Acrópolis de Atenas

 

Dorÿp`ais jk Dtkmds mdvkcdoiÿm Ir d ad bösqukjd  Ir d ad mdvkcdoiÿm  bösqukjd  Dorÿp`ais jk Dtkmds

Wdtrih`mi` jk ad Nuhdmijdj jk ad [mkso`

Uistd jk ad Dorÿp`ais.

Dorÿp`ais jk Dtkmds [biodoiÿm km Crkoid.

A`odaizdoiÿm Wdès

 Crkoid

?3·;>′49‿M O``rjkmdjds 2?· 2?·:?′ :?′?5‿ ?5‿K KO`` O``rjk rjkmdj mdjds ds66 2?·:?′?5‿K (hdpd ?3·;>′49‿M 2?·:?′?5‿K ( hdpd))

Jdt`s ckmkrdaks Zip`

Ouaturda

 

Oritkri`s

i, ii, iii, iv, vi

Ijkmtieiodoiÿm :7: Rkciÿm

Kur`pd y Dhériod jka M`rtk

Imsoripoiÿm

49>5 49>5 (^  (^ sksiÿm sksiÿm))

SilijdtdXX \kjitdr jdt`s km Silijdtd

Wdrtkmÿm.. Uistd jk ad edondjd jka Wdrtkmÿm Ad Dorÿp`ais jk Dtkmds (ἤ Ἆζτρχΰμις ϊ῵θ Ἆξγθ῵θ km crikc` dmticu`, dmticu`, γ Δζτρχΰμγ ϊγς dorÿp`ais  Δξέθδς km crikc` h`jkrm`) h`jkrm`) pukjk o`msijkrdrsk ad häs rkprkskmtdtivd jk ads dorÿp`ais  crikcds. Ad dorÿp`ais krd, aitkrdahkmtk, ad oiujdj datd4 (Ἂζτΰ- 'oihd, kxtrkh`, pumtd', χρμις 'oiujdj ) y kstdbd prkskmtk km ad hdy`rèd jk ads oiujdjks crikcds, o`m umd j`bak eumoiÿm6 Dtkmds kstä  kstä situdjd s`brk jkekmsivd y o`h` skjk jk a`s primoipdaks aucdrks jk ouat`. 2 Ad jk Dtkmds umd oihd, quk sk dazd 4;5 hktr`s s`brk ka mivka jk hdr. Zdhbiém ks o`m`oijd o`h` Oéor`pk,, ka prihkr rky dtkmikmsk.?  Okor`pid km n`m`r jka akckmjdri` n`hbrk-skrpikmtk, Oéor`pk Ad kmtrdjd d ad Dorÿp`ais sk rkdaizd p`r umd crdm pukrtd aadhdjd a`s Wr`piak`s Wr`piak`s.. D su adj` Milé.. [md crdm kstdtud jk br`mok jk jkrkon` y er`mtda sk kmoukmtrd ka Zkhpa` jk Dtkmkd Milé Dtkmkd, rkdaizdjd p`r Eijids Dtkmkd, Eijids,, sk kmo`mtrdbd `ricimdridhkmtk km ka okmtr`. D ad jkrkond jk j`mjk sk kricèd kstd ksouaturd sk kmoukmtrd ka Wdrtkmÿm Wdrtkmÿm `  ` Zkhpa` jk Dtkmkd Wdrtkm`s ( Wdrtkm`s (ad Krkotkiÿm,, o`m su oéakbrk st`d ` Uirckm). D ad izquikrjd y da eimda jk ad Dorÿp`ais kstä ka Krkotkiÿm tribumd p`r skiskmtrk odriätijks odriätijks. . Km ad adjkrd sur jk da ad dirk Dorÿp`ais sk kmoukmtrdm Zkdtr` a`s jk rkst`s jks`stkmijd `tr`s kjieioi`s, a`s quk jkstdod um tkdtr` aibrk aadhdj` : Ji`mis`,, j`mjk kstrkmdr`m sus `brds _ÿe`oaks, Ji`mis` _ÿe`oaks, Dristÿedmks y Dristÿedmks y Ksquia`. Ksquia`.   Ad hdy`rèd jk a`s crdmjks tkhpa`s eukr`m rko`mstruij`s bdf` ka aijkrdzc` jk Wkrioaks  Wkrioaks  jurdmtk ad Kjdj J`rdjd jk Dtkmds.

Èmjiok 

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4 Nist`rid 2 Drtk y2.4 drquitkotu rd jk ad miod D orÿp`ais Dorÿp` ais dr quitkoturd D orÿp`ais Dorÿp` ais hioé hioémiod `

 

D orÿp`ais 2.2 Dorÿp` ais drodiod dr odiod 2.? Dorÿp` ais oaäsiod oaä siod D orÿp`ais ` 2.? 2.?.4 .4 Wdrtkm Wdr tkmÿm ÿm 2.?.2 Krkotk Krkotkiÿm iÿm 2.?.? Wr`pi Wr`piak`s ak`s 2.?.: Zkhpa` jk Dtkmkd Dtkm kd Milé Mil é 2.?.; Wdmjr Wdmjr`skiÿm `skiÿm _dmtudri` mtudri` jk Drtkhisd Dr tkhisd Brdur`mid Brd ur`mid 2.?.5 _d 2.?.3 Drrke Drrke`riÿm `riÿm 2.?.> Kakusim Kakusimiÿm iÿm Ji`m is` 2.?.9 Zkdtr` jk Ji`mis` 2.?.4 2.?.477 Dsoakp Dsoakpki`m ki`m 2.?.4 2.?.444 @jkÿm jk Wkrioaks Wkr ioaks 2.: Dorÿp`ais nkakmèstiod tiod Do rÿp`ais nkakmès ` 2.; Dorÿp` ais r`hdmd r` hdmd D orÿp`ais ` ? _itudoiÿm _itudo iÿm jk a`s kjieioi`s kj ieioi`s : Kakhkmt`s jksdpdr jk sdpdrkoij`s koij`s jk ad Dorÿp`ais Dor ÿp`ais ; Kxp`ai` y kxodvdoi`mk kxodv doi`mkss drquk`aÿciods drquk` aÿciods 5 Rkstdur Rkst durdoiÿ doiÿmm `

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Uéd sk tdhbié 3 Uédsk td hbiémm > Rkekrk Rke krkmoi moids ds 9 Bibai`cr Biba i`crdeè deèdd 47 Kmadoks Km adoks kxtkrm kxtkrm`s `s

Nist`rid Drtèoua` primoipda6  Nist`rid Nist`rid jk ad Dorÿp`ais jk Dtkmds

Dskji` jk Dskji`  jk a`s vkmkoidm`s d ad Dorÿp`ais jk Dtkmds km 45>3 45>3..; Ad padtde`rhd jk ad Dorÿp`ais kstdbd r`jkdjd p`r umd hurdaad o`mstruijd p`r a`s  pkadsc`s  pkadsc`s   5 quk sustituyÿ `trd dmtkri`r häs prihitivd.  Km su imtkri`r, sk ndm ndaadj` kvijkmoids jk ad  prkskmoid jk um pdadoi` pkrtkmkoikmtk d ad ép`od ép` od hioémiod. [md crdm pdrtk jk a`s kjieioi`s Wkrioaks   drquitkotÿmio`s quk e`rhdm ad Dorÿp`ais sk kjieiodr`m jurdmtk ad ép`od jk Wkrioaks (:99 d.  O. -:29 d.  O. ), trds ad jkstruooiÿm jk a`s kjieioi`s dmtkri`rks pr`v`odjd p`r ads tr`pds Dtkmkd,, quk dabkrcdbd umd kstdtud jk  Dtkmkd W`aids,  pkrsds jk Fkrfks I. I. Ka dmticu` tkhpa` jk Dtkmkd euk sustituij` p`r ka Krkotkiÿm.3 Ka Wdrtkmÿm euk o`mstruij` s`brk a`s rkst`s jk `tr` tkhpa` Nkodt`hpkjÿm `  ` Wrkpdrtkmÿm. @tr`s kjieioi`s rkaici`s`s y oiviaks dmtkri`r, jkm`himdj` Nkodt`hpkjÿm

 

kstdbdm rkpdrtij`s p`r t`jd ad h`mtdôd. Z`j`s sk o`mskrvdr`m km bdstdmtk bukm kstdj` ndstd ^UII,, oudmj` d odusd jk ad j`himdoiÿm `t`hdmd `t`hdmd ka  ka Wdrtkmÿm Wdrtkmÿm sk  sk o`mvirtiÿ km ka sica` ^UII hkzquitd, ka Krkotkiÿm km hkzquitd, Krkotkiÿm km ndrém y ndrém y a`s Wr`piak`s Wr`piak`s km  km p`av`rèm  p`av`rèm.. Jurdmtk ka dskji` jk Dtkmds jka dô` 45>3, a`s vkmkoidm`s, bdf` ka hdmjdt` jka ckmkrda Erdmokso` H`r`simi, H`r`simi, nioikr`m crdmjks jkstr`z`s o`m sus b`hbdrjk`s. [m c`apk jk h`rtkr` jkstruyÿ km pdrtk ka Wdrtkmÿm, yd quk a`s husuahdmks a` utiaizdbdm tdhbiém o`h` p`av`rèm, sikmj` km dqukaad `odsiÿm oudmj` sk jkrruhbÿ ka tkon` jka tkhpa`.

Drtk y drquitkoturd jk ad Dorÿp`ais Dorÿp`ais hioémiod

Wadm` ksqukhätio` jk um hécdr`m6 4) vkstèbua` - 2) md`s - ?) o`auhmds jka pÿrtio` y jk ad md`s.

Jk kstd ép`od, sk ndm kmo`mtrdj` vkstici`s jk um pdadoi` quk o`mtdbd o`m um hécdr`m `  pdti` jk dujikmoids y rkumi`mks. M` sk sdbk sdb k o`m okrtkzd si kxistèd yd km kstd ép`od um > tkhpa` jkjiodj` d Dtkmkd. Ka hécdr`m, hécdr`m, m`hbrk crikc` pkr` jk pr`bdbak jkrivdoiÿm skhètiod, hioémiod km skhètiod, ks ka „crdm sdaÿm’ quk sk kmo`mtrdbd km a`s pdadoi`s jk ad oiviaizdoiÿm hioémiod km Crkoid y Dmdt`aid Crkoid y Dmdt`aid.. Do`stuhbrdbd d kstdr km um adj` jka pdti` okmtrda y jkadmtk jka datdr.  dbikrt` o`m j`s o`auhmds im dmtis, um vkstèbua` ` O`mstdbd jk trks pdrtks6 ka pÿrtio` ka  pÿrtio` dbikrt` dmtksdad y ad sdad primoipda, tdhbiém aadhdjd md`s. D eimks jka Nkaäjio` IIIB IIIB (4?77-4277  (4?77-4277 d. O.) sk r`jkÿ ad dorÿp`ais jk um ihp`mkmtk hur` quk aakcÿ d tkmkr ndstd 5 h jk kspks`r. 9 W`r `trd pdrtk, umd eukmtk quk sk ndaad km ad adjkrd m`rtk jk ad dorÿp`ais pkrtkmkok tdhbiém da pkri`j` hioémio`, pukst` quk ndaadzc`s jk okrähiod km ka aucdr hukstrdm quk sk o`mstruyÿ ndoid eimks jka sica` ^III d. O. 47  mdvks jk  jk ad Iaèdjd, km _k jisoutk si ad kmtrdjd s`brk ka o`mtimckmtk dtkmikmsk jka odtäa`c` jk mdvks ka quk sk jksoribk um tkhpa`, rkeakfd umd situdoiÿm jk ép`od hioémiod ` p`stkri`r. Y a`s quk p`skèdm Dtkmds, bikm kjieiodjd e`rtdakzd, ka pukba` jka hdcmämih` Krkotk`, d quikm km `tr` tikhp` Dtkmkd, nifd jk Vkus, ndbèd oridj` trds jdrak d auz ad ekrdz tikrrd y ndbèd imstdadj` km Dtkmds, km su `pèpdr` tkhpa`. Daaè sk ad pr`pioidm o`m t`r`s y odrmkr`s a`s huondon`s jk a`s dtkmikmsks d ad vukatd jk odjd dô`. N`hkr`. N`hkr`. Iaèdjd II, ;:5.

Dorÿp`ais drodiod

 

Kstdtud jka H`soÿe`r` bdrbuj` (  (;37 ;37 d.  O. ), cudrjdjd km ka Husk` jk ad Dorÿp`ais jk Dorÿp`ais jk Dtkmds. Dtkmds. ad Dorÿp`ais tuv` umd crdm dotivijdj o`mstruot`rd jurdmtk ad skcumjd hitdj jka sica` UI d.  O.  Ka tkhpa` jk Dtkmkd W`aids W`aids sk  sk dhpaiÿ y sk rkdaizÿ umd st`d o`m um er`mtÿm er`mtÿm jk  jk härh`a h`strdmj` um rkaikvk o`m eicurds odsi imjkpkmjikmtks jk ad auond jk a`s ji`sks o`mtrd a`s cicdmtks, ` skd, ad cicdmt`hdquid. cicdmt`hdquid.44  Km ka dô` :>7 d.  O. , a`s pkrsds sdqukdr`m y jkstruykr`m a`s kjieioi`s kxistkmtks km dquka h`hkmt` km ad Dorÿp`ais, o`h` rkadtd Nkrÿj`t`. Nkrÿj`t`.42  Km ads kxodvdoi`mks drquk`aÿciods jka dô` 4>>5 sk 4>>5 sk jksoubrikr`m km umd e`sd, rkdaizdjd  drodio`s, kmtrk a`s skcurdhkmtk jurdmtk ad imvdsiÿm pkrsd, odt`rok ihäckmks jk l`rdi y lur`è  drodio`s, quk jkstdodm ka H`soÿe`r` bdrbuj` y ad Odbkzd Rdhpim. Ad prihkrd rkprkskmtd um f`vkm aakvdmj` s`brk sus n`hbr`s um tkrmkr` rkoiém mdoij`. Z`jds ads ksouaturds jk kstd ép`od  prkskmtdm a`s `f`s km e`rhd jk dahkmjrd y umd s`mrisd "drodiod", quk trdtd jk kkxprksdr xprksdr umd  paäoijd bkdtituj< sus hösoua`s kstäm rkdaizdj`s o`m umd um d crdm kakcdmoid. _u jdtdoiÿm ks jk  primoipi`s jka sica` UI d. O., ks jk härh`a y tikmk umd daturd jk 45? oh y sk kmoukmtrd km ka Dorÿp`ais jk Dtkmds.4? Km oudmt` d ad Odbkzd Rdhpim ` Fimktk Rdhpim, Husk` jk ad Dorÿp`ais jk hukstrd ad odbkzd aickrdhkmtk cirdjd quk d ad vkz ndok um jkspadzdhikmt` o`m a`s n`hbr`s o`h` krd ndbituda km ads kstdtuds koukstrks pdrd su hkf`r visibiaijdj, ka odbdaa` sk dskhkfd d a`s kfkhpadrks jk ksk hish` pkri`j` cudrjdj`s km ka Husk` jk ad Dorÿp`ais. Ad cuirmdajd imjiod quk sk trdtdbd jk um fimktk quk ndbèd `btkmij` umd viot`rid km dacum` jk a`s Fukc`s Wdmnkaémio`s (quizä Wdmnkaémio`s  (quizä jk a`s fukc`s a`s fukc`s Wètio`s Wètio`s,, km ods` jk quk ad o`r`md eukrd jk r`bak pkr` o`h` m` sk jistimcuk bikm tdhbiém p`jrèd skr jk a`s fukc`s a`s  fukc`s Mkhk`s ` Mkhk`s ` a`s Èsthio`s Èsthio`s,, quk 4: `t`rcdbdm d a`s vkmokj`rks o`r`mds jk dpi`.)  _k orkk quk euk rkdaizdjd ndoid ka ;57 d. O. 4; 

Dorÿp`ais oaäsiod Km ka pkri`j` kmtrk ka dô`dacumds :39 y ka ::3 d.dmticuds, O. ks huy pr`bdbak quk s`a`jk Wadtkd nubikrd ruimdso`hprkmjij` km ad Dorÿp`ais. _kcöm eukmtks dmtks jk ad  bdtdaad

 

a`s crikc`s ndbèdm furdj` m` rko`mstruir a`s kjieioi`s sdcrdj`s jkstruij`s p`r a`s pkrsds. Wautdro` skôdad  skôdad quk km ka dô` :;7 d. O. Wkrioaks o`mv`oÿ um o`mcrks` pdrd pr`p`mkr d a`s Wautdro` crikc`s ad rupturd jk kstk furdhkmt`. _im khbdrc`, dacum`s dut`rks o`h` Zk`p`hp`  Zk`p`hp`  45  pusikr`m km jujd ad kxistkmoid jka hkmoi`mdj` furdhkmt`.  

Wdrtkmÿm Nkodt`hpkjÿm, Wdrtkmÿm y Eris` jka Wdrtkmÿm. Drtèoua`s primoipdaks6  Nkodt`hpkjÿm

Ads o`auhmds jk `rjkm jÿrio` jka jÿrio` jka Wdrtkmÿm. Wkrioaks Wkrioaks o`meiÿ  o`meiÿ ad jirkooiÿm jk ads `brds jk ad Dorÿp`ais da ksouat`r Eijids Eijids.. Iotim` y Iotim` y Odaèordtks Odaèordtks eukr`m  eukr`m a`s drquitkot`s jka Wdrtkmÿm, s`brk a`s oihikmt`s jk `tr` dmticu` tkhpa` jk crdmjks pr`p`roi`mks, jkm`himdj` Wrkpdrtkmÿm ` Nkodt`hpkjÿm Nkodt`hpkjÿm,, jka quk kxistkm p`o`s jdt`s skcur`s y quk ndbèd sij` jkstruij` p`r a`s pkrsds. Ad o`mstruooiÿm sk dadrcÿ jurdmtk quimok dô`s, jka ::3 d.  O.  da :?2 d.  O.  43 Ka imtkri`r kstdbd jivijij` km j`s sdads imjkpkmjikmtks, o`m ad kmtrdjd p`r odjd edondjd jÿriods km  km `pukstd jka kjieioi`. Ad sdad `rikmtda krd ad häs crdmjk, jivijijd p`r o`auhmds  o`auhmds jÿriods trks mdvks y krd j`mjk sk kmo`mtrdbd ad ksouaturd jk Dtkmkd jk Eijids. Km ad sdad `ooijkmtda, o`m oudtr` o`auhmds km ka okmtr` jk kstia` fÿmio`, sk cudrjdbd ka tks`r` jk ad ji`sd, y rkoibèd ka m`hbrk jk Wdrtkmÿm, ks jkoir, ad  sdad jk ads vèrckmks.4> Ad edondjd primoipda kstä `rikmtdjd ndoid `rikmtk, ka pumt` p`r j`mjk sdak ka _`a, o`h` ks ndbituda km t`jds ads o`mstruooi`mks rkaici`sds jk ad dmticñkjdj. O`mstdbd jk `on` o`auhmds km sus j`s edondjds  primoipdaks y jikoisiktk km a`sd ad adtkrdaks quk b`rjkdr r`jkdbdmo`hpaktdhkmtk t`j` ka tkhpa`,kajkfdmj` um pdsiaa` jkdhbuadt`ri` quk  quk pkrhitèd p`badoiÿm tkhpa` jurdmtk sus` jkdhbuadt`ri` okakbrdoi`mks rkaici`sds.49  Km ka kxtkri`r, km umd supkreioik jk 59,;: hktr`s p`r ?7,>3 hktr`s, y o`auhmds jk umd daturd jk 47,:? hktr`s, prkskmtd o`h` t`j`s a`s tkhpa`s crikc`s umd ksodaimdtd o`hpukstd  p`r trks ksoda`mks quk r`jkd r`jk d o`hpaktdhkmtk ad bdsk6 a`s j`s prihkr`s ksoda`mks imekri`rks kstkrkÿbdt`s y  y ka ksodaÿm supkri`r, kstiaÿbdt`. kstiaÿbdt`. sk jkm`himdm kstkrkÿbdt`s

 

Hkt`pd Hkt`pd o`m  o`m ad rkprkskmtdoiÿm jk ad okmtdur`hdquid, Husk` Britämio` Britämio` jk  jk A`mjrks A`mjrks.. Ks um tkhpa` jk `rjkm jÿrio`, jÿrio`, quk euk pr`ykotdj` o`m aickrds o`rrkooi`mks o`m ad eimdaijdj jk o`mtrdrrkstdr a`s kekot`s ÿptio`s jk ad pkrspkotivd ad pkrspkotivd,, ks jkoir, t`jds ads aèmkds dpdrkmtkhkmtk rkotds km rkdaijdj sk ksouapikr`m aickrdhkmtk ourvds, pdrd `btkmkr häs drh`mèd, kekot` quk euk jksoubikrt` p`r ka drquitkot` imcaés Wkmr`sk, km ka dô` 4>:3. 4>:3.27 Kstk kjieioi` pkrhdmkoiÿ odsi imtdot` ndstd ka dô` 45>3, oudmj` qukjÿ hkji` jkstruij` p`r umd 24

kxpa`siÿm ad `cukrrd  _k orkk quk ads ksouaturds kstdbdm yks`, yks`, vkmkt`turod. pdrd quk jkspués sus dauhm`s ads pdsdrdmjkdEijids härh`a. Ka er`mtÿm rkdaizdjds jurdmtk km droiaad ` droiaad W`skijÿm pdrd  pdrd o`mskcuir ka jk ad edondjd `ooijkmtda rkprkskmtd ad auond jk Dtkmkd y Dtkmkd y jk W`skijÿm  pdtr`mdzc` jk ad oiujdj. Wdusdmids Wdusdmids oukmtd  oukmtd quk ads ksouaturds jka er`mtÿm `rikmtda rkprkskmtdbdm ka mdoihikmt` jk Dtkmkd jk ad odbkzd jk Vkus. Jk nkon`, a`s er`mt`mks s`m ^UII y  y p`r o`pids dmticuds.22  o`m`oij`s p`r jibuf`s jka sica` ^UII Ad m`vkjdj drquitkotÿmiod jka Wdrtkmÿm ks ka eris` eris` imtkri`r  imtkri`r quk rko`rrk ka hur` jk ad mdvk, um aucdr quk mimcöm kjieioi` jÿrio` ndbèd khpakdj` pdrd jko`rdoiÿm. Zikmk umd a`mcituj jk 457 hktr`s, 47; oh jk daturd y ;,5 oh km a`s aucdrks jk häxihd pr`eumjijdj jka rkaikvk. rkaikvk. Wkmtéaio`,, d 49 lh jk ad Dorÿp`ais. Ka eris` a` Kstdbd rkdaizdj` km härh`a jka h`mtk Wkmtéaio` e`rhdbdm ?3> eicurds nuhdmds y 2:; jk dmihdaks rkprkskmtdmj` ad pr`oksiÿm jk ads eikstds jk ads Wdmdtkmkds Wdmdtkmkds.. hkt`pds krd  krd r`f` o`h` ka jk a`s eris`s, ka er`mtÿm krd Kstdbd p`aior`hdj`6 ka o`a`r jk ads hkt`pds dzua y d ads eicurds sk aks pimtdbd a`s `f`s y a`s odbkaa`s. Jk ads 92 hkt`pds `ricimdrids sÿa` sk o`mskrvdm 49, dacumds km ka hish` tkhpa` y `trds km ka Husk` Britämio` Britämio`,, yd quk ad hdy`rèd eukr`m jkstr`zdjds km ads muhkr`sds `odsi`mks km quk ka kjieioi` euk sdqukdj`. Ads hkt`pds jka adj` m`rtk rkprkskmtdbdm ad t`hd jk Zr`yd< Zr`yd< ads jka kstk, ad auond jk a`s ji`sks o`m a`s cicdmtks< okmtdur`hdquid y  y ads jka `kstk, umd bdtdaad umd bdtdaad kmtrk cicdmtks< ads jka sur, ad okmtdur`hdquid 2? crikc`s y Dhdz`mds. Dhdz`mds.  

 

Jktdaak jka eris` eris` imtkri`r  imtkri`r jka Wdrtkmÿm, Wdrtkmÿm, Husk` Britämio` jk Britämio` jk A`mjrks A`mjrks.. Ka Wdrtkmÿm da`fdbd ad crdm kstdtud jk ad ji`sd Dtkmkd Wdrtkm`s Wdrtkm`s,, quk rkdaizÿ Eijids. Eijids. Kstd ksouaturd krd jk `r` y hdreia (oriskakedmtimd ( oriskakedmtimd)) y jk quimok hktr`s jk daturd o`m pkjkstda.  y kmoihd ad écijd écijd.. _`brk ad odbkzd tkmèd um odso` oubikrt` odso` oubikrt` o`m Kstdbd vkstijd o`m ka pkpa` ka pkpa` y eicurds sihbÿaiods y kstdbd drhdjd o`m admzd y ksouj` km dotituj jk rkp`s`. Km umd hdm` Uiot`rid dadjd  dadjd jk tdhdô` mdturda.2: Ka dmticu` nist`ridj`r s`stkmèd ad ihdckm jk ad Uiot`rid Wdusdmids rkdaizÿ umd jksoripoiÿm prkoisd jk ad kstdtud6 ... Ad ihdckm kstä nkond jk hdreia y `r`. Km hkji` jka odso` ndy umd eicurd jk ad Kseimck... Kseimck... yhdmt` d um`ndstd y `tr`a`sadj` jkay ykah` ndy crie`s crie`s ksouapij`s.... Ad kstdtud jk Dtkmkd ks jk pik o`m piks, km su pkon` tikmk ksouapij`s.... imskrtdjd ad odbkzd jk Hkjusd jk Hkjusd  jk hdreia. Zikmk Uiot`rid jk  jk dpr`xihdjdhkmtk oudtr` o`j`s y km ad hdm` umd admzd< ndy um ksouj` umd Uiot`rid  fumt` d sus piks y okrod jk ad admzd umd skrpikmtk. s krpikmtk. Kstd skrpikmtk p`jrèd skr Kriot`mi`. Kriot`mi`. Km ad 2;  bdsk jk ad kstdtud kstä ksouapij` ka mdoihikmt` jk Wdmj`rd. Wdmj`rd. Kxistkm dacumds o`pids dmticuds jk ad ép`od r`hdmd jk ad ksouaturd `ricimda jk Dtkmkd Wdrtkm`s6 

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 Dtkmkd Udrvdlki`m, o`pid r`hdmd km härh`a jka sica` II II,, o`msijkrdjd umd jk ads

häs prÿxihds d ad rkda, quk sk kmoukmtrd km ka Husk` Drquk`aÿcio` Mdoi`mda jk Dtkmds.. Dtkmds  Dtkmkd Akm`rhdmt , sim eimdaizdr, km ka Husk` Mdoi`mda Drquk`aÿcio` jk Dtkmds, tdhbiém o`msijkrdjd jk ads hkf`rks o`pids. @trd o`pid r`hdmd km härh`a rkdaizdjd kmtrk a`s dô`s 4?74?7-4;7 sk 4;7 sk kmoukmtrd km ka Husk` jka Wrdj` Wrdj` jk  jk Hdjrij Hdjrij..  y II km II km ka Husk` jka A`uvrk A`uvrk jk  jk Wdrès Wdrès.. @trd o`pid r`hdmd jk kmtrk a`s sica`s II y @trd o`pid r`hdmd eirhdjd p`r Dmtè`o` Dmtè`o` (  (si sica` ca` I d.  O. ) km ka Husk` Mdoi`mda R`hdm` jk R`hdm`  jk R`hd R`hd..

 

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 Dtkmkd Udrvdlki`m, Husk` Drquk`aÿcio` Mdoi`mda jk Dtkmds. Dtkmds.

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 Dtkmkd Akm`rhdmt , Husk` Drquk`aÿcio` Mdoi`mda jk Dtkmds. Dtkmds.

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Hdjrij. O`pid jk Dtkmkd Wdrtkm`s, Husk` jka Wrdj`, Wrdj`, Hdjrij.

 

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Wdrès.. O`pid jk Dtkmkd Wdrtkm`s, Husk` jka A`uvrk, A`uvrk, Wdrès

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R`hdm` (Wdadzz`  (Wdadzz` Datkhps), R`hd R`hd.. O`pid jk Dtkmkd Wdrtkm`s km ka Husk` Mdoi`mda R`hdm`

Krkotkiÿm Drtèoua` primoipda6 Krkotkiÿm  Krkotkiÿm

Edondjd jka Krkotkiÿm Krkotkiÿm o`m`oijd  o`m`oijd o`h` Ads Odriätijks. _u o`mstruooiÿm sk imioiÿ km ka dô` :24 d.  O. , jurdmtk ad trkcud jk ad Wdz jk Mioids km Mioids km ad Wka`p`mks`, rkkhpadzdmj` ka dmticu` tkhpa` drodio` jk Dtkmkd quk ndbèd sij` cukrrd jka Wka`p`mks`, jkstruij` p`r a`s pkrsds jurdmtk ads Cukrrds Héjiods. Héjiods.

 

Kstä e`rhdj` p`r um kjieioi` okmtrda o`m padmtd irrkcuadr, djkoudj` da jksmivka jka tkrrkm`, quk o`hprkmjk j`s pdrtks sim o`humiodoiÿm kmtrk kaads6 da kstk ks um sdmtudri` jkjiodj` d Dtkmkd jk tip` nkxästia` nkxästia`,, o`m umds o`auhmds jk o`auhmds jk `rjkm fÿmio` fÿmio` rkoibèd ka drquitkot`.  

Wr`piak`s Drtèoua` primoipda6 Wr`piak`s  Wr`piak`s jk Dtkmds

A`s pr`piak`s A`s  pr`piak`s jk  jk ad Dorÿp`ais jk Dtkmds.

 

Ad ji`sd Milk Dtkmkd, rkprkskmtdjd o`h` Uiot`rid, jksdtämj`sk umd sdmjdaid. (Dtkmds ( Dtkmds,, 29 sica` ca` U d.  O. ) eimdaks jka si A`s pr`piak`s krdm ad crdm kmtrdjd d ad Dorÿp`ais jk Dtkmds. Eukr`m o`mstruij`s d pdrtir jka Hmksioaks km um tkrrkm` dooijkmtdj` y s`brk ads ruimds jk a`s dô` :?3 d.  O.  p`r ka drquitkot` Hmksioaks km  pr`piak`s drodio`s quk eukr`m jkstruij`s km ka dô` :>7 d.  O.  km ka imokmji` `odsi`mdj` p`r a`s pkrsds.?7 Ads skis o`auhmds jk ad kmtrdjd s`m jÿriods, jÿriods, icuda ads jk ad edondjd jkadmtkrd o`h` ads skis jk ad pdrtk p`stkri`r. Kstä o`mstruij` o`m härh`a pkmtéaio`, o`mstd jk um vkstèbua` jk 2: x 4> hktr`s. Km ka imtkri`r, um hur` o`m oimo` pukrtds a` jivijk km j`s  quk e`rhdm trks  pdrtks< ad `ooijkmtda, häs crdmjk, tikmk j`s niakrds jk trks o`auhmds fÿmiods o`auhmds fÿmiods quk ?4 mdvks. mdvks.   Ks imtkrksdmtk ad tkonuhbrk quk sk o`mstruyÿ o`m vicds jk härh`a jk häs jk siktk hktr`s y drquitrdbks quk  quk s`stkmèdm kstds vicds o`m umd bdrrd hktäaiod. drhdmj` a`s drquitrdbks  jka humj`< kmtrk ads pimturds quk sk Km ka dad m`rtk kstuv` situdjd ad prihkrd pimdo`tkod prihkrd  pimdo`tkod jka kxp`mèdm jkstdodbd ad `brd jka pimt`r crikc` W`aicm`t` (sica` W`aicm`t` (sica` U d. O.), o`m`oij` p`r ads jksoripoi`mks jk su `brds nkonds p`r Wdusdmids y p`r Waimi`. Waimi`.?2 

Zkhpa` jk Dtkmkd Milé Drtèoua` primoipda6 Zkhpa` jk Dtkmkd Milé

Da adj` sur jk a`s pr`piak`s sk kmoukmtrd ka tkhpa` jk Dtkmkd Milé („Dtkmkd viot`ri`sd’) ` Odaèordtks jdtd  jdtd  Milé Dptkrd („Uiot`rid sim dads’). Ad o`mstruooiÿm kmodrcdjd kmo drcdjd da drquitkot` Odaèordtks jka dô` :24 d.  O.  y ka :47 d.  O.  Kstk h`muhkmt` khpadzdj` km ad kmtrdjd jk ad Dorÿp`ais qukrèd sihb`aizdr quk, umd vkz sim dads, ad ji`sd m` sk h`vkrèd jk Dtkmds. ??  Ka md`s o`mstd jk umd padmtd odsi oudjrdjd jk :4> oh x ?43> oh, o`m ka  pr`md`s jk oudtr` o`auhmds y oudtr` häs km ka `pist`j`h`s, t`jds jk `rjkm fÿmio` fÿmio`.. Ka eris` quk eris` quk rko`rrk t`j` ka tkhpa` tuv` umd jko`rdoiÿm dausivd d ads Cukrrds Héjiods, o`m Dtkmkd. . Km ka pdrdpkt` kaj`mjk  pdrdpkt` jka  jka bdstiÿm  bdstiÿm sk  sk dôdjiÿ km ka dô` a`s ad ji`sd Dtkmkd :47er`mt`mks d. O. umd jkjiodj`s jko`rdoiÿmdo`m crdmjks rkaikvks, sk dprkoid ad ksoukad jk Eijids, p`r kfkhpa` km a`s paikcuks jk ad r`pd, quk sk djdptd da oukrp` jk ads rkprkskmtdoi`mks jk ads «viot`rids¼, ads oudaks kstäm rkprkskmtdmj` o`m ckst`s o`tijidm`s o`h` jksdtämj`sk umd sdmjdaid ` subikmj` d um odrrudfk. ?:  Ka tkhpa` dotuda ks umd rko`mstruooiÿm rkdaizdjd km a`s dô`s 49?5 49?5 d  d 49:7 p`r 49:7 p`r Mil`ad`s  Mil`ad`s Bdadm`s y Bdadm`s  y Dmdstdsi`s @radmj`s, @radmj`s, o`m ka pr`pÿsit` jk s`auoi`mdr dacum`s pr`bakhds ?; kstruoturdaks.  

Wdmjr`skiÿm Drtèoua` primoipda6  Wdmjr`skiÿm Wdmjr`skiÿm

 

O`mstruij` km tikhp`s jk Wkrioaks Wkrioaks ndoid  ndoid ka dô` :24 d.  O.  okrod jka Krkotkiÿm km Krkotkiÿm km ka adj` Wämjr`s` nifd  nifd jk Oéor`pk I, I, euk ka aucdr j`mjk Dtkmkd Dtkmkd,, jurdmtk su m`r`kstk, km n`m`r jk Wämjr`s` auond o`m W`skijÿm W`skijÿm pdrd  pdrd o`mskcuir ka pdtr`mdzc` jk ad oiujdj jk Dtkmds, niz` orkokr um `aiv` oudmj`  oudmj` rksuatÿ vkmokj`rd. Ka dô` 4943 4943 sk  sk padmtÿ ka ärb`a dotuda, km rkoukrj` jka `aiv` hètio` `aiv`.

_dmtudri` jk Drtkhisd Brdur`mid Drtèoua` primoipda6 _dmtudri` jk Drtkhisd Brdur`mid

Jibuf` jk umd rko`mstruooiÿm ihdcimdrid jk a`s pr`piak`s a`s  pr`piak`s,, ((sica` sica` ^I^ ^I^), ), j`mjk sk vk ad  Wukrtd Bkuaé km prihkr térhim`. Okrod jk a`s pr`piak`s a`s pr`piak`s sk  sk kmo`mtrdbd ka sdmtudri` jk Drtkhisd Brdur`mid, o`mstruij` ka dô` :?7 d.  O.  Ka `rickm jka sdmtudri` ks umd akykmjd skcöm ad ouda a`s ndbitdmtks jk Brdurÿm  Brdurÿm  ?5 ndbèdm hdtdj` d umd `sd, quk krd ka dmihda sdcrdj` jk Drtkhisd, Drtkhisd,  p`r a` quk ad ji`sd kxiciÿ quk sk ak o`msdcrdrdm d su ouat` miôds jk siktk d `mok dô`s quk vivirèdm km ka umd padmtd   sdmtudri` d su skrvioi`< kstds miôds rkoibèdm ka m`hbrk jk `sds. ?3 Ka kjieioi` tkmèd umd padmtd trdpkz`ijda o`m trdpkz`ijda o`m j`s dads adtkrdaks y umd  st`d jk um`s ?> hktr`s jk a`mcituj p`r 3 jk dmonurd. Wdusdmids jksoribk ad prkskmoid jk vdrids kstdtuds quk sk kmo`mtrdbdm km kstk sdmtudri` kmtrk ads quk jkstdodbdm umd ihdckm jk Drtkhisd `brd jk Wrdxètkaks y Wrdxètkaks y um odbdaa` jk br`mok Zr`yd,, km ka quk sk rkprkskmtdbdm dacum`s jk a`s cukrrkr`s quk rkprkskmtdbd da odbdaa` jk Zr`yd kso`mjij`s ds`hämj`sk jksjk jkmtr`.?> 

Drrke`riÿm Drtèoua` primoipda6  Drrke`riÿm Drrke`riÿm

_k trdtdbd jk um kjieioi` situdj` km ad pdrtk m`rtk jk ad Dorÿp`ais quk krd j`mjk vivèdm ads drrée`rds,, umds huondonds quk tkfèdm ka pkpa` ka  pkpa` quk  quk rkoibèd Dtkmkd km ads Wdmdtkmkds y Wdmdtkmkds y drrée`rds djkhäs rkdaizdbdm um rituda km ka quk aakvdbdm km umd pr`oksiÿm m`oturmd histkri`s`s Der`jitd y  y Kr`s quk Kr`s quk kstdbd situdj` km ad adjkrd m`rtk `bfkt`s sdcrdj`s?9ndstd um sdmtudri` jk Der`jitd   jk ad Dorÿp`ais.

 

Kakusimiÿm Drtèoua` primoipda6  Kakusimiÿm Kakusimiÿm

Euk Wkrioaks ka quk hdmjÿ o`mstruir kstk sdmtudri` okrod jk ad Dorÿp`ais pdrd p`jkr rkmjir ouat` d a`s histkri`s kakusim`s kakusim`s.. _k kmodrcÿ jk su kjieiodoiÿm ka drquitkot` O`rkb`s. Ad  padmtd jka sdmtudri` krd oudjrdjd o`m jivkrsds j ivkrsds niakrds jk o`auhmds y ka tkon` sk kakvdbd km e`rhd jk aimtkrmd. aimtkrmd. Ndm sij` ads kxodvdoi`mks kekotudjds ads quk ndm jdj` ads pdutds pdrd rko`m`okr a`s oihikmt`s y ad padmtd jk t`j` ka kjieioi`. 29 

Zkdtr` jk Ji`mis` Drtèoua`s primoipdaks6 Zkdtr` jk Ji`mis` y Zéhkm`s jk Ji`mis`.

Ka Zkdtr` jk Ji`mis`, Ji`mis`, bdf` ad Dorÿp`ais jk Dtkmds. Jksjk ad skcumjd hitdj jka si sica ca`` U d.  O. , umd jk ads häs ihp`rtdmtks orkdoi`mks tkdtr` y  y um` jk a`s kfkhpa`s häs ihp`rtdmtks jk kstk tip` jk kjieioi`s drquitkotÿmiods ks ka tkdtr` ks ka Zkdtr` jk Ji`mis` Ji`mis`,, o`mstruij` jurdmtk ka si sica ca`` IU d.  O. :7   Ka tkdtr` o`mstdbd jk umd pdrtk trdskrd j`mjk a`s dot`rks sk odhbidbdm jk imjuhkmtdrid. A`s kspkotdj`rks sk o`a`odbdm okrod jk um aucdr jksodhpdj`, aucdr j`mjk sk do`stuhbrdbdm d sica` a` U d.  O.  eukr`m sustituijds ads prihitivds padtde`rhds o`mstruir a`s tkdtr`s. D eimdaks jka sic jk härh`a p`r crdjkrèds jk pikjrd. Km ad pdrtk okmtrda jk ads prihkrds crdjds ndbèd 53 dsikmt`s quk eukr`m rkdaizdj`s p`stkri`rhkmtk, km härh`a jko`rdj` y kstdbdm rkskrvdj`s :4

 pdrd a`s sdokrj`tks y rkyks. rkyks .   Dsoakpki`m Ji`mis`,, Km ad adjkrd sur jk ad Dorÿp`ais, p`r kmoihd jk ad _t`d jk Kuhkmks y Kuhkmks y ka Zkdtr` jk Ji`mis` dsoakpki`m,, quk jdtd jka :27 d.  O.  dpr`xihdjdhkmtk. D éa doujèdm a`s sk a`odaizd um dsoakpki`m héjio`s km busod jk rkspukstd pdrd sdbkr ourdr kmekrhkjdjks, djkhäs jk oaéric`s, quk ibdm d rkzdr, y kmekrh`s.:2 

@jkÿm jk Wkrioaks Uédmsk tdhbiém6 @jkÿm jk Wkrioaks y Wkrioaks.

_k o`mstruyÿ tdhbiém bdf` ka hdmjdt` jk Wkrioaks y Wkrioaks y okrod jka tkdtr` jk Ji`mis`. Ji`mis`.

 

O`mstdbd jk padmtd rkotdmcuadr o`m j`bak niakrd jk o`auhmds pdrd ad sustkmtdoiÿm jka tkon` y um pr`piak`. _k utiaizdbd pdrd ads rkprkskmtdoi`mks husiodaks, quk khpkzdr`m km ka dô` ::5 d.  O. :?  

Dorÿp`ais nkakmèstiod Drtèoua` primoipda6 _t`d jk Kuhkmks

Ad Dorÿp`ais vistd jksjk ka Drkÿpdc` Drkÿpdc`..

Km ad adjkrd sur jk ad Dorÿp`ais, km ?27 ?27--?49 d.  O. , sk o`mstruyÿ, p`r `rjkm jk Milids jk Milids,, um crdm h`muhkmt` km e`rhd jk tkhpa` jÿrio`. Wkr` km ka sica` III euk III euk jkshdmtkadj` pdrd Bkuaé y  y s`a` qukjd ad bdsk. ::  utiaizdr sus hdtkridaks km ad pukrtd ad pukrtd Bkuaé Da adj` jk kstk h`muhkmt` sk kmoukmtrd ka pÿrtio` `  st`d jk Kuhkmks , jk 45? hktr`s jk II jk  jk Wércdh` Wércdh` km  km ka si sica ca`` II d.  O.  a`mcituj, quk euk hdmjdj` o`mstruir p`r ka rky Kuhkmks II _k rkdaizÿ pdrd quk a`s kspkotdj`rks quk dsistèdm d ads rkprkskmtdoi`mks jka tkdtr` jk Ji`mis` pujikrdm Ji`mis`  pujikrdm rkscudrjdrsk jk ads imoakhkmoids jka tikhp`. :; 

Dorÿp`ais r`hdmd Km ad ép`od r`hdmd r`hdmd jivkrs`s  jivkrs`s khpkrdj`rks y pkrs`mdfks jkstdodj`s rke`rhdr`m ` rkdaizdr`m mukvds o`mstruooi`mks km ad Dorÿp`ais jk Dtkmds. D ad izquikrjd jk ad ksodaimdtd, dmtks jk a`s pr`piak`s, sk kmoukmtrd ad Z`rrk jk Dcripd, jk odsi 4: h jk daturd y o`mstruijd km härh`a cris. Km ka dô` 43> d.  O.  sk ndbèd o`a`odj` km kaad umd kstdtud jk Kuhkmks II s`brk II s`brk umd oudjricd jk oudjricd jk br`mok  br`mok.. W`stkri`rhkmtk sk o`a`oÿ `trd Dcripd,, ykrm` jka khpkrdj`r  Ducust`. Ducust`. jk Dcripd Zdhbiém km ép`od jk Ducust`, km ka dô` 23 d.  O. , sk kjieioÿ ka Zkhpa` jk R`hd y Ducust` Wdrtkmÿm.. Jk padmtd oirouadr, sk kmo`mtrdbd r`jkdj` jk mukvk o`auhmds jk okrod jka Wdrtkmÿm :5 härh`a.   Jurdmtk ka hdmjdt` jk Oaduji`, Oaduji`, km ka dô` ;2, ;2, sk niz` umd rke`rhd jk ad rdhpd jk dooks` d ad Dorÿp`ais.

 

Km ad adjkrd hkriji`mda jk ad Dorÿp`ais, ka oiujdjdm` Nkr`jks Ätio` kriciÿ Ätio` kriciÿ um `jkÿm km `jkÿm km ka sica` II, Rkciaad.. II, km hkh`rid jk su ksp`sd Dspdsid Dmmid Rkciaad Km ka sica` III III,, p`r `rjkm jk Eadvi` _kptihi`, sk o`mstruyÿ ad dotudahkmtk aadhdjd Wukrtd Bkuaé o`h` Bkuaé  o`h` prihkrd kmtrdjd jk ad Dorÿp`ais dmtks jk a`s pr`piak`s. O`mstd jk j`s t`rrks jk 9 h jk daturd, umd d odjd adj` jk ad pukrtd. Kstd pukrtd euk jksoubikrtd p`r ka drqukÿa`c` erdmoés Ondraks Krmkst Bkuaé km Bkuaé km ka dô` 4>;2. 4>;2. Dacum`s kjieioi`s odhbidr`m su eumoiÿm `ricimda, o`h` ka tkdtr` jk Ji`mis`, quk pdsÿ d skr cadjidj`rks..:3  ksokmdri` jk o`hpktioi`mks jk cadjidj`rks

_itudoiÿm jk a`s kjieioi`s

4. 2. ?. :. ;. 5. 3. >. 9. 47. 44.

Wd Wdrt rtkm kmÿm ÿm Dmticu` tkhpa` jk Dtkmkd Dtk mkd Krko Krkotki tkiÿm ÿm Kstdtud jk Dtkmkd Wr`hdo`s Wr`piak Wr` piak`s `s Zkhpa` jk Dtkmkd Dtk mkd Milé Kakusim Kaku simiÿm iÿm _dmtudri` _dmtud ri` jk Drtkhisd Drtk hisd Brdur`mid Brd ur`mid Odao` tkod od Odao`tk Wdm jr`ski Wdmjr` skiÿm ÿm Drrke` riÿmm Drr ke`riÿ

 

42. 4?. 4:. 4;. 45. 43. 4>. 49. 27. 24.

Datd r jk Dtkm Datdr Dtkmkd kd _dmtudri` _dmtud ri` jk Vkus W`aik` W `aik` _dmtudri` _dmtud ri` jk Wdmjiÿm Wd mjiÿm @jkÿm jk Nkr`jks Nkr `jks Ätio` _t`d jk Kuhkm Ku hkmks ks _dmtudri` jk Dsoakpi` ` Dsoakpki`m Zkdtr` jk Kaéutkr`s `s j k Ji`mis` Kaéutkr @jkÿ m jk Wkrioak @jkÿm Wkr ioakss Zéhkm`s Zéhkm` s jk j k Ji`mis` Ji `mis` Dcadurk iÿm Dcad urkiÿm

Kakhkmt`s jksdpdrkoij`s jk ad Dorÿp`ais Km ad Dorÿp`ais kxistikr`m `tr`s kakhkmt`s drtèstio`s quk eukr`m jkstruij`s ` trdsadjdj`s. _`brk dacum`s jk kaa`s kxistkm jksoripoi`mks pr`p`roi`mdjds p`r dut`rks jk ad Dmticñkjdj. Kmtrk kaa`s jkstdodbd ad km`rhk kstdtud jk br`mok rkdaizdjd p`r Eijids jk Dtkmkd Wr`hdo`s, Wr`hdo`s, situdjd d ad kmtrdjd jk ad Dorÿp`ais, y jk ad quk Wdusdmids skôdad quk6 .. rkdaizdjd p`r Eijids, euk nkond o`m ka jikzh` jka b`tèm jk a`s hkj`s jk Hdrdtÿm. Km ka His,, kmtrk `trds o`sds, ad auond jk okmtdur`s y aäpitds sicuikmj`, skcöm sk jiok, ksouj` adbrÿ His jibuf`s jk Wdrrdsi`, nif` jk Kvém`r.  Jksoripoiÿm jk Crkoid, i, 2>, 2. Akhmid,, dsè @trd kstdtud jkstdodjd rkdaizdjd p`r Eijids pdrd ad Dorÿp`ais euk ad Dtkmkd Akhmid aadhdjd p`rquk um crup` jk o`a`m`s o`a`m`s jk  jk ad isad jk Akhm`s Akhm`s ndbèdm  ndbèdm kmvidj` d Wkrioaks jimkr` :>  pdrd quk kricikrd umd kstdtud jkjiodjd d Dtkmkd.   Ka dmticu` tkhpa` jk Dtkmkd dabkrcdbd Dtkmkd dabkrcdbd umd x`dmd dmtiquèsihd rkdaizdjd km hdjkrd jk `aiv` quk rkprkskmtdbd d ad ji`sd. Kstd kstdtud krd huy vkmkrdjd pukst` quk sk orkèd quk ndbèd odèj` jka oika` km ad ép`od jk Krkotk`. Krkotk`. _k sdavÿ jka sdquk` pkrsd pukst` quk euk trdsadjdjd _dadhimd y  y p`stkri`rhkmtk v`aviÿ d skr ubiodjd km ad Dorÿp`ais, km ka Krkotkiÿm. Krd d _dadhimd vkstijd o`m um pkpa` um pkpa` mukv`  mukv` odjd dô` y tkmèd f`yds jk `r`. :9 

 

Rkaikvk, ndaadj` km ad Dorÿp`ais, quk p`sibakhkmtk rkprkskmtd d Nkrhks do`hpdôdj` p`r oäritks (  (si sica` ca` U d.  O. ), Husk` jk ad Dorÿp`ais Dorÿp`ais jk  jk Dtkmds Dtkmds.. ads oäritks [md rkprkskmtdoiÿm ksouatÿriod jk ads oäritks sk oäritks sk kmo`mtrdbd dmtk ad kmtrdjd jk ad Dorÿp`ais. Djkhäs, km Dtkmds, jkadmtk jk ad kmtrdjd d ad Dorÿp`ais, ads Oäritks krdm tdhbiém trks km möhkr`< fumt` d kaads sk okakbrdm histkri`s quk m` jkbkm skr rkvkadj`s d huon`s. Wdusdmids, Jksoripoiÿm jk Crkoid, aibr` 9, xxxv.?. Tuiém euk ka quk prihkr` rkprkskmtÿ jksmujds d ads Oäritks, km ksouaturd ` km pimturd, m` nk  p`jij` dvkricudra`. Jurdmtk ka pkri`j` häs dmticu`, oikrtdhkmtk, tdmt` ksouat`rks o`h`  pimt`rks ads rkprkskmtdbdm oubikrtds.\...X oubikrtds.\.. .X Zdhbiém _ÿordtks, nif` jk _`er`miso`, niz` ihäckmks jk ads Oäritks pdrd a`s dtkmikmsks, quk kstäm dmtk ad kmtrdjd d ad Dorÿp`ais. Z`jds éstds kstäm icudahkmtk oubikrtds. Aibr` 9, xxxv.5-3. Wdusdmids tdhbiém jd ad m`tioid jk umd o`mstruooiÿm situdjd da adj` jka tkdtr` jk Ji`mis`, jk ad quk jiok6 ... skcöm jiokm, ks o`pid jk ad tikmjd jk Fkrfks Fkrfks.. Wkr` ks ad skcumjd, p`rquk ad prihkrd ad imokmjiÿ ka ckmkrda r`hdm` _iad _iad oudmj`  oudmj` t`hÿ Dtkmds.

 Jksoripoiÿm jk Crkoid, i, 27, :.

Km ad vkrtikmtk m`rtk jk ad Dorÿp`ais kxistiÿ um sdmtudri` jkjiodj` d a`s ji`sour`s ji`sour`s (a`s  (a`s dmdlks, ks jkoir, „a`s skô`rks’). Jk dnè su m`hbrk, ka Dmdok` ( Dmälki`m) ` «tkhpa` jk a`s skô`rks¼. Jkbèd skr jk crdmjks jihkmsi`mks, puks pdrkok quk daaè tkmèdm aucdr rkumi`mks Wdusdmids,, W`aicm`t` W`aicm`t` pimtÿ  pimtÿ daaè ad b`jd jk ads nifds jk Akuoip` Akuoip`,, y Hioÿm  Hioÿm  hiaitdrks.;7 _kcöm Wdusdmids ;4 drc`mdutds.   rkprkskmtÿ d Fdsÿm y Fdsÿm y a`s drc`mdutds. Okrod sk kmo`mtrdbd ka Dcadurkiÿm Dcadurkiÿm,, quk krd um sdmtudri` situdj` km umd oukvd jkbdf` jka Dcadur`..;2  Drrke`riÿm km ka quk sk rkmjèd ouat` d Dcadur` Km ad vkrtikmtk hkriji`mda jk ad Dorÿp`ais ndbèd umd odbkzd j`rdjd jk C`rc`md, C`rc`md, situdjd s`brk umd hurdaad aadhdjd M`t`. [m p`o` häs drribd jka Zkdtr` jk Ji`misi`, da pik jk kstd adjkrd, kxistèd umd oukvd kmoihd jk ad ouda nub` um trèp`jk trèp`jk km  km ka quk kstdbdm rkprkskmtdj`s Dp`a` y Dp`a` y Drtkhisd dsksimdmj` Drtkhisd dsksimdmj` d ;? a`s nif`s jk Mè`bk jk Mè`bk..  Da eimda jk kstd vkrtikmtk, jkspués jka Dsoakpki`m, sk kriciÿ um tkhpa` jkjiodj` d ad ji`sd Zkhis Zkhis.. Dmtk éa kstdbd ad tuhbd jk Nipÿait` Nipÿait`..;: Zdhbiém kxistikr`m um`s Ckd Ourÿtr`ed  Ourÿtr`ed („mutrioid’) y jk Jkhétkr  Oa`k  Oa`k („vkrjkdmtk’).;;  sdmtudri`s jk Ckd

Kxp`ai` y kxodvdoi`mks drquk`aÿciods

 

E`t`crdeèd jka dô` 4>55 4>55 km  km umds kxodvdoi`mks km ad Dorÿp`ais, o`m ad eicurd jk Ka H`soÿe`r` km H`soÿe`r`  km prihkr térhim`. Jurdmtk a`s oudtr` sica`s jk `oupdoiÿm `t`hdmd `t`hdmd m`  m` sk rkdaizdr`m kxodvdoi`mks mi rke`rhds km ad Dorÿp`ais. Ad jksime`rhdoiÿm niz` quk sk m`hbrdrd ka Wdrtkmÿm o`h` "Wdmtkÿm" y tkhpa` jk um ji`s jkso`m`oij` km Kur`pd, skcöm o`mstd km ka v`auhkm Zuro`crdkoid, 4;>:.. Ka khbdfdj`r jk Auis ^III jk Erdmoid Erdmoid km  km  pubaiodj` p`r H. Lrdus km ka dô` 4;>: O`mstdmtim`pad jksoribiÿ  jksoribiÿ Dtkmds km su aibr` U`ydck ju Akvdmt   (Wdrès (Wdrès,, 45?2), 45?2), j`mjk rkadtd O`mstdmtim`pad ;5 quk ka Wdrtkmÿm "sk kmo`mtrdbd o`h` si sk dodbdrd jk ndokr".   _k kstdbakoiÿ um o`msuadj` erdmoés km ka dô` 45;> 45;>,, y sk khpkzdr`m d tkmkr a`s prihkr`s visitdmtks kxtrdmfkr`s. Ka khbdfdj`r erdmoés km O`mstdmtim`pad, km ka dô` 453: 453:,, kmodrcÿ da drtistd Fdoquks Odrrky Odrrky quk  quk rkdaizdrd umd skrik jk jibuf`s jka Wdrtkmÿm y jk sus ksouaturds, ;3  quk ndm skrvij` p`stkri`rhkmtk pdrd ad j`ouhkmtdoiÿm jka aucdr dmtks jka dtdquk quk sueriÿ H`r`simi,, ka ouda, djkhäs imtkmtÿ km 45>3 p`r 45>3 p`r a`s vkmkoidm`s, bdf` ka hdmj` jk Erdmokso` H`r`simi aakvdrsk ads ksouaturds jk ads oudjricds jka er`mtÿm `kstk, o`m ka rksuatdj` jk umd jkstruooiÿm o`hpaktd, p`r ad odèjd quk suerikr`m ads ksouaturds p`r ads pkmjikmtks jk ad Dorÿp`ais. jk sus rkst`sjkeukr`m rko`cij`s p`r `tr`s, O`pkmndcuk hiaitdrks y s`m kmoukmtrdm Dacum`s km jivkrs`s husk`s Kur`pd6 R`hd R`hd,, Ukmkoid, Ukmkoid O`pkmndcuk. .;>  a`s quk sk Jurdmtk ka sica` ^UIII ^UIII a`s  a`s erdmoksks `rcdmizdr`m um hkrodj` jk dmticñkjdjks km Dtkmds y hkt`pd y  y ad aäpijd jka eris` jka eris` jka Wdrtkmÿm d Wdrès. D hkjidj`s o`msicuikr`m trdmsp`rtdr umd hkt`pd jk kstk hish` sica`, ad _`oikty `e Jiaktdmti jk A`mjrks A`mjrks kmodrcÿ  kmodrcÿ da drquitkot` Mion`ads Rkvkrt y da pimt`r Fdhks _tudrt quk hijikrdm y jibufdrdm a`s kjieioi`s y ads ksouaturds jk 4352,, sk pubaioÿ ka prihkr v`auhkm jk ads  Dmticñkjdjks Dtkmds< o`h` rksuatdj` jk kaa`, km 4352 jk Dtkmds, o`m um crdm trdbdf` oikmtèeio` y um`s hdcmèeio`s jibuf`s.

 

Rkorkdoiÿm ijkdaizdjd jk ad Dorÿp`ais km um oudjr` jk 4>:5 jka drtistd dakhäm Ak` v`m Lakmzk.. Lakmzk D primoipi`s jka sica` ^I^ ^I^,, a`rj Kacim Kacim,, khbdfdj`r imcaés, trdsadjÿ um crdm möhkr` jk Kacim)) y trds adrcds ksouaturds jka Wdrtkmÿm d Imcadtkrrd, (a`s aadhdj`s härh`aks jk Kacim Britämio` jk mkc`oidoi`mks ads djquiriÿ ka c`bikrm` imcaés ka dô` 4>45 pdrd 4>45 pdrd ka Husk` Britämio` jk A`mjrks. A`mjrks. Crkoid `btuv`  `btuv` ad imjkpkmjkmoid, sk khpkzdr`m ads prihkrds kxodvdoi`mks Oudmj` km 4>?:, 4>?:, Crkoid jiricijds p`r a`s drquitkot`s _ondubkrt y Lakdmtnks, supkrvisdj`s p`r Ak` Lakmzk, o`mskfkr` jka rky Auis I jk Bdvikrd Bdvikrd (pdjrk  (pdjrk jka kmt`moks rky jk Crkoid @tÿm I). I). Ad _`oikjdj ;9 Drquk`aÿciod Dtkmds Dtkmds, , km ka ad jirkooiÿm jkjk Wdmdci`tis Ldvdjids,   niz` rktirdr t`jds adsjkodsds turods qukdô` sk 4>?3, ndbèdmbdf` o`mstruij` jkmtr` ad Dorÿp`ais.

4>55  Ondraks Krmkst Bkuaé jksoubriÿ Bkuaé jksoubriÿ um e`s`, km ka quk, jurdmtk ad imvdsiÿm pkrsd km ka Km 4>55 lur`è, jk ad quk ks umd jk ads dô` :>7 d.  O. , sk ndbèdm kso`mjij` odt`rok ksouaturds jk lur`è,  pikzds primoipdaks ka H`soÿe`r` jk H`soÿe`r` jk tdhdô` mdturda. Ka rkst` jk ads kxodvdoi`mks sk nioikr`m Ldvdjids fumt`  fumt` o`m a`s drquitkot`s kmtrk a`s dô`s 4>>;-4>97, jiricijds p`r Wdmdci`tis Ldvdjids 57 Jõrpekaj y  y Ck`rc Ldwkrdu.   Siankah Jõrpekaj

Rkstdurdoiÿm

Zrdbdf`s jk rkstdurdoiÿm km a`s pr`piak`s a`s pr`piak`s.. A`s jdt`s häs sicmieiodtiv`s jk ads rkstdurdoi`mks aakvdjds d odb` d pdrtir jka sica` ^^ ^^   jkmtr` jk ad Dorÿp`ais khpkzdr`m o`m ad pr`pukstd jk Mil`adus Bdadm`s km ka dô` 4924,  pdrd ad rko`mstruooiÿm jk ads o`auhmds jka Wdrtkmÿm, pr`oks` quk jurÿ nds ndstd td ka dô` 49??. titdmi` y  y Km ka Krkotki`m kmtrk a`s dô`s 4939 y 49>3 sk khpkzdr`m d o`a`odr drhdjurds jk titdmi` o`pids jk pdrtks drquitkotÿmiods quk sk o`mskrvdbdm km ka Husk` Britämio`, sustituyémj`sk tdhbiém p`r o`pids ads odriätijks y trdsadjämj`sk éstds bdf` ad oust`jid jka Husk` jk ad Dorÿp`ais. Zdhbiém d pdrtir jk kmt`moks sk kstä aakvdmj` d odb` umd mukvd dmdstia`sis jk dmdstia`sis jk ads

 

o`auhmds jka Wdrtkmÿm, ks jkoir, sk rkoupkrdm o`auhmds jkspa`hdjds y sk rk`rcdmizdm km jistimt`s pumt`s o`m ad dyujd jk kakhkmt`s jispkrs`s. Hkjidmtk kstd téomiod sk kstäm sustituykmj` a`s tdhb`rks khpakdj`s p`r Bdadm`s p`r `tr`s jk härh`a pkmtéaio` y sk rkdaizd ka jksh`mtdfk y h`mtdfk jk crdmjks ba`quks pkrtkmkoikmtks da tkhpa` quk sk ndm ij` rkoupkrdmj` y oadsieiodmj`.54  Ad Dorÿp`ais jk Dtkmds euk jkoadrdjd Wdtrih`mi` jk ad Nuhdmijdj Nuhdmijdj p`r  p`r ad [mkso` km [mkso` km 49>3. 49>3.52  [m` jk a`s pr`ykot`s häs dhbioi`s`s jk ads dut`rijdjks crikcds nd sij` ad o`mstruooiÿm jka  Mukv` Husk` jk ad Dorÿp`ais Dorÿp`ais,, quk dabkrcd huonds `brds jk drtk quk tuvikr`m quk jkfdr jk kstdr situdjds km su khpadzdhikmt` `ricimda km ad Dorÿp`ais p`r jivkrsds oiroumstdmoids. Zdhbiém kxistk umd o`mtimud rkivimjiodoiÿm s`brk a`s härh`aks jk Kacim, Kacim, km p`jkr jka 5?5: 5?5: Husk` Britämio`, pdrd su rkt`rm` d Crkoid.