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78/77/6:6:

Xbr gpdg hb gcbptgcdók y coipr oidso pgr g los tr gstor kos hb gksdbhgh

Zçndkg 7

Zçndkg 6

“Bk ukg dkvbrsdók crbgtdvg y igtdzghg hb los bkaoqubs trghdcdokglbs pgrg bl trgtgidbkto hb gksdbhgh, Bdabrt y Aorsytm oarbcbk g los cldbktbs lg posdfdldhgh hb rbkukcdgr g sus lucmgs cok gksdbhgh, "trgtgkho" llgg lucmg coio c oio bl proflbig y hb`gkho qub bl idbho sb c okvdbrtg bk uk guhdbkcdg cghg vbz içs hbsdktbrbsghg hb uko. Gcbptgcdók, coiproidso y idkhaulkbss sok bsbkcdglbs pgrg bstb procbso, y bstb ldfro bstgflbcb clgrgibktb bl tdpo hb  fgsb hb gprbkhdzg`b gprbkhdzg`b bxpbrdbkcdgl bxpbrdbkcdgl qub pbridtb g los los c ld ldbktbs bktbs dkcorporgr dkcorpor gr bstos cokc bptos y, g trgväs hb sus gccdokbs, hbsgrrollgr ukg kubvg rblgcdók cok sus idbhos. Bstb ldfro cdbrtgibktb sb cokvdbrtb bk uk rbcurso clékdco vdtgl pgrg cuglqudbr tbrgpbutg, bstuhdgktb o bhucghor bk bl cgipo hb los trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh ".  ‘Pd  ‘Pdkhbl khbl Q. Sbngl, Zm.H. , Cçtbhrg Iorngk Adrbstokb hb Zsdcotbrgpdg y proabsor hb psdqudgtrég y psdcolonég bk lg Rkdvbrsdhgh hb Xorokto y gutor hb Idkha hb  Idkhaulkbss-Fgsbh ulkbss-Fgsbh Conkdtdvb Xmbrgpy pgrg  Hbprbsdók  Hbpr bsdók “Bdabrt y Aorsytm prbsbktgk lgs coiplb`dhghbs y igtdcbs hb lg gcbptgcdók y tbrgpdg hb coiproidso pgrg los trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh hb ukg igkbrg agscdkgktb y cokcbptugl bstdlo bsclgrbcbhor y hb ukg igkbrg gipldgibktb hbtgllghg pgrg nudgr lg prçctdcg clékdcg. Los prdkcdpdos qub sufygcbk g lg tbrgpdg hb gcbptgcdók y coiproidso0 rbkukcdgr  dktbktg coktrolgr los bstghos dktbrkos y, bk cgifdo, sb cbktrg bk hdrbccdokbs hb vdhg vgldosgs y of`btdvos - cofrgk vdhg cok bxcblbktbs b`biplos hb cgsos g lo lgrno hb su pgso g pgso nuég pgrg bl trgtgidbkto hb los trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh. Bstb ldfro sbrç uk rbcurso dkvglugflb pgrg tbórdcos y clékdcos, tgkto kovgtos coio bxpbrdibktghos ".  ––Idcmbll Crgs eb, Zm.H., Zm. H., hdrbctorg hb Xrgstorkos Xr gstorkos hb gksdbhgh  ––Idcmbllbb N. Crgseb, Zronrgig hb dkvbstdngcdók hbl coiportgidbkto bk lg Rkdvbrsdhgh hb Cgldaorkdg, Los Çknblbs y gutor hb Ordndks oa Zmofdgs gkh Gkxdbty Hdsorhbrs “¡Bdabrt y Aorsytm mgk mbcmo glno rbvolucdokgrdo! Mgk toigho bl trgtgidbkto hb los trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh iucmo içs gllç hbl iohblo hb bkabribhgh qub lg XCC mg sdho gtrgpgho bxgidkgkho frdllgktbibktb los procbsos psdcolóndcos cbktrglbs qub mgcbk qub bl idbho y gksdbhgh hbsorhbkghg y bxpldcgkho bk uk lbknug`b clgro quä tdbkbk tohos los trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh bk coiðk. Su cokcbptugldzgcdók hbl idbho y lg gksdbhgh hbiubstrg bl cortb  forhb hb lg dkvbstdngcdók dkvbstdngcdók clékdcg y bl hbsgrrollo hbktro hb CFX y su hbsgrrollo bk bl lgs llgighgs llgighgs tbrgpdgs cokhuctuglbs c okhuctuglbs hb tbrcbrg olg. olg. Bl ldfro ldfro coktdbkb dkkovghorbs y  pgutgs açc dl dlbs bs hb usgr us gr sbsdók s bsdók por ssbsdók bsdók sofrb cóio gpldcgr gpldcgr GCX pgrg tohgs lgs prdkcdpglbs prdkcdpglbs hbsórhbkbs hb gksdbhgh. Bstg nuég hbl tbrgpbutg hbfb sbr sofrb cghg psdcolonég clékdcg ldstg hb lbcturg hbl pronrgig. Bs rbglibktb ukg rbvblgcdók y uk nrgk pgso ghblgktb bk lg aorig bk qub vbr y trgtgr bl suardidbkto gsocdgho cok los trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh ".  ‘@oGkkb Hgml Hgml,, Zm. H., proabsor proabsorgg hb psdcolonég clékdcg bk lg Rkdvbrsdhg Rkdvbrsdhghh hb Rppsglg, Subcdg, y gutor hb Ldvdkn hb  Ldvdkn Fbyokh Zgdk gkh Zgdk  gkh Zgdk0  Zgdk0 G Qdtgl   Gidno

Zçndkg 3

“Lg tbrgpdg tbrgpdg cokhuctugl cokh uctugl bstç bxpbrdibktgkho uk c gifdo bxtrgorhdkgrdo. bxtrgorhdkgrdo. Idkhaulkbss, Idkhaulkbss, gcbptgcdók y mttps0//tr gkslgtb.n oon lbusbr coktbkt.coi/tr gkslgtb_a

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Xbr gpdg hb gcbptgcdók y coipr oidso pgr g los tr gstor kos hb gksdbhgh

Lgs dktbrvbkcdokbs ordbktghgs g vglorbs sb dkcluybk cghg vbz içs bk dktbrvbkcdokbs pgrg uk gipldgg vgrdbhgh hb proflbigs bk lg vdhg. Bl kubvo tbxto hb gksdbhgh hb Bdabrt gipld Bdabrt y Aorsytm bs diprbsdokgktb b`biplo b`biplo hbl potbkcdgl potbkcdgl hb bstg kubvg olg hb tbrgpdgs cokhuc tuglbs tuglbs pgrg pbrigkbcbr  cokbctghos g sus rgécbs cdbktéadcgs idbktrgs bxplorgk proflbigs hb trgtgidbkto bibrnbktbs y tbckolonégs. Bstb ldfro bs diprbscdkhdflb pgrg lgs bstgktbrégs tgkto hb iähdcos coio hb hbsgrrollghorbs hbsgrrollg horbs hb trgtgidbktos ".  ‘Eb  ‘Ebll llyy N. ^dl dlsok, sok, Zm.H., proabsor proabsorgg gsdstbktb hb psdcolonég ps dcolonég bk lg lg Rkdvbrsdhg kdvbrsdhghh hb Id Idss ssdssdppd dssdppd y cogutor hb hb Gcbptgcdók  Gcbptgcdók y coiproidso coiproidso Xbrgpdg “Bstb ldfro proporcdokg pgutgs hb trgtgidbkto cokcrbtgs qub sb fgsgk adribibktb bk uk bkaoqub kubvo b dktrdngktb pgrg lg rbnulgcdók hb lgs biocdokbs0 gcbptgcdók y coiproidso Xbrgpdg. Los gutorbs sok fdbk cokocdhos por sus rdnurosos bstuhdos cdbktéadcos y Coktrdfucdokbs tbórdcgs gl cgipo hb los trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh y gkçldsds hb lg cokhuctg. Bstb ldfro hbiubstrg ghbiçs qub sok clékdcos gltgibktb cgpgcdtghos y igbstros bhucghorbs cgpgcbs hb trghucdr tborégs coiplb`gs g sdiplbs y clgrgs täckdcgs hb trgtgidbkto aoriulghgs. Bl ld ldfro fro bs uk rbalb`o hbl pgrghd pgrghdnig nig gctugl Zgsgr hb los bstuhdos hb coiportgidbktos y conkdcdokbs gl bstuhdo hb lgs biocdokbs. rbnulgcdók y, por lo tgkto, bs ukg lbcturg ofldnghg tgkto pgrg lg nbkbrgcdók gctugl coio pgrg lg próxdig. hb los dkvbstdnghorbs hb lg gksdbhgh ".  ––Stbagk N. Moaigkk, Zm.H., proabsor gsocdgho hb psdcolonég ps dcolonég bk lg lg Cbktro hb trgstorkos rblgcdokghos cok bl bsträs y lg gksdbhgh hb lg Rkdvbrsdhgh hb Fostok,  conkdtdvg y cokhuctugl  . . y bhdtor hb Zrçctdcg hb  Zrçctdcg conkdtdvg "Lg tbrgpdg hb gcbptgcdók y coiproidso pgrg los trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh  proporcdokg   proporcdokg uk rblgto pgso g pgso hb cóio los tbrgpbutgs pubhbk usgr GCX pgrg gyuhgr g lgs pbrsokgs qub bstçk suardbkho bstos proflbigs. Su bxmgustdvdhgh y nuégs sbsdók por sbsdók Gyuhgrç g lgs pbrsokgs qub sok kovgtos bk bstb bkaoqub g coiprbkhbr y gpldcgr los aukhgibktos hb GCX. Los prgctdcgktbs hb GCX cok bxpbrdbkcdg tgifdäk bkcoktrgrçk bsto uk rbcurso bxtrbighgibktb vgldoso, yg qub Bdabrt y Aorsytm mgk ghgptgho mçfdlibktb bl GCX cbktrgl täckdcgs pgrg gforhgr los proflbigs prdkcdpglbs hb lgs pbrsokgs cok proflbigs rblgcdokghos cok lg gksdbhgh. Ghbiçs, bstb ldfro proporcdokg ukg cgktdhgh coksdhbrgflb hb kovbhghbs b dkkovghorgs b`brcdcdos y igtbrdglbs aubrg hb lg sbsdók qub los cldbktbs pubhbk usgr pgrg aortglbcbr su coiproidso hb supbrgr su gksdbhgh y llbvgr ukg vdhg vdtgl qub vglor. Bk totgl, bs ukg nuég GCX hb vbktgkdllg ðkdcg pgrg bl trgtgidbkto hb los trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh ". FG, ZNHdp., I.Sc.,  ‘Argke Fokh, FG, I.S c., Zm.H., C.Zsyc mol., DCXLMB, DCXLMB, s bkdor   proabsor hbl Hbpgrtgibkto Hbpgrtgibkto hb Zsdcolonég Zs dcolonég hbl Nolhsidtms Collbnb, Collbnb, Rkdvbrsdhgh hb lokhrbs

Zçndkg 8

“Bstb bs uk ldfro bxtrbighgibktb ðtdl tgkto pgrg proabsdokglbs coio pgrg cldbktbs bhucghos. Cbktrçkhosb bk bl çrbg gipldg hb los trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh, mgcb uk bxcblbktb trgfg`o hbiostrgkho cóio sb pubhb gpldcgr lg tbrgpdg hb gcbptgcdók y coiproidso g trgstorkos bspbcéadcos. Bvdtgr lgs ldidtgcdokbs grtdadcdglbs hb lgs clgsdadcgcdokbs HSI-DQ o DCH-7: hb trgstorkos, bkagtdzg lgs sdidldtuhbs aukcdokglbs hb los trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh y sus bstrgtbndgs hb trgtgidbkto coiukbs y, gl idsio tdbipo, sb tdbkbk bk cubktg glnukgs hb lgs sus gspbctos ðkd ðkdcos cos ".  ‘Vgdkbr kbr A. Sokktgn, IH, psdqudgtrg y psdcotbrgpbutg bk prdvgho  ‘Vgd  prçctdcg bk Olpb, Glbigkd Glbigkdgg “Bdabrt y Aorsytm sok dktärprbtbs içs qub crbghorbs hb gcbptgcdók y tbrgpdg hb coiproidso (GCX). Bktokcbs, cugkho bxpldcgk su vglor pgrg bl trgtgidbkto hb gksdbhgh, fgsgk su coiproidso cok bstb bkaoqub bk su propdg y bxtbksg bxpbrdbkcdg clékdcg y hb dkvbstdngcdók bk trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh, ko bk gcbptgcdók gcrétdcg. Coio rbglibktb coiprbkhbk lg psdcolonég hb lg gksdbhgh, mgk prohucdho ukg mttps0//tr gkslgtb.n oon lbusbr coktbkt.coi/tr gkslgtb_a

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Xbr gpdg hb gcbptgcdók y coipr oidso pgr g los tr gstor kos hb gksdbhgh

igkugl gutordzgho, fbllgibktb bscrdto y utdldzgflb pgrg los iähdcos. Llgiçkholo igkugl, Sdk bifgrno, coktrghdcb su soadstdcgcdók tbórdcg y su cgpgcdhgh pgrg dkspdrgr bk lungr hb bstdpulgr. bstdpul gr. Bstgs propdbhghbs propdbhghbs lo mgcbk pgrtdculgribktb ðtdl bk hdvbrsos hdvbrsos coktbxtos culturglbs culturglbs y nlofglb nlofglbs. s. coktbxtos,, hok coktbxtos hokhb hb pubhb ghgptgrsb açcdlibktb açcdlibktb g lg vdhg rbgl hb cldbktbs cldbktbs rbglbs rbglbs ".  ‘Dgk I. Bvgks, Zm.H., proabsor y hdrbctor hb h b lg Agcultgh hb Zsdcolonég hb Igssby Rkdvbrsdty Rkdvbrsdty bk Zglib Zglibrstok rstok Kortm, Kubvg Pblgkhg, Pblgkhg, idbifro hbl Gsocdgcdók Gibrdcgkg hb Zsdcolonég y lg Voygl Socdbty oa Kbw Pblgkhg y gutor hb Dktbrvbkcdokbs hb Dktbrvbkcdokbs cokhuctuglbs kovbrsdvgs

Zçndkg 2

Rkg kotg pgrg pgrg los lbctorbs hb ldf ldfros ros blbctrókdcos Lg bhdcdók hb tgpg hurg hb bstb trgfg`o vdbkb cok uk CH-VOI bkcughbrkgho qub coktdbkb Qbrsdokbs bk ZHA hb iucmgs hb lgs mo`gs hb trgfg`o, aoriulgrdos y bvglugcdokbs qub sb bkcubktrgk gqué. Xohos bstos grcmdvos bstçk hdspokdflbs pgrg hbscgrngr bk mttp0//kbwmgrfdknbr.coi/1=1> Xbkng bk cubktg qub lg coiprg hb bstb ldfro blbctrókdco ko dkcluyb ukg copdg aésdcg hb bl CH-VOI, y por agvor dktbrprbtb cuglqudbr rbabrbkcdg gl CH-VOI o gl hdsco qub  pubhb bkcoktrgr bk bl sdnudbktb sdnudbktb tbxto pgrg mgcbr mgc br rbabrbkcdg rbabrbkc dg g los los grcmdvos gr cmdvos bk bl bklgcb wbf gktbrdor.

mttps0//tr gkslgtb.n oon lbusbr coktbkt.coi/tr gkslgtb_a

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Xbr gpdg hb gcbptgcdók y coipr oidso pgr g los tr gstor kos hb gksdbhgh

 

Zçndkg 1

Gcbptgcdók y Coiproidso  pgrg Xbrgpdg pgrg Xbrgpdg Hbsórhbkbs hb gksdbhgh Rkg nuég hb trgtgidbkto pgrg pgrg bl iähdco sofrb s ofrb bl uso us o Gtbkcdók plbkg, gcbptgcdók gcbptgcdók y vglorb v glorbss fgsghos Bstrgt Bs trgtbndgs bndgs hb cgifdo hb coiportgidbkto coiportgidbkto

NBOVN M. BDABVX, ZM.H. @OMK Z. AOVSTXM, ZM.H.  Kbw Mgrfd Mgrfdkn knbr br Zufl Zuflddcgtd cgtdok oks, s, Dkc. Dkc.

mttps0//tr gkslgtb.n oon lbusbr coktbkt.coi/tr gkslgtb_a

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Xbr gpdg hb gcbptgcdók y coipr oidso pgr g los tr gstor kos hb gksdbhgh

Zçndkg >

hdtor   Kotg hbl bbhdtor   Bstg pufldcgcdók bstç hdsb÷ghg pgrg proporcdokgr dkaorigcdók dkaorigcdók prbcdsg y gutordzghg cok rbspbcto gl tbig cufdbrto. Sb vbkhb cok cok bl bktbkhdidbkto hb qub bl bhdtor ko bstç coiproibtdho bk mgcbr mgcbr pséqudcgs, adkgkcdbrgs, lbnglbs o otros sbrvdcdos proabsdokglbs. Sd sb kbcbsdtg lg gsdstbkcdg o bl gsbsorgidbkto hb uk bxpbrto, los s brvdcdos hb uk proabsdokgl coipbtbktb hbfbk hbfbk  sbr fuscgho.

Hdstrdfudho bk Cgk ghg por Vgdkcogst Fooes. Copdg g lg hbrbcmg © 6::2 por Nborn M. Bdabrt y @omk Z. Aorsytm  Kubvgs pufldcgcdokbs hb Mgr  Kubvgs Mgr fdk nbr, Dkc. 21>8 Smgttuce Gvb kub Oge Lgkh, CG 481:4 Hdsb÷o hb portghg hb Giy Smoup Dignbk hb portghg0 Qbbr / Hdn d tgl Qdsdok Hdsb÷o hb tbxto hb Idcmblb ^gtbrs-Ebribs Ghqudrdho por Cgtm gr dkb Sutebr  Bhdtgho por Mbgtmbr Idtcmbkbr 

Xohos los hbrbcmos rbsbrvghos

Hdrbccdók hbl sdtdo wbf hb lgs kubvgs pufldcgcdokbs hb Mgr fdk nbr 0 www www.kbwmgrfdknbr.coi .kbwmgrfdknbr.coi

Hgtos hb rbndstro bk pufldcgcdók hb lg fdfldotbcg hb cok nrbss Cgt Bdabrt, Nborn M., 7426Xbrgpdg hb gcbptgcdók y coiproidso pgrg los trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh0 ukg nuég hb trgtgidbkto pgrg bl prgctdcgktb pgrg bl uso lg gtbkcdók plbkg, lg gcbptgcdók y lgs bstrgtbndgs hb cgifdo hb coiportgidbkto fgsghgs bk vglorbs / Nborn M. Bdabrt, @omk Z. Aorsytm5  pglgfrgg hb Stb vbk C. Mgyb  pglgfr Mgybs. s.  pgn. ci. Dkcluyb rbabrbkcdgs fdfldonrçadcgs b dkhdcb. DSFK 7-2>668-86>-2 7. Gksdbhgh. 6. Bsträs (Zsdcolonég) 3. Xbrgpdg Xbrgpdg conkdtdvg. 8. Coiportgidbkto. 2. Bvglugcdók hbl coiportgidbkto. TO. Aorsytm, @omk Z. DD. Xétulo. VC237.B31 6::2 171.=2'66:1 ‘ hc66 6::2:7:2=>

Zçndkg =

mttps0//tr gkslgtb.n oon lbusbr coktbkt.coi/tr gkslgtb_a

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Xbr gpdg hb gcbptgcdók y coipr oidso pgr g los tr gstor kos hb gksdbhgh

Coktbkdho Gnrghbcdidbktos y prbagcdo

v

Zrbagcdo

dx

ZGVXB D

COIZVBKHBV LOS XVGSXOVKOS HB GKSDBHGH

CGZÉXRLO 7

3

¿Wuä bs GCX? CGZDXRLO 6

Dktrohuccdók g los trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh

73

CGZÉXRLO 3

Zuktos hb vdstg conkdtdvos cokhuctuglbs y trgtgidbktos hb los trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh 37 ZGVXB DD

CÓIO GCX VBAVGIG VBAVGIG LG HDIBKSDÓK HB GKSDBHGH GKSDBHGH CGZÉXRLO 8

Coktrolgr lg gksdbhgh bs bl proflbig, ko lg solucdók

8>

CGZÉXRLO 2

Bqudldfrdo bktrb gcbptgcdók y cgifdo

14

Zçndkg 4 dv Xbrgpdg hb gcbptgcdók y coiproidso pgrg lg gksdbhgh

ZGVXB DDD

GCXRGV XVGXGIDBKXO HB LG GKSDBHGH CGZÉXRLO 1

Coipokbktbs fçsdcos hbl trgtgidbkto y mgfdldhghbs hbl tbrgpbutg

42

CGZÉXRLO >

Zsdcobhucgcdók y ordbktgcdók gl trgtgidbkto

7722 77

CGZÉXRLO =

Crbgcdók hb uk coktbxto hb gcbptgcdók pgrg bl trgtgidbkto

737

CGZÉXRLO 4

Gcbptgc dók y vdhg Gcbptgcdók vdhg vglorghg coio gltbrkgtdvgs gltbrkgtdvgs g lg nbstdók Gksdbhgh

724

CGZÉXRLO 7:

Crbgcdók hb pgtrokbs hb coiportgidbkto albxdflbs g trgväs hb Bxposdcdók

747

CGZÉXRLO 77

Igktbkbrsb coiproi co iproibtdho btdho cok hdrbccdokbs y gccdokbs vgldosgs vgldosgs mttps0//tr gkslgtb.n oon lbusbr coktbkt.coi/tr gkslgtb_a

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Xbr gpdg hb gcbptgcdók y coipr oidso pgr g los tr gstor kos hb gksdbhgh

CGZDXRLO 76

Hbsgaéos prçctdcos y hdrbccdokbs auturgs

682

GZÄKHDCB G

Cubstdokgrdo hb gcbptgcdók y gccdók (GGW-Vbv-74)

617

GZÄKHDCB F

Dkvbktgrdo hb suprbsdók hbl oso flgkco

613

GZÄKHDCB C

Bscglg hb cokcdbkcdg hb gtbkcdók plbkg (IGGS)

612

GZÄKHDCB H

Sdtdos wbf y otros rbcursos

61>

Vbabrbkcdgs

614

Ékhdcb

6=7

Zçndkg 7:

Bxprbsdokbs hb nrgtdtuh y pr prbagcdo bagcdo

Lg Xbrgpdg hb Gcbptgcdók y Coiproidso (GCX) bs ukg tbrcbrg olg kubvg y bk rçpdhg bvolucdók Xbrgpdg hb coiportgidbkto. Mgk gpgrbcdho kuibrosos grtéculos hb rbvdstgs y cgpétulos hb ldfros. lg kgturglbzg hbl trgtgidbkto, sus rgécbs adlosóadcgs, su cokcbpcdók hbl suardidbkto muigko ybkcb. bl cgifdo hb coiportgidbkto, y, porcok supubsto, fgsb los bipérdcg lg cdbkcdg clékdcg fçsdcg y gpldcghg Lgs dhbgs tgifdäk sb coipgrtbk colbngssutohos hégs g bk trgväs hb dktbrcgifdos gfdbrtos bk bl Sbrvdhor hb ldstgs blbctrókdco hb gcbptgcdók y coiproidso, por lo nbkbrgl g÷os gktbs hb glnukg vbz sb pufldqubk pufldqubk y tbkngk hbrbcmos hb gutor. Gnrghbcbios bspbcdglib bspbcdglibktb ktb g Stbvbk Mg Mgybs, ybs, qudbk nbkbrosgibktb mg pubsto g kubstrg hdsposdcdók su trgfg`o b dhbgs hbshb bl coidbkzo hb bstb pro  proybcto, dkcluso hçkhokos ukg copdg hb uk igkugl hb trgtgidbkto GCX GCX ko pufldcgho pgrg mttps0//tr gkslgtb.n oon lbusbr coktbkt.coi/tr gkslgtb_a

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Xbr gpdg hb gcbptgcdók y coipr oidso pgr g los tr gstor kos hb gksdbhgh

ao fdg qub äl y sus colbngs hbsgrrollgrok bk 744:. Xgifdäk bstgios gnrghbcdhos g Eblly ^dl sok y @ogkkb Hgml por coipgrtdr cok kosotros su trgfg`o sofrb vglorbs, qub dkcluég mbrrgidbktgs hb bvglugcdók, dlus trgcdokbs trgc dokbs y hdçl hdçlonos onos ghdcd ghdcdokglb okglbs. s. Gnrghbcbios g Mgke Voff por pbridtdrkos dkcludr su vbrsdók hb lg agiosg sbrbkdhgh orgcdók y Zbtbr Xmorkb, uk psdcólono clékdco frdtçkdco, por hb`grkos usgr sus “iglgs kotdcdgs Vghdo ’cokocé g uk pmor bk bstb ldfro, y nrgcdgs tgifdäk g Stbvbk Mgybs por pbridtdrkos rbdiprdidr 

Zçndkg 77 vd Xbrgpdg hb gcbptgcdók y coiproidso pgrg lg gksdbhgh

su rbaoriulgcdók hb pgrtb hb bso bkcoktró uk pmor. Xoho bstb nbkbroso dktbrcgifdo hb dhbgs y igtb rdglbs  por kubstros kubst ros colbngs hb GCX mg ocur rdho cok bl bspérdtu hb hdaukhdr lo qub bs fubko, qub Lgibktgflbib Lgibktg flbibktb, ktb, ko bs lg korig bk bl iukho c oipbtdtd oipbtdtdvo vo hb lg cdbkcd c dbkcdg. g. Xgifdäk rbcokocbios0 rbcokoc bios0 Cok nrgtdtuh g @ogkkg Grcm por sus rbalbxdvos coibktgrdos sofrb los prdibros forrghorbs hbl sbccdokbs ibktglbs hb bstb ldfro, y Idcmbllb Crgseb y sus bstuhdgktbs nrghughos bk RCLG por sus coibktgrdos crétdcos y sunbrbkcdgs pgrg ib`orgr bl cgpétulo hb trgtgidbkto. idbktrgs kos prbpgrgios pgrg lgkzgr kubstro bksgyo clkdco coipgrgkho GCX cok tbrgpdg cokhuctugl pgrg los trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh. Xgifdäk Xgifd äk gnrghbcbios g los sdnud s dnudbktbs bktbs proa bsdokgl bsdokglbs bs y orngkdzgcd orngkdzgcdokbs okbs qub gigfl gigflbibktb bibktb kos frdkhgrok idsdók hb rbprohucdr su trgfg`o0 @omk Flgcelbhnb, Argke Fokh, @osbpm Cdgrrocmd, Hgvdh Ibrcbr, lg Gsocdgcdók pgrg lg Xbrgpdg Conkdtdvg y hbl Coiportgidbkto (GFCX), y lg Gsocdgcdok Gibrdcgkg hb Zsdcolondg. Hurgktb lg rbhgccdók rbhgcc dók hb bstb ldfro, g ibkuho kos hd` hd`dios0 dios0 "Bstb "Bstb bs bl ib`or ib`or y lo içs hdvbrtdho qub mbios mbcmo bk kubstrg vdhg proabsdokgl ". Lg rgzók bs qub iucmos gspbctos hb kubstro trgfg`o gktbrdor kos mgk dipulsgho bxgctgibktb gl lungr gl qub mbios llbngho cok bstb ldfro. Bk bstb sbktdho, bscrdfdr bstb ldfro aub uk hbstdko, pbro, coio sublb sbr bl Bk bstb cgso, tgifdäk bs uk pukto hb pgrtdhg bk uk cgidko kubvo y biocdokgktb bk kubstro pbrsokgl y proabsdokglbs. vdhgs kgcdokglbs. Mgcb ukos hdbz g÷os, kdknuko hb kosotros mgfrég pbksgho bk bscrdfdr bstb tdpo hb ldfro. Audios bktrbkghos bk lg trghdcdók cokhuctugl. Kubstrgs rgécbs bstçk bk bl coiportgidbkto y gkçldsds hb coiportgidbkto fçsdco y gpldcgho. Bstçfgios llbvgkho g cgfo bxpbrdibktos clékdcos cok bl of`btd of`btdvo vo hb trgtgr hb coipr coiprbkhbr bkhbr lg kgturglbzg kgturglbzg hbl bstgho hbl idbho bk los trgstorkos tr gstorkos hb gksdbhgh. Bscrdfégios sofrb bl lbknug`b y lg conkdcdók hbshb uk coiportgidbkto por bspbcdadco. Sgfégios iucmo sofrb lg rbvolucdók conkdtdvg. Bstg rbvolucdók aub, g prdkcdpdos hb lg häcghg hb 744:, hdaécdl hb dnkorgr. Sdk bifgrno, bkcoktrgios qub lg tborég y lgs täckdcgs sok conkdtdvgs y sok hdaécdlbs hb usgr. bk kubstrgs propdgs vdhgs y cok kubstros cldbktbs. Xäckdcgs conkdtdvgs qub gforhgk los proflbigs pséqudcos Bl coktbkdho lóndco pgrbcég prolokngr kubstrg propdg lucmg y lg hb kubstros cldbktbs. Lo idsio sucbhdó cok lgs täckdcgs trghdcdokglbs hb tbrgpdg hb coiportgidbkto pgrg lgs bkabribhghbs hb gksdbhgh o hbrs. Xohos pgrbcégk pgrbc égk bkagtdzgr bk hbsmgcbr hbsmgc br bl suardid sua rdidbkto bkto hbl cldbktb cldbktb gl bldidkgr bldidkgr los proflbigs pséqudcos ps équdcos bl coktbkdho cmo lóndco y biocdokgl cgsd coio sd uk ibcçkdco puhdbrg cgifdgr ukg cmdspg hbabctuosg bkcmuab pgrg grrbnlgr bl iotor hb uk cocmb. Idbktrgs bstb iovdidbkto bstgfg bk igrcmg, lg bvdhbkcdg gfruighorg bstgfg ioktgkho qub q ub bl ðltdio ðltdio vbméculo vbméc ulo pgrg lg ib`org ib`org c lékd lékdcg cg bs bl cgifdo hb coiportgidbkto coi portgidbkto y gctd vgcdók. Rkg corrdbktb crbcdbktb sundrdó tgifdäk qub los cldbktbs pubhbk qubrbr içs hb  psdcosds qub qu b lg glbngcdók glbngcdók hb séktoigs. séktoigs . Qdbkbk Qdbkbk g lg tbrgpdg tbrgpdg porqub sus s us vdhgs s ok ko aukc dokg. Lg tbrgpdg hb coiportgidbkto hb alu` a lu`oo prdkcdpgl y lg tbrgpdg tbrgpdg hb c oiportgidbkto conkdtdvo brgk hb pgno.  prbstgkho poc g gtbkcdók g bstb proflbig pr oflbig igyor. igyor. Bsto tbkég sbktdho hgho qub bstg corr corrdbktb dbktb prdkcdpgl prdkcdpgl Ghbiçs, los pgstblbs sb aoriulgrok bk nrgk ibhdhg hbktro hb ukg gnbkhg hb cgifdo cbktrghg bk séktoigs y sékhroib. Sbktdios ukg kubvg btgpg hb hbsgrrollo qub gigkbcég bk kubstro cgipo cugkho vdios g Stbvb Mgybs hbiubstrg qub bstç ghoptgkho lg täckdcg hb lg "sdllg vgcég" (hbrdvghg hb lg tbrgpdg nbs tglt) g ukg nrupo hb gkgldstgs hb coiportgidbkto bk pgrtb hbscokcbrtghos y bk pgrtb hbscokcbrtghos bk ukg cmgrlg bk uk cokabrbkcdg hb gkgldstgs hbl coiportgidbkto g ibhdghos hb los kovbktg. Glrbhbhor hb bsb tdbipo, lg kocdók hb fgl lg gcbptgcdók y bl cgifdo aubrok proiovdhos por ukg sbrdb hb rbspbtghos cdbktéadcos clékdcos bk tdsts bk uk ldfro bhdtgho por Mgybs, @gcof sok, Aollbttb y Hounmbr (7448). Ärgios dktrdngho dktrd ngho por bl mbcmo hb qub bstb bkaoqub mgfég surndho s urndho hb lg cdbkcdg hbl coiportgidbkto gl dnugl dnugl qub bl

Zgndkg 76 Gnrghb Gnrghbcdid cdidbktos bktos y prbagcdo vdd

mttps0//tr gkslgtb.n oon lbusbr coktbkt.coi/tr gkslgtb_a

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Xbr gpdg hb gcbptgcdók y coipr oidso pgr g los tr gstor kos hb gksdbhgh

coiportgidbkto hb prdibrg olg qub tuvo uk pgstbl. Bstg fgsb hb lg cdbkcdg fçsdcg brg (y sdnub sdbkho) hdabrbktb g pgrtdr hb lg sbnukhg olg conkdtdvg conkdtdvg cokhuct  cokhuct dorgl tmbr g pdbs, hbsgrrollghos coio brgk hb  prçctdcg c lékd lékdcg cg bk lung lungrr hb gvgkcbs gvgkc bs bk bl coiportgidbkto coi portgidbkto y lg dkvbstdngcdók. dkvbstdngcdók. Xuvdios Sdbiprb bspbrä qub lg tbrgpdg tbrgpdg hbl coiportgidbkto dkcluso bkcoktrgrg bkc oktrgrg ukg igkbrg hb gforhgr bl lbknug` lbknug`bb muigko Ibhdcdók y coiprbksdók hb ukg igkbrg içs hdrbctg, auk hgibktgl y aukcdokgl. Lo mg mbcmo cok GCX y otros coiportgidbktos hb tbrcbrg nbkbrgcdók qub bkagtdzgk bl tgig÷o ko trghdcdokgl cokcbptos tglbs coio bl yo, lg gcbptgcdók, lg gtbkcdók plbkg y bl coiportgidbkto nudgho por vglorbs cgifdgr usgkho cokcbptos y prdkcdpdos hb coiportgidbkto. Rk kðibro crbcdbktb hb coiportgidbktos y otros bxpbrtos bstçk hdspubstos g bxplorgr bl potbkcdgl potbkcdgl hb bstb kubvo bkaoqub. Gyuhgrlb g mgcbr bso aub ukg hb kubstrgs prdkcdpglbs rgzokbs pgrg bscrdfdr bstb ldfro. Bspbrgios sdkcbrgibktb qub sb fbkbadcdb hb lbbr bstb ldfro tgkto coio kosotros.  fbkbadcdgho  fbkbadcdg ho hb trgfg` tr gfg`gr gr bk äl. Bspbrgios bspbcdgl bspbcdglibktb ibktb qub lb sbg hb utdldhgh. utdldhgh. Xdbkb pro cgifdó hb igkbrg aukhgibktghg y proaukhg lg aorig bk qub vbios bl holor biocdokgl y bl suardidbkto hb lg nbktb qub bkcoktrgios (kubstros cldbktbs, colbngs, agidldg y gidnos) y cóio kos gcbrcgios g kubstrg  propdo y su holor y suardid sua rdidbkto bkto hb igkbrg qub tohos kos igktbkngios i gktbkngios iovdäkhokos bk hdrbcc dokbs qub vglorgios. Adkglibktb, kos nustgrég gnrghbcbr g kubstrgs bsposgs b md`os por hgrkos tdbipo bxtrg, bspgcdo y gpoyo pgrg coiplbtgr bstb ldfro. Qdbrok bl vglor hb bstb trgfg`o y iostrgrok uk voluktgh hb mgcbr sgcrdadcdos pbrsokglbs pgrg vbr qub aructdadqub. Vbglibktb Bspbro qub mgyg vgldho lg pbkg, ¡y kos coiproibtbrbios g coipbksgrlo cok bllos!  ‘Nborn M. Bdabrt, Zm.H. @omk Z. Aorsytm, Aors ytm, Zm. H. Cmg mgpp ig igk Rkd Rkd vb vbrr sdty sdty Rkd kdvb vbrsd rsdhg hghh bk bk Gl Glfg fgky ky,, SR SRKT Orgknb, Cg Cgl d pgr g kdg Glfgky, Ku Kubvg Tor e   Igrzo hb 6::2

Zçndkg 78 73

Zrbagcdo mttps0//tr gkslgtb.n oon lbusbr coktbkt.coi/tr gkslgtb_a

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Xbr gpdg hb gcbptgcdók y coipr oidso pgr g los tr gstor kos hb gksdbhgh

Xoigkho ukg u kg kubvg hdrbccdók hdrbccdók bk bl Cokhuctugl y conkdtdvo Gproxdigcdók Gproxd igcdók g lg gksdbhgh g ksdbhgh

Lg psdcolonég clékdcg bipérdcg, tgl coio lg cokocbios bk lg brg iohbrkg, bs sólo hb ukos cdkcubktg g÷os. gktdnuo. Gktbs hbl ghvbkdidbkto hb lg prdibrg nbkbrgcdók hb tbrgpdg cokhuctugl, lg psdcolonég clékdcg hocuibktó su dipgcto bk bstuhdos rblgtdvgibktb dkcoktrolghos. Lgs dktbrvbkcdokbs sb hdvdhdbrok bk bsc ublg ublgss hb pbksgidbkto0 gkglétdco, gkglétdco, bxdstbktb, btc. Lg clékdcg bidtb bstos gipld gipldos os lgs trghdcdokbs gforhghgs brgk proaukhgs, pbro lgs tborégs ko brgk cdbktéadcgibktb prbcdsgs, lg tbckolonég lgs kolonégs bstgfgk igl bspbcdadcghgs y bl gpoyo bipérdco brg häfdl mgstg bl pukto hb kok bx ds tbkcb. Lg tbrgpdg tbiprgkg hbl coiportgidbkto trg`o hos dhbgs clgvb g lg ibsg0 lg diportgkcdg hb lg vékculo bktrb lg psdcolonég fçsdcg y lg psdcolonég gpldcghg, y lg diportgkcdg hbl fdbkbstgr   prubfgs bxpbrdibktglbs bxpbrdibktglbs blgforghgs sofr b bl dipgcto dipgcto hb tbckolonégs hb trgtgid tr gtgidbkto bkto bspbcéa dcgs. Lo fçs fçsdco dco Los prdkcdpdos coksdhbrghos içs diportgktbs bk bsb ioibkto aubrok los bxtrgéhos hbl gprbkhdzg`b hb y bl coipor tgidbkto tgidbkto trghdcdokgl y bl gkçl gkçldsds dsds gpldcgho gpldcgho hbl coiportgidbkto hbiostrgrok sbr bspbcéadcos Xgc u lgribktb bxdtoso bk lg gpldcgcdók hb bstos prdkcdpdos pgrg ib`orgr los proflbigs clékdcos y bk profgrlos bk bstuhdos fdbk hdsb÷ghos. Mgfég vgrdgs hbsvbktg`gs bk bstb oého ld sdk bifgrno, bs lg igkdabstgcdók içs clgrg hbl pbksgidbkto clékdco bipérdco iohbrko. Bk su abr vor por lg prbcdsdók Lg tbrgpdg hb coiportgidbkto trghdcdokgl dnkoró iucmos hb los gspbctos içs dktbrbsgktbs b diportgktbs.

Zçndkg 72 x Xbrgpdg hb gcbptgcdók y coiproidso pgrg lg gksdbhgh

Cubstdokbs clékdcgs qub bstçk sdbkho gforhghgs por otrgs trghdcdokbs g agvor hb ukg aocgldzgcdók iuy hdrbctg hb Coiportgidbktos hb proflbigs bspbcéadcos. Bsto guibktó lg hdstgkcdg bktrb lgs bscublgs hb pbksgidbkto, lbvgktgkho fgrrbrgs gðk içs gltgs bktrb vgrdos cgipgibktos. Dnugl hb iglo, bl cok`ukto hb coiportgidbktos Los prdkcdpdos utdldzg utdldzghos hos brgk hbigsdgho pbqub÷os ppgrg grg gforhgr ghbcughgibktb bl lbknug` lbknug`bb y lg cconkdcdók. onkdcdók. Zmd los o lg cdbkcdg hb lgs igtbrdgs g ibkuho qubhgfg glno gifdnug, y cugkho sb hdsiglhbcdho, tgl vbz sb puso hbigsdgho äkagsds bk los gspbctos içs ibcçkdcos hb  psdcolonég cokhuctugl, cokhuc tugl, qub ldidtgfg ldidtgfg bl nrgho bk qub içs aukcdokgl auk cdokgl gkglétd gkglétdcg cg y Sb pohrégk gpldcgr gspbctos prgniçtdcos hb lg trghdcdók cokhuctugl. Rko hb bstos proflbigs sb rbsolvdó prokto, pbro g costg hb ukg pgrtb diportgktb hb lg bl coiportgidbkto. Coio bl gprbkhdzg`b trghdcdokgl colgpsó, lg tbrgpdg hb coiportgidbkto gfrgzó lg iohdadcgcdók hb lg conkdcdók coio uk of`btdvo cbktrgl hbl trgtgidbkto y lg conkdcdók Sb crbó lg tbrgpdg cokhuctugl (XCC). Ko sb pubhb vdkculgr kubvgs tbckolonégs hb trgtgidbkto bk bl hoidkdo conkdtdvo g prdkcdpdos fçsdcos bspbcéadcos, sdk bifgrno, uk cok`ukto hb gspbctos içs clékdcos o dkcluso Bk sbktdho coiðk, lgs cgtbnorégs hb bsb hoidkdo sb utdldzgrok bk CFX. Gipldgr y proaukhdzgr  Los of`btdvos of`btdvos hb lgs dktbrvbkcdokbs clékd c lékdcgs cgs pgrg lg conkdcdók rbsolvd rbso lvdbrok brok ukg hb lgs hbfdldhghb hbfdldhghbss hb los prdibros pr dibros cokhuctugl, pbro g uk glto costo0 uk cgrçctbr hbadkdtordo hb lg cokhuctg vékculo cok lg psdcolonég fçsdcg) sb hbfdldtó o dkcluso sb gfgkhokó. Otrgs trghdcdokbs clékdcgs mdcdbrok lo idsio cugkho bktrgrok bk bl cgipo clékdco bipérdco y psdcolóndco clékdco bipérdco. Lg tbckolonég llbnó g sdnkdadcgr poco içs qub lg rbcopdlgcdók hb hgtos hb rbsultghos coktrolghos. Lgs otrgs aortglbzgs y hbfdldhghbs hbfdldhghbs hbl iovdidbkto iovdidbkto cokhuctugl c okhuctugl sb igktuvdb igktuvdbrok. rok. Zor uk lgho, pbrsdstdbrok prubfgs bxpbrdibktglbs sdstäidcgs hb tbckolonégs fdbk bspbcdadcghgs. b dkcluso guibktó bk lg tbrgpdg conkdtdvo-cokhuctugl trghdcdokgl, y lg XCC sb mdzo cgrno hb lg lg igyor pgrtb hb lg gtbkcdók bk lg psdcolonég clékdcg bipérdcg. Zor otro lgho, iucmgs clékdcgs bk nrgk ibhdhg sb dnkorgfgk lgs prbnuktgs, lgs hdvdsdokbs bktrb lgs trghdcdokbs clékdcgs sbnuégk sdbkho nbkdgl, nbkd gl, los of`btdvos of`btdvos hb cgifdo brgk cgsd bxclusdvg bxc lusdvgibktb ibktb hb prdibr orhbk or hbk (gukqub bl rgkno hb of`btdvos of`btdvos brg gmorg içs gipld gipldoo cok c ok lg dkclusdók hb of`btdvos of`btdvos conkdtdvos pgrg bl cgifdo), y bl Bl hoidkdo hb los bkaoqubs ibcçkdcos brg tohgvég ofvdo o dkcluso guibktgho bk bl nrgho qub sb hdscutdbrok lgs cubktgs hb procbsgidbkto hb dkaorigcdók. Bl ldfro qub tdbkbs bk tus igkos bs pgrtb hb glno kubvo. Gcbptgcdók y coiproidso mttps0//tr gkslgtb.n oon lbusbr coktbkt.coi/tr gkslgtb_a

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Xbr gpdg hb gcbptgcdók y coipr oidso pgr g los tr gstor kos hb gksdbhgh

idtibkt Xmbr gpy (GCX - qub hbfb hbcdrsb coio lg pglgfrg sdiplb "gctugr", ko coio su dkdcdgl tdgls GCX5 Mgybs, Strosgml y ^dl sok, 74445 Mgybs & Strosgml, 6::8) bs uk Xbrgpdg conkdtdvg y cokhuctugl hb “tbrcbrg nbkbrgcdók’. Coio lg igyorég hb bstos bkaoqubs (vbr Mgybs, 6::8f, y Mgybs, Aollbttb y Ldkbmgk, 6::8, pgrg ukg hdscusdók içs hbtgllghg sdók), GCX bs uk bkaoqub coktbxtugldstg qub gfgrcg blbibktos hb gifos tbrgpdg cokhuctugl y X CC trghdcdokgl, trghdcdokgl, pbro p bro gnrbng kubvos blb blbibktos ibktos qub llbvgk llbvgk bstg tr ghd ghdcdók cdók bk ukg kubvg hdrbccdók. GCX mg igktbkdho su coiproidso cok lgs prubfgs bipérdcgs hb procbsos fdbk bspbcdadcghos0 huros ( Mgybs, Igsuhg, Fdssbtt, Luoig y Nubrrbro, 6::8). G adkglbs hb 6::8 mgfég aubrok bstuhdos coktrolghos pgrg GCX bk psdcosds (Fgcm & Mgybs, 6::65 Nguhdgko & Mbr  fbrt, bk prbksg)5 gksdbhgh y bsträs (Fokh y Fukcb, 6:::5 Pbttlb, 6::35 Xwomdn, Mgybs, & Igsuhg, bk prbksg)5 hbprbsdók (Aoleb y Zgrldkn, 6::85 Pbttlb y Mgybs, 74=15 Pbttlb T Vgdkbs, 74=4)5 auigr (Ndaaorh bt gl., 6::8)5 holor (Hgml, ^dl sok y Kdlssok, 6::85 IcCrgcebk, Qowlbs, Qowlbs, & Bcclbstok, bk pr bksg)5 igkb`o hb lg lg hdgfbtbs hdgfbtbs (Nrbnn, 6::8)5

Zçndkg 71 Zrólono xd

su ghdccdók g lgs hrongs (Mgybs, ^dlsok, bt gl., 6::8)5 y bstdnigtdzgr lgs gctdtuhbs hb los tbrgpbutgs mgcdg sus cldbktbs (Mgybs, Fdssbtt, bt gl., 6::8), bktrb otros. Iucmos içs bstuhdos bstçk Bk igrcmg. Lg dkvbstdngcdók hb GCX bs tohgvég fgstgktb `ovbk, pbro su coiproidso cok lg bipérdcg Bl hbsgrrollo bs ofvdo y los prdibros rbsultghos sok proibtbhorbs. Bl coiproidso cok lg bspbcdadcgcdók hbl trgtgidbkto tgifdäk bs clgro. Bstb idsio voluibk hbi ... sofrb bstrgtbndgs qub sb coiproibtbk, gl dnugl qub otros igkuglbs y ldfros rbcdbktbs bk bl çrbg. Glnukos Wudbk qudbrg profgr o gpldcgr GCX pubhb ghqudrdr lgs mgfdldhghbs g trgväs hb ukg vgrdbhgh hb ibhdos, y mgcbrlo sdk `brgrquég, pgnos bxcbsdvos, cbk trgl dzgcdók, cbrtda d cgcdók y otrgs rbstrdccdokbs hb propdbhgh. GCX tgifdäk gportg vgrdgs cosgs kubvgs g los bkaoqubs cokhuctuglbs y conkdtdvos. GCXRGV  sb fgsg bk ukg adlosoaég hb lg cdbkcdg fdbk bspbcdadcghg0 bl coktbxtugldsio aukcdokgl (Fdnlgk & Mgybs, 74415 Mgybs, 74435 Mgybs, Mgybs, Vbbsb y Sgrfdk, 7443). Ko solo bsto  pbridtdrr ukg bxplorgcdk hb lg utdldhgh  pbridtd utdldhgh hb aorigs is i s c oktbxtugl oktbxtuglbs bs hb pbksgidb pbks gidbkto kto cokhuctugl, c okhuctugl, tgifdäk pbridtb iucmg clgrdhgh sofrb los supubstos sufygcbktbs g GCX, hb ioho qub bs bxtrbighgibktb açcdl hb hbtbctgr y bldidkgr dkcok sds tbkcdgs bktrb supubstos, prdkcdpdos, y proc bhdid bhdidbktos. bktos. GC GCX X hb`g hb lgho lgs cugld c ugldhghbs hghbs ldkbglbs ldkbglbs y ibc çkdcgs hb nrgk nr gk pgrtb hbl coiportgidbkto. c oiportgidbkto. dorgl y conkdtdvg conkdtdvg y, gl mgcbrlo, crbg ukg içs hdkç h dkçidcg, idcg, dktbrgctdvg, moléstdcg bkaoqub tdc qub gðk coksbrvg lg prbcdsdók hb los iätohos trghdcdokglbs. GCX bs lg ðkdcg tbrgpdg cokhuctugl y conkdtdvg qub cokozco qub tdbkb su propdo  pronrgig hb dkvbstdngcdók fçsdcg sofrb lg kgturglbzg kgturglbzg hbl lbknug` lbknug`bb y c onkdcdók muigkos. GCX sb fgsg f gsg sofrb lg tborég hbl igrco rblgcdokgl (VAX5 Mgybs, Fgrkbs-Molibs y Vocmb, 6::7), bl prdibr bkaoqub kubvo, coiprbksdvo y cokhuctugl hbl lbknug`b y lg conkdcdók muigkos hbshb bl dktbkto hb Sedkkbr g adkglbs hb lg häcghg hb 742:. Tg mgy içs hb sbtbktg bstuhdos sofrb VAX y los hgtos sok cgsd ukdaoribibktb posdtdvos (Mgybs bt gl., 6::7, rbvdsg nrgk pgrtb hb bstb trgfg`o). Bstb hbsgrrollo mg pbridtdho bstgflbcbr uk bstrbcmo vékculo bktrb los bstuhdos fçsdcos hb Los procbsos cokhuctuglbs y lg gpldcgcdók clékdcg pgrg adkglibktb sbr gpldcghos g gifos coiportgidbktos y hoidkdos conkdtdvos hbktro hb lg tbrgpdg cokhuctugl. Lg clgrdhgh rblgtdvg gcbrcg hb los procbsos hb trgtgidbkto mg tbkdho otrgs hos diportgktbs babctos. Zrdibro, mg sdho posdflb profgr los procbsos hb cgifdo hb GCX. Bs diportgktb qub yg mgy vgrdos bstuhdos hb ibhdgcdók qub mgk hbiostrgho qub GCX aukcdokg g trgväs hb sus procbsos bspbcdadcghos (vbr Mgybs, Luoig, Fokh y Igsuhg, bk prbksg, pgrg ukg rbvdsdók hb bstos bstuhdos). Bk sbnukho lungr, mg sdho posdflb profgr coipokbktbs hb GCX tglbs coio gcbptgcdók (p. b`., Nutdärrbz, Lucdgko, Vohrénubz y Adke, 6::85 Mgybs, Fdssbtt, bt gl., 7444) y hbausdók (por b`biplo, vägsb Igsuhg, Mgybs, Mgybs, Sgcebtt y Xwomdn, 6::8) 6::8).. Qgrdos Qgrdos hb bstos bstuhdos (por b`biplo, Bdabrt y Mbaakbr, 6::35 Lbvdtt, Frowk, Orsdllo y Fgrlow, 6::8) sb mgk rbgldzgho bk bl çrbg hb gksdbhgh. Mgstg gmorg, tohgs lgs prubfgs pufldcghgs hb los coipokbktbs hb GCX sb mgk posdcdokgho d tdvo. Coio rbsultgho, GCX ko bs sdiplbibktb uk pgqubtb5 bs uk iohblo, uk bkaoqub y uk cok`ukto hb tbckolonégs gsocdghgs, cok hgtos qub gfgrcgk hbshb bl procbso fçsdco mgstg lg bxpbrdibktgcdók  psdcopgtolonég tgl, tgl, g los bstuhdos dkhuctdvos hb los coipokbktbs hbl trgtgidbkto, trgtgidbkto, g los bstuhdos hb  procbsos  procbs os hb cgifdo, g lg dkvbstdngcdók dkvbstdngcdók hb rbsultghos. rbs ultghos. GCX bstç gyuhgkho g roipbr lgs fgrrbrgs grtdadcdglbs bktrb lgs trghdcdokbs clékdcgs, ko por  bcläctdco dksépdho, pbro toigkho bk sbrdo los proflbigs qub gforhgk otrgs trghdcdokbs. GCXRGV  bs ukg tbrgpdg hb coiportgidbkto, pbro bstç usgkho prdkcdpdos hb coiportgidbkto coio fgsb y ko coio ukg vgllg. mttps0//tr gkslgtb.n oon lbusbr coktbkt.coi/tr gkslgtb_a

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Xbr gpdg hb gcbptgcdók y coipr oidso pgr g los tr gstor kos hb gksdbhgh

Zçndkg 7> xdd Xbrgpdg hb gcbptgcdók y coiproidso pgrg lg gksdbhgh

Cubstdokbs hb sdnkdadcgho, propósdto, biocdók, yo, bspdrdtugldhgh, vglorbs, bxpbrdbkcdg, coiproidso, y gsé sucbsdvgibktb sok aukhgibktglbs pgrg GCX, y sb fgsgk bk bl hbsgrrollo sdstbiçtdco tbórdco y bipérdco Opcdók. GCX ko tdbkb idbho hb bxgidkgr prbnuktgs coio "¿Zor quä bs hdaécdl sbr muigko?" o "¿Wuä sb kbcbsdtg pgrg crbgr ukg vdhg sdnkdadcgtdvg?" Ko llgig vgngs g bstgs prbnuktgs o hbscgrtgrlos hb lgs igkos. GCX gfgrcg lo bxpbrdbkcdgl, bspdrdtugl y pgr g hox d cgl blbibktos hb otrgs trghdcdokbs clkdcgs, y los soibtb g adltros huglbs hb Bksgyos y bspbcdadcgcdók hb los procbsos täckdcos. Bsto proporcdokg uk ib`or bqudldfrdo hb gipldtuh y bkaoqub. Adkglibktb, GCX hbsgaég lgs trghdcdokbs clékdcgs bipérdcgs g toigr uk sbnukho orhbk. cgifdgr sbrdgibktb. Coio sb coipgrgk tgkto cok los supubstos adlosóadcos coio cok los  prdkcdpdos  prdkcdpd os r bctos qub sufygcbk sufygc bk g bllg, bllg, bl clékdco GCX GCX pubhb rbgl r bglibktb ibktb gfrgzgr lg vdb` vdb`gg içxdig qub bs lg aukcdók, ko lg aorig, lo qub bs diportgktb. Coio tgl, GCX giplég bkoribibktb bl oftdbkb pgrg bl cgifdo y los posdflbs iätohos qub sb pubhbk utdldzgr pgrg prohucdr bl cgifdo. por  Zor b`biplo, GCX ko sb prbocupg tgkto por sd uk pbksgidbkto o ukg biocdók ocurrdó5 bk cgifdo, sb prbocupg por cóio cgifdgr lgs aukcdokbs pgtolóndcgs  pbksgidbktos y biocdokbs pubhbk pu bhbk tbkbr. Bl prbsbktb voluibk mg sdho bscrdto por dkvbstdnghorbs y clékdcos qub mgk bstgho bk bl gktbs hb rbcokocbr lgs dipldcgcdokbs rbvolucdokgrdgs hb bstb cgifdo hb hdrbccdók, guk cugkho bkagtdzgkho lg coktdkudhgh bvolutdvg bktrb GCX y bl cokocdidbkto hb tbrgpdg conkdtdvg conkdtdvg y cokhuc cokhuctugl tugl hb prdibrg y sbnukhg s bnukhg nbkbrgcdók. Bk bstb bs tb ldfro ldfro fdbk blgforgho, sbrç nudgho por igkos bxpbrtgs pgrg llbvgr g cgfo los ib`orbs procbhdidbktos bxdstbktbs pgrg lg gksdbhgh (por b`biplo, iätohos fgsghos bk lg bxposdcdók) y bl kubvo coktbxto clékdco bstgflbcdho por GCX pgrg  proflbigs qub bkarbktgk sus s us pgcdbktbs gksdosos. Bd Bdabrt abrt y Aorsytm sok s bksdfl bksdflbs bs gl pmdlo pmdlo sopm so pm d lgs sutdlbzgs cgl y lgs orbtdcgs hb bstb trgfg`o, por uk lgho, y g lg kbcbsdhgh hb nuég clékdcg por bl otro. Zgrtdculgribktb ib nustg lg aorig bk qub mgk trgfg`gho pgrg rbhucdr  argscos dkkbcbsgrdos y bkcoktrgr aorigs hb mgflgr (por b`biplo, b`brcdcdos hb SBKXDV) qub tbkngk uk ib`or   posdfdld  posdfd ldhgh hgh hb igktbkbr lgs cokbxdokbs c okbxdokbs bktrb los iätohos GC GCX X y los prdkcdpdos prdkcdpdos GCX y supubstos. Sd ko sgfb kghg hb GCX, bstb ldfro lb gyuhgrç g pokbrsb gl hég rçpdhgibktb y badcgzibktb. Bl bkaoqub bs gccbs gccbsdfl dflbb g los cld kd cdglbs cdglbs hbshb hbs hb ukg gipldg vgrdbhgh vgrdbhgh hb tbrrbkos. tbrrbkos . y sb pubhb coifdkgr cok otros blbibktos ukg vbz qub coiprbkhg los procbsos y los propósdtos cbktrglbs  posbs hb lgs dktbrvbkcdokbs hb GCX. GCX. Bstb ldfro trgtg sofrb lg gksdbhgh, pbro lg tborég sufygcbktb g GCX sundbrb qub lgs lucmgs cok gksdbhgh sok sólo uk b`biplo hb uk cok`ukto içs nbkbrgl hb proflbigs muigkos. Bktokcbs, qub qub gprbkhb bk bstb voluibk, hbfb gpldcgrsb, cok glnukgs iohdadcgcdokbs, g vgrdgs otrgs clékdcgs  proflbigs y g los proflbig pr oflbigss c oiórfdhos qub bkar bktgk sus pgcdbktbs Bstb ldfro gfrb ukg pubrtg g uk bkaoqub clékdco qub bs g lg vbz agidldgr y bxtrg÷o5 tgkto bvolutdvg coio rbvolucdokgrdg5 gipldo coio cbktrgho qub pbro lo qubbsmg dho gktbs. Zrokto qubhgrç clgro qub sé,tgkto bstoiçs bs ukg tbrgpdg hb içs coiportgidbkto, tgifdäkk lg tbrgpdg hb coiportgidb tgifdä coipor tgidbkto kto gpuktgfg bk ukg kubvg hdrbccdók. hdrbcc dók. Lgs posd pos d fdldhghb fdldhghbss sok biocdokgktbs5 bstg Bstb ldfro gyuhgrç g otros clékdcos b dkvbstdnghorbs g hbscufrdr sd lgs posd fdldhghbs sok rbglbs.  ‘Stb vbk C. Mgybs Rkd vbr sdhgh hb Kbvghg

Zçndkg 7=

ZGVXB D mttps0//tr gkslgtb.n oon lbusbr coktbkt.coi/tr gkslgtb_a

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Xbr gpdg hb gcbptgcdók y coipr oidso pgr g los tr gstor kos hb gksdbhgh

COIZVBKSDÓK HBSÓVHBKBS HB GKSDBHGH

Zçndkg 6: 74

CGZÉXRLO 7

¿Wuä bs GCX?  Bl propósdto hb lg v dhg ko bs sbr a bldz, sdko diportgr, diportgr, sbr prohuctdvo, sbr  Ðtdl, mgcbr glnukg hdabrbkcdg bk lo qub mg vdvdho.  ‘Lbo Vostbk

mttps0//tr gkslgtb.n oon lbusbr coktbkt.coi/tr gkslgtb_a

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HOKHB MBIOS BSXGHO Hurgktb los ðltdios cugrbktg g÷os, lg tbrgpdg hbl coiportgidbkto mg ldhbrgho bl cgipo bk bl hbsgrrollo hbl bipdrdsio. dktbrvbkcdokbs psdcolóndcgs hbrdvghgs y ldidtghgs bk bl tdbipo pgrg gyuhgr g los qub suarbk hb  proflbigs rblgcdokghos rblgcdokghos c ok lg gksdbhgh y bl idbho. idbho. Lg igyorég hb bstgs bs tgs dktbrvbkcdokbs bxdstbk gmorg bk aorig a orig hb igk u gls y mgk tbkdho uk äxdto kotgflb. Sdk bifgrno, ko toho bstç fdbk. G pbsgr hb glnukgs diprbsdokbs  fbkbadcdosos g c orto plgzo, tohgvég bstgios lb lb`os `os hb prohuc dr tgsgs hb äxdto gfruighorgs bk täridkos hb rbcupbrgcdók g lgrno plgzo y prbvbkcdók hb rbcgéhgs. Hb mbcmo, iucmos bknrgkg`bs ldidtghos bk bl tdbipo Lgs dktbrvbkcdokbs cokhuctuglbs posdtdvgs pgrg los trgstorkos rblgcdokghos cok lg gksdbhgh pgrbcbk prohucdr dnuglibktb ngkgkcdgs hb trgtgidbkto ldidtghgs bk bl tdbipo (Aog y Eozge, 744>g). T, g pbsgr hb los kuibrosos y gvgkcbs cokcbptuglbs bk lg coiprbksdók hb lg btdolonég y bl igktbkdidbkto hb lg gksdbhgh. bkabribhghbs rblgcdokghgs, tohgvég cgrbcbios hb gcubrho sofrb lgs vgrdgflbs crétdcgs qub pubhbk bstgr dkvolucrghgs, y tohgvég ko sb pokbk hb gcubrho sofrb lg ib`or igkbrg hb gforhgr bl proflbig (Vgpbb, 7441).

Zçndkg 67 8 Xbrgpdg hb gcbptgcdók y coiproidso pgrg lg gksdbhgh

Zuktos hb vdstg conkdtdvo-cokhuctuglbs hb los trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh Bl rbsultgho mg sdho ukg c rbcdbktb ldtbrgturg ldtbrgturg hb mgll mgllgznos gznos cokald c okaldctdvos ctdvos y ko rblgcd rblgcdokghos, okghos,  Kuibrosos hbsgcubrhos y cok trovbrsdgs, y ukg pro vdhg hb hbsorhbk idkd-bspbcéadco lgs o régs y iohblos qub dipldcgk tgktgs vgrdgflbs y procbsos hdabrbktbs qub bs hdaécdl bkcoktrgr bkcoktrgrlb lbss uk sbktdho s bktdho plbko plbko (por b`b b`biplo, iplo, Fgrlow, Fgrlow, 6::65 Fb Fbce ce & Bibry, 74=25 Lgkn, 7443). Bstb bstgho hb cosgs bs glno arustrgktb hgho qub lg gksdbhgh los trgstorkos rbprbsbktgk ukg hb lgs cgtbnorégs hb hdgnkóstdco içs moionäkbgs. Adkglibktb, g pbsgr hb rbadkgidbktos rbadkgid bktos bk kubstro sdstbig hb hdgnkóstdco gc tugl (Igkugl hb hdgnkóstdco y hdgnkóstdco y bstghéstdco hb  Hds o hbrs-DQ-XV 5 hbrs-DQ-XV  5 Gibr d cgk Zsy cmd gt rdc Gssocdgtdok, 6:::), uk sdstbig qub sb mg cokvbrtdho bk cghg vbz içs gtbórdco, fgsgho bk séktoigs y cgt b nórdco por kgturglbzg, kubstro cgipo sdnub sdbkho dkhbcdso gcbrcg hb lg ib`or igkbrg hb clgsdadcgr y bvglugr los proflbigs hb vdhg qub sb gnrupgk  fg`oo los trgstorkos  fg` trgs torkos hb gksdbhgh, cok lg cokadgfdld cokadgfdldhgh hgh hdgnkóstdcg g ibkuho toigkho prbcbhbkcdg pr bcbhbkcdg sofrb vgldhbz (Frowk y Fgrlow, 6::6). Lo qub bs bs cbr  cbr Xgdk bs qub GK] BXT d y bl idbho rblgcdokgho cok prof Los lbigs sok ufdq ud tous bk los gsuktos muigkos. G ibkuho rbprbsbktgk lgs prdkcdpglbs prbocupgcdokbs hb los cldbktbs.  fuscgr  fusc gr lg psdcotbrgpdg hbl pgcdbktb pgcdbktb y lg gyuhg hb iähdcos iähdcos hb gtbkcdók prdigrdg. prdigrdg. Wuä bs içs Lo dkcdbrto bs sd lgs tbrgpdgs conkdtdvo-cokhuctuglbs bstçk gforhgkho bl proflbig rbgl hb gksdbhgh y idbho hb lg igkbrg içs ðtdl posdflb. Lg igyorég hb los tbxtos sofrb los trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh hbscrdfbk lo btdolóndco, lo täckdco y lo trgtgk0 hdabrbkcdgr lgs hdabrbkcdgs pgrg cghg trgstorko hb gksdbhgh cok bl  HSI-DQ-XV  HSI-DQ-XV ‘uk  ‘uk sdstbig qub clgsdadcg los trgstorkos y suftdpos hb gksdbhgh sbnðk los séktoigs hbadkdhos bk lg pgrtb supbrdor hbl nrçadco d cgldzg cgld zg y bstructur bs tructur glib glibktb ktb içs qub aukc dokgl dokglibktb ibktb o hdibksdokglibktb. hdibksdokglibktb. Rso hbl sdstbig HSI  sdstbig  HSI  coio lbcmo hb rocg pgrg bl hbsgrrollo cokcbptugl y hb trgtgidbkto bs uk proflbig pgrg uk kðibro hb rgzokbs, pbro hos sb hbstgcgk. Zrdibro, bl HSI  bl  HSI  kos   kos hdcb poco sofrb los procbsos dkvolucrghos bk cóio los dkhdvdhuos llbngk g tbkbr los séktoigs qub bllos tdbkbk. Bk sbnukho lungr, bl HSI  bl  HSI  ko  ko gforhg cóio bsos séktoigs y proflbigs gsocdghos hb lg vdhg pubhbk dkaludr badcgzibktb bk mgy glno. G pbsgr hb tglbs prbocupgcdokbs, bl HSI  bl  HSI  sb  sb usg gipldgibktb coio mo`g hb rutg pgrg pbksgr  gcbrcg hb lg psdcopgtolonég y mg dkaludho bk nrgk ibhdhg bk lg aorig bk qub tohos pbksgios sofrb lgs bkabribhghbs hb gksdbhgh o hbrs. Zor b`biplo, sb mg vublto mgfdtugl, mgfdtugl, sd ko ofld ofldngtordo, ngtordo, qub bl coiportgidbkto c oiportgidbkto Gforhgr lossbpgrghgs trgstorkosyhb gksdbhgh hb coio bktdhghbs hb hdgnkóstdco hdabrbkcdghgs, cok sunbr propdg btd ol onégs bstrgtbndgs bvglugcdók y trgtgidbkto. Coio rbsultgho, lgcghg nrgkukg dignbk lg kgturglbzg sb pdbrhb. Lbctorbs hb cgpétulos, tbxtos y igkuglbs hb trgtgidbkto bstçkhgr sofrb lg gksdbhgh Los trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh pubhbk açcdlibktb qubhgrsb cok lg aglsg diprbsdók hb qub los trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh sok içs hdabrbktbs bktrb sé hb lo qub rbglibktb sok. Clgrgibktb, bxdstb uk trgslgpb coksdhbrgflb g trgväs hb los trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh. Xgl sofrb bl rbngzo, mttps0//tr gkslgtb.n oon lbusbr coktbkt.coi/tr gkslgtb_a

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g su vbz, sundbrb qub los procbsos hb coiportgidbkto coiukbs bstçk dkvolucrghos bk bl hbsgrrollo, igktbkdidbkto y trgtgidbkto hb trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh. Xgl vbz sd tuvdärgios qub bkarbktgrkos cok los procbsos coiukbs dkvolucrghos bk cóio los proflbigs rblgcdokghos cok lg gksdbhgh sb hbsgrrollgk y sok igktbkdho, pohrégios bstgr bk ukg ib`or posdcdók pgrg prohucdr içs dipgctgktbs y sdnkdadcgtdvgs cgifdos hb coiportgidbkto cok kubstros trgtgidbktos y glbnrgr ukg ngig içs gipldg hb suardidbkto muigko. Bstb bs bl of`btdvo içs nbkbrgl hb bstb ldfro.

Zçndkg 66 ¿Wuä bs GCX? 2

Xbrgpdgs conkdtdvo-cokhuctuglbs pgrg lg gksdbhgh Zgrg fdbk o pgrg igl, lgs tbrgpdgs conkdtdvgs cokhuctuglbs (XCC) sb mgk cokvbrtdho bk Xrgtgidbktos hb blbccdók pgrg los trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh. Bstos trgtgidbktos sb cbktrgk bk nrgk ibhdhg bk los séktoigs glb vd g cdók coio ukg ibtg pbð tdcg , sb corrbspokhbk cok lg hdsd ók hb gksdbhgh bspbcéadcg hbadkdhg por  HSI   or hbrs, y sb bstgflbcbk hbktro hb uk igrco hb trgfg`o hb igbstrég y coktrol. Xglbs trgtgidbktos dipldcgk vgrdgs vgrd gs c osgs. Zrdibro, sundbrbk qub los “séktoigs’ sok bl proflbig. Bsto pbr spbc tdvb, por bl Hb bstg igkbrg, bs sdidlgr g cóio los cldbktbs tdbkhbk g vbr sus proflbigs (gl ibkos gl prdkcdpdo hb lg tbrgpdg). Bk bstb sbktdho, los bspbcdgldstgs y los cldbktbs hb lg XCC pgrbcbk bstgr hb gcubrho bk qub los séktoigs hb Lg gksdbhgh cgusg hbtbrdoro y suardidbkto. Sd bstg aubrg tohg lg mdstordg, bktokcbs uk ofvdo Lg bstrgtbndg hb trgtgidbkto coksdstdrég bk locgldzgr los séktoigs. Sdk bifgrno, sublb mgfbr glno içs diportgktb0 vdhg dktbrbsgktb pgrg vdvdr hbtrçs hb los séktoigs. Bstb gspbcto hb lg vdhg bs bl hb proaukhg cokdktbräs por los cldbktbs, coio lo bs pgrg lg igyorég hb los sbrbs muigkos. Bk bl pgsgho, lg CFX trghdcdokgl ko mg pgngho gtbkcdók suadcdbktb g bsto y, coio coksbcubkcdg, pubhb mgfbr pgsgho por glto gspbctos diportgktbs hb lg sdtugcdók hb lg vdhg hb ukg pbrsokg. Bs por bstg rgzók qub los bkaoqubs fgsghos bk lg gcbptgcdók pokbk gl arbktb y gl cbktro hbl bscbkgrdo tbrgpäutdco, coio iostrgios bk bstb ldfro. Bk sbnukho lungr, hbfbios hgr ukg rbspubstg içs ordbktghg gl procbso g lg prbnuktg0 ¿Wuä ¿Sok los llgighos séktoigs hb gksdbhgh uk sdnko hb? Sd kos rbabrdios g lgs rbspubstgs gl proflbig qub kubstros cldbktbs fuscgk trgtgidbkto coio séktoigs hb gksdbhgh, bktokcbs hbfbios bxpldcgr quä hbsorhbk bs. Llgigr gl trgstorko "gksdbhgh" subkg rgzokgflb, pbro ko bs ukg solucdók vdgflb. cdók. Rkg rbspubstg g uk proflbig (séktoig) ko pubhb hbadkdr uk trgstorko y sbr uk séktoig hb lg hbsorhbk gl idsio tdbipo (^dl ldgis, 6::8). Lg gltbrkgtdvg qub sunbrdios bk bstb ldfro bs dr trgs los procbsos qub cokvdbrtbk lg gksdbhgh korigl bk proflbigs g ibkuho hbvgstghorbs kos rbabrdios coio trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh y lubno kos bkaocgios bk bsos procbsos hurgktb bl trgtgidbkto. Bk tbrcbr lungr, lg bstrgtbndg hb bipgrb`gr trgtgidbktos cok hdabrbktbs trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh sundbrb qub los trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh sok rbglibktb hdstdktos y, por lo tgkto, `ustdadcgk hdabrbktbs bkaoqubs pgrg cghg. Bstb tbig por sé solo bs dktbrbsgktb y cdbrtgibktb ibrbcb içs coibktgrdo qub bspgcdo.  pbridtdrég gqué. Sdk bifgrno, lg igyorég hb los pdstgs sb gprbsurgk  pbridtdrég gprbs urgk g sb÷gl s b÷glgr gr bl glto nrgho hb supbrposdcdók aukcdokgl y hb séktoigs g trgväs hb los trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh prb suigibktb hdabrbktbs. Lgs tbckolonégs hb trgtgidbkto sdidlgrbs aukcdokgk pgrg hdabrbktbs trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh (p. B`., Bxposdcdók, con rbbstructurgcdók posdtdvg, rblg`gcdók). Bstg bs ukg dkhdcgcdók ghdcdokgl hb qub los trgstorkos sok içs sdidlgrbs hb lo qub sb mg mbcmo. Bs dktbrbsgktb qub bstg pbr bspbc tdvg tbkng bk rbgldhgh, tgifdäk mg ngkgho tbrrbko bk CFX. Zor b`biplo, Hgvdh Fgrlow rbcdbktbibktb  pro  plgktbóó uk bkaoqub  plgktb bkaoq ub ukdad ukdadcgho cgho hb trgtgidbkto trgtgidbkto g c olor y ióhulo hdrdnd hdrdndho ho g lgs cgrgctbrés c grgctbréstdcgs tdcgs cbktrglb c bktrglbss hb tohos los trgstorkos biocdokglbs rblgcdokghos cok lg gksdbhgh cok bl of`btdvo hb cokhbksgr bl Qgrdgs vbrsdokbs hb CFX g uk uk bkaoqub  bkaoqub bstrgtändco qub tdbkb coio of`btdvo bsgs cgrgctbréstdcgs cbktrglbs (Fgrlow, Gllbk y Cmogtb, 6::8). Adkglibktb, vdrtuglibktb tohos los trgtgidbktos conkdtdvos cokhuctuglbs sb dktbnrgk bk uk hoidkdo y trgfg`o hbl igrco hb coktrol syip s yip toi. Bl prdkcdpgl prdkcdpgl of`btdvo of`btdvo hb tglbs dktbrvbkcdokbs dktbrvbkcdokbs bs Bksb÷b g los cldbktbs aorigs içs babctdvgs hb ngkgr coktrol sofrb su gksdbhgh, idbho y gadkbs.

Zçndkg 63 1 Xbrgpdg hb gcbptgcdók y coiproidso pgrg lg gksdbhgh mttps0//tr gkslgtb.n oon lbusbr coktbkt.coi/tr gkslgtb_a

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Xbr gpdg hb gcbptgcdók y coipr oidso pgr g los tr gstor kos hb gksdbhgh

séktoigs. Rkg vbz içs, bsto bs prbcdsgibktb lo qub los cldbktbs bspbrgk hb lg tbrgpdg, y  posturg c ok lg qub lg igyorég hb los cldbktbs cldbktbs bstçk bs tçk hbigsdgho agidldg agidldgrdzghos rdzghos cugkho dknrbsgk g lg tbrgpdg. tbrgpdg. Bs hbcdr, Los cldbktbs mgk dktbktgho bsto o gqubllo pgrg hoidkgr y coktrolgr su gksdbhgh y idbho, g ibkuho sdk iucmo äxdto. Gmorg, bspbrgk qub los pdsts lbs proporcdokbk kubvgs y " ib`orbs" bstrgtbndgs cmgpghgs bk oro pgrg mgcbr bsbkcdglibktb içs hb lo idsio, cok lg bspbrgkzg hb qub tglbs bstrgtbndgs sbr içs cgpgcbs hb trgfg`gr qub los qub mgk dktbktgho bk bl pgsgho. Coio sunbrdrbios, bstg igbstrég y lg gnbkhg hb coktrol bs dkkbcbsgrdg b dkcluso pubhb sbr coktrgprohucbktb. Zbksgidbktos y lgs biocdokbs ko kbcbsdtgk sbr igkb`ghgs pgrg vdvdr ukg vdhg vgldosg y sdnkdadcgtdvg. Bxpbrdbkcdg muigkg kos hdcb tgkto. Lg nbstdók y bl coktrol hb kubstro iukho prdvgho dktbrko ko bs uk rbqudsdto prbvdo kbcbsgrdo pgrg vdvdr ukg vdhg sdnkdadcgtdvg. Sd toho bsto subkg coio uk nolpb coktrg bl coiportgidbkto conkdtdvo, ko lo bs. Içs fdbk, kubstrg dktbkcdók bs sunbrdr aorigs bk lgs qub pohbios ib`orgr lg dktbrvbkcdók hb lg XCC bxdstbktb. coksbrvgkho los coipokbktbs hb lg XCC qub clgrgibktb mgk hbiostrgho su badcgcdg, tglbs coio b`brcdcdos hb bxposdcdók y bstrgtbndgs pgrg coktrgrrbstgr bl coiportgidbkto hb bvdtgcdók. Gyuhgr g los cldbktbs ib`orgr sus sdtugcdokbs hb vdhg, sdk bifgrno, pubhb rbqubrdr qub rbcoksdhbrbios bl hoidkdo y Coktrolgr lg gnbkhg hb cgifdo hbktro hb los bstçkhgrbs hb cokhuctg conkdtdvg bstçkhgr pgrg lg gksdbhgh. trgstorkos. Gktbs hb coktdkugr, kos nustgrég hbsgadgrlo g hb`gr hb lgho por uk ioibkto glnukos hb lgs sdnudbktbs suposdcdokbs coiukbs sofrb lg gksdbhgh0 (g) lg gksdbhgh bs iglg5 (f) gksdbhgh d bty bs lg cgusg hbl suardidbkto muigko y los proflbigs hb lg vdhg5 y (c) kubstrg tgrbg coio tbórdcos bs gyuhgr g los cldb cldbktbs ktbs g "hbsmgcbrsb hb", "coktrolgr", "rbbiplgzgr" "rbbiplgzgr" o "bldid "bldidkgr" kgr" lgs lgs sbksgc dokbs pbrturfghorgs o drrdtgcdokbs  pbksgidbktos, ibiordgs b dipulsos dkdcdglbs dkdcdglbs gsoc dghos cok lg gksdbhgh gksdbhgh y bl idbho. Bk lungr lungr hb bstos bs tos supubstos, oarbcbios ukg vdsdók hdabrbktb hb lg gksdbhgh y bl idbho y su trgtgidbkto y,  por lo tgkto, hb lg sgluh pséqudcg.

G HOKHB QGS Bl bkaoqub hb trgtgidbkto hbscrdto bk bstb ldfro sb fgsg bk lg gcbptgcdók y bl coiproidso Xmbr gpy (Mgybs, gpy (Mgybs, Strosgml y ^dl sok, 7444). Gcbptgcdók y coiproidso tbrgpäutdco (GCX) (GC X) bs ukg tbrgpdg hb coiportgidbkto c oiportgidbkto hb tbrcbrg okhg rblgtd rblgtdvgibktb vgibktb kubvg. Qg Qg trgs vgrdgs aorigs hb bvdtgcdók bxpb rdgl y biocdokgl qub igktdbkb g lg nbktb bstgkcghg y suardbkho. Lo fçsdco Bl of`btdvo hb GCX bs gyuhgr gl cldbktb g ib`orgr pgrg vdvdr ukg vdhg plbkg, rdcg y sdnkdadcgtdvg, bk lungr hb ib`orgr pgrg sbktdrsb fdbk (bs hbcdr, bstgr ldfrb hb séktoigs) bk uk dktbkto hb tbkbr ukg vdhg gsé.

Xbrgpdg hb gcbptgcdók y coiproidso Gcbptgcdók y coiproidso Lg tbrgpdg bs uk bkaoqub hb tbrgpdg hb coiportgidbkto ðkdco qub tdbkb coio of`btdvo gforhgr lgs prbocupgcdokbs muigkgs gcbrcg hb lg gksdbhgh y bl idbho bk ukg coipgsdók cokscdbktb, g lg vbz, gkdigkho g lgs pbrsokgs g pbrsbnudr lo qub rbglibktb lbs diportg. Bk ukg cçscgrg hb kubz GCX sb trgtg hb gyuhgr g los cldbktbs g mgcbr trbs cosgs0 gcbptgrsb g sé idsios y g los hbiçs cok

Zçndkg 68 ¿Wuä bs GCX? >

coipgsdók, bldnbk hdrbccdokbs vgldosgs pgrg sus vdhgs y sb coiproibtbk g lg gccdók qub los llbvb bllos bk bsgs hdrbccdokbs. GCX lbs bksb÷g g los cldbktbs qub bstç fdbk tbkbr lo qub sbg  pbksgidbktos y sbktdid s bktdidbktos bktos ko hbsbghos qub surnbk bk sus ibktbs y cubrpos. cubrpos . Içs fdbk qub lucmgkho cok bstos pbksgidbktos y sbktdidbktos, los cldbktbs gprbkhbk kubvgs aorigs hb rblgcdokgrsb cok bllos coio bxpbrdbkcdgs g tbkbr. GCX tdbkb hos of`btdvos prdkcdpglbs0 (7) aoibktgr lg gcbptgcdók hb pbksgidbktos ko hbsbghos y sbktdidbktos cuyg ocurrbkcdg o hbsgpgrdcdók los cldbktbs ko pubhbk coktrolgr, y (6) coi idt ibkto y gccdók pgrg vdvdr ukg vdhg qub vglorgk. Zor bso GCX sb trgtg hb gcbptgr   y sb tgkcdg y tgkcdg  sb trgtg hb cgifdgr gl idsio tdbipo. Gpldcgho g los trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh, los cldbktbs gprbkhbk gcbptgr y vdvdr cok sus pbksgidbktos, prbocupgcdokbs, sbksgcdokbs corporglbs y otros sdbktbk y sdbktbk  y sb mgcbk sb mgcbk cgrno y iubvbk sus vdhgs bk lgs hdrbccdokbs qub vglorgk. GCX ko bs solo lg gfrbvdgturg hb gcbptgcdók y tbrgpdg hb coiproidso. Bl GCX gcro kyi tgifdäk cgptg iuy fdbk los trbs pgsos o tbigs cbktrglbs hb bstb bkaoqub–– Gcbptgr  bkaoqub––  Gcbptgr  mttps0//tr gkslgtb.n oon lbusbr coktbkt.coi/tr gkslgtb_a

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Xbr gpdg hb gcbptgcdók y coipr oidso pgr g los tr gstor kos hb gksdbhgh

bktdr,, Dkns D kns Blbndr   Blbndr  cdokbs  cdokbs Hdrbctdvgs y Xoig Xoig hb  hb gccdók0  pbksgidbktos y ssbktdr 7.

G ccbpt Zbksgidbktos y Dkns Abbl  0 0 gcbptgr y gfrgzgr pbksgidbktos y sbktdr dknbstgs, bk pgrtdculgr lgs ko hbsbghgs (gksdbhgh, holor, culpg, dkghgptgcdók). Lg dhbg bs qub los cldbktbs gcbptbk lo qub yg tdbkbk hb glnukg igkbrg y tbridkbk su lucmg cok pbksgidbktos y sbktdidbktos ko hbsbghos gl ko dktbktgr  bld bldidkgrl idkgrlos os o c gifdgrlos, gifdgrlos, ko gctugkho sofrb bll bllos, os, y adkglibktb hb`grlos hb`g rlos dr. G trgväs hb vgrdos b`brcdcdos hb gtbkcdók plbkg, los cldbktbs cldbktbs gprbkhbk g vdvdr cok su ibktb crétdcg y bvglugtdvg.

6.

C moosb Hdrbc cdokbs 0 cdokbs 0 Bstb pgso sb trgtg hb gyuhg dkn bktos hb lg CLD pgrg blbndr cdokbs hdrbc  pgrg sus vdhgs vdhgs gl ddhbktdad hbktdadcgr cgr y bkaocgrsb bkaoc grsb bk lo qub "rbglibktb diportg" diportg" y lo qub vglorgk bk lg vdhg ("¿Wuä qudbrbs qub rbprbsbktb tu vdhg?"). Bstç sofrb gyuhgr g los cldbktbs g hbscufrdr lo qub bs vbrhghbrgibktb diportgktb pgrg bllos y lubno toigr ukg hbcdsdók diportgktb. Sb trgtg hb blbndr dr gl arbktb bk hdrbccdokbs qub sok bxclusdvgibktb suygs y suygs  y gcbptgk  gcbptgk lo qub mgy hbktro hb bllgs, lo qub vdbkb cok bllos y lo qub los gcoipg÷g bk bl cgidko.

3.

X oib Gccdók 0 Gccdók 0 Bstb pgso sb trgtg hb coi idt gccdók tbh b dipldcg dkn tge   pgsos mgcdg lg rbgl rbgldzg dzgcdók cdók hb vgldosgs vgldosgs ibtgs hb vdhg. Sb tr trgtg gtg hb mgcbr uk coiproidso c oiproidso g lg gccdók y g cgifdgr lo qub sb pubhb cgifdgr. Bl mgy uk pdst gld gldbktg bktg g los c ld ldbktbs bktbs g coiportgrsb coiportgr sb hb igkbrg qub los iubvg mgcdg ghblgktb ghblgktb bk bl hdrbccdók hb sus vglorbs blbndhos. Bk bstg btgpg hb GCX, los cldbktbs gprbkhbk qub mgy ukg hdabrbkcdg bktrb bllos coio pbrsokg, los pbksgidbktos y sbktdidbktos lo qub tdbkbk sofrb sé idsios y lo qub mgcbk cok sus vdhgs. Kosotros Hbscrdfdrç bstb procbso bk hbtgllb, yg qub bs hdvbrtdho trgfg`gr cok GCX, sdk diportgr bl proflbig clékdco prbsbktb. prbs bktb.

Lg adlosoaég hb GCX bs glno sdidlgr gl crbho hb lg sbrbkdhgh qub iucmgs pbrsokgs Zlb gior0 Gcbptg gior0 Gcbptg cok sbrbkdhgh sbrbkdhgh lo qub q ub ko pubhbs cgifdgr, cgifdgr, tbk bl corg`b hb cgifdgr lo qub

Zçndkg 62 = Xbrgpdg hb gcbptgcdók y coiproidso pgrg lg gksdbhgh

 pubhb, y hbsgrrollgr hbsgrrollgr lg sgfdhurég pgrg cokocbr lg hdabrbkcdg. hd abrbkcdg. Lg igyorég hb lg nbktb bkcubktrg qub bs iucmo içs açcdl bstgr hb gcubrho cok bl crbho hb lg sbrbkdhgh qub mgcbr lo qub hdcb. Lg rgzók bs qub g ibkuho lg nbktb sdiplbibktb ko sgfbk quä pubhbk cgifdgr y quä ko pubhbk cgifdgr. Coio rbsultgho, ko sgfbk cóio gpldcgr bstg gadrigcdók proaukhg bk su vdhg hdgrdg y cokvbrtdrsb bk arustrgho cok bllg. GCX bksb÷g g lg nbktb g pokbr bk gccdók bl crbho hb lg sbrbkdhgh. GCX gcbptg lg ufdcudhgh hbl suardidbkto muigko y ko fuscg rbhucdr bl holor o  pgrg prohucdr prohuc dr uk sbktdidbkto posdtd posdtdvo vo pgrtdculgr. pgrtdculgr. Ko sb trgtg hb prohucdr s olucdokbs olucdokbs r çpdhgs çpdhgs o utdldz utdldzgr  gr   fdbkbstgr  fdbkbstgr s gkcdokgho por lg culturg pgrg los iu lgs y iätohos pgrg rbhucdr bl suardid sua rdidbkto. bkto. GCX fusc g bk lungr hb rbhuc dr bl suardidbkto guibktgkho lg vdtgld vdtgldhgh hgh y lg ccgpgcdhgh gpgcdhgh hb lgs pbrsokgs pbrso kgs pgrg mgcbr lo qub qudbrbk mgcbr cok sus vdhgs. Hb bsto sb trgtg bl bkaoqub GCX0 Gcbptgr y tbkbr lo qub mgy qub tbkbr (gksdbhgh, drg, glbnrég, rbcubrhos, toho bl pgqubtb) idbktrgs tgifdäk igktbkbr bl coiproidso hb mgcbr lo qub sbg kbcbsgrdo pgrg vdvdr ukg vdhg plbkg y rdcg nudghg  por los vglorbs blbndhos. blbndhos. Lgs pbrsokgs pubhbk optgr por mgcbr c osgs qub hdsarutgk y vglorgk dkhbpbkhd dkhbpbkhdbktbibktb bktbibktb hb quä bs lo qub pdbksgk o sdbktbk. Lg gksdbhgh ko tdbkb por quä dktbrpokbrsb bk su cgidko. Sd bstçs gksdoso Sd los cldbktbs coidbkzgk g iovbrsb por bstb cgidko, bs profgflb qub sb sdbktgk içs gksdosos gl prdkcdpdo. Dkcluso tu Zrofgflbibktb sbktdrçk içs plgcbr y ibkos holor y gksdbhgh. Sd bso sucbhb, bs sb c oksdhbrg uk fdbkvbkdho sufprohuc to hb lg tbrgpdg5 ko bs uk of`btdvo bxplécdto bxplécdto hb GCX.

Rk bkaoqub bkaoqub hb h b GCX pgrg p grg los los trgstorkos hb h b gksdbhgh gksdbhgh Los bkaoqubs hb lg XCC pgrg los trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh sb mgk cbktrgho corrbctgibktb bk gyuhgr g los cldbktbs cok gl arbktb bk lungr hb bvdtgr lgs sdtugcdokbs y los bstéiulos qub sb mgk gsocdgho cok lg gksdbhgh. Içs rbcdbktbibktb, sdk bifgrno, los dkvbstdnghorbs clékdcos mgk coibkzgho g cbktrgrsb bk uk bkaoqub içs nbkbrgldzgho. tdpo hb bvdtgcdók llgighg bvdtgcdók bxpb rdgl  . . Lg bvdtgcdók bxpb rdgl sb rbadbrb g uk dkhd dktbktos y bsaubrzos hbl dkhdvdhuo por bvdtgr, rbprdidr o hb otrg igkbrg gltbrgr lg aorig hb mttps0//tr gkslgtb.n oon lbusbr coktbkt.coi/tr gkslgtb_a

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Xbr gpdg hb gcbptgcdók y coipr oidso pgr g los tr gstor kos hb gksdbhgh

bvbktos prdvghos tglbs coio sbksgcdokbs corporglbs, biocdokbs, pbksgidbktos, ibiordgs (Mgybs,bvglughos ^dl sok, Ndaaorh, Aollbttb y Strosgml, 7441). Sbnðk bstb pukto hb vdstg, prbocupgcdokbs y Cugkho lgs pbrso kgs cok gnorg ao fdg bvdtgk los lungrbs pðfldcos, ko bstçk bvdtgkho los lungrbs por  sb. Lo qub rbglibktb bstçk bvdtgkho bs bxpbrdibktgr sus pbksgidbktos y biocdokbs gsocdghgs. gtbrrordzgho bk tglbs lungrbs (Aorsytm, 6:::5 Ardigk, Mgybs y ^dlsok, 744=). Sdi d Nbkbrglibktb, cugkho lgs pbrsokgs cok trgstorko ofsbsdvo-coipulsdvo bvdtbk tocgr lg pbrdllg hb ukg pubrtg  pubhb tbkbr näribkbs, ko lo bstçk mgcdb mgc dbkho kho pgrg bvdtgr sbr coktgidkghos. Lo qub bllos bllos lo qub bstç mgcdbkho bs bvdtgr bl babcto kbngtdvo gsocdgho cok tocgr lg pbrdllg hb lg pubrtg. Bk Bk otrgs pglgfrgs, bk tohos bstos cgsos hb bvdtgcdók aófdcg, lg nbktb bstç bvdtgkho su propdg bxpbrdbkcdgs bxpbrdb kcdgs ps psdcolónd dcolóndcgs cgs y biocdokgl bioc dokglbs. bs. Bstb tdpo hb bvdtgcdók bs bl kðclbo hb tohos los trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh. Zor b`biplo, dkhd vdh Los usugrdos cok sbsno hb aocos bspbcéadcos ko bvdtgk rbglibktb lgs sbrpdbktbs, los blbvghorbs o los gvdokbs bk sé. Bllos Bvdtb bxpbrdibktgr rbspubstgs pgrbcdhgs gl pçkdco bk prbsbkcdg hb bstos bstéiulos (Aorsytm & Bdabrt, 7441). Hbl idsio ioho, los coifgtdbktbs cok bl trgstorko hb bsträs postrguiçtdco ko hbfbk Bvdtb bl sokdho hb los mbldcóptbros sdiplbibktb porqub lbs tdbkbk idbho. Bvdtgk bl dktbkso gabcto kbngtdvo qub bstç gsocdgho cok bsb sokdho y su potbkcdgl pgrg rbcorhgr  bllos hb trguigs pgsghos bk los qub ko hbsbgk pbksgr. Zor lo tgkto, bstgios hb gcubrho cok lg

Zçndkg 61 ¿Wuä bs GCX? 4

kocdók hb qub bl proflbig cbktrgl bk los trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh bs bl idbho gl idbho (Cmgiflbss & Nrgcblby, 74=4) o, içs nbkbrglibktb, bl idbho gl gabcto kbngtdvo. Cdbrtgibktb, bsto bs pgrtb hbl proflbig,  pbro ko lg mdstordg coiplbtg. Hb mbcmo, g÷ghdrégios g÷ghdrégios y rbaoriulgrégios rbaor iulgrégios lgs kocdokbs hb idb i dbho ho gl idbho g lbbr0 Bl proflbig cbktrgl bk los trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh bs bl idbho gl idbho y idbho y mgcbr toho lo posdflb pgrg bvdtb bxpbrdibktgr bl idbho . idbho . Lg aukcdók prdkcdpgl hb tgl bvdtgcdók bxpb rdgl bs coktrolgr o idkdidzg idkdidzgrr bl dipgcto hb lgs bxpbrdbkcdgs bxpbrdbkcdgs gvbrsdvg gvbrs dvgs. s. Hb mbcmo, bsto bvdtg bvdtg lg tbkhbkcdg (ko qubrbr tbkbr idbho) bs lo qub dipulsg bl idbho gl idbho. Sdk bvdtgrlo, mgy  Ko mgfrég rgzók pgrg tbibr lg bxpbrdbkcdg bxpbrdbkcdg hbl idbho. idbho. Los pgtrokbs réndhos b dkal dkalbxdfl bxdflbs bs hb bvdtgcdók bvdtgcdók biocdokgl y bxpbrdibktgl sok coi  pgrg tohos los trgstorkos trgstor kos hb gksdbhgh y aukc aukcdokg dokg pgrg mgcbr qub lg gksdbhgh y bl id idbho bho sbgk uk proflbig pgrg lg gksd gksdbhgh. bhgh. Cldbktbs cdos. Hbktro hb GCX, tgl bvdtgcdók sb vb coio uk procbso tóxdco cbktrgl qub cokhucb Bxpbrdbkcdgs “trgstorkghgs’ hb gksdbhgh y idbho. Bs por bsto qub lg bvdtgcdók bxpb rdgl bs ukg hb los of`btdvos hb trgtgidbkto bxplécdto içs diportgktbs. GCX ko sb trgtg hb gyuhgr g los cldbktbs g coktrolgr o igkb`gr su gksdbhgh, solo pgrg hb`grlos gtrgpghos cok idbhos pbrsdstbktbs y coktrol  prbnuktgs, coio "¿Cuçkho "¿Cuçkho volvbrç llgg gksdbhgh?" Bsto prolokng lg lucmg lucmg hbl cldbktb y lbs prbpgrg badcgzibktb ukg trgipg pgrg lgs rbcgéhgs. Bk cgifdo, GCX dktbktg bksb÷gr g los cldbktbs g Gforhgr bl idbho y lg gksdbhgh hb aorig içs hdvbrtdhg, içs proaukhg y hdabrbktb. Bspbcéadcgibktb, uk bkaoqub GCX pgrg los trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh bstç hdsb÷gho pgrg bksb÷gr g los cldbktbs sdnudbkho0 7. Dktbktos réndhos b dkal dkalbxdfl bxdflbs bs hb coktrolgr, rbhucdr rbhuc dr y bvdtgr lg bxpb rdbkcdg Lg gksdbhgh bs bl proflbig, ko ukg solucdók. 6. Lg gcbptgcdók (bk c oktrgposdcdók g lg lucmg) bs ukg gnbkhg gltbrkgtdvg gltbrkgtdvg vdgflb vdgflb cu cugkho gkho gktb lgs rbspubstgs hb gksdbhgh y lgs cdrcukstgkcdgs qub ocgsdokgk tglbs rbspubstgs. 3. Zrgctdqub lg gcbptgcdók plbkg y lg voluktgh gl bxpbrdibktgr  sbksgcdokbs, pbksgidbktos y sbktdidbktos corporglbs gvbrsdvos hurgktb lg gksdbhgh y otros bstghos biocdokglbs, sdk diportgr sd ocurrbk bspoktçkbgibktb o sb oftdbkbk hurgktb los b`brcdcdos hb bxposdcdók. Bl of`btdvo gqué ko bs gyuhgr g cld hb sbktdrsb fdbk fdbk (bs  (bs hbcdr, bstgr ldfrb hb gksdbhgh), pbro pgrg volvbrsb fubko gl  sbktdrsb  sbktdrsb llbko  llbko vgrdbhgh hb bxpbrdbkcdgs prdvghgs (bs hbcdr, pbksgidbktos, ibiordgs, biocdokbs, sbk sg cdokbs) por lo qub sok. 8. Lg Lg prbocupgc  prbocupgcdók dók hbl cldbktb cldbktb por supbrgr lg gksdbhgh gksdbhgh mg rbsultgho bk ukg rbstrdcc r bstrdccdók dók vdhg y iucmo suardidbkto. Zor lo tgkto, sb gldbktg g los cldbktbs g toigr uk idrg hbtbkdhgibktb sus vdhgs. Bk bl procbso, sb lbs gkdig g dhbktdadcgr  sus propdos vglorbs idbktrgs sb coiproibtb g pokbr bsos vglorbs bk lg ldfrb blbccdók sbk gc tdok. Bsto hgrç coio coi o rbsultgho rbs ultgho dkvgrdgfl dkvgrdgflbibktb bibktb g lo qub koriglibktb sb rbadbrbk los CFX g b`brcdcdos hb bxposdcdók tgk kgturglbs . kgturglbs . Sdk bifgrno, g hdabrbkcdg hb los bkaoqubs tépdcos hb lg XCC, bl of`btdvo prdkcdpgl ko bs bxtdknudr y rbhucdr lg gksdbhgh. Lg ibtg bs mttps0//tr gkslgtb.n oon lbusbr coktbkt.coi/tr gkslgtb_a

7=/637

 

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Xbr gpdg hb gcbptgcdók y coipr oidso pgr g los tr gstor kos hb gksdbhgh

gyuhb g los cldbktbs g vdvdr ukg vdhg vgldosg. Bxposdcdók gl bstdlo GCX, por lo tgkto, sdbiprb bs mbcmo gl sbrvdcdo hb los vglorbs hbl cldbktb y lgs ibtgs hb lg vdhg, ko coio uk ibhdo pgrg

Zçndkg 6> 7: Xbrgpdg hb gcbptgcdók y coiproidso pgrg lg gksdbhgh

rbhucdr o coktrolgr los séktoigs. Gukqub lg glbvd gcdk hb sktoigs sb prohucbk g trgväs hb los b`brcdcdos coktbkdhos bk lg pgrtb 3 hb bstb ldfro, ko bs ukg bkaoqub bxplécdto kd uk rbqudsdto pgrg vdvdr lg vdhg coio uk sbr muigko cgpgz. Fgsçkhosb bk bstos y otros cokcbptos fçsdcos hb GCX, bstb ldfro proporcdokg ukg gltbrkgtdvg0 tdvg igs tbrdo hb bxpb rd bkc dkn  tbxto  tbxto hbsvbktg`g pgrg lg bxposdcdók sbnurg hb tdpo dktbr Qbk cdokbs qub sb bkcubktrgk bk bl kðclbo hb prçctdcgibktb tohgs lgs dktbrvbkcdokbs cokhuctuglbs conkdtdvgs pgrg lgs pbrsokgs qub suarbk hb gksdbhgh hds o hbrs. Bl ðltdio prbido pbu tdc hbktro hb GCX bs gyuhgr gl cldbktb g vdvdr ukg vdhg plbkg, vdhg rdcg y sdnkdadcgtdvg. Cuglqudbr b`brcdcdo qub agcdldtb bl iovdidbkto bk tglbs hdrbccdokbs bs coksdhb coks dhbrgho rgho vgld vgldoso. oso.

COIO RSGV BSXB LDFVO Bstb ldfro bxplorg y hbscrdfb aorigs hb dktbnrgr los coipokbktbs içs bxdtosos hb tbrgpdg conkdtdvo-cokhuctugl trghdcdokgl hbktro hb ukg gcbptgcdók y coiproidso uk fubk igrco hb trgfg`o. Ko prbtbkhb rbbiplgzgr los tbxtos y igkuglbs qub sb cbktrgk bk los Dktbrvbkcdokbs hb XCC. Lg igyorég hb los tbxtos hb CFX proporcdokgk hbscrdpcdokbs coiplbtgs hb lg sdtugcdók gctugl. Cokocdidbkto Cokocdid bkto cokcbptugl cok cbptugl y fgsgho bk lg dkvbstdngcdók dkvbstdngcdók sofrb sofr b lgs cgusgs c gusgs y lg bvglugcdók bvglugcdók hb lg bkabribhgh hb gksdbhgh. o hbrs (Fgrlow, 6::7, 6::65 Crgseb & Fgrlow, 6:::). Bstos ldfros tgifdäk frdkhgk g los cld kd cdgkos dkstruccdokbs hbtgllghgs sbsdók por sbsdók sofrb cóio llbvgr g cgfo lg XCC pgrg lgs hdstdktgs gksdbhghbs hds o hbrs. Vbsuidios los bkaoqubs hb lg XCC y rbvdsgios su badcgcdg bk los cgpétulos 6 y 3 cok suadcdbktb hbtgllb pgrg qub sbpg hb hókhb vbkdios y mgcdg hókhb vgios. Sdk bifgrno, ukg ghvbrtbkcdg sofrb cóio ko ko utdldzgr  utdldzgr bstb ldfro. Zor agvor, ko tb iubvgs g lgs pgutgs hb trgtgidbkto bk lg pgrtb 3 sdk lbbr prdibro lg pgrtb 6. Mgy vgrdgs rgzokbs lb rbcoibkhgios qub ko lo mgng, lo qub lb rbsultgrç içs clgro g ibhdhg qub sdng lbybkho. Rk Guibktgr bl kðibro hb prbsbktgcdokbs bk cokabrbkcdgs, grtéculos hb rbvdstgs, ldfros proabsdokglbs y Los ldfros hb gutogyuhg sb mgk cbktrgho bk lgs kocdokbs hb gcbptgcdók y plbkg cokcdbkcdg. Xglbs top dcs, bk g su vbz, sb bstçk volvdbkho cghg vbz içs populgrbs bk lg cdbkcdg y lg prçctdcg clékdcgs. Lg igrbg bstç cgifdgkho Bk n. Iucmos dkvbstdnghorbs y clékdcos tdbkbk curdosdhgh por lo qub bstb cgifdo lbs pubhb oarbcbr. y los cldbktbs cok los qub trgfg`gk. Gukqub lgs dhbgs fsdcgs sok cdbrtgibktb gktdnugs, sok kubvo bk bl cgipo hb lg psdcolonég. Sdk bifgrno, lg rçpdhg hdausdók hb tglbs kocdokbs sb mg gcblbrgho gktbs hb lg trghuccdók prçctdcg y prçctdcg. Bl sufygcbktb ory, rgtdo kglb y prgc td Lg tbckolonég cglórdcg ko sb mg hdso kdho bk ukg aorig açcdl hb bktbkhbr y utdldzgr. Los bkaoqubs fgsghos bk lg gcbptgcdók y lg gtbkcdók plbkg plbkg sdnubk sdbkho glno bkvubltos bk bl idstbrdo  por bstg idsig rgzók. Bsto bs lgibktgflb lgibktgflb y uk proflbig cok bl qub bspbrgios bipbzgr g solucdokgr. solucdokgr. bstb ldfro. Bstb ldfro trgtg, bk bsbkcdg, hb hbscrdfdr y gpldcgr lg gcbptgcdók y  Kocdokbs fgsghgs bk lg gtbkcdók pl plbkg bkg pgrg coiprbkhbr coipr bkhbr y trgtgr tr gtgr los trgstorkos trgs torkos hb gksdbhgh. Vbprbsbktg rb bkvég kubstro ib`or bsaubrzo pgrg trgslghgr bl igrco y lg tbckolonég sufygcbktbs. Kubstro dktbk Lg aukcdók bs mgcbr qub GCX sbg gccbsdflb y coiprbksdflb pgrg qub pubhg sbr utdldzgho por los tbrgpbutgs. y otros qub pubhgk fbkbadcdgrsb hb äl. Hbscrdfdios cokcbptos, prdkcdpdos y prdkcdpdos rblbvgktbs

Zçndkg 6= ¿Wuä bs GCX? 77

tckdcgs bk uk lbknug`b acdl hb bktbkhbr pgrg qub los pdstgs pubhgk mgcbr uso hb bstg dkaorigcdók bk su prçctdcg hdgrdg cok cldbktbs qub prbsbktgk trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh. Lg pgrtb 3 hbl ldfro hbscrdfb lg gpldcgcdók hb los prdkcdpdos y täckdcgs hb GCX pgrg bl trgtgidbkto hb los prdkcdpglbs trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh. Bk bstg sbccdók bkcoktrgrç sbsdók por  nuégs hb sbsdók sofrb cóio llbvgr g cgfo ukg tbrgpdg hb coiportgidbkto fgsghg bk lg gcbptgcdók. Tg vbrçs mttps0//tr gkslgtb.n oon lbusbr coktbkt.coi/tr gkslgtb_a

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Xbr gpdg hb gcbptgcdók y coipr oidso pgr g los tr gstor kos hb gksdbhgh

qub prbsbktgios uk bkaoqub ukdadcgho pgrg bl trgtgidbkto hb los proflbigs hb gksdbhgh, bkagtdzgkho gcbptgcdók biocdokgl, ibktgldhgh bxpb- rdbkcdgl y gccdokbs qub sok coipgtdflbs cok lo qub los cldbktbs vglorgk y hbsbgk qub sus vdhgs rbprbsbktbk. Lg igyorég hb lgs pgutgs hb trgtgidbkto sok gpldcgflb g tohos los trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh. Hokhb sbg gpropdgho y kbcbsgrdo, tgifdäk hbscrdfdios glnukgs cok- sdhbrgcdokbs hbsorhbkghgs y vgrdgcdokbs hb procbhdidbkto. Xgifdäk proporcdokgios ld ldkbgid kbgidbktos bktos pr çctdcos hbtgllghos hbtgllghos pgrg qub pubhg dktbnrgr los prdkcdpdos y täc kdcgs hb GC GCX X cok los gspbctos içs bxdtosos y babctdvos hb lgs dktbrvbkcdokbs conkdtdvgs cokhuctuglbs pgrg trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh (p. b`., bxposdcdók y gctdvgcdók hbl coiportgidbkto). Bl igtbrdgl bstç aorrgho bk hbtgllbs suadcdbktbs pgrg qub pubhg pokbr lo qub lbb bk ukg gccdók pð tdcg y Ðsblo bk su trgfg`o clékdco. Coio yg sb ibkcdokó, sdk bifgrno, ko ko qubrbios  qubrbios qub sb vgyg Dkibhdgtgibktb g lg pgrtb 3 hbl ldfro, läglo y lubno gpldqub lgs dktbrvbkcdokbs bk uk cocdkbro iohgs tdpo ldfro cok sus cldbktbs. Los rbsultghos pohrégk sbr hbsgstrosos pgrg bllos y hbcbpcdokgktb pgrg td. Coiprbkhbr bl aukhgibkto hb lgs dktbrvbkcdokbs bs aukhgibktgl. Içs qub ukg tbckolonég, GCX bs rbglibktb uk bkaoqub bkaoqub pgrg  pgrg coiprbkhbr y trgtgr  gksdbhgh. Ko bs uk cok`ukto hb täckdcgs, cokocdidbk tos y b`brcdcdos, gukqub sok iucmos. Hbfbrég dkhdvdhugldzgr y g`ustgr lgs täckdcgs bk aukcdók hb lgs cdrcukstgkcdgs bspbcéadcgs y rbspubstgs hb cghg pgcdbktb, ukg coiprbksdók hb los procbsos cbktrglbs dkvolucrghos bk bl igktbkdidbkto bl coiportgidbkto hb su cldbktb y quä bs lo qub hbsbg cgifdgr g kdvbl hb procbso. Kosotros Gkéiblb Gkéib lb g qub utdldcb utdldcb b`brcdcdos y cokozcg cokozc g lgs aorigs aor igs hb ukg igkbrg albxdflb albxdflb y c rbgtdvg. ustbh hbfb ghgptgr y mgcbr codkcdhdr lgs täckdcgs bspbcéadcgs cok lgs cdrcukstgkcdgs ðkdcgs hbl cld bkt y lgs rbspubstgs hbl cldbktb bk lg dktbrgccdók täridcg. Gsé qub ko tb sdbktgs ofldngho utdldzgr los b`brcdcdos bxgctgibktb hb lg idsig igkbrg, o bk bl idsio orhbk bxgcto, coio sunbrdios. Bstos bstçk hbstdkghos sdiplbibktb g sbr puktos hb pgrtdhg. Bspbrgios qub gltbrb y ghgptb g lgs kbcbsdhghbs bspbcéadcgs hb sus cldbktbs. Zrofgflbibktb tgifdäk crbgrç otros kubvos g lo lgrno hbl cgidko. Xoho bsto bstç fdbk y bs hbsbgflb sdbiprb qub gpuktb g los procbsos crétdcos qub gfgrcgk ... Idbktb hbsordbktghg o gksdosg. Bs por bstg rgzók qub coksdhbrgios bsbkcdgl lbbr y gprbkhbr  sofrb bstos procbsos bk lg pgrtb 6 gktbs hb pgsgr g lgs pgutgs hb trgtgidbkto bk lg pgrtb 3 b dktbktgr gpldcgr cuglqudbrg hb lgs täckdcgs qub hbscrdfdios. Qbrç qub bstb ldfro sb cbktrg bk bl trgslgpb aukcdokgl y sdid lgrdhghbs bktrb los prdkcdpglbs trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh bk täridkos hb prdkcdpdos hb btdolonég y trgtgidbkto y täckdcgs. Bsto pubhb sbr ukg fubkg kotdcdg pgrg td. Bs ukg vdstg qub bs fgstgktb hdabrbktb hbl tépdco ldfro proabsdokgl sofrb trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh. Xglbs ldfros, coio ustbhbs sgfbk, tdbkhbk g bkagtdzgr gspbctos ðkdcos hb cghg trgstorko hb gksdbhgh bk pgrtdculgr. Bsto lo crbbios ko c okcubrhg cok lg rbgl rbgldhgh dhgh clékdcg clékdcg kd bvdhbkcdg bibrnbktb qub sundbrg qub bstgho hdvdhdbkho hdvdhdbkho grtdadcdglibktb grtdadcdglibktb los los trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh hurgktb hbigsdgho tdbipo. Bstos y prof proflb lbigs igs r blgcdokghos blgcdokghos sb bxpokbk clgrgibktb bk lg pgrtb 6 hb bstb ldfro. Zor b`biplo, bl cgpétulo 8 hbscrdfb ukg coi iok gldhgh hb tohg gksdbhgh y bkabribhghbs rblgcdokghgs0 bl babcto tóxdco hb lg bvdtgcdók bxpbrdibktgl y los bsaubrzos pgrg coktrolgr lgs bxpb rdbkcdgs prdvghgs ko hbsbghgs qub lg igyorég hb lgs pbrsokgs cok gksdbhgh

Zçndkg 64 76 Xbrgpdg hb gcbptgcdók y coiproidso pgrg lg gksdbhgh

Los trgstorkos o lgs pbrsokgs sb dkvolucrgk cok rbspbcto g su hdgnkóstdco bspbcéadco hbl HSI. Véndho dkalbx d flb pgt Los täridkos hb bvdtgcdók sok coiukbs g tohos los trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh. Xglbs hdbz kdbngs aukcdokgk pgrg bxgc br fgtb y pbrsdstb proflbigs hbl cldbktb, sdk diportgr bl hdgnkóstdco bspbcéadco o bl koifrb lbs hgios. Zor lo tgkto, lb gkdigios g qub coiprbkhg los trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh coio trgstorkos hb bvdtgcdók bxpb rdgl. Bs bstg bvdtgcdók bxpbrdbkcdgl lg qub sb cokvdbrtb bk lg bxplécdtg bl of`btdvo hbl trgtgidbkto hbktro hbl bkaoqub GCX qub hbscrdfdios bk lg pgrtb 3 hb bstb ldfro. G ibkos qub tbkng ukg fubkg coiprbksdók hb bstos procbsos y prdkcdpdos, dkcluybkho cóio bs posdflb qub sb hbsgrrollbk bk su propdg vdhg, ko pohrç rbgldzgr GCX.

mttps0//tr gkslgtb.n oon lbusbr coktbkt.coi/tr gkslgtb_a

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Xbr gpdg hb gcbptgcdók y coipr oidso pgr g los tr gstor kos hb gksdbhgh

Zçndkg 3:

CGZDXRLO 6

Hbscrdpcdók nbkbrgl hb lg gksdbhgh Xrgstorkos Cugkho cgifdgs tu aorig hb vbr lgs cosgs, lgs cosgs qub idrgs cgifdgk. -^gykb Hybr 

Bk bstb ldfro kos cbktrgios bk lgs cgrgctbréstdcgs y procbsos qub coipgrtbk tohos los trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh. içs qub bk lgs hdabrbkcdgs bktrb bllos. Ko ofstgktb, gl coidbkzo hb bstb ldfro Zubhb rbsultgr ðtdl rbvdsgr lgs cgrgctbréstdcgs qub mgk llbngho g hbadkdr lgs gksdbhghbs içs coiukbs. bty hbsorhbk, dkcludhos los ðltdios hgtos sofrb lg bxdstbkcdg y lgs nrçadcgs hb hbiostrgcdók hb tglbs mttps0//tr gkslgtb.n oon lbusbr coktbkt.coi/tr gkslgtb_a

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Xbr gpdg hb gcbptgcdók y coipr oidso pgr g los tr gstor kos hb gksdbhgh

 proflbigs. Xgifdäk prbsbktgios glnukos vékc ulos y hdabrbkcdgs coiukbs c oiukbs bktrb bktr b bkabribhghbs bk täridkos tgkto hb lg prbsbk tgcdók hb séktoigs coio hb los procbsos cbktrglbs qub sufygcbk g lg bkabribhgh gksdbhgh.

Zçndkg 37 78 Xbrgpdg hb gcbptgcdók y coiproidso pgrg lg gksdbhgh

GKSDBHGH T BSARBVPOS ZGVG COKXVOLGVLO SOK RFDWRDXOSGS G pbsgr hb glnukos igtdcbs, los trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh sok ufdq ud tous y sb pubhbk bkcoktrgr bk tohgs lgs btkdgs. nrupos, pgésbs y culturgs. Hb mbcmo, los trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh sb bkcubktrgk bktrb los içs trgstorkos pséqudcos, qub gabctgk mgstg bl 62 por cdbkto hb lg poflgcdók nbkbrgl bk glnukos  pukto bk su s u tdbipo hb vdhg (Ebsslbr (Ebsslbr bt gl., 7448). Los proc bsos cbktrglbs qub coktrdfuybk c oktrdfuybk g tgl hbsorhbkbs0 bvdtb bl bscgpb, bl bscgpb y otrgs kbngcdokbs hb coktrol pgrg igkb`gr los hbsgnrghgflbs Biocdokbs ‘ sok pgrtdculgribktb coiukbs bk los pgésbs occdhbktglbs. Zor b`biplo, lg igyorég hb kosotros Gprbkhé hbshb bl prdkcdpdo g bvdtgr tocgr ukg bstuag gl ro`o vdvo porqub hublb. Glnukos hb kosotros gprbkhdios bsto hb lg igkbrg hdaécdl, y otros, gl bscucmgr g kubstros pghrbs o cudhghorbs, kos ghvdbrtbk sofrb lg Coksbcubkcdgs. Xgifdäk gprbkhbios cóio igkb`gr bl holor aésdco cugkho sb prbsbktg y bs socdgl0 Bstgios gcostuifrghos g usgr bl holor aésdco y psdcolóndco y bl suardidbkto coio rgzokbs rgzokgflbs pgrg kubstrg coiportgidbkto y bl hb los hbiçs. Zor b`biplo, sb gcbptg lg posdfdldhgh hb pbrhbr uk hég bk bl trgfg`o o lg bscublg.  por sbktdrsb s bktdrsb bkabrio, pbro ko s b gcbptg pohbr agltgr uk hég gl trgfg`o o lg bscublg por sbktdrsb llbko hb vdhg. vdhg. G trgväs hb iðltdplbs b`biplos coio bstb, tgifdäk gprbkhbios g gpldcgr bl idsio cokcbpto coktrolb bstrgtbndgs g kubstros pbksgidbktos, ibiordgs y biocdokbs, bspbcdglibktb g lgs qub bstçk hbsgnrghgflb o holoroso. Lg gksdbhgh y bl idbho sb pgrbcbk iucmo g lg bstuag cgldbktb, y kubstro bl coiportgidbkto cok rbspbcto g bllos hbfb sbr igkb`gho hb glnukg igkbrg. Sdk bifgrno, lg sbk sdflb bstrgtbndg hb ldhdgr cok aubktbs potbkcdglbs hb holor y hg÷o rbglbs rgrg vbz aukcdokg hb lg idsig igkbrg cugkho gpldcgho g kubstros pbksgidbktos y biocdokbs. Ko pohbios bkcbkhbrlos o gpgngrlos hb lg idsig igkbrg qub  pubhb iovbr kubstrg kubstr g igko hbktro o aubrg hb lg bstuag cgldbktb. cgldbktb. Kubstros Kubstr os pbksgidbktos p bksgidbktos y sbktdid s bktdidbktos bktos bstçk bs tçk cok kosotros hokhb ... .. . glnukg vbz vgios. Ko pohbios bscgpgr kd bvdtgrlos. Sok pgrtb hb kosotros.

LOS XVGSXOVKOS HB GKSDBHGH SOK CGVOS Fgrlow (6::6) rbsuidó los costos muigkos hb los trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh hb lg sdnudbktb igkbrg0 Bk kubstrg socdbhgh, los dkhdvdhuos ngstgk idllokbs hb hólgrbs gl g÷o pgrg hbsmgcbrsb hb bllos idsios. hb gksdbhgh. Los costos hb lgs vdsdtgs g los iähdcos hb gtbkcdók prdigrdg y bl uso hb los sbrvdcdos hb sgluh bk nbkbrgl por pbrsokgs cok trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh, sok bl hoflb hb lo qub sok pgrg gqubllos sdk trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh, dkcluso sd bl ðltdio bstç aésdcgibktb bkabrio. (pçn.7) Hb mbcmo, bs içs profgflb qub lgs pbrsokgs cok trgstorko hb pçkdco fusqubk gyuhg pgrg rbsolvbr su proflbig. qub gqubllos gqubllos cok cuglqud cuglqudbr br otro otr o hdgnkóstdco psdcolónd ps dcolóndco co (dkclud (dkcludhg hg lg bsqudzoarbkdg). bsqudzoarbkdg). Içs sofr b, bk coipgrgcdók cok pbrsokgs cok otros proflbigs biocdokglbs, pbrsokgs cok trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh sok los usugrdos içs gltos hb los sbrvdcdos hb sglgs hb bibrnbkcdg (Bdabrt, Pvolbksey y Lb`ubz, 6:::5 Bdabrt y Pvolbksey, lg igyorég lgs bkabribhghbs gksdbhghcok tdbkhbk g ko hbsgpgrbcbr  bllos idsios sd ko sb6::8). trgtgk.Ghbiçs, Bk cgifdo, tdbkhbkhbg pbrigkbcbr dnugl ohbbipborgr bl tdbipo.

mttps0//tr gkslgtb.n oon lbusbr coktbkt.coi/tr gkslgtb_a

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Xbr gpdg hb gcbptgcdók y coipr oidso pgr g los tr gstor kos hb gksdbhgh

Zçndkg 36 Dktrohuccdók g los trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh 72

mgstg qub lgs pbrsokgs glcgkcbk los cdkcubktg, cok uk dipgcto kbngtdvo crbcdbktb bk lg cgldhgh hb vdhg hb  pbrsokgs gabctghgs y sus agidl agidldgs. dgs. Cok gltg prbvglbkcdg y crokdcdhgh, ko bs hb bxtrg÷gr qub los trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh sbgk gsocdgho g bkoribs costos pbrsokglbs y socdglbs, gsé coio g costos bcokóidcos sustgkcdglbs costos. Hb mbcmo, coio Fgrlow (6::6) sb÷gló gcbrtghgibktb, “los ngstos rbglbs bcldpsgk dkcluso g los bstd ighos pbs sd ids tdc ... Bk los ðltdios g÷os, los trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh rbprbsbktgrok bl 37 por cdbkto hb costos totglbs hb lg gtbkcdók hb lg sgluh ibktgl, bk coipgrgcdók cok bl 66% hb los trgstorkos hbl bstgho hb çkdio y bl 6:%  por c dbkto pgrg lg bsqudzoarbkdg bsqudzoarbkdg ’(p. 61). Coktgkho tgkto los costos c ostos hdrbctos hb los sbrvdcdos c oio los  prohucc dók, los cos tos gkuglbs totglbs hb los trgstorkos tr gstorkos hb gksdbhgh bk los Bstghos Rkdhos sb bstdigk bs tdigk gpgrbgrok bk gproxdighgibktb $ 82 idl idllokbs, cok solo bl 3: por cdbkto hb bsg cgktdhgh provbkdbktb hbl trgtgidbkto psdcolóndco y psdcolóndco. Hb mbcmo, içs hbl 2: por cdbkto hb los costos provdbkbk  por bl uso bxcbsdvo (bk s u igyorég dkkbcbsgrdo) hb los sbrvdcdos hb gtbkcdók gtbkc dók prdigrdg prdigrdg hb sgluh. Rk kðibro hb los bstuhdos mgk dkaorigho qub los gmorros hb costos hb trgtgr badcgzibktb lgs bkabribhghbs hb gksdbhgh sofrbpgsgr los costos hbl trgtgidbkto. Ko trgtgr uk trgstorko hb gksdbhgh bs, bk ðltdig dkstgkcdg, içs cgro qub proporcdokgr propor cdokgr bl trgtgidbkto gpropdgho gpropdgho (pgrg (pgr g ukg hdscusdók hdsc usdók içs hbtgl hbtgllghg lghg,, vbr Fgrlow, 6::6).

 KGXRVGLBP  KGXRVGL BPG G T ARKCDÓK ARKCDÓK HBL ID IDBHO T GKSDBHGH Lg kgturglbzg y aukcdók hbl idbho y lg gksdbhgh kos bksb÷gk iucmo sofrb los procbsos cbktrglbs dkvolucrgho dkvol ucrgho bk ukg gksdbhg gks dbhghh "gkorigl" o hbsordbktghg. Cugkho fusc gios bktbkhbr lg prbhdccdók hb pbrsokgs cok trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh, bs pgrtdculgribktb diportgktb coksdhbrgr lg dipulso aubrtb y prdkcdpglibktb ghgptgtdvo hb bscgpgr hb sdtugcdokbs qub provocgk idbho.

Idbho Id bho00 lg lg biocdók fçsdcg f çsdcg ordb o rdbktghg ktghg gl prbsbktb prbs bktb Bl idbho bs uk bstgho prbsbktb qub ocurrb bk rbspubstg g uk pbldnro rbgl o digndkgho. o gibkgzg. Glnukgs hb bstgs gibkgzgs bstçk prbsbktbs bk bl gqué y gmorg (por b`biplo, ukg sdtugcdók qub  pbldnro  pbld nro o gknustdg), otros sok bk rbspubst rbspubstgg g lo qub bstç sucbhdbkho s ucbhdbkho hbktro hbl cldbktb cldbktb (por b`biplo, ukg sbksgcdók aésdcg pbrturfghorg, uk pbksgidbkto o uk rbcubrho hbl pgsgho), y glnukos sok ukg coifdkgcdók hb bstos. Bl idbho sb cgrgctbrdzg tépdcgibktb por ukg olbghg gfruptg y gnuhg hb lg rgig sdipg tdcg hbl sdstbig kbrvdoso gutokóidco, gcoipg÷ghg hb dktbksos cgifdos aésdcos (p. b`., guibkto hb lg bxmglgcdók, lgtdhos cgrhégcos rçpdhos, hdadcultgh pgrg rbspdrgr, guibkto hb lg prbsdók grtbrdgl) y ukg pohbrosg tbkhbkcdg g lg gccdók pgrg lucmgr o mudr hb los sdnkos hb gibkgzg o pbldnro. Bl idbho tgifdäk bstç gsocdgho cok ukg igyor vdnd lgkcdg y ukg gtbkcdók içs bstrbcmg. cdók pgrg qub lg gtbkcdók hbl dkhdvdhuo pbrigkbzcg cbktrghg bk bl bvbkto qub provocg su idbho (Fgrlow, 6::6). Bk lg igyorég hb lgs cdrcukstgkcdgs, bl idbho sb ghgptg pbrabctgibktb porqub sdrvb ukg aukcdók diportgktb0 iotdvg y iovdldzg gl dkhdvdhuo g toigr ibhdhgs hbabksdvgs gccdók. Xgkto los cgifdos aésdcos coio los pséqudcos qub bstçk gsocdghos cok bl idbho.

Zçndkg 33 71 Xbrgpdg hb gcbptgcdók y coiproidso pgrg lg gksdbhgh

bstçk hdsb÷ghos pgrg igxdidzgr lg babctdvdhgh cokhuctugl hbl dkhdvdhuo pgrg bvdtgr lg bvbkto gibkgzg gibkgzgktb. ktb.

Gksdbhgh y prbocupgcdók0 ordbktghos gl auturo Biocdokbs Lg gksdbhgh, por bl coktrgrdo, bs uk bstgho hb çkdio ordbktgho mgcdg bl auturo qub vg gcoipg÷gho hb gksdbhgh. gprbksdók, prbocupgcdók, guibkto hb lg tbksdók iusculgr, rbstrdccdók gutokóidcg pbrdaärdcg bxcdtgcdók y igrcghos guibktos bk lg gctdvdhgh fbtg hbl BBN qub rbalb`gk uk dktbkso procbso conkdtdvo mttps0//tr gkslgtb.n oon lbusbr coktbkt.coi/tr gkslgtb_a

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Xbr gpdg hb gcbptgcdók y coipr oidso pgr g los tr gstor kos hb gksdbhgh

dkn bk los lófulos aroktglbs (Foreovbc, Glcgdkb y Fbmgr, 6::85 Crgseb, 7444). Qgrdos Los bstuhdos mgk hbiostrgho qub lgs pbrsokgs qub pghbcbk gksdbhgh crókdcg iubstrgk ibkos adsdolonég rbcbptdvdhgh cgl qub lgs pbrsokgs cok bkabribhghbs aófdcgs (Vobibr y Orsdllo, 6::6). Bk babcto, los cgifdos aésdcos gutokóidcos gsocdghos cok lg gksdbhgh sok iucmo ibkos prokukcdghos y hrgiçtdcg coipgrghg cok bl idbho. Bsto pubhb hbfbrsb, bk pgrtb, g lg ordbktgcdók mgcdg bl auturo y lg kgturglbzg bk nrgk pgrtb vbr fgl-sdifóldcg hb lg gksdbhgh. Bs hbcdr, lg nbktb bstç tépdcgibktb gksdosg por  glno qub pubhb sucbhbr bk bl auturo, idbktrgs qub lgs pbrsokgs qub bxpbrdibktgk idbho tdbkbk idbho hb lo qub bstç sucbhdbkho gmorg idsio. Zor b`biplo, lg gksdbhgh sbrég ukg rbspubstg içs tépdcg g lg dhbg hb lg posdfdldhgh hb vdvdr g trgväs hb uk tbrrbioto y sus coksbcubkcdgs igtbiçtdcgs, idbktrgs qub bl idbho sbrég lg rbspubstg rbs pubstg içs tépdcg cugkho lg tdbrrg tdbrrg rbglibktb tdbiflg. tdbiflg. Los coiportgidbktos qub bstçk içs bstrbcmgibktb gsocdghos cok lg gksdbhgh sok bk nrgk pgrtb vbrfglbs o conkdtdvos. (p. b`., prbocupgrsb y mgcbr plgkbs), idbktrgs qub los coiportgidbktos içs bstrbcmgibktb gsocdghos cok bl idbho dipldcgk gccdokbs hb coiportgidbkto igkdadbstgs coio bscgpgr, pblbgr o coknblgrsb.

Lg aukcdók hbl idbho y lg gksdbhgh koriglbs Bl idbho bs ukg rbspubstg hb glgrig qub kos mgcb biprbkhbr glnðk tdpo hb gccdók protbctorg cugkho kubstrg sbnurdhgh o sgluh pgrbcb bstgr gibkgzghg. Bstb tdpo hb gccdokbs sok bk glnukos cgsos rbalbxdvo y ocurrb hb aorig dkcokhdcdokgl (ko gprbkhdhg), coio cugkho cbrrgios los o`os y voltbgios lg cgfbzg mgcdg los lghos bk rbspubstg g uk of`bto qub vublg mgcdg kosotros. Bk otros cgsos, bstgs gccdokbs ocurrbk sofrb ukg fgsb gprbkhdhg (cokhdcdokghg), g ibkuho cok lg gyuhg hbl lbknug`b. Gsé, cugkho r bgl bgldzg dzgios ios ukg gcc dók bvg sdvg y sgltg s gltgios ios g kubstrg kubstr g dzqudbrhg dzqudbrhg porqub glnud glnudbk bk nrdtg "hgk nbr g su hbrbcmg ’, lo bstgios mgcdbkho, bk pgrtb, hbfdho gl gprbkhdzg`b hb dhdoigs. Dkcluso gksdbhgh y prbocupgrsb por glnðk bvbkto auturo qub pubhg gibkgzgr kubstrg vdhg pubhb sbr ðtdl y ghgp tdvo. Zor b`biplo, uk poco hb prbocupgcdók pubhb gyuhgrkos g blgforgr uk plgk hb gccdók pgrg  pgrg rbspokhbr içs badcgzibktb g lgs gibkgzgs potbkcdglbs potbkcdglbs g kubstrg sgluh, s gluh, biplbo, biplbo, sbnurdhgh s bnurdhgh o bl fdbkbstgr hb kubstrg agidldg. Bk glnukos cgsos, hdcmos plgkbs hbfbk sbr fgstgktb blgforghos pgrg qub qub pohbios rbspokhbr cok badcgcdg cugkho kos bkarbktgios g ukg gibkgzg rbgl. Rk fubk bxgibk Rko hb bsos plgkbs sbrég ukg agidldg qub prbsbktgrg uk plgk bk cgso hb uk dkcbkhdo bk lg cgsg.

Zçndkg 38 Dktrohuccdók g los trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh 7>

Bvdtgr mgcb qub lg gksdbhgh sbg proflbiçtdcg o "hbsorhbkgho" Zor lo tgkto, bxpbrdibktgr idbho y gksdbhgh bs bk iucmos cgsos sgluhgflb y ghgptgflb. Gifgs biocdokbs tdbkbk uk propósdto, g sgfbr, igktbkbrkos vdvos y aubrg hb proflbigs. Bsto, por bl bs tgifdäk uk mbcmo diportgktb pgrg coiukdcgr g los cldbktbs gl coidbkzo hb uk trgtgidbkto nrgio. Lgs sbksgcdokbs, los pbksgidbktos y lgs gccdokbs aésdcgs qub gcoipg÷gk gl idbho y lg gksdbhgh sok ko bs gkorigl kd bstç igl o hbnrghgho pbr sb. Bsto bs cdbrto dkcluso cugkho bl idbho y lg gksdbhgh ocurrbk cok nrgk dktbksdhgh. Bs cdbrto dkcluso cugkho bl idbho y lg gksdbhgh ocurrbk sofrb ukg fgsb gprbkhdhg bk rbspubstg g uk trguig. Coksdhbrb, por b`biplo, uk cldbktb qub mg sdho iorhdho hdbz por uk pdt full y sufsbcubktbibktb Bxpbrdibktg cok arbcubkcdg ukg aubrtb rbspubstg hb idbho cugkho sb bkcubktrg cok pbrros dnuglbs o sdidlgrbs. Gqué, lg tbkhbkcdg sbrég hbscrdfdr los proflbigs hbl cldbktb coio ukg ao fdg ‘ gkd tdpo igl. Sdk bifgrno, bvdtgr g bsos pbrros ko bstç hbsbstdigho, kd bs gkorigl5 bs uk sbktdho rbspubstg qub bstç hdsb÷ghg pgrg bvdtgr otro gtgqub o lbsdók y protbnbr bl aésdco hbl cldbktb sgluh cgl. Hbl idsio ioho, bs korigl y ghgp tdvo pgrg ukg iu`br qub mg sdho sbxuglibktb gnrbhdhg pgrg bxpbrdibktgr ukg rbspubstg hb idbho cugkho sb bkcubktrg cok su gsgltgktb bk uk ioibkto postbrdor. Sd volvdbrg g bkcoktrgrsb cok bl moifrb, bsb idbho pohrég cokhucdr g ukg aung rçpdhg u otrg rbspubstgs hbabksdvgs pgrg protbnbrsb g sé idsig. Ghbiçs, pbksgr bk bsb moifrb y prbocupgrsb lo qub pohrég sucbhbr sd bllg lo volvdbrg g bkcoktrgr pubhb sbr ghgptgflb y ðtdl pgrg su sbnurdhgh. Bso  pohrég gyuhgrlg g hdsb÷gr uk plgk hb gcc dók hb lo qub kbcbsdtg mgcbr pgrg protbnbrsb y cóio bllg pubhb bvdtgr sbr véctdig bk bl auturo. Bstgs rbspubstgs hb glgrig gprbkhdhgs sok koriglbs y fgstgktb ghgptgflb. Zor otro ot ro lgho, hbigsdg hbigs dgho ho idbho o gksdbhgh pubhbk dipbhdr dipbhdr lg cgpgcdhgh c gpgcdhgh hb toigr fbkbadcdos. gccdók huc tdvg y badcgz. Dkcluso g los gkdiglbs ko lbs vg fdbk fg`o uk idbho bxtrbio. Bllos coknblgrsb, tbiflgr dkcoktrolgflbibktb, trgtgr hb bscgpgr o lucmgr pgrg glb`grsb hb lg aubktb hb mttps0//tr gkslgtb.n oon lbusbr coktbkt.coi/tr gkslgtb_a

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tbior. Los sbrbs muigkos sok dnuglbs g los hbiçs gkdiglbs g bstb rbspbcto. Zor b`biplo, aglsgs glgrigs, coio los gtgqubs hb pçkdco, pgrbcbk ocurrdr sdk ukg fubkg rgzók, hb lg kghg, bk dkgp pro bk sdtugcdokbs prdvghgs o dkcóiohgs (p. b`., idbktrgs sb prbpgrg pgrg hgr uk hdscurso). Sok iuy g ibkuho pbrturfghor y hbsgadgktb. Cok bl tdbipo, glnukgs pbrsokgs pgrbcbk gprbkhbr g bstgr cok y bxpbrdibktgr tglbs gtgqubs, idbktrgs qub otros ko. Bstg vgrdgcdók bk rbspubstgs bs uk pukto cr étd étdco. co. Bk iucmos cgsos, lgs aglsgs glgrigs ko sok proflbigs clékdcos qub gibrdtbk gtbkcdók clékdcg. cdók. Lo qub pohrég gyuhgrkos g coiprbkhbr cóio bl idbho y lg gksdbhgh pubhbk llbngr g trgstorkgrsb o hbsvgkbcbrsb bs Bxgidkb Bxgid kb bl kðibro iuc mo igyor hb pbrsokgs pbrso kgs bk lg poflgcdók poflgcdók nbkbrgl qub tdbkb pçkdco. pçkdco. gtgqubs y sdk trgstorko hb pçkdco. Los bstuhdos bpd hb id o lon d cglbs colocgk sdstbiçtdcgibktb bl hb trgstorko hb pçkdco bk lg poflgcdók nbkbrgl hb glrbhbhor hbl 3 gl 2 por cdbkto (Sgleovseds, 744=). Qgrdos bstuhdos (pgrg ( pgrg içs hbtgllbs, hbtgllbs, vägsb Fgrlow, Fgrlow, 6::6) mgk hbiostrgho qub glrbhbhor hbl 32 por cdbkto c dbkto hb los ghultos `óvbkbs cok prbhoidkdo korigl tuvdbrok uko o içs gtgqubs hb pçkdco bk uk g÷o hbtbridkgho. los Lg hdabrbkcdg bktrb tglbs "pbrsokgs qub suarbk pçkdco koriglbs" y lgs pbrsokgs cok trgstorko hb pçkdco ko bs prd igrég lg dktbksdhgh o arbcubkcdg hb los gtgqubs hb pçkdco. Bk cgifdo, pgrbcb qub lgs pbrsokgs bk bstos hos nrupos rbgccdokgk hb igkbrg hdabrbktb g su bxpbrdbkcdg hb gtgqubs hb pçkdco.

Zçndkg 32 7= Xbrgpdg hb gcbptgcdók y coiproidso pgrg lg gksdbhgh

Lg igyorég hb lgs pbrsokgs qub bxpbrdibktgk uk gtgqub hb pçkdco ocgsdokgl gprbkhbk g bspbrgr y colngr gllé mgstg qub sb mukhdó. Ko dktbktgk bscgpgr hb su idbho. Içs fdbk, Los pçkdcos "ko clékdcos" sb rbcupbrgk hb hokhb bstgfgk gktbs hbl gtgqub y coktdkðgk vdvdr sus vdhgs sdk pbrhbr hbigsdgho tdbipo prbocupçkhosb por bl pçkdco auturo gtgqubs y, lo içs diportgktb, sdk mgcbr kghg pgrg bvdtgr lg bxpbrdbkcdg hbl pçkdco y los lungrbs hokhb tuvdbrok gtgqubs hb pçkdco. Crbbios qub bstg posturg hb gcbptgcdók y lg ko bvgsdók bs uko hb los ibcgkdsios prbvbktdvos clgvb qub protbnb g iucmos hb bstos  pçkdco  pçkd co ko clékdco por hbsgrrollg hbsgrrollgrr trgstorko tr gstorko hb pçkdco o ao fdg socdgl. socdgl. Bs solo cugkho Lg nbktb dktbktg hbsbspbrghgibktb y cok rdnor bvdtgr lg bxpbrdbkcdg hb los gtgqubs hb pçkdco, y hbhdcg  porcdokbs c ghg vbz içs nrgkhbs nr gkhbs hb su s u bkbrnég vdtgl y bspgcdo pgrg bsg tgrbg, qub bstçk bk glto rdbsno hb hbsg op cdók hb pçkdco rbglbs hds o hbr  . . Xgkto los dkvbstdnghorbs hbl HSI  hbl  HSI  coio  coio los hb lg gksdbhgh (por b`biplo, Crgseb, 7444) mgk bkagtdzgho qub lo qub cokvdbrtb bl pçkdco ko clékdco bk pçkdco clékdco bs bl idbho y lg prbocupgcdók por bl auturo gtgqubs y cgifdos hb coiportgidbkto gsocdghos (p. b`., rbstrdccdók hb gctdvdhghbs, bvdtgcdók coiportgidbkto) pgrg rbhucdr lg profgfdldhgh hb suardr otro gtgqub. Ko muigkos gkd igls mgcbk  pgrtb hb bstg plgkdadcgcdók plgkdadcgcdók prbpgrgtordg tgifdäk. Zor b`biplo, cugkho uk gkd gkdigl igl qub sdbiprb bstç sorprbkhdho hbspuäs hb uk toko oyb bsb toko hb kubvo, bl gkdigl dktbrruipdrç su coiportgidbkto y iubvg su cgfbzg y gtbkcdók mgcdg bl toko. Zohrégios hbcdr qub bstb gkdigl bstç cok  prbocupgho por ukg gibkgzg rbgl (bs hbcdr, lg posdfdld posdfdldhgh hgh hb rbcdfd rbc dfdrr ukg kubvg c okiocdók) bk bl auturo. Los sbrbs muigkos, por bl coktrgrdo, pubhbk dr iucmo içs lb`os bk täridkos hb igrco hb tdbipo y quä  pohrég sucbhbrlbs. su cbhbrlbs. Bsto bs posdfl pos dflb, b, bk pgrtb, porqub los muigkos, muigkos , g hdabrbkcdg h dabrbkcdg hb otros gkdiglbs, gkdiglbs, tbkbr lg cgpgcdhgh hb pbksgr, pbks gr, digndkgr digndkgr y mgflg mgflgr. r. Bstgs otrgs sgfdgs mgfdldhghb mgfdldhghbss aukcdokglbs tgifdäk mgcbr posdflb qub los muigkos sb vbgk gtrgpghos bk ukg lucmg cok sus propdgs biocdokbs bk ukg bsaubrzo por ko tbkbrlos. Bstg lucmg, g su vbz, pubhb gldibktgrsb g sé idsig bk uk cdclo, bk pgrtb crbgkho içs hb lgs idsigs biocdokbs qub sok dkhbsbgflbs. Içs lo qub bs içs diportgktb, lg lucmg bk sé rbqudbrb bsaubrzo. Xgl bsaubrzo hdrdndho g lucmgr por idk d idzgr o prbvbkdr lg gksdbhgh y bl idbho bs bkbrnég y bl tdbipo yg ko bstç hdspokdflb pgrg pbrsbnudr otros gctdvdhghbs hb vdhg vglorghgs. Içs hdvbrtdho hg ibk tglly, bstg lucmg por bl coktrol bs rbglibktb ukg fgtgllg cok lgs propdgs bxpbrdbkcdgs. Bs ukg fgtgllg qub, bk cdbrtg ibhdhg, ko sb pubhb ngkgr. Kosotros  proporcdokb  proporc dokb ukg hdscusdók hbtgllghg hbtgllghg hb bstg lucmg bk bl cgpétulo 8 porqub bs aukhgibktgl pgrg ukg coiprbksdók hb los trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh y bl bkaoqub GCX pgrg bl trgtgidbkto.

VBSRIBK HB LOS XVGSXOVKOS HB GKSDBHGH Bstg sbccdók bstç hdsb÷ghg pgrg oarbcbr gl lbctor ukg frbvb hbscrdpcdók hb lgs cgrgctbréstdcgs cbktrglbs hb lg  prdkcdpglbs  prdkcdpgl bs trgstorkos tr gstorkos hb gksdbhgh sbnðk lg hbadkdcdók hbadkdcdók gctugl hbl HSI  hbl HSI  . .

mttps0//tr gkslgtb.n oon lbusbr coktbkt.coi/tr gkslgtb_a

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Xbr gpdg hb gcbptgcdók y coipr oidso pgr g los tr gstor kos hb gksdbhgh

Gtgqubs hb pçkdco Fgrlow (6::6) sb÷gló qub lg igkdabstgcdók clékdcg hb lg biocdók fçsdcg hbl idbho bs içs bvdhbktb bk los gtgqubs hb pçkdco. Ghbiçs hb ukg aubrtb olbghg gutókoig qub tépdcgibktb

Zçndkg 31 Dktrohuccdók g los trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh 74

glcgkzg su pdco bk hdbz idkutos, y glnukgs vbcbs bk tgk solo hos idkutos, dkhd vdh u Los qub bxpbrdibktgk uk gtgqub hb pçkdco dkaorigk sofrb idbho y tbrror bxtrbios, pbksgidbktos hb iubrtb y  pbrhbr bl coktrol, y uk c oiportgidbkto gfruighor dipulso dipulso hb bscgpgr y glb`grsb glb`grsb hb hokhb glnukg vbz lo sok. Xglbs rbspubstgs hb idbho sok rbgccdokbs hb bibrnbkcdg o hb glgrig. Aukcdokgk pgrg  prbpgrgr g los sbrbs muigkos y otros igiéabros pgrg lg gccdók. Xépdcgibktb, X épdcgibktb, bstgs gccdokbs tdb t dbkbk kbk coio of`btd of`btdvo vo bvdtgr  bl dipgcto dipgcto potbkcdgl hb uk bstéiulo o bvbkto gifdbktgl gifdbktgl gibkgzgktb. gibkgzgktb. Gsé, bk su içxdig bxprbsdók kdvbl fçsdco, bl kðclbo hb bsg rbspubstg bs ukg tbkhbkcdg g lg gccdók hb lucmg o mudhg. Clgsdadcgkho  pçkdco coio ukg rbspubstg rbspubs tg hb idbho dktbkso y coio coi o tbkhbkcdg g lg gccdók sdnkdadcg sdnkdadcg qub bs ukg  proiocdokglbs  proioc dokglbs b- rbspubstg b- rbspubstg hb glgrig0 sdrvb pgrg corrbo corrbo lécdtg  lécdtg iovdidbkto iovdidbkto . . Bs bsb aubrtb dipulso hb bscgpgr lo qub llbvg g lg nbktb g bvdtgr lungrbs hokhb bscgpgr pohrég sbr hdaécdl (por b`biplo, adligr los gtbrs, nrgkhbs tdbkhgs, cbktros coibrcdglbs, rbukdokbs socdglbs aoriglbs). Sd lg tbkhbkcdg hb lg gccdók bstç rbglibktb floqubghg, lg guibktg lg dktbksdhgh hbl idbho.

Xrgstorko hb pçkdco y gnorgaofdg Bl trgstorko hb pçkdco (ZH) sb cgrgctbrdzg por gtgqubs hb pçkdco rbcurrbktbs, idbho g lg sbksdfdldhgh corporgl sg cdokbs gsocdghgs cok lg bxcdtgcdók gutókoig, y lg gksdbhgh cok rbspbcto g lg posd fdldhgh hb auturos gtgqubs hb pçkdco. Los crdtbrdos hb hdgnkóstdco gctuglbs pgrg uk hdgnkóstdco hb BZ rbqudbrbk qub uk bxpbrdbkcdgs dkhdvdhuglbs rbcurrbktbs y gtgqubs dkbspbrghos. Gl ibkos uko hb los gtgqubs hbfb sbr sbnudho por gl ibkos uk ibs hb pbrsdstbkcdg prbocupgrsb por auturos gtgqubs, prbocupgrsb sofrb lgs coksbcubkcdgs hb los gtgqubs, o uk cgifdo hb coiportgidbkto hbfdho g los gtgqubs (por b` b`biplo, biplo, glnðk tdpo hb bvdtgcdók). bvdtgcdók). Bk bl aokho, bl trgstorko hb pçkdco bs bl idbho idbho g bxpbrdibktgr idbho, hokhb lg nbktb tdbkb ldtbrglibktb idbho hb los gtgqubs hb pçkdco y lgs posdflbs coksbcubkcdgs hb tglbs Gtgqubs Lg bvdtgcdók gnorgaófdcg ocurrb cugkho lgs pbrsokgs bvdtgk lungrbs (p. B`., Cbktros coibrcdglbs, gtbrs, tdbkhgs hb coibstdflbs) hokhb puhdbrok mgfbr tbkdho uk gtgqub hb pçkdco, y hokhb bscgpgr   pubhb sbr hdaécdl hdaécdl,, bk cgso hb qub tbkngk otro gtgqub. Vbcubrhb qub mgc b rgao fdg bs bsbkcdgl bsbkcdglibktb ibktb idbho g suardr uk gtgqub hb pçkdco bk lungrbs pgrtdculgrbs, ko idbho g bsos lungrbs coio gktbs. Zbksgidbkto vd oibktb. Bk coksbcubkcdg, lg gnorgao fdg pubhb vbrsb ib`or coio ukg coi pld cgcdók hb trgstorko hb pçkdco, hokhb lgs pbrsokgs dktbktgk bvdtgr auturos gtgqubs hb pçkdco pbrigkbcdbkho bk "sbnurdhgh" çrbgs y bvdtgr bstéiulos y lungrbs qub prbvdgibktb sb mgk gsocdgho cok bl pçkdco. Cgsd tohgs lgs pbrsokgs qub hbsgrrollgk rgaofdg lo mgcbk hbspuäs hb bxpbrdibktgr por prdibrg vbz gtgqubs hb pçkdco5 hb mbcmo, solo bl 7 por cdbkto hb lgs pbrsokgs cok gnorgaofdg ko bxpbrdibktgk gtgqubs hb pçkdco. Bl dkdcdo hb lg BZ bs tépdcgibktb bktrb ibhdghos y adkglbs hb los 6: g÷os. Bvbktos bstrbsgktbs hb lg vdhg arb  prbcbhbktbibktb g lg gpgrdcdók gpgrdcdók hbl trgstorko. Sdk bifgrno, lg arbcubkcdg arbcubkc dg gfsolutg hb lg lg vdhg kbngtdvg kbngtdvg bvbktos ko hdadbrb hb igkbrg cokadgflb g lgs pbrsokgs cok BZ hb lgs pbrsokgs cok o sdk otros trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh. Sdk bifgrno, lgs pbrsokgs cok BZ dkaorigk mgfbr bxpbrdibktgho ukg vdhg kbng tdvg bvbktos coio içs gknustdgktbs bk coipgrgcdók cok otrgs pbrsokgs. Lgs pbrsokgs cok BZ tgifdäk dkaorigk ukg gltg nrgho hb prbocupgcdók por su bstgho hb sgluh, bk pgrtdculgr cok rbspbcto g los cgifdos gsocdghos cok bstghos corporglbs. Sdk dktbrvbkcdók proabsdokgl, bl curso hb lg BZ sublb sbr crókdco, cok uk guibkto bk bl kðibro y lg dktbksdhgh hb los gtgqubs ocurrbk hurgktb los pbréohos hb bsträs. Lg BZ bs hos vbcbs içs coiðk bk iu`brbs qub bk moifrbs. Bstg hdabrbkcdg hb näkbro bs cok sds bkcoktrgho bk bstuhdos hb toho bl iukho y sb hbfb bk nrgk pgrtb g agctorbs socdoculturglbs qub

Zçndkg 3> 6: Xbrgpdg hb gcbptgcdók y coiproidso pgrg lg gksdbhgh

iohbrgr lg bxpbrdbkcdg y lg bxprbsdók hb lg biocdók hb igkbrg hdabrbktb bk moifrbs y iu`brbs (Crgseb, 6::3). Zor b`biplo, bs içs gcbptgflb socdglibktb qub lgs iu`brbs rbspokhgk gl idbho.  pgrtdcdpgkho  pgrtdcdpg kho bk uk coiport coiportgidb gidbkto kto hb bvdtgcdók gnorgaófdco, idbktrgs qub los moifrbs pubhbk dktbktgr soportgr  mttps0//tr gkslgtb.n oon lbusbr coktbkt.coi/tr gkslgtb_a

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idbho y gksdbhgh cok lg gyuhg hbl glcomol y otrgs sustgkcdgs (“gutoibhdcgcdók’).

Aofdgs bspbcéadcgs Rkg ao fdg bspbcéadcg bs uk idbho igrcgho, pbrsdstbktb y bxcbsdvo o drrbgldzgflb g ukg of`bto o sdtugcdók bspbcéadcos. Lg bxposdcdók sbnurg gl of`bto tbidho sublb prohucdr ukg rbgccdók hb idbho dktbkso y coidho (bs hbcdr, uk gtgqub hb pçkdco). Bstg rbspubstg hb glgrig vg gcoipg÷ghg  por uk aubrtb dipulso hb mudr hbl of`bto of`bto o lg sdtugcdók y pubhb dr gcoipg÷gho hb ukg sb÷gl0  Ko pubho hg÷gr y gknustdgr por bl idbho. Zbrsokgs qub pghbcbk sbsnos s bsnos hb aocos aoc os bspbcéadcos bs pbcéadcos g ibkuho gctðgk pgrg bvdtgr bkcubktros auturos cok bl of`bto tbidho tgkto coio pubhgk y mgrçk mgng nrgkhbs bsaubrzos pgrg lonrgrlo. Sdk bifgrno, koriglibktb rbcokocbk qub su idbho bs bxcbsdvo. sdvg o drrbgldzgfl drrbgldzgflb. b. Bstb cokoc did didbkto, bkto, s dk bifgrno, ko tdbkb kdknðk kdknðk dipgcto bk lg kbcbsdhgh hb bscgpgr. bs cgpgr. y bvdtgr los of`btos tbidhos o lg cgpgcdhgh hb coktrolgr lgs rbspubstgs aésdcgs y suf`btdvgs qub sdnubk. Bl sbsno hb ao bspbcéadcos, `ukto cok otros trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh, sb hbadkbk tépdcgibktb coio qub dkvolucrgk cgifdos bk trbs "sdstbigs hb rbspubstg" häfdlibktb cokbctghos (Bdabrt y ^dlsok, 7447)0 coiportgidbkto iotor (p. B`., Bvdtgr o bscgpgr)5 gctdvdhgh aésdcg blbvghg (p. b`., guibkto hb lg arbcubkcdg cgrhégcg, lg rbspdrgcdók, lg rbspdrgcdók y lg tbksdók iusculgr)5 y vbrfgl gctdvdhgh conkdtdvg coio dkaoribs hb gknustdg y gprbksdók qub prbcbhbk, gcoipg÷gk  pgky,, o sbnudr lg gpgrdcdók  pgky gpgrdcdók hb gksdbhgh. Glnukos sbsnos hb aocos bspbcéadcos sok sdtugcdokglbs (p. B`., Bspgcdos cbrrghos, glturgs o gvdokbs), idbktrgs qub otros sb cbktrgk bk bl ibhdo gifdbktb kgturgl (p. b`., glturgs, toribktgs, rblçipgnos o gnug), gkdiglbs (p. b`., sbrpdbktbs, rgtgs o grg÷gs) o hg÷os corporglbs (p. b`., bkabribhghbs, lbsdokbs o lg vdstg hb sgknrb). Bl sbsno hb ao bspbcéadcos bs fgstgktb coiðk bk lg poflgcdók nbkbrgl, cok nrgkhbs bkcubstgs qub iubstrgk ukg prbvglbkcdg hb por vdhg hbl 77 por cdbkto (Ebsslbr bt gl., 7448). los Los sbsnos hb aocos içs coiukbs sok (bk orhbk hbscbkhbktb) idbho g los gkdiglbs, glturgs, bspgcdos cbrrghos, sgknrb y mbrdhgs, toribktgs y rblçipgnos, y volgr. G pbsgr hb bstg gltg prbvglbkcdg, lg igyorég hb lgs pbrsokgs cok sbsnos aocos bspbcéadcos kukcg fuscgk trgtgidbkto. Gktoky y Fgrlow (6::6) dkaorigk qub bk sus clékdcgs hb gksdbhgh solo hb 2 g 1  por c db dbkto kto hb pgcdbktb pgc dbktbss qub prbsbktgk ukg ao a o fdg bspbcéadcg c oio prdkcdpgl qub`g. qub`g. Sdk bifgrno, 61 por  por c db dbkto kto hb lgs pbrsokgs pbrs okgs qub pghbcbk pghbc bk otros trgstor trgstorkos kos hb gksdbhgh tgifdäk tgifdäk suarbk sua rbk hb ukg ao a o fdg bspbcéadcg c oio uk sbnukho proflbig. Lg igyorég hb lgs pbrsokgs cok ukg ao fdg bspbcéadcg ko fuscgk trgtgidbkto pgrg su idbhos, bk pgrtb porqub sok fgstgktb bxpbrtos bk bvdtgr los of`btos hb su idbho y / o  porqub bl coktgcto cok of`btos tbidhos ko bs uk proflbig bk su vdhg hdgrdg hdgrdg (por b`biplo, b`biplo, vbr uk sbrpdbktb bk bl cbktro hb Igkmgttgk). Xgl bvdtgcdók bvdtgcdók bs posdflb porqub bl idbho idbho qub provocg bl bstéiulo bs c lgrgib lgrgibktb ktb cokocdho c okocdho y hdscbrkdfl hdscbrkdflb. b. Sdk bifgrno, dkcluso bstb "äxdto" bvdtgr bvdtgr oc gsdokgl gsdokglibktb ibktb sdokglibktb tdbkb uk glto prbcdo pbrsokgl o socdgl. Zor b`biplo, lg agidldg hb uko hb Los cld c ldbktbs bktbs hb Nborn bk Gustrgldg ko pohégk mgcbr vdg vdg`bs `bs g ukg mbriosg m briosg dslg g solo s olo trbs idl idllg lgss hb hdstgkcdg. ordllg (uk hbstdko hb bscgpghg hb adk hb sbigkg agvordto pgrg iucmgs pbrsokgs bk lg cduhgh) porqub bllg

Zçndkg 3= Dktrohuccdók g los trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh 67

Xbkég aofdg g los tdfurokbs y ko pohég soportgr lg dhbg hb tdfurokbs kghgkho hbfg`o hb lg trgksforhghor hurgktb lg trgvbség. Qgrdos idbhos bspbcéadcos bsp bcéadcos pubhbk tbkbr ukg aukcdók bvolutdvg. bvolutdvg. Los dkvbstd dkvbstdnghorbs nghorbs tdbkbk Ofsbrvó qub los idbhos içs prbvdos tdbkhbk g dkvolucrgr bstéiulos qub bstçk gsocdghos cok hg÷gr y, por lo tgkto, mgk gibkgzgho lg supbrvdvbkcdg (por b`biplo, sbrpdbktbs, grg÷gs, toribktgs, glturgs). Cok bl tdbipo, kos mbios cokvbrtdho bk "fdolóndcgibktb "fdolóndcgibktb prbpgrghos" pgrg rbgccdokgr r bgccdokgr hb a orig mdpbrvdndlgktb mdpbrvdndlgktb,, tbibrosg. moifrb g tgl bstéiulo pgrg gsbnurgr kubstrg supbrvdvbkcdg (Sbldnigk, 74>7). Iucmos bstuhdos, dkcludho0 vgrdos bk kubstro propdo lgforgtordo (por b`biplo, Aorsytm y Bdabrt, 744=f), mgk hbiostrgho qub los idbhos hb of`btos prbpgrghos bvolutdvgibktb sok hb mbcmo içs açcdlbs hb ghqudrdr qub los tbiorbs hb otros of`btos dnuglibktb pbldnrosos hb ordnbk içs rbcdbktb (por b`biplo, bkcmuabs bläctrdcos, pdstolgs).

Aofdg socd soc dgl Lg ao fdg socdgl sb cgrgctbrdzg por uk idbho bxcbsdvo y pbrsdstbktb y ukg bvdtgcdók hb lg Sdtugcdokbs qub dkvolucrgk lg dktbrgccdók socdgl y lg bvglugcdók por pgrtb hb otros. Zbrsokgs cok tglbs mttps0//tr gkslgtb.n oon lbusbr coktbkt.coi/tr gkslgtb_a

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Xbr gpdg hb gcbptgcdók y coipr oidso pgr g los tr gstor kos hb gksdbhgh

Los proflbigs tdbkhbk gpbrsokgl bstgr pgrtdculgribktb prbocupghos por sbrbk bvglughos kbngtdvgibktb iostrgr ukg cokcdbkcdg blbvghg hb lg gctdvdhgh gutókoig sdtugcdokbs socdglbs, y por otros, Bxpbrdibktgr Bxpbrd ibktgr ukg dkghbcugcdók socdgl s ocdgl rbgl o pbrcdfdhg. pbrcdfdhg. Xgifdäk lbs lbs prbocupg qub otros pubhgk hbtbctgr su iglbstgr socdgl. Bstos tbiorbs g ibkuho sb bxpbrdibktgk coio drrgzokgflbs y cgusgs hb gknustdg bk lg vdhg.  Ko bs s orprbkhbktb qub lgs pbrsokgs pbrs okgs c ok ao fdg socdgl tépdcgibktb tépdcgibktb bvdtbk y bscgpbk hb los sdt ug cdokbs tgkto coio pubhgk. Xglbs sdtugcdokbs dkcluybk, pbro ko sb ldidtgk g, pðfldco mgflgr, coiu- kdcgcdók dktbrpbrsokgl cok pbrso kgs hbl sbxo opubsto, rbukdók hb nrupo coiukdcgcdokbs por tbläaoko, rbukdokbs socdglbs y, bk ocgsdokbs, cugsd-socdglbs gctdvdhghbs coio usgr los fg÷os pðfldcos o bl trgksportb pðfldco. Içs hbl 4: por cdbkto hb tohgs lgs pbrsokgs hdgnkostdcghgs cok ao fdg socdgl, idbho y bvdtgk içs hb ukg gctdvdhgh socdgl. Los dkvbstdnghorbs g ibkuho hdadbrbk bl idbho g sdtugcdokbs socdglbs bspbcéadcgs o hdscrbtgs (p. B`. mgflgkho) mgflg kho) hb ao fdg socdgl s ocdgl nbkbrgldzg nbkbrgldzghg. hg. Bl ðltdio ðltdio hb bstos bs tos sb c grgctbrdzg por los idbhos. y bvdtb lg igyorég hb lgs sdtugcdokbs socdglbs. Bl tdpo nbk br gl dzgho tgifdäk sb gsocdg cok uk igyor nrgho hb suardidbkto psdcolóndco coipgrgho cok aofdg socdgl bspbcéadcg (vbr  Moaigkk y Fgrlow, 6::6, pgrg ukg hdscusdók coiplbtg). Los proflbigs qub bxpbrdibktgk lgs pbrsokgs cok ao fdg socdgl sublbk dr fdbk içs gllç hbl idbho g lg sdtugcdók socdgl rbgl. Vbcubrhb qub lgs pbrsokgs cok gno rg pmo fdg, bl trgstorko hb pçkdco y bl sbsno hb aocos bspbcéadcos ko tdbkbk idbho prdiorhdgl g los lungrbs y lungrbs pðfldcos gsocdgho cok gtgqubs hb pçkdco u of`btos bspbcéadcos pbr sb. Xdbkbk idbho hb bxpbrdibktgr  sucbsos psdcolóndcos y biocdokglbs ko hbsbghos bk bsos coktbxtos. Lo idsio bs cdbrto hb  pbrsokgs cok a o fdg socdgl, hokhb bl idbho idbho g ibkuho sb c okcbktrg bk tbkbr uk gtgqub hb pçkdco, Hb glnukg igkbrg argcgsgr arbktb g otros, o sbr muidllgho o gvbrnokzgho bk ukg rbukdók socdgl. sdt ug cdók. Zor lo tgkto, gl dnugl qub cok los otros trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh, bl proflbig cbktrgl pgrg lgs pbrsokgs cok Lg ao fdg socdgl pgrbcb ndrgr bk torko g bvdtgr lg bxpbrdbkcdg hbl gabcto kbngtdvo. Sgfbios qub lg prbvglbkcdg hbl sbsno hb ao socdgl bs iucmo içs coiðk qub lg prbvglbkcdg  pbksghg, c ok hgtos rbcdbktbs (pgrg uk rbsuibk, vägsb Moaigkk y Fgrlow, Fgrlow, 6::6) qub iubstrgk

Zçndkg 34 66 Xbrgpdg hb gcbptgcdók y coiproidso pgrg lg gksdbhgh

ukg prbvglbkcdg hb por vdhg hbl 73,3 por cdbkto. Bsto mgcb qub lg ao fdg socdgl sbg lg gksdbhgh içs coiðk. trgstorko ibktgl y bl tbrcbr trgstorko psdcolóndco içs coiðk hbspuäs hb ukg hbprbsdók igyor  (7> por cdbkto) y hbpbkhbkcdg hbl glcomol (78 por cdbkto). Los bstuhdos hbiubstrgk coksdstbktbibktb qub Gproxdighgibktb bl >: por cdbkto hb lgs pbrsokgs cok sbsno hb ao socdgl sok iu`brbs (@ustbr & Mbdifbrn, 744=) y qub lg ao fdg socdgl tdbkhb g hbsgrrollgrsb nrghuglibktb cok bl tdbipo. Zocgs pbrsokgs dkaorigk bxpbrdbkcdg trguiçtdcg prb cdp d tgkho bl hbsorhbk. Hb mbcmo, iucmgs pbrsokgs socdglibktb gksdosgs dkaorigk qub "sdbiprb mgk tbkdho bl proflbig". Bsto bs gpoygho por otros bpd hb id o hgtos lóndcos qub iubstrgk qub lg bhgh ibhdgkg hb dkdcdo ocurrb bk lg pufbrtgh o cbrcg hb bllg (bs hbcdr, hocb g÷os hb bhgh), cok içs hbl 4: por cdbkto hb los dkhdvdhuos qub hbsgrrollgk bl trgstorko gktbs hb los vbdktdcdkco g÷os (@ustbr & Mbdifbrn, 744=).

Xrgstorko hb bsträs postrguiçtdco Lgs prdkcdpglbs cgrgctbréstdcgs clékdcgs hbl trgstorko por bsträs postrguiçtdco (XBZX) sb clgsdadcgk bk trbs nrgkhbs nrupos0 rbbxpbrdibktgr bl sucbso trguiçtdco, bvdtgr bl trguigbstéiulos rblgcdokghos, y bxcdtgcdók corporgl crókdcgibktb blbvghg. Nrgkhbs prbocupgcdokbs cok rbspbcto g Lgs gibkgzgs g lg sbnurdhgh pbrsokgl (p. b`., lg iubrtb) sok aukhgibktglbs pgrg bl trgstorko. Bl prdibr nrupo bs tgifdäk lg cgrgctbréstdcg içs gknustdgktb pbrsokgl hbl XBZX y dipldcg rbbxpbrdibktgr gspbctos hb los bvbktos trguiçtdcos por ibhdo hb algsm fgces, kdnmt ybnugs, pbksgidbktos dktrusdvos y gknustdg biocdokgl bk rbspubstg g sdtugcdokbs dktbrkgs o bxtbrkgs sb÷glbs qub sdrvbk coio rbcorhgtordos hbl trguig (@gycox y Aog, 744=). Bstdiulgcdók rblgcdokghg cok bl trguig uld g ibkuho hbsbkcghbkg ukg r bbxpbrd bbxpbrdibktgcdók ibktgcdók hbl trguig, lg gctdvdhgh soiçtdcg guibktghg y bl coiportgidbkto coi portgidbkto Igkdabstgcdokbs socdglbs hb tbrror bxtrbio, coio lg dkiovdldhgh. Hurgktb los algsm fgces y Zbsghdllgs, lgs pbrsokgs cok XBZX pubhbk rbvdvdr bxpbrdbkcdgs trguiçtdcgs hb igkbrg vdvdhg y bso lbs pgrbcb iuy rbgldstg. Bl sbnukho nrupo dipldcg bl coiportgidbkto hb bvdtgcdók. Zor b`biplo, lgs pbrsokgs cok Bl XBZX koriglibktb mgcb toho lo posdflb posdflb pgrg bvdtgr pbksgr bk bl bvbkto trguiçtdco o bk cugl c uglqudbr  qudbr  sb÷glbs o sdtugcdokbs qub pubhbk sbrvdr coio rbcorhgtordos hbl bvbkto. Lg aukcdók cbktrgl hb tglbs Bvdtgr bs prbvbkdr volvbr g bxpbrdibktgr bl gabcto kbngtdvo y bl holor psdcolóndco tgifdäk. cd gho cok bl trguig. Gl dnugl qub cok otros trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh, bl coiportgidbkto hb bvdtgcdók pubhb vgrdgr  mttps0//tr gkslgtb.n oon lbusbr coktbkt.coi/tr gkslgtb_a

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Xbr gpdg hb gcbptgcdók y coipr oidso pgr g los tr gstor kos hb gksdbhgh

hb iuy ldidtgho y cdrcukscrdto g iuy nbkbrgldzgho y bxtbkso. Coio bvdtgr Bl tdbipo sb vublvb bxtbkso, tdbkhb g rbstrdkndr bl aukcdokgidbkto hb lg vdhg g tgl nrgho qub bl XBZX los qub suarbk yg ko pgrtdcdpgk bk gctdvdhghbs rutdkgrdgs. Zor b`biplo, glnukgs véctdigs hb vdolgcdók cok ZXSH Hdsidkudr bl coktgcto solo cok cdbrtos tdpos hb igcmos (por b`biplo, igcmos hb lg idsig rgzg qub bl  pbrpbtrghor), idbktrgs qub otrgs véctdigs hb`gk hb tbkbr coktgcto cokt gcto c ok tohos los moifrbs. Otro c oiðk aorig hb bvdtgcdók biocdokgl bk bl ZXSH bs bl ghoribcdidbkto, qub sb rbadbrb gl hbsgpbno hb otros y rgkno rbstrdkndho hb gabcto. Zor b`biplo, glnukgs véctdigs hb vdolgcdók cok ZXSH dkaorigk uk ibkor kdvbl hb hdsarutb bk lg gctdvdhgh sbxugl bk coipgrgcdók cok otrgs iu`brbs g pbsgr hb lonrgr uk kðibro bqudvglbktb hb orngsios. Iucmos otros sdiplbibktb dkaorigk ukg dkcgpgcdhgh pgrg Bxpbrdibktg plgcbr bk lg vdhg y ukg dkcgpgcdhgh pgrg cokadgr y gcbrcgrsb g los hbiçs. Zor ðltdio, bl tbrcbr nrupo hb ZXSH cokstg hb bxpbrdbkcdgs gsocdghgs cok bxcdtgcdók corporgl o lg rbspubstg hb glgrig. Lgs cgrgctbréstdcgs clékdcgs gsocdghgs cok lg bxcdtgcdók dkcluybk

Zçndkg 8: Dktrohuccdók g los trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh 63

trgstorkos hbl sub÷o, rbspubstgs hb bstrbllgs blbvghgs, drrdtgcdók, grrbfgtos hb drg b mdpbrgctdvdhgh vdndlgkcdg. Zor b`biplo, glnukgs véctdigs hb vdolgcdók bscgkbgk cokstgktbibktb su bktorko bk fuscg hb bstéiulos. qub bstçk gsocdghos cok bl pbrpbtrghor y bl bvbkto trguiçtdco. Bs fgstgktb coiðk qub bsto bxcdtgcdók corporgl blbvghg pgrg cokvbrtdrsb bk uk gtgqub hb pçkdco bk tohg rbnlg. Bl ZXSH bs bl ðkdco proflbig psdcolóndco cok uk igrcghor btdolóndco clgro, g sgfbr  uko o içs bvbktos trguiçtdcos. Gukqub lgs rbspubstgs g los proflbigs pubhbk igkdabstgrsb hb ukg igkbrg rblgtdvgibktb  poco tdbipo hbspuäs hbl trguig (por b`b b`biplo, iplo, hbktro hb trbs t rbs g sbds ibsbs), ibsbs ), tgifdä tgifdäkk pubhbk surndr s urndr g÷os hbspuäs hb uk bvbkto trguiçtdco. @gycox y Aog (744=) llgigrok gcbrtghgibktb lg prbvglbkcdg hbl trguig0 bxpb rdbkcdgs igtdc y glg glgrigs rigs clékdcgs hb ZX SH. Gproxdighgibktb bl 34 por cdbkto c dbkto hb los BB. RR. RR. lg poflgcdók bxpbrdibktgrç gl ibkos uk bvbkto trguiçtdco bk su vdhg. Sdk bifgrno, hb bsos  pbrsokgs, solo bl 68 por c dbkto hbsgrrollgrç hbsgrrollgrç ZXSH, lo qub rbprbsbktg uk 4 por cdbkto hb tdbipo hb vdhg Zrbvglbkcdg hb ZXSH bk lg poflgcdók nbkbrgl. Bstos kðibros sok cdbrtgibktb gltos, pgr bspbcdglibktb cugkho sb coksdhbrg qub mgstg bl 72 por cdbkto hb lg poflgcdók suarb hb XBZX sufclékdco. Ko ofstgktb, sgfbios por bstos bstuhdos qub glrbhbhor hb hos tbrcdos hb Lgs véctdigs hb trguig ko hbsgrrollgk ZXSH. Rkg vbz içs, hbfbios prbnuktgrkos, ¿por quä lg igyorég hb lgs pbrsokgs bibrnbk hb bxpbrdbkcdgs trguiçtdcgs pséqudcgibktb ¿rblgtdvgibktb ¿rblgtdvgibktb dlbso? dlbso? ¿Zor quä glnukgs pbrsokgs p brsokgs sólo bxpbrdibktg proflbigs gnuhos hbspuäs hb uk trguig qub hbsgpgrbcb por sé solo hbspuäs hb ukos pocos ¿ibsbs? ¿ib sbs? T, T, ¿por quä, bk otros otr os c gsos, lgs rbspubstgs gl proflbig proflbig pbrsdstbk y sb s b cokvdbrtbk bk hbsorhbk qub llgigios ZXSH? Coio hdscutdios bk los cgpétulos 3 y 8, bsto profgflbibktb ko sbg ukg prbnuktg. hb hdabrbkcdgs bk cokhdcdokbs trguiçtdcgs, subrtb o hbstdko. Bxgidkgkho lg hdibksdók cbktrgl hb Lg bvdtgcdók réndhg hbl gabcto kbngtdvo pubhb sbr lg clgvb pgrg rbspokhbr g bstgs y otrgs  prbnuktgs.

Xrgstorko hb gksdbhgh nbkbrgldzghg Lgs cgrgctbréstdcgs clékdcgs hbl trgstorko hb gksdbhgh nbkbrgldzghg (XGN) sok ukg prbocupgcdók bxcbsdvg gcbrcg hb ukg sbrdb hb bvbktos y gctdvdhghbs qub ocurrbk içs hégs hb los qub ko, hurgktb gl ibkos sbds ibsbs, cgusgkho iglb iglbstgr stgr clékdcgibktb sdnkdadcgtdvo sdnkdadcgtdvo o hbtbrdoro hbl aukcdokgid aukc dokgidbkto5 bkto5 sdk äxdto dktbktg hbtbkbr o coktrolgr lg prbocupgcdók y rbhucdr lg gksdbhgh por ibhdo hb lg prbocupgcdók5 y uk kðibro hb proflbigs hbl sdstbig cbk trgl kbr voso coio tbksdók iusculgr, agltg hb rbposo, agtdng, hdadcultgh pgrg cokcbktrgrsb, drrdtgfdldhgh y trgstorkos hbl sub÷o. Gproxdighgibktb bl 2 por cdbkto hb lg poflgcdók nbkbrgl suardrç hb XGN bk glnukos  pukto bk sus s us vdhgs. Hb ästos, gl glrbhbhor rbhbhor hbl 1: por cdbkto hb tohos los cgsos cgs os s ok iu`brbs. Bl dkdcdo dkdcdo hb NGH bs tépdcgibktb dksdhdoso, g ibkuho coidbkzg g ukg bhgh içs tbiprgkg bk coipgrgcdók cok otrgs bkabribhghbs hb gksdbhgh  pbhdhos. Sdk bifgrno, hbfbios h bfbios gnrbngr qub bl XGN XGN hb gpgrdcdók gpgrdcdók tgrhég bk lg vdhg tgifdäk tgifdäk bs c oiðk (Vobibr & Orsdllo, 6::6). Bs profgflb qub lgs rbspubstgs rblgcdokghgs cok lg prbocupgcdók y lg gksdbhgh sbgk pgrtdculgribktb dktbksgs hurgktb los pbréohos hb bsträs bk lg vdhg y tdbkhbk g hdsidkudr hurgktb los pbréohos hb fg`o bsträs. Gl dnugl qub cok ao fdg socdgl s ocdgl,, lg gpgrdcdók hbl XGN XGN ko sb gsocdg gs ocdg tépdcgibktb cok gcoktbcdidbktos vdtglbs vdtglbs kbngtdvos. Içs fdbk, los dkhdvdhuos sublbk dkaorigr qub bstçk "bstrbsghos" y cok arbcubkcdg sofrbpgsghos0 gfruigho por lgs bxpbrdbkcdgs bxpbrdbkcdgs hb lg vdhg vdhg hdgrdg ("bl ("bl hég g hég tdbkb slbs"). slbs"). Bstgs ofsbrvgcdokbs of sbrvgcdokbs gpoygk gðk içs  portgr lg opdkdók opdkdók hb qub bs lg bxpbrdbkcdg bxpbrdbkcdg arbcubktb hb s ucbsos vdtgl vdtglbs bs kbngtdvos b dkcoktrolgflbs dkcoktrolgflbs bk nbkbrgl, içs qub ukg bxpb rdbkcdg trguiçtdcg bspbcéadcg, qub hbtbridkg lgs

mttps0//tr gkslgtb.n oon lbusbr coktbkt.coi/tr gkslgtb_a

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Xbr gpdg hb gcbptgcdók y coipr oidso pgr g los tr gstor kos hb gksdbhgh

Zçndkg 87 68 Xbrgpdg hb gcbptgcdók y coiproidso pgrg lg gksdbhgh

suscbptdfdldhgh gl XGN. Coio rbsultgho, lgs pbrsokgs cok XGN gprbkhbk qub pubhbk mgcbr poco pgrg  prbhbcdr y c oktrolgr tglbs tglbs bvbktos y tbridkgr prbocupçkhosb prboc upçkhosb por bll bllos os y bvdtç bvdtçkholos kholos coio tgkto coio sbg posdflb.

Xrgstorko ofsbsdvo coipulsdvo Lgs ofsbsdokbs sok pbksgidbktos, dipulsos o diçnbkbs rbcurrbktbs bk pbrsdstbkcdg qub bstçk gsocdghos cok gksdbhgh sdnkdadcgtdvg y sb lbs coksdhbrg dktrusdvos, drrgcdokglbs y gknustdgktbs. Lgs coiprbsdokbs, por bl coktrgrdo, sok coiportgidbktos rbpbtdhos (p. B`., Coktrol, lgvgho hb igkos) y gctos ibktglbs (por b`biplo, coktgr, orgr) qub lg nbktb rbgldzg hb aorig rdnurosg y bxcbsdvg pgrg gldvd gl dvdgr gr lg gksdbhgh provocghg por lgs ofsbsdokbs (Stbebtbb y Arost, Ar ost, 744=). Bl of`btdvo of`btdvo hbl rdtugl rdtugl bs0  pbksgidbktos o gcc dokbs bspbcdglbs bspbcdglbs bs rbprdid rbprdidr, r, kbutrgldzgr kbutrgldzgr o, hb lo coktrgrdo, c oktrolgr g lgs ofsbsgs ofsbs gs pbrturfghorgs. pbrtur fghorgs. coktbkdho sdokgl. Los gctos cokhuctuglbs o ibktglbs sdrvbk pgrg rbstgflbcbr lg sbnurdhgh, rbhucdr lg gksdbhgh y Bvdtb qub sucbhg bl tbidho bvbkto. Lgs ofsbsdokbs y los rdtuglbs coipulsdvos provocgk gknustdg igrcghg b dktbrabrbkcdg cok lgs rutdkgs hdgrdgs hdgrdgs y bl aukcdokgid aukc dokgidbkto bkto soc dgl hb igkbrg içs sdnkdad sdnkdadcgtdvg cgtdvg qub cuglqudbrg hb los otros trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh diportgktbs. Hb mbcmo, cugkho los dkhdvdhuos bstçk mospd tgldzghos hbfdho g lg gksdbhgh, tépdcgibktb sb hbfb g qub pghbcbk uk trgstorko ofsbsdvo-coipulsdvo (XOC) ( Stbebtbb y Fgrlow, Fgrlow, 6::6) . Lg mospd mos pd tgldzgcdók tgldzgcdók g ibkuho rbprbsbktg r bprbsbktg lg cul idkgcdók hb bl cérculo vdcdoso hbscbkhbktb hb lgs pulsgcdokbs y los rdtuglbs ofsbsdvos. Gifos tdbkhbk g pokbr tgk iucmgs ldidtgcdokbs bk lg vdhg hb lgs pbrsokgs, idbktrgs qub coksuibk tgkto tdbipo tohos los hégs, qub glnukos los dkhdvdhuos dkhdvdhuos cgsd cgs d kukcg sb s b qubhgk sdk s dk tdbipo tdbipo pgrg mgcbr lo qub rbglib rbglibktb ktb kbcbsdtgk kbcbs dtgk mgcbr. Mos pd tgl dzgcdók dzgcdók bk Bstos cgsos sublbk sbr uk ðltdio rbcurso pgrg roipbr bstb cdclo. G hdabrbkcdg hb lgs conkdcdokbs gsocdghgs cok bl XGN, los pbksgidbktos dktrusos y lgs prbocupgcdokbs lgs pbrsokgs cok XOC ko sok sdiplbibktb prbocupgcdokbs bxcbsdvgs gcbrcg hb lg vdhg cotdhdgkg  proflbigs. Bk cgifdo, bl XOC sb s b cgrgc tbrdzg por sbr drrbgl, drrbgldzgfl drrbgldzgflbb y, g ibkuho, bxtrg÷o.  prbocupgcdokbs. Lg igyorég hb los sbrbs s brbs muigkos mgk tbkdho prbocupgcdokbs tgk dktrusdvgs y bxtrg÷gs bk glnukos  pukto. Sdk bifgrno, los pbksgidbktos b diçnbkbs dktrusdvos tdbkhbk g provocgr provoc gr içs gksdbhgh y sok içs hdaécdlbs. culto g hbscgrtgr bk los qub pghbcbk XOC bk coipgrgcdók cok otrgs pbrsokgs (Stbebtbb y Arost, 744=). Xglbs pbksgidbktos, g su vbz, tgifdäk culidkgk g ibkuho bk ukg rbgccdók hb pçkdco y sok tépdcgibktb bvdtgho y rbsdstdho. Zor bso Stbebtbb y Fgrlow (6::6) hbscrdfbk lg rbspubstg hb  pbrsokgs cok X OC coio otro tdpo hb rbgccdók rbgc cdók aófdcg. Bstg Bs tg rbgccdók rbgcc dók bs sdidlgr sdidlgr g lg vdsto bk bl trgstorko hb pçkdco, bxcbpto qub los of`btos aófdcos bk bl XOC sok conkdcdokbs, ko corporglbs sbksgcdokbs. Lg igyorég hb lgs pbrsokgs cok XOC sb hgk cubktg hb qub sus rdtuglbs sok bxcbsdvos b drrgcdokglbs. Sdk bifgrno, coktdkðgk pgrtdcdpgkho bk coiportgidbktos qub bstçk hdsb÷ghos pgrg coktrolgr o rbhucdr   pbksgidbktos ko hbsbghos. Cdb Cdbrtgibktb rtgibktb bs pos dfl dflbb qub lgs pbrsokgs pbrsok gs qub pghbcbk pghbc bk XOC pgrtdcdpbk bk tgl coktrol coiportgidbkto porqub lgs dktrusdokbs ofsbsdvgs provocgk içs gksdbhgh bk bllos qub bk otrgs pbrsokgs  plb. Sdk bifgrno, tgifdä  plb. tgifdäkk bs posdflb qub lg lg tbkhbkcdg idsig g kbutrgldzgr kbutrgldzgr y c oktrolgr lgs dktrusdokbs dkghvbrtdhgibktb coktrdfuyb g guibktgr lg gksdbhgh. Hb mbcmo, bxdstb uk gpoyo bipérdco crbcdbktb  pubrto pgrg los babc tos kbngtd kbngtdvos vos y hb rbtroc bso hb los dktbktos hb suprdid supr didrr o coktrolgr ko hbsbghos  pbksgidbktos b diçnbkbs (Mgybs (Mgybs bt gl., 74415 ^bnkbr, ^bnkbr, 7448). 7448) . Xbkhrbios igs qub hbc dr  sofrb bstg lékbg hb dkvbstdngcdók bk cgpétulos postbrdorbs.

Zçndkg 86 Dktrohuccdók g los trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh 62

Gukqub lg bhgh hb gpgrdcdók hbl XOC sublb sbr hb ibhdghos g adkglbs hb lg gholbscbkcdg, los proflbigs  pubhb coibkzgr bk kd÷os hb cdkco g sbds g÷os hb bhgh. Bk kd÷bz y gholbscbkcdg, mgy içs moifrbs qub iu`brbs qub pghbcbk XOC (proporcdók hb sbxos 60 7), pbro por bhgh ghultg lg hdstrdfucdók por näkbro bs gproxdighgibktb dnugl. Bl XOC rgrg vbz coidbkzg hbspuäs hb los cdkcubktg g÷os (Stbebtbb y Fgrlow, 6::6). Sd ko sb trgtg, lg bvolucdók hbl XOC bs iglg.

LOS XVGSXOVKOS HB GKSDBHGH XDBKBK IRCMO mttps0//tr gkslgtb.n oon lbusbr coktbkt.coi/tr gkslgtb_a

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Xbr gpdg hb gcbptgcdók y coipr oidso pgr g los tr gstor kos hb gksdbhgh

BK COIÐK Bk bl pgsgho, dkvbstdnghorbs y tbrgpbutgs sb mgk cbktrgho bk lgs hdabrbkcdgs bktrb lg gksdbhgh hds o hbrs. Bk bl kdvbl abkoibkolóndco tglbs hdabrbkcdgs sok ofvdgs, sofrb toho sd uko sb cbktrg bk bvbktos qub provocgk idbho y gksdbhgh bk los trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh. Bk bspbcdadco Ao sbsno, por b`biplo, kos mbios cbktrgho bk uk of`bto, bvbkto o sdtugcdók bspbcéadcos. Bk socdgl ao fdg, kos mbios cbktrgho bk sdtugcdokbs socdglbs. Bk bl trgstorko hb pçkdco, kos mbios cbktrgho bk Crbtg bpdsohdos hb idbho dktbkso provocgho por lgs sbksgcdokbs corporglbs. Bk ZXSH, kos mbios cbktrgho bk sucbsos trguiçtdcos pgsghos y ibiordgs gsocdghgs. Xgifdäk hdabrdios rbspubstgs hb idbho, hokhb cokocbios los bstéiulos qub provocgk idbho (p. b`., bk ao  prb`udcdo  prb`ud cdo y trgstorko trgs torko hb bsträs bs träs pos trguiçtdco), hb tdpos hb rbspubstgs rbs pubstgs hb idbho ko hbtbctghgs o dkbspbrghgs qub pgrbcbk ocurr ocurrdr  dr  hb lg kghg (por b`biplo, bk uk trgstorko hb pçkdco), hokhb g ibkuho ko tbkbios ukg coiprbksdók clgrg hb bl bstéiulo provocghor. Xgifdäk kos mbios cbktrgho bk lgs hdabrbkcdgs bk lg hurgcdók b dktbksdhgh hb rbspubstgs. Zor b`biplo, bl idbho y los cgifdos aésdcos gsocdghos bk bl trgstorko hb pçkdco sok dktbksg pbro rblgtdvgibktb rblgtdvgibktb frbvb, idbktrgs qub lg gksdbhgh y lgs rbspubstgs r bspubstgs adsdol adsdolóndcgs óndcgs bk bl XGN XGN sok ibkos dktbksos y ocurrbk hurgktb pbréohos hb tdbipo iucmo içs lgrnos.

Supbrposdcdók abkoibkolóndcg G pbsgr hb bstgs hdabrbkcdgs bktrb los hdvbrsos trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh, bxdstbk glnukgs llgigtdvos vékculos coiukbs qub sb mgk bstuhdgho bxtbksgibktb. Zor b`biplo, gukqub Los gtgqubs hb pçkdco ocurrbk cok igyor arbcubkcdg bk pbrsokgs cok BZ, tgifdäk pubhbk ocurrdr y ocurrbk bk  pbrsokgs cok tohos toh os los hbiçs trgstorkos trgs torkos hb gksdbhgh. Zor b`biplo, gl ibkos bl 2: por c db dbkto kto hb lgs pbrsokgs pbrs okgs c ok ao fdg socdgl y gl ibkos bl 3: por cdbkto hb lgs pbrsokgs cok bxpbrdbkcdg bk XGN y XOC bk ocgsdokbs gtgqubs hb pçkdco arbcubktbs o arbcubktbs. Ghbiçs, sgfbios hbshb mgcb glnðk tdbipo qub mgy pocg hdabrbkcdg bktrb uk gtgqub hb pçkdco qub ocurrb hbktro hbl coktbxto hb uk trgstorko hb pçkdco y sb dkhdcg (sdtugcdokglibktb gtghos) hb pçkdco qub ocurrbk bk prbsbkcdg hb bstéiulos bspbcéadcos (por b`biplo, bk sbsno hb ao socdgl, ZXSH5 ca. Crgseb, 7447). Içs diportgktb gðk, lg tbkhbkcdg g bvdtgr y bscgpgr hbl idbho y lg gksdbhgh bs cgrgctbréstdco hb cgsd tohos los dkhdvdhuos hdgnkostdcghos cok uk trgstorko rblgcdokgho cok lg gksdbhgh. Los tdpos bspbcéadcos hb bscgpb y coiportgidbkto hb bvdtgcdók  pubhb hdabrdr hdabrdr g kdvbl abkoibkolóndco. abkoibkolóndco. Sdk bifgrno, lg aukcdók fçsdcg hb bsos coiport coiportgidb gidbktos ktos bs lg idsio0 sdrvbk pgrg mgcbr hbsgpgrbcbr bl idbho y lg gksdbhgh y sgcgr g lg pbrsokg hbl

Zçndkg 83 61 Xbrgpdg hb gcbptgcdók y coiproidso pgrg lg gksdbhgh

Sdtugcdók bk lg qub bxpbrdibktgk Sdtugcdók bxpbrdibktgk idbho y gksdbhg gks dbhgh. h. Xgifdäk mgy iucmo iuc mo trgslg trgs lgpb pb bktrb trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh y trgstorkos diportgktbs hbl bstgho hb çkdio, coio hbprbsdók igyor y hdstdidg. Fgrlow bt gl. (6::8) dkaorigk qub bl 22 por cdbkto hb los pgcdbktbs cok ukg gksdbhgh prdkcdpgl o trgstorko hbl bstgho hb çkdio tbkég gl ibkos otrg gksdbhgh ghdcdokgl o trgstorko hbprbsdvo bk bl Ioibkto hb lg bvglugcdók. Bstg tgsg guibktó gl >1 por cdbkto cugkho lg vdhg ðtdl ghdcdokgl Sb coksdhbrgrok los hdgnkóstdcos. Los gtgqubs hb pçkdco sok, hb mbcmo, arbcubktbs bk pbrsokgs cok diportgktbs proflbigs biocdokglbs. hds o hbrs. Zor b`biplo, bktrb bl 62 y bl 2: por cdbkto hb lgs pbrsokgs qub suarbk hb hbprbsdók, y hbl 32 gl 1: por cdbkto hb gqubllos cok trgstorko hb soigtdzgcdók o mdpo cokhrdgsds, bxpbrdbkcdg hb gtgqubs hb pçkdco (Sgleovseds, 744=). Frowk y Fgrlow (6::6) hdscutbk vgrdos bstuhdos g nrgk bscglg qub iubstrgk qub lg hbprbsdók igyor bs, cok iucmo, lg Hdgnkóstdco ghdcdokgl coiðk hb por vdhg bk pgcdbktbs cok uk trgstorko hb gksdbhgh prdkcdpgl. RKG Rk mgllgzno sorprbkhbktb aub qub lg gfruighorg igyorég hb pgcdbktbs cok trgstorkos hbl bstgho hb çkdio tgifdäk sb prbsbktg cok uk trgstorko hb gksdbhgh gctugl o pgsgho. Hb mbcmo, solo bl 2 por cdbkto hb 1>: Zgcdbktbs qub suardbrok ukg hbprbsdók igyor o hdstdidg hb por vdhg ko tbkégk gktbcbhbktbs trgstorko hb gksdbhgh. Bk lg igyorég hb los cgsos hb gksdbhgh y hbprbsdók cobxdstdbkho, lg gksdbhgh trgstorkos o hbsórhbkbs prbcbhdbrok içs qub sdnudbrok gl dkdcdo hb los trgstorkos hbl bstgho hb çkdio. Zor lo tgkto, bstgios hb gcubrho cok Fgrlow bt gl. (6::8) bk qub mgy uk nrgho hb supbrposdcdók aukcdokgl g trgväs hb los trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh. Xgifdäk bstgios hb gcubrho bk qub tohos los Lg bvdhbkcdg bvdhbkcdg bibrnbktb gpuktg g lg diportgkcdg prdiorhdgl prdiorhdgl hb los agc torbs coiukbs bk lg nbkbrgcdók. sds y prbsbk tgcdók hb trgstorkos biocdokglbs. Lgs cgrgctbréstdcgs ofsbrvgflbs hurgktb lg vubltg hbl hdvbrsos trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh, gsé coio lg nrgk co-ocurrbkcdg hb gksdbhgh y trgstorkos hbl bstgho hb çkdio o hbrs, sb÷glgk ukg supbrposdcdók hb aukcdokbs içs fçsdcg bk bl kdvbl hbl procbso0 mttps0//tr gkslgtb.n oon lbusbr coktbkt.coi/tr gkslgtb_a

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Xbr gpdg hb gcbptgcdók y coipr oidso pgr g los tr gstor kos hb gksdbhgh

Rkg coiprbksdók içs proaukhg hb lg kgturglbzg hb los trgstorkos biocdokglbs rbvblg qub coiukbs bk btdolonég y bstructurg lgtbktb bktrb bstos hbsórhbkbs rbbiplgzg lgs hdabrbkcdgs Up. 6:2Y ... Bxdstb uk gipldo gcubrho bk qub bl  HSI-DQ  rbprbsbktg bl cbkdt hb uk bkaoqub bscdkhdho hb lg kosolonég, cok bl vbktg`g hb los gltos ékhdcbs hb adgfdldhgh hdgnkóstdcg. Zbro bstç crbcdbkho sus pd ... cdók hb qub bstb lonro sb mg lonrgho g bxpbksgs hb lg vgldhbz hdgnkóstdcg, y qub bl sdstbig gctugl ... pubhb bstgr hdstdknudbkho brrókbgibktb cgtbnorégs hb cgtbnorégs qub sok vgrdgcdokbs ibkorbs hb los sékhroibs sufygcbktbs içs gipldos. (Fgrlow bt gl., 6::8, pçn. 677)

Zrocbsos pgtolóndcos fçsdcos coiukbs Crbbios qub ukg ib`or coiprbksdók hb los procbsos fçsdcos coiukbs ibhdgktb los cuglbs Lg gksdbhgh korigl y otrgs biocdokbs sb hbsorhbkgk bs bsbkcdgl pgrg bl äxdto bkaoqub pgrg trgtgr g lgs pbrsokgs cok gksdbhgh y otros trgstorkos biocdokglbs. Gmd bstg crbcdbktb gpoyo bipérdco pgrg lg kocdók hb qub bl dipgcto pohbroso y gutohbstructdvo hb bvdtgr bl gabcto kbngtdvo bs bl procbso pgtolóndco cbktrgl qub gldibktg tohgs lgs bkabribhghbs hb gksdbhgh o hbrs. Bk kubstrg opdkdók, lg aorig bk qub lgs pbrsokgs cok XGN utdldzgk lg prbocupgcdók por bvdtgr y rbhucdr bl bsträs

Zçndkg 88 Dktrohuccdók g los trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh 6>

gsocdgho cok lg gksdbhgh pubhb bksb÷grkos iucmo sofrb bl proflbig cbktrgl hb coiportgidbkto qub sb bkcubktrg bk bl corgzók hb tohos los trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh0 dktbktos réndhos y bxcbsdvos hb bvdtgr bxpbrdibktgr  gksdbhgh.

XGN0 ¿bl trgstorko hb gksdbhgh prototépdco? Bl XGN solég sbr ukg cgpturg hb tohos los hdgnkóstdcos pgrg lgs pbrsokgs qub sb prbsbktgfgk cok gksdbhgh.  proflbig qub ko bkcg`gfg pbrabctgibktb bk uko o içs hb los otros, otros , ukg cgtbnorég hb gksdbhg gks dbhghh içs bspbcéadcg no rdbs. Bk los ðltdios g÷os, bl cgifdo bk los crdtbrdos hb hdgnkóstdco hb NGH hb iotorbs y séktoigs gutoiçtdcos g los procbsos cbktrglbs hb prbocupgcdók y gprbksdók gksdosg mg llbvgho g lg kocdók hb qub bl XGN pubhb sbr hb mbcmo bl  trgstorko  trgstorko hb gksdbhgh "fçsdco". Hb mbcmo, Fgrlow (6::6) vb lg gprbksdók gksdosg coio uk procbso cbktrgl qub pubhb sbrvdr coio plgtgaorig pgrg lg näkbsds y igktbkdidbkto hb tohos los trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh. Hbadkb lg gprbksdók gksdosg coio ukg bstgho hb çkdio ordbktgho mgcdg bl auturo bk bl qub uk dkhdvdhuo sb prbpgrg o sb prbpgrg pgrg mgcbr arbktb g los sucbsos kbngtdvos vbkdhbros. Bstb bstgho bstç gsocdgho cok lg glturg kbngtdvg. gabcto, sofrbgctdvgcdók crókdcg, ukg sbksgcdók hb cgpgcdhgh y hbscoktrol ko prbhbcdflbs, y ukg bkaoqub hb gtbkcdók bk bstéiulos rblgcdokghos cok gibkgzgs. Fgrlow sb÷glg qub bl procbso hb gksdbhgh Lg gprbksdók gksdosg bstç prbsbktb bk tohos los trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh, pbro bl coktbkdho bspbcéadco hb bsg lg gprbmbksdók vgrég hb uk trgstorko g otro.  Kubstrg ib`or coiprbksdók c oiprbksdók hb NGH kos hg pdstgs diportgktbs sofrb sofr b lo qub  pubhb mgcbr qub lg gksdbhgh gksdbhgh sbg uk trgstorko y quä coiportgidbktos c oiportgidbktos hbfbios gforhgr gfor hgr bk bl trgtgidbkto. Lg prbocupgcdók aukcdokg a ukcdokg coio ukg rbspubstg rbspubs tg conkdtd conk dtdvg vg hb bvdtgcdók gl igtbrdgl igtbrdgl gibkgzghor. gibkgzghor. Foreovbc y gsocdghos (6::8), por b`biplo, mgk rbukdho prubfgs bipérdcgs cokvdkcbktbs hb qub Lg aukcdók hb lg prbocupgcdók bs bvdtgr lg digndkgcdók y lg bxcdtgcdók adsdolóndcg gsocdghg cok lg gksdbhgh. bty y gabcto kbngtdvo. Cugkho lg nbktb sb prbocupg, lg igyorég hb lgs vbcbs mgflg coksdno idsig. Bsb Bs hbcdr, lg prbocupgcdók dipldcg uk pbksgidbkto vbrfgl içs gfstrgcto qub lg digndkgcdók (Foreovbc y Kbwigk, 744=). Zor lo tgkto, lg prbocupgcdók pbridtb g lgs pbrsokgs gforhgr los tbigs biocdokglbs hbshb ukg pbrspbctdvg gfstrgctg.  pbrcbptugl pbr bspbc tdvo y, por lo tgkto, bvdtgr diçnbkbs gvbrsdvgs y bioc dokbs kbngtdvgs kbngtdvgs dktbksgs bk bl corto plgzo. Sdk bifgrno, g lg lgrng, bstg bstrgtbndg bs dkbadcgz. Hb mbcmo, los dkhdvdhuos tdbkhbk g bxpbrdibktgr ukg gksdbhgh gðk içs dktbksg g lgrno plgzo, lo qub nbkbrglibktb bs lo sdnudbktb hbsgkdigho por los bsaubrzos pgrg rbhucdr lg gksdbhgh gl dkvolucrgrsb bk içs prbocupgcdokbs (Ibkkdk, Mbdifbrn, Xure y Arbsco, 6::6). ULgs pbrsokgs cok XGNY bstçk pbksgkho tgkto bk los proflbigs qub sb gvbcdkgk qub ko lbs qubhg lg cgpgcdhgh hb gtbkcdók pgrg bl diportgktb procbso hb crbgcdók diçnbkbs diçnb kbs hb lg gibkgzg gibkgzg potbkcdgl, diçnbkbs diçnbkbs qub provocgr provocgrégk égk içs kbngtd kbngtdvgs vgs gabcto y gctdvdhgh gutókoig. Bk otrgs pglgfrgs, bvdtgk tohgs lgs kbngtdvgs mttps0//tr gkslgtb.n oon lbusbr coktbkt.coi/tr gkslgtb_a

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Xbr gpdg hb gcbptgcdók y coipr oidso pgr g los tr gstor kos hb gksdbhgh

gabcto gsocdgho cok lg gibkgzg ... UCoio rbsultghoY pubhbk bvdtgr nrgk pgrtb hb lg hbsgnrgho gsocdgho cok bl gabcto kbngtdvo y lg digndkgcdók, pbro sok kukcg aub cgpgz hb rbsolvbr sus proflbigs y llbngr g solucdokbs. Zor lo tgkto sb vublvbk prbocupgktbs crókdcos, gcoipg÷ghos hb dkalbxdfdldhgh gutókoig y tbksdók iusculgr fgstgktb sbvbrg. Zor lo tgkto, ukg dktbksg prbocupgcdók por uk dkhdvdhuo cok XGN pubhb tbkbr bl idsio propósdto hb iglg ghgptgcdók qub lg bvdtgcdók pgrg

Zçndkg 82 6= Xbrgpdg hb gcbptgcdók y coiproidso pgrg lg gksdbhgh

 pbrsokgs cok s bsno hb a o. Bvdtg qub lg pbr sokg sb s b bkarbktb g lg sdtugcdók tbidhg, tbidhg, y gsé lg ghgptgcdók y lg rbsolucdók hb proflbigs rbglbs kukcg pubhbk ocurrdr. (Fgrlow y Hurgkh, 6::8, pçn. 73:) Mg rbsultgho hdaécdl bxpldcgr por quä lg prbocupgcdók gyuhg g los qub pghbcbk XGN g bvdtgr lg gknustdg. bxpbrdbkcdgs biocdokglbs y por quä bstgs bxpbrdbkcdgs sok tgk gvbrsdvgs qub tglbs sdbktbk qub kbcbsdtgk bvdtgrlos bk prdibr lungr. Gðk gsé, Ibkkdk y colbngs (6::6) mgk  proporcdokó  proporc dokó ukg bxpldcgcdók bxpldcgcdók qub c rbbios qub bs fgstgktb fgs tgktb coiplb`g. coiplb`g. Bstos gutorbs bkc oktrgrok qub Los dkhdvdhuos cok XGN tdbkbk rbgccdokbs biocdokglbs qub ocurrbk içs açcdl, rçpdhgibktb y dktbksgibktb qub pgrg lg igyorég hb lgs hbiçs pbrsokgs. Gl idsio tdbipo, tgifdäk pgrbcbk tbkbr uk ukg coiprbksdók içs pofrb hb lgs biocdokbs, rbspokhbk g sus biocdokbs hb igkbrg kbngtdvg, y usgk bstrgtbndgs hbsghgptgtdvgs pgrg c oktrolgr y rbstrdkndr r bstrdkndr su bxpbrdb bxpbrdbkcdg kcdg biocdokgl pgrg hdsidkudr  hdsidkudr  bstb bstgho gvbrsdvo. Zor lo tgkto, bl XGN XGN tdbkhb g gsoc dg dgrsb rsb cok lg bvdtgcdók bvdtgcdók dkhdsc dkhdscrdid rdidkghg kghg hb gabcto kbngtdvo qub, bk cdbrto sbktdho, bstç bk pdloto gutoiçtdco.

Bvdtgr bl idbho y lg gksdbhgh g tohg costg Cghg vbz mgy içs prubfgs hb qub bl proflbig clgvb hb lg igyorég hb lgs pbrsokgs cok trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh0 o lo qub lbs gtrgb ko bs su idbho dktbkso o su gksdbhgh pbrsdstbktb. Bl proflbig bs qub tglbs pbrsokgs tdbkhbk tdb khbk g s bktdrsb gfruighos por lg tbkhbkcdg g lg gcc dók pgrg bvdtgr bxpbrdibktgr bxpbrdibktgr idbho y gksdbhgh. Ldtbrglibktb vdvbk ukg vdhg cbktrghg bk trgtgr hb ko tbkbr gksdbhgh y idbho, ko hbsbghos.  pbksgidbktos, rbcubrhos rbc ubrhos pgsghos, prbocupgc prbocupgcdokbs dokbs y cos gs por bl bstdlo. bstdlo. Rkg vdhg gsé vdvdhg vdvdhg gl sbrvdcdo hb lg gksdbhgh gksdbhgh y bl idbho pubhb toigr vgrdgs aorigs, coio bvdtgr g lgs pbrsokgs, los lungrbs, lgs gctdvdhghbs y los lungrbs. qub pubhbk llbvgr llbvgr g s bktdid bktdidbktos bktos hb gksdbhgh y idbho, usgkho us gkho sustgkcdgs s ustgkcdgs pgrg p grg idkdidzg idkdidzgrr lg ocurrbkcdg hb tglbs sbktdidbktos, y bscgpgr hb sdtugcdokbs hurgktb lgs biocdokbs hbsgnrghgflbs bstghos. Rkg vdhg vdvdhg gl sbrvdcdo hb ko tbkbr gksdbhgh y idbho, sofrb toho cugkho sb trgtg hb ukg aorig rdnurosg. gpldcghg hb igkbrg dkalbxdflb, bs fgstgktb ldidtgktb y profgflbibktb mg llbngho g hbadkdr cóio vdvbk los cldbktbs sus vdhgs pgrg bl ioibkto bk qub bktrgk bk tbrgpdg. Bs cugkho bstg bstrgtbndg hb bvdtgcdók y Bl bscgpb sb gpldcg hb igkbrg réndhg b dkalbxdflb g lg gksdbhgh y bl idbho, dkcludhgs lgs cdrcukstgkcdgs. qub bk ocgsdokbs tglbs rbspubstgs, qub coibkzgios g mgflgr sofrb bl cgifdo hb lg gksdbhgh korigl y idbho g bxpbrdibktgr bxpbrdbkcdgs bxpbrdbkcdgs hbsagvorgflbs hb gksdbhg gks dbhghh y idbho. Lg igyor pgrtb hb bstg gctdvd gctdvdhgh hgh bs vbrfglibktb cokstrudhos y bvglugtdvos, y hb gmé lg rgzók por lg qub GCX coksdhbrg bl lbknug`b bk bl Bl corgzók hb bstg bxpbrdbkcdg bvdtg bl proflbig. Hb mbcmo, hbshb lg pbrspbctdvg hb GCX, lg gksdbhgh y bl idbho sb vublvb proflbiçtdco cugkho lgs pbrsokgs0 +

ko bstçk hdspubstos g tbkbr gksdbhgh y idbho5

+

gctugr rutdkgrdgibktb pgrg bvdtgr, rbprdidr y bscgpgr hb tglbs biocdokbs, coio  pbksgidbktos, sbksgcdokbs s bksgcdokbs aésdcgs a ésdcgs y lg lgss c drcukstgkcdgs qub pubhbk ocgsdokgrlos5 y

+

hb votgr bkorib bsaubrzo y tdbipo pgrg bstg lucmg cok lg gksdbhgh y bl idbho g bxpbksgs hb otrgs gctdvdhghbs y ibtgs vgl ughgs b diportgktbs pgrg lg vdhg.

Zçndkg 81 Dktrohuccdók g los trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh 64

Coio iostrgios bk lg pgrtb 3, GCX tdbkb coio of`btdvo roipbr bstb cdclo gl idkgr bstg mttps0//tr gkslgtb.n oon lbusbr coktbkt.coi/tr gkslgtb_a

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Xbr gpdg hb gcbptgcdók y coipr oidso pgr g los tr gstor kos hb gksdbhgh

tbkhbkcdg g bvdtgr y bscgpgr y guibktgr lg albxdfdldhgh y lg voluktgh hb bxpbrdibktgr  gksdbhgh y idbho por lo qub bs. Gl idsio tdbipo, GCX gyuhg g los cldbktbs g cbktrgr lg gtbkcdók bk hoidkdos hb lg vdhg diportgktbs y vglorghos qub bstçk sdbkho igrndkghos hurgktb bstg lucmg.

Zçndkg 8= 8>

CGZÉXRLO 3

Coiportgidbkto Coipo rtgidbkto conkdt conkdtdv dvoo mttps0//tr gkslgtb.n oon lbusbr coktbkt.coi/tr gkslgtb_a

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Xbr gpdg hb gcbptgcdók y coipr oidso pgr g los tr gstor kos hb gksdbhgh

Qdstgs y trgtgidbktos hb los trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh  Lg bxpbrdbkcdg clékdcg mg hbiostrgho qub, drókdcgibktb, g ibkuho bs lg idsio dktbkto hbl pgcdbktb por rbsolvbr bl proflbig qub, hb mbcmo, lo igktdbkb.  Lg solucdók dktbktghg sb cokvdbrtb bk bl vbrhghbro vbrhghbro proflbig.  –Ndorndoo Kgrhokb y Zgul ^gtzl  –Ndornd ^gtzlgwdce  gwdce 

Los trgtgidbktos cokhuctuglbs y conkdtdvos cokhuctuglbs sok los trgtgidbktos hb blbccdók pgrg lg gksdbhgh. hds o hbrs. Hb mbcmo, rbprbsbktgk lgs ib`orbs dktbrvbkcdokbs psdcosocdglbs qub tbkbios pgrg oarbcbr g lgs pbrsokgs qub pghbcbk trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh. Sdk bifgrno, bl coiportgidbkto conkdtdvo tohgvég lb`os hb sbr curgtdvo. Rk kðibro hb pbrsokgs qub suarbk gksdbhgh ko rbspokhbk g coiportgidbktos conkdtdvos. Içs pbrsokgs hb lgs qub kos nustgrég ghidtdr, kd sdqudbrg coidbkzgk trgtgidbkto cugkho bscucmgk lo qub dipldcg (Fbcebr & Pgyabrt, 6::7). Iucmos otros cgbk gktbs hb coiplbtgr bl trgtgidbkto, y hb gqubllos qub coiplbtgk bl trgtgidbkto, iucmos ultd rbcgbk y rbqudbrbk trgtgidbkto trgtgidbkto ghdcdokgl. ghdcdokgl. Sdipl S diplbibktb bibktb ko bs bl cgso hb qub tbkngios

Zçndkg 84 36 Xbrgpdg hb gcbptgcdók y coiproidso pgrg lg gksdbhgh

glcgkzó bl tbcmo hb badcgcdg cok rbspbcto gl coiportgidbkto conkdtdvo, ghbiçs hb los trgtgidbktos pgrg lg gksdbhgh. o hbrs (Fgrlow bt gl., 6::85 Aog y Biiblegip, 74=35 Aog y Eozge, 744>g). Lb`os hb gmd. Zohbios y hbfbios mgcbrlo ib`or. Hb mbcmo, hbfbios mgcbrlo ib`or. Mgcbr arbktb g bstb hbsgaéo rbqudbrbk rbpbksgr glnukgs hb lgs suposdcdokbs fçsdcgs qub nuégk kubstros puktos hb vdstg hb los proflbigs rblgcdokghos cok lg gksdbhgh.  proflbigs y su trgtgidb trgtgidbkto. kto. Bk pgr tdc u lgr, kbcbsdtgios rbbxgid r bbxgidkgr kgr lo qub mgcb qub lg gksdbhgh gksdbhgh y idbho hbsibrbcdho Bl of`btdvo hb bstb cgpétulo bs proporcdokgr glnukos gktbcbhbktbs pgrg bstg rbvdsdók0 gi d kg cdók y uk kubvo pbr spbc tdvb.

QDSXGS CONKDXDQGS COKHRCXRGLBS Lg tbrgpdg tbiprgkg hbl coiportgidbkto hbfb iucmo hb su äxdto g su hbscrdpcdók hb lg btdolonég y Xbksdók hb los trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh. Bstb rblgto sb fgsó bk lg kocdók sdiplb hb qub lg gksdbhgh Los trgstorkos sb gprbkhbk o ghqudbrbk ibhdgktb uk procbso hb gcokhdcdokgidbkto y sb igktdbkbk g trgväs hb bscgpgr y bvdtgr coiportgidbktos (Iowbr, 741:). Lg coksbcubkcdg lóndcg hb bstb cubktg brg qub bl trgtgidbkto bxdtoso hbfb dkvolucrgr gyuhgr g los cldbktbs g bkarbktgrsb bstéiulos tbidhos y sdtugcdokbs bk uk gifdbktb sbnuro y pbu tdc pgrg pbridtdr kubvos gprbkhdzg`b biocdokgl corrbctdvo y bxtdkcdók hbl idbho y lg gksdbhgh bxcbsdvos (^olpb, 742=). Bstg vdsdók sofrbvdvdó içs o ibkos dktgctg mgstg lg häcghg hb 74>:, cugkho guibktgrok lgs crétdcgs. sundrdbkho qub los trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh ko sb rblgcdokgk ðkdcgibktb cok bl cokhdcdokgidbkto. Mgy içs bk bl bxpbrdbkcdg muigkg qub bl cokhdcdokgidbkto hbfdho g lg cgpgcdhgh muigkg pgrg bl lbknug`b y kubstrg propbksdók g pgrtdcdpgr bk procbsos conkdtdvos coiplb`os b dkadkdtos vbr fgl-sdifóldcos. RKG ukg vdsdók içs conkdtdvg hb lgs bkabribhghbs y su trgtgidbkto sb cbktró bk bl pgpbl hb ibiordg, gtbkcdók, pgtrokbs hb pbksgidbkto cgtçstroaos, crbbkcdgs drrgcdokglbs, drrgcdokglbs gutohbclgrgcdokbs y vglorgcdokbs, y sdidlgrbs. Bstgs kocdokbs sb dktbnrgrok rçpdhgibktb hbktro hb lg tbrgpdg cokhuctugl y sb cokocdó coio tbrgpdg conkdtdvg cokhuctugl (Fbce & Bibry, 74=2). G coktdkugcdók, trgzgios frbvbibktb glnukos hb bstos hbsgrrollos y lg luz gltg hokhb tgkto bl bstgho ordndkgl coio los rblgtos hbl coiportgidbkto conkdtdvo sb qubhgk cortos.

mttps0//tr gkslgtb.n oon lbusbr coktbkt.coi/tr gkslgtb_a

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Xbr gpdg hb gcbptgcdók y coipr oidso pgr g los tr gstor kos hb gksdbhgh

Ld Ldid idtgcdokbs tgcdokbs hb lg cubktg hb co coiportgid iportgidbkto bkto Los prdibros tbrgpbutgs hbl coiportgidbkto tbkhégk g cokcbfdr lg btdolonég hb los trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh. bk täridkos hb prdkcdpd prdkcdpdos os hb cokhdcdokgidbkto cokhdcdokgidbkto c lçsd lçsdco co o pgvlov do hdrbcto mgcdg mgc dg ghblgktb. ghblgktb. Gsé, cugkho Zor otro lgho, bl bstéiulo fbkdnko sgfdo sb prohucb bk bstrbcmg coktdkudhgh cok ukg gksdbhgh qub dkhucb bvbkto, bs iuy profgflb qub bl bstéiulo içs tgrhb provoqub gksdbhgh y idbho sdk içs trguig. Hb mbcmo, ukg rblgcdók bktrb otros bstéiulos kbutrglbs sgfdos y ukg aglsg glgrig (bs hbcdr, uk gtgqub hb pçkdco) pubhb sbr suadcdbktb pgrg pokbr bk igrcmg bstb gprbkhdzg`b (Fgrlow, 74==5 Fou tok, Idkbeg y Fgrlow, 6::75 Aorsytm y Bdabrt, 74415 ^olpb y Vowgk, 74==). por  Zor b`biplo, vgrdos bstuhdos hb kubstro nrupo hb lgforgtordo mgk hbiostrgho qub los gtgqubs hb pçkdco pubhbk aukcdokgr  coio bvbktos cokhdcdokgktbs bk lg btdolonég hb los trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh (Aorsytm, Bdabrt, & Md`o hb Xmoip, 74415 Aorsytm, Hglbdhbk y Cmorpdtg, 6:::5 Aorsytm y Bdabrt, 7441, 744=g, 744=f). Bs diportgktb sb÷gl s b÷glgr gr qub bstb trgfg` tr gfg`oo sundbrb s undbrb qub bl cokhdcdokgidbkto cokhdcdokgidbkto dipldcg, dipldcg, gl ibkos hbshb

Zçndkg 2: Qdsdokbs conkdtdvgs conkdtdvgs cokhuctuglbs y trgtgidbktos hb los trgst orkos hb gksdbhgh 33

dkhdvdhugl, lgs rblgcdokbs bktrb lgs sb÷glbs ibktglbs corporglbs y gifdbktglbs y ukg hbsgnrghgflb rbspubstg hb aglsg glgrig hb moridng (bs hbcdr, uk gtgqub hb pçkdco5 Fgrlow, 6::65 Aorsytm & Bdabrt, 74415 ^olpb y Vowgk, 74==). Bs lg rbspubstg hb aglsg glgrig, ko kbcbsgrdgibktb lg bstéiulo gvbrsdvo cgpgz hb bvocgrlo, qub los muigkos bxpbrdibktgk coio trguiçtdco. Bstg vdstg bstç bk bl cbktro hbl pbksgidbkto coktbiporçkbo sofrb los procbsos crétdcos dkvolucrghos bk bl idbho gprbkhdzg`b, bk bl qub los gtgqubs hb pçkdco o lgs rbspubstgs sdidlgrbs gl pçkdco aukcdokgk coio cokhdcdokgidbkto crétdco bvbktos bk lg näkbsds hb los trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh (Foutok bt gl., 6::7).  Ko ofstgktb, sb mgk plgktbgho kuibrosgs crétdcgs sofrb lg rblbvgkcdg clékdcg clékdcg hb ukg cubktg cokhdcdokgktb hb los trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh. Kubstrg dktbkcdók gqué ko bs corrbndr tohos bstos crétdcgs (por b`biplo, Igres, 74>45 Ibk zdbs & Clgreb, 74425 Vgcmigk, 74>>, 7447), coio uko hb bllos sb sostdbkb g lg luz hbl coktbiporçkbo gprbkhdzg`b hb lg orég. Bl iohblo hb gcokhdcdokgidbkto hb los trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh ko mg bxpldcgho por coiplbto cóio sb procbsg bl gprbkhdzg`b ghgptgtdvo (bs hbcdr, cdók) `ukto cok rbspubstgs biocdokglbs ghgptgtdvgs (bs hbcdr, idbho y gksdbhgh) bkvdgrég glnukos dkhdvdhuos bstçk bk bl cgidko mgcdg uk trgstorko hb gksdbhgh y ko otros. Hb mbcmo, los crétdcos y los hbabksorbs hbl iohblo cokhdcdokgktb hb los trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh mgk dnkorgho bk nrgk ibhdhg bstb tbig crétdco. Sdk bifgrno, gcbptgrlo mg tbkdho proaukhgs dipldcgcdokbs pgrg lg coiprbksdók Bl suardidbkto rblgcdokgho cok lg gksdbhgh (vbr Aorsytm, Bdabrt y Fgr rdos, bk prbksg, pgrg ukg hbscrdpcdók hbtgllghg cubktg). Gqué, rbsuidrbios frbvbibktb glnukos puktos clgvb. Zrdibro, coksdhbrb lg cokhdcdók clçsdcg hb idbho. Ko mgy kghg hb iglo o iglo bk bsto aorig hb gprbkhdzg`b. Hb mbcmo, bs ufdq ud tous y iuy ghgp tdvo. Cokhdcdokgidbkto clçsdco ocurrb bk aorigs qub vgk hbshb sutdlbs g ofvdgs bk tohgs lgs bspbcdbs hb igiéabros, b dkcluso sb mg bkcoktrgho qub ocurrb bk órngkos hb ukg solg cälulg (por b`biplo, pgr g ib cdg5 vbr Mbkkbssby, Vucebr y IcHdgridh, 74>4). Lg aukcdók prdkcdpgl hb bstg aorig hb gprbkhdzg`b bs tb÷dr  bstéiulo cok sdnkdadcgcdók o sdnkdadcgho biocdokgl, y por lo tgkto, bl coiportgidbkto hdrbcto coio coksbcubkcdg sbcubkcdg (Stggts y Bdabrt, 744:). G vbcbs, bl gprbkhdzg`b hbl idbho pubhb sbr fgstgktb hrgiçtdco, coio cok trguig hbl 77 hb sbptdbifrb, hbsgstrbs kgturglbs, gccdhbktbs, gsglto o nubrrg. Sdk bifgrno, dkcluso bk bstos y otros Bk b`biplos içs bxtrbios, bl gprbkhdzg`b sb ghgptg pbrabctgibktb. Xdbkb sbktdho gprbkhbr g bstéiulos hb idbho qub sb mgk gsocdgho cok coksbcubkcdgs gvbrsdvgs. Coio sb dkhdcg bk cgpétulo 6, tgifdäk tdbkb sbktdho bvdtgr pbrsokgs y sdtugcdokbs qub sb mgk gsocdgho cok coksbcubkcdgs gvbrsdvgs y hg÷dkgs. Hb mbcmo, lgs coksbcubkcdgs hb ko ko mgcbrlo  mgcbrlo  pohrég sbr s br fgstgktb hbsgstros hbs gstroso. o. Bk sbnukho lungr, lg rbspubstg hb glgrig, yg sbg cokhdcdokghg o ko cokhdcdokghg, ko bs ibkos ghgp tdvo. Cugkho bl idbho sb bvocg bk gkdiglbs ko muigkos, sb dkvolucrgk bk ukg sbrdb hb coiportgidbktos qub hbscrdfdios coio coiportgidbktos hb idbho por coiplbto. Sb coknblgk, tdbiflgk, lucmgk por bscgpgr, nrdtgr, b dkcluso ordkgr y hbsgadgr. Kuibrosgs rbspubstgs kburofdolóndcgs sufygcbktbs tglbs gccdokbs, dkvolucrgkho bk pgr tdc u lgr lg giénhglg y lg cghbrg po cgi pus y bl séifolo pg rgig ttdcg hbl sdstbig kbrvdoso gutkidco (LbHoux, 7441, 6:::5 Sblhbk, Bvbrdtt, @grrgrh y Vof fdks, 7447). Cugkho sb bvocgk tglbs rbspubstgs, bl tépdco cokvulsdvo gnuho Lg coksbcubkcdg lg dktbrrupcdók y bl bstrbcmgidbkto hbl coiportgidbkto coktdkuo. Xglbs mgcbk qub los órngkos ... dsios hdspubstos bs g toigr ibhdhgs dkibhdgtgs pgrg prbpgrgrsb y, postbrdoribktb, bscgpgr hb gltbrgcdokbs o bvdtb lgs lgs pos dfl dflbs bs aubktbs a ubktbs hb gibkgzg gibkgzg.. Sdnud S dnudbkho bkho tglbs bxpbrdbkcdgs, bxpbrdbkcdgs, lg igyorég hb los igiéabros, i giéabros, dkcluyb dkcluybkho0 kho0 muigkos, bvdtgrç gctdvgibktb bxpokbrsb g los bstéiulos qub prbhdcbk tglbs rbspubstgs, bk pgrtb porqub tdbkb sbktdho ghgptgtdvo mgcbrlo.

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Xbr gpdg hb gcbptgcdók y coipr oidso pgr g los tr gstor kos hb gksdbhgh

Zçndkg 27 38 Xbrgpdg hb gcbptgcdók y coiproidso pgrg lg gksdbhgh

Bl trgstorko clçsdco por idbho mg sofrbvdvdho coio iohblo hb trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh bk nrgk pgrtb hbfdho hbfd ho g lg hrgiçtdcg hrgiçtdcg hbiostrgcdók hbios trgcdók hb ^gtsok y Vgykbr (746:) hb lg ghqudsdcdók ghqudsdcdók hbl idbho aófdco cdók bk Ldt tlb Glfbrt. Glfbrt. Lg corrbspokhbkcdg cor rbspokhbkcdg bktrb bl coiportgidbkto hb Glfbrt Glfbrt y bl aotónrgao Bl sbsno y otros proflbigs hb gksdbhgh aubrok tgk hrgiçtdcos qub bl coiportgidbkto hb los g pdstgs kukcg sb hbtuvo.  prbnuktgr sd s d mgfrég tbkdho sbktdho qub bl pbqub÷o pbqub÷o Glfbrt Glfbrt rbspokhdbrg rbs pokhdbrg hb glnukg glnukg igkbrg ib`or hb lo qub lo mdzo fg`o lgs cdrcukstgkcdgs. Sunbrdios qub lg biocdók hbl idbho y lg cokhdcdk clsdcg hbl idbho ko sok procbsos hbsgrrbnlghos o hbnrghghos, sdko y bk s u igyorég hdibksd hdibksdokbs okbs ghgptgtdvgs hb lg bxpbrdbkcdg muigkg cotdhdgkg. cotdhdgkg. Bl vbrhghbro hbsgaéo hbs gaéo bs bxpldcgr por quä clgs sd cgl tbibk gprbkhbr dkn hgrég lungr g uk GK] d BXT hds o hbr  . . Bstb tbig, coio sunbrdrbios, rbqudbrb ukg coksdhbrgcdók hb lo qub los muigkos mgcbk pgrg igkb`gr  lg bxpbrdbkcdg y bxprbsdók hb biocdokbs. Bstb bs uk pukto clgvb hb hdabrbkcdg bktrb gkdiglbs ko muigkos y muigkos. Ko mgy kdknukg dkhdcgcdók hb qub los igiéabros ko vbrfglbs suargk sofrb su propdo suardidbkto. Los prdios ko muigkos tgifdäk gprbkhbrçk g bvdtgr lg aubktb y coktbxto hb bstéiulo gvbrsdvo, pbro lo ib`or qub pohbios hbcdr, ko gctðgk hbldfbrghgibktb y  propósdto hb rbnulgr plbkgibktb su bxpbrdbkcdg biocdokgl. biocdokgl. Los sbrbs sbr bs muigkos, muigkos , por bl coktrgrdo, pubhbk y Suarbk sofrb su propdo holor biocdokgl y bl suyo gl rbspokhbr g cokhdcdokbs rbspubstgs cok uk coiportgidbkto y uk pbksgidbkto vbrfglbs bvglugtdvos, y rbgldzgkho bsaubrzos pgrg rbprdidr, bvdtgr o bscgpgr hb su holor biocdokgl y pbksgidbktos rblgcdokghos. Gsé, los muigkos pubhbk volvbrsb tbibrosos o tbibrosos, hbprdidhos por lg gksdbhgh, prbocupghos por bl auturo, gtoribktghos por bl pgsgho, y lucmgk por bvdtgr y bscgpgr hb pbksgidbktos hbsgnrghgflbs, diçnbkbs, sbksgcdokbs, sbktdidbktos, tbkhbkcdgs cokhuctuglbs y lgs cdrcukstgkcdgs qub mgk bvocghos o gqubllos qub pubhgk qub  pubhgk bvoc  bvocgrlos grlos bk bl auturo. autur o. Lg c gpgcdhgh hbl lbknug` lbknug`b, b, gcoplgho cok pohbrosgs coktdknbkcdgs socdglbs bk cugkto g lg bxpbrdbkcdg y bxprbsdók hb biocdók, mgz qub toho bsto sbg posdflb.

Lg rbnulgcdók rbnulgcdók biocdokgl bioc dokgl pubhb trgksaorigr lo korigl ko rigl Idbho g uk proflbig clékdco Cugkho uk procbso hb gprbkhdzg`b hbl idbho sb yuxtgpokb cok procbsos hb rbnulgcdók biocdokgl,  pubhb surndr glno kubvo qub bstç bst ç lb`os lb`os hb sbr aukcdokgl. Lg rbnulgcdók rbnulgcdók hb lgs biocdokbs sb s b rbadbrb sdiplbibktb sdiplbibktb g gccdokbs qub bstçk hdsb÷ghgs pgrg dkaludr bk "quä biocdokbs tbkbios, cugkho tbkbios bllos, y cóio los bxpbrdibktgios y bxprbsgios ’(Nross, 6::6, p. 6=6). Zokbrsb uk sokrbér bk ukg rbukdók socdgl, g pbsgr hb sbktdr y pbksgr kbngtdvgibktb sofrb lg sdtugcdók, bs uk b`biplo hb rbnulgcdók biocdokgl bk gccdók. Gukqub lg rbnulgcdók hb lgs biocdokbs ko bs bk sé idsig ukg  procbsoo hdsaukcdokgl  procbs hdsaukc dokgl,, pubhb volvbrsb hdsaukc dokgl cugkho sb s b dktbktgk lgs lgs bioc dokbs. lg rbnulgcdók ko pubhb sbrlgs rbnulghg, y cugkho bl gcto idsio hb lg biocdók u lgcdók sb dktbrpokb bkkdblkbcbsdtg cgidko hb gctdvdhghbs sdnkdadcgtdvgs hb lg vdhg. Lg adnurg 7 dlustrg los puktos tépdcos hokhb lg bxpbrdbkcdg bxpbrdbkcdg biocdokgl tdbkhb tdbkhb g sbr s br rbnulgr. u lgtbh. Hb ukg igkbrg i gkbrg glno sdipldad sdipldadcghg, cghg, bstb iohblo sundbrb qub los muigkos pubhbk rbnulgr  los gktbcbhbktbs y lgs coksbcubkcdgs hb lgs biocdokbs. Gktb cbhdbktbs, bk bl cgso hb trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh o pbrsokgs, pubhbk dkcludr sdtugcdokbs bk lgs qub bs profgflb qub ocurrgk gksdbhgh y idbho, corporglbs y sb÷glbs ibktglbs ibktglbs gifdbktglb gifdbktglbss qub tdbkhbk g bvocgr tglb tglbss rbgccdokbs, yg sbgk biocdokglbs biocdokglbs

Zçndkg 26 conkdtdvgs hbl coiportgidbkto y trgtgidbktos hb los trgst orkos hb gksdbhgh 32 Qdsdokbs conkdtdvgs

Gktb cbh bktos (Bktrghgs)

Sb÷glbs biocdokglbs y Sdt ug cdokbs

Coksbcubkcdgs (Sgldhgs)

Biocdokgl Vbspubstgs ; Coiportgidbkto ; Aésdco lon d cgl

mttps0//tr gkslgtb.n oon lbusbr coktbkt.coi/tr gkslgtb_a

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Xbr gpdg hb gcbptgcdók y coipr oidso pgr g los tr gstor kos hb gksdbhgh ; Conkdtdvo ; Bxpb rd bk tdgl

BQGLRGCD ÓK

IOHRLGCDÓK

 Adnurg 7  . Rk iohblo coksbksugl hb hb rbnul rbnulgcdók gcdók hb lgs biocdokbs. Ghgptgho hb "Gktb cbhdbktb cbhdbktb y cbkt rgho bk lg rbspubstg rbnu rbnulgcdók lgcdók biocdokgl ’por @@ Nross, 744=,  Vbvdstg hb Zbrsokgldh gh y Zsdcolon ég So cdgl  , , >8, p. 661. Copdgr g lg hbrbcmg (744=) hb lg Gsocdgcdók Zsdcolóndcg Bstghoukdh Bstghoukdhbksb. bksb. Vbdiprbso cok pbridso hbl bhdtor.

sb gtdbkhb lg dkaorigcdók, y cóio sb vglorg hdcmg dkaorigcdók (por b`biplo, "Bsto bs iglo", o “Ko pubho supbrgr bsto’). Lgs bstrgtbndgs qub sb utdldzgk pgrg rbnulgr lgs biocdokbs bk lg pgrtb aroktgl sok diportgktb prbcdsgibktb porqub cóio uko rbspokhb g los bstéiulos biocdokglbs y, bk pgrtdculgr, bvglugcdók vbrfgl hb bsgs bktrghgs (bs hbcdr, "Bsto bs pbldnroso Umorrdflb, hg÷dko, btc.Y"), gabctg lgs coksbcubkcdgs biocdokglbs qub pubhbk sbnudr. Zor tgkto, lg bscglghg hb lo biocdokgl Lg sbcubkcdg pubhb gtbkugrsb o bvdtgrsb por coiplbto hbpbkhdbkho hb cóio uk moifrb bkvb`bzcg bl gktbcbhbktbs hb lg bxpbrd bxpbrdbkcdg bkcdg biocdokgl. biocdokgl. Rkg vbz qub oc urrb lg biocdók, bioc dók, los bsa ubrzos hb rbnulgcd rbnulgcdók ók tdbkhbk cbktrgrsb bk lg dktbksdhgh, hurgcdók y cgldhgh nbkbrgl hb lg bxpbrdbkcdg biocdokgl y sus coksbcubkcdgs. Xglbs bstrgtbndgs hb rbnulgcdók cbktrghgs bk lg rbspubstg pubhbk dipldcgr toigr uk hbscgksgr, rblg`grsb, rbspdrgr mokho o mgcbr glno gnrghgflb. Ko mgy kghg pgr tdc ... u lgribktb hdstorsdokgho, hbsvdgho o proflbiçtdco gcbrcg hb tglbs bstrgtbndgs, pgrtdculgribktb cugkho sb gpldcg bk uk hb igkbrg sbksdflb gl coktbxto y albxdflb.

Hbsrbnulgcdók biocdokgl bk los trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh Los proflbigs surnbk cugkho lgs pbrsokgs mgcbk bsaubrzos réndhos b dkalbxdflbs pgrg Vbnulg los coipokbktbs conkdtdvos, aésdcos o cokhuctuglbs hb lg biocdók kbngtdvg. cdokbs coio gksdbhgh y idbho. Xglbs bstrgtbndgs sok g ibkuho sutdlbs b dhdo-sdkcrçtdcgs bk md`os qub suarbk hb trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh, y koriglibktb toigk lg aorig hb suprbsdók, coktrol, bvdtgr bl gsbhdo o bscgpgr (Fgrlow, 6::65 Fgrlow bt gl., 6::8). Zbrsokgs qub suarbk hb gksdbhgh Lgs bkabribhghbs ko bxpbrdibktgk bl idbho y lg gksdbhgh coio bvbktos ghgptgtdvos, koriglbs y biocdokglbs. Içs fdbk, sok bvbktos biocdokglbs kbngtdvos qub kbcbsdtgk sbr igkb`ghos y coktrolghos bk gfsoluto. costos.

Zçndkg 23 31 Xbrgpdg hb gcbptgcdók y coiproidso pgrg lg gksdbhgh

Bstos bsaubrzos hb rbhuccdók hb lg biocdók proporcdokgk bl coktbxto bk bl qub lgs pbrsokgs suarbk bkabribhghbs hb gksdbhgh o lgs pbrsokgs bxpbrdibktgk gksdbhgh, idbho y lgs cdrcukstgkcdgs qub hgk sufdr g bllos. Bs hbcdr, los bsaubrzos hb rbnulgcdók g lg fg`g aukcdokgk coio prbpgrgcdokbs diportgktbs qub mgng qub lgs otrgs sbksgtgs biocdokbs ghgptgtdvgs hb gksdbhgh y idbho sb hbsvgkbzcgk. Coio hbscrdfdios bk cgpétulo 8, los hgtos bibrnbktbs bk vgrdos arbktbs sundbrbk qub los bsaubrzos hb rbnulgcdók hb lg biocdók solo trgfg`o mgstg cdbrto pukto, y bstos bsaubrzos sok pgrtdculgribktb diprgctdcgflbs cugkho lgs biocdokbs sok iuy gvbrsdvo. Hb mbcmo, los dktbktos hb bscgpgr y / o bvdtgr biocdokbs hbsgnrghgflbs tépdcgs d aubno hb bspglhg, lo qub rbsultg bk uk guibkto hb lg idsig biocdók qub ko sb hbsbg, coio sb hbiubstrg0 bstrgtdadcgho por los babctos hb los dktbktos hb coktrolgr lgs biocdokbs hbspuäs hb los gtgqubs hb pçkdco dkdcdglbs (Crgseb, Idllbr, Votukhg y Fgrlow, 744:).

Bl pgpbl hb lg cokhuctg hb bvdtgcdók y bscgpb Hbktro hb lg cubktg hbl coiportgidbkto trghdcdokgl, bl coiportgidbkto hb bvdtgcdók y bscgpb sok  pbksgho pgrg rbprbsbktgr r bprbsbktgr los hos rbn u lg prdkcdpgl gktbcbhbktb gktbcbhbktb y c bktrgho bk lg rbspubstg0 bstrgtbndgs hb gccdók qub surnbk coio ukg coksbcubkcdg kgturgl hbl gprbkhdzg`b hbl idbho. Sdk bifgrno, bstg cubktg  plgktbg  plgktbg lg prbnuktg hb por quä lg gccdók pohbrosg tdbkhb g bvdtgr y / o bscgpgr  Los bstéiulos qub bvocgk idbho prohucdrégk uk trgstorko hb gksdbhgh bk glnukos dkhdvdhuos y ko bk otros. Cugkho lgs pbrsokgs sb bkcubktrgk cok uk bstéiulo qub bstgfg prbvdgibktb gsocdgho cok bl pbldnro, bl hg÷o, o holor, hb mbcmo bxpbrdibktgrçk uk pohbroso dipulso cokhuctugl hb bscgpgr y, g ibkuho, gctðb pgrg igktbkbrsb glb`gho hb bsg sdtugcdók tgkto coio pubhg. Bk bl cgpétulo 6 usgios bl bxgibk0 mttps0//tr gkslgtb.n oon lbusbr coktbkt.coi/tr gkslgtb_a

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Xbr gpdg hb gcbptgcdók y coipr oidso pgr g los tr gstor kos hb gksdbhgh

hb ukg iu`br qub aub gnrbhdhg sbxuglibktb y postbrdoribktb post brdoribktb bxpbrdibktg bxpbrdibktg uk a ubrtb idbho rbspubstg gl pbksgr bk su gnrbsor o bk bl gsglto gktbrdor. Sd bllg sb bkcoktrgrg cok tbr  bl moifrb hb kubvo, tgl idbho llbvgrég g ukg aung dkibhdgtg u otrg hbabksg rbspubstgs pgrg protbnbrsb g sé idsig. Coio dkhdcgios, ko mgy kghg iglo o iglo bk gprbkhdbrok rbspubstgs hb glgrig y cokhuctgs hb bvdtgcdók y bscgpb rblgcdokghgs. Sok koriglbs y ghgptgtdvo. Bk kubstrg opdkdók, lg rgzók prdkcdpgl por lg qub bl gprbkhdzg`b hbl idbho sb hbsvgkbcb bstç rblgcdokghg cok hdabrbkcdgs dkhdvdhuglbs bk lg gpldcgcdók hb bstrgtbndgs hb rbnulgcdók biocdokgl cugkho tglbs Lgs bstrgtbndgs ko aukcdokgk y / o ko sb rbqudbrbk bk lg sdtugcdók. Qolvdbkho g lo sbxugl b`biplo hb gsglto, sd bstg iu`br gpldcgrg uk bscgpb y bvdtgrg uk coiportgidbkto hb igkbrg dkalbxdflb, pgrg bvdtgr ko solo g su gsgltgktb, sdko g tohos los moifrbs (dkcludhos los qub kukcg lg mb mbcmo hg÷o, coio g su igrdho), bktokcbs fdbk pohrég bstgr bk cgidko g hbsgrrollgr uk trgstorko hb gksdbhgh. Bs diposdflb qub bstg iu`br bvdtb los sbktdidbktos hb gprbksdók lg prdibrg vbz qub bstç g pukto hb tbkbr rblgcdokbs sbxuglbs bk uk bktorko sbnuro (p. b`. bsposo) hbspuäs hb qub bllg aubrg gnrbhdhg sbxuglibktb. Ko sb pubhb trgfg`gr porqub sb sdbktb gksdoso y gprbmbksdók bk bstg sdtugcdók cgrnghg hb sbxugldhgh bs ukg coksbcubkcdg kgturgl hb lg gktbrdor  bxpbrdbkcdg suigibktb gvbrsdvg cok su gsgltgktb, gukqub los coktbxtos ko puhdbrok sbr  içs hdabrbktb. Bs sdiplbibktb diposdflb pgrg bllg cbrrgr o bvdtgr lg gprbmbksdók, lg gksdbhgh bty, y tgl vbz dkcluso glnukg gvbrsdók. Bvdtgr bsos sbktdidbktos (y su bsposo) tgifdäk bs aubrg hb lungr bk bl sbktdho hb qub lg sdtugcdók ko rbqudbrb qub bllg bscgpb pgrg sbr  sbnurg porqub su bsposo ko rbprbsbktg kdknðk pbldnro pgrg su sbnurdhgh. Sdk bifgrno, lgs ngkgs hb bscgpgr  bstç gmé y bs fgstgktb rbgl. Lg iu`br hbfb blbndr sd cbhbr g bsb dipulso o

Zçndkg 28 conkdtdvgs cokhuctuglbs y trgtgidbktos hb los trgst orkos hb gksdbhgh 3> Qdsdokbs conkdtdvgs

 pbrigkbcbr  y sbr  pbrigkbcbr y  sbr GK] pgngräs y pgngräs  y sbr  sbr bl sbxo u coipg÷bro Dktd gldgho cok su fgkhg Mus, yg qub bs içs diportgktb pgrg bllg qub ko tbkbr idbho. Lg blbccdók qub mgng bstgrç bstrbcmgibktb rblgcdokghg cok sus vglorbs, gsé coio pgrg su mdstordg hb igkb`o hb bxpbrdbkcdgs gvbrsdvgs. Zbksgidbkto y bio Lg rbnlgibktgcdók kgcdokgl pubhb ofstgculdzgr tglbs blbccdokbs. Rk b`biplo ibkos coiplb`o pohrég gyuhgr g gclgrgr lg diportgktb hdstdkcdók bktrb albx Vbspubstgs albxdflbs (sgkgs) b dkalbxdflbs, réndhgs (posdflbibktb bkabridzgs o hbnrghghgs). Cugkho uk kd÷o sb cgb su cgfgllo y sb lgstdig g sé idsig idbktrgs gprbkhb g ioktgr, bstgrç prbocupghg por  hb vubltg g lg trdstbzg. Hbspuäs hb toho, ioktgr g cgfgllo sb mg gsocdgho cok holor. Gsé qub bxpb Xbkbr glno hb idbho gl vbr gl cgfgllo bs fgstgktb kgturgl. Sdk bifgrno, tohos sgfbios qub bsto bl kd÷o kbcbsdtg volvbr g lg trdstbzg iuy prokto, o hb lo coktrgrdo kukcg gprbkhbrç g ioktgr  bl cgfgllo. Xgifdäk pbrhbrç lg oportukdhgh hb bxpbrdibktgr bsg bqudtgcdók, pgrg lg igyorég  pgrtb y c ugkho sb mgcb cok c ok prbcgucdók, prbc gucdók, ko bs hg÷dko y pubhb sbr iuy ðtdl y hdsarutgflb. Coksdhbrb gmorg gl kd÷o qub sb cgb hbl cgfgllo y ko vublvb g ioktgrlo. Bk Hb mbcmo, coidbkzg g bvdtgr tohos los cgfgllos, gsé coio cuglqudbr cosg rblgcdokghg cok los cgfgllos (por b`biplo, nrgkbros, bl lgho hbl pgés, pbléculgs cok cgfgllos). Dkcluso pubhb vbkdr pgrg bvdtgr sdtugcdokbs Bstç gcostuifrgho g gkhgr hokhb bs posdflb cgbrsb. Bstb kd÷o ko gprbkhbrç g ioktgr  cgfgllo cok sbnurdhgh kd pbrhbr su gprbcdo por los cgfgllos, y tgifdäk pubhb iuy fdbk bstgr bk su igkbrg hb hbsgrrollgr ukg ao fdg g los cgfgllos y proflbigs içs gipldos rblgcdokghos cok bl idbho g cgbr. Gukqub sgfbios iuy poco gcbrcg hb bstb procbso, bs profgflb qub lg nbktb gprbkhg bstrgtbndgs hb bvdtgcdók tgk réndhgs bk lgs prdibrgs btgpgs hb lg vdhg, cok c ok bl gprbkhdzg`b gprbkhdzg`b ofsbrvgcdokgl profgflbibktb profgflbibktb hbsbipb÷gkho uk pgpbl diportgktb (Mgybs bt gl., 7441). Lgs pbrsokgs tgifdäk gprbkhbk ko solo g bvdtgr lg of`btos y bvbktos rblgcdokghos cok bl idbho, pbro pgrg bvdtgr sbktdr idbho y otrgs biocdokbs gvbrsdvgs bllos idsios. Bk cuglqudbr cgso, lgs pbrsokgs qub mgk gprbkhdho g bvdtgr pbksgidbktos y pbksgidbktos hbsgnrghgflbs sbktdidbktos, sbktdid bktos, y qudbkbs lo mgcbk hb igkbrg réndhg r éndhg b dkalbxdfl dkalbxdflb, b, bs profgflb qub rbspokhgk gl idbho idbho g gprbkhbr  hdabrbkcdgs fgstgktb hdabrbktbs g lgs hb lgs pbrsokgs qub ko bstçk tgk prbhdspubstgs. Bk bstb coktbxto, bl idbho y gksdbhgh, y lgs sb÷glbs y coktbxtos gsocdghos cok bllos, hbfbk sbr igkb`ghos dkcluso bk sdn kda d ko pubho costgr pbrsokgl. Bsto, iuy poco, gtrgpg g lg nbktb, los igktdbkb gtrgpghos y crbg bl coktbxto qub pubhb gyuhgr g bxpldcgr bl cgifdo hbl idbho y lg gksdbhgh koriglbs g lg hds idbho o gksdbhgh, y por quä bl idbho g gprbkhbr pubhb coktrdfudr gl hbsgrrollo hb trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh bk tohg rbnlg.

XBVGZDGS CONKDXDQGS COKHRCXRGLBS T GNBKHG HB HOIDKDO T COKXVOL mttps0//tr gkslgtb.n oon lbusbr coktbkt.coi/tr gkslgtb_a

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Xbr gpdg hb gcbptgcdók y coipr oidso pgr g los tr gstor kos hb gksdbhgh

Lgs tbrgpdgs hb c oiportgidbkto conkdtdvo hb lg corrdbktb prdkcdpgl pgrg los trgstorkos trgstor kos hb gksdbhgh tdbkhb tdbkhbkk g cokc cokcbptugl bptugldzg dzgr  r   pbksgidbktos y sbktdid s bktdidbktos bktos gksdosos gks dosos c oio proflbigs qub ibrbc bk gtbkcdók clékdcg (p. b`., Fgrl Fgrlow, ow, 6::65 Fbce y Bibry, 74=2). Bk coksbcubkcdg, lg solucdók gltbrkgtdvg bs gyuhgr g los cldbktbs g tohos bllos vdbrok sus séktoigs coio uk ibhdo pgrg glcgkzgr lg sgluh pséqudcg (p. b`., Fgrlow, 6::6). G ibkuho, bsto sb lonrg, o gl ibkos sb dkdcdg, mgcdbkho qub los cldbktbs sb bkarbktbk g of`btos tbidhos. o bvbktos corporglbs gvbrsdvos bk ukg cg`g aubrtb bk uk coktbxto pbu tdc, qub sb crbb qub agcdldtg lg corrbccdók gprbkhdzg`b biocdokgl rbc tdvo y rbhuccdók hbl idbho.

Zçndkg 22 3= Xbrgpdg hb gcbptgcdók y coiproidso pgrg lg gksdbhgh

Rkg vgrdbhgh vgrdbhgh hb täckdcgs pubhbk agcdldtgr agcdldtgr bstb bs tb proc bso, dkcludhg dkcludhg lg bxtbrocbptdvg hdrbctg. o bxposdcdók dktbrocbptdvg dk vdvo, bxposdcdók digndkgl, digndkgl, prbvbkcdók hb rrbspubstg, bspubstg, dkukhgcdók, dkukhgcdók, hbsb sds tb i ç tdco, bxposdcdók hb prbocupgcdokbs, hb cgt coio troadzgr, rbbstructurgcdók conkdtdvg, digndkgcdók dignd kgcdók nudghg, rbbktrbkgidbkto rbspdrgtordo y rblg`gcdók rblg`gcdók iusculgr ius culgr pronr bsdvg. Xgl tbckolonég ... los kdqubs, g su vbz, tdbkbk uk of`btdvo içs nbkbrgl5 bs hbcdr, pgrg qub los cldbktbs bxpbrdibktbk  pbksgidbktos y sbktdid s bktdidbktos bktos hbsgnrghgfl hbs gnrghgflbs bs qub hb otrg igkbrg mgfrégk bvdtgho bvdtgho y gprbkhbr g rbhucdrlos o coktrolgrlos bk bl auturo. Iucmgs hb bstgs y otrgs täckdcgs rblgcdokghgs mgk mg hbiostrgho sbr fgstgktb badcgz, gl ibkos g corto plgzo, bk lg prohuccdók hb séktoigs rbhuccdók y gldvdo pgrg lg igyorég hb los cldbktbs lg igyor pgrtb hbl tdbipo. Iucmos trgtgidbktos hb ordnbk bipérdco0 Los trgtgidbktos pgrg los trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh dkcluybk täckdcgs tglbs coio coipokbktbs hb igkuglbs hb trgtgidbkto hbsgrrollghos pgrg iucmos hb los trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh hb gksdbhgh hbl HSI-DQ-XV hbl HSI-DQ-XV  0 trgstorko hb pçkdco orhbk (p. b`., Hoidkdo b`., Hoidkdo hb su gksdbhgh y pçkdco , pçkdco , Crgseb y Fgrlow, 6:::), sbsno hb aocos bspbcéadcos (p. b`., Igbstrég b`., Igbstrég hb su a o fdg bspbcéadcg , Crgseb, Gktoky y Fgrlow, 744>), ofsbsdokg sdvb-coi trgstorko pulsdvo ( pulsdvo ( Igbstrég  Igbstrég bk trgstorko ofsbsdvo-coipulsdvo , ofsbsdvo-coipulsdvo  , Aog y Eozge, 744>f), y trgstorko hb gksdbhgh nbkbrgldzghg nbkbrgldzghg ( Hoidkdo (  Hoidkdo hb su gks su  gksdbhg dbhghh y prbocupgcdók prbocupgcdók , , Pdkfgrn, Crgseb y Fgrlow, 7443), por koifrgr glnukos. Lg pglgfrg "igbstrég" coktbkdhg bk los tétulos hb hdcmos igkuglbs ko bs gccdhbktgl. y rbalb`g lg adlosoaég sufygcbktb y bl bkaoqub hb tglbs trgtgidbktos. Zorqub bk lg igyorég cgsos, bl of`btdvo hb lgs täckdcgs hbscrdtgs bk los trgtgidbktos igkugldzghos bs gyuhgr g los cldbktbs g ib`orgr bk coktrolgr (bs hbcdr, hoidkgr) sus pbksgidbktos y bxpbrdbkcdgs biocdokglbs (bs hbcdr, los séktoigs) hgkho g los cldbktbs içs y "ib`or" pbksgidbkto y rbndstro hb biocdokbs bstrgtbndgs hb gpldcgcdók, gpldcgcdók, y rbbiplgzgkho los pbksgidbktos "hdsaukcdokgl "hdsaukcdokglbs" bs" por içs "aukc dokglbs" dokglbs" ukos. Lgs täckdcgs fgsghgs bk bl hoidkdo y bl coktrol sok sdiplbibktb otrg aorig hb hbcdr  Vbnulg tu gksdbhgh, porqub tgl rbnulgcdók bs diportgktb pgrg lg sgluh psdcolóndcg ". Bstb bkaoqub içs nbkbrgl bs lo qub iucmos cldbktbs gksdosos bspbrgk hb  psy c mo tmbr gpy. Bs hbcdr, qudbrbk qudbrbk gprbkhbr aorigs a origs ib`orbs y içs babctdvgs hb rbnulgr   pbksgidbktos y sbktdid s bktdidbktos bktos hb gksdbhg gks dbhghh ko hbsbghos. hbs bghos. Qdrtuglibktb Qdrtuglibktb tohos los coiportgidbktos c oiportgidbktos conkdtd conk dtdvos vos bxdstbk  `ungrr bk bstb  `ung bs tb sdstbig y bksb÷gr bks b÷gr g los c ld ldbktbs bktbs qub (g) sus pbksgidbktos y sbktdid s bktdidbktos bktos sok s ok lg cgusg hb su suardidbkto y proflbigs hb vdhg5 (f) pgrg vdvdr ukg vdhg abldz y bxdtosg, bllos kbcbsdhgh hb ib`orgr bk bl hoidkdo (bs hbcdr, coktrolgr o rbhucdr) los pbksgidbktos ko hbsbghos y sbktdr lgs sbksgcdokbs5 (c) lg tbrgpdg lbs hgrç kubvgs täckdcgs pgrg lonrgr ukg ib`or  coktrol hb sus bxpb rdbkcdgs prdvghgs5 y (h) sd y cuçkho ib`orgk bk bl coktrol sus pbksgidbktos y sbktdidbktos gksdosos, bktokcbs ib`orgrçk bk vdvdr ukg vdhg abldz y vdhg prohuctdvg. Coio hbscrdfdios g lo lgrno hb bstb ldfro, sunbrdios ukg bstrgtbndg hdabrbktb, qub bs gforhb hdrbctgibktb lg lucmg por coktrolgr y bvdtgr pbksgidbktos y sbktdidbktos ko hbsbghos. Bstg sdnkdadcg sdnkd adcg gforhgr lg gnbkhg hb lg rbnulgcdók rbnulgcdók biocdokgl bk sé. Mgstg gmorg, lg nbktb mg hbs tgibktb trgtó hb rblg`grsb rblg`grsb lb`os lb`os bl  bl idbho y GK] BXT d por bl bipu`b dkn sus pbksgidbktos ko hbsbghos y lg sbksgcdók dkns lb`os. Bk cgifdo, qubrbios gyuhgr g lgs pbrsokgs g rblg`grsb cok su cok su gksdbhgh bstgkho y iovdäkhosb cok bso. Supokng, bk cgifdo, qub bs lo qub mgcbk los cldbktbs pgrg rbnulgr lg gksdbhgh y bl idbho, ko lg gksdbhgh. y bl idbho pbr sb, bsb bs bl proflbig. Supokng tgifdäk qub los pbksgidbktos y sbktdidbktos gksdosos sok ko “séktoig’ hb kghg, sdko içs fdbk mbcmos koriglbs hb lg bxpbrdbkcdg muigkg.

Zçndkg 21 Zuktos hb vdstg conkdtdvo-cokhuctuglbs y trgtgidbktos hb los trgstorkos hb gksdbhgh 34 mttps0//tr gkslgtb.n oon lbusbr coktbkt.coi/tr gkslgtb_a

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