhats jatk tch busjend jathrvhatjkas. J wjdd scnrh na hxnbpdh kf tcjs. Jt js na hxehrpt frkb Uhssjka >> wjtc Akn (lurntjka >b >3s). Ja vjlhkbkvhbhats wh ena shh wny ja wcjec tch busje rh﬍hets nal ekathxtnstkn tchtch sumtdh kf tch Akn‚s ﬎aghrs nal fneh, ualhrstnaljag tcjskffhrs bkvhbhat busjend ekbpkahat ja ja tch chrh-nal-akw. Furtchrbkrh, tcjs wns n `hy bkbhat ja tch ekursh kf chr tchrnpy ja wcjec Akn‚s Akn‚s rhsjstjvhahss mhenbh pnrtjejpntjka my wkr`jag wjtc edjhat-tchrnpjst ekbbka busjend hdhbhats. Jt js n phrska-ehathrhl npprknec. Wh wjdd shh akw na hxehrpt frkb Uhssjka >5 wjtc Akn (lurntjka =b 5?s). Uch ﬎als n wny tk ekbbuajenth tcnt sch wnats tk pdny wjtc us n busjend edjajend tchbh tcnt sch rhekgajzhs ns chr kwa, tcnt wns erhnthl nal lhsjgahl fkr chr, tcnt sch fhhds nal hxphrjhaehs ns suec. Nfthr rhspkaljag tk chr rhquhst, tch sumtdhtjhs, bktjvntjka, hahrgy, ekbbjtbhat ja chr busje whrh tn`ha up my tch tchrnpjst ja tch chrh-nal-akw kf tch shssjka tk necjhvh bkrh lhptc ja tch hxpdkrntjka nal fnejdjtnth chr phrskand trnasfkrbntjka. Akn ena‚t chdp dnugcjag, sustnjajag hyh ekatnet, ekatnet, bn`jag ush kf chr shash kf cubkr, cubkr, nal usjag chr wckdh mkly tk bn`h busje, uatjd sch shhbs tk fhhd tch urgh tk spkatnahkusdy ush chr kwa vkjeh fkr tch ﬎rst tjbh, tn`jag ekatrkd kf tch jbprkvjsntjka. Kaeh ngnja, tch ecnddhaghs sch hxphrjhaehs wcha mhjag nal scnrjag wjtc ktchrs vnajsc ja tch busje tcnt js erhnthl tkghtchr wjtc chr nal fkr chr. Jt js na npprknec ehathrhl ja tch busje. @ha Njgha rhfhrs tk tch fnet tcnt busje nal busjend hxphrjhaehs nrh wchrh tch tchrnpjst jathrvhahs nal wchrh tch edjhat‚s >57

 

Jathrantjkand Akrlk﬏ ]kmmjas Busje \hrnpy Uybpksjub

trnasfkrbntjka tn`hs pdneh. Wh ekastnatdy ns` kurshdvhs ckw, wcnt, wcha nal wcy wh pdny kr sjag wcnt wh pdny kr sjag. Jf wh ljlnetjenddy shpnrnth shpnrnth tchsh nsphets wh ena jlhatjfy tcnt wcha ns`jag Ckw; wh nrh pnyjag ntthatjka tk tch hxprhssjvh nsphets kf busje. Jf wh ns` kurshdvhs Wcnt;  kur   kur ntthatjka js ljrhethl tk busjend hdhbhats suec ns tkahs, pcrnsjag, nal cnrbkay. Wcha wh tcja` Wcha;   nal Wcy;  wh   wh nrh pnyjag ntthatjka tk tch edjhat‚s gknds kf trhntbhat nal rhnska fkr ekasudtntjka0 tchrhfkrh, wh wjddjbpdjhs mh fkeusjag edjajend kf jathatjka. ]kmmjas, netjag wjtc jathatjka cnvjag ka fudd tch nwnrhahss ckw whJanrhAkrlkff usjag tch busjend bnthrjnd tk necjhvh wcnt wh wnat tk necjhvh. Ja lkjag sk, wh bust wkr` kur edjajend busjejnascjp (Akrlkff nal ]kmmjas, =??7). \klny klny,, n mrknl rnagh kf pkpudntjkas mhah﬎t frkb Akrlkff ]kmmjas busje tchrnpy tchrnpy.. \ch vhrsntjdjty kf tcjs npprknec npprknec cns nddkwhl jts nlnptntjka tk n vnrjhty kf pkpudntjkas, wkr` havjrkabhats nal eudturnd ekathxts, hbmrnejag mktc ljvhrsjty nal trnasfkrbntjka. Haubhrntjag tchb9 ekgajtjvh nlnpthl nal nppdjhl thecakdkgy, busjejnas nalskbh ktchrkfphrfkrbjag nrtjsts,jbpnjrbhat, cjgc rjs` prhganaey, neuth nal ecrkaje pnja bnanghbhat, pnddjntjvh enrh, ljskrlhrs kf ekasejkusahss, nal prhbnturh mnmjhs. Dj`hwjsh, eurrhat ghahrntjkas kf busje tchrnpjsts Akrlkff ]kmmjas cnvh prkvjlhl jaakvntjvh ekathbpkrnry jathgrntjkas nal erkssdja`s. Gnry Naslhdd nal Bhrehlhs _nvdjehvje cnvh dhl wcnt tchy cnvh enddhl Ekbbuajty Busje \chrnpy0 Mjramnub (=?>5) lhvhdkphl tch JBEN_-AL hvnduntjka sendh my dja`jag Akrlkff ]kmmjas ekrh ekaehpts wjtc tch LJ] rhdntjkand npprknec0 Edjvh ]kmmjas jaekrpkrnthl frkb Bjcndyj Esj`szhatbjcndyj Esj`szhatbjcndyj ekaehpts kf psyeckdkgy kf ﬍kw jatk cjs kwa lhvhdkpbhats0 Lnvjl Ndlrjlgh Ndlrjlgh wns kah kf tch pjkahhrs ja tn`jag Akrlkff ]kmmjas edkshr tk ahurkdkgjend rhcnmjdjtntjka0 nal Ndna \urry lkeubhathl psyecktchrnphutje wkr` ja kaekdkgy frkb n Akrlkff ]kmmjas phrsphetjvh. Ja nlljtjka, tch thalhaey tk prkvjlh prhejsjka kf tch necjhvhbhats ja tch ekurshs kf tchrnpy js tcnt ahw hvnduntjka tkkds nrh ja tch prkehss kf vndjlntjka. Nbkag tchb js tch Busjend Hagnghbhat Uendh, kr BHU (ja prhss), lhsjgahl tk bhnsurh tch lhgrhh kf ekbbjtbhat nal pnrtjejpntjka kf pntjhats wcjdh bn`jag busje lurjag busje tchrnpy shssjkas. Jt nddkws tch tchrnpjst tk fkddkw tch ecnaghs kf rhspkash kf ecjdlrha wjtc lhvhdkpbhatnd ecnddhaghs lurjag tch ekursh kf tchrnpy. Jt js na >53

 

Jathrantjkand Akrlk﬏ ]kmmjas Busje \hrnpy Uybpksjub

jastrubhat tcnt lkhs akt jathal tk bhnsurh tch busjend nmjdjtjhs kr skejnd mhcnvjkrs kf ecjdlrha kutsjlh kf busjend phrfkrbnaeh phrfkrbnaeh..  Nal, dnst mut akt dhnst, js tch rhshnrec tcnt js mhjag enrrjhl kut nal tch nssjstnaeh tcnt js mhjag prkvjlhl tk prhbnturh mnmjhs lurjag tchjr stny ja tch ahkantnd jathasjvh enrh uajt, mnshl ka erhntjvh busje tchrnpy. Eurrhatdy, tcrkugc XEHU ja ngrhhbhat wjtc AK]EH (Akrwny), wh nrh tch alhz jathrantjkand DkagU\H_ rhshnrec prkihet ja ekddnmkrntjka wjtcpnrtjejpntjag tch Iuna N.jaFhraîalhz Fhraî Ckspjtnd kf tch Ejty kf Muhaks Njrhs. \ch rhshnrec js mnshl ka Frjhlhrj`h Cnsdmhe`‚s wkr` ka erhntjvh busje tchrnpy nal prhbnturh mnmjhs nbkag ktchr pjkahhr npprknechs tk tch pkpudntjka. J ckph yku haikyhl tcjs bngaj﬎ehat sybpksjub. J wnat tk tcna` ndd tch nbnzjag sphn`hrs9 Ndna \urry, K`snan Ycnrjakvn-Unalhrska, \kb Anhss, Bnrjnan Nsdna,  Nalrê Mrnalndjsh, Mrnalndjsh, Bja-Bja Echuag Echuag nal Akrj`k Cnbntnaj. N sphejnd tcna`s tk tch Xajvhrsjty fkr kphajag tk busje tchrnpy, krgnajzjagkur ekbbjtthh fkr tch trhbhalkus wkr` tch lkahlkkrs lurjag tch bkatcs kf tch prhpnrntjka, fneudty nal tch wkalhrfud grkup kf stulhats wck cnvh nssjsthl us tcrkugckut tch lny fkr hvhrytcjag tk hnsjdy ﬍kw. \cna yku. Dkk`jag fkrwnrl tk shhjag yku ja n futurh hljtjka kf tcjs Uybpksjub. Mjmdjkgrnpcy  Njgha,  Njgh a, @. (=??8 (=??8).). Busje-ehathrhl busje tchrnpy . _cjdnlhdp _cjdnlhdpcjn9 cjn9 Mnrehdkan pumdjschrs pumdjschrs Mjramnub, I.E.(=?>),  (>), 5?―57, cttps9//lkj.krg/>?.>?:5/btp/bju??< Enrphath, I. N. (=?>5). JBEN_-AL9 \ch jaljvjlund busje-ehathrhl nsshssbhat prk﬎dh fkr ahurklhvhdkpbhatnd ljskrlhrs, n edjajend bnaund . Akrtc Mndlwja, AZ9 ]hgjan _umdjschrs. Cnsdmhe`, F. M., & Mnssdhr, L. (=?=?). Edjajend prnetjeh prktkekd kf Erhntjvh Busje \chrnpy fkr prhthrb jafnats nal tchjr pnrhats ja tch ahkantnd jathasjvh enrh uajt. Ikurand kf Vjsundjzhl Hxphrjbhats , (>88). lkj9 >?.57:>/6?= Djecthaszthia, B. (=??:). \ch edjajend ush kf pjnak wjtc pntjhats suffhrjag frkb mrhntcjag ljstrhss rhdnthl tk pnja. Ja I. Dkhwy & ]. Nzkudny (Hls.), Busje, tch mrhntc & chndtc9  Nlvn  Nl vnae aehs hs ja ja jath thgr grnt ntjv jvhh bu busj sjee tc tchr hrnp npyy (=>5(=>5-===). ===). Ahw Zkr`, Zkr`, AZ9 Untec Untecakth akth _rhss. _rhss. >5:

 

Jathrantjkand Akrlk﬏ ]kmmjas Busje \hrnpy Uybpksjub

Djecthaszthia, B.0 Bneecj, _.0 Djsecjas`y, N . (=?>), (>), ?.>?:5/btp/bju??> Dkw, B. Z, \urry, N.0 Uphddbnaa, B.0 Mjramnub, I.0 _ndubmk, N. (ja prhss). Busje hagnghbhat Bjrnaln-Lkbj Bjrnaln-Lkbjaguhz aguhzsendh. K, Bjdds ML, Enrphathr UL, Grnat @N, @rkha`h EL, ht nd. (=?>>9 h>>>??.>57>/ikurand.pkah.?>>>?::3). Chndjag chrjtngh9 chrjtngh9 _nud Akrlkff hxpdkrjag tch tkand dnagungh kf busje . Gjdsub, AC9 Mnrehdkan _umdjschrs. \urry, N. (=?>),   (>), >―7, cttps9// 

lkj.krg/>?.>?:5/btp/bju??5 Bnrehdn Djecthaszt Djecthaszthia hia Bnrehdn js tch Ljrhetkr kf tch Busje \chrnpy _rkgrnb nt tch Chndtc Uejhaeh Ueckkd ja XEHU nal tch Fkualhr kf N_HB Vnagunrljn ha Nrths Npdjenlns, Ejhaejn y Undul, Muhaks Njrhs Nrghatjan. Bnrehdn js tch prjbnry javhstjgntkr ja Nrghatjan fkr tch jathrantjkand budtj-sjth rhshnrec prkihet DkagU\H_ kf busje tchrnpy fkr prhbnturh mnmjhs nal tchjr fnbjdjhs lurjag ckspjtndjzntjka nt tch ahkantnd jathasjvh enrh uajt nt tch Ckspjtnd Fhraîalhz ja ekddnmkrntjka wjtc XEHU - AK]EH. Uch cns mhha na javjthl dheturhr ja Hurkph, Nsjn, XUN nal Dntja Nbhrjen tk sphn` ka chr lhvhdkpbhats ka Akrlkff ]kmmjas busje tchrnpy ja ahurkrhcnmjdjtntjka, ljffhrhatjnd ljngaksjs fkr ljskrlhrs kf ekasejkusahss, ahurklhvhdkpbhat ahurklhvhdkpbhat nal ahurkljvhrsh ekaljtjkas. Bnrehdn shrvhs ka tch hljtkrjnd mknrl kf tch phhr rhvjhwhl ikurand Busje nal Bhljejah (Jathrantjkand Nsskejntjka fkr Busje nal Bhljejah) nal cns nutckrhl tch mkk` —Busje nal Bhljejah9 \ch sphejndjzhl nppdjentjka nppdjentjka kf busje ja chndtc enrh‒ (Hljejkahs Hdhbhatk, =??:, Ms. Ns.), ja nlljtjka tk shvhrnd mkk` ecnpthrs nal ikurand nrtjedhs. Bnrehdn hnrahl chr grnlunth lhgrhh ja Busje \chrnpy frkb Ahw Zkr` Xajvhrsjty (=??5). Nfthr grnluntjag, sch kmtnjahl chr pkst-grnlunth Nlvnaehl Ehrtj﬎entjka ja Akrlkff ]kmmjas Busje \chrnpy nt tch Akrlkff ]kmmjas Ehathr nt AZX. Uch ndsk cns lhgrhhs ja busjend nrts, ja pjnak phrfkrbnaeh nal ja busje hluentjka. >