ACI 228.2R-98 R04 Nondestructive Test Methods For Evaluation of Concrete in Structures - MyCivil - Ir.en - Es

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KOE 11:.1Q-5: (Kprfakif ic bucvf cb 1779)

Dåtfifs ic prucak bf icstruotevfs pkrk nk cvknukoeÿb ic

Jfrdehÿb cb Cstruoturks Eb`frdkif pfr cn Ofdetå 11: ic KOE KHWrcseicbtc Ikves *† @. Kbskre

QI Hkybfr

J. Okrkteb

@I Jceiarebm

PD Dknjftrk

AW _edfbs *

AJ Jcrtnceb†

NI Fnsfb *

WL _unnevkb

MQ Jebif

_W Wcsseme

AK _uprcbkbt

BL Okrebf‡ M. Ojfe

MD Wkstennks *†

Q. Juymc

HH Oncdcûk *

_. Wfpfveos

YL Qfwc

H. Ycfifru

BK Ouddebh *†

Q_ Lcbmebs *

QX Wfstfb *

XN Pfht

QN Ienny

DC Nccdkb

WJ Nccr *

KA \ffa

IC Iexfb

K. Ncsjojebsmy

A. Irkhubsmy

XDM Qfiies *

J_ Ncw

DL _kbsknfbc *

* Decdarfs icn hrupf ic trkaklf quc ofbtreauycrfb k nk prcpkrkoeÿb icn eb`frdc. Nfs decdarfs ksfoekifs y ofbsuntfrcs quc ofbtreauycrfb kn eb`frdc ebonuycb k M. Dkscr, S. Jknkac, L. Aubhcy. Cx decdarf QX Qfss tkdaeåb ofbtreauyÿ kn afrrkifr ebeoekn. † Hrupf ic trkaklf cietfrekn. ‡ Wrcseicbtc icn hrupf ic trkaklf icn eb`frdc.

_c prcscbtk ubk rcveseÿb ic nfs dåtfifs ic cbskyf bf icstruotevfs pkrk

Wknkarks onkvc< jfrdehÿb= dcieifr ic ofacrturk= oedecbtfs prfùbifs= pftcboekn ic

cvknukr cn cstkif icn rcùcrzf ic jfrdehÿb y kocrf cb cstruoturks. Nfs

dciek ocnik= tcrdfhrk`äk eb`rkrrflk= prucaks bf icstruotevks= rcsestcboek k nk

dåtfifs kbknezkifs ebonuycb ebspcooeÿb vesukn, dåtfifs ic fbiks ic tcbseÿb,

pfnkrezkoeÿb= Qkikr= rkiefhrk`äk= rkiefdctrek= dåtfifs ic fbiks ic cstrås= ebspcooeÿb

dåtfifs buonckrcs, dåtfifs ic pcbctrkaeneiki pcbctrkaeneiki,, dåtfifs dkhbåteofs y

vesukn.

cnåotreofs, tcrdfhrk`äk eb`rkrrflk y rkikr ic pcbctrkoeÿb tcrrcstrc. _c iesoutc

OFBYCBEIF

cn preboepef ic okik dåtfif y sc icsoreac nk ebstrudcbtkoeÿb täpeok. _c

Okpätunf ; ’ Ebtrfiuooeÿb, pëh. 1

rcsudcb nfs prfociedecbtfs ic prucak y sc cxpneokb nfs dåtfifs ic kbëneses ofbonuyc ofb ubk iesouseÿb sfarc nk pnkbeèokoeÿb ic ub prfhrkdk ic prucaks

;.; ’ Knokboc ;.1 ’ Bcocseikics y kpneokoefbcs

bf icstruotevks.

;.? ’ Falctevf icn eb`frdc

ic iktfs. _c icstkokb nks vcbtklks y nedetkoefbcs ic nfs dåtfifs. Cn eb`frdc

Okpätunf 1 ’ Qcsudcb ic dåtfifs, pëh. 1 1.; ’ Ebspcooeÿb vesukn 1.1 ’ Dåtfifs ic fbiks ic tcbseÿb pkrk cstruoturks

Nfs eb`frdcs, nks huäks, nks prëoteoks cstëbikr y nfs ofdcbtkrefs icn ofdetå ic KOE tecbcb ofdf èbkneiki èbkne iki scrver ic huäk cb nk pnkbeèokoeÿb, cn iescûf, nk clcouoeÿb y nk ebspcooeÿb ic nk ofbstruooeÿb. Cstc ifoudcbtf cstë icstebkif kn usf u sf ic pcrsfbks quc sckb ofdpctcbtcs pkrk cvknukr nk edpfrtkboek y nks nedetkoefbcs ic su ofbtcbeif y rcofdcbikoefbcs y quc kocptkrëb nk rcspfbskaeneiki ic nk kpneokoeÿb icn dktcrekn quc ofbtecbc. Cn Kdcreokb Ofborctc Ebstetutc rcbuboek k tfik rcspfbskaeneiki pfr nfs preboepefs cstkancoeifs. Cn Ebstetutf bf scrë rcspfbskanc ic nks pårieiks f ikûfs quc sc icrevcb ic nfs desdfs.

1.? ’ Dåtfifs ic fbiks ic tcbseÿb pkrk oedcbtkoefbcs prfùbiks

1.9 ’ Dåtfifs buonckrcs

1.3 ’ Dåtfifs dkhbåteofs y cnåotreofs 1.0 ’ Dåtfifs ic pcbctrkaeneiki

1.8 ’ Ycrdfhrk`äk eb`rkrrflk 1.: ’ Qkikr

Okpätunf ? ’ Wnkbeèokoeÿb y rcknezkoeÿb ic ebvcstehkoefbcs ic prucaks bf icstruotevks, p. 93 ?.; ’ _cncooeÿb ic dåtfifs ?.1 ’ Icèbeoeÿb icn knokboc ic nk ebvcstehkoeÿb

Bf sc jkrë rc`crcboek k cstc ifoudcbtf cb nfs ifoudcbtfs icn ofbtrktf. _e cn Krquetcotf / Ebhcbecrf icsck quc nfs cncdcbtfs quc sc cboucbtrkb cb cstc ifoudcbtf sckb pkrtc ic nfs ifoudcbtfs icn ofbtrktf, sc icacrëb rc`frdunkr cb ub ncbhuklc fanehktfref pkrk quc cn Krquetcotf / Ebhcbecrf nfs ebofrpfrc.

KOE 11:.1Q-5: cbtrÿ cb vehfr cn 19 ic lubef ic ;55:. Ofpyrehjt ;55:, Ebstetutf Kdcreokbf icn Ofborctf. Yfifs nfs icrcojfs rcscrvkifs, ebonueifs nfs icrcojfs ic rcprfiuooeÿb y usf cb ouknquecr `frdk f pfr ouknquecr dcief, ebonueik nk rcknezkoeÿb ic ofpeks dciekbtc ouknquecr prfocsf `ftfhrëèof, f dciekbtc iespfsetevf cncotrÿbeof f dcoëbeof, edprcsf, csoretf u frkn, f hrkakoeÿb pkrk rcprfiuooeÿb sfbfrk f vesukn. f pkrk su usf cb ouknquecr sestcdk f iespfsetevf ic rcoupcrkoeÿb f ofbfoedecbtf, k dcbfs quc sc fatcbhk ub pcrdesf pfr csoretf ic nfs prfpectkrefs ic nfs icrcojfs ic kutfr.

11:.1Q-;

11:.1Q-1

EB@FQDC ICN OFDEYÅ IC KOE

?.? ’ _edunkoefbcs budåreoks y cxpcredcbtkncs

Kpåbieoc K ’ Kspcotfs tcÿreofs ic nk hrëèok ic dfveneiki icn

Yrkieoefbkndcbtc, Yrkieoefbknd cbtc, cn kschurkdecbtf ic nk okneiki ic nk ofbstruooeÿb ic jfrdehÿb sc jk rcknezkif cb hrkb pkrtc dciekbtc nk ebspcooeÿb vesukn icn prfocsf ic ofbstruooeÿb y tfdkbif ducstrks icn jfrdehÿb pkrk rcknezkr prucaks cstëbikr cb ducstrks `rcsoks y cbiurcoeiks. Cstc cb`fquc bf prfpfroefbk iktfs sfarc nks prfpecikics eb setu icn jfrdehÿb. Nfs dåtfifs BIY f`rcocb nk vcbtklk ic prfpfroefbkr eb`frdkoeÿb sfarc nks prfpecikics eb setu icn jfrdehÿb cbiurcoeif, ofdf nks ofbstkbtcs cnësteoks, nk icbseiki, nk rcsesteveiki, cn ofbtcbeif ic judciki y nks okrkotcrästeoks ic pcbctrkaeneiki.

penftc, pëh. 0;

Nk cvknukoeÿb icn cstkif icn ofborctf ofb èbcs ic cvknukoeÿb cstruoturkn sc jk rcknezkif preboepkndcbtc dciekbtc cxkdcb vesukn, sfbicf ic supcrèoec * y

?.9 ’ Ofrrcnkoeÿb ofb prucaks ebtrusevks ?.3 ’ Eb`frdc ic rcsuntkifs

Okpätunf 9 ’ Qc`crcboeks, p. 30 9.; ’ Qc`crcboeks cspcoeèokiks

9.1 ’ Qc`crcboeks oetkiks

OKWÄYSNF ; EBYQFISOOEßB ;.; ’ Knokboc Nfs dåtfifs ic prucak bf icstruotevk (BIY) sc utenezkb pkrk ictcrdebkr nks prfpecikics icn jfrdehÿb cbiurcoeif y pkrk cvknukr cn cstkif icn jfrdehÿb cb oedecbtfs prfùbifs, pucbtcs, cieèoefs, pkvedcbtfs, prcsks y ftrks ofbstruooefbcs ic jfrdehÿb. Wkrk cstc eb`frdc, nks prucaks bf icstruotevks sc icèbcb ofdf prucaks quc bf okuskb ikûfs cstruoturkndcbtc sehbeèoktevfs kn ofborctf. _e aecb knhubks pcrsfbks ofbseicrkb quc nk cxtrkooeÿb ic tcstehfs y nks prucaks ic okrhk bf sfb icstruotevks, bf sc ofbseicrkb cb cstc eb`frdc, y nk eb`frdkoeÿb kicoukik sc prfpfroefbk cb KOE 9?8Q. Nfs dåtfifs ic prucak bf icstruotevfs sc kpneokb k nk ofbstruooeÿb ic jfrdehÿb pfr ouktrf rkzfbcs preboepkncs<

• • •

ofbtrfn ic okneiki ic bucvk ofbstruooeÿb= rcsfnuoeÿb ic prfancdks ofb bucvks ofbstruooefbcs= cvknukoeÿb icn cstkif icn jfrdehÿb dës kbtehuf pkrk èbcs ic rcjkaenetkoeÿb= y

cxtrkooeÿb ic büoncfs pkrk cxkdebkr nks ofbieoefbcs ebtcrbks icn ofborctf y fatcbcr ducstrks pkrk rcknezkr prucaks. Cstc cb`fquc nedetk nf quc sc pucic ictcotkr. Kicdës, nfs büoncfs sfnf prfpfroefbkb eb`frdkoeÿb cb nk uaeokoeÿb icn büoncf y nfs freèoefs freèoe fs ic nfs büoncfs icacb rcpkrkrsc. _c pucicb rcknezkr cvknukoefbcs ic ofbieoeÿb ofb dåtfifs BIY pkrk prfpfroefbkr eb`frdkoeÿb edpfrtkbtc pkrk cn icscdpcûf cstruoturkn icn ofborctf, ofdf<

• • • • • •

Iedcbsefbcs ic decdarfs=

Saeokoeÿb ic khrectkdecbtf, icnkdebkoeÿb y icsprcbiedecbtf=

Hrkif ic ofbsfneikoeÿb y prcscboek ic jucofs y beif ic kaclk= Saeokoeÿb y tkdkûf icn rcùcrzf ic kocrf= Koteveiki ic ofrrfseÿb icn rcùcrzf= y Knokboc icn ikûf pfr ofbhcnkoeÿb y icsofbhcnkoeÿb, ùchf f cxpfseoeÿb quädeok.

;.? ’ Falctevf icn eb`frdc

•

kschurkdecbtf ic nk okneiki ic nks rcpkrkoefbcs ic jfrdehÿb.

Nks tcobfnfhäks ic prucaks bf icstruotevks cstëb cvfnuoefbkbif y nk ebvcstehkoeÿb ofbtebük dclfrkbif nfs dåtfifs cxestcbtcs y icskrrfnnkbif bucvfs dåtfifs. Cn eb`frdc tecbc pfr falctf prfpfroefbkr ubk icsorepoeÿb hcbcrkn ic nfs preboepefs ic vkrefs dåtfifs ic CBI quc sc utenezkb cb nk prëoteok y rcsuder sus kpneokoefbcs y nedetkoefbcs. _c jkoc jebokpeå cb nfs dåtfifs quc sc jkb kpneokif pkrk dcier prfpecikics `äseoks iestebtks ic nk rcsestcboek icn jfrdehÿb cb cstruoturks, pkrk ictcotkr `knnks f iesofbtebueikics y pkrk prfpfroefbkr iktfs pkrk nk cvknukoeÿb icn cstkif. Nfs dåtfifs pkrk cstedkr nk rcsestcboek k nk ofdprcseÿb cb cn nuhkr sc prcscbtkb cb KOE 11:.;Q.

;.1 ’ Bcocseikics y kpneokoefbcs Nfs dåtfifs ic cbskyf bf icstruotevfs sc kpneokb okik vcz dës pkrk nk ebvcstehkoeÿb ic cstruoturks ic jfrdehÿb. Cstc kudcbtf cb nk kpneokoeÿb ic dåtfifs CBI sc icac k vkrefs `kotfrcs<

•

dclfrks tcobfnÿheoks cb jkriwkrc y sf`twkrc pkrk nk rcofpenkoeÿb y kbëneses ic iktfs=

•

nks vcbtklks cofbÿdeoks ic cvknukr hrkbics vfnüdcbcs ic jfrdehÿb cb ofdpkrkoeÿb ofb nk cxtrkooeÿb ic büoncfs=

•

okpkoeiki pkrk rcknezkr cvknukoefbcs rëpeiks c ebtchrkncs ic nk ofbstruooeÿb cxestcbtc= y

•

cspcoeèokoeÿb ic dåtfifs CBI pkrk cn kschurkdecbtf ic nk okneiki ic oedcbtkoefbcs prfùbiks y rcpkrkoefbcs ic ofborctf.

Cstc dkyfr usf ic dåtfifs BIY sc prfiuoc k pcskr ic nk `kntk ic cstëbikrcs ic prucak pkrk duojfs ic nfs dåtfifs. Cn icskrrfnnf ic cstëbikrcs ic prucak cs ùbikdcbtkn pkrk nk kpneokoeÿb kicoukik y cn usf kdpnekif ic nfs dåtfifs BIY pkrk nk cvknukoeÿb ic ofbstruooefbcs ic jfrdehÿb.

Cstc eb`frdc rcvesk cn cstkif ic nk prëoteok pkrk ictcrdebkr ic `frdk bf icstruotevk nks prfpecikics `äseoks seb rcsestcboek y nks ofbieoefbcs icn ofborctf cbiurcoeif. Cn falctevf hcbcrkn cs prfpfroefbkr kn usukref pftcboekn ubk huäk quc nf kyuic k pnkbeèokr, rcknezkr c ebtcrprctkr nfs rcsuntkifs ic nks prucaks bf icstruotevks ic nk ofbstruooeÿb ic jfrdehÿb. Cn Okpätunf 1 iesoutc nfs preboepefs, cquepfs, cque pfs, prfociedecbtfs ic prucak y kbëneses ic iktfs ic nfs ievcrsfs dåtfifs ic CBI. _c iesoutcb nks kpneokoefbcs täpeoks y nks nedetkoefbcs ebjcrcbtcs ic nfs dåtfifs pkrk kyuikr kn usukref pftcboekn k scncooefbkr cn dåtfif dës kprfpekif pkrk ubk setukoeÿb pkrteounkr. Cn Okpätunf ? kbknezk nk pnkbeèokoeÿb y cn icscdpcûf ic nks ebvcstehkoefbcs ic CBI. Cb cn Okpätunf ? sc ebonuycb rc`crcboeks k prucaks cb cn nuhkr ouaecrtks cb KOE 11:.;Q y ftrfs dåtfifs kpneokancs pkrk cvknukr nks okrkotcrästeoks icn ofborctf cb cn nuhkr.

OKWÄYSNF 1 ’ QC_SDCB IC DÅYFIF_ Cstc okpätunf rcvesk nfs ievcrsfs dåtfifs BIY pkrk cvknukr cn ofborctf cb ausok ic okrkotcrästeoks iestebtks k nk rcsestcboek. _c iesoutcb nfs preboepefs suaykocbtcs, sc icsoreac nk ebstrudcbtkoeÿb y sc rcsudcb nks vcbtklks y nedetkoefbcs ebjcrcbtcs ic okik dåtfif. Oukbif sck kprfpekif, sc prfpfroefbkb clcdpnfs ic iktfs ic prucak. Nk Ykank 1.; rcsudc nfs dåtfifs quc sc iesouterëb. Nk predcrk ofnudbk cbudcrk nk scooeÿb icn eb`frdc ifbic sc icsoreac cn dåtfif= nk schubik ofnudbk prfpfroefbk ubk arcvc cxpneokoeÿb ic nfs preboepefs suaykocbtcs= y nk tcrocrk ofnudbk ik kpneokoefbcs täpeoks. * _fbkr sc rcècrc k hfnpckr nk supcrèoec icn falctf y csouojkr kn pcrsfbklc. esteok icn sfbeif rcsuntkbtc.

DÅYFIF_ IC CB_KUF BF IC_YQSOYEPF

11:.1Q-?

Ykank 1.; ’ Qcsudcb ic dåtfifs ic prucak bf icstruotevfs

Nk dkyfräk ic nfs dåtfifs BIY sfb prucaks ebiercotks eb iercotks pfrquc nk ofbieoeÿb icn jfrdehÿb sc ebècrc ic nk rcspucstk dcieik k knhüb cstädunf, ofdf ub edpkotf f rkiekoeÿb cncotrfdkhbåteok. Wkrk ofdaebkoefbcs `kvfrkancs ic dåtfif ic prucak y ofbieoefbcs icn setef, nfs rcsuntkifs ic nk prucak pucicb scr ebcquävfofs y nks prucaks ofdpncdcbtkreks pucicb scr ebbcocskreks. Cb ftrfs oksfs, nfs rcsuntkifs ic BIY pucicb bf scr ofbonuycbtcs y pucicb scr bcocskreks prucaks kieoefbkncs. Nks prucaks ofdpncdcbtkreks pucicb scr ftrf dåtfif BIY f, k dcbuif, pucicb scr dåtfifs ebvksevfs pkrk pcrdeter nk fascrvkoeÿb iercotk ic nk ofbieoeÿb ebtcrbk. Nk ebspcooeÿb ebvksevk pucic vkrekr icsic nk pcr`frkoeÿb ic pcqucûfs freèoefs jkstk nk cxtrkooeÿb ic ducstrks ic prucak dciekbtc cxtrkooeÿb ic ducstrks f kscrrkif. Nk ofdaebkoeÿb ic ebspcooeÿb ebvksevk y bf icstruotevk pcrdetc cvknukr nk ofbèkaeneiki icn dåtfif BIY pkrk cn prfycotf cspcoäèof. Sbk vcz cstkancoeik nk ofbèkaeneiki icn dåtfif BIY,

1.; ’ Ebspcooeÿb vesukn 1.;.; Hcbcrkn ’Bfrdkndcbtc, ’Bfrdkndcbtc, ubk ebspcooeÿb vesukn cs ubf ic nfs predcrfs pksfs cb nk cvknukoeÿb ic ubk cstruoturk ic jfrdehÿb (Wcrcbojef,

;5:5). Nk ebspcooeÿb vesukn pucic prfpfroefbkr k ub ebvcstehkifr okneèokif ubk hrkb okbteiki ic eb`frdkoeÿb quc pucic ofbiuoer k ubk eicbteèokoeÿb pfsetevk ic nk okusk ic nk kbhustek fascrvkik. _c bcocsetk ub kdpnef ofbfoedecbtf cb ebhcbecräk cstruoturkn, dktcrekncs ic jfrdehÿb y dåtfifs ic ofbstruooeÿb pkrk cxtrkcr c xtrkcr nk dkyfr okbteiki ic eb`frdkoeÿb ic nk ebspcooeÿb vesukn. Jky huäks ütencs iespfbeancs pkrk kyuikr k nks pcrsfbks ofb dcbfs cxpcrecboek (KOE 17;.;Q, KOE 178.?Q, KOE 119.;Q, KOE ?01Q). Cstfs ifoudcbtfs prfpfroefbkb eb`frdkoeÿb pkrk rcofbfocr y onkseèokr ie`crcbtcs tepfs ic ikûfs y pucicb kyuikr k eicbteèokr nk okusk prfakanc ic nk kbhustek. Kbtcs ic rcknezkr ubk ebspcooeÿb vesukn ictknnkik, cn ebvcstehkifr icac icskrrfnnkr y schuer ub pnkb icèbeif pkrk dkxedezkr nk

11:.1Q-9

EB@FQDC ICN OFDEYÅ IC KOE

Ykank 1.; ’ Ofbtebukoeÿb

okneiki ic nfs iktfs rchestrkifs. Sb cb`fquc kicoukif hcbcrkndcbtc edpneok nks sehuecbtcs koteveikics<

•

Ebspcooeÿb ic "rcofrreif" ic oursf pkrk `kdenekrezkrsc ofb nk cstruoturk=

•

Qcofpenkr ifoudcbtfs ic kbtcocicbtcs c eb`frdkoeÿb sfarc cn iescûf, nk ofbstruooeÿb, nks ofbieoefbcs kdaecbtkncs y cn ùboefbkdecbtf ic nk cstruoturk=

• •

Wnkbeèokoeÿb ic nk ebvcstehkoeÿb ofdpnctk=

• •

Jkoecbif nk ebspcooeÿb vesukn= y Qcknezkoeÿb ic nks

Yrkzkr ubk oukiräounk ic ofbtrfn cb nk cstruoturk quc servk ic aksc pkrk rchestrkr nks fascrvkoefbcs= prucaks ofdpncdcbtkreks bcocskreks.

_c icacb ofbsuntkr vkrefs ifoudcbtfs ic KOE pkrk fatcbcr frecbtkoeÿb kieoefbkn sfarc nk pnkbeèokoeÿb y nk rcknezkoeÿb ic nk ebvcstehkoeÿb ofdpnctk (KOE 178.?Q, KOE 119.;Q, KOE ?01Q, KOE 9?8Q). 1.;.1 Jcrrkdecbtks ofdpncdcbtkreks ’Nk ’Nk ebspcooeÿb vesukn cs ubf ic nfs

nfs dåtfifs BIY dës vcrsëtencs y pftcbtcs. _eb cdakrhf, ofdf sc dcboefbÿ kbtcrefrdcbtc, su c`coteveiki icpcbic icn ofbfoedecbtf

vcbtklk y cxpcrecboek icn ebvcstehkifr. Nk ebspcooeÿb vesukn tecbc nk nedetkoeÿb favek ic quc sfnf sc pucicb ebspcooefbkr nks supcrèoecs veseancs. Nfs ic`cotfs ebtcrbfs pkskb icskpcroeaeifs y bf sc fatecbc eb`frdkoeÿb oukbtetktevk sfarc nks prfpecikics icn jfrdehÿb. Wfr cstks rkzfbcs, ubk ebspcooeÿb vesukn hcbcrkndcbtc sc ofdpncdcbtk ofb ubf f dës ic nfs ftrfs dåtfifs BIY iesouteifs cb cstc okpätunf. Cn ebspcotfr icac ofbseicrkr ftrks jcrrkdecbtks ütencs ü tencs quc pucicb dclfrkr cn pficr ic ubk ebspcooeÿb vesukn. Nk kdpnekoeÿb ÿpteok pcrdetc ubk vestk dës ictknnkik ic nks ërcks nfokncs ic pcnehrf. Nfs ebstrudcbtfs iespfbeancs vkb icsic sedpncs nupks jkstk deorfsofpefs ic dkbf dës ofstfsfs. Knhubfs preboepefs ùbikdcbtkncs ic nk kdpnekoeÿb ÿpteok pucicb kyuikr k scncooefbkr nk jcrrkdecbtk ofrrcotk. Nk iestkboek `fokn iesdebuyc kn kudcbtkr cn pficr ic kudcbtf, nf quc sehbeèok quc nk ncbtc preboepkn icac ofnfokrsc dës ocrok ic nk supcrèoec quc sc ebspcooefbk. Cn okdpf ic veseÿb tkdaeåb iesdebuyc kn kudcbtkr cn kudcbtf, nf quc jkoc quc sck tciefsf ebspcooefbkr ub ërck hrkbic ofb ub kudcbtf cncvkif. Nk prfùbieiki ic okdpf cs nk ie`crcboek dëxedk ic cncvkoeÿb ic pubtfs cb ubk supcrèoec ic tcxturk ruhfsk quc

DÅYFIF_ IC CB_KUF BF IC_YQSOYEPF

cstëb seduntëbckdcbtc cb `fof= cstf tkdaeåb iesdebuyc kn kudcbtkr nk kdpnekoeÿb icn ebstrudcbtf. Wkrk kschurkr quc nks „ofnebks— y nfs „vknncs— cståb cb`fokifs seduntëbckdcbtc, nk prfùbieiki ic okdpf tecbc quc scr dkyfr quc nks ie`crcboeks ic cncvkoeÿb cb nk tcxturk ic nk supcrèoec quc sc cstë vecbif. Wfr üntedf, nk enudebkoeÿb bcocskrek pkrk vcr onkrkdcbtc kudcbtk ofb cn bevcn ic kudcbtf, y cs pfseanc quc sc bcocsetc enudebkoeÿb krteèoekn ofb ub kudcbtf cncvkif. Sbk jcrrkdecbtk duy üten pkrk nk ebspcooeÿb e bspcooeÿb ic hrectks cs ubk pcqucûk

11:.1Q-3

1.1 ’ Dåtfifs ic fbiks ic tcbseÿb pkrk cstruoturks _c pucicb utenezkr vkrefs dåtfifs ic p prucak rucak akskifs cb nk prfpkhkoeÿb ic fbiks ic tcbseÿb pkrk prucaks bf icstruotevks ic cstruoturks ic jfrdehÿb. Cn dåtfif ic trkbsdeseÿb untrksÿbeok * k trkvås sc pucic utenezkr pkrk nfoknezkr rchefbcs kbfrdkncs cb ub decdarf. Nfs dåtfifs ic cof sc pucicb utenezkr pkrk dcieoefbcs ic cspcsfrcs y ictcooeÿb ic `knnks. Cn dåtfif ic kbëneses cspcotrkn ic fbiks supcrèoekncs (_K_X) sc pucic utenezkr pkrk ictcrdebkr cn cspcsfr ic nfs pkvedcbtfs y nfs dÿiunfs cnësteofs ic nfs sestcdks ic pkvedcbtfs cb okpks. Nks sehuecbtcs suascooefbcs icsoreacb nfs

nupk ic dkbf ofb ubk csoknk ic dcieoeÿb ebofrpfrkik cb nk ncbtc dës ocrokbk k nk supcrèoec quc sc cstë vecbif (KOE 119.;Q). Ofb ub ofdpkrkifr

preboepefs y nk ebstrudcbtkoeÿb ic okik dåtfif._cooeÿb dåtfif. _cooeÿb 1.? kbknezk nfs dåtfifs ic ic fbiks ic tcbseÿb tcbseÿb pkrk nks prucaks ic ebtchreiki ic

ic hrectks ic cstc tepf, cn kbojf ic nks hrectks supcrèoekncs sc pucic dcier

oedcbtkoefbcs prfùbiks. _c prfpfroefbk eb`frdkoeÿb kieoefbkn cb _kbsknfbc

ofb prcoeseÿb.

y Okrebf (;55;).

Sb deorfsofpef cstårcf ebonuyc ifs ncbtcs ic vesuknezkoeÿb quc pcrdetcb ubk vestk treiedcbsefbkn ic nk supcrèoec. Kn oknearkr cn tfrbennf ic klustc icn cb`fquc, cn ebvcstehkifr pucic cstedkr nks ie`crcboeks ic cncvkoeÿb cb nks okrkotcrästeoks ic nk supcrèoec. Nfs èarfsofpefs y afrfsofpefs pcrdetcb nk ebspcooeÿb ic rchefbcs quc ic ftrf dfif scräkb ebkoocseancs k sedpnc vestk. Sb èarfsofpef cstë ofdpucstf pfr ub jkz ic èarks ÿpteoks y ub sestcdk ic ncbtcs= pcrdetc nk vesuknezkoeÿb ic okveikics icbtrf ic ubk cstruoturk pfr dcief ic pcqucûfs freèoefs ic koocsf. Cn èarfsofpef cstë iescûkif pkrk quc knhubks èarks trkbsdetkb nuz pkrk enudebkr nk okveiki. Cn fpcrkifr

Nks fbiks ic tcbseÿb fourrcb oukbif sc kpneok prcseÿb f ic`frdkoeÿb rcpcbtebkdcbtc, rcpcbtebkdcbtc, ofdf pfr edpkotf, k nk supcrèoec ic ub sÿneif. Nk pcrturakoeÿb sc prfpkhk k trkvås icn sÿneif ic ubk dkbcrk kbënfhk k oÿdf cn sfbeif veklk k trkvås icn kerc. Nk vcnfoeiki ic prfpkhkoeÿb ic nk fbik ic tcbseÿb cb ub sÿneif cnësteof cs ùboeÿb icn dÿiunf ic cnksteoeiki, nk rcnkoeÿb ic Wfessfb, nk icbseiki y nk hcfdcträk icn sÿneif. Cstk icpcbicboek cbtrc nks prfpecikics ic ub sÿneif y cn ofdpfrtkdecbtf ofdpfrtkde cbtf ic prfpkhkoeÿb ic nk fbik ic tcbseÿb rcsuntkbtc pcrdetc eb`crcboeks sfarc nks okrkotcrästeoks icn sÿneif dciekbtc cn schuedecbtf ic nk prfpkhkoeÿb ic nks fbiks ic tcbseÿb.

pucic herkr cn okaczkn ic vesuknezkoeÿ vesuknezkoeÿb b pkrk pcrdeter ub ëbhunf ic veseÿb kdpnef icsic ub sfnf freèoef ic koocsf. Sb afrfsofpef sc ofdpfbc ic ub tuaf räheif ofb cspclfs y ncbtcs y cstë iescûkif pkrk vcr jkoek kicnkbtc f cb ëbhunf rcotf ofb cn tuaf. Nk edkhcb cs dës onkrk ofb ub afrfsofpef, decbtrks quc cn èarfsofpef f`rcoc dës `ncxeaeneiki cb cn okdpf ic veseÿb. Cn usf ic cstfs fsoenfsofpef fsoenfsofpefss rcquecrc nk pcr`frkoeÿb ic pcqucûfs freèoefs se bf jky ftrfs okbkncs ic koocsf, y nfs freèoefs icacb ebtcrocptkr nk okveiki k ebspcooefbkr. Cs pfseanc quc sc uteneocb knhubfs dåtfifs quc sc kbknezkrëb cb cn c n rcstf icn okpätunf pkrk nfoknezkr cstks okveikics. Wfr nf tkbtf, cn èarfsofpef f afrfsofpef sc pucic utenezkr pkrk vcreèokr nfs rcsuntkifs ic ftrfs dåtfifs BIY seb tcbcr quc tfdkr büoncfs.

Oukbif sc kpneok prcseÿb rcpcbtebkdcbtc cb ub pubtf ic nk supcrèoec ic ub scdecspkoef sÿneif, nk pcrturakoeÿb sc prfpkhk k trkvås icn sÿneif ofdf trcs fbiks ie`crcbtcs. Nk fbik W y nk fbik _ sc prfpkhkb jkoek cn sÿneif k nf nkrhf ic `rcbtcs ic fbik jcdes`åreofs. Nk fbik W, tkdaeåb nnkdkik fbik ic ienktkoeÿb f ofdprcseÿb, cstë ksfoekik ofb nk prfpkhkoeÿb ic nk tcbseÿb bfrdkn y cn dfvedecbtf ic nks pkrtäounks cs pkrkncnf k nk iercooeÿb ic prfpkhkoeÿb. Nk fbik _, tkdaeåb nnkdkik fbik ofrtkbtc f trkbsvcrskn, cstë ksfoekik ofb cn csùcrzf ofrtkbtc y cn dfvedecbtf ic nks pkrtäounks cs pcrpcbieounkr k nk iercooeÿb ic prfpkhkoeÿb. Kicdës, ubk fbik Q sc knclk ic nk pcrturakoeÿb k nf nkrhf ic nk supcrèoec. Cb ub esftrÿpeof esftrÿpeof,,

Sb icskrrfnnf rcoecbtc quc kdpnäk nk `ncxeaeneiki ic nk ebspcooeÿb vesukn cs nk pcqucûk oëdkrk ic veicf iehetkn. Cstfs sc utenezkb ic

sÿneif cnësteof, nk vcnfoeiki ic nk fbik W O ppkh kh cstë rcnkoefbkif ofb cn dÿiunf

dkbcrk k nfssc afrfsofpefs, pcrfcbf`rcocb nk vcbtklk vc btklk ic ubk skneik icsedenkr veicf quc pucic dfstrkr ub dfbetfr f kndkocbkr cb ub dcief ic hrkakoeÿb kprfpekif. Cstks oëdkrks tecbcb sestcdks ÿpteofs ofb ub iespfsetevf ic okrhk kofpnkik (OOI) y vecbcb cb ubk vkreciki ic tkdkûfs, rcsfnuoefbcs y iestkboeks `fokncs. Cstëb iespfbeancs vcrsefbcs cb debekturk tkb pcqucûks ofdf ;1 dd ic ieëdctrf, ofb ubk rcsfnuoeÿb ic 907 näbcks ic csokbcf. Wucicb ebscrtkrsc cb freèoefs pcr`frkifs cb nk cstruoturk pkrk vcr nks okveikics ebtcrbks, f pucicb dfbtkrsc cb iespfsetevfs rfaÿteofs pkrk ebspcooefbcs cb tuacräks f icbtrf ic ërcks cxpucstks k pcnehrfs aefnÿheofs. Cb rcsudcb, nk ebspcooeÿb vesukn cs ub dåtfif ic CBI duy pficrfsf. _eb cdakrhf, su cèokoek icpcbic cb hrkb dcieik ic nk cxpcrecboek y cn ofbfoedecbtf icn ebvcstehkifr. Cs icsckanc ub kdpnef ofbfoedecbtf icn ofdpfrtkdecbtf cstruoturkn, nfs dktcrekncs y nfs dåtfifs ic ofbstruooeÿb. Nk ebspcooeÿb vesukn sucnc scr ub kspcotf icn pnkb ic cvknukoeÿb tftkn, quc k dcbuif sc ofdpncdcbtkrë ofb ubk screc ic ftrfs dåtfifs BIY f prfociedecbtfs ebvksevfs.

ic cnksteoeiki ic Ufubh DE= cn ofcèoecbtc ic Wfessfb δ= y nk icbseiki ϋ ofdf

sehuc (Mrkutmrédcr y Mrkutmrédcr, ;557)

O pkh 4

de (

- - - - - - - - - -- -- ---- ; -----‟----δ ----) -----------

ϋ (; + δ) (;-1δ)

(1,;)

Nk fbik _ sc prfpkhk k dcbfr vcnfoeiki. O s ikik pfr (Mrku-

tmrédcr y Mrkutmrédcr, ;557)

O s 4

-- - ϋ

HQKDF

(1,1)

iÿbic H 4 cn dÿiunf ic cnksteoeiki ofrtkbtc. Sb pkrëdctrf üten cs nk rcnkoeÿb cbtrc nk vcnfoeiki ic nk fbik _ y nk vcnfoeiki ic nk fbik W

* "Sntrksÿbeof" sc rcècrc k fbiks ic tcbseÿb pfr cboedk icn rkbhf kuieanc, quc hcbcrkndcbtc cs sc supfbc quc cstë pfr cboedk ic ubk `rcoucboek ic 17 mJz.

11:.1Q-0

EB@FQDC ICN OFDEYÅ IC KOE

O s- 4

-----

O pkh pkh

(1,?)

- - - ; ----‟----- 1 ---δ -----

1 (; - δ)

Wkrk ubk rcnkoeÿb ic Wfessfb ic 7,1, quc cs täpeok icn jfrdehÿb, cstc rcnkoeÿb cs ehukn k 7,0;. Nk rcnkoeÿb ic nk vcnfoeiki ic nk fbik QO r k nk vcnfoeiki ic _wkvc sc pucic kprfxedkr dciekbtc nk sehuecbtc `ÿrdunk

(Mrkutmrédcr y Mrkutmrédcr, ;557) O 7 ----.- : --- 8 ----- + ---- ; -. ;1δ O s ; + δ ----------s

(1,9)

r4

-----

Wkrk ubk rcnkoeÿb ic Wfessfb cbtrc 7,;3 y 7,13, nk fbik Q veklk icn 57 kn 51 pfr oecbtf ic nk vcnfoeiki ic nk fbik _. Cq. (1.;) rcprcscbtk nk vcnfoeiki ic nk fbik W cb ub sÿneif ebèbetf. Cb cn oksf ic nfs sÿneifs icnedetkifs, nk vcnfoeiki ic nk fbik tkdaeåb sc vc k`cotkik pfr nk hcfdcträk icn sÿneif. Wkrk nk prfpkhkoeÿb ic nk fbik k nf nkrhf icn clc ic nk akrrk icnhkik, nk vcnfoeiki ic nk fbik cs ebicpcbiecbtc ic nk rcnkoeÿb ic Wfessfb y vecbc ikik pfr nf sehuecbtc

O A 4

de

-- ϋ

(1,3)

Wfr nf tkbtf, pkrk ubk fbik ic tcbseÿb quc cboucbtrk ubk ebtcr`kz ic kerc k dcieik quc veklk k trkvås icn jfrdehÿb, cn vknfr kasfnutf icn ofcèoecbtc ic rc`ncxeÿb cs okse ;.7 y jky ubk rc`ncxeÿb okse tftkn cb nk ebtcr`kz. Cstk cs nk rkzÿb pfr nk quc nfs d dåtfifs åtfifs BIY aksk akskifs ifs cb nk prfpkhkoeÿb ic fbiks ic tcbseÿb jkb icdfstrkif scr cxetfsfs pkrk nfoknezkr ic`cotfs icbtrf icn ofborctf.

1.1.; Sntrksÿbeof k trkvås icn dåtfif ic trkbsdeseÿb. - Sbf Sbf ic Nfs dåtfifs BIY dës kbtehufs pkrk jfrdehÿb sc akskb cb c b dcier cn tecdpf ic veklc sfarc ubk nfbhetui ic trkycotfrek ofbfoeik ic ub

punsf ic fbiks ic ofdprcseÿb untrksÿbeoks. Nk tåobeok sc ofbfoc ofdf trkbsdeseÿb untrksÿbeok k trkvås f, dës ofdübdcbtc, cn dåtfif ic vcnfoeiki ic punsf untrksÿbeof. un trksÿbeof. Bkem y Dknjftrk (;55;) prfpfroefbkb ub rcsudcb ic cstc dåtfif ic prucak, y Yfdsctt (;5:7) rcvesÿ nks ievcrsks kpneokoefbcs ic nk tåobeok. Cn icskrrfnnf ic ebstrudcbtfs ic okdpf pkrk dcier nk vcnfoeiki icn punsf fourreÿ okse seduntëbckdcbtc k èbcs ic nk iåokik ic ;597 cb Okbkië c Ebhnktcrrk (Xjetcjurst, ;508). Cb Okbkië, cxestäk cn icscf ic ub ebstrudcbtf pkrk dcier nk cxtcbseÿb ic nks hrectks cb nks prcsks (Ncsnec y Ojccsdkb, ;595). Cb Ebhnktcrrk, sc jezf jebokpeå cb cn icskrrfnnf ic ub ebstrudcbtf pkrk cvknukr nk okneiki ic nfs pkvedcbtfs ic jfrdehÿb (Lfbcs, ;595). Wreboepef ’Ofdf ’Ofdf sc dcboefbÿ kbtcrefrdcbtc, nk vcnfoeiki v cnfoeiki ic prfpkhkoeÿb

ic nks fbiks ic tcbseÿb icpcbic ic nk icbseiki y nks ofbstkbtcs cnësteoks icn sÿneif. Cb ub decdarf ic jfrdehÿb, nks vkrekoefbcs ic icbseiki pucicb

iÿbic O A cs nk vcnfoeiki ic nk fbik ic nk akrrk. Wkrk ubk rcnkoeÿb ic Wfessfb

surher ic ubk ofbsfneikoeÿb bf ube`frdc y nks vkrekoefbcs cb nks prfpecikics

cbtrc 7.;3 y 7.13, nk vcnfoeiki ic fbik cb ubk akrrk icnhkik cs ic

cnësteoks pucicb fourrer icaeif k vkrekoefbcs cb nfs dktcrekncs, nks

? k 5 pfr oecbtf dës ncbtf quc nk vcnfoeiki ic nk fbik W cb ub sÿneif hrkbic. Oukbif ubk fbik ic tcbseÿb quc veklk k trkvås icn Dktcrekn ; eboeic cb nk ebtcr`kz cbtrc ub Dktcrekn 1 ie`crcbtc, sc rc`nclk ubk pkrtc ic nk fbik eboeicbtc. Nk kdpnetui ic nk fbik rc`nclkik cs ùboeÿb icn ëbhunf ic eboeicboek y cs ub dëxedf oukbif cstc ëbhunf cs ic 57 hrkifs (eboeicboek bfrdkn). Wkrk eboeicboek bfrdkn, Q cn ofcèoecbtc ic rc`ncxeÿb vecbc ikif pfr

prfpfroefbcs ic nk dczonk f cn ourkif. Wfr nf tkbtf, kn ictcrdebkr nk vcnfoeiki

nk sehuecbtc

Q 4

iÿbic Q 4

\ 1- \ ;-\ 1 + \ ;

(1,0)

----------------

rcnkoeÿb cbtrc nk prcseÿb sfbfrk ic nk fbik rc`nclkik y nk prcseÿb sfbfrk ic nk fbik eboeicbtc,

\ 1 4 Edpcikboek koüsteok cspcoäèok icn Dktcrekn 1 c \ ; 4 edpcikboek koüsteok cspcoäèok icn Dktcrekn ;. Nk edpcikboek koüsteok cspcoäèok cs cn prfiuotf ic nk vcnfoeiki ic fbik y nk icbseiki icn dktcrekn. Nfs sehuecbtcs sfb kprfxedkifs\- vknfrcs vknfrcs pkrk knhubfs dktcrekncs (_kbsknfbc y

Okrebf, ;55;) Dktcrekn

Kerc Khuk

Edpcikboek koüsteok cspcoäèok, mh / (d 1s)

7.9 ;,3 Ø ;70

Yecrrk

7,? jkstk 9 Ø ;7 0

Jfrdehÿb

8 k ;7 Ø ;70 8 k ;5 Ø ;70 ;3 k ;8 Ø ;70 98 Ø ;70

Oknezk Hrkbetf Kocrf

ic nks fnks cb ie`crcbtcs nuhkrcs ic ubk cstruoturk, cs pfseanc jkocr eb`crcboeks sfarc nk ube`frdeiki icn jfrdehÿb. Nk vcnfoeiki vcn foeiki ic nk fbik ic ofdprcseÿb sc ictcrdebk deiecbif cn tecdpf ic veklc icn punsf ic csùcrzf sfarc ubk iestkboek ofbfoeik.

(k), * quc icsoreac icsoreac nks Cn preboepef ic prucak sc enustrk cb @ehurk 1.1.; 1.1.; (k), trkycotfreks ic nfs punsfs untrksÿbeofs k dcieik quc veklkb ic ub nkif ic ub cncdcbtf ic jfrdehÿb kn ftrf nkif. Nk oklk supcrefr rcprcscbtk cn okdebf iercotf dës ofrtf k trkvås icn ofborctf sÿneif y ikräk ofdf rcsuntkif cn tecdpf ic veklc dës ofrtf f nk vcnfoeiki ic fbik kpkrcbtc dës rëpeik. Cn schubif oksf icsic krreak rcprcscbtk ub okdebf quc pksk k trkvås ic ubk pfroeÿb ic jfrdehÿb eb`crefr, y cn tcrocr oksf ducstrk ub okdebf ie`rkotkif knrcicifr icn afric ic ub hrkb vkoäf (f hrectk). Cb cstfs üntedfs oksfs, cn tecdpf ic veklc scräk dkyfr quc cb cn predcr oksf. Cn üntedf oksf ebieok ubk rutk ic veklc ebtcrrudpeik pfr ub vkoäf. Cstk ebtcr`kz ic kerc ik ofdf rcsuntkif ubk rc`ncxeÿb tftkn ic nks fbiks ic tcbseÿb y bf jkaräk nnchkik kn nkif fpucstf. Nks vcnfoeikics kpkrcbtcs ic nks fnks sc ictcrdebkräkb ieveiecbif cn cspcsfr icn decdarf pfr cn tecdpf ic veklc dcieif. Sbk ofdpkrkoeÿb ic nks vcnfoeikics ic nks fnks cb nfs ie`crcbtcs pubtfs ic prucak ebieokräk nks ërcks ic kbfdknäks icbtrf icn decdarf. Ykdaeåb cs pfseanc utenezkr nk ktcbukoeÿb ic nk scûkn ofdf ebieokifr ic nk okneiki rcnktevk icn jfrdehÿb, pcrf cstf rcquecrc ub oueikif cspcoekn pkrk kschurkr ub kofpnkdecbtf ofbsestcbtc ic nfs trkbsiuotfrcs cb tfifs nfs pubtfs ic prucak (Ycfifru, ;559). Cb nk desdk supcrèoec quc sc ducstrk cb nk èhurk 1.1.1 (k) tkdaeåb sc jkb utenezkif kpkrktfs pkrk dcieoefbcs ic trkbsdeseÿb iercotk. * Nfs ifs predcrfs büdcrfs ic ubk èhurk f tkank rcprcscbtkb cn okpätunf y nk scooeÿb cb quc sc dcboefbk pfr predcrk vcz cb nk èhurk f tkank.

DÅYFIF_ IC CB_KUF BF IC_YQSOYEPF

11:.1Q-8

@eh. 1.1.;’ (k) C`cotfs ic nfs ic`cotfs cb cn tecdpf ic veklc icn punsf untrksÿbeof= y (a) csqucdk ic sestcdk ic prucak ic trkbsdeseÿb ofbtebuk.

Cstc cb`fquc sc jk suhcreif pkrk dcier nk prfùbieiki ic ubk okpk supcrèoekn ikûkik pfr cn ùchf quc tecbc ubk vcnfoeiki ic fbik dës aklk quc cn jfrdehÿb skbf suaykocbtc (Ojubh y Nkw, ;5:3) y pkrk dcier nk prfùbieiki icn jfrdehÿb ikûkif pfr ofbhcnkoeÿb (Ycfifru y Jcr`, ;550). . Nk prucak sc nncvk k okaf deiecbif cn tecdpf ic veklc cb ùboeÿb ic nk scpkrkoeÿbZ cbtrc trkbsdesfr y rcocptfr. Cn dåtfif ksudc quc nk nnchkik ic nk fbik ic tcbseÿb kn rcocptfr fourrc k nf nkrhf ic ifs okdebfs< cn Okdebf ;, quc ktrkvecsk iercotkdcbtc cn ofborctf ikûkif, y cn Okdebf 1, quc ktrkvecsk cn ofborctf ikûkif y cn ofborctf skbf. Wkrk ubk scpkrkoeÿb pcqucûk, cn tecdpf ic veklc cs dës ofrtf pkrk cn Okdebf ;, y pkrk ubk scpkrkoeÿb hrkbic, cn tecdpf ic veklc cs dës ofrtf pkrk cn Okdebf 1. Kn trkzkr cn tecdpf ic veklc cb ùboeÿb ic nk iestkboekZ, nk prcscboek ic ubk okpk supcrèoekn ikûkik cstë ebieokik pfr ub okdaef cb nk pcbiecbtc ic nfs iktfs. Nk iestkboekZ f, f, cb cn quc nfs tecdpfs ic veklc pkrk nfs ifs okdebfs sfb ehukncs, sc cboucbtrk k pkrter ic nk ebtcrscooeÿb

oeÿb ic nks näbcks rcotks ofdf sc ducstrk cb nk @eh. 1.1.1 (a). Nks pcbiecbtcs ic nks ifs näbcks sfb rcoäprfoks ic nks vcnfoeikics ic nks fnks cb cn jfrdehÿb ikûkif y skbf. Nk prfùbieiki ic nk okpk ikûkik sc cboucbtrk k pkrter ic nf sehuecbtc (Ojubh y Nkw, ;5:3)

Z

-- i 4 ---- ff--

1

P - P I   P s + P I

Ikmftk icn _ur--

-----

(1,8)

Cn dåtfif ic supcrèoec sc aksk cb dcier cn tecdpf ic nnchkik ic fbiks ic aklk kdpnetui, y cn usukref icac ofdprcbicr nks okpkoeikics icn ebstrudcbtf pkrk dcier nfs tecdpfs ic nnchkik ofrrcotfs. Cn usukref tkdaeåb icac cstkr `kdenekrezkif ofb nk tcfräk suaykocbtc ic nk rc`rkooeÿb säsdeok (Qeojkrt ct kn., ;587) quc `frdk nk aksc ic nk coukoeÿb. (1,8). Cn dåtfif sfnf cs kpneokanc se nk okpk supcrefr tecbc ubk vcnfoeiki ic fbik dës ncbtk quc nk okpk eb`crefr. ’Nfs ofdpfbcbtcs preboepkncs ic nfs iespfsetevf iespfsetevfss Ebstrudcbtkoeÿb ’Nfs dficrbfs pkrk dcier nk vcnfoeiki icn punsf untrksÿbeof sc ducstrkb csqucdëteokdcbtc cb nk èhurk 1.1.; (a). Sb trkbsiuotfr ic trkbsdeseÿb sc ofnfok cb ubk okrk icn decdarf y ub trkbsiuotfr ic rcocpoeÿb sc ofnfok cb nk okrk fpucstk. Nfs trkbsiuotfrcs ofbtecbcb cncdcbtfs ocrëdeofs peczfcnåotreofs. Nfs dktcrekncs peczfcnåotreofs okdaekb ic iedcbseÿb oukbif sc ncs kpneok ub vfntklc, f prfiuocb ub okdaef ic vfntklc oukbif sc ic`frdkb. K

@eh. 1.1.1’ (k) Yrkycotfreks ic fbiks pkrk prucaks untrksÿbeoks cb nk supcrèoec ic ofborctf quc tecbc ubk okpk supcrèoekn ikûkik= y (a) cn tecdpf ic veklc cb ùboeÿb ic nk iestkboek cbtrc cn trkbsdesfr y cn rcocptfr.

Cn punskifr sc utenezk pkrk kpneokr ub kntf vfntklc kn trkbsiuotfr ic trkbsdeseÿb (ùcbtc), y cn vfntklc kpneokif rcpcbtebkdcbtc jkoc quc cn trkbsiuotfr vearc k su `rcoucboek bkturkn. Nk vearkoeÿb icn trkbsdesfr prfiuoc cn punsf ic tcbseÿb quc sc prfpkhk kn decdarf. Kn desdf tecdpf quc sc hcbcrk cn punsf ic vfntklc, sc cboecbic ub tcdpfrezkifr cncotrÿbeof duy prcoesf. Oukbif cn punsf nnchk kn rcocptfr, nk vearkoeÿb okdaek k ubk scûkn ic vfntklc quc kpkhk cn tcdpfrezkifr y sc prcscbtk ubk pkbtknnk icn tecdpf ic veklc. Nfs rcquesetfs pkrk ub iespfsetevf ic vcnfoeiki ic punsf kicoukif sc ikb cb K_YD O 358. Nfs trkbsiuotfrcs sc kofpnkb k nks supcrèoecs ic prucak utenezkbif ub dktcrekn vesofsf, ofdf hrksk, f ub untrksfbeif quc bf dkbojk.

11:.1Q-:

EB@FQDC ICN OFDEYÅ IC KOE

punsf k nk rcocpoeÿb icn cof. _e sc ofbfoc nk vcnfoeiki ic nk fbik cb cn dktcrekn, cstc tecdpf ic veklc sc pucic utenezkr pkrk ictcrdebkr nk prfùbieiki ic nk ebtcr`kz rc`ncotkbtc. ’Nfs ofdpfbcbtcs onkvc ic ub sestcdk ic prucak Ebstrudcbtkoeÿb ’Nfs ic cof pfr untrksfbeifs sfb nfs trkbsiuotfrcs trkbsdesfrcs y rcocptfrcs, ub hcbcrkifr ic edpunsfs y ub fsoenfsofpef. fsoenfsofpef. Yrkbsiuotfrcs quc trkbsdetcb y rcoeacb ofrtk iurkoeÿb, aklk `rcoucboek * ( ≊ 177 mJz), sc bcocsetkb fbiks cb`fokiks pkrk prfakr cn jfrdehÿb. _eb cdakrhf, cs ie`äoen ofbstruer tkncs trkbsiuotfrcs y, k dcbuif, sus iedcbsefbcs sc vucnvcb duy hrkbics, nf quc jkoc quc nfs trkbsiuotfrcs sckb cbhfrrfsfs y ie`äoencs ic kofpnkr k nk supcrèoec icn jfrdehÿb (Dkencr, ;581). Nfs kvkbocs rcoecbtcs jkb ikif ofdf rcsuntkif trkbsiuotfrcs dclfrkifs (Kncxkbicr y Yjfrbtfb, ;5:5), pcrf sus prfùbieikics ic pcbctrkoeÿb sc nedetkb k ubfs 137 dd.

@eh. 1.1.? ’ Csqucdk ic nfs dåtfifs untrksÿbeofs ic punsf-cof y tfbf-okpturk.

kofpnkifr ic hcn se nks dkbojks icn jfrdehÿb sfb ub prfancdk. _c jkb utenezkif trkbsiuotfrcs ic vkreks `rcoucboeks rcsfbkbtcs, secbif nfs dës ofdubcs nfs trkbsiuotfrcs ic 37 mJz. Hcbcrkndcbtc, nfs trkbsiuotfrcs ic `rcoucboek dës aklk sc uskb pkrk jfrdehÿb cb dksk (17 mJz) y nfs trkbsiuotfrcs ic `rcoucboek dës kntk (2 ;77 mJz) sc uskb pkrk cncdcbtfs dës icnhkifs ifbic sc icacb dcier tecdpfs ic veklc prcoesfs. Cb nk dkyfräk ic nks kpneokoefbcs, nfs trkbsiuotfrcs ic 37 mJz sfb kicoukifs.

Knhubfs ic nfs 1.1.1 Dåtfif ic cof untrksÿbeof --  Knhubfs ebofbvcbecbtcs icn dåtfif ic trkbsdeseÿb iercotk sfb nk bcocseiki ic koocsf k kdafs nkifs icn decdarf y nk `kntk ic eb`frdkoeÿb sfarc nk uaeokoeÿb (prfùbieiki) ic ubk kbfdknäk ictcotkik. Cstks nedetkoefbcs sc pucicb supcrkr utenezkbif cn dåtfifs ic cof, cb cn quc nk prucak sc rcknezk cb ubk okrk icn decdarf y cn tecdpf ic nnchkik ic ubk fbik ic csùcrzf rc`nclkif k pkrter ic ub ic`cotf sc ictcrdebk. Cstc cb`fquc jk seif icskrrfnnkif pkrk prfakr dctkncs y sc ofbfoc ofdf cn dåtfif ic punsf-cof. Icsic nk iåokik ic ;507, sc jkb icskrrfnnkif vkrefs sestcdks cxpcredcbtkncs ic cof untrksÿbeof pkrk jfrdehÿb (Arkiècni y Hktècni, ;509= Jfwmebs, ;50:). Nks kpneokoefbcs cxetfsks sc jkb nedetkif preboepkndcbtc k dcier cn cspcsfr y ictcotkr `knnks cb nfsks icnhkiks, pkvedcbtfs y pkrcics (Dkencr, ;581= Kncxkbicr y Yjfrbtfb, ;5:5). Wreboepef ’Cb ’Cb cn dåtfif ic punsf-cof, ub trkbsdesfr ebtrfiuoc

ub punsf ic tcbseÿb cb ub falctf cb ubk supcrèoec koocseanc. Cn punsf sc prfpkhk kn falctf ic prucak y sc rc`nclk cb ic`cotfs f ebtcr`kocs. Nk rcspucstk ic supcrèoec okuskik pfr nk nnchkik ic fbiks rc`nclkiks, f cofs, cs dfbetfrckik pfr cn desdf trkbsiuotfr quc kotük ofdf rcocptfr. Cstk tåobeok sc enustrk cb nk èhurk 1.1.? (k). Icaeif k prfancdks tåobeofs cb cn icskrrfnnf ic ub trkbsiuotfr ic punsf-cof kicoukif pkrk prfakr ofborctf, cb cn pkskif, nfs dåtfifs cxetfsfs ic cof untrksÿbeof jkb utenezkif ub trkbsiuotfr rcocptfr scpkrkif uaeokif ocrok icn trkbsiuotfr trkbsdesfr. Ykn sestcdk sc ofbfoc ofdfpetoj-oktoj, y sc enustrk cb nk èhurk 1.1.? (a). Nk skneik icn rcocptfr sc ducstrk cb ub fsoenfsofpef ofdf ubk `frdk ic fbik cb cn ifdebef icn tecdpf. Cn tecdpf ic veklc ic eik y vucntk icn punsf sc pucic fatcbcr ic nk `frdk ic fbik ictcrdebkbif cn tecdpf icsic cn ebeoef ic nk trkbsdeseÿb.

_c jk icskrrfnnkif ub vcrikicrf sestcdk ic punsf-cof (nk ùcbtc y cn rcocptfr sfb ub sfnf trkbsiuotfr) y sc jk kpneokif kn jfrdehÿb ofb khrchkifs ic pcqucûf tkdkûf (Jennhcr, ;55?). Cstc sestcdk utenezk ub trkbsiuotfr ic 377 mJz ùcrtcdcbtc kdfrtehukif ofdf ùcbtc y rcocptfr. _c utenezk ubk deorfofdp deorfofdputkifrk utkifrk pkrk prfocskr nfs iktfs y dfstrkr nfs rcsuntkifs utenezkbif tåobeoks ofbvcboefbkncs, ofdf cb nks prucaks untrksÿbeoks ic dctkncs. Sbf ic cstfs dåtfifs ic vesuknezkoeÿb cs cn A-sokb, cb cn quc nks suocsevks trkzks cb cn ifdebef icn tecdpf, fatcbeiks oukbif cn trkbsiuotfr sc csokbck sfarc cn c n falctf ic prucak, sc frecbtkb vcrteokndcbtc y sc ofnfokb ubk kn nkif ic nk ftrk. Cn hrëèof rcsuntkbtc cs ubk vestk cb scooeÿb trkbsvcrskn icn falctf quc ducstrk nk uaeokoeÿb ic nks ebtcr`kocs rc`ncotkbtcs k nf nkrhf ic nkrhf ic nk näbck ic cxpnfrkoeÿb.@ehurk cxpnfrkoeÿb. @ehurk 1.1.9 (k) ducstrk ubk prfactk ic jfrdehÿb rcknezkik ofb khrchkif ic : dd y quc ofbtecbc ub ic`cotf krteèoekn k ubk prfùbieiki ic 03 dd. Nk @eh. 1.1.9 (a) ducstrk cn akrreif A prfiuoeif oukbif cn trkbsiuotfr sc dfveÿ k trkvås ic nk supcrèoec ic nk ducstrk (Jennhcr, ;55?). Cn usf ic `rcoucboeks duy kntks ofb cn dåtfif ic punsfcof pucic scr acbcèoefsf cb tårdebfs ic ubk dclfr rcsfnuoeÿb ic ic`cotfs. _eb cdakrhf, nk prfùbieiki ic pcbctrkoeÿb cs nedetkik y sc icsofbfoc cn icscdpcûf cb ofborctf ofb khrchkifs dës hrkbics. Cb cstc dfdcbtf, bf sc jk koudunkif duojk cxpcrecboek ic okdpf ofb cn dåtfif untrksÿbeof ic punsf-cof pkrk jfrdehÿb. Sskr ub edpkotf pkrk hcbcrkr ub punsf ic 1.1.? Dåtfif ic cof ic edpkotf - - Sskr cstrås cs ubk veclk eick quc tecbc nk vcbtklk ic cnedebkr nk bcocseiki ic ub trkbsiuotfr ic trkbsdeseÿb vfnudebfsf y prfpfroefbkr ub punsf ic cstrås ofb dkyfr okpkoeiki ic pcbctrkoeÿb. _eb cdakrhf, cn punsf ic csùcrzf hcbcrkif pfr cn edpkotf cb ub pubtf bf sc cb`fok ofdf cn punsf ic ub trkbsiuotfr untrksÿbeof. Cb okdaef, nks fbiks sc prfpkhkb k ub falctf ic prucak cb tfiks nks iercooefbcs y nfs rc`nclfs pucicb nnchkr icsic duojks iercooefbcs. Icsic preboepefs ic nk iåokik ic ;587, nfs dåtfifs ic edpkotf, hcbcrkndcbtc icbfdebkifs dåtfifs ic cof säsdeof (f sfbeocojf), sc jkb utenezkif kdpnekdcbtc pkrk nk cvknukoeÿb ic penftcs ic jfrdehÿb y oedcbtkoefbcs ic pfzfs pcr`frkifs (_tcebakoj y Pcy,

1.?.; .;.. K ;583). Cstfs dåtfifs aëseofs ic CBI sc kbknezkb cb_cooeÿb cb _cooeÿb 1.? pkrter ic dciekifs dciekifs ic nk iåokik ic ;5:7, sc icskrrfnnÿ nk tåobeok ic cof ic edpkotf pkrk prfakr cncdcbtfs cstruoturkncs ic jfrdehÿb (_kbsknfbc y Okrebf, ;5:0= _kbsknfbc, ;558). Nks kpneokoefbcs ic nk tåobeok ic cof ic edpkotf ebonuycb< ictcrdebkr cn cspcsfr y ictcotkr `knnks cb cncdcbtfs cstruoturkncs cb `frdk ic pnkok, ofdf nfsks y tkancrfs ic pucbtcs ofb f * Sbk `rcoucboek ic 177 mJz sc ofbseicrk aklk cb ofdpkrkoeÿb ofb nks `rcoucboeks dës kntks utenezkiks

cb sestcdks ic punsf-cof pkrk prfakr dctkncs, ifbic nks `rcoucboeks supcrefrcs k ; DJz sfb ofdubcs.

DÅYFIF_ IC CB_KUF BF IC_YQSOYEPF

11:.1Q-5

okrk y nk ebtcr`kz rc`ncotkbtc (ic`cotf f nädetcs). Nk `rcoucboek ic nnchkik icn punsf rc`nclkif kn rcocptfr icpcbic ic nk vcnfoeiki ic nk fbik y ic nk iestkboek cbtrc nk supcrèoec ic prucak y nk ebtcr`kz rc`ncotkbtc. Wkrk cn oksf ic rc`ncxefbcs cb ubk cstruoturk cb `frdk ic pnkok, cstk `rcoucboek sc nnkdk `rcoucboek ic cspcsfr y vkräk ofdf nk ebvcrsk icn cspcsfr icn decdarf. Cb cn kbëneses ic `rcoucboek, nk scûkn cb cn ifdebef icn tecdpf sc trkbs`frdk cb cn ifdebef ic nk `rcoucboek utenezkbif nk tåobeok ic trkbs`frdkik rëpeik ic @furecr. Cn rcsuntkif cs ubcspcotrf ic kdpnetui

@eh. 1.1.9 ’ Clcdpnf ic prucak untrksÿbeok ic punsf-cof cb jfrdehÿb< (k) ducstrk ic prucak ofb ic`cotf krteèoekn= y (a) A-sokb quc ducstrk nk uaeokoeÿb icn ic`cotf (kikptkif ic Jennhcr, ;55?).

seb supcrpfseoefbcs= ictcooeÿb ic `knnks cb vehks, ofnudbks y cncdcbtfs cstruoturkncs oenäbireofs jucofs= cvknukr nk okneiki ic nk ubeÿb cb supcrpfseoefbcs= y dcieoeÿb ic nk prfùbieiki ic nks èsurks (_kbsknfbc y _trcctt, ;558= _kbsknfbc y Okrebf, ;5::, ;5:5k, ;5:5a= Neb ]U.T y _kbsknfbc, _ kbsknfbc, ;551k, ;551a, ;551o= Ojcbh y _kbsknfbc, ;55?= Neb ]LDT y _kbsknfbc, ;55? , ;559k, ;559a, ;550= Neb y _u, ;550). Wreboepef ’Cn ’Cn preboepef ic nk tåobeok ic cof ic edpkotf sc (k). _c ebtrfiuoc ub punsf ic enustrk cb @ehurk @ehurk 1.1.3 (k). csùcrzf trkbsetfref cb ub falctf ic prucak dciekbtc ub edpkotf dcoëbeof cb nk supcrèoec. Nks fbiks W y _ prfiuoeiks pfr cn punsf ic tcbseÿb sc prfpkhkb kn falctf k nf nkrhf ic `rcbtcs ic fbik jcdes`åreofs. Kicdës, ubk fbik ic supcrèoec veklk k nf nkrhf ic nk supcrèoec knclëbifsc icn pubtf ic edpkotf. Nks fbiks sc rc`nclkb cb ebtcr`kocs ebtcrbks f `rfbtcrks cxtcrbks. Nk nnchkik ic cstks fbiks rc`nclkiks, f cofs, k nk supcrèoec ifbic sc hcbcrÿ cn edpkotf prfiuoc icspnkzkdecbtfs quc sfb dcieifs pfr ub

trkbsiuotfr rcocptfr dciekbtc ub sestcdk ic kiqueseoeÿb ic iktfs. yNkrchestrkifs ebtcrprctkoeÿb ic `frdks ic fbik cb cn ifdebef icn tecdpf jk tcbeif åxetf cb kpneokoefbcs ic cof säsdeof quc ebvfnuorkb decdarfs cstruoturkncs nkrhfs y icnhkifs, ofdf penftcs y pfzfs pcr`frkifs (_tcebakoj y Pcy, ;583= Fnsfb y Xrehjt, ;557). Cb csfs oksfs,

Wkrk cncdcbtfs cstruoturkncs rcnktevkdcbtc icnhkifs, ofdf nfsks y durfs, cn kbëneses cb cn ifdebef icn tecdpf cs `koteanc se sc utenezkb edpkotfs ic ofrtk iurkoeÿb, pcrf rcquecrc duojf tecdpf y pucic scr ie`äoen schüb nk hcfdcträk ic nk cstruoturk (_kbsknfbc y Okrebf, ;5:0). Cn cb`fquc prc`creif, quc cs duojf dës rëpeif y sedpnc, cs cn kbëneses ic `rcoucboek ic `frdks ic fbik ic icspnkzkdecbtf (Okrebf ct kn., ;5:0). Cn preboepef suaykocbtc icn kbëneses ic `rcoucboek cs quc cn punsf ic tcbseÿb hcbcrkif pfr cn edpkotf su`rc düntepncs rc`nclfs cbtrc nks supcrèoecs ic prucak.

quc ebieok nk kdpnetui ic nfs ievcrsfs ofdpfbcbtcs ic `rcoucboek cb nks `frdks ic fbik. Nk `rcoucboek ofrrcspfbiecbtc k nk nnchkik ic nks düntepncs rc`ncxefbcs icn punsf ic tcbseÿb ebeoekn, cs icoer, nk `rcoucboek icn cspcsfr, sc ebieok dciekbtc ub peof cb cn cspcotrf ic kdpnetui. Wkrk ubk cstruoturk cb `frdk ic pnkok, nk rcnkoeÿb kprfxedkik * cbtrc nk iestkboekI kn rc`nclf pkh y nk `rcoucboek ic cspcsfr @ ebtcr`kz, nk vcnfoeiki ic nk fbik W O pkh cs ofdf sehuc

O I 4 ----- pkh- pkh-

1@

(1,:)

Ofdf clcdpnf, nk èhurk 1.1.3 (a) ducstrk cn cspcotrf ic kdpnetui fatcbeif ic ubk prucak ic cof ic edpkotf ic ubk nfsk ic jfrdehÿb ic 7,3 d ic cspcsfr. Cn peof k ?.91 mJz ofrrcspfbic k nk `rcoucboek ic cspcsfr ic nk nfsk sÿneik y sc oknounk ubk vcnfoeiki ic ?.917 d / s. Nk èhurk 1.1.3 (o) ducstrk cn cspcotrf ic kdpnetui pkrk ubk prucak sfarc ub vkoäf icbtrf ic nk desdk nfsk. Cn peof sc jk icspnkzkif k ubk `rcoucboek ic 8,?1 mJz, nf quc ebieok quc nks rc`ncxefbcs sc prfiuocb icsic ubk ebtcr`kz icbtrf ic nk nfsk. Nk rcnkoeÿb ?,91 mJz / 8.?1 mJz 4 7.90 ebieok quc nk ebtcr`kz cstë kprfxedkikdcbtc cb cn dcief ic nk nfsk ofb ubk prfùbieiki oknounkik ic 7.1? d. Kn utenezkr cn dåtfif ic cof ic edpkotf pkrk ictcrdebkr nk uaeokoeÿb ic nks `knnks icbtrf ic ubk nfsk u ftrk cstruoturk sedenkr k ubk pnkok, nks prucaks sc pucicb rcknezkr cb pubtfs cspkoekifs rchunkrdcbtc k nf nkrhf ic nks näbcks dkrokiks cb nk supcrèoec. Nfs cspcotrfs fatcbeifs ic ubk screc ic prucaks ic cstc tepf sc pucicb kbknezkr ofb nk kyuik ic ub sf`twkrc ic ofdputkifrk quc pucic eicbteèokr nfs pubtfs ic prucak ofrrcspfbiecbtcs k nk prcscboek ic `knnks y pucic trkzkr ubk vestk trkbsvcrskn k nf nkrhf ic nk näbck ic prucak (Wrktt y _kbsknfbc, ;551). Cn kbëneses ic `rcoucboek ic nks scûkncs fatcbeiks ic nks prucaks ic edpkotf-cof cb cncdcbtfs cstruoturkncs cb `frdk ic akrrk, ofdf vehks y ofnudbks ic jfrdehÿb krdkif, penkrcs ic pucbtcs y cncdcbtfs sedenkrcs, cs dës ofdpneokif quc cn oksf ic cncdcbtfs cstruoturkncs cb `frdk ic nfsk. Nk prcscboek ic nfs nädetcs nktcrkncs ik nuhkr k dfifs trkbsvcrskncs ic vearkoeÿb ic nk scooeÿb trkbsvcrskn. Wfr tkbtf, kbtcs ic ebtcbtkr ebtcrprctkr nfs rcsuntkifs ic nk prucak, icacb ictcrdebkrsc nks `rcoucboeks okrkotcrästeoks ksfoekiks ofb nfs dfifs trkbsvcrskncs ic vearkoeÿb ic ub cncdcbtf cstruoturkn sÿneif. Cstks `rcoucboeks icpcbicb ic nk `frdk y iedcbsefbcs ic nk scooeÿb trkbsvcrskn. _c jk icdfstrkif quc nk prcscboek ic ub ic`cotf kntcrk cstfs dfifs, nf quc pcrdetc ictcrdebkr quc cxestc ub ic`cotf (Neb y _kbsknfbc, ;551k, ;551a, ;551o).

* Wkrk ubk cvknukoeÿb prcoesk icn cspcsfr ic nk pnkok, nk vcnfoeiki ic nk fbik W cb nk coukoeÿb. (1.:) icacräk

duntepneokrsc pfr 7,50 (_kbsknfbc y _trcctt ;558).

11:.1Q-;7

EB@FQDC ICN OFDEYÅ IC KOE

@eh. 1.1.3’ (k) Csqucdk icn dåtfif ic cof ic edpkotf= (a) cspcotrf ic kdpnetui pkrk cbskyf ic nfsk dkoezk= y (o) cspcotrf ic kdpnetui pkrk prucak sfarc jucofs cb nfsk. Ebstrudcbtkoeÿb ’Sb ’Sb sestcdk ic prucak ic cof ic edpkotf sc

ofdpfbc ic trcs ofdpfbcbtcs< ubk ùcbtc ic edpkotf= ub trkbsiuotfr rcocptfr= y ub sestcdk ic kiqueseoeÿb ic iktfs quc sc utenezk pkrk okpturkr nk skneik icn trkbsiuotfr, kndkocbkr nks `frdks ic fbik iehetknezkiks y rcknezkr kbëneses ic scûkncs. _c pucic cbskdankr ub sestcdk ic prucak ic cof c of ic edpkotf kicoukif k pkrter ic ofdpfbcbtcs nestfs pkrk uskr. Cb ;55;, sc ofdcroeknezÿ ofdcroeknezÿ ub sestcdk ic okdpf ofdpnctf (jkriwkrc y sf`twkrc ic kbëneses).

utenezkif ofdf rcocptfr (_kbsknfbc y Okrebf, ;5:0). Ykdaeåb sc jkb utenezkif pcqucûfs kocncrÿdctrfs ofdf rcocptfr. Cb cstc oksf, sc nncvk k okaf ub prfocskdecbtf kieoefbkn ic nk scûkn cb cn ifdebef ic nk `rcoucboek pkrk fatcbcr cn cspcotrf ic kdpnetui kprfpekif (Fnsfb y Xrehjt, ;557). Ieojfs kocncrÿdctrfs icacb tcbcr `rcoucboeks ic rcsfbkboek duy pfr cboedk ic nks `rcoucboeks ic cspcsfr kbteoepkiks quc sc vkb k dcier.

Cb nk cvknukoeÿb ic penftcs, sc jkb utenezkif hcÿ`fbfs (trkbsiuotfrcs

1.1.9 Dåtfif ic kbëneses cspcotrkn ic fbiks supcrèoekncs (_K_X) sfarcifses ’K ’K èbcs ic nk iåokik ic ;537 y preboepefs ic nk ic ;507, Lfbcs eb`frdÿ sfarc cn usf ic fbiks supcrèoekncs supcrèoekncs pkrk ictcrdeb ictcrdebkr kr cn cspcsfr y nk reheicz cnësteok ic nks nfsks ic pkvedcbtf y ic nks okpks suaykocbtcs (Lfbcs, ;533= Lfbcs, ;501). Cn dåtfif edpneoÿ ictcrdebkr nk rcnkoeÿb cbtrc nk nfbhetui ic fbik y nk vcnfoeiki ic nks vearkoefbcs ic nk supcrèoec k dcieik quc sc vkrekak nk `rcoucboek ic vearkoeÿb. Kpkrtc ic nfs cstuiefs rcpfrtkifs pfr Lfbcs y cn trkaklf cb @rkboek iurkbtc nks iåokiks ic ;507 y ;587, pkrcoc jkacr jkaeif pfof usf kieoefbkn ic cstk tåobeok pkrk prfakr pkvedcbtfs ic ofborctf. _eb cdakrhf, k preboepefs ic nk iåokik ic ;5:7, nfs ebvcstehkifrcs ic nk Sbevcrseiki ic Ycxks cb Kusteb ofdcbzkrfb k cstuiekr ubk tåobeok ic fbiks supcrèoekncs quc ebvfnuorkak ub edpkotkifr f vearkifr quc cxoetkak ub rkbhf ic `rcoucboeks. _c utenezÿ cn prfocskdecbtf ic scûkncs iehetkncs pkrk

ic vcnfoeiki) f kocncrÿdctrfs ofdf trkbsiuotfr rcocptfr. Wkrk nk prucak ic cof ic edpkotf ic nfsks, durfs, vehks y ofnudbks, sc jk utenezkif ub trkbsiuotfr peczfcnåotreof peczfcnåotreof ic akbik kbojk ofb pubtk oÿbeok (Wrfotfr, ;5:1) quc rcspfbic kn icspnkzkdecbtf ic nk supcrèoec.

icskrrfnnkr nk rcnkoeÿb cbtrc nk nfbhetui ic fbik y nk vcnfoeiki. Nk tåobeok sc icbfdebÿ kbëneses cspcotrkn ic fbiks supcrèoekncs (_K_X) (Jcescy ct kn., ;5:1= Bkzkrekb ct kn., ;5:?). Cn dåtfif _K_X sc jk utenezkif ofb åxetf pkrk ictcrdebkr nk reheicz

Nk scncooeÿb ic nk ùcbtc ic edpkotf cs ub kspcotf oräteof ic ub sestcdk ic prucak ic cof c of ic edpkotf cxetfsf. Nk iurkoeÿb icn edpkotf ictcrdebk cn ofbtcbeif ic `rcoucboek icn punsf ic tcbseÿb hcbcrkif pfr cn edpkotf y ictcrdebk nk prfùbieiki däbedk icn ic`cotf quc sc pucic ictcrdebkr. K dcieik quc sc kofrtk nk iurkoeÿb icn edpkotf, sc hcbcrkb ofdpfbcbtcs ic dkyfr `rcoucboek. Cb nk cvknukoeÿb ic penftcs sc utenezkb dkrtennfs quc prfiuocb edpkotfs cbcrhåteofs ofb tecdpfs ic ofbtkotf prfnfbhkifs (supcrefrcs (supcrefrcs k ; ds) kicoukifs pkrk cbskykr cncdcbtfs cstruoturkncs nkrhfs y icnhkifs. @ucbtcs ic edpkotf ofb edpkotfs ic dcbfr iurkoeÿb (17 k :7³s), ofdf nfs edpkotkifrcs ic pubtk cs`åreok okrhkifs pfr rcsfrtc, sc jkb utenezkif pkrk ictcotkr ic`cotfs icbtrf ic cncdcbtfs cstruoturkncs ic dcbfs ic ; d ic cspcsfr.

DÅYFIF_ IC CB_KUF BF IC_YQSOYEPF

11:.1Q-;;

pcrèncs ic setefs ic sucnf, sestcdks ic pkvedcbtf ic ks`kntf y ofborctf y cncdcbtfs cstruoturkncs ic ofborctf. Cn dåtfif sc jk cxtcbieif k nk dcieoeÿb ic okdaefs cb nks prfpecikics cnësteoks ic nks nfsks ic jfrdehÿb iurkbtc cn ourkif, nk ictcooeÿb ic jucofs y nk cvknukoeÿb ic ikûfs (Aky y _tfmfc, ;557= Mknebsme ct kn., ;559). Wreboepef ’Nk ’Nk ofbèhurkoeÿb hcbcrkn ic nk prucak sc enustrk cb nk

èhurk 1.1.0 (Bkzkrekb y _tfmfc, ;5:0k). Sb edpkotf sc utenezk uten ezk pkrk hcbcrkr ubk supcrèoec u fbik Q. _c utenezkb ifs rcocptfrcs pkrk dfbetfrckr cn dfvedecbtf k dcieik quc nk fbik Q sc prfpkhk k nf nkrhf ic nk supcrèoec. Nks scûkncs rcoeaeiks sc prfocskb y sc utenezk ub csqucdk ic oënounf pfstcrefr pkrk eb`crer nks reheicocs ic nks okpks suaykocbtcs. Ksä ofdf cn punsf ic tcbseÿb icn edpkotf ofbtecbc ub rkbhf ic ofdpfbcbtcs ic `rcoucboek, nk fbik Q tkdaeåb ofbtecbc ub rkbhf ic ofdpfbcbtcs ic ie`crcbtcs `rcoucboeks f nfbhetuics ic fbik. (Cn prfiuotf ic nk `rcoucboek y nk nfbhetui ic fbik cs ehukn k nk vcnfoeiki ic nk fbik). Cstc rkbhf icpcbic icn tecdpf ic ofbtkotf icn edpkotf= ub tecdpf ic ofbtkotf dës ofrtf ik ofdf rcsuntkif ub rkbhf dës kdpnef. Nfs ofdpfbcbtcs ic nfbhetui ic fbik dës nkrhk (`rcoucboek dës aklk) pcbctrkb dës prfùbikdcbtc, y cstk cs nk onkvc pkrk uskr nk fbik Q pkrk fatcbcr eb`frdkoeÿb sfarc nks prfpecikics ic nks okpks suaykocbtcs (Qex y _tfmfc, ;5:5). Cb ub sestcdk cb okpks, nk vcnfoeiki ic prfpkhkoeÿb ic cstfs ie`crcbtcs ofdpfbcbtcs sc vc k`cotkik pfr nk vcnfoeiki ic nk fbik cb nks okpks k trkvås ic nks oukncs sc prfpkhkb nfs ofdpfbcbtcs. Sb sestcdk cb okpks cs ub dcief iespcrsevf pkrk fbiks Q, nf quc sehbeèok quc ie`crcbtcs ofdpfbcbtcs ic `rcoucboek ic nk fbik Q sc prfpkhkb ofb ie`crcbtcs vcnfoeikics,

Nks vcnfoeikics ic `ksc sc oknounkb ictcrdebkbif cn tecdpf quc tkrik okik ofdpfbcbtc ic `rcoucboek (f nfbhetui ic fbik) cb veklkr cbtrc nfs ifs rcocptfrcs. Cstfs tecdpfs ic veklc sc ictcrdebkb k pkrter ic nk ie`crcboek ic `ksc ic nfs ofdpfbcbtcs ic `rcoucboek quc nnchkb k nfs rcocptfrcs (Bkzkrekb y _tfmfc, ;5:0a). Nks ie`crcboeks ic `ksc sc fatecbcb oknounkbif cn cspcotrf ic pftcboek oruzkik ic nks scûkncs rchestrkiks pfr nfs ifs rcocptfrcs. Nk pfroeÿb ic `ksc icn cspcotrf ic pftcboek oruzkik ik ie`crcboeks ic `ksc (cb hrkifs) cb ùboeÿb ic nk `rcoucboek. oy. Nks vcnfoeikics ic `ksc sc ictcrdebkb ic nk sehuecbtc dkbcrk

O Q (`) 4 Z - ?--π-0 --- 7--

@

(1,5)

@

iÿbic O Q (`) 4

vcnfoeiki ic fbik supcrèoekn icn ofdpfbcbtc ofb `rcoucboek

@, iestkboek cbtrc rcocptfrcs (vcr @eh. 1.1.0), y π@ ëbhunf ic `ksc icn ofdpfbcbtc ofb `rcoucboek @. Nk nfbhetui ic fbik ν`, ofrrcspfbiecbtc k ub ofdpfbcbtc `rc`rcoucboek, sc oknounk utenezkbif nk sehuecbtc coukoeÿb Z

4 4

@eh. 1.1.0 ’ Csqucdk icn dåtfif ic kbëneses cspcotrkn ic fbiks supcrèoekncs (_K_X).

sc fatecbc nk nfbhetui ic fbik. Cstc hrëèof sc icbfdebk ourvk ic iespcrseÿb. iespcrs eÿb.@ehurk (k) ducstrk ub clcdpnf ic ubk ourvk ic @ehurk 1.1.8 (k) iespcrseÿb fatcbeik pfr Bkzkrekb y _tfmfc (;5:0k) k pkrter ic cbskyfs cb ub pkvedcbtf ic jfrdehÿb. Nfs ofdpfbcbtcs ic nfbhetui ic fbik ofrtk tecbcb vcnfoeikics dës kntks pfrquc ofrrcspfbicb k ofdpfbcbtcs quc veklkb k trkvås ic nk nfsk ic jfrdehÿb.

_c utenezk ub prfocsf nnkdkif ebvcrseÿb * pkrk fatcbcr cn pcrèn ic reheicz kprfxedkif cb cn setef ic prucak k pkrter ic nk ourvk ic iespcrseÿb cxpcredcbtkn (Bkzkrekb y _tfmfc, ;5:0a= Bkzkrekb y Icske, ;55?= Uukb y Bkzkrekb, ;55?). Cn setef ic prucak sc dficnk ofdf okpks ic cspcsfr vkrekanc. K okik okpk sc nc ksehbk ubk icbseiki y ofbstkbtcs cnësteoks. Ofb cstk eb`frdkoeÿb, sc fatecbc nk sfnuoeÿb pkrk nk prfpkhkoeÿb ic fbiks supcrèoekncs cb ub sestcdk cb okpks y sc oknounk ubk ourvk ic iespcrseÿb tcÿreok pkrk cn sestcdk cb okpks supucstf. Nk ourvk tcÿreok sc ofdpkrk ofb nk ourvk ic iespcrseÿb cxpcredcbtkn. _e nks ourvks ofeboeicb, cn prfancdk sc rcsucnvc y cn pcrèn ic reheicz ksudeif cs ofrrcotf. _e jky iesorcpkboeks sehbeèoktevks, cn sestcdk ic okpks ksudeif sc okdaek f sc rcèbk y sc oknounk ubk bucvk ourvk tcÿreok. Ebstrudcbtkoeÿb ’Jky ’Jky trcs ofdpfbcbtcs cb ub sestcdk ic

prucak _K_X< nk ùcbtc ic cbcrhäk sucnc scr ub dkrtennf, pcrf pucic scr ub vearkifr ofb cxoetkoeÿb ic `rcoucboek vkrekanc= ifs rcocptfrcs quc sfb hcÿ`fbfs (trkbsiuotfrcs ic vcnfoeiki) f kocncrÿdctrfs= y ub kbknezkifr cspcotrkn ic ifs okbkncs pkrk rchestrkr y prfocskr nks `frdks ic fbik.

Nks okrkotcrästeoks rcqucreiks ic nk ùcbtc ic edpkotf icpcbicb ic nk reheicz ic nks okpks, nks iestkboeks cbtrc nfs ifs rcocptfrcs y nk prfùbieiki k ebvcstehkr (Bkzkrekb ct kn., ;5:?). Oukbif sc ebvcstehkb pkvedcbtfs ic jfrdehÿb y cncdcbtfs cstruoturkncs, nfs rcocptfrcs sc uaeokb rcnktevkdcbtc ocrok ubfs ic ftrfs. Cb cstc oksf, sc rcquecrc ub dkrtennf pcqucûf (f ebonusf ub edpkotkifr / vearkifr dës pcqucûf) pkrk quc sc prfiuzok ub punsf ic ofrtk iurkoeÿb ofb suèoecbtc cbcrhäk k `rcoucboeks ic jkstk kprfxedkikdcbtc 37 k ;77 mJz. K dcieik quc kudcbtk nk prfùbieiki k ebvcstehkr, kudcbtk nk iestkboek cbtrc nfs

ν @ 4 Z

? --- 0 - - - 7 ---

(1,;7)

rcocptfrcs y sc prfiuoc ub edpkotf quc

π@ Qcpetecbif nfs oënounfs ic nk Co. (1.5) y (1.;7) pkrk okik ofdpfbcbtc ic `rcoucboek, ubk hrëèok ic nk vcnfoeiki ic `ksc vcrsus

* Kubquc sc nnkdk "ebvcrseÿb", nk tåobeok cb rckneiki usk dficnkif iercotf, ofb prucak y crrfr, jkstk quc jkyk ofbofrikboek cbtrc nks ourvks ic iespcrseÿb dcieiks y oknounkiks.

11:.1Q-;1

EB@FQDC ICN OFDEYÅ IC KOE

@eh. 1.1.8’ (k) Ourvk ic iespcrseÿb fatcbeik ic nk prucak _K_X ic pkvedcbtf ic ofborctf= (a) Pcnfoeiki ic nk fbik _ fatcbeik ic nk ebvcrseÿb ic nk ourvk ic iespcrseÿb cxpcredcbtkn= y (o) pcrèn icn sucnf akskif cb nk pcr`frkoeÿb (kikptkif ic Bkzkrekb y _tfmfc, ;5:0k).

hcbcrk ub punsf ofb dkyfr cbcrhäk k `rcoucboeks dës aklks sc rcquecrc. Wfr nf tkbtf, sc utenezkb dkrtennfs dës pcskifs, ofdf ub dkzf. Nfs ifs trkbsiuotfrcs rcocptfrcs deicb nk vcnfoeiki f nk kocncrkoeÿb ic nk supcrèoec vcrteokn. Nk scncooeÿb icn tepf ic trkbsiuotfr icpcbic, cb pkrtc, icn nuhkr ic nk prucak (Bkzkrekb y _tfmfc, ;5:0k). Wkrk nks prucaks cb nks quc sc icacb ebvcstehkr okpks prfùbiks y sc rcquecrcb cspkoekdecbtfs ic rcocptfrcs dës hrkbics, nfs hcÿ`fbfs sc utenezkb hcbcrkndcbtc icaeif k su scbseaeneiki supcrefr k nks aklks `rcoucboeks. Wkrk nks prucaks ic pkvedcbtfs ic jfrdehÿb, nfs rcocptfrcs icacb prfpfroefbkr prfpfroefb kr dcieoefbcs prcoesks k `rcoucboeks dës kntks. Wfr nf tkbtf, pkrk pkvedcbtfs, k dcbuif sc usk ubk ofdaebkoeÿb ic hcÿ`fbfs y kocncrÿdctrfs. Wkrk cncdcbtfs cstruoturkncs ic jfrdehÿb, sc sucncb utenezkr pcqucûfs kocncrÿdctrfs y pcqucûfs edpkotkifrcs f vearkifrcs ic kntk `rcoucboek (Aky y _tfmfc, ;557). Nfs rcocptfrcs predcrf sc uaeokb lubtfs y cn cspkoekif sc eborcdcbtk cb ub `kotfr ic ifs pkrk nks prucaks pfstcrefrcs. Ofdf vcreèokoeÿb ic nk eb`frdkoeÿb ic `ksc dcieik pkrk okik cspkoekif ic rcocptfr, sc nncvk k okaf ubk schubik screc ic prucaks ebvertecbif nk pfseoeÿb ic nk ùcbtc. Wfr nf hcbcrkn, sc utenezkb oebof cspkoefs cbtrc rcocptfrcs cb okik setef ic prucak. Wkrk nks prucaks ic pkvedcbtfs ic jfrdehÿb, cn cspkoekif dës ocrokbf sucnc scr ic kprfxedkikdcbt kprfxedkikdcbtcc 7,;3 d (Bkzkrekb y _tfmfc ;5:0a). 1.1.3 Pcbtklks y nedetkoefbcs ’Okik ’Okik ubf ic nfs dåtfifs ic prfpkhkoeÿb ic fbiks ic tcbseÿb tecbc iestebtks vcbtklks y nedetkoefbcs, ofdf sc rcsudc cb Oukirf 1.1 1.1.. Cn dåtfif ic ic vcnfoeiki ic punsf

untrksÿbeof cs nk übeok tåobeok quc jk seif cstkbikrezkik pfr K_YD * y jky ubk vkreciki ic iespfsetevfs ofdcroekncs iespfbeancs. Nfs ievcrsfs dåtfifs ic cof bf cstëb cstkbikrezkifs, tecbcb rcnktevkdcbtc rcnktevkdcbtc pfok ebvcstehkoeÿb y cxpcrecboek ic okdpf, y nfs sestcdks ic prucak ofdcroekncs kpcbks cstëb ofdcbzkbif k cstkr iespfbeancs. Cn dåtfif _K_X kifncoc ic nk ofdpncleiki icn prfocskdecbtf ic nk scûkn, pcrf sc ebeoekrfb csùcrzfs pkrk kutfdktezkr cstc prfocskdecbtf ic nk scûkn (Bkzkrekb y Icske, ;55?).

1.? ’ Dåtfifs ic fbiks ic tcbseÿb pkrk oedcbtkoefbcs prfùbiks Icsic nk iåokik ic ;507, nfs dåtfifs i icc prucak aksk akskifs ifs cb nk prfpkhkoeÿb ic fbiks ic tcbseÿb jkb cstkif iespfbeancs ofdcroekndcbtc pkrk nks prucaks bf icstruotevks ic oedcbtkoefbcs oe dcbtkoefbcs prfùbiks ic ofborctf y ofborctf cb dksk. Icskrrfnnkifs pfr predcrk vcz v cz cb @rkboek y Jfnkbik, kjfrk sc cspcoeèokb ic `frdk rutebkrek ofdf jcrrkdecbtks ic ofbtrfn ic okneiki pkrk nk ofbstruooeÿb ic bucvfs penftcs cb Curfpk fooeicbtkn, Ë`reok icn bfrtc y pkrtcs icn cstc ic Ksek. _u usf kotukn cb cn ofbtebcbtc bfrtckdcreokbf cstë dcbfs cxtcbieif. Nks dclfrks rcoecbtcs cb jkriwkrc cncotrÿbeof y ofdputkifrks pfrtëtencs jkb ikif ofdf rcsuntkif sestcdks ic prucak dës ofbèkancs y rëpeifs quc cstëb dcbfs sulctfs k nk eb`nucboek icn fpcrkifr tkbtf cb cn prfociedecbtf ic prucak ofdf cb cn kbëneses ic nfs rcsuntkifs ic nk prucak. _fb cveicbtcs ifs khrupkoefbcs iestebtks ic dåtfifs ic fbiks ic tcbseÿb pkrk oedcbtkoefbcs prfùbiks<

•

Yåobeoks ic rc`ncxeÿb y

•

Yrkbsdeseÿb iercotk k trkvås icn jfrdehÿb.

1.?.; Dåtfif ic cof sÿbeof - -Cstc C stc dåtfif cs cn dës kbtehuf ic tfifs nfs dåtfifs BIY iespfbeanc ofdcroekndcbtc (Wkquct, ;50:= _tcebakoj y Pcy, ;583= Pkb Mftcb y Deiicbifrp, ;5:;) pkrk nk cvknukoeÿb ic nk ebtchreiki f nk nfbhetui ic nfs oedecbtfs prfùbifs. Cstc dåtfif sc ofbfoc ic ievcrsks `frdks ofdf scesdeocojf, sfbeo-cojf f WEY (prucak ic ebtchreiki ic penk) (Qkusojc y _cetz, ;5:?).

Cn dåtfif sÿbeof utenezk ub pcqucûf edpkotf Wreboepef- Cn cbtrchkif cb nk okaczk ic nk aksc prfùbik (penftc f clc) y deic cn tecdpf quc tkrik nk fbik ic tcbseÿb hcbcrkik pfr cn edpkotf cb veklkr pfr cn penftc y rc`nclkrsc cb ub trkbsiuotfr (bfrdkndcbtc ub kocncrÿdctrf) kofpnkif k nk okaczk icn penftc. Cn edpkotf cs täpeokdcbtc ic ub pcqucûf dkzf (trebcf ic dkbf) ofb ub hktennf cncotrÿbeof. Cn tecdpf icn edpkotf * Cb ;55:, ubk bfrdk sfarc cn usf icn dåtfif ic cof ic edpkotf pkrk dcier cn cspcsfr ic Nfs decdarfs ic Orctk ùcrfb kprfakifs pfr K_YD ofb nk icsehbkoeÿb O ;?:?.

DÅYFIF_ IC CB_KUF BF IC_YQSOYEPF

11:.1Q-;?

Ykank 1.1 ’ Pcbtklks y nedetkoefbcs ic nfs dåtfifs ic fbiks ic csùcrzf pkrk

cstruoturks

y cn dfvedecbtf vcrteokn ic nk okaczk icn penftc icspuås icn edpkotf sc rchestrkb dciekbtc ub fsoenfsofpef f dciekbtc ub iespfsetevf ic kiqueseoeÿb ic iktfs iehetkncs quc rchestrk nfs iktfs cb ubk aksc ic tecdpf. Nk èhurk 1.?.; enustrk nfs rcsuntkifs ic ubk prucak ic cof sÿbeof cb ub pfzf ic jfrdehÿb.

_e sc ofbfoc nk nfbhetui icn clc icn penftc y sc deic cn tecdpf ic trkbsdeseÿb pkrk quc nk fbik ic tcbseÿb rchrcsc kn trkbsiuotfr, cbtfbocs sc pucic oknounkr su vcnfoeiki. Wfr cn ofbtrkref, se sc ofbfoc nk vcnfoeiki, sc pucic iciuoer nk nfbhetui. Ikif quc nk vcnfoeiki ic nk fbik ic tcbseÿb cs preboepkndcbtc ubk ùboeÿb icn dÿiunf cnësteof iebëdeof y nk icbseiki icn jfrdehÿb, nk vcnfoeiki oknounkik pucic prfpfroefbkr eb`frdkoeÿb eb`frdkoeÿb sfarc nk okneiki icn jfrdehÿb. Ifbic nk fbik ic csùcrzf jk veklkif k nf nkrhf ic tfif cn

clc, cstfs oënounfs sc akskb cb nk `ÿrdunk 1 ---N--

O a 4 - ∀t

iÿbic O A A 4 4 N ∀ t 4

(1,;;)

@eh. 1.?.; ’ Clcdpnf ic rcsuntkif ic prucak ic cof sÿbeof (nk scûkn sc kdpneèok pfr ùboeÿb cb nk pkrtc eb`crefr icn hrëèof).

Iesepk prfhrcsevkdcbtc csk cbcrhäk k dcieik quc nk fbik ic tcbseÿb veklk jkoek vcnfoeiki ic nk fbik ic nk akrrk cb nk nfbhetui icn clc ic jfrdehÿb

tecdpf ic trëbsetf ic nk fbik ic cstrås

Nfs iktfs cdpäreofs jkb icdfstrkif quc ub rkbhf täpeof ic vknfrcs

pfr O A sc pucic supfbcr, ifbic ?:77 k 9777 d / s ebieokräk jfrdehÿb ic aucbk okneiki, ofb ubk rcsestcboek k nk ofdprcseÿb cb

icn fricb ic ?7 k ?3 DWk (_tkeb, ;5:1). Nk rcsestcboek rckn vkrekrë schüb cn tepf ic khrchkif y nks prfpfroefbcs ic nk dczonk, y cstks oe`rks icacb uskrsc sfnf ofdf ubk huäk kdpnek ic nk okneiki icn ofborctf. Oukbif sc ofbfoc nk nfbhetui icn clc, ubk nnchkik tcdprkbk ic nk fbik rc`nclkik sehbeèok quc sc jk cbofbtrkif ofb ub rc`ncotfr (okdaef cb nk reheicz f icbseiki) quc bf cs nk pubtk icn clc. Cstf pucic scr ubk rfturk f ic`cotf cb cn clc, ub okdaef sehbeèoktevf cb nk scooeÿb trkbsvcrskn icn clc f cn pubtf cb cn quc cn clc cstë rcstrebheif pfr ubk okpk ic sucnf dës räheik. Cb oecrtfs oksfs, nk pfnkreiki ic nk fbik rc`nclkik (yk sck pfsetevk f bchktevk ofb rcspcotf kn edpkotf ebeoekn) pucic ebieokr se cn ic`cotf kpkrcbtc sc icac k ub kudcbtf f iesdebuoeÿb ic nk reheicz cb cn pubtf rc`ncotkbtc. Nk cbcrhäk edpkrteik kn clc pfr cn edpkotf cs pcqucûk, y cn c`cotf ic kdfrtehukoeÿb ic nfs sucnfs knrcicifr icn clc sc rciuoerë.

kaklf y jkoek krreak pfr cn clc. Wkrk kudcbtkr nk eb`frdkoeÿb ic nk prucak, nk rcspucstk ic nk scûkn sc pucic kdpneèokr prfhrcsevkdcbtc ofb cn tecdpf.

Icpcbiecbif ic nk reheicz ic nfs sucnfs nktcrkncs, ubk rcnkoeÿb nfbhetui / ieëdctrf nädetc (N / i) cxestc dës knnë icn oukn tfik nk cbcrhäk ic nks fnks sc iesepk y bf sc ictcotk bebhubk rcspucstk cb nk okaczk icn clc. Cb cstk setukoeÿb, nk übeok eb`frdkoeÿb quc sc pucic icrevkr cs quc bf cxestcb ic`cotfs sehbeèoktevfs cb nk pkrtc supcrefr icn clc, yk quc ouknquecr ic`cotf dës ocrokbf k nk okaczk quc cn oräteofN / i Nk prfpfroeÿb rc`nclkräk pkrtc ic nk fbik. Cstk nedetkbtcN / i Nk prfpfroeÿb vkrekrë schüb nfs sucnfs kiykocbtcs, ofb ub vknfr täpeof ic ?7 pkrk kroennks ic iurczk dciek. 1.?.1 Dåtfif edpunsf-rcspucstk (dfveneiki) ’Cstc ’Cstc dåtfif sc

icskrrfnnÿ frehebkndcbtc frehebkndcbtc ofdf ubk prucak ic vearkoeÿb cb cstkif cstkanc cb @rkboek (Ikves y Iubb, ;589), ifbic sc kpneokak ubk ùcrzk ofbtrfnkik k nk okaczk icn clc icn penftc dciekbtc ub hcbcrkifr ic `rcoucboek ic akrreif. Nk rcspucstk icn clc c lc vcrteokn sc rchestrÿ dciekbtc trkbsiuotfrcs ic vcnfoeiki hcÿ`fbfs y nk ùcrzk ic cbtrkik icn vearkifr sc dfbetfrezÿ ofbtebukdcbtc. ofbtebukdcbtc. Nk ourvk ic rcspucstk rcsuntkbtc trkzÿ cn clcdfveneiki vcnfoeiki vcnfoeiki ic nk pkrtäounk icn hcÿ`fbf / ùcrzk icn vearkifr v / @) ofbtrk `rcoucboek, hcbcrkndcbtc cb cn rkbhf ic `rcoucboek üten ic 7

k 1777 Jz.

11:.1Q-;9

EB@FQDC ICN OFDEYÅ IC KOE

@eh. 1.?.1 ’ Clcdpnf ic hrëèok ic edpunsf-rcspucstk (dfveneiki) pkrk prucak

@eh. 1.?.? ’ Wkrocnk ic edpunsf-rcspucstk (dfveneik (dfveneiki) i) ic penftc ofb scooeÿb ic

ic penftc.

oucnnf k ubk iestkboek ic 1,9 d icsic nk pkrtc supcrefr.

Nk cvfnuoeÿb icn cquepf ic prfocskdecbtf ic iktfs iurkbtc nks iåokiks ic ;5:7 y ;557 pcrdeteÿ cn usf ic ofdputkifrks cb cn setef pkrk trkbs`frdkr nk rcspucstk icn clc icaeif k ub edpkotf ic dkrtennf (sedenkr kn utenezkif cb cn dåtfif ic cof sÿbeof) cb cn ifdebef ic nk `rcoucboek (_tkeb, ;5:1= Fnsfb y ofn., ;557). Cstf rciulf cn csùcrzf pkrk fatcbcr nk dfveneiki cb ùboeÿb ic nk `rcoucboek. Ftrfs cstuiefs icdfstrkrfb quc cn dåtfif edpunsf-rcspucstk pfiräk kpneokrsc k nks

Nks `rcoucboeks ic cstks rcsfbkboeks sfb ubk ùboeÿb ùb oeÿb ic nk nfbhetui icn clc y cn hrkif ic kbonklc icn pec icn clc, y su kdpnetui rcnktevk cs ubk ùboeÿb icn kdfrtehukdecbtf nktcrkn icn sucnf. Nk ie`crcboek ic `rcoucboek cbtrc peofs kiykocbtcs cs ofbstkbtc y cstë rcnkoefbkik ofb nk nfbhetui icn clc y nk vcnfoeiki ic fbik icn jfrdehÿb schübCq. schübCq. (K.;)

prucaks ic ebtchreiki ic ftrks cstruoturks kicdës ic nfs oedecbtfs prfùbifs (Ikves y Jcrtnceb, ;557).

rcsfbkbtc ic nk ourvk cs ùboeÿb ic nk edpcikboek icn clc icn penftc, quc icpcbic, k su vcz, icn ërck ic nk scooeÿb trkbsvcrskn icn clc, nk icbseiki icn jfrdehÿb y nk akrrk.

Wreboepef ’Sb ’Sb hfnpc cb nk okaczk icn clc pfr ub dkzf pcqucûf cquepkif ofb ubk ocnik ic okrhk hcbcrk ubk fbik ic tcbseÿb ofb ub ofbtcbeif ic `rcoucboek kdpnef, quc pucic vkrekr ic 7 k ;777 Jz pkrk dkrtennfs ofb pubtk ic hfdk ankbik k 7 k ?777 Jz pkrk dkrtennfs ofb pubtk ic dctkn . Nk ocnik ic okrhk deic nk cbtrkik ic ùcrzk y nk rcspucstk vcrteokn ic nk okaczk icn clc cs dfbetfrckik pfr ub hcÿ`fbf.

Nks scûkncs ic aksc ic tecdpf ic ùcrzk y vcnfoeiki sfb rchestrkiks pfr ub iespfsetevf ic kiqueseoeÿb iehetkn y nuchf prfocskiks pfr ofdputkifrk uskbif cn knhfretdf ic trkbs`frdkik rëpeik ic @furecr (@@Y) pkrk ofbvcrter nfs iktfs kn ifdebef ic `rcoucboek. Nuchf, nk vcnfoeiki sc ieveic pfr nk ùcrzk pkrk prfpfroefbkr nk rcspucstk ic nk ubeiki, f ùboeÿb ic trkbs`crcboek, quc sc ducstrk ofdf ub hrëèof ic nk dfveneiki icn clc `rcbtc k nk `rcoucboek.

Cb nk èhurk 1.?.1 sc ducstrk ub clcdpnf ic ubk hrëèok ic dfveneiki pkrk ub clc ic penftc. Cstk ourvk ic rcspucstk ofbstk ic ifs pkrtcs preboepkncs, quc ofbtecbcb nk sehuecbtc eb`frdkoeÿb<

•

•

K aklks `rcoucboeks (>;77 Jz), nk `kntk ic c`cotfs ic ebcroek jkoc quc cn ofdpucstf penftc / sucnf sc ofdpfrtc ofdf ub rcsfrtc, y cstf sc ducstrk ofdf ub kudcbtf nebckn cb kdpnetui icsic ocrf ofb ubk `rcoucboek orcoecbtc. Nk pcbiecbtc ic cstk pkrtc icn hrëèof sc ofbfoc ofdf oudpnedecbtf f `ncxeaeneiki, y nk ebvcrsk ic nk `ncxeaeneiki cs nk reheicz iebëdeok. Nk reheicz iebëdeok cs ubk prfpeciki icn ofdpucstf clc / sucnf y, pfr nf tkbtf, sc pucic utenezkr pkrk cvknukr clcs sfarc ubk aksc ofdpkrktevk, yk sck pkrk cstkancocr ube`frdeiki f ofdf kyuik pkrk scncooefbkr ub clc rcprcscbtktevf pkrk prucaks ic okrhk k hrkb csoknk, yk sck dciekbtc cstëteok f dciefs iebëdeofs.

Nk pfroeÿb ic `rcoucboek dës kntk ic nk ourvk ic dfveneiki rcprcscbtk nk rcsfbkboek nfbhetuiebkn icn clc. Cn `rc-

cb cb  Kpåbieoc K K.. NNkk kdpnetui dciek ic cstk pkrtc

vcnfoeiki ic prfpkhkoeÿb ic nk fbik O A ( ofbsuntc ofbsuntc cn Kpåbieoc K).

Kn ehukn quc ofb nk prucak ic cof sÿbeof, oukbif nk nfbhetui icn clc cs

ofbfoeif, ubk dcieik ic nfbhetui kpkrcbtc dës ofrtk ebieokrë nk prcscboek ic ubk kbfdknäk. Cn Kpåbieoc K icsoreac oÿdf sc pucic icrevkr eb`frdkoeÿb kieoefbkn ic nk hrëèok ic `rcoucboek ic dfveneiki, ofdf nk scooeÿb trkbsvcrskn icn penftc y nk reheicz iebëdeok, quc pucic kyuikr k ie`crcboekr cbtrc ub kudcbtf f ubk rciuooeÿb cb nk scooeÿb trkbsvcrskn. Nk @eh. 1.?.? ducstrk ubk pkrocnk ic dfveneiki ic ub penftc ic 5.; d ic nkrhf ofb ofbieoefbcs ic sucnf sedenkrcs kn penftc ic nk @eh. 1.?.1, pcrf ofb ubk scooeÿb ic oucnnf k ?.; d. Nk rc`ncxeÿb ic nk pubtk icn penftc icsic 5,; d cs onkrkdcbtc veseanc cb cn hrëèof, ofdf nf ebieok cn cspkoekif ic `rcoucboek ofbstkbtc cbtrc peofs rcsfbkbtcs ic 1;3 Jz. Nk scpkrkoeÿb ic `rcoucboeks ic 093 Jz cbtrc nfs ifs peofs dës prfdebcbtcs ofrrcspfbic k nk rc`ncxeÿb ic nk scooeÿb icn oucnnf k ubk prfùbieiki ic ?,; d. Kn ehukn quc nk prucak ic cof sÿbeof, cn edpkotf icn dkrtennf hcbcrk ubk okbteiki rcnktevkdcbtc pcqucûk ic cbcrhäk y nfs c`cotfs ic kdfrtehukoeÿb icn sucnf nedetkb nk prfùbieiki k pkrter ic nk oukn sc pucic fatcbcr eb`frdkoeÿb üten. _eb cdakrhf, ebonusf oukbif bf cxestc ubk rcspucstk dcieanc ic nk aksc icn clc, nk reheicz iebëdeok sehuc secbif ub pkrëdctrf üten pkrk nk cvknukoeÿb ofdpkrktevk icn clc. 1.?.? Qchestrf ic edpcikboek - -Sb S b cb`fquc rcoecbtc pkrk

ebtcrprctkr nks rcspucstks ic ubk ofdaebkoeÿb ic dåtfifs ic rc`ncxeÿb ic supcrèoec ic dfveneiki y cof sÿbeof cs cn rchestrf ic edpcikboek (Wkquct, ;55;), ifbic nk eb`frdkoeÿb ic nk rcspucstk kdpneèokik cbokrkotcrästeok cn ifdebef icnictecdpf icn cof sÿbeof sc ofdaebk nk edpcikboek cn clc dcieif ofb nk prucak ic ofb dfveneiki.

’Kubquc nk ùcrzk kpneokik k nk okaczk icn clc pfr Wreboepef ’Kubquc nfs dåtfifs ic rc`ncxeÿb ic nk supcrèoec cs trkbsetfrek, nk

DÅYFIF_ IC CB_KUF BF IC_YQSOYEPF

11:.1Q-;3

@eh. 1.?.9’ (k) Ic`cotfs pnkbeèokifs cb penftcs cxpcredcbtkncs= (a) rc`ncotfhrkdk fatcbeif pfr prfocskdecbtf ic scûkncs ic iktfs ic cof sÿbeof= y (o) rchestrf ic edpcikboek fatcbeif dciekbtc nk ofdaebkoeÿb ic eb`frdkoeÿb icn rc`ncotfhrkdk y nk edpcikboek okrkotcrästeok fatcbeik icn kbëneses ic edpunsf-rcspucstk.

fbik hcbcrkik pfr cn hfnpc bf nf cs. Cstk fbik ofbtecbc eb`frdkoeÿb sfarc nfs okdaefs cb nk edpcikboek icn clc k dcieik quc kvkbzk jkoek kaklf, y cstk eb`frdkoeÿb sc rc`nclk cb nk okaczk icn clc. Cn rc`ncotfhrkdk ksä fatcbeif cb nk prucak ic cof sÿbeof bf sc pucic oukbteèokr. _eb cdakrhf, ofb nfs cquepfs ic hrkakoeÿb dficrbfs cs pfseanc ducstrckr nks prfpecikics ic edpcikboek y rc`ncxeÿb ic fbiks ic nfs clcs prfakifs. Nks dcieoefbcs dcieoefbcs ic nk rrcspucstk cspucstk ic ùcrzk y vcnfoeiki sc kndkocbkb ofdf iktfs ic aksc ic tecdpf, ofb ub èntrf ic pksf ic akbik duy kdpnef y ducstrcf rëpeif. Wfr tkbtf, sc `kvfrcoc nk rcsfnuoeÿb ic nfs bevcncs ic rcspucstk tkbtf iåaencs ofdf ùcrtcs. Cb cn rc`ncotfhrkdk, ub ic`cotf ic clc ofdpnctf (edpcikboek ocrf) cs cquevkncbtc k ubk rc`ncxeÿb icn ;77 pfr oecbtf, decbtrks quc ub clc ebèbetkdcbtc nkrhf seb ic`cotfs ikräk ubk rc`ncxeÿb ocrf.

_e ub ic`cotf f nk pubtk icn clc cstë k ubk iestkboek ofbseicrkanc ic nk okaczk icn clc, nk kdpnetui rc`nclkik sc rciuoc kdfrtehukbif

s cbvfnvcbtc Kicdës, nk sedunkoeÿb icn clc prfakif y Cn sucnf sc pucic nncvkr k okaf ic dkbcrk dës cèoecbtc cb cn ifdebef ic nk `rcoucboek. Cn rc`ncotfhrkdk y nk edpcikboek okrkotcrästeok sc pucicb ofdaebkr pkrk ikr iedcbsefbcs kn rc`ncotfhrkdk pkrk prfiuoer ubk trkzk icbfdebkik nfhkretdf ic edpcikboek ]@eh.

1.?.9 (o)T. Cn rcsuntkif ic cstc kbëneses cs cb `frdk ic ubk scooeÿb vcrteokn k trkvås icn clc, ikbif ubk rcprcscbtkoeÿb vesukn oknounkik ic nk `frdk icn penftc. Cn rcsuntkif èbkn sc pucic klustkr pkrk cnedebkr nfs rc`nclfs vkrekancs icn sucnf dciekbtc cn usf ic nk tåobeok ic sedunkoeÿb. Cn cquepf ic prucak ic okdpf icac tcbcr nfs sehuecbtcs rcquesetfs<

•

kocncrÿdctrf icacb jkacr seif oknearkifs ofrrcotkdcbtc (icbtrf ic nfs sces dcscs kbtcrefrcs k nk prucak)=

icbtrf icn clc. Ofb ofbieoefbcs ic sucnf nktcrkncs ube`frdcs, cstk ùboeÿb ic kdfrtehukoeÿb tecbc nk `frdkde- ϏN, iÿbic N cs nk nfbhetui icn clc y Ϗ cs cn `kotfr ic kdfrtehukoeÿb (vcr Kpåbieoc

•

K), y cn rc`ncotfhrkdk sc pucic ofrrcher utenezkbif ubk ùboeÿb ic kdpneèokoeÿb ic cstc tepf pkrk prfiuoer ubk rcspucstk ùcrtc sfarc nk nfbhetui tftkn icn clc, ofdf sc jkoc ofb `rcoucboek cb cn trktkdecbtf ic iktfs ic sfbeocof. Nk èhurk 1.?.9 ducstrk ub clcdpnf ic rc`ncotfhrkdk ofrrcheif ic cstk dkbcrk.

•

Cn kbëneses ic ifdebef ic `rcoucboek (edpcikboek) fatcbeif ic nk prucak ic rcspucstk kn edpunsf ofbèrdk nk nfbhetui icn clc y nc ik reheicz iebëdeok c edpciedcbtf okrkotcrästeof kn clc. kboc E Uf 4 ϋO KO O O AA

iÿbic

ϋo 4

icbseiki icn jfrdehÿb icn clc, ërck ic nk

Ko 4 O a 4

scooeÿb trkbsvcrskn icn clc y vcnfoeiki ic fbik ic nk akrrk ic jfrdehÿb.

(1,;1)

Nk ocnik ic okrhk ic dkrtennf y cn trkbsiuotfr ic vcnfoeiki f

Nk kiqueseoeÿb y cn kndkocbkdecbtf ic iktfs icacb scr iehetkncs, pkrk kbëneses ùturfs= y Icacb kndkocbkrsc nks rcspucstks ic nks prucaks cb cn ifdebef icn tecdpf y ic nk `rcoucboek.

1.?.9 Qchestrf sÿbeof Orfssjfnc -Cn rchestrf sÿbeof ic orfssjfnc Cn dåtfif ic hebh cstë iescûkif pkrk supcrkr nk nedetkoeÿb ic prfùbieiki ic nfs dåtfifs ic cof sÿbeof y dfveneiki cb pfzfs dës nkrhfs, y sc usk cb oedecbtfs ic ofborctf cb dksk, ofdf durfs ic zkblks ic nfif, prcsks y akscs ic dkquebkrek (Ncvy, ;587= Ikves y Qfacrtsfb, ;583= Akmcr y Mjkb, ;58;). ’Cn dåtfif rcquecrc quc sc ofnfqucb vkrefs tuafs pkrkncnfs Wreboepef ’Cn ic dctkn f pnësteof cb nk cstruoturk kbtcs ic nk ofnfokoeÿb icn jfrdehÿb, f quc sc tknkircb khulcrfs ocbtrkncs icspuås ic quc cn c n jfrdehÿb jkyk `rkhukif. Sbk sfbik sfbik trkbsdesfrk ofnfokik cb nk pkrtc eb`crefr ic ub tuaf cdetc ub punsf untrksÿbeof quc cs ictcotkif pfr ubk sfbik rcocptfrk cb nk pkrtc eb`crefr ic ub schubif tuaf. Sbk ubeiki ic rchestrf deic cn tecdpf quc tkrik cn punsf untrksÿbeof cb ktrkvcskr cn jfrdehÿb cbtrc nfs tuafs. Nks sfbiks sfb ubeikics scnnkiks y cn

11:.1Q-;0

EB@FQDC ICN OFDEYÅ IC KOE

cxtcbieif pfr icaklf ic nk aksc. Nk preboepkn nedetkoeÿb icn dåtfif cs cn rcquesetf ic nk ebstknkoeÿb ic tuafs ic koocsf kbtcs ic nk ofnfokoeÿb icn jfrdehÿb f dciekbtc pcr`frkoeÿb pfstcrefr. Nk preboepkn vcbtklk cs quc cn dåtfif bf tecbc nedetkoeÿb ic prfùbieiki, k ie`crcboek ic nfs dåtfifs ic rc`ncxeÿb supcrèoekn.

Nk eb`frdkoeÿb fatcbeik sc nedetk kn dktcrekn ebdciektkdcbtc cbtrc pkrcs ic tuafs. Wfr nf tkbtf, cb nks penks, nfs tuafs ic koocsf icacb iespfbcrsc nf dës ocrok pfseanc ic nk pcre`crek icn clc y cb ub pktrÿb quc pcrdetk nk dëxedk ofacrturk ic jfrdehÿb cbtrc cnnfs. Bf sc fatcbirë eb`frdkoeÿb sfarc kudcbtfs f iesdebuoefbcs cb nk scooeÿb trkbsvcrskn icn clc ùcrk icn ërck ouaecrtk pfr nfs tuafs ic koocsf. 1.?.3 Dåtfif säsdeof pkrkncnf - -Yfifs Y fifs nfs dåtfifs kbtcrefrcs icpcbicb ic ub koocsf nearc k nk okaczk icn clc icn penftc y, pfr nf tkbtf, sfb dës `ëoencs y prëoteofs ic rcknezkr iurkbtc nk `ksc ic ofbstruooeÿb, yk quc nks okaczks ic nfs n fs oedecbtfs dës kicnkbtc pucicb scr ebkoocseancs. Cn dåtfif säsdeof pkrkncnf sc icskrrfnnÿ cspcoäèokdcbtc pkrk setukoefbcs quc surhcb icspuås ic quc sc jk ofbstrueif nk aksc, ofdf cb nk cvknukoeÿb cvkn ukoeÿb ic cstruoturks cxestcbtcs dës kbtehuks, ifbic cn koocsf iercotf k nk okaczk icn penftc yk bf cs pfseanc seb knhubk icdfneoeÿb ic dfneoeÿb (Ikves, ;553). @eh. 1.?.3 ’ Clcdpnf ic rchestrf sÿbeof ic freèoefs oruzkifs (nk kuscboek ic nk nnchkik ic nk scûkn k ubk prfùbieiki ic ubfs ;7 d ebieok nk prcscboek ic ub ic`cotf).

Nfs tuafs sc nncbkb ic khuk pkrk prfpfroefbkr ub kofpnkdecbtf cbtrc nks sfbiks y cn jfrdehÿb. Nfs okancs ic nk sfbik sc rcterkb sfarc ubk rucik ebstrudcbtkik quc deic nk nfbhetui icn okanc y, pfr nf tkbtf, nk prfùbieiki ic nk sfbik, f sc pucicb dkrokr nfs okancs k nf nkrhf ic sus nfbhetuics pkrk quc sc ofbfzokb nks prfùbieikics ic nk sfbik. Nks dcieoefbcs ic punsf ofbtebuf sc rcknezkb iurkbtc nk cxtrkooeÿb, cb eborcdcbtfs ic knturk quc vkb ic ;7 k 37 dd, prfpfroefbkbif ubk screc ic dcieoefbcs quc sc pucicb edpreder pkrk prfpfroefbkr ub pcrèn vcrteokn icn dktcrekn cbtrc nfs tuafs. Cb nk èhurk 1.?.3 sc ducstrk ub rcsuntkif ic prucak täpeof pkrk ub sestcdk ofdcroekn cspcoäèof. Nk prcscboek ic ub ic`cotf sc ebieok pfr nk kuscboek ic ubk scûkn rcoeaeik.

Nk vcnfoeiki icn punsf untrksÿbeof (SWP) cs ubk ùboeÿb ic nk icbseiki y nks ofbstkbtcs iebëdeoks cnësteoks icn jfrdehÿb. _e sc ofbfoc nk nfbhetui ic nk rutk ic nk scûkn y sc rchestrk cn tecdpf ic trëbsetf, sc pucic oknounkr cn SWP kpkrcbtc pkrk prfpfroefbkr ubk huäk ic nk okneiki icn jfrdehÿb. Sbk rciuooeÿb cb cn dÿiunf f nk icbseiki ikrë ofdf rcsuntkif ubk SWP dës aklk. _e bf sc ofbfoc nk nfbhetui ic nk trkycotfrek, pcrf nfs tuafs sfb rkzfbkancdcbtc pkrkncnfs, cn pcrèn ic dcieoeÿb ofbtebuk dfstrkrë onkrkdcbtc ouknquecr okdaef rcpcbtebf cb cn tecdpf ic trëbsetf okuskif pfr ubk vcnfoeiki ic punsf dës aklk icaeif k ub dÿiunf aklf f dktcrekn ic dknk okneiki, ofdf jfrdehÿb ofbtkdebkif f ebonusefbcs. Nfs vkoäfs tcbirëb ub c`cotf sedenkr kn `frzkr kn punsf k icsvekrsc k su knrcicifr, kudcbtkbif ksä nk nfbhetui icn okdebf y cn tecdpf ic trëbsetf. Pkrekbif nk iespfseoeÿb hcfdåtreok ic nks sfbiks, Cn dåtfif prfpfroefbk ubk dcieoeÿb iercotk ic nk prfùbieiki ic nk oedcbtkoeÿb y sc pucic utenezkr pkrk cvknukr nk okneiki ic nk ebtcr`kz cbtrc nk aksc icn clc y cn ncojf ic rfok se nfs freèoefs ic koocsf sfb

’_c pcr`frk ub freèoef ic koocsf ic pcqucûf Wreboepef ’_c ieëdctrf cb cn sucnf pkrkncnf y ocrok ic nk aksc quc sc vk k prfakr. Cn pfzf icac cxtcbicrsc dës knnë ic nk prfùbieiki ofbfoeik f cstedkik ic nk oedcbtkoeÿb y bfrdkndcbtc cstë rcvcsteif ofb ub tuaf ic pnësteof pkrk rctcbcr cn khuk ofdf ub kofpnkifr koüsteof. _c ofnfok ubk sfbik ic rcocpoeÿb koüsteok cb cn tuaf cb nk pkrtc supcrefr, y nk cstruoturk sc hfnpck nf dës ocrok pfseanc ic nk okaczk ic nk aksc ofb ub dkrtennf ic hktennf. Nks scûkncs icn dkrtennf y cn rcocptfr sc rchestrkb cb ubk ubeiki ic kiqueseoeÿb ic iktfs ofdf cn tecdpf quc tkrik nk fbik ic csùcrzf ic edpkotf cb veklkr k trkvås ic nk aksc y cn sucnf kiykocbtc k nk sfbik rcocptfrk. Nuchf, nk sfbik sc aklk cb eborcdcbtfs ube`frdcs y cn prfocsf sc rcpetc cb okik ctkpk, ofb cn @ehurk 1.?.0). edpkotf cb cn desdf pubtf okik vcz. vcz.@ehurk 1.?.0). Nk vcnfoeiki ic nk fnk scrë dcbfr k trkvås icn sucnf quc k trkvås icn jfrdehÿb. _e cn tuaf ic koocsf cstë rkzfbkancdcbtc pkrkncnf k nk aksc, cn c`cotf icn sucnf cbtrc cn tuaf y cn clc icn penftc scrë c`cotevkdcbtc ofbstkbtc. _eb cdakrhf, cn tecdpf ic trëbsetf kudcbtkrë prfpfroefbkndcbtc kn kudcbtf ic nk prfùbieiki ic nk oedcbtkoeÿb. Oukbif cn rcocptfr jkyk pkskif dës knnë ic nk aksc ic nk oedcbtkoeÿb, cn tecdpf ic trëbsetf ic nk scûkn sc cxtcbicrë pfr nk vcnfoeiki dës aklk icn sucnf kieoefbkn quc ebtcrvecbc, y nks näbcks quc ubcb nfs pubtfs ic nnchkik ic nk scûkn cb cn hrëèof dfstrkrëb ubk iesofbtebueiki onkrk kn bevcn ic nk oedcbtkoeÿb. aksc. Icn desdf dfif, ouknquecr iesofbtebueiki f ebonuseÿb sehbeèoktevk cb nk oedcbtkoeÿb fanehkrë k nk scûkn k icsvekrsc k su knrcicifr, kudcbtkbif nk nfbhetui icn okdebf y cn tecdpf ic trëbsetf.

rcsudcc 1.?.0 Pcbtklks y nedetkoefbcs -Oukirf Oukirf 1.? rcsud nks vcbtklks y nedetkoefbcs ic nfs dåtfifs ic fbiks ic tcbseÿb pkrk oedcbtkoefbcs prfùbiks.

1.9 ’ Dåtfifs buonckrcs 1.9.; Ebtrfiuooeÿb ’Nfs ’Nfs dåtfifs buonckrcs pkrk nk cvknukoeÿb bf icstruotevk icn jfrdehÿb sc pucicb suaieveier cb ifs hrupfs<

DÅYFIF_ IC CB_KUF BF IC_YQSOYEPF

11:.1Q-;8

@eh. 1.?.0 ’ Clcdpnf ic rcsuntkifs ic ubk prucak säsdeok pkrkncnk (nk prfùbieiki icn clc icn penftc sc ebieok dciekbtc cn okdaef cb nk pcbiecbtc ic nk näbck quc rcprcscbtk cn tecdpf ic nnchkik icn punsf ic tcbseÿb cb ùboeÿb ic nk prfùbieiki).

dåtfifs rkiefdåtreofs y dåtfifs rkiefhrëèofs. Kdafs edpneokb fatcbcr eb`frdkoeÿb sfarc ub falctf ic prucak icaeif k nks ebtcrkooefbcs cbtrc nk rkiekoeÿb cncotrfdkhbåteok ic kntk cbcrhäk y cn dktcrekn cb cn falctf ic prucak. Sbk rcveseÿb ic nfs predcrfs icskrrfnnfs cb cn usf ic dåtfifs buonckrcs (tkdaeåb nnkdkifdåtfif rkiekotevf) ùc prcscbtkif pfr Dknjftrk (;580), y nfs icskrrfnnfs dës rcoecbtcs ùcrfb rcveskifs rcveskifs pfr Detojcnn (;5 (;55;). 5;). Cstfs dåtfif dåtfifss utenezkb dktcrekncs rkiekotevfs y cn pcrsfbkn ic prucak rcquecrc okpkoetkoeÿb y neocboeks cspcoeknezkiks cb schureiki.

Nk rkiefdcträk sc utenezk pkrk cvknukr nk icbseiki icn jfrdehÿb `rcsof f cbiurcoeif deiecbif nk ebtcbseiki ic nk rkiekoeÿb cncotrfdkhbåteok (rkyfs hkddk) quc jk ktrkvcskif cn jfrdehÿb. Nk rkiekoeÿb cs cdeteik pfr ub esÿtfpf rkiekotevf y nk rkiekoeÿb quc ktrkvecsk cn jfrdehÿb cs ictcotkik pfr ub ictcotfr. Cn ictcotfr ofbvecrtc nk rkiekoeÿb rcoeaeik cb punsfs cnåotreofs, quc pucicb ofbtkrsc f kbknezkrsc pfr ftrfs dåtfifs (Detojcnn, ;55;). Nk rkiefdcträk sc pucic suaieveier cb ifs prfociedecbtfs. Sbf sc aksk cb nk dcieoeÿb ic nfs rkyfs hkddk icspuås ic nk trkbsdeseÿb iercotkdcbtc k trkvås icn jfrdehÿb, y cn ftrf sc aksk cb nk dcieoeÿb ic nfs rkyfs hkddk rc`nclkifs, f rctrfiespcrskifs, icsic cn ebtcrefr icn jfrdehÿb. Cstfs prfociedecbtfs sfb kbënfhfs kn dåtfif ic trkbsdeseÿb untrksÿbeok k trkvås y kn dåtfif ic okpturk ic tfbf utenezkbif fbiks ic tcbseÿb. Nk rkiefhrk`äk edpneok cn usf ic nk rkiekoeÿb quc pksk k trkvås icn falctf ic prucak pkrk prfiuoer ubk "`ftfhrk`äk" ic nk cstruoturk ebtcrbk icn jfrdehÿb. Wfr nf hcbcrkn, sc ofnfok ubk ùcbtc rkiekotevk cb ub nkif icn falctf y sc ofnfok ubk pcnäounk `ftfhrëèok cspcoekn cn nkif rchestrkr nk ebtcbseiki icnknk rkiekoeÿbcbquc pkskfpucstf k trkvås pkrk icn falctf. Oukbtf dkyfr sck ebtcbseiki ic nk rkiekoeÿb, dkyfr scrë nk cxpfseoeÿb ic nk pcnäounk. Cstc dåtfif cs eiåbteof kn utenezkif utene zkif pkrk prfiuoer "rkiefhrk`äks" dåieoks.

1.9.1 Qkiefdcträk ic trkbsdeseÿb iercotk pkrk icbseiki - -Iercotf I ercotf _c pucicb utenezkr tåobeoks ic trkbsdeseÿb pkrk ictcotkr cn rcùcrzf. _eb cdakrhf, cn usf preboepkn ic nk tåobeok cs dcier nk icbseiki eb setu, tkbtf cb jfrdehÿb `rcsof ofdf cbiurcoeif. Nks cstruoturks ic jfrdehfbcs pcskifs y ofdpkotkifs ofb rfiennfs sf sfb b oksfs cb nfs quc cstc dåtfif cs ic cspcoekn vknfr. Wreboepef ’Cn ’Cn dåtfif rkiefdåtreof ic trkbsdeseÿb iercotk cs

kbënfhf k nk tåobeok ic trkbsdeseÿb untrksÿbeok k trkvås. Nk ùcbtc ic rkiekoeÿb sc ofnfok cb ub nkif icn cncdcbtf ic jfrdehÿb k cbskykr y cn ictcotfr sc ofnfok cb cn nkif fpucstf. K dcieik quc nk rkiekoeÿb ktrkvecsk cn jfrdehÿb, ubk pkrtc cs iespcrskik pfr cncotrfbcs nearcs (iespcrseÿb Ofdptfb) y ubk okbteiki dcbfr cs kasfraeik pfr nfs ëtfdfs. Nk okbteiki ic iespcrseÿb ic Ofdptfb icpcbic ic nk icbseiki icn jfrdehÿb y nk okbteiki ic kasfroeÿb icpcbic ic nk ofdpfseoeÿb quädeok (Detojcnn, ;55;). _e cn cspkoekdecbtf ùcbtc-ictcotfr sc dkbtecbc ofbstkbtc, ubk iesdebuoeÿb (f kudcbtf) cb nk icbseiki icn ofborctf ofbiuoc k ub okdaef cb nk ebtcbseiki ic nk rkiekoeÿb ictcotkik. Ebstrudcbtkoeÿb -@ehurk @ehurk 1.9.; ducstrk nk iespfseoeÿb ic nk

ùcbtc y cn ictcotfr pkrk nk dcieoeÿb iercotk k trkvås ic ub decdarf ic jfrdehÿb. Cstk iespfseoeÿb tkdaeåb pfiräk uskrsc pkrk prfakr jfrdehÿb `rcsof tcbecbif cb oucbtk nfs c`cotfs icn dktcrekn ic cbof`rkif. Nk ùcbtc dës utenezkik cs cn esÿtfpf rkiekotevf ocsef-;?8 (;?8Os). Cn ictcotfr ofdüb cs ub tuaf Hcehcr-Dþnncr, quc prfiuoc punsfs cnåotreofs oukbif nk rkiekoeÿb ebhrcsk kn tuaf. Ftrfs ictcotfrcs pucicb scr orestkncs ic ocbtcnncf quc ofbvecrtcb nk rkiekoeÿb eboeicbtc cb punsfs ic nuz. @ehurk 1.9.1 cs ub csqucdk ic ub dcieifr ic trkbsdeseÿb buonckr iespfbeanc ofdcroekndcbtc ofdcroekndcbtc quc sc pucic utenezkr cb jfrdehÿb `rcsof cdpulkbif cn ofblubtf ic nk ùcbtc cb cn jfrdehÿb. Ykdaeåb sc pucic utenezkr cb jfrdehÿb cbiurcoeif pcr`frkbif ub freèoef c ebscrtkbif

11:.1Q-;:

EB@FQDC ICN OFDEYÅ IC KOE

Ykank 1.? ’ Pcbtklks y nedetkoefbcs ic nfs dåtfifs ic fbiks ic csùc csùcrzf rzf pkrk oedecbtfs

@eh. 1.9.; ’ Qkiefdcträk ic trkbsdeseÿb iercotk ofb ùcbtc y ictcotfr cxtcrbfs kn falctf ic prucak.

cn cbskdanklc ic nk ùcbtc. Cn cquepf cs pfrtëten y prfpfroefbk ubk ncoturk ebdciektk ic nfs rcsuntkifs. Nk dkyfräk ic nks ubeikics iespfbeancs sc icskrrfnnkrfb pkrk dfbetfrckr nk ofdpkotkoeÿb icn sucnf y dcier nk icbseiki eb setu icn ofborctf ks`ënteof.

Cn icbsädctrf PSY ùc icskrrfnnkif (cb Ojcofsnfvkquek) cspcoäèokdcbtc pkrk prfakr ofborctf `rcsof (Jðbeh, ;5:9).

@eh. 1.9.1 ’ Csqucdk ic ub dkbÿdctrf buonckr ic trkbsdeseÿb iercotk.

tuafs quc sc ebtrfiuocb cb cn jfrdehÿb `rcsof, nf quc pcrdetc dcier nk icbseiki cb ùboeÿb ic nk prfùbieiki. K_YD O ;797 prfpfroefbk prfociedecbtfs pkrk uskr dåtfifs buonckrcs pkrk dcier nk icbseiki cb cn nuhkr icn ofborctf `rcsof f cbiurcoeif. Cn cncdcbtf onkvc icn prfociedecbtf cs cn icskrrfnnf ic nk ourvk ic oknearkoeÿb icn ebstrudcbtf. Cstf sc nfhrk jkoecbif prfactks ic ie`crcbtcs icbseikics y ictcrdebkbif nk skneik icn dcieifr pkrk okik prfactk. Nk skneik icn dcieifr sc trkzk cb ùboeÿb ic nk icbseiki y sc ictcrdebk ubk ourvk ic dclfr klustc.

@ehurk 1.9.? cs ub csqucdk ic cstc iespfsetevf. Nk ùcbtc sc pucic aklkr jkstk ubk prfùbieiki ic 177 dd cb ubk khulk ic kocrf jucok quc sc ebscrtk cb cn jfrdehÿb `rcsof. Sb csouif ic pnfdf cs`åreof supredc nk rkiekoeÿb oukbif nk ùcbtc cstë cb su pfseoeÿb rctrkäik. Nfs ictcotfrcs cstëb uaeokifs icaklf ic nks jucnnks quc sc uskb pkrk cdpulkr nk khulk cb cn ofborctf. _c kèrdk quc nk ubeiki tecbc ubk rcsfnuoeÿb ic ;7 mh / d ? (Jðbeh, ;5:9). Nfs dcieifrcs ic trkbsdeseÿb iercotk dcboefbkifs kbtcrefrdcbtc prfpfroefbkb ubk dcieik ic nk icbseiki prfdcief cbtrc nk ùcbtc y cn

sc rcquecrc ub hrkb büdcrf ic dcieoefbcs eb setu. Ikif quc nks dcieoefbcs ic rctrfiespcrseÿb sc vcb k`cotkiks pfr nfs 97 k ;77 dd

ictcotfr. @ehurk @ehurk 1.9.9 1.9.9 cs ub csqucdk csqucdk ic ub sestcdk ictcotfr / ùcbtc ic ifs sfbiks pkrk dcier nk icbseiki icn jfrdehÿb `rcsof cb ùboeÿb ic nk prfùbieiki (Eiiebhs y Dcnkbofb, ;5:0). Nk ùcbtc y cn ictcotfr sc ducvcb jkoek krreak y jkoek kaklf icbtrf icn dctkn.

supcrefrcs, cn dåtfif cs dës kicoukif pkrk dcier nk zfbk ic supcrèoec ic ub cncdcbtf ic jfrdehÿb. Sb aucb clcdpnf icn usf ic cstc dåtfif cs cn schuedecbtf ic nk icbseiki ic nks supcrpfseoefbcs ic nfs tkancrfs ic pucbtcs. _c jk icskrrfnnkif ub cquepf seb ofbtkotf quc sc utenezk

1.9.? Qkiefdcträk ic rctrfiespcrseÿb pkrk icbseiki ’Akomsokttcr ’Akomsokttcr

Nks tåobeoks sfb pkrteounkrdcbtc kicoukiks pkrk kpneokoefbcs cb nks quc

DÅYFIF_ IC CB_KUF BF IC_YQSOYEPF

11:.1Q-;5

@eh. 1.9.9 ’ Csqucdk ic ub dkbÿdctrf buonckr ic trkbsdeseÿb iercotk pkrk dcier nk icbseiki icn ofborctf `rcsof k ie`crcbtcs prfùbieikics (kikptkif ic Eiiebhs y Dcnkbofb, ;5:0).

okrk icn jfrdehÿb. _c prfpfroefbk prftcooeÿb pkrk cvetkr quc nk rkiekoeÿb veklc iercotkdcbtc icsic nk ùcbtc kn ictcotfr. _c jkb icskrrfnnkif knhubks vcrsefbcs cspcoeknezkiks ic cquepfs ic rctrfiespcrseÿb. K ofbtebukoeÿb sc icsoreacb ifs ic pkrteounkr ebtcrås<

@eh. 1.9.? ’ Csqucdk ic ub oknearc buonckr pkrk dcier nk icbseiki icn jfrdehÿb `rcsof (akskif cb Jðbeh, ;5:9).

pkrk cn dfbetfrcf ofbtebuf ic nk icbseiki icn pkvedcbtf ic ofborctf iurkbtc nks fpcrkoefbcs ic cbof`rkif icsnezkbtc.

’Cb nk dcieoeÿb ic icbseiki pfr rctrfiespcrseÿb, Wreboepef ’Cb nk ùcbtc ic rkiekoeÿb y cn ictcotfr sc ofnfokb cb cn desdf nkif ic nk ducstrk (kbënfhf kn dåtfif ic okpturk ic tfbf pkrk fbiks ic tcbseÿb). Nk ie`crcboek cbtrc cstc prfociedecbtf y nk trkbsdeseÿb iercotk quc cn ictcotfr rcoeac iespcrsfs icbtrf icncsjfrdehÿb cb nuhkr ic nfsrkyfs quc hkddk ktrkvecskb cn jfrdehÿb. Nfs rkyfs iespcrsfs sfb ic dcbfr cbcrhäk quc nfs trkbsdeteifs y sc prfiuocb oukbif ub `ftÿb ojfok ofb ub cncotrÿb cb ub ëtfdf. Wkrtc ic nk cbcrhäk icn `ftÿb sc trkbsdetc kn cncotrÿb y cdcrhc ub bucvf `ftÿb quc veklk cb ubk bucvk iercooeÿb ofb dcbfr cbcrhäk. Ofdf sc dcboefbÿ, cstc prfocsf sc ofbfoc ofdf iespcrseÿb ic Ofdptfb (Detojcnn, ;55;). Nfs prfociedecbtfs pkrk uskr dåtfifs ic rctrfiespcrseÿb rctrfiespcrseÿb pkrk dcier nk icbseiki icn ofborctf sc ikb cb K_YDO ;797. Ofdf cs cn oksf ofb nks dcieoefbcs ic trkbsdeseÿb iercotk, cs bcocskref cstkancocr ubk ourvk ic oknearkoeÿb kbtcs ic uskr ub dcieifr ic rctrfiespcrseÿb rctrfiespcrseÿb buonckr pkrk dcier nk icbseiki cb cn nuhkr. Ebstrudcbtkoeÿb -@ehurk 1.9.3 @ehurk 1.9.3 cs ub csqucdk csqucdk ic ub dcieifr buonckr ic

rctrfiespcrseÿb pkrk dcier nk icbseiki. Duojfs dcieifrcs ofdcroekncs cstëb iescûkifs pkrk quc sc pucikb utenezkr cb dfif ic trkbsdeseÿb iercotk f rctrfiespcrseÿb. Wkrk fpcrkr cb dfif ic rctrfiespcrseÿb, nk ùcbtc sc ofnfok ic dkbcrk quc sc uaequc sfarc nk supcrèoec.

_fbik CYH’Nk sfbik CYH ùc icskrrfnnkik cb Iebkdkrok pkrk uskr dcieoefbcs ic rctrfiespcrseÿb pkrk cstedkr nk vkrekoeÿb ic icbseiki k ie`crcbtcs prfùbieikics cb ub dcief. Nk tåobeok edpneok nk ictcrdebkoeÿb ic nk ebtcbseiki ic nk rkiekoeÿb hkddk rctrfiespcrskik cb ùboeÿb icn bevcn ic cbcrhäk. _c utenezk ub jkz ic rkyfs hkddk pkrkncnfs (ofnedkifs) y sc rcknezkb düntepncs düntepnc s dcieoefbcs ofb cn jkz cb ëbhunfs ic pcbctrkoeÿb nehcrkdcbtc ie`crcbtcs. Kn ofdpkrkr nfs cspcotrfs ic rkiekoeÿb pkrk nks n ks düntepncs dcieoefbcs, sc pucic fatcbcr eb`frdkoeÿb sfarc nk icbseiki cb ubk okpk cspcoäèok icn jfrdehÿb. Kicdës ic pcrdeter nk dcieoeÿb ic nk icbseiki cb okpks iesorctks, nk sfbik CYH

tkdaeåb pcrdetc dcieoefbcs ic icbseiki k dkyfrcs prfùbieikics (jkstk ;37 dd) quc nks quc sfb pfseancs ofb nfs dcieifrcs ic rctrfiespcrseÿb friebkrefs. Iespfsetevf ic dfbetfrcf ic ofbsfneikoeÿb’Cstc ofbsfneikoeÿb’Cstc cquepf ùc icskrrfnnkif pkrk cn dfbetfrcf ofbtebuf ic nk ofbsfneikoeÿb icn pkvedcbtf iurkbtc nk ofbstruooeÿb ic cbof`rkifs icsnezkbtcs (Detojcnn ct kn., ;585). Cn iespfsetevf cstë dfbtkif cb nk pkrtc trkscrk ic ubk dëquebk pkvedcbtkifrk ic okrrctcrks y ktrkvecsk cn pkvedcbtf tcrdebkif k ubk knturk ic ubfs 13 dd pfr cboedk ic nk supcrèoec icn pkvedcbtf. Sb iespfsetevf ic ofdpcbskoeÿb ic cspkoef ic kerc pcrdetc vkrekoefbcs ic cspkoef ic kerc ic » ;7 dd. Nfs iespfsetevfs deicb nk icbseiki dciek icbtrf ic nfs ;77 dd supcrefrcs icn pkvedcbtf.

1.9.9 Qkiefhrk`äk- Nk Nk rkiefhrk`äk prfpfroefbk ub dcief ic fatcbcr

ubk `ftfhrk`äk akskik cb nk rkiekoeÿb icn ebtcrefr icn jfrdehÿb pfrquc nfs dktcrekncs dës icbsfs anfquckb ubk dkyfr okbteiki ic rkiekoeÿb. K pkrter ic cstk `ftfhrk`äk, sc pucic eicbteèokr nk uaeokoeÿb icn rcùcrzf, nfs jucofs cb cn ofborctf f nfs jucofs cb nk ncojkik ic nfs iuotfs ic pfstcbskif.

11:.1Q-17

EB@FQDC ICN OFDEYÅ IC KOE

@eh. 1.9.0 ’ Csqucdk icn dåtfif rkiefhrëèof. ofrifbcs ic prctcbskif y pkrk ictcrdebkr nk okneiki ic nk ncojkik cb nfs @eh. 1.9.3 ’ Csqucdk icn dcieifr ic icbseiki buonckr ic rctrfiespcrseÿb.

Wreboepef ’_c ’_c ofnfok ubk ùcbtc ic rkiekoeÿb cb ub nkif icn falctf ic prucak y sc cdetc ub jkz ic rkiekoeÿb. K dcieik quc nk rkiekoeÿb ktrkvecsk cn decdarf, sc ktcbük cb ie`crcbtcs okbteikics icpcbiecbif ic nk icbseiki y cn hrfsfr icn dktcrekn ktrkvcskif. Nk rkiekoeÿb quc cdcrhc icn nkif fpucstf icn falctf eboeic cb ubk pcnäounk `ftfhrëèok cspcoekn (èhurk 1.9.0). Nk pcnäounk sc cxpfbc cb prfpfroeÿb k nk ebtcbseiki ic nk rkiekoeÿb eboeicbtc. Oukbif sc rcvcnk nk pcnäounk, sc fatecbc ubk vesuknezkoeÿb aeiedcbsefbkn (ubk `ftfhrk`äk) ic nk cstruoturk ebtcrefr icn falctf. Nk prcscboek ic ub dktcrekn ic kntk icbseiki, ofdf ub rcùcrzf, sc ducstrk cb nk pcnäounk rcvcnkik ofdf ub ërck onkrk, y ubk rcheÿb ic aklk icbseiki, ofdf ub vkoäf, sc ducstrk ofdf ub ërck fsourk.

Cn Aretesj _tkbikris Ebstetutc jk kifptkif ubk bfrdk pkrk nks prucaks rkiefhrëèoks ic jfrdehÿb (A_ ;::;< Wkrtc 173). Nk bfrdk prfpfroefbk rcofdcbikoefbcs pkrk nfs ebvcstehkifrcs quc cståb ofbseicrkbif cxëdcbcs rkiefhrëèofs ic ofborctf (Detojcnn,

;55;). Ebstrudcbtkoeÿb ’Cb nk rkiefhrk`äk, nk rkiekoeÿb cs prfiuoeik pfr ub tuaf ic rkyfs Z (Detojcnn, ;55;). Nk okpkoeiki ic pcbctrkoeÿb ic nfs rkyfs Z icpcbic icn vfntklc ic ùboefbkdecbtf icn tuaf ic rkyfs Z. Cb nk rkiefhrk`äk hkddk, sc utenezk ub esÿtfpf rkiekotevf ofdf ùcbtc ic rkiekoeÿb. Nk scncooeÿb ic ubk ùcbtc icpcbic ic nk icbseiki y cn hrfsfr icn falctf ic prucak y icn tecdpf ic cxpfseoeÿb quc sc pucic tfncrkr. Nk ùcbtc dës ebtcbsk cs cn ofakntf-07 ( 07Of), quc sc pucic utenezkr pkrk pcbctrkr jkstk 377 dd ic jfrdehÿb. Wkrk decdarfs ofb ub cspcsfr ic ;37 dd f dcbfs, ereief-;51 ( ;51Er) f ocsef-;?8 (;?8Os) (Detojcnn, ;55;). Cn tepf ic pcnäounk icpcbicrë icn hrfsfr y nk icbseiki icn decdarf quc sc cstå prfakbif. Nk dkyfräk ic nks kpneokoefbcs ic okdpf jkb utenezkif ùcbtcs rkiekotevks icaeif k su dkyfr okpkoeiki ic pcbctrkoeÿb (rkiekoeÿb ic dkyfr cbcrhäk) cb

ofbiuotfs ic nfs tcbifbcs (Detojcnn, ;55;).

1.9.3 Qchestrf hkddk-hkddk ic oedcbtkoefbcs prfùbiks ’Stenezkif ’Stenezkif pkrk cvknukr nk ebtchreiki ic nfs oedecbtfs ic durfs ic ncojkik y ic pfzf pcr`frkif, cstc dåtfif prucak nk icbseiki icn dktcrekn quc rfick nfs tuafs ic koocsf f nfs freèoefs cb oedecbtfs prfùbifs ic ofborctf. Cn rchestrf ic hkddkhkddk utenezk ubk ùcbtc rkiekotevk y ub ofbtkifr

quc pucicb cstkr cb sfbiks scpkrkiks (trkbsdeseÿb iercotk) f knflkiks cb nk desdk ubeiki (rctrfiespcrseÿb) (Wrcess y Okescrdkb, ;583= Ikves y Jcrtnceb, ;559). ’Cn dåtfif dës ofdüb cs pfr rctrfiespcrseÿb, ofb nk sfbik Wreboepef ’Cn aklkik pfr ub sfnf tuaf ic koocsf ic pnësteof scof y suaeik cb csoknfbcs jkstk nk supcrèoec. Nks zfbks ic aklk icbseiki, ofdf nks ebonusefbcs ic sucnf icbtrf ic 37 k ;77 dd ic nk sfbik, kudcbtkrëb cn rcoucbtf ic rkiekoeÿb, yk quc sc kasfrac dcbfs rkiekoeÿb quc cb ubk 1.9.8).). Sbk Sbk nedetkoeÿ nedetkoeÿb b icn dåtfif cs nk zfbk ic jfrdehÿb ebtkotf (@ehurk (@ehurk 1.9.8 bcocseiki ic ùcbtcs ic rkiekoeÿb dës ùcrtcs pkrk kudcbtkr nk zfbk ic eb`nucboek ic nk sfbik knrcicifr icn tuaf. Cn c`cotf ic nfs ie`crcbtcs dktcrekncs icn tuaf ic koocsf sfarc nk icbseiki icn rcoucbtf ic rkiekoeÿb sc icducstrk cb nk èhurk 1.9.8, quc ducstrk hrëèofs ic nfs rcoucbtfs ic rkiekoeÿb ic ub clc pcr`frkif cxpcredcbtkn ofb ouktrf tuafs ic koocsf< ifs ic pnësteof y ifs ic kocrf (Akmcr ct kn., ;55? ). Nk rcspucstk ic nk ofbstreooeÿb icn clc cbtrc ;; y ;1 d cs ktcbukik pfr nfs tuafs ic kocrf. Nk èhurk tkdaeåb ducstrk quc ubk pcqucûk ebonuseÿb cnäpteok k 9 d bf sc ictcotk cb bebhubk ic nks trkzks, icdfstrkbif nk nedetkoeÿb icn dåtfif pkrk nfoknezkr pcqucûks kbfdknäks f ic`cotfs.

Oukbif sc utenezk cn rchestrf hkddk-hkddk cb cn dfif ic trkbsdeseÿb iercotk cb tuafs pkrkncnfs (Wrcess, ;58;), nfs iktfs sc pucicb kbknezkr ic dkbcrk sedenkr k nk icn rchestrf sÿbeof. Cstk tåobeok rcquecrc ubk ùcbtc duy pftcbtc y, cb nk kotukneiki, bf cxestc cb Bfrtckdåreok cquepf icieokif k cstc èb.

1.9.0 Pcbtklks y nedetkoefbcs -Oukirf Oukirf 1.9 rcsud rcsudcc nks vcbtklks y nedetkoefbcs ic nfs dåtfifs buonckrcs. Nk rkiefdcträk ic trkbsdeseÿb iercotk rcquecrc ub freèoef pcr`frkif cb cn jfrdehÿb

ofdpkrkoeÿb ofb nfs rkyfs Z. Sb sestcdk ofbfoeif ofdf "_ofrpefb

EE —, icskrrfnnkif cb @rkboek, utenezk ub kocncrkifr nebckn pkrk prfiuoer rkyfs Z ic duy kntk cbcrhäk quc pucicb pcbctrkr jkstk ; d ic jfrdehÿb. Cstc sestcdk ùc icskrrfnnkif ic skrrfnnkif pkrk nk ebspcooeÿb ic decdarfs prctcbskifs pkrk cstkancocr nk ofbieoeÿb y uaeokoeÿb ic

cbiurcoeif y pcrdetc ubk ictcrdebkoeÿb rëpeik ic nk icbseiki icn jfrdehÿb cb cn nuhkr. Cn cquepf cs rkzfbkancdcbtc pfrtëten pfrtëten,, nf quc nf jkoc kicoukif pkrk su usf cb cn okdpf. _c bcocsetkb jkaeneikics däbedks icn fpcrkifr pkrk rcknezkr nks dcieoefbcs. Wkrk cn cquepf iespfbeanc ofdcroekndcbtc, ofdcroekndcbtc, nk ùcbtc / ictcotfr

DÅYFIF_ IC CB_KUF BF IC_YQSOYEPF

11:.1Q-1;

Nk scpkrkoeÿb cstë nedetkik k ub dëxedf ic ubfs ?77 dd. Kicdës, cn cquepf dës ofdübdcbtc iespfbeanc deic ubk icbseiki prfdcief cbtrc nk ùcbtc sudcrheik y cn ictcotfr ic supcrèoec. Bf pucic eicbteèokr ërcks ic aklk ofdpkotkoeÿb k prfùbieikics cspcoäèoks. Yfiks nks tåobeoks ic sfbik sudcrheik pkrk jfrdehÿb `rcsof tecbcb cn ebofbvcbecbtc kieoefbkn ic quc nk ebdcrseÿb ic nk sfbik pucic tcbcr ubk eb`nucboek nfoknezkik cb cn jfrdehÿb quc sc cstë deiecbif. Nfs rcsuntkifs ic nk prucak pucicb vcrsc k`cotkifs pfr nk prcscboek ic kocrf ic rcùcrzf uaeokif ocrok ic nk rutk ùcbtc-ictcotfr. Nks prucaks ic rctrfiespcrseÿb sc pucicb utenezkr cb supcrèoecs kokakiks ifbic nks dcieoefbcs ic trkbsdeseÿb iercotk bf scräkb prëoteoks f scräkb pcrluieoekncs. Cn cquepf cs pfrtëten y nks prucaks sc pucicb rcknezkr rëpeikdcbtc. _eb cdakrhf, nk prcoeseÿb ic nfs dcieifrcs ic rctrfiespcrseÿb cs dcbfr quc nk ic nfs iespfsetevfs ic trkbsdeseÿb iercotk.?= pkrk ub dcieifr ic trkbsdeseÿb iercotk kicoukif, nk icsvekoeÿb cstëbikr cs eb`crefr k : mh / d?. _chüb K_YD O ;797, nfs dcieifrcs ic rctrfiespcrseÿb sucncb cstkr eb`nucboekifs pfr nfs 83 k ;13 dd supcrefrcs icn dktcrekn. Nfs 13 dd supcrefrcs ictcrdebkb icn 37 kn 87 pfr oecbtf ic nk tksk ic rcoucbtf y nfs 37 dd supcrefrcs ictcrdebkb icn :7 kn 53 pfr oecbtf ic nk tksk ic rcoucbtf. Oukbif cn dktcrekn quc sc cstë prfakbif cs jfdfhåbcf, cstk okrkotcrästeok ebjcrcbtc icn dåtfif bf cs sehbeèoktevk. _eb cdakrhf, oukbif sc ofnfok ubk okpk èbk sfarc jfrdehÿb cxestcbtc, cstc c`cotf icac tcbcrsc cb oucbtk kn ebtcrprctkr nfs rcsuntkifs. Kicdës, nk prcscboek ic kocrf ic rcùcrzf rcù crzf icbtrf ic nk zfbk ic eb`nucboek k`cotkrë nk n k tksk ic ofbtcf. Nfs dåtfifs rkiefhrëèofs pcrdetcb nk pfseaeneiki ic vcr pkrtc ic nk cstruoturk ebtcrbk ic ub cncdcbtf ic jfrdehÿb ifbic cxestcb vkrekoefbcs ic icbseiki. Kubquc tkbtf nks ùcbtcs ic rkyfs hkddk ofdf nks ic rkyfs Z sc pucicb utenezkr pkrk nk rkiefhrk`äk, cn cquepf ic rkyfs Z cs ofdpkrktevkdcbtc okrf y cbhfrrfsf pkrk nk kpneokoeÿb ic okdpf. Icaeif k cstf, hcbcrkndcbtc sc cnehcb cquepfs ic hkddkrky dës pfrtëtencs y dcbfs ofstfsfs pkrk usf cb cn okdpf. _eb cdakrhf, cn cquepf ic rkyfs Z tecbc nk vcbtklk ic quc sc pucic kpkhkr oukbif bf sc utenezk. Wfr cn ofbtrkref, nfs rkyfs hkddk sc cdetcb ofbtebukdcbtc icsic ubk ùcbtc rkiekotevk y sc rcquecrc ub anebiklc pcskif pkrk prftchcr kn pcrsfbkn. Kicdës, nfs cquepfs ic rkyfs Z pucicb prfiuoer rkiekoeÿb dës cbcrhåteok quc nks ùcbtcs rkiekotevks, nf quc pcrdetc nk ebspcooeÿb ic decdarfs dës hrucsfs f cn usf ic tecdpfs ic cxpfseoeÿb dës ofrtfs.

Nk preboepkn prcfoupkoeÿb cb cn usf ic tfifs nfs dåtfifs buonckrcs cs nk schureiki. Cb hcbcrkn, cn pcrsfbkn quc rcknezk prucaks buonckrcs icac fatcbcr ubk neocboek ic nk khcboek huacrbkdcbtkn ofrrcspfbiecbtc (Detojcnn, ;55;). Nks prucaks cb tfif cn cspcsfr ic ub cncdcbtf ic jfrdehÿb sfb pkrteounkrdcbtc pcnehrfsks y rcquecrcb duojks prcokuoefbcs, pcrsfbkn okpkoetkif y cquepf kntkdcbtc cspcoeknezkif. Nfs prfociedecbtfs rkiefhrëèofs sfb ofstfsfs y rcquecrcb nk cvkoukoeÿb ic nk cstruoturk pfr pcrsfbks quc bf pkrteoepkb cb nk prucak rckn. Cn usf ic cquepfs ic rkyfs Z rcprcscbtk ub pcnehrf kieoefbkn icaeif k nfs kntfs vfntklcs quc sc utenezkb. Jky nädetcs cb nfs cspcsfrcs ic nfs decdarfs quc pucicb prfakrsc dciekbtc dåtfifs rkiefhrëèofs. Wkrk nk rkiefhrk`äk ic rkyfs hkddk, cn cspcsfr dëxedf cs ic ubfs 377 dd, pfrquc nfs cncdcbtfs hrucsfs rcquecrcb tecdpfs ic cxpfseoeÿb ebkocptkancdcbtc nkrhfs.

@eh. 1.9.8 ’ Qchestrf ic rctrfiespcrseÿb hkddk-hkddk cb ub clc cxpcredcbtkn ofb ic`cotfs pnkbeèokifs (Akmcr ct kn., ;55?).

1.3 ’ Dåtfifs dkhbåteofs y cnåotreofs Cs bcocskref ofbfocr nk okbteiki y nk uaeokoeÿb icn rcùcrzf pkrk cvknukr nk rcsestcboek ic nfs cncdcbtfs ic jfrdehÿb krdkif. Cs bcocskref skacr se jky ofrrfseÿb kotevk icn rcùcrzf pkrk cvknukr nk bcocseiki ic kooefbcs ofrrcotevks kbtcs ic quc sc pfbhk cb pcnehrf nk schureiki cstruoturkn f nk okpkoeiki ic scrveoef. Cstk scooeÿb kbknezk knhubfs ic nfs dåtfifs dkhbåteofs y cnåotreofs utenezkifs pkrk fatcbcr eb`frdkoeÿb sfarc nk iespfseoeÿb iespfseoeÿb y cn cstkif icn rcùcrzf ic kocrf cdpftrkif (Dknjftrk, ;580= Aubhcy, ;5:5= Nkucr, ;55;). Nfs iespfsetevfs pkrk uaeokr akrrks ic rcùcrzf y cstedkr nk prfùbieiki ic ofacrturk sc ofbfocb ofdf dcieifrcs ic ofacrturk. Nk koteveiki ic ofrrfseÿb sc pucic dfbetfrckr uskbif nk tåobeok ic pftcboekn ic dciek ocnik, y nk eb`frdkoeÿb sfarc nk tksk ic ofrrfseÿb sc pucic fatcbcr k pkrter ic dåtfifs ic pfnkrezkoeÿb nebckn. ’Ofdf cs ofdüb ofb ftrfs bf icstruotevfs 1.3.; Dcieifrcs ic ofacrturk ’Ofdf Ofdf dåtfifs ic prucak prëoteofs utenezkifs pkrk eb`crer ofbieoefbcs icbtrf icn ofborctf, nfs dcieifrcs ic ofacrturk "deicb" nk prfùbieiki ic nk ouaecrtk kn dfbetfrckr nk ebtcrkooeÿb ic nks akrrks ic rcùcrzf ofb knhüb ftrf prfocsf. Wkrk nk dkyfräk ic nfs dcieifrcs ic ofacrturk, nk ebtcrkooeÿb sc prfiuoc cbtrc nks akrrks y ub okdpf cncotrfdkhbåteof ic aklk `rcoucboek. Nks rcnkoefbcs aëseoks cbtrc cncotreoeiki y dkhbctesdf sfb nks onkvcs pkrk ofdprcbicr cn ùboefbkdecbtf ic nfs dcieifrcs ic ofacrturk. Sbf ic nfs preboepefs edpfrtkbtcs cs nk ebiuooeÿb cncotrfdkhbåteok, cncot rfdkhbåteok, nf quc sehbeèok quc ub okdpf dkhbåteof kntcrbf quc oruzk ub

11:.1Q-11

EB@FQDC ICN OFDEYÅ IC KOE

Oukirf 1.9 ’ Pcbtklks y nedetkoefbcs ic nfs dåtfifs buonckrcs

oerouetf cnåotreof ebiuoc ub pftcboekn cnåotreof cb csc oerouetf. _chüb nk ncy ic @krkiky, cn pftcboekn cnåotreof ebiuoeif cs prfpfroefbkn k nk tksk ic okdaef icn `nulf dkhbåteof k trkvås icn ërck icnedetkik pfr cn oerouetf (_crwky, ;5:?). Nfs dcieifrcs ic ofacrturk ofdcroekncs sc pucicb ieveier cb ifs onkscs< nfs quc sc akskb cb cn preboepef ic rcnuotkboek dkhbåteok y nfs quc sc akskb cb nks

Deik nk ouaecrtk. Ikif quc cn tkdkûf ic nk akrrk k`cotk nk icshkbk icn oerouetf dkhbåteof, jkaräk ubk rcnkoeÿb scpkrkik pkrk okik tkdkûf ic akrrk. Cstfs kspcotfs sc kbknezkb dës kicnkbtc cb cstk scooeÿb.

ofrrecbtcs pkrësetks. Cstks ie`crcboeks sc rcsudcb k ofbtebukoeÿb (Okrebf, ;551). Dcieifrcs ic rcnuotkboek dkhbåteok ’Oukbif ’Oukbif nk ofrrecbtc `nuyc k trkvås ic ubk afaebk cnåotreok, sc orck ub okdpf dkhbåteof y jky ub `nulf ic näbcks ic `nulf dkhbåteof cbtrc nfs pfnfs dkhbåteofs. Cstf ofbiuoc k ub oerouetf dkhbåteof, cb cn quc cn `nulf ic `nulf dkhbåteof cbtrc pfnfs cs kbënfhf kn `nulf ic ofrrecbtc cb ub oerouetf cnåotreof (@etzhcrkni ct kn., ;508). Nk rcsestcboek kn `nulf ic `nulf dkhbåteof sc nnkdk icshkbk, quc cs kbënfhk k nk rcsestcboek kn `nulf ic ofrrecbtc cb ub oerouetf cnåotreof.

okdaekbtc ebiuoc ofrrecbtcs oerounkbtcs, ofbfoeiks ofdf ofrrecbtcs pkrësetks, cb cn ofbiuotfr. Icaeif k quc ouknquecr `nulf ic ofrrecbtc ik nuhkr k ub okdpf dkhbåteof, nks ofrrecbtcs pkrësetks prfiuocb ub okdpf dkhbåteof scoubikref quc ebtcrkotük ofb cn okdpf ic nk afaebk. Nk schubik onksc ic dcieifrcs ic ofacrturk sc aksk cb cn schuedecbtf ic nfs c`cotfs ic nks ofrrecbtcs pkrësetks ebiuoeiks cb ubk akrrk ic rcùcrzf. Jky ifs oktchfräks ic dcieifrcs ic ofrrecbtcs pkrësetks< ubk sc aksk cb nk cxoetkoeÿb ofbtebuk ic nk afaebk pfr ubk ofrrecbtc kntcrbk (hcbcrkndcbtc k kprfxedkikdcbtc ; mJz) y nk ftrk sc aksk cb nk cxoetkoeÿb punskik. Cstf üntedf bf sc iesoutc kquä, pcrf sc rcdetc kn ncotfr ebtcrcskif k eb`frdkoeÿb kieoefbkn cb Okrebf (;551).

@ehurk 1.3.; cs ub ub csqucdk ic ub dcieifr ic ofacrturk akskif cb okdaefs cb nk

Dcieifrcs ic ofrrecbtcs ic @fuokunt ’_e ’_e ubk afaebk quc nncvk ubk

ofrrecbtc kntcrbk sc kocrok k ub ofbiuotfr cnåotreof, cn okdpf dkhbåteof

icshkbk ic ub oerouetf dkhbåteof okuskifs pfr nk prcscboek f kuscboek ic ubk akrrk cb nks prfxedeikics icn okaczkn ic aüsqucik. Cn okaczkn ic aüsqucik cstë ofdpucstf pfr ub büoncf `crrfdkhbåteof cb `frdk ic S (yuhf), ubk afaebk ic cxoetkoeÿb y ubk afaebk ic ictcooeÿb. Oukbif sc kpneok ofrrecbtc kntcrbk (dcbfs ic ;77 Jz) k nk afaebk ic cxoetkoeÿb, sc orck ub okdpf dkhbåteof kntcrbf y cn `nulf dkhbåteof `nuyc cbtrc nfs pfnfs icn yuhf. Cb kuscboek ic ubk akrrk ]@eh. 1.3.; (k)T, cn oerouetf dkhbåteof, ofdpucstf pfr cn yuhf y cn jfrdehÿb cbtrc nfs cxtrcdfs icn yuhf, tecbc ubk hrkb rcteocboek y cn `nulf dkhbåteof kntcrbf quc `nuyc cbtrc nfs pfnfs scrë pcqucûf. Cn `nulf kntcrbf ebiuoc ubk pcqucûk ofrrecbtc scoubikrek cb nk afaebk scbsfrk. _e jky ubk akrrk `crrfdkhbåteok ]@eh. 1.3.; (a)T, nk icshkbk iesdebuyc, nk kdpnetui icn `nulf dkhbåteof kudcbtk y nk ofrrecbtc ic nk afaebk scbsfrk kudcbtk. Wfr nf tkbtf, nk prcscboek ic nk akrrk sc ebieok dciekbtc ub okdaef cb nk skneik ic nk afaebk scbsfrk. Wkrk ubk akrrk ic rcùcrzf ikik, nk icshkbk icn oerouetf dkhbåteof icpcbic cb hrkb dcieik ic nk iestkboek cbtrc nk akrrk y nfs pfnfs icn yuhf. Sb kudcbtf cb nk ofacrturk ic jfrdehÿb kudcbtk nk icshkbk y rciuoc nk ofrrecbtc cb nk afaebk scbsfrk. _e nk skneik icn dcieifr sc trkzkrk cb ùboeÿb ic nk ouaecrtk, sc cstkancocräk ubk rcnkoeÿb ic oknearkoeÿb quc pfiräk uskrsc pkrk Sb kudcbtf cb nk ofacrturk ic jfrdehÿb kudcbtk nk icshkbk y rciuoc nk ofrrecbtc cb nk afaebk scbsfrk. _e nk skneik icn dcieifr sc trkzkrk cb

1.3.11 cs ub csqucdk ic ub dcieifr ic ofacrturk ic @ehurk 1.3. ofrrecbtcs pkrësetks ofbtebuks. Cb kuscboek ic ubk akrrk ic rcùcrzf, nk dkhbetui ic nk ofrrecbtc kntcrbk cb nk afaebk icpcbic ic nk edpcikboek ic nk afaebk. * _e nk afaebk sc kocrok k ubk akrrk ic rcùcrzf, sc cstkancocb ofrrecbtcs pkrësetks kntcrbks icbtrf ic nk supcrèoec ic nk akrrk. Nks ofrrecbtcs pkrësetks ikb nuhkr k ub okdpf dkhbåteof scoubikref kntcrbf quc ebiuoc ubk u bk ofrrecbtc scoubikrek cb nk afaebk. Ic koucrif ofb nk ncy ic Ncbz (_crwky, ;5:?), nk ofrrecbtc scoubikrek sc fpfbc k nk n k ofrrecbtc predkrek. Ofdf rcsuntkif, nk ofrrecbtc bctk quc `nuyc k trkvås ic nk afaebk sc rciuoc y nk edpcikboek kpkrcbtc ic nk afaebk kudcbtk (Jkhcdkecr, ;557). Wfr nf tkbtf, nk prcscboek ic nk akrrk sc ebècrc dfbetfrckbif cn okdaef cb nk ofrrecbtc quc `nuyc k trkvås ic nk afaebk. Cb rcsudcb, nfs dcieifrcs ic ofacrturk ic rcnuotkboek dkhbåteok sc akskb cb dfbetfrckr nfs okdaefs cb cn `nulf dkhbåteof quc `nuyc k trkvås icn oerouetf dkhbåteof ofdpucstf pfr nk rutk k trkvås icn yuhf,

ùboeÿb ic nk ouaecrtk, sc cstkancocräk ubk rcnkoeÿb ic oknearkoeÿb quc pfiräk uskrsc pkrk Sb kudcbtf cb nk ofacrturk ic jfrdehÿb kudcbtk nk icshkbk y rciuoc nk ofrrecbtc cb nk afaebk scbsfrk. _e nk skneik icn dcieifr sc trkzkrk cb ùboeÿb ic nk ouaecrtk, sc cstkancocräk ubk rcnkoeÿb ic oknearkoeÿb quc pfiräk uskrsc pkrk

* Oukbif sc kpneok ofrrecbtc ofbtebuk k ub oerouetf, nk okbteiki ic ofrrecbtc cs ehukn kn vfntklc

ciki ieveieik pfr nk rcsestcboek cnåotreok icn oerouetf. Oukbif sc kpneok ofrrecbtc kntcrbk k nk afaebk, nk okbteiki ic ofrrecbtc sc rehc pfr cn vknfr icn vfntklc kpneokif, nk rcsestcboek y ftrk okbteiki nnkdkik ebiuotkboek. Nk sudk vcotfrekn ic rcsestcboek c ebiuotkboek icèbc nk edpcikboek ic nk afaebk.

DÅYFIF_ IC CB_KUF BF IC_YQSOYEPF

11:.1Q-1?

@eh. 1.3.1 ’ Dcieifr ic ofacrturk akskif cb cn preboepef ic ofrrecbtcs pkrësetks (kikptkif ic Okrebf, ;551)< (k) nk afaebk cb cn kerc prfiuoc ubk kdpnetui ic ofrrecbtc okrkotcrästeok, y (a) nk ebtcrkooeÿb ofb nk akrrk ic rcùcrzf prfvfok okdaefs cb nk edpcikboek ic nk afaebk y nk kdpnetui ic nk ofrrecbtc. @eh. 1.3.; ’ Dcieifr ic ofacrturk akskif cb cn preboepef ic rcnuotkboek dkhbåteok (kikptkif ic Okrebf, ;551)< (k) pcqucûk ofrrecbtc ebiuoeik cb nk afaebk ic ictcooeÿb oukbif bf jky akrrk prcscbtc, y (a) nk prcscboek ic akrrk kudcbtk cn `nulf y kudcbtk nk ofrrecbtc cb nk ictcooeÿb afaebk.

okaczks (sfbiks) ic ub dcieifr ic ofrrecbtcs pkrësetks. Sb okaczkn ic aüsqucik tecbc ubk zfbk ic eb`nucboek dës pcqucûk quc cn ftrf, nf quc sehbeèok quc cs ub okaczkn ic aüsqucik dës cb`fokif. Sb dcieifr ic ofacrturk ofb ub okaczkn ic aüsqucik cb`fokif pucic iesocrber akrrks ebieveiukncs oukbif cstëb pfof cspkoekiks. _eb cdakrhf, nfs okaczkncs ic

jfrdehÿb, y nk akrrk ic rcùcrzf. Wkrk ubk ouaecrtk ikik, nk skneik icn dcieifr icpcbic icn ërck ic nk akrrk ic rcùcrzf y sus prfpecikics dkhbåteoks (k`cotkiks pfr nk ofdpfseoeÿb ic nk knckoeÿb y cn tepf ic prfocskdecbtf dcoëbeof). Wfr ftrf nkif, nfs dcieifrcs ic ofacrturk ic ofrrecbtcs pkrësetks icpcbicb ic nk ofbiuoteveiki cnåotreok ic nk akrrk y ictcotkrëb falctfs dctëneofs dkhbåteofs y bf dkhbåteofs. _eb cdakrhf, ub dktcrekn `crrfdkhbåteof prfiuoc ubk scûkn dës ùcrtc icaeif k nk dkyfr ùcrzk icn okdpf dkhbåteof scoubikref orckif pfr nks ofrrecbtcs pkrësetks. Nk rcspucstk ic nfs dcieifrcs ic ofacrturk ic rcnuotkboek dkhbåteok sc vc k`cotkik pfr nk prcscboek ic khrchkifs quc ofbtecbcb jecrrf cb cn ofborctf, decbtrks quc nfs dcieifrcs ic ofrrecbtcs pkrësetks bf. Nedetkoefbcs ’Sbk akrrk ic rcùcrzf cs ictcotkik pfr ub dcieifr ic

ofacrturk oukbif nk akrrk sc cboucbtrk icbtrf ic nk zfbk ic eb`nucboek icn k) enustrk csk zfbk ic okaczkn ic aüsqucik (yuhf f afaebk). afaebk). @ehurk 1.3.? ((k) eb`nucboek icn okaczkn ic aüsqucik. Nk rcspucstk cs dëxedk oukbif cn okaczkn ic aüsqucik sc cboucbtrk iercotkdcbtc cboedk ic nk n k akrrk ic rcùcrzf. Sbk okrkotcrästeok edpfrtkbtc ic ub dcieifr ic ofacrturk cs nk rcnkoeÿb cbtrc nk kdpnetui icn dcieifr y nk iestkboek jfrezfbtkn icsic cn ocbtrf ic nk akrrk jkstk cn ocbtrf icn okaczkn ic aüsqucik, cs icoer, cn icspnkzkdecbtf jfrezfbtkn. Nk @eh. 1.3.? (a) ducstrk nk vkrekoeÿb cb kdpnetui ofb icspnkzkdecbtf jfrezfbtkn pkrk ub dcieifr ic ofacrturk ic rcnuotkboek dkhbåteok oukbif cn okaczkn ic aüsqucik sc knclk ic ubk akrrk Bf. 0 (;5 dd) ofb ubk prfùbieiki ic ofacrturk ic 1; dd. Nk vkrekoeÿb cs kprfxedkikdcbtc ubk ourvk cb `frdk ic okdpkbk. Cn kbojf ic nk ourvk cb nk @eh. 1.3.? (a) icèbc nk zfbk ic eb`nucboek icn okaczkn ic aüsqucik. Nk èhurk 1.3.? (o) ducstrk nks rcnkoefbcs cbtrc nk kdpnetui y cn icspnkzkdecbtf jfrezfbtkn pkrk ifs aüsquciks ie`crcbtcs.

aüsqucik cb`fokifs hcbcrkndcbtc tecbcb dcbfs okpkoeiki ic pcbctrkoeÿb y bf pucicb uaeokr akrrks ofb ofacrturk prfùbik. Nk zfbk ic eb`nucboek icn okaczkn ic aüsqucik tkdaeåb k`cotk nk prcoeseÿb ofb nk quc sc pucic ictcotkr cn cxtrcdf ic ubk akrrk ic rcùcrzf (Okrebf, ;551).

Sbk iesteboeÿb edpfrtkbtc cbtrc nfs dcieifrcs ic ofacrturk sfb nks okrkotcrästeoks ic iercooefbkneiki iercooefbkneiki ic nfs okaczkncs ic aüsqucik. Icaeif k nk `frdk icn yuhf, ub dcieifr ic rcnuotkboek dkhbåteok cs iercooefbkn cb ofdpkrkoeÿb ofb ub dcieifr ic ofrrecbtcs pkrësetks ofbtebuks ofb ubk afaebk sedåtreok. Nk rcspucstk dëxedk fourrc oukbif cn yuhf cstë knebckif ofb cn clc ic nk akrrk. Cstk iercooefbkneiki sc pucic utenezkr ofb vcbtklk oukbif sc prucak ubk cstruoturk ofb ubk rclennk frtfhfbkn ic akrrks ic rcùcrzf (Ykd ct kn., ;588). Ofdf sc dcboefbÿ kbtcrefrdcbtc, okik dcieifr ic ofacrturk tecbc ubk rcnkoeÿb übeok cbtrc cbtrc nk kdpnetui icn dcieifr y nk prfùbieiki ic ofacrturk.

@ehurk 1.3.9 (k) (k) ducstrk ubk tåobeok quc sc pucic utenezkr pkrk icskrrfnnkr cstks rcnkoefbcs pkrk ie`crcbtcs ieëdctrfs ic akrrk. _c ofnfok ubk sfnk akrrk sfarc ubk supcrèoec bf dkhbåteok y bf ofbiuotfrk y nk kdpnetui icn dcieifr sc ictcrdebk cb ùboeÿb ic nk iestkboek cbtrc cn okaczkn ic aüsqucik y nk pkrtc supcrefr ic nk akrrk. Nks èhurks 1.3.9 (a) y 1.3.9 (o) ducstrkb cstks rcnkoefbcs pkrk ubk rcnuotkboek dkhbåteok y pkrk ub dcieifr ic ofrrecbtcs pkrësetks, rcspcotevkdcbtc. Cstks rcnkoefbcs enustrkb ubk nedetkoeÿb aëseok ic nfs dcieifrcs ic ofacrturk. Ikif quc nk kdpnetui cs ùboeÿb icn ieëdctrf ic nk akrrk y nk prfùbieiki ic ofacrturk, bf sc pucicb ictcrdebkr kdafs pkrëdctrfs k pkrter ic ubk sfnk dcieoeÿb. Ofdf rcsuntkif, sc bcocsetk ubk dcieoeÿb iukn pkrk pficr cstedkr tkbtf nk prfùbieiki ic nk ofacrturk ofdf cn ieëdctrf (A_ ;::;< Wkrtc 179= Iks Huptk y Ykd, ;5:?). Cstf sc jkoc rchestrkbif nk kdpnetui icn dcieifr predcrf ofb cn okaczkn ic aüsqucik cb ofbtkotf ofb cn ofborctf,

11:.1Q-19

EB@FQDC ICN OFDEYÅ IC KOE

@eh. 1.3.?’ (k) \fbk ic eb`nucboek icn okaczkn ic aüsqucik icn dcieifr ic ofacrturk= vkrekoeÿb ic kdpnetui ofb icspnkzkdecbtf jfrezfbtkn pkrk< (a) dcieifr ic ofacrturk ic rcnuotkboek dkhbåteok, y (o) dcieifr ic ofacrturk ic ofrrecbtcs pkrësetks

(kikptkif ic Okrebf, ;551). iestkboek ofbfoeik sfarc cn jfrdehÿb. Nks ie`crcboeks cb kdpnetuics y nks rcnkoefbcs kdpnetui-ofacrturk sc utenezkb pkrk cstedkr nk ofacrturk y cn ieëdctrf ic nk akrrk. Nk prcoeseÿb ic cstk tåobeok ic cspkoekifr icpcbic ic quå tkb iestebtks sckb nks rcnkoefbcs kdpnetui-ofacrturk pkrk nfs ie`crcbtcs tkdkûfs ic akrrk. Icaeif k quc cstks rcnkoefbcs sfb hcbcrkndcbtc sedenkrcs pkrk tkdkûfs ic akrrks kiykocbtcs, hcbcrkndcbtc sfnf cs pfseanc cstedkr cn ieëdctrf ic nk akrrk icbtrf ic ifs tkdkûfs (Aubhcy, ;5:5).

nk kdpnetui cs dkyfr quc nk kdpnetui ic ubk sfnk akrrk. Wfr nf tkbtf, nk ofacrturk sc suacstedkräk se sc utenezkrk nk rcnkoeÿb kdpnetui-ofacrturk ic ubk sfnk akrrk. Nk rcspucstk ic ub dcieifr ic ofacrturk k nk prcscboek ic düntepncs akrrks pfof cspkoekiks icpcbic ic su iescûf. Ycfifru (;550) eb`frdk quc sc pucicb cbofbtrkr prfancdks oukbif nfs cspkoefs ic nks akrrks sfb dcbfrcs quc kprfxedkikdcbtc nks iedcbsefbcs nktcrkncs icn okaczkn ic aüsqucik.

Nks rcnkoefbcs ic kdpnetui-ofacrturk ic ubk sfnk akrrk sfnf sfb vëneiks oukbif nks akrrks cstëb nf suèoecbtcdcbtc scpkrkiks ofdf pkrk quc jkyk

pfof cspkoekiks, nk kdpnetui pucic cxocicr nk kdpnetui ic ubk sfnk akrrk k nk nk

hcbcrkndcbtc bf pucic eicbteèokrsc ofb dcieifrcs ic ofacrturk friebkrefs (Aubhcy, ;5:5= Okrebf, ;551). Nk okpk supcrefr prfiuoc ubk scûkn duojf dës ùcrtc quc nk schubik okpk dës prfùbik, pfr nf quc bf sc pucic iesocrber nk prcscboek ic nk schubik okpk. _eb cdakrhf, sc jk icdfstrkif quc cs pfseanc ictcrdebkr nk nfbhetui ic nk vucntk oukbif nks akrrks cstëb cb ofbtkotf (Okrebf,

desdk prfùbieiki ic ofacrturk. _e cstëb dës ocrok ic ubk okbteiki oräteok,

;551).

nks akrrks ebieveiukncs bf sc pucicb iesocrber. Cn cspkoekif oräteof icpcbic icn

Oukirf 1.3 rcsudc nks vcbtklks y nedetkoefbcs ic nfs dcieifrcs ic ofacrturk. Cstfs iespfsetevfs sfb c`cotevfs pkrk uaeokr akrrks ebieveiukncs secdprc quc cn cspkoef cxocik ub vknfr oräteof quc icpcbic icn iescûf icn dcieifr y nk prfùbieiki ic nk ouaecrtk. Kn uskr düntepncs dåtfifs ic dcieoeÿb, cn ieëdctrf ic nk akrrk hcbcrkndcbtc sc pucic cstedkr icbtrf ic ifs tkdkûfs ic akrrk kiykocbtcs se cn cspkoef cxocic oecrtfs nädetcs quc tkdaeåb icpcbicb icn dcieifr cb pkrteounkr. Jky iespfbeancs dcieifrcs quc pucicb cstedkr cn ieëdctrf ic nk akrrk seb uskr cspkoekifrcs pkrk rcknezkr düntepncs dcieoefbcs. Bucvkdcbtc, nk prcoeseÿb ic cstks cstedkoefbcs iesdebuyc k dcieik quc iesdebuyc cn cspkoekif ic nks akrrks. Wkrk fatcbcr dcieiks èkancs, cs rcofdcbikanc prcpkrkr dkquctks icn rcùcrzf cspcrkif. c spcrkif.

pfok ebtcr`crcboek ic nks akrrks kiykocbtcs. kiyko cbtcs. @ehurk 1.3.3 1.3.3 (k) ducstrk ubk tåobeok utenezkik pkrk ebvcstehkr cn c`cotf icn cspkoekif ic nks akrrks cb nk rcspucstk icn dcieifr ic ofacrturk (Okrebf, ;55 1). Wkrk vkreks akrrks duy

tepf ic dcieifr ic ofacrturk y nk prfùbieiki ic nk ofacrturk. Cb hcbcrkn, k dcieik quc kudcbtk nk ofacrturk, tkdaeåb kudcbtk cn cspkoekif oräteof. Nks èhurks 1.3.3 (a) y 1.3.3 (o) ducstrkb nk rcspucstk pkrk düntepncs akrrks k ie`crcbtcs cspkoekdecbtfs uskbif ub dcieifr ic rcnuotkboek dkhbåteok. Nk näbck jfrezfbtkn cs nk kdpnetui ic ubk sfnk akrrk pkrk cn desdf tkdkûf ic akrrk y prfùbieiki ic ofacrturk. Wkrk cn cspkoekif ic ocbtrf k ocbtrf ic 83 dd, cn dcieifr kpcbks pucic iesocrber nks uaeokoefbcs ic nks akrrks ebieveiukncs, y nk kdpnetui bf cs duojf dës kntk quc nk rcspucstk übeok. @eh. 1.3.3 (i) y 1. 3.3 (c) ducstrc nks rcspucstks pkrk ub dcieifr ic ofrrecbtcs pkrësetks. Nks uaeokoefbcs ic nks akrrks ebieveiukncs e bieveiukncs sc eicbteèokb `ëoendcbtc pkrk cn cspkoekif ic 87 dd, pcrf

Nk prcscboek ic ifs okpks ic rcùcrzf icbtrf ic nk zfbk ic eb`nucboek

DÅYFIF_ IC CB_KUF BF IC_YQSOYEPF

11:.1Q-13

@eh. 1.3.9 ’ Kdpnetui icn dcieifr ic ofacrturk vcrsus ofacrturk< (k) ofbèhurkoeÿb ic prucak= (a) rcsuntkifs icn dcieifr ic rcnuotkboek dkhbåteok= y (o) rcsuntkifs pkrk cn dcieifr ic ofrrecbtcs pkrësetks (kikptkif ic Okrebf,

;551).

ofbèhurkoeÿb pkrk cstkancocr se nk prcoeseÿb icsckik cs `koteanc. Nks dkquctks sc pucicb jkocr seb uskr ofborctf, secdprc quc cn ofborctf eb setu bf ofbtcbhk okbteikics sehbeèoktevks ic khrchkifs quc ofbtcbhkb jecrrf. 1.3.1 Dåtfif ic pftcboekn ic dciek ocnik _c _c utenezkb dåtfifs cnåotreofs pkrk cvknukr nk koteveiki ofrrfsevk icn rcùcrzf ic kocrf. Ofdf cs cn oksf ofb ftrfs dåtfifs BIY, sc bcocsetk ubk ofdprcbseÿb ic nfs preboepefs suaykocbtcs ic cstfs dåtfifs

cnåotreofs pkrk fatcbcr rcsuntkifs sehbeèoktevfs. Kicdës, nk ofdprcbseÿb ic nfs `kotfrcs ebvfnuorkifs cb cn dcokbesdf ic ofrrfseÿb cs cscboekn pkrk ubk ebtcrprctkoeÿb ofbèkanc ic nfs iktfs ic cstc tepf ic prucaks. Cstk scooeÿb y nk sehuecbtc prfpfroefbkb eb`frdkoeÿb aëseok sfarc cstfs dåtfifs. _eb cdakrhf, nks prucaks c ebtcrprctkoeÿb rckncs ic nfs rcsuntkifs ic nks prucaks icacb scr rcknezkiks pfr pcrsfbkn cxpcredcbtkif. Cn dåtfif icn pftcboekn ic dciek ocnik sc utenezk pkrk icnebckr kqucnnks pkrtcs ic nk cstruoturk ifbic cxestc ubk kntk prfakaeneiki ic koteveiki ic ofrrfseÿb. Kbtcs ic icsoreaer cn prfociedecbtf ic prucak, sc prfpfroefbk ubk arcvc iesouseÿb ic nfs preboepefs aëseofs ic nks prucaks ic ofrrfseÿb. Nfs

prfocsf sc nnkdk rckooeÿb ic fxeikoeÿb ic dciek ocnik, f cn kbÿieof rckooeÿb, y sc rcprcscbtk ic nk sehuecbtc dkbcrk

1+ + 1de- @c ↑ @c 1+

(1,;?)

Nfs cncotrfbcs pcrdkbcocb cb nk akrrk y `nuycb k setefs nnkdkifs oëtfifs, ifbic sc ofdaebkb ofb cn khuk y cn fxähcbf prcscbtcs cb cn jfrdehÿb. Nk rckooeÿb cb cn oëtfif sc nnkdk rciuooeÿb. rckooeÿb y sc rcprcscbtk ic nk sehuecbtc dkbcrk

1J1F + F1 + 9de- ↑ 9FJ-

(1,;9)

Wkrk dkbtcbcr nk bcutrkneiki cnåotreok, nfs efbcs `crrfsfs dehrkb k trkvås icn ofborctf k cstfs setefs oktÿieofs ifbic sc ofdaebkb pkrk `frdkr ÿxeif ic jecrrf jeirktkif u ÿxeif. Wfr nf tkbtf, oukbif nk akrrk sc ofrrfc, nfs cncotrfbcs `nuycb k trkvås ic nk akrrk y nfs efbcs `nuycb k trkvås icn jfrdehÿb. Oukbif nk akrrk bf sc ofrrfc, bf jky `nulf ic cncotrfbcs c efbcs. K dcieik quc nfs efbcs `crrfsfs sc ducvcb jkoek cn jfrdehÿb oeroubikbtc,

ncotfrcs icacb ofbsuntkr KOE 111Q pkrk fatcbcr eb`frdkoeÿb kieoefbkn sfarc

nfs cncotrfbcs quc qucikb cb nk akrrk nc ikb k nk akrrk ubk okrhk bchktevk. Cn

nfs `kotfrcs quc k`cotkb nk ofrrfseÿb icn kocrf cb cn ofborctf.

dåtfif icn pftcboekn ic dciek ocnik sc utenezk pkrk ictcotkr cstk okrhk

’Nk Nk ofrrfseÿb cs ub prfocsf cncotrfquädeof quc Wreboepef ’ ebvfnuork cn `nulf ic okrhks (cncotrfbcs c efbcs). @ehurk @ehurk 1.3.0

bchktevk y, pfr nf tkbtf, prfpfroefbkr ubk ebieokoeÿb ic nk koteveiki ic

ducstrk ubk akrrk ic kocrf ofrrfäik eborustkik cb jfrdehÿb. Cb nfs setefs kotevfs ic nk akrrk, nnkdkifs ëbfifs, nfs ëtfdfs ic jecrrf pecricb cncotrfbcs y sc ducvcb jkoek cn jfrdehÿb oeroubikbtc ofdf efbcs `crrfsfs. Cstf

ofrrfseÿb.

Ebstrudcbtkoeÿb ’Cn dåtfif ic prucak cstëbikr sc ik cb

K_YD O :80 y sc enustrk @ehurk 1.3 1.3.8 .8.. Cn kpkrktf kpkrktf ebonuyc ubk detki ic sun`ktf ic ofarc-ofarc (f cnåotreokdcbtc sedenkr)

11:.1Q-10

EB@FQDC ICN OFDEYÅ IC KOE

@eh. 1.3.3 ’ Qcspucstk icn dcieifr ic ofacrturk ofb düntepncs akrrks pkrkncnks k ie`crcbtcs cspkoekdecbtfs< (k) ofbèhurkoeÿb ic prucak= (a) rcspucstk icn dcieifr ic rcnuotkboek dkhbåteok, _ 4 83 dd= (o) rcspucstk icn dcieifr ic rcnuotkboek dkhbåteok, _ 4 ;07 dd= (i) rcspucstk icn dcieifr ic ofrrecbtcs pkrësetks, _ 4 87 dd= y (c) rcspucstk icn dcieifr ic ofrrecbtcs pkrësetks, _ 4 ;97 dd (kikptkif ic Okrebf, ;551).

ocnik *, okancs ic ofbcxeÿb y ub vfntädctrf ic kntk edpcikboek. Cn tcrdebkn pfsetevf icn vfntädctrf cstë ubeif kn rcùcrzf y cn tcrdebkn bchktevf cstë ubeif k nk dciek ocnik ic sun`ktf ic ofarc-ofarc. _c utenezk ub vfntädctrf ic kntk edpcikboek pkrk quc `nuyk duy pfok ofrrecbtc k trkvås icn oerouetf. Ofdf sc ducstrk cb cb@ehurk 1.3.8 1.3.8,, nk dciek ocnik jkoc ofbtkotf cnåotreof ofb cn jfrdehÿb pfr dcief ic ub tkpÿb pfrfsf y ubk cspfblk quc sc judcicoc ofb ubk sfnuoeÿb judcotkbtc (ofdf ictcrhcbtc näqueif).

_e nk akrrk sc cstë ofrrfycbif, nfs cncotrfbcs cnc otrfbcs tcbicrëb k `nuer icsic nk akrrk k nk dciek ocnik. Cb nk dciek ocnik, nfs cncotrfbcs sc ofbsuderäkb cb ubk rckooeÿb ic rciuooeÿb, trkbs`frdkbif nfs efbcs ic ofarc cb nk sfnuoeÿb ic sun`ktf ic ofarc cb ëtfdfs ic ofarc icpfsetkifs cb nk akrrk. Icaeif k nk `frdk cb quc nfs tcrdebkncs icn vfntädctrf cstëb ofbcotkifs cb cn oerouetf cnåotreof quc sc ducstrk cb nk èhurk 1.3.8, cn vfntädctrf ebieokräk ub vknfr bchktevf. Oukbtf dës bchktevk sck nk ncoturk ic vfntklc, dkyfr scrë nk prfakaeneiki ic quc nk akrrk sc ofrrfk. _e cn okanc ofbcotkif k nk akrrk cstuvecrk ofbcotkif kn tcrdebkn bchktevf icn vfntädctrf, nk ncoturk scräk pfsetevk. Cn pftcboekn ic dciek ocnik tkdaeåb sc nnkdk

* Cstk dciek ocnik cstë ofdpucstk pfr ubk akrrk ic ofarc sudcrheik cb ub sun`ktf ic ofarc skturkif.

sfnuoeÿb. Cs ubk ic nks duojks dcieks ocniks quc sc pucicb utenezkr ofdf rc`crcboek pkrk dcier cn pftcboekn cnåotreof ic nks akrrks ebtchrkiks. Cn vfntklc dcieif icpcbic icn tepf ic dciek ocnik y jky `kotfrcs ic ofbvcrseÿb iespfbeancs pkrk ofbvcrter nks ncoturks fatcbeiks ofb ftrks ocniks ic rc`crcboek k nk detki ic nk ocnik ic sun`ktf ic ofarc y ofarc.

pftcboekn ic ofrrfseÿb y cs ub pftcboekn ic oerouetf kaecrtf,

pfrquc sc deic aklf nk ofbieoeÿb ic quc bf jkyk ofrrecbtc cb cn oerouetf ic dcieoeÿb (K_YD H ;3).

DÅYFIF_ IC CB_KUF BF IC_YQSOYEPF

11:.1Q-18

Nks ncoturks ic pftcboekn ic dciek ocnik sfb ebieoktevks ic nk prfakaeneiki ic koteveiki ic ofrrfseÿb icn rcùcrzf uaeokif icaklf ic nk ocnik ic rc`crcboek. _eb cdakrhf, cstf cs oecrtf sfnf se tfif cn rcùcrzf cstë ofbcotkif cnåotreokdcbtc. Wkrk kschurkr quc cxestk cstk ofbieoeÿb, sc icacb rcknezkr dcieoefbcs ic rcsestcboek cnåotreok cbtrc akrrks ic rcùcrzf duy scpkrkiks (K_YD O :80). Icac prfpfroefbkrsc koocsf kn rcùcrzf. Cn dåtfif bf sc pucic kpneokr k jfrdehÿb ofb rcùcrzf rcouaecrtf ic cpfxe. Nks prucaks hcbcrkndcbtc sc rcknezkb cb pubtfs iespucstfs cb ubk oukiräounk. Cn cspkoef rcqucreif cbtrc nfs pubtfs ic prucak icpcbic ic nk cstruoturk pkrteounkr. Nfs cspkoefs cxocsevfs pucicb pcricr pubtfs ic koteveiki f prfpfroefbkr iktfs ebsuèoecbtcs pkrk ubk cvknukoeÿb kicoukik, decbtrks quc nfs cspkoefs dës

@eh. 1.3.0 ’ Ofrrfseÿb ic nk akrrk ic kocrf eborustkik cb cn ofborctf (cn jecrrf sc iesucnvc cb cn ëbfif y sc prcoepetk ofdf ÿxeif cb cn oëtfif).

ocrokbfs kudcbtkb cn ofstf ic nk cboucstk. Cb nk tfpfhrk`äk ic ouaecrtks ic pucbtcs, K_YDO :80 rcofdecbik ub cspkoekif ic

;,1 d. _e nks ie`crcboeks ic vfntklc cbtrc pubtfs kiykocbtcs cxocicb nfs ;37 dP, sc suhecrc ub cspkoekif dës cstrcojf. _eb cdakrhf, ftrfs jkb suhcreif quc cn cspkoekdecbtf icac scr kprfxedkikdcbtc nk detki ic cstc vknfr pkrk fatcbcr ubk cvknukoeÿb c vknukoeÿb ofbèkanc icn knokboc ic nk ofrrfseÿb (Oncdcûk, Lkomsfb y Orkw`fri, ;551k). Jky iespfbeancs kpkrktfs ic prucak quc ebonuycb vkreks ocniks pkrk kocncrkr nk rcofpenkoeÿb ic iktfs cb cspkoefs rciuoeifs. Sb kspcotf onkvc ic nk prucak cs kschurkr quc cn jfrdehÿb cstå suèoecbtcdcbtc jüdcif. _e cn pftcboekn dcieif cb ub pubtf ic prucak bf okdaek cb dës ic » 17 dP icbtrf ic ub pcräfif ic 3 debutfs (K_YD O :80), cn ofborctf cstë suèoecbtcdcbtc jüdcif. _e bf sc oudpnc cstk ofbieoeÿb, nk supcrèoec ic ofborctf icac judcicocrsc, y cb K_YD O :80 sc ikb ifs cb`fqucs. Oukbif cs bcocskref judcicocr prcvekdcbtc, bf icac jkacr khuk supcrèoekn nearc cbtrc nfs pubtfs ic prucak. _e bf sc pucic nfhrkr nk cstkaeneiki dciekbtc cn prcjudcicoedecbtf, pucic icacrsc k ofrrecbtcs cnåotreoks pkrësetks y bf sc icac utenezkr cn dåtfif ic pftcboekn ic dciek ocnik. Oukbif nk prucak sc rcknezk ùcrk icn rkbhf ic ;8 k 1: O, sc kpneok ub `kotfr ic ofrrcooeÿb k nfs vfntklcs dcieifs. Kbëneses ic nfs iktfs ’Ic ’Ic koucrif ofb K_YD O :80, pkrk `frdunkr ofbonusefbcs sfarc nk koteveiki ic ofrrfseÿb, nks ncoturks ic pftcboekn ic dciek ocnik icacb uskrsc lubtf ofb ftrfs iktfs, ofdf cn ofbtcbeif ic onfrurf, nk prfùbieiki ic okrafbktkoeÿb, nfs jknnkzhfs ic nfs cstuiefs

@eh. 1.3.8 ’ Kpkrktf pkrk cn dåtfif ic pftcboekn ic dciek ocnik icsoretf cb K_YD O :80.

ic icnkdebkoeÿb y nks ofbieoefbcs ic cxpfseoeÿb. Nfs iktfs ic ubk cboucstk ic pftcboekn ic dciek ocnik sc pucicb prcscbtkr ic ifs `frdks< ub dkpk ic ofbtfrbf cquepftcboekn f ub iekhrkdk ic `rcoucboek koudunktevk. Cn dkpk ic ofbtfrbf cquepftcboekn sc utenezk uten ezk ofb dkyfr `rcoucboek pkrk rcsuder nfs rcsuntkifs icn ncvkbtkdecbtf. Wredcrf, nks uaeokoefbcs ic prucak sc ieaulkb cb ubk vestk cb pnkbtk k csoknk icn ërck ic prucak. Nks ncoturks ic vfntklc ic dciek ocnik cb okik pubtf ic prucak cstëb dkrokiks cb cn pnkbf y sc ieaulkb nfs ofbtfrbfs ic vknfrcs ic vfntklc ehukncs. Nk @eh. 1.3.: cs ub clcdpnf ic ub dkpk ic ofbtfrbf cquepftcboekn orckif k pkrter ic pubtfs ic prucak cb ub cspkoekif ic 7,80 d (Oncdcûk ct kn., ;551k).

Cn iekhrkdk ic `rcoucboek koudunkik sc fatecbc trkzkbif nfs iktfs cb pkpcn ic prfakaeneiki bfrdkn y trkzkbif ubk näbck rcotk ic dclfr klustc k nfs iktfs, ic koucrif ofb cn prfociedecbtf ic K_YD O :80. Cn iekhrkdk ic `rcoucboek koudunkik sc usk pkrk ictcrdebkr cn pfrocbtklc ic pftcboekn ic dciek ocnik ncoturks quc sfb dës bchktevks quc oecrtf vknfr.

Ic koucrif ofb K_YD O :80, sc pucicb utenezkr ifs tåobeoks pkrk cvknukr nfs rcsuntkifs< nk tåobeok budåreok f cn pftcboekn

@eh. 1.3.: ’ Ofbtfrbfs cquepftcboekncs ic nfs iktfs ic ncvkbtkdecbt ncvkbtkdecbtf f icn tkancrf icn pucbtc ofb ub cspkoekif ic oukiräounk ic 7.80 d (sfnf sc ducstrkb nfs ofbtfrbfs dcbfrcs k -7.?7 P y cn ebtcrvknf ic ofbtfrbf cs -7.73 P (kikptkif ic Oncdcûk ct kn., ;551k).

tåobeok ic ie`crcboek. Cb nk tåobeok budåreok, cn vknfr icn pftcboekn sc usk ofdf ebieokifr ic nk prfakaeneiki ic koteveiki ic ofrrfseÿb. _e cn pftcboekn cs dës pfsetevf quc -177 dP, cxestc ubk kntk prfakaeneiki ic quc bf sc prfiuzok ofrrfseÿb cb cn dfdcbtf ic nk dcieoeÿb. _e cn pftcboekn cs dës bchktevf quc

11:.1Q-1:

EB@FQDC ICN OFDEYÅ IC KOE

Ykank 1.3 ’ Pcbtklks y nedetkoefbcs ic nfs dåtfifs cnåotreofs y dkhbåteofs

- ?37 dP, cxestc ubk kntk prfakaeneiki ic ofrrfseÿb kotevk. Nk koteveiki ic ofrrfseÿb cs eboecrtk oukbif cn vfntklc cstë cb cn rkbhf ic 177 k -?37 dP. K_YD O :80 cstkancoc quc, k dcbfs quc cxestk cveicboek pfsetevk quc suhecrk su kpneokaeneiki, cstfs oretcrefs budåreofs bf icacb uskrsc<

• •

Icaeif k nfs `kotfrcs quc k`cotkb nfs rcsuntkifs ic nks prucaks ic ofrrfseÿb, sc rcofdecbik quc ub cspcoeknestk cb ofrrfseÿb ebtcrprctc kicoukikdcbtc nfs cstuiefs ic pftcboekn ic dciek ocnik cb nks sehuecbtcs ofbieoefbcs (K_YD O :80)<

•

_e nk okrafbktkoeÿb sc cxtecbic kn bevcn icn rcùcrzf, Wkrk cvknukr cn jfrdehÿb ic ebtcrefr quc bf jk seif sfdcteif k judcicoedecbtf `rcoucbtc,

•

Wkrk ofdpkrkr nk koteveiki ic nk ofrrfseÿb cb ofborctf cxtcrefr ofb ofbtcbeif ic fxähcbf f judciki duy vkrekanc, f

•

@frdunkr ofbonusefbcs sfarc okdaefs cb nk koteveiki ic ofrrfseÿb icaeifs k rcpkrkoefbcs quc dfieèokrfb cn ofbtcbeif ic judciki u fxähcbf k bevcn icn kocrf.

Cb nk tåobeok ic ie`crcboek ic pftcboekn, nks ërcks ic ofrrfseÿb kotevk sc eicbteèokb sfarc nk aksc ic nfs hrkiecbtcs ic ofrrfseÿb. Cb cn hrëèof ic ofbtfrbf cquepftcboekn, nks rchefbcs ic kntfs hrkiecbtcs sc ebieokb dciekbtc nk cstrcojk scpkrkoeÿb ic nfs ofbtfrbfs ic tcbseÿb. Cb nk èhurk 1.3.:, nks ërcks ic koteveiki ic ofrrfseÿb cstëb ebieokiks pfr nfs ofbtfrbfs pfof cspkoekifs.

Nedetkoefbcs ’Nks ’Nks vcbtklks y nedetkoefbcs icn dcief Cn dåtfif icn pftcboekn ocnunkr sc rcsudc cb nk Ykank 1.3. Ofdf sc jk ieojf, sc pucicb fatcbcr ncoturks ic pftcboekn vëneiks sfnf se cn ofborctf cstë nf suèoecbtcdcbtc jüdcif y cn usukref icac ofdprcbicr oÿdf rcofbfocr oukbif bf jky suèoecbtc judciki.

• •

Cn jfrdehÿb cstë skturkif ic khuk,

Cn jfrdehÿb sc okrafbktk jkstk nk prfùbieiki icn rcùcrzf, f Cn kocrf cstë rcvcsteif (hknvkbezkif).

Kicdës, nfs cstuiefs pftcboekncs icacb ofdpncdcbtkrsc ofb prucaks ic okrafbktkoeÿb y ofbtcbeif ic onfrurf sfnuanc cb khuk. Sbk nedetkoeÿb edpfrtkbtc icn dåtfif icn pftcboekn ic dciek ocnik cs quc bf deic nk n k tksk ic ofrrfseÿb icn rcùcrzf. _fnf prfpfroefbk ubk ebieokoeÿb ic nk prfakaeneiki ic koteveiki ic ofrrfseÿb cb cn dfdcbtf cb quc sc rcknezk nk dcieoeÿb. Nk vcnfoeiki ic ofrrfseÿb icn rcùcrzf icpcbic ic nk iespfbeaeneiki ic fxähcbf bcocskref pkrk nk rckooeÿb oktÿieok. Ykdaeåb icpcbic ic nk rcsestcboek cnåotreok icn jfrdehÿb quc ofbtrfnk nk `koeneiki ofb nk quc nfs efbcs pucicb dfvcrsc k trkvås icn jfrdehÿb. Nk rcsestcboek cnåotreok icpcbic ic nk deorfcstruoturk ic nk pkstk y icn ofbtcbeif ic judciki icn jfrdehÿb.

1.3.? Dåtfif ic pfnkrezkoeÿb nebckn Cn Cn dkyfr ebofbvcbecbtc

icn dåtfif icn pftcboekn ic dciek ocnik jk ofbiuoeif kn icskrrfnnf ic tåobeoks pkrk dcier nk tksk ic ofrrfseÿb. _c jkb ebvcstehkif vkrefs cb`fqucs (Qfirähucz ct kn., ;559).

DÅYFIF_ IC CB_KUF BF IC_YQSOYEPF

_eb cdakrhf, cn dåtfif ic pfnkrezkoeÿb nebckn pkrcoc scr cn dës utenezkif cb cn okdpf (@nes ct kn., ;551) y cstë secbif ofbseicrkif pkrk cstkbikrezkoeÿb (Okiy y Hkbbfb, ;551). Cstk scooeÿb prfpfroefbk ubk icsorepoeÿb hcbcrkn icn dåtfif, pcrf sc cb`ktezk quc nks prucaks rckncs y nk ebtcrprctkoeÿb ic nfs rcsuntkifs ic nks prucaks icacb scr rcknezkiks pfr pcrsfbkn cxpcredcbtkif.

11:.1Q-15

ouyf pftcboekn sc vkräk pkrk dkbtcbcr ubk ofrrecbtc ofbstkbtc icsic cn ofbtrkcncotrfif kn cncotrfif ic trkaklf. Cb tårdebfs sedpncs, cn prfociedecbtf pkrk uskr cn iespfsetevf ?NW cb cn dfif pftcboefstëteof cs cn sehuecbtc (Okiy y Hkbbfb,

;551)<

•

Nfokneoc nk rclennk ic kocrf ic rcùcrzf ofb ub dcieifr ic ofacrturk y dërqucnk cb nk supcrèoec ic jfrdehÿb.

Wreboepef ’Cb ’Cb cn okdpf ic nk oecboek ic nk ofrrfseÿb, cn tårdebf

pfnkrezkoeÿb sc rcècrc kn okdaef cb cn pftcboekn ic oerouetf kaecrtf ofdf pfnkrezkoeÿb rcsuntkif icn pksf ic ofrrecbtc (K_YDH ;3). Cb nk prucak ic rcsestcboek

•

k nk pfnkrezkoeÿb, sc deic nk ofrrecbtc quc prfvfok ub pcqucûf okdaef cb cn vknfr icn pftcboekn ic dciek ocnik ic nk akrrk ofrrfäik. Wkrk ubk pcqucûk pcrturakoeÿb sfarc cn pftcboekn ic oerouetf kaecrtf, cxestc ubk rcnkoeÿb nebckn cbtrc cn okdaef ic vfntklc∀DE, y cn okdaef cb nk ofrrecbtc pfr ubeiki ic supcrèoec ic nk akrrk kh okrk ∀E. Cstk rcnkoeÿb sc nnkdk rcsestcboek ic pfnkrezkoeÿb. Q ppkh

•

Jkhk ubk ofbcxeÿb cnåotreok kn rcùcrzf (cn cncotrfif ic trkaklf).

•

Saequc nk akrrk ouyk tksk ic ofrrfseÿb sc vk k dcier, judciczok nk supcrèoec y uaequc cn iespfsetevf sfarc cn ocbtrf ic nk akrrk.

•

Deik cn pftcboekn ic ofrrfseÿb icn rcùcrzf cb rcnkoeÿb ofb cn cncotrfif ic rc`crcboek, cs icoer, deik cn pftcboekn urk 1.3.5 (k)T. (k)T. ic dciek ocnik ]@eh ]@ehurk Deik nk ofrrecbtc icsic cn ofbtrkcncotrfif kn cncotrfif ic trkaklf quc cs bcocskrek pkrk prfiuoer ub okdaef ic -9 dP cb cn pftcboekn icn cncotrfif ic trkaklf ]@eh. 1.3.5 (a)T. Qcpetk cn pksf kbtcrefr pkrk ie`crcbtcs vknfrcs ic pftcboekn, k skacr, -: y -;1 dP dës knnë icn pftcboekn ic ofrrfseÿb.

∀ de Q pkh 4 - - -- - - ∀ E

(1,;3)

ebtcrås.

•

Icaeif k quc nk ofrrecbtc sc cxprcsk pfr ubeiki ic ërck ic akrrk quc cs pfnkrezkiks, nks ubeikics ic Q ppkh kh sfb cn ërck ic tecdpfs ic fjdefs. Nk okbteiki kh bf cs ubk rcsestcboek cb cn scbteif jkaetukn icn tårdebf (_tcrb y Q ppkh

•

Qftj, ;538), pcrf cn tårdebf sc usk kdpnekdcbtc (K_YD H ;3). Nk Nks rcnkoefbcs suaykocbtcs cbtrc nk vcnfoeiki ic ofrrfseÿb ic nk akrrk y nk rcsestcboek k nk pfnkrezkoeÿb ùcrfb cstkancoeiks pfr _tcrb y Hckry (;538). Bf sc ebtcbtk cxpneokr cstks rcnkoefbcs cb cstc eb`frdc. Cb pfoks pknkarks, nk tksk ic ofrrfseÿb cstë ebvcrskdcbtc rcnkoefbkik ofb nk rcsestcboek k nk pfnkrezkoeÿb. Nk tksk ic ofrrfseÿb sc cxprcsk hcbcrkndcbtc ofdf nk ofrrecbtc ic ofrrfseÿb pfr ubeiki.

iÿbic ofrr 4 E ofrr A 4

(1,;0)

tksk ic ofrrfseÿb cb kdpcrefs / od1=

ubk ofbstkbtc cb vfntefs= y rcsestcboek ic

pfnkrezkoeÿb cb fjdefs od1. pfnkrezkoeÿb Cn ofbstkbtc A cs ubk okrkotcrästeok icn sestcdk ic ofrrfseÿb y ub vknfr ic 7.710 P sc usk ofdübdcbtc pkrk nk ofrrfseÿb icn kocrf cb cn ofborctf (@cneu ct kn. ;5:5). Cs pfseanc ofbvcrter nk vcnfoeiki ic ofrrfseÿb cb nk dksk ic kocrf quc sc ofrrfc pfr ubeiki ic tecdpf. _e sc ofbfoc cn tkdkûf ic nk akrrk, nk vcnfoeiki ic ofrrfseÿb sc pucic ofbvcrter cb ubk pårieik ic ieëdctrf ic nk akrrk (Onckr, ;5:5).

Q p 4

• •

Ictcrdebc cn ërck ic nk akrrk k`cotkik pfr nk dcieoeÿb (pcrädctrf ic nk akrrk duntepneokif pfr nk nfbhetui icaklf icn ofbtrkcncotrfif). Hrkèquc cn pftcboekn `rcbtc k nk ofrrecbtc pfr ubeiki ic ërck ic nk akrrk y ictcrdebc nk pcbiecbtc ic nk näbck rcotk quc dclfr sc klustc. Cstk cs nk rcsestcboek k nk pfnkrezkoeÿb.

ërck ic nk akrrk, y sc ictcrdebk ic nk sehuecbtc dkbcrk

E ofrr 4 -A---- Q pkh pkh

Qchestrc nk prfùbieiki ic nk ouaecrtk y nfs ieëdctrfs ic nk akrrk cb cn ërck ic

⋃

Ebstrudcbtkoeÿb- Cn Cn kpkrktf aëseof pkrk dcier nk rcsestcboek ic pfnkrezkoeÿb cs cn sestcdk ic trcs cncotrfifs quc sc ducstrk cb nk èhurk 1.3.5 (Csoknkbtc, ;5:5= Onckr, ;5:5). K dcbuif sc nc nnkdk iespfsetevf „?NW—. Sb cncotrfif cstë ofdpucstf pfr ubk dciek ocnik ic rc`crcboek y cn rcùcrzf cs ub schubif cncotrfif nnkdkif cncotrfif ic trkaklf. Cn tcrocr cncotrfif sc nnkdk ofbtrkcncotrfif y sudebestrk nk ofrrecbtc ic pfnkrezkoeÿb k nk akrrk. Nk ebstrudcbtkoeÿb ofdpncdcbtkrek deic nfs vfntklcs y ofrrecbtcs iurkbtc nks ie`crcbtcs ctkpks ic nk prucak. Sb iespfsetevf ic cstc tepf sc pucic fpcrkr cb cn dfif pftcboefstëteof, cb cn quc sc vkräk nk ofrrecbtc pkrk dkbtcbcr cn pftcboekn ofbstkbtc icn cncotrfif ic trkaklf= f pucic scr fpcrkif cb cn dfif hknvkbfstëteof, cb

Sbk ebocrteiudarc edpfrtkbtc cb nk fatcboeÿb ic nk rcsestcboek ic pfnkrezkoeÿb cs cn ërck ic nk akrrk ic kocrf quc sc vc k`cotkik pfr nk ofrrecbtc quc `nuyc icsic cn ofbtrkcncotrfif. Cb nk kpneokoeÿb icn iespfsetevf ?NW, sc ksudc quc nk ofrrecbtc `nuyc cb näbcks rcotks pcrpcbieounkrcs k nk akrrk (cncotrfif ic trkaklf) y kn ofbtrkcncotrfif. Wfr nf tkbtf, cn ërck ic nk akrrk k`cotkik iurkbtc nks prucaks cs nk oeroub`crcboek ic nk akrrk duntepneokik pfr nk nfbhetui ic nk akrrk icaklf icn ofbtrkcncotrfif. _eb cdakrhf, nks sedunkoefbcs budåreoks ducstrkb quc nk supfseoeÿb cs ebofrrcotk y quc nks näbcks ic ofrrecbtc bf sc nedetkb k nk rcheÿb iercotkdcbtc icaklf icn ofbtrkcncotrfif (@cneu ct kn., ;5:5= @nes ct kn., ;551). Cb ub csùcrzf pfr ofbtrfnkr dclfr nk trkycotfrek ic nk ofrrecbtc icsic cn ofbtrkcncotrfif jkstk nk akrrk, sc jk icskrrfnnkif ub iespfsetevf quc ebonuyc ub oukrtf cncotrfif, nnkdkif cncotrfif ic prftcooeÿb f kuxenekr, 1.3.;7  cs ub csqucdk ic cstc tepf ic dcieifr ic ofrrfseÿb. @ehurk 1.3.;7 Cn cncotrfif ic prftcooeÿb sc dkbtecbc kn desdf pftcboekn quc cn ofbtrkcncotrfif y, ofdf rcsuntkif, nk ofrrecbtc quc `nuyc jkoek cn cncotrfif ic trkaklf sc nedetk k nk rcheÿb pfr icaklf icn ofbtrkcncotrfif. _c rcknezÿ ub cstuief ofdpkrktevf utenezkbif prucaks ic nkafrktfref y ic okdpf ic trcs iespfsetevfs ic vcnfoeiki ic ofrrfseÿb iespfbeancs ofdcroekndcbtc (@nes ct kn., ;551). Nfs setefs ic prucak ic okdpf sc cnehecrfb cb trcs cbtfrbfs ie`crcbtcs quc rcprcscbtkb nk hkdk ic ofbieoefbcs quc sc pucicb cbofbtrkr cb nk prëoteok. _c rcknezkrfb dcieoefbcs cb cstruoturks ic pucbtcs cb uaeokoefbcs eiåbteoks utenezkbif nfs trcs iespfsetevfs. Sbf ic nfs iespfsetevfs crk icn tepf ?NW (Onckr,

11:.1Q-?7

EB@FQDC ICN OFDEYÅ IC KOE

Wfr nf tkbtf, sc cspcrkräk quc nk vcnfoeiki ic ofrrfseÿb cb ouknquecr pubtf ic ubk cstruoturk cxpucstk tuvecrk vkrekoefbcs cstkoefbkncs. Ykncs vkrekoefbcs sc fascrvkrfb iurkbtc düntepncs dcieoefbcs quc sc cxtcbiecrfb iurkbtc ub pcräfif ic dës ic ub kûf (Oncdcûk ct kn., ;551a). Wkrk prfycotkr nk okbteiki ic ofrrfseÿb quc fourreräk icspuås ic ub pcräfif prfnfbhkif, cs bcocskref rcpcter nks dcieoefbcs ic nk tksk ic ofrrfseÿb cb ie`crcbtcs åpfoks icn kûf. Ofdf suhereÿ Oncdcûk ct kn. (;551a), sc pfiräkb utenezkr vkreks kntcrbktevks pkrk prcicoer nk ofbieoeÿb ùturk icn rcùcrzf<

•

Steneoc nks vcnfoeikics dëxedks ic ofrrfseÿb dcieiks pkrk fatcbcr ubk cstedkoeÿb ofbscrvkifrk ic nk veik üten rcstkbtc,

•

Steneoc nk tksk ic ofrrfseÿb prfdcief kbukn cb ubk uaeokoeÿb täpeok f cb nk pcfr uaeokoeÿb ic nk cstruoturk, f

•

Steneoc nks tksks ic ofrrfseÿb däbedk y dëxedk pkrk cstedkr cn rkbhf ic veik rcstkbtc.

Cb cstc dfdcbtf, bf cxestcb prfociedecbtfs cstëbikr pkrk ebtcrprctkr nks dcieoefbcs ic nk tksk ic ofrrfseÿb fatcbeiks ofb ie`crcbtcs iespfsetevfs, y sc icac ofbsuntkr k ub cspcoeknestk cb ofrrfseÿb okneèokif. Wfr clcdpnf, cb aksc k kûfs ic cxpcrecboek cb prucaks ic nkafrktfref y ic okdpf, Onckr (;5:5) icskrrfnnÿ nks sehuecbtcs pkutks pkrk ebtcrprctkr nks dcieoefbcs ic nk tksk ic ofrrfseÿb utenezkbif ub iespfsetevf ?NW cspcoäèof< * @eh. 1.3.5 ’ Dåtfif ic pfnkrezkoeÿb nebckn ic trcs cncotrfifs pkrk dcier nk ofrrecbtc ic ofrrfseÿb< (k) dcieoeÿb icn pftcboekn ic oerouetf kaecrtf y (a) dcieoeÿb ic nk ofrrecbtc pkrk prfiuoer ub pcqucûf okdaef cb cn pftcboekn icn cncotrfif ic trkaklf (akr).

•

ofrr cs eb`crefr k 1 dK / d1, bf sc cspcrkb ikûfs pfr _e E ofrr ofrrfseÿb,

•

_e E oofrr frr cstë cbtrc 1 y ;7 dK / d 1, cn ikûf pfr ofrrfseÿb cs pfseanc icbtrf ic ;7 k ;3 kûfs, y frr cstë cbtrc ;7 y ;77 dK / d 1, _c cspcrkb ikûfs pfr _e E oofrr ofrrfseÿb icbtrf ic 1 k ;7 kûfs.

•

Cstks pkutks ksudcb quc nk tksk ic ofrrfseÿb cs ofbstkbtc ofb cn tecdpf. _c icacb ofbseicrkr ftrks nedetkoefbcs kn pnkbeèokr pnkbe èokr nks prucaks ic vcnfoeiki ic ofrrfseÿb. Knhubfs ic cstfs sc jkb icsoretf cb ub dåtfif ic prucak prfpucstf (Okiy y Hkbbfb, ;551) y sfb nfs sehuecbtcs<

@eh. 1.3.;7 ’ Yåobeok ic pfnkrezkoeÿb nebckn quc utenezk ub cncotrfif ic prftcooeÿb pkrk ofbèbkr cn `nulf ic ofrrecbtc icsic cn ofbtrkcncotrfif kn rcùcrzf (kikptkif ic @cneu ct kn., ;557k).

•

Nk supcrèoec ic jfrdehÿb icac scr nesk (bf cstkr khrectkik, dkrokik be icsehukn),

•

Nk supcrèoec ic jfrdehÿb icac cstkr nearc ic rcvcstedecbtfs f

• • •

;5:5) y nfs ftrfs ifs utenezkrfb cncotrfifs ic prftcooeÿb. Cn iespfsetevf ?NW ief vknfrcs dës kntfs ic ofrrecbtc ic ofrrfseÿb cb nfs desdfs setefs ic prucak. Cn iespfsetevf icskrrfnnkif cb Cspkûk (@cneu ct kn., ;557k) prfpfroefbÿ tksks ic ofrrfseÿb dës ocrokbks k nks ofrrecbtcs ic ofrrfseÿb rckncs. _eb cdakrhf, okik iespfsetevf crk okpkz ic iestebhuer cbtrc setefs pksevfs y kotevfs, y cxestäkb rcnkoefbcs aecb icèbeiks cbtrc nks ofrrecbtcs ic ofrrfseÿb dcieiks pfr nfs ie`crcbtcs iespfsetevfs. _c ofbonuyÿ quc nfs trcs iespfsetevfs pfiräkb uskrsc pkrk nfoknezkr nk ofrrfseÿb kotevk cb ubk cstruoturk. Nedetkoefbcs ’Pcbtklks ’Pcbtklks y nedetkoefbcs ic nk pf1.3. _c cspcrk cspcrk quc nk Cn dåtfif ic nkrezkoeÿb sc rcsudcb cb Oukirf Oukirf 1.3. vcnfoeiki ic ofrrfseÿb cb ub pubtf pkrteounkr ic ubk cstruoturk icpcbik ic vkrefs `kotfrcs, ofdf cn ofbtcbeif ic judciki icn jfrdehÿb, nk iespfbeaeneiki ic fxähcbf y nk tcdpcrkturk.

• •

supcrpfseoefbcs edpcrdckancs kn khuk, Nk prfùbieiki ic nk ouaecrtk icac scr eb`crefr k ;77 dd.

Cn kocrf ic rcùcrzf bf pucic scr rcouaecrtf ofb cpfxe be hknvkbezkif,

Cn kocrf k ofbtrfnkr icac cstkr cb ofbtkotf iercotf ofb cn jfrdehÿb, Cn rcùcrzf bf cstë prftcheif oktÿieokdcbtc, Cn jfrdehÿb krdkif bf sc cboucbtrk ocrok ic ërcks ic ofrrecbtcs cnåotreoks pkrësetks f okdpfs dkhbåteofs ùcrtcs,

• •

Nk tcdpcrkturk kdaecbtc cstë cbtrc 3 y 97 O,

•

Nks uaeokoefbcs ic prucak bf icacb cstkr k dcbfs ic ?77 dd ic nks

Nk supcrèoec ic ofborctf cb cn nuhkr ic nk prucak icac cstkr nearc ic judciki veseanc y iesofbtebueikics, ofdf africs y lubtks.

1.3.9 Pcbtklks y nedetkoefbcs ’Nk ’Nk tkank 1.3 rcsudc nks vcbtklks y nedetkoefbcs ic nk dkhbåteok y cnåotreok * Nks pkutks sc iecrfb cb dK / `t 1. Cstfs sc jkb ofbvcrteif kprfxedkikdcbtc k dK / d1 duntepneokbif pfr ;7.

DÅYFIF_ IC CB_KUF BF IC_YQSOYEPF dåtfifs quc sc pucicb utenezkr pkrk fatcbcr eb`frdkoeÿb sfarc nk uaeokoeÿb y cn cstkif icn rcùcrzf ic kocrf cb cncdcbtfs ic jfrdehÿb. Nfs dcieifrcs ic ofacrturk sfb c`cotevfs pkrk uaeokr akrrks, pcrf surhcb ieèountkics oukbif cn kocrf cstë ofbhcstefbkif f nk ouaecrtk ic ofborctf cs hrucsk. Cn pftcboekn ic dciek ocnik prfpfroefbk ubk ebieokoeÿb ic nk prfakaeneiki ic ofrrfseÿb kotevk, pcrf nk ebtcrprctkoeÿb ic nfs iktfs bf cs scboennk. Nfs dåtfifs ic pfnkrezkoeÿb nebckn prfpfroefbkb eb`frdkoeÿb sfarc nk vcnfoeiki ic ofrrfseÿb cb cn dfdcbtf ic nk prucak, pcrf nk ebtcrprctkoeÿb ic nfs iktfs tkdpfof cs scboennk.

1.0 ’ Dåtfifs ic pcbctrkaeneiki 1.0.; Ebtrfiuooeÿb ’Duojfs ’Duojfs ic nfs dcokbesdfs ic ichrkikoeÿb icn jfrdehÿb edpneokb nk pcbctrkoeÿb ic dktcrekncs khrcsevfs, ofdf sun`ktfs, ieÿxeif ic okrafbf c efbcs ic onfrurf. Cb nk dkyfräk ic nfs oksfs, tkdaeåb sc bcocsetk khuk pkrk dkbtcbcr nfs dcokbesdfs ic ichrkikoeÿb. Ofdf rcsuntkif, cn jfrdehÿb quc tecbc ubk zfbk ic supcrèoec quc cs kntkdcbtc rcsestcbtc k nk cbtrkik ic khuk hcbcrkndcbtc scrë iurkicrf. Nk okpkoeiki icn jfrdehÿb pkrk rcsester cn ictcrefrf kdaecbtkn icpcbic ic nfs dktcrekncs quc sc utenezkrfb pkrk jkocr cn jfrdehÿb, nks prfpfroefbcs ic nk dczonk, cn hrkif ic ofbsfneikoeÿb y nks ofbieoefbcs ic ourkif. Nk okneiki ic nk zfbk ic nk supcrèoec sc jk rcofbfoeif okik vcz dës ofdf cn `kotfr preboepkn quc k`cotk

nk tksk ic;553). ichrkikoeÿb ic ubknkcstruoturk jfrdehÿb y Jensifr`, Wkrk cvknukr iurkaeneikiicpftcboekn icn(Mrfpp jfrdehÿb eb setu, cs bcocskref ocbtrkrsc cb dåtfifs quc cvknücb nk okpkoeiki ic nk zfbk ic nk supcrèoec pkrk rcstrebher cn pksf ic khcbtcs cxtcrbfs quc pucicb ofbiuoer kn ictcrefrf iercotf icn jfrdehÿb f icspksevkoeÿb y ofrrfseÿb icn rcùcrzf eborustkif. . Nks prucaks icsoretks cb cstk scooeÿb sfb prucaks ic zfbk ic supcrèoec quc prfpfroefbkb eb`frdkoeÿb üten pkrk nk cvknukoeÿb ic nk iurkaeneiki pftcboekn icn jfrdehÿb. 1.0.1 Dcokbesdfs ic ebhrcsf ’Cxestcb ’Cxestcb trcs dcokbesdfs preboepkncs dciekbtc nfs oukncs nfs khcbtcs cxtcrbfs pucicb pcbctrkr cb cn jfrdehÿb. Kasfroeÿb ’Cstc ’Cstc tårdebf sc rcècrc k nk cbtrkik ic näqueifs icaeif k

ùcrzks okpenkrcs. Nfs ofbtkdebkbtcs, ofdf nfs efbcs ic onfrurf y nfs sun`ktfs, sc trkbspfrtkb icbtrf icn näqueif. Cn tcrdebfsfrpteveiki sc utenezk pkrk icsoreaer nk tcbicboek ic ub dktcrekn k kasfracr ub `nueif. Wkrk nk kasfroeÿb ic khuk ubeiedcbsefbkn cb ub sÿneif pfrfsf ebeoekndcbtc scof, cn vfnudcb ic `nueif kasfraeif pucic rcnkoefbkrsc ofb cn tecdpf dciekbtc nk sehuecbtc coukoeÿb cdpäreok (Jknn, ;5:5)

P 4 Ofdf t

iÿbic P 4 K 4 s 4 t 4

(1,;8)

vfnudcb ic näqueif kasfraeif (d?)=

ërck dflkik (d1)= sfrpteveiki (d /∜ s)= s)= y jfrk (s).

’Cstc tårdebf sc rcècrc kn `nulf ic ub `nueif aklf nk kooeÿb ic Wcbctrkoeÿb ’Cstc ub okaczkn ic prcseÿb. Wkrk cn `nulf ubeiercooefbkn cb cstkif cstkoefbkref ic

iÿbic okuikn (d? /s)= [ 4 m 4 cn ofcèoecbtc ic pcrdckaeneiki (d / s)= K 4 ërck ic `nulf trkbsvcrskn (d1)= y E 4 hrkiecbtc jeirëuneof (d / d).

Cn ofcèoecbtc ic pcrdckaeneiki icpcbic tkbtf ic nk cstruoturk icn dktcrekn ofdf ic nks prfpecikics icn `nueif. Cb cn oksf icn jfrdehÿb, cn ofcèoecbtc ic pcrdckaeneiki icpcbic preboepkndcbtc ic nks prfpfroefbcs ic nk dczonk, nk rcnkoeÿb khuk-ocdcbtf y nk dkiurcz, cs icoer, cn hrkif ic jeirktkoeÿb (y rckooeÿb puzfnëbeok, se kpneok). _e cn `nueif cs ub hks, ubk coukoeÿb kbënfhk k nk Co. (1.;:) sc pucic utenezkr pkrk icsoreaer cn okuikn ubeiercooefbkn cb tårdebfs ic prcseÿb ie`crcboekn. Ieùseÿb ’Cstc ’Cstc tårdebf sc rcècrc kn dfvedecbtf ic sustkboeks

dfncounkrcs f eÿbeoks icsic rchefbcs ic dkyfr ofbocbtrkoeÿb k rchefbcs ic dcbfr ofbocbtrkoeÿb ic sustkboeks. Nk tksk ic dfvedecbtf ic nk sustkboek cs prfpfroefbkn kn hrkiecbtc ic ofbocbtrkoeÿb k nf nkrhf ic nk iercooeÿb icn dfvedecbtf y cn ofcèoecbtc ic ieùseÿb, y vecbc ikik dktcdëteokdcbtc pfr nk predcrk `ÿrdunk ic @eom

ncy ic ieùseÿb (Mrfpp y Jensifr`, ;553) --@ 4 ∁--dctrf

- - - ;-- 4 -I ∁∁-- - -

∁∁--O t K

iÿbic @ 4 dctrf

4

t 4 K 4 I 4 O 4 Z 4

Z

(1,;5)

`nulf ic dksk (mh / d1s)=

dksk ic sustkboek quc `nuyc (mh)= tecdpf (s)=

ërck (d1)= ofcèoecbtc ic ieùseÿb (d 1 / s)= ofbocbtrkoeÿb (mh / d?)= y iestkboek (d).

1.0.? Wrucaks ic pcbctrkaeneiki _c _c jkb eickif vkrefs dåtfifs ic prucak pkrk cvknukr cn pftcboekn ic iurkaeneiki ic ubk supcrèoec ic jfrdehÿb. Nk dkyfräk ic nks tåobeoks ebtcbtkb dficnkr ubf ic nfs dcokbesdfs ic trkbspfrtc kbtcrefrcs. Cn tcrdebfprucaks ic pcbctrkaeneiki kakrok tfifs cstfs dåtfifs ic prucak y sc utenezk cb cstc eb`frdc ofdf cn tårdebf hcbcrkn pkrk icsoreaer cstk onksc ic dåtfifs ic prucak. Nks prucaks ic pcbctrkaeneiki sc pucicb khrupkr cb nks sehuecbtcs trcs oktchfräks< ;. Nfs akskifs cb nk kkasfroeÿb asfroeÿb ic khuk,

1. Nfs akskifs cb nk pcrdckaeneiki kn khuk, y ?. Nfs akskifs akskifs cb nk p pcrdckaeneiki crdckaeneiki kn kerc.

Nks sehuecbtcs scooefbcs icsoreacb nk ebstrudcbtkoeÿb y nfs prfociedecbtfss pkrk knhubfs ic nfs bucvfs prfociedecbtfs ic prucak prfociedecbtf dës uskifs f prfdctcifrcs. 1.0.9 Icsorepoeÿb ic nfs dåtfifs ic prucak Wrucaks ic kasfroeÿb ’ Nks prucaks ic kasfroeÿb deicb nk vcnfoeiki k nk quc cn khuk cs kasfraeik pfr cn jfrdehÿb aklf ubk okrhk ic prcseÿb rcnktevkdcbtc aklk. Nk tksk ic kasfroeÿb cs ubk ùboeÿb ic nk pfrfseiki okpenkr, quc k su vcz icpcbic ic nk rcnkoeÿb khuk / ocdcbtf y icn jestfrekn ic ourkif. Ic nks prucaks quc sc icsoreaerëb, ubk cs ubk tåobeok ic kasfroeÿb supcrèoekn y nks ftrks deicb nk kasfroeÿb icbtrf ic ub freèoef pcr`fr pcr`frkif kif cb cn jfrdehÿb. Cbskyf ebeoekn ic kasfroeÿb supcrèoekn (E_KY) ’Cb cstc dåtfif

ub näqueif k trkvås ic ub dktcrekn pfrfsf skturkif, nk tksk ic `nulf sc icsoreac dciekbtc nk ncy ic Ikroy, ic nk sehuecbtc dkbcrk

[ 4 mKE

11:.1Q-?;

(1,;:)

(Ncvett, ;58;), ubk tkpk oerounkr ofb ubk supcrèoec däbedk ic 3777 dd1 cstë scnnkif k nk supcrèoec ic jfrdehÿb. Sb icpÿsetf ubeif k nk tkpk sc nncbk ofb khuk pkrk quc cn bevcn icn khuk sck

11:.1Q-?1

EB@FQDC ICN OFDEYÅ IC KOE

rcknezkbif ubk dcieik ic kasfroeÿb quc ebonuyc tkbtf nk supcrèoec ofdf cn ebtcrefr icn jfrdehÿb, cn nnkdkif "ofvcrorctc". _c pcr`frk ub freèoef ic ;? dd ic ieëdctrf k ubk prfùbieiki ic 37 dd y sc ofnfok ubk tkpk scnnkik sfarc cn freèoef. Sb tuaf ofbcotkif k ub icpÿsetf pksk k trkvås ic nk tkpk y sc vkoäk cb cn freèoef. Nk tkpk ofbtecbc ub schubif tuaf ofbcotkif k ub okpenkr jfrezfbtkn ofdf cb nk prucak E_KY y @ehh. Cn icpÿsetf y cn okpenkr sc ofnfokb ic dfif quc sc dkbtcbhk ubk knturk ic khuk ic 177 dd pfr cboedk icn ocbtrf icn freèoef. _c oecrrk cn tuaf kn icpÿsetf y sc deic cn dfvedecbtf icn dcbesof cb cn okpenkr cbtrc ;7 y ;; debutfs icspuås icn ofbtkotf ebeoekn ofb cn khuk. Nk preboepkn vcbtklk ic cstk prucak cb ofdpkrkoeÿb ofb nks prucaks E_KY y @ehh cs nk okpkoeiki ic fatcbcr ubk dcieoeÿb ic kasfroeÿb ebtchrkik ic nk zfbk ic nk supcrèoec k ubk prfùbieiki ic 37 dd. ’Nks prucaks ic kasfroeÿb Cbskyfs ic pcrdckaeneiki kn khuk ’Nks

@eh. 1.0.; ’ Csqucdk ic nk prucak ic kasfroeÿb supcrèoekn ebeoekn (E_KY).

177 dd pfr cboedk ic nk supcrèoec icn jfrdehÿb. Nk tkpk tkdaeåb cstë ofbcotkik k ub okpenkr jfrezfbtkn ofnfokif k nk desdk knturk quc cn khuk cb cn icpÿsetf (@eh. 1.0.;). K ebtcrvknfs cspcoäèofs (;7 debutfs, ?7 debutfs, ; jfrk y 1 jfrks) icsic cn ebeoef ic nk prucak, nk vënvunk icaklf icn icpÿsetf sc oecrrk y nk vcnfoeiki k nk quc sc kasfrac cn khuk cb cn ofborctf sc deic pfr cn dfvedecbtf icn khuk cb cn okpenkr ubeif k nk tkpk. Cstk prucak cstë cstkbikrezkik cb cn Qcebf Sbeif (A_ ;::;< Wkrtc 3). Wrucak ic kasfroeÿb ic khuk @ehh’Cn prfociedecbtf ic prucak frehebkn ic @ehh rcqucräk quc sc pcr`frkrk ub freèoef ic 3,3 dd ic ieëdctrf cb cn jfrdehÿb k ubk prfùbieiki ic ?7 dd. _c nedpeÿ cn freèoef, sc ebtrfiulf ub iesof ic cspudk pfnedåreok räheik cb cn freèoef jkstk ubk prfùbieiki ic 17 dd icsic nk supcrèoec y sc scnnÿ cn freèoef ofb okuojf ic seneofbk (@ehh, ;58?). _c ebscrtÿ ubk khulk jepfiårdeok k trkvås icn scnnf ic hfdk ic hfdk ic seneofbk y sc y sc ofbcotÿ k ubk lcrebhk y ub okpenkr dciekbtc ubk u bk screc ic ofbcotfrcs ofbcotfrcs (@ehurk 1.0.1). 1.0.1). _c kpneoÿ ubk knturk ic khuk ic ;77 dd y sc rchestrÿ cn tecdpf quc tkrik cn dcbesof cb rcofrrcr 37 dd cb cn okpenkr jfrezfbtkn (sedenkr kn utenezkif cb cn E_KY). Cn vknfr fatcbeif sc icbfdebÿ äbieoc ic kasfroeÿb y sc deieÿ cb schubifs. Sb äbieoc ic kasfroeÿb dës kntf ofrrcspfbic k ub jfrdehÿb ic dclfr okneiki. Icsic cn trkaklf ebeoekn ic @ehh, sc rcknezkrfb vkreks dfieèokoefbcs kn cquepf y kn prfociedecbtf pkrk dclfrkr nk prcoeseÿb y rcpcteaeneiki ic nfs rcsuntkifs (Oktjcr ct kn., ;5:9= @ehh, ;5:5). Cstks dfieèokoefbcs ebonuycb ub freèoef dës hrkbic, ubk dcieoeÿb kutfdëteok icn rcofrreif icn dcbesof y cn usf ic ub tkpÿb prcdfnickif, nf quc knevek nk bcocseiki ic cspcrkr k quc cn okuojf ic seneofbk sc ourc kbtcs ic rcknezkr ubk prucak. Cn cquepf pkrk cstk prucak cstë iespfbeanc ofdcroekndcbtc. Cbskyf ic kasfroeÿb ic Ofvcrorctc ’Sbk ’Sbk icèoecboek icn E_KY cs quc nk

kasfroeÿb cstë eb`nucboekik prcifdebkbtcdcbtc pfr nk zfbk ic supcrèoec. Cb

kbtcrefrcs edpneokb ubk aklk okrhk ic khuk (177 dd ic khuk sfb kprfxedkikdcbtc 1 mWk pfr cboedk ic nk prcseÿb ktdfs`åreok *) y cn `nulf sc rehc preboepkndcbtc pfr nk okpkoeiki ic sfroeÿb icn jfrdehÿb. _c jkb icskrrfnnkif cbskyfs ic pcrdckaeneiki kn khuk eb setu quc utenezkb prcsefbcs dës kntks pkrk fatcbcr ebieokoefbcs icn ofcèoecbtc ic pcrdckaeneiki icn jfrdehÿb.

Wrucak ONKD’Cstc dåtfif edpneok dcier cn `nulf ic khuk jkoek nk supcrèoec icn ofborctf aklf ubk prcseÿb èlk (Dfbthfdcry y Kikds, ;5:3). Sbk tkpk cspcoekndcbtc iescûkik cstë pchkik k nk supcrèoec ic ofborctf (@eh ( @ehurk urk 1.0.?), 1.0.?), y cn cn khuk k prcseÿb cs prfpfroefbkik pfr ub pestÿb ic tfrbennf deorfdåtreof. Sb dkbÿdctrf cb nk oëdkrk deic nk prcseÿb icn khuk. Wkrk rcknezkr nk prucak, nk oëdkrk sc nncbk ic khuk, cn tfrbennf deorfdåtreof sc herk pkrk dkbtcbcr ubk prcseÿb ic khuk ofbstkbtc ic kprfxedkikdcbtc ;37 mWk pfr cboedk ic nk prcseÿb ktdfs`åreok, y cn dfvedecbtf icn pestÿb sc rchestrk k ebtcrvknfs pcreÿieofs ic 17 k ?7 -pcräfif deb. Cn rcofrreif icn pestÿb duntepneokif pfr cn ërck icn oenebirf ik cn vfnudcb ic khuk quc pcbctrk cb cn jfrdehÿb. Sbk hrëèok icn vfnudcb ic khuk cb ùboeÿb icn tecdpf prfpfroefbk eb`frdkoeÿb sfarc nk pcrdckaeneiki icn jfrdehÿb. Ikif quc cn `nulf ic khuk cb cn jfrdehÿb bf cs ubeiercooefbkn y bf sc knokbzk ubk ofbieoeÿb ic cstkif cstkanc, nk prucak prfpfroefbk ub äbieoc ic pcrdckaeneiki, cb nuhkr icn ofcèoecbtc ic pcrdckaeneiki.

Nk prucak ONKD tkdaeåb sc pucic rcknezkr k ubk prcseÿb ic khuk dës aklk pkrk quc nk pcbctrkoeÿb sc ofbtrfnc preboepkndcbtc pfr kasfroeÿb, cb nuhkr ic pfr ubk ofdaebkoeÿb ic kasfroeÿb y pcrdckoeÿb. Wkrk nk dcieoeÿb ic nk kasfroeÿb, cn pestÿb kvkbzk k ubk vcnfoeiki quc dkbtecbc nk prcseÿb icn khuk k ; mWk (Aksjccr ct kn., ;551). Bucvkdcbtc, icaeif k quc nk kasfroeÿb rcsuntkbtc bf cs ubeiercooefbkn, sc fatecbc ub äbieoc ic sfrpteveiki cb nuhkr ic nk sfrpteveiki vcrikicrk. Dåtfif _tcebcrt’Cstc dåtfif ic prucak, eb`frdkif pfr _tcebcrt

(;585), utenezk cn preboepef icn kbennf ic prftcooeÿb pkrk nfhrkr ubk dclfr kprfxedkoeÿb icn `nulf ubeiercooefbkn aklf prcseÿb prcseÿb (@ehurk (@ehurk 1.0.9).). Nk tkpk, quc sc ofdpfbc ic ifs oëdkrks ofboåbtreoks 1.0.9 scpkrkiks pfr ub scnnf ic hfdk oerounkr, cstë pchkik k nk supcrèoec icn jfrdehÿb. Nks oëdkrks ofboåbtreoks sc nncbkb ic khuk y sc prcsurezkb k 077 mWk ofb kerc ofdpredeif. Cn `nulf icaklf ic nk oëdkrk ebtcrefr cs kprfxedkikdcbtc ubeiercooefbkn, ic dfif quc cn

nk prucak ic @ehh, nk kasfroeÿb cs ofbtrfnkik pfr cn jfrdehÿb ic dës ic 17 dd ic prfùbieiki. Nk prucak ic kasfroeÿb ic jfrdehÿb ic ofacrturk ebtcbtk supcrkr cstks ifs icèoecboeks (Ijer ct kn., ;5:8)

* Ofdf pubtf ic rc`crcboek, nk prcseÿb ktdfs`åreok kn bevcn icn dkr cs ic ubfs ;77 mWk.

DÅYFIF_ IC CB_KUF BF IC_YQSOYEPF

11:.1Q-??

Cn rchestrf ic `nulf cb ùboeÿb icn tecdpf cs dës `ëoen ic ebtcrprctkr quc cb nk prucak ONKD. Cbskyfs ic pcrdckaeneiki kn kerc ’_c ’_c jkb prfpucstf ubk kdpnek vkreciki ic cbskyfs quc sc akskb cb nk dcieoeÿb icn `nulf ic kerc u ftrfs hkscs k trkvås icn jfrdehÿb. Cxestcb rcnkoefb rcnkoefbcs cs cbtrc nk pcrdckaeneiki kn kerc y ftrfs ebieokifrcs ic iurkaeneiki, ofdf nk rcnkoeÿb khuk-dktcrekncs ocdcbtkbtcs, rcsestcboek y cèoecboek ic ourkif (Xjetebh, ;5:8). Ic dkbcrk sedenkr sedenkr k nks prucaks k aksc ic khuk, nks prucaks ic pcrdckaeneiki kn kerc edpneokb pcr`frkr ub khulcrf cb nk supcrèoec icn jfrdehÿb f nk kpneokoeÿb ic ubk oëdkrk k nk supcrèoec. Cb nk dkyfräk ic nfs oksfs, sc kpneok ub vkoäf y nk iesdebuoeÿb icn vkoäf ofb cn tecdpf sc tfdk ofdf ub ebieokifr ic nk pcrdckaeneiki kn kerc. Cb hcbcrkn, nks prucaks ic pcrdckaeneiki kn kerc sfb dës scboennks ic rcknezkr quc nks prucaks k aksc ic khuk. Wrucak ic pcrdckaeneiki kn kerc ic @ehh’Nk @ehh’Nk prucak ic pcrdckaeneiki kn kerc ic @ehh frehebkn edpneok cn desdf prfociedecbtf ic prcpkrkoeÿb icn freèoef quc pkrk nk prucak ic kasfroeÿb ic khuk icsoretk kbtcrefrdcbtc (@ehh,

;58?). _eb cdakrhf, cn tuaf cstë ofbcotkif k ubk afdak ic vkoäf cb nuhkr ic k nk lcrebhk y kn kpkrktf ic dkbÿdctrf utenezkifs utenezkifs pkrk nk prucak icn khuk. Nk afdak ic vkoäf sc kotevk jkstk quc nk prcseÿb icbtrf icn freèoef sc rciuoc k ub vknfr prcsoretf pfr icaklf ic nk prcseÿb ktdfs`åreok. Nk vënvunk cstë ocrrkik y cn `nulf ic kerc jkoek cn freèoef rciuoc cn vkoäf. _c deic cn tecdpf bcocskref pkrk fatcbcr ub kudcbtf prcseÿb prcsoretf cb cn kn freèoef y cnäbieoc tecdpf schubifs sc kn icbfdebkic äbieoc ic pcrdckaeneiki kerc. Sb iccb pcrdckaeneiki kerc dës kntf ebieok ub ofborctf dcbfs pcrdckanc. Cb nk prucak frehebkn ic @ehh, nk prcseÿb ic vkoäf prcsoretk crk

- :3 mWk y cn kudcbtf ic prcseÿb prcsoretf ùc ic 3 mWk. Cb ubk urk 1.0.3) 1.0.3) icstebkif icstebkif k dclfrkr nk dfieèokoeÿb pfstcrefr (@eh (@ehurk rcpcteaeneiki, cn tkdkûf icn freèoef sc kudcbtÿ k ;7 dd ic ieëdctrf y 97 dd ic prfùbieiki y nk prcseÿb ic vkoäf ebeoekn prcsoretk sc okdaeÿ ic -:3 mWk k -33 mWk (Oktjcr ct kn., ;5:9). Cn vkoäf rciuoeif sc scncooefbÿ pkrk pcrdeter cn usf ic afdaks ic vkoäf dkbukncs. Cb ftrk `frdk dfieèokik ic nk prucak ic @ehh (Ijer ct kn., ;5:8) icstebkik k dclfrkr küb dës nk rcpcteaeneiki, cn ieëdctrf icn freèoef sc kudcbtÿ k ;?

@eh. 1.0.1 ’ Csqucdk ic nk prucak ic kasfroeÿb ic khuk ic @ehh frehebkn.

dd, nk prfùbieiki kudcbtÿ k 37 dd y cn okdaef ic prcseÿb prcsoretf sc tfdÿ ic -33 mWk k -93 mWk. Wrucak ic _ojðbneb’Nk prucak ic @ehh ik ubk dcieik ic nk pcrdckaeneiki kn kerc ic nk zfbk ic ofacrturk ktrkvcskik pfr nk pkrtc kaecrtk icn khulcrf y rcquecrc pcr`frkr ub khulcrf cb cn jfrdehÿb. Wkrk cvetkr tcbcr quc pcr`frkr ub khulcrf, sc jkb prfpucstf dåtfifs ic 1.0.0),), sc ofnfok cb prucak ic supcrèoec. Cb cn dåtfif ic _ojðbneb (@eh. (@eh. 1.0.0 nk supcrèoec ubk oëdkrk ic 37 dd ic ieëdctrf ic vfnudcb ofbfoeif y sc utenezk ubk afdak ic vkoäf pkrk cvkoukr nk oëdkrk k ubk prcseÿb eb`crefr k -55 mWk (_ojðbneb y Jensifr`, ;5:8). Nk vënvunk sc oecrrk y cn dfdcbtf cb quc nk prcseÿb ic vkoäf knokbzk nfs -53 mWk sc tfdk ofdf ebeoef ic nk prucak. _c deic cn tecdpf bcocskref pkrk quc nk prcseÿb ic vkoäf kudcbtc k -87 mWk. Cb cn oksf ic jfrdehÿb icbsf, sc deic cn okdaef ic prcseÿb ic vkoäf iurkbtc ;17 schubifs. Ofb aksc cb cstks dcieoefbcs y cn vfnudcb ofbfoeif ic nk oëdkrk, ub äbieoc ic pcrdckaeneiki cb ubeikics ic d1 /s sc oknounk. Cb ub csùcrzf pfr knokbzkr ubk ofbieoeÿb ic judciki cstëbikr kbtcs ic nk prucak, nk supcrèoec sc scok ofb kerc oknecbtc iurkbtc 3 debutfs kbtcs ic nk prucak. Wrucak ic `nulf ic kerc ic supcrèoec’Nk prucak ic `nulf ic kerc ic supcrèoec

(_K@) sc aksk cb ub dåtfif utenezkif cb nk ebiustrek icn pctrÿncf pkrk

@eh. 1.0.? ’ Csqucdk icn kpkrktf ONKD.

11:.1Q-?9

EB@FQDC ICN OFDEYÅ IC KOE

@eh. 1.0.9 ’ Csqucdk icn dåtfif ic "kbennf ic prftcooeÿb" ic _tcebcrt pkrk kprfxedkr cn `nulf ubeiercooefbkn.

@eh. 1.0.0 ’ Csqucdk ic nk prucak ic pcrdckaeneiki kn kerc supcrèoekn ic _ojðbneb.

1.0.3 Pcbtklks y nedetkoefbcs ’Nks ’Nks vcbtklks y Nks nedetkoefbcs ic nfs ievcrsfs dåtfifs ic pcbctrkaeneiki quc sc jkb iesouteif sc rcsudcb cb Oukirf Oukirf 1.0. Wrucaks ic kasfroeÿb.’Nk prucak ic kasfroeÿb ic supcrèoec

ebeoekn (E_KY) prfpfroefbk ubk dcieoeÿb ic nk supcrèoec y dficnk nk kasfroeÿb ic khuk, quc cs cn c n dcokbesdf ic cbtrkik dës ofdüb ksfoekif ofb cn ictcrefrf icn jfrdehÿb. Nk prucak sc jk utenezkif kdpnekdcbtc cb cn Qcebf Sbeif y sc jk fatcbeif ubk okbteiki ofbseicrkanc ic iktfs ic okdpf y cxpcrecboek cb cn usf icn cquepf. Nk prucak cs tftkndcbtc bf icstruotevk y sc pucic utenezkr tkbtf cb supcrèoecs vcrteokncs ofdf jfrezfbtkncs. Nks nedetkoefbcs icn E_KY sfb nks sehuecbtcs<

• @eh. 1.0.3 ’ Csqucdk ic nk prucak ic pcrdckaeneiki kn kerc ic @ehh dfieèokik.

nk rëpeik ictcrdebkoeÿb ic nks pcrdckaeneikics ic nfs büoncfs ic rfoks (Xjetebh y Okiy, ;551). Sb csqucdk icn kpkrktf sc ducstrk cb@ehurk cb@ehurk 1.0.8.. Sbk pnkok ic vkoäf 1.0.8 vkoäf,, ofb ub kbennf ic hfdk sukvc pkrk prfpfroefbkr ub scnnf jcrdåteof, sc ofnfok sfarc nk supcrèoec ic ofborctf. Wkrk rcknezkr nk prucak, sc oecrrkb nks vënvunks K, A y O y sc kotevk nk afdak ic vkoäf. Nk afdak tecbc ubk okpkoeiki tkn quc nk prcseÿb ic vkoäf icacräk cstkaenezkrsc cb kprfxedkikdcbtc kprfxedkikdcbtc -:? mWk cb ;3 schubifs. Nk vënvunk K sc karc y nk prcseÿb ic vkoäf icac cstkaenezkrsc bucvkdcbtc cb -:? mWk. Nk vënvunk A sc karc y nk vënvunk K sc oecrrk, ierehecbif cn `nulf ic kerc k trkvås icn okuiknädctrf. Icspuås ic ;3 schubifs, sc rchestrk nk ncoturk icn okuiknädctrf. Cn okuikn cb dN / d sc utenezk ofdf ebieokifr ic nk pcrdckaeneiki kn kerc ic nk supcrèoec. Nfs cxpcredcbtfs jkb icdfstrkif quc nk prfùbieiki c`cotevk ic nk dcieoeÿb cs ic kprfxedkikdcbtc ;? dd (Xjetebh y Okiy, ;551). Kn ehukn quc cb nk prucak ic _ojðbneb, nk supcrèoec icac scokrsc ofb kerc oknecbtc se sc sfspcojk quc nk okpk supcrèoekn pucic tcbcr ub kntf ofbtcbeif ic judciki.

Wkrk nfs jfrdehfbcs ofb ubk sfrpteveiki supcrèoek supcrèoeknn aklk, nk trkycotfrek icn `nulf pucic ofbseicrkrsc kprfxedkikdcbtc ubeiercooefbkn,, y nks dcieoefbcs E_KY cstëb rcnkoefbkiks ofb nks ubeiercooefbkn dcieoefbcs ic nk sfrpteveiki ubeiercooefbkn (Jknn, ;5:5). _eb cdakrhf, k dcieik quc kudcbtk nk sfrpteveiki ic nk okpk supcrèoekn, cn `nulf rkiekn sc vucnvc sehbeèoktevf y bf cxestc ubk rcnkoeÿb ofbèkanc cbtrc nks dcieoefbcs ic E_KY y nks dcieoefbcs ic sfrpteveiki.

•

Cn nfhrf ic ub scnnf jcrdåteof cbtrc nk tkpk y nk supcrèoec ic ofborctf pucic rcsuntkr ie`äoen cb cn okdpf. Nk ebvcstehkoeÿb ic dfieèokoefbcs pkrk supcrkr cstc prfancdk sc jk rcknezkif ofb oecrtf åxetf cb cn Qcebf Sbeif.

•

Cn E_KY cs okpkz ic prfakr sfnf nfs ;7 k ;3 dd cxtcrefrcs icn jfrdehÿb. Kn ofbseicrkr nk ofrrfseÿb icn rcùcrzf, pucic scr ofbvcbecbtc cvknukr nk zfbk ic ofacrturk ofdpnctk.

•

Nfs rcsuntkifs ic nks prucaks sc vcb k`cotkifs pfr nk prcscboek ic ofdpucstfs ic ourkif u ftrfs rcvcstedecbtfs supcrèoekncs.

Nk prucak ic @ehh rcquecrc pcr`frkr khulcrfs cb cn jfrdehÿb y scnnkr nfs 17 dd cxtcrefrcs icn jfrdehÿb. Wfr tkbtf, nks prfpecikics ic nk pecn supcrèoekn cstëb cxonueiks ic nk

DÅYFIF_ IC CB_KUF BF IC_YQSOYEPF

11:.1Q-?3

dcieoeÿb. Nk prucak bf sc vc k`cotkik pfr rcouaredecbtfs supcrèoekncs f ofdpucstfs ic ourkif. Nk prucak ic kasfroeÿb ic jfrdehÿb ic ofacrturk tkdaeåb rcquecrc pcr`frkr ub khulcrf, pcrf nk dcieoeÿb ebonuyc cn c`cotf ic tfif cn jfrdehÿb quc rfick cn khulcrf, ebonueik nk zfbk ic nk supcrèoec. Cbskyfs ic pcrdckaeneiki kn khuk ’Ykbtf ’Ykbtf nfs cbskyfs ic

pcrdckaeneiki kn khuk ONKD ofdf nfs ic _tcebcrt prfiuocb ub äbieoc ic pcrdckaeneiki cdpäreof pkrk ub ofborctf cb pkrteounkr. Cs prc`creanc nk dcieoeÿb ic ubk prfpeciki kasfnutk, cb nuhkr ic ub äbieoc ic pcrdckaeneiki cdpäreof, pfrquc cxestcb rcnkoefbcs aecb icèbeiks cbtrc cn ofcèoecbtc ic pcrdckaeneiki y ftrfs `kotfrcs rcnkoefbkifs ofb nk iurkaeneiki (Xjetebh, ;5:8). _eb cdakrhf, nfs dåtfifs eb setu akskifs cb nk pcrdckaeneiki kn khuk bf sc ofrrcnkoefbkb ofb cstfs `kotfrcs ic iurkaeneiki be ofb nks prucaks ic pcrdckaeneiki kn kerc. Nk ebtcr`crcboek icn ofbtcbeif ic judciki icn jfrdehÿb kbtcs ic nk prucak pkrcoc tcbcr ub c`cotf dës scref cb nks prucaks ic pcrdckaeneiki kn khuk quc cb nks prucaks ic pcrdckaeneiki kn kerc. Ftrfs ebofbvcbecbtcs ic nks prucaks ic pcrdckaeneiki kn khuk sfb nfs nkrhfs tecdpfs ic prucak y nk bcocseiki ic pchkr f sulctkr cn cquepf k nk supcrèoec ic jfrdehÿb pkrk sfstcbcr cèokzdcbtc nk prcseÿb icn khuk kpneokik. ’Cb hcbcrkn, nk dkyfräk ic nks tåobeoks Cbskyfs ic pcrdckaeneiki kn kerc ’Cb ic pcrdckaeneiki kn kerc sfb rëpeiks y scboennks ic rcknezkr. Cb cn oksf ic iespfsetevfs dfbtkifs kn vkoäf, bf sc bcocsetk bebhüb koocsfref pcrdkbcbtc. K ie`crcboek ic nks prucaks ic khuk, nks prucaks ic pcrdckaeneiki kn kerc bf k`cotkb nks prfpecikics ic pcbctrkaeneiki icn jfrdehÿb. Ofdf rcsuntkif, sc pucic rcpcter ubk prucak ic pcrdckaeneiki kn kerc cb cn desdf nuhkr. Nks

@eh. 1.0.8 ’ Csqucdk ic nk prucak ic `nulf ic kerc supcrèoekn (_K@).

ebieokifrcs ic iurkaeneiki quc ub jfrdehÿb ic dkyfr okneiki prfakif cb scof. Knhubfs dåtfifs ebtcbtkb ikr oucbtk ic cstc prfancdk cspcoeèokbif quc nk prucak bf icac rcknezkrsc icbtrf ic ub pcräfif ictcrdebkif icspuås ic ubk nnuvek. _eb cdakrhf, ikif quc cn scokif icn ofborctf cs ubk ùboeÿb ic nk tcdpcrkturk kdaecbtc y nk judciki rcnktevk, cspcoeèokr ub tecdpf ic scokif bkturkn bf kschurk quc cn ofbtcbeif ic judciki cstå cb ub bevcn „cstëbikr—. Ftrfs dåtfifs cspcoeèokb ub pcräfif ic scokif ofb kerc oknecbtc kbtcs ic nk prucak (Mrfpp y Jensifr`, ;553). Wkrk nfs dåtfifs akskifs cb nk pcr`frkoeÿb ic ub freèoef ic prucak, nk

prucaks ic pcrdckaeneiki kn kerc pkrcocb vcrsc dcbfs k`cotkiks pfr cn

kooeÿb ic pcrouseÿb icn tknkirf pcroutfr pucic tcbcr ub c`cotf pcrluieoekn c

ofbtcbeif ic judciki icn ofborctf quc nks prucaks ic pcrdckaeneiki kn

ebofbtrfnkanc sfarc cn jfrdehÿb cb nks prfxedeikics icn freèoef. Wucicb

khuk. Nks prucaks ic supcrèoec, ofdf nk prucak _K@ y cn dåtfif ic _ojðbneb,

prfiuoersc hrectks cb cn jfrdehÿb quc pcrdetkb quc cn kerc y cn khuk `nuykb

sc vcb k`cotkiks preboepkndcbtc pfr nfs ;3 dd supcrefrcs ic jfrdehÿb y bf

dës `ëoendcbtc k nf nkrhf n krhf ic cnnks. Cstk ofbieoeÿb pucic prfiuoer

prfpfroefbkb ubk ebieokoeÿb ic nks prfpecikics ic pcbctrkaeneiki ic tfik nk

iesorcpkboeks cbtrc nfs rcsuntkifs ic nks prucaks, cspcoekndcbtc cb nks

zfbk ic ofacrturk. Nks prucaks akskiks cb cn dåtfif ic @ehh rcquecrcb

prucaks ic kasfroeÿb ic khuk.

pcr`frkr ub khulcrf y cxonuer nk okpk ocrokbk k nk supcrèoec cb nk dcieoeÿb.

1.8 ’ Ycrdfhrk`äk eb`rkrrflk Hcbcrkndcbtc, okik dåtfif ic prucak ik ofdf rcsuntkif ub äbieoc ic pcrdckaeneiki kn kerc quc pucic cstkr rcnkoefbkif rcnkoe fbkif ofb ftrfs `kotfrcs quc hfaecrbkb nk iurkaeneiki icn jfrdehÿb. Cb nk dkyfräk ic nfs oksfs, seb cdakrhf, cn äbieoc fatcbeif pfr ub dåtfif cspcoäèof bf cstë rcnkoefbkif ofb cn äbieoc fatcbeif pfr ftrf dåtfif quc utenezk ubk hcfdcträk y ubk prcseÿb ic prucak ie`crcbtcs.

’Kubquc nks tåobeoks ic pcbctrkaeneiki cstëb Nedetkoefbcs hcbcrkncs ’Kubquc rcnkoefbkiks ofb nfs dcokbesdfs ksfoekifs ofb cn ictcrefrf icn jfrdehÿb, sc icacb ofbseicrkr oecrtks nedetkoefbcs oukbif sc utenezk ub dåtfif ic cbskyf pkrteounkr cb nk prëoteok. Cstks nedetkoefbcs ebonuycb< ebonuycb< scbseaeneiki k nk judciki y okdaefs ic tcdpcrkturk= okdaefs cb cn dcokbesdf ic trkbspfrtc iurkbtc nk prucak (pfr clcdpnf, ic sfroeÿb k ieùseÿb)= vkrekoeÿb ic nk pcrdckaeneiki icn kerc ofb nk prcseÿb kpneokik= y nk eb`nucboek ic nk pcr`frkoeÿb cb nfs vknfrcs ic prucak. Nk bkturknczk cdpäreok ic nks prucaks y nks ofdpnclks okrkotcrästeoks ic `nulf ksfoekiks jkb edpcieif nk ofbvcrseÿb ic nfs rcsuntkifs ic nks prucaks cb dcieoefbcs ic prfpecikics kasfnutks. Nk nedetkoeÿb dës edpfrtkbtc cs, ofb duojf, cn c`cotf icn ofbtcbeif ic judciki icn jfrdehÿb cb cn dfdcbtf ic nk prucak. Sb ofborctf scof kasfracrë dës khuk y pcrdeterë dës `nulf ic kerc quc cn desdf ofborctf cb cstkif skturkif. Sb ofborctf ic dknk okneiki prfakif cb ofbieoefbcs jüdciks pucic rcsuntkr cb kpkrcbtcdcbtc dclfr

Nk tcrdfhrk`äk eb`rkrrflk sc jk utenezkif pkrk ictcotkr kbfdknäks icn suasucnf icbtrf y icaklf ic nfs cncdcbtfs ic jfrdehÿb. Cn dåtfif sc jk kpneokif k nk eicbteèokoeÿb ic vkoäfs ebtcrbfs, icnkdebkoefbcs y hrectks cb cstruoturks ic ofborctf ofdf tkancrfs ic pucbtcs (Jfnt y Dkbbebh, ;58:), pkvedcbtfs ic okrrctcrks (Xcen, ;55;), cstkoefbkdecbtfs, tuacräks (Xcen, ;5:5) y Cieèoefs. K_YD I 98:: icsoreac cn usf ic tcrdfhrk`äk eb`rkrrflk pkrk ictcotkr icnkdebkoefbcs cb ouaecrtks ic pucbtcs ic jfrdehÿb, ofb y seb rcvcstedecbtfs ic ks`kntf. 1.8.; Wreboepef ’Nk ’Nk tcrdfhrk`äk eb`rkrrflk ictcotk cn cdesfr seÿb ic rkiekoeÿb tårdeok y prfiuoc ubk edkhcb vesukn ic cstk scûkn tårdeok. Nk tcrdfhrk`äk, ofdf ouknquecr sestcdk quc utenezk uten ezk rkiekoeÿb eb`rkrrflk, deic nk vkrekoeÿb cb nk rkiekoeÿb ic nk supcrèoec y bf deic iercotkdcbtc nk tcdpcrkturk ic nk supcrèoec. _eb cdakrhf, sc pucic utenezkr pkrk ictcotkr kbfdknäks cb nk rkiekboek ic nk n k supcrèoec quc pucicb cstkr rcnkoefbkiks ofb nks ofbieoefbcs icn suasucnf icn cncdcbtf cn cdcbtf ic jfrdehÿb.

tcrdfhrk`äk eb`rkrrflk pkrk cbskyfs ic jfrdehÿb aksk cb ifsNkpreboepefs. Cn predcr preboepef cs quc ubk supcrèoecsc cdetc cbcrhäk cb `frdk ic rkiekoeÿb cncotrfdkhbåteok. Nk tksk ic cbcrhäk cdeteik pfr ubeiki ic supcrèoec cstë ikik pfr nk ncy ic _tc`kbAfntzdkbb (Jknneiky y Qcsbeom, ;58:)

11:.1Q-?0

EB@FQDC ICN OFDEYÅ IC KOE

Ykank 1.0 ’ Pcbtklks y nedetkoefbcs ic nfs dåtfifs ic pcbctrkaeneiki

Q 4 c ϏY 9

iÿbic Q 4

de 4

(1,17)

tksk ic rkiekoeÿb ic cbcrhäk pfr ubeiki ic ërck ic supcrèoec, X / d1=

Ϗ

4

nk cdeseveiki ic nk supcrèoec= nk ofbstkbtc ic _tc`kb-Afntzdkbb, 3.08 Ø ;7-: X / d1¸ M9= y

Y

4

tcdpcrkturk kasfnutk ic nk supcrèoec M.

Nk nfbhetui ic fbik ic nk rkiekoeÿb cdeteik icpcbic ic nk tcdpcrkturk. K dcieik quc kudcbtk nk tcdpcrkturk, nk nfbhetui ic fbik sc kofrtk. K ubk tcdpcrkturk suèoecbtcdcbtc kntk, nk rkiekoeÿb cstë cb cn cspcotrf veseanc. Wfr clcdpnf, cstc `cbÿdcbf sc fascrvk oukbif ubk uûk sc oknecbtk y cdetc nuz veseanc k kntks tcdpcrkturks. _eb cdakrhf, cb cn rkbhf ic tcdpcrkturk kdaecbtc, nk nfbhetui ic fbik ic nk rkiekoeÿb cdeteik cs icn fricb ic ;7³d, quc sc cboucbtrk cb nk rcheÿb eb`rkrrflk icn cspcotrf.

Cstk rkiekoeÿb pucic scr ictcotkik pfr scbsfrcs cspcoekncs quc

prfiuoer scûkncs cnåotreoks cb prfpfroeÿb k nk okbteiki ic cbcrhäk rkiekbtc eboeicbtc. Ofb nk oknearkoeÿb kicoukik, nk skneik ic ub scbsfr ic eb`rkrrflfs sc pucic ofbvcrter k tcdpcrkturk. Ksä, cs pfseanc dcier nk tcdpcrkturk supcrèoekn icn jfrdehÿb seb tcbcr quc cbtrkr cb ofbtkotf ofb ub tcrdÿdctrf f tcrdfpkr. Cn schubif preboepef cs quc nks kbfdknäks icn suasucnf cb cn jfrdehÿb k`cotkb cn `nulf ic oknfr k trkvås icn jfrdehÿb ( jfrdehÿb (@ehurk 1.8.;). _e @ehurk 1.8.;). nks kbfdknäks bf sfb icdksekif prfùbiks, cstfs okdaefs cb cn `nulf ic oknfr prfvfokb ie`crcboeks nfoknezkiks nfoknezkiks cb nk tcdpcrkturk ic nk supcrèoec. Kn dcier nk tcdpcrkturk ic nk supcrèoec cb ofbieoefbcs ic `nulf ic oknfr, sc pucicb nfoknezkr nks kbfdknäks icn suasucnf. Nk ofbieoeÿb ic `nulf ic oknfr rcqucreik sc pucic orckr krteèoekndcbtc dciekbtc cn usf ic nëdpkrks ic oknc`kooeÿb, f pucic fourrer bkturkndcbtc dciekbtc okncbtkdecbtf sfnkr (`nulf ic oknfr jkoek nk cstruoturk) y cb`rekdecbtf bfoturbf.

DÅYFIF_ IC CB_KUF BF IC_YQSOYEPF

11:.1Q-?8

(`nulf ic oknfr ùcrk ic nk cstruoturk). Nfs üntedfs dåtfifs sfb favekdcbtc cn cb`fquc cofbÿdeof. Cb rcsudcb, nk tcrdfhrk`äk eb`rkrrf eb`rkrrflk lk pkrk cbskyfs ic jfrdehÿb cxpnftk ifs dcokbesdfs preboepkncs ic trkbs`crcboek ic oknfr< ofbiuooeÿb y rkiekoeÿb. Cn jfrdehÿb skbf cs dës ofbiuotfr tårdeof quc cn jfrdehÿb ic aklk icbseiki f khrectkif. Nk rkiekoeÿb ic nk supcrèoec icn jfrdehÿb icpcbic ic nk cdeseveiki icn dktcrekn, quc sc icèbc ofdf nk okpkoeiki icn dktcrekn pkrk errkiekr cbcrhäk cb ofdpkrkoeÿb ofb ub rkiekifr ic oucrpf bchrf pcr`cotf. Nks supcrèoecs dës ruhfsks icn desdf dktcrekn tecbcb vknfrcs ic cdeseveiki dës kntfs. Knhubfs vknfrcs ic cdeseveiki sfb (Xcen, ;55;)< • Jfrdehÿb nedpef y ruhfsf c 4 7,53 y • Kocrf arennkbtc c 4 7,73. Nks ie`crcbtcs tcxturks y kokakifs ic nk supcrèoec (dkroks ic pebocn, okuojf f rcseiufs ic kocetc) k`cotkrëb nks prfpecikics ic rkiekoeÿb ic nk supcrèoec. Wfr nf tkbtf, sc icac tcbcr oueikif pkrk kschurkr quc nks ie`crcboeks kpkrcbtcs ic tcdpcrkturk dcieiks bf sc icakb k ie`crcboeks cb nk cdeseveiki.

Nfs pkrëdctrfs `äseofs quc ictcrdebkb nk rkiekoeÿb eb`rkrrflk cdeteik dcieik iurkbtc ub ncvkbtkdecbtf tcrdfhrëè tcrdfhrëèof of sfb< cdeseveiki ic nk supcrèoec icn jfrdehÿb, tcdpcrkturk ic nk supcrèoec, ofbiuoteveiki tårdeok icn jfrdehÿb, okpkoeiki oknfräèok vfnudåtreok icn jfrdehÿb, cspcsfr ic nk okpk okncbtkik c ebtcbseiki ic nk rkiekoeÿb sfnkr eboeicbtc. Nks ofbieoefbcs kdaecbtkncs prcscbtcs cb cn dfdcbtf ic nk prucak tkdaeåb k`cotkb nks dcieoefbcs ic tcdpcrkturk ic nk supcrèoec. Nks buacs rciuocb nk rkiekoeÿb sfnkr iurkbtc cn iäk y rc`nclkb nk rkiekoeÿb eb`rkrrflk eb`rkrrflk iurkbtc nk bfojc, nf quc rkncbtezk nk trkbs`crcboek ic oknfr cb nk supcrèoec icn jfrdehÿb. Cn vecbtf y nk judciki ic nk supcrèoec rciuocb nfs hrkiecbtcs ic tcdpcrkturk y cn khuk pfr icaklf ic 7 O `frdk jecnf cb jucofs y hrectks. Nks ofbieoefbcs onedëte onedëteoks oks ÿptedks sfb< oecnf icspclkif, vecbtf sukvc, supcrèoec ic jfrdehÿb scof c ebtcbsk rkiekoeÿb sfnkr. Wkrk supcrkr nks eb`nucboeks kdaecbtkncs cb nks prucaks, sc suhecrcb nks sehuecbtcs pkutks (K_YD I 98::)<

• •

[uetc nfs csofdarfs ic nk supcrèoec.

Bf prucac se jky khuk cstkbokik, jecnf f becvc= Iclc quc nk supcrèoec sc scquc kn dcbfs 19 jfrks kbtcs ic rcknezkr nk prucak.

• Bf prucac se nk vcnfoeiki icn vecbtf supcrk nfs 13 md / j. •Nk tcdpcrkturk icn sucnf icac cstkr pfr cboedk ic 7 O. Nks •prucaks bfoturbks icacb rcknezkrsc aklf oecnfs icspclkifs. Wfr cboedk ic tfif, nks prucaks icacb rcknezkrsc oukbif nfs dkyfrcs hrkiecbtcs ic okncbtkdecbtf f cb`rekdecbtf cstëb prcscbtcs cb cn ofborctf. Oukbif cxestcb ofbieoefbcs ic cb`rekdecbtf (prucaks bfoturbks, pfr clcdpnf), cn ofborctf sfarc ouknquecr kbfdknäk cstkrë dës `räf quc cn ofborctf skbf oeroubikbtc. Nf ofbtrkref cs oecrtf iurkbtc nks ofbieoefbcs ic oknc`kooeÿb. Cn dclfr dfdcbtf suhcreif pkrk rcknezkr cstuiefs eb`rkrrflfs cs pfof icspuås icn kdkbcocr f cbtrc dciek y ubk jfrk icspuås icn ktkricocr. _e nk prucak sc rcknezk icdksekif tecdpf icspuås ic ub okdaef tårdeof, nk supcrèoec icn ofborctf pucic skturkrsc tårdeokdcbtc ic dkbcrk quc nks kbfdknäks tårdeoks jkykb pkskif. Nk okbteiki ic tecdpf quc sc rcquecrc aklf nk pkrk nuz sfnkr iercotk pkrk icskrrfnnkr kbfdknäks ictcotkancs ieècrc vkreks kpneokoefbcs. Wfr clcdpnf,

@eh. 1.8.; ’ C`cotf ic nk kbfdknäk ebtcrbk sfarc nk tcdpcrkturk ic nk supcrèoec iurkbtc cn `nulf ic oknfr.

tfr, ub iespfsetevf ic kiqueseoeÿb / kbëneses ic iktfs y ub rchestrkifr ic edëhcbcs vesukncs. Cn okaczkn icn csoëbcr ic eb`rkrrflfs cs ubk oëdkrk ÿpteok, ofb ncbtcs quc trkbsdetcb sfnf rkiekoeÿb eb`rkrrflk ofb nfbhetuics ic fbik cb cn rkbhf ic ? k 3,0³d (fbik ofrtk), f ic : k ;1 ³ d (fbik dciek). _c utenezk ub sestcdk ic cspclfs herktfrefs pkrk pcrdeter ub csokbcf aeiedcbsefbkn icn falctf ic prucak (@ehurk ( @ehurk 1.8.1 1.8.1).). Cn ictcotfr ictcotfr ic eb`rkrrflfs bfrdkndcbtc bfrdkndcbtc sc cb`räk ofb betrÿhcbf näqueif k ubk tcdpcrkturk ic -;50 O y pucic ictcotkr vkrekoefbcs ic tcdpcrkturk tkb pcqucûks ofdf 7,; O. _eb cdakrhf, sc jkb icskrrfnnkif bucvfs scbsfrcs quc bf rcquecrcb cb`rekdecbtf (Mkpnkb, ;559= Dkttjcws ct kn., ;559). Cstfs scbsfrcs cstëb ofdpucstfs pfr ubk dktrez aeiedcbsefbkn ic dktcrekncs scbseancs k nk rkiekoeÿb eb`rkrrflk eboeicbtc. Cn usf ic ubk dktrez 1-I cnedebk nk bcocseiki ic cspclfs herktfrefs ofdf cb nks oëdkrks eb`rkrrflks ÿpteoks-dcoëbeoks ÿpteoks-dcoëbeoks ofbvcboefbkncs. Nk ubeiki ic kiqueseoeÿb y kbëneses ic iktfs ebonuyc ub ofbvcrteifr ic kbknÿheof k iehetkn (K / I), ubk ofdputkifrk ofb ub dfbetfr ic kntk rcsfnuoeÿb y ub iespfsetevf ic kndkocbkdecbtf ic iktfs, y ub sf`twkrc ic kbëneses ic iktfs. Wkrk ubk ofacrturk rëpeik ic hrkbics ërcks, ofdf pkvedcbtfs ic okrrctcrks f kcrÿirfdfs, cn cquepf sc pucic dfbtkr cb ub vcjäounf kutfdftfr. Nfs iktfs fatcbeifs pfr nk ubeiki ic csoëbcr / ictcotfr sc iehetknezkb y sc ducstrkb cb tfbfs ic hres f ic ofnfr, schüb cn sf`twkrc ic kbëneses ic iktfs. Nks rchefbcs dës `räks f dës oknecbtcs sc eicbteèokb pfr ub sfdarckif f ofnfr hres ie`crcbtc cb ofdpkrkoeÿb ofb cn jfrdehÿb oeroubikbtc. _c utenezk ubk ubeiki ic hrkakoeÿb ic edëhcbcs vesukncs, ofdf ubk hrkakifrk ic oebtk ic väicf, ubk oëdkrk ic pcnäounk f ubk oëdkrk ic väicf iehetkn, pkrk prfpfroefbkr ub rchestrf ic nk rcheÿb csokbckik pfr nk oëdkrk ic eb`rkrrflfs. Nk ofdpkrkoeÿb ic nks edëhcbcs vesukncs c eb`rkrrflks cs bcocskrek pkrk kschurkr quc nks ie`crcboeks ic tcdpcrkturk kpkrcbtcs cb nk edkhcb eb`rkrrflk bf sc icakb k ie`crcboeks cb nks n ks cdeseveikics ic nk supcrèoec. Ofdf @ehurk 1.8.? ducstrk ubk `ftfhrk`äk `ftfhrk`äk ÿpteok (krreak) ÿpteok (krreak) y cn clcdpnf,@ehurk clcdpnf,

1.8.1 Cquepf ’Nfs ’Nfs sestcdks ic kbëneses y csokbcf tcrdfhrëèof ofbstkb ic trcs ofdpfbcbtcs preboepkncs< ub csoëbcr / ictcotfr

ofrrcspfbiecbtc tcrdfhrkdk eb`rkrrflf (kaklf) ic ub tkancrf ic pucbtc. Nks uaeokoefbcs ic nk icnkdebkoeÿb sfb

11:.1Q-?:

EB@FQDC ICN OFDEYÅ IC KOE

@eh. 1.8.1 ’ Csqucdk icn sestcdk ic csoëbcr ic eb`rkrrflfs utenezkif pkrk orckr ubk edkhcb tårdeok (kikptkif

ic _ojncssebhcr, ;553). eicbteèokif pfr nfs pubtfs "oknecbtcs" dës arennkbtcs cb nk edkhcb tcrdfhrëèok. Ycbhk cb oucbtk quc cn pkrojc ic ks`kntf ik ofdf rcsuntkif

ubk kbfdknäk icn suasucnf, bf pucic prfpfroefbkr eb`frdkoeÿb sfarc su prfùbieiki.

ubk ebieokoeÿb `knsk icaeif k su ie`crcbtc cdeseveiki cdese veiki y prfpecikics tårdeoks.

’Nks vcbtklks y nedetkoefbcs ic 1.8.? Pcbtklks y nedetkoefbcs ’Nks 1.8.. Nk nk tcrdfhrk`äk eb`rkrrflk sc rcsudcb cb Oukirf 1.8 tcrdfhrk`äk tcrdfh rk`äk eb`rkrrflk cs ub dåtfif ic ebspcooeÿb hnfakn y pcrdetc ebspcooefbkr hrkbics supcrèoecs cb ub ofrtf pcräfif ic tecdpf. _u preboepkn kpneokoeÿb cb ebhcbecräk oeven jk seif nk ictcooeÿb ic icnkdebkoefbcs cb tkancrfs ic pucbtcs y pkvedcbtfs ic jfrdehÿb krdkif. Cbtrc sus icsvcbtklks cstë cn rcquesetf rcque setf ic nks ofbieoefbcs kdaecbtkncs kicoukiks pkrk nfhrkr nks ofbieoefbcs ic `nulf ic oknfr bcocskreks pkrk ictcotkr nk prcscboek ic kbfdknäks suatcrrëbcks. _eb cdakrhf, ebonusf ofb nks ofbieoefbcs kicoukiks ic `nulf `n ulf ic oknfr, bf tfiks nks icnkdebkoefbcs sfb ictcotkancs. Dkscr y Qfiies (;557) rcknezkrfb cstuiefs kbknäteofs pkrk ofdprcbicr nfs `kotfrcs quc k`cotkb nks ie`crcboeks cb nk tcdpcrkturk supcrèoekn ic ubk nfsk ic jfrdehÿb dkoezf y ubk nfsk ofb icnkdebkoeÿb. Nfs clcdpnfs ic nfs rcsuntkifs ic tkncs kbëneses sc ducstrkb cb nk @eh. 1.8.9.. Nk èhurk 1.8.9 (k) ducstrk cn dficnf kbknäteof quc sc utenezÿ. Cb nfs 1.8.9 kbëneses (akskifs cb cn dåtfif i icc nfs cncdcbtfs èbetfs), nk nfsk ic jfrdehÿb sc sfdcteÿ k ubk vkrekoeÿb sebusfeikn ic nk tcdpcrkturk kdaecbtc ofb ub oeonf ic 19 jfrks y ubk vkrekoeÿb pkrkaÿneok ic nk rkiekoeÿb sfnkr eboeicbtc. Nk tcdpcrkturk icn kerc vkreÿ ic ;0 k ?7 O. Nk @eh. 1.8.9 (a) ducstrk nks ie`crcboeks cb nk tcdpcrkturk ic nk supcrèoec cb ofdpkrkoeÿb ofb ubk nfsk sÿneik pkrk ie`crcbtcs prfùbieikics ic ofacrturk y ubk hrectk nncbk ic kerc ic ;.18 dd ic kbojf. _c vc quc nk tcdpcrkturk ie`crcboekn dëxedk iesdebuyc k dcieik quc kudcbtk nk prfùbieiki ic nk icnkdebkoeÿb. Nk èhurk 1.8.9 (o) ducstrk nfs rcsuntkifs pkrk ie`crcbtcs kbojfs ic èsurk k ubk prfùbieiki ic rcouaredecbtf ic ?: dd. _c vc quc cn kbojf ic nk hrectk tecbc ub ùcrtc c`cotf sfarc nk ie`crcboek ic tcdpcrkturk dëxedk. Ykdaeåb sc cbofbtrÿ quc ubk icnkdebkoeÿb nncbk ic khuk ikak ofdf rcsuntkif tcdpcrkturks t cdpcrkturks supcrèoekncs okse eiåbteoks k nks ic ubk nfsk sÿneik. Wfr üntedf, okac scûknkr quc, se aecb nk tcrdfhrk`äk eb`rkrrflk pucic prfpfroefbkr eb`frdkoeÿb sfarc nk cxtcbseÿb icn ërck ic

1.: ’ Qkikr 1.:.; Ebtrfiuooeÿb ’Qkikr ’Qkikr (korÿbedf ic Qkief Ictcotefb kbi Qkbhebh) cs kbënfhf k nk tåobeok ic punsf-cof iesouteik cb _cooeÿb 1.1.1,, cxocptf 1.1.1 cxocptf quc sc utenezk utenezkb b fbiks cncotrfdkhbåteoks (fbiks ic rkief f deorffbiks) cb nuhkr ic fbiks ic cstrås. Nfs predcrfs usfs ic nk tåobeok ùcrfb pkrk kpneokoefbcs denetkrcs, pcrf nks tåobeoks ic rkikr kjfrk sc utenezkb cb ubk vkreciki ic okdpfs. Nks predcrks kpneokoefbcs ic ebhcbecräk oeven ùcrfb pkrk sfbickr cn sucnf pkrk ictcotkr tuacräks y tkbqucs cbtcrrkifs. K cstf nc sehuecrfb cstuiefs pkrk ictcotkr okveikics icaklf ic nfs pkvedcbtfs icn kcrÿirfdf y, dës rcoecbtcdcbtc, pkrk ictcrdebkr cn cspcsfr icn ofborctf, uaeokr jucofs y akrrks ic rcùcrzf c eicbteèokr cn ictcrefrf (Aubhcy y

Dennkri, ;55?= Okbtfr, ;5:9= Okrtcr ct kn., ;5:0= Oncdcûk, ;5:?). = Mubz y Ckncs, ;5:3= Dkscr, ;5:0, ;5:5, ;557= Dkscr y Qfiies, ;557= _tcebwky ct kn., ;5:;= Snremscb, ;5:?). Nks okrkotcrästeoks dës ktrkotevks ic cstk tcobfnfhäk sfb< su okpkoeiki pkrk pcbctrkr cb cn suasucnf y ictcotkr ofbieoefbcs ebveseancs= su okpkoeiki pkrk csokbckr hrkbics ërcks ic supcrèoec cb ub ofrtf pcräfif ic tecdpf= y su kntk scbseaeneiki k nk judciki icn suasucnf y kn dctkn eborustkif. Cb kpneokoefbcs ic ebhcbecräk oeven, nks prfùbieikics ic ebspcooeÿb sfb rcnktevkdcbtc pfof prfùbiks cb ofdpkrkoeÿb ofb ftrfs usfs icn rkikr. Ofdf rcsuntkif, nfs iespfsetevfs pkrk cstks kpneokoefbcs cdetcb punsfs ofrtfs ic fbiks cncotrfdkhbåteoks (deorff (deorffbiks). biks). Wfr cstk rkzÿb, nk tåobeok k dcbuif sc icbfdebk rkikr ic punsf ofrtf, rkikr ic edpunsf * f rkikr ic pcbctrkoeÿb cb cn sucnf (sfbicf) (HWQ). Cb cstc eb`frdc,

* Ftrfs ifs cb`fqucs quc sc jkb ofbseicrkif pftcboekndcbtc kprfpekifs pkrk cstruoturks

Nks kpneokoefbcs ounturkncs sfb nk dfiunkoeÿb ic `rcoucboek y cn rkikr ic punsf sebtåteof (Aubhcy y Dennkri, ;55?). Cstfs cb`fqucs sc jkb cxonueif ic cstk scooeÿb pfrquc nfs sestcdks ic edpunsfs jkb hkbkif nk dkyfr kocptkoeÿb prëoteok y cstëb dës `ëoendcbtc iespfbeancs ofdcroekndcbtc.

DÅYFIF_ IC CB_KUF BF IC_YQSOYEPF

11:.1Q-?5

@eh. 1.8.? ’ Clcdpnf ic tcrdfhrk`äk eb`rkrrflk< (k) `ftfhrk`äk ÿpteok icn tkancrf ic ub pucbtc ic jfrdehÿb, y (a) tcrdfhrkdk eb`rkrrflf quc ducstrk "pubtfs oknecbtcs" ofrrcspfbiecbtcs k uaeokoefbcs ic icnkdebkoefbcs ic jfrdehÿb c ebieokoeÿb `knsk icaeif k pkrojc ic ks`kntf.

Ykank 1.8 ’ Pcbtklks y nedetkoefbcs ic nk tcrdfhrk`äk eb`rkrrflk

sc nnkdkrë HWQ. Cstk scooeÿb kbknezk nfs preboepefs ic HWQ, nk ebstrudcbtkoeÿb quc sc utenezk, nks tåobeoks ic kbëneses ic iktfs y knhubks ic nks nedetkoefbcs ebjcrcbtcs. Oncdcûk (;55;) puaneoÿ ubk rcveseÿb ictknnkik ic nfs preboepefs y kpneokoefbcs ic nk HWQ. 1.:.1 Wreboepef ’Cn ’Cn preboepef ic ùboefbkdecbtf ic HWQ sc enustrk cb 1.:.;. Sbk kbtcbk, @ehurk 1.:.;. kbtcbk, quc sc krrkstrk k trkvås ic nk supcrèoec f sc

k dcbuif ofbtecbcb trcs f ouktrf peofs, ofdf sc ducstrk cb nk èhurk 1.:.;. Cn kbëneses y nk ebtcrprctkoeÿb ic nk scûkn sc akskb cb vknfrcs ic `rcoucboek ocbtrkn bfdebkn aecb icèbeifs, dës ofdübdcbtc cbtrc 377 DJz y ; HJz pkrk cstuiefs cstruoturkncs (Aubhcy y Dennkri, ;55?). Okik punsf veklk k trkvås icn dktcrekn y ubk pkrtc ic nk cbcrhäk sc rc`nclk ic rchrcsf k nk kbtcbk oukbif sc cboucbtrk ubk ebtcr`kz cbtrc dktcrekncs ic

èlk k ub vcjäounf ic cboucstk, trkbsdetc punsfs ofrtfs ic cbcrhäk cncotrfdkhbåteok (icbtrf ic ubk akbik ic `rcoucboek kdpnek cspcoäèok) quc pcbctrkb cb cn dktcrekn ic nk cboucstk. Nfs punsfs dës ofdübdcbtc utenezkifs pkrk nk cvknukoeÿb icn jfrdehÿb vkräkb ic ; k ? bkbfschubifs (bsco) cb iurkoeÿb y

prfpecikics iecnåotreoks ie`crcbtcs. Nkprfpfroefbkn kbtcbk rcoeack nk nk cbcrhäk rc`nclkik y hcbcrk ubk scûkn ic skneik kdpnetui icn okdpf cncotrfdkhbåteof rc`nclkif. Wfr nf tkbtf, nk scûkn rcoeaeik ofbtecbc eb`frdkoeÿb sfarc nf quc sc rc`nclÿ, nk rkpeicz ofb nk quc veklÿ nk scûkn y nk okbteiki ic scûkn quc ùc

11:.1Q-97

EB@FQDC ICN OFDEYÅ IC KOE

@eh. 1.:.; ’ Qc`ncxefbcs icn punsf ic rkiekoeÿb cncotrfdkhbåteok cb ebtcr`kocs cbtrc dktcrekncs ofb ie`crcbtcs ofbstkbtcs iecnåotreoks rcnktevks (kikptkif ic Okrebf, ;559). @eh. 1.8.9 ’ Cstuief kbknäteof ic tcrdfhrk`äk eb`rkrrflk< (k) dficnf ic tkancrf ic pucbtc ic jfrdehÿb utenezkif cb sedunkoeÿb budåreok= (a) c`cotf ic nk prfùbieiki icn rcouaredecbtf rcouaredecbtf sfarc nk tcdpcrkturk ic nk supcrèoec cb

γ 4 γ7 4

ofdpkrkoeÿb ofb nk nfsk dkoezk= y (o) c`cotf icn kbojf ic nk hrectk rcnncbk ic kerc sfarc nk tcdpcrkturk ic nk supcrèoec cb ofdpkrkoeÿb ofb nk nfsk sÿneik (kikptkif ic Dkscr y Qfiies, ;557).

ktcbukif. Cstks okbteikics icpcbicb ic nk ofbèhurkoeÿb cspkoekn y nks prfpecikics cnåotreoks icn decdarf ebvcstehkif.

γ r 4 γ - γ ---

7

iÿbic

(1,1;)

ofbstkbtc iecnåotreok icn cspkoef nearc (kerc), quc cs :.:3 Ø ;7;1 `krkief / d.

Nk ofbstkbtc iecnåotreok rcnktevk hfaecrbk nk vcnfoeiki ic nk fbik cncotrfdkhbåteok cb ub dktcrekn cb pkrteounkr. Wkrk dktcrekncs ic aklk pårieik, nk vcnfoeiki ic nks fbiks cncotrfdkhbåteoksO vecbc ikif pfr nf sehuecbtc

O

Nk tcfräk ic nk prfpkhkoeÿb ic fbiks cncotrfdkhbåteoks cs ofdpneokik. Nk sehuecbtc prcscbtkoeÿb cstë sedpneèokik cb aksc k supucstfs kicoukifs pkrk kpneokoefbcs ic ebhcbecräk oeven. _c cboucbtrkb iespfbeancs trktkdecbtfs dës ictknnkifs (Ikbecns ct kn., ;5::= Jknkac ct kn., ;55?, ;553). Nks prfpecikics ic nfs dktcrekncs predkrefs quc k`cotkb nk cbcrhäk trkbsdeteik y rc`nclkik sfb nk ofbstkbtc iecnåotreok y nk ofbiuoteveiki. Nfs dktcrekncs ic ebtcrås pkrk kpneokoefbcs cstruoturkncs ic HWQ, ofb nk cxocpoeÿb ic dctkncs, sfb iecnåotreofs ic aklks pårieiks. Nk ofbstkbtc iecnåotreok ic Kdktcrekn, tkdaeåb ofbfoeik ofdf pcrdeteveiki iecnåotreok, cs nk okbteiki ic cbcrhäk cncotrfstëteok kndkocbkik pfr ubeiki ic vfnudcb pkrk ub hrkiecbtc ic pftcboekn ubetkref. Nk ofbiuoteveiki cnåotreok, cn rcoäprfof ic nk rcsesteveiki cnåotreok, cs ubk dcieik ic nk `koeneiki ofb nk quc sc pucic jkocr quc ubk ofrrecbtc cnåotreok `nuyk k trkvås ic ub dktcrekn. ofbstkbtc iecnåotreok rcnktevk γr

ofbstkbtc iecnåotreok (`krkiefs / dctrf), y

7-O 4 ------ 7--

γ r

(1,11)

iÿbic O 7 4 vcnfoeiki ic nk nuz cb cn kerc (? Ø ;7 : d / s), y

γr 4 ofbstkbtc iecnåotreok rcnktevk. Cn kbëneses ic nks ` frdks ic fbik rchestrkiks cb cn ifdebef icn tecdpf pcrdetc

ictcrdebkoeÿb ic nk prfùbieiki ic nk ebtcr`kz rc`ncotkbtc ksudecbif quc sc ofbfoc nk ofbstkbtc iecnåotreok rcnktevk. Nk prfùbieiki ic nk ebtcr`kz rc`ncotkbtc sc fatecbc k pkrter icn tecdpf ic veklc ic eik y vucntk dcieif y nk vcnfoeiki ic nk fbik cncotrfdkhbåteok. _e cn tecdpf ic veklc ic eik y vucntk pkrk cn punsf cs t, nk prfùbieiki I scräk

t I 4 O - - - - - -

1

Cn ofbtrkstc cb nk ofbstkbtc iecnåotreok ictcrdebk nk kd

(1,1?)

okbteiki ic

cbcrhäk rc`nclkik cb nk ebtcr`kz cbtrc ifs dktcrekncs ie`crcbtcs. Wkrk iecnåotreofs ic aklk pårieik, nk rcnkoeÿb cbtrc nks kdpnetuics rc`nclkiks c eboeicbtcs icn okdpf cncotrfdkhbåteof (ofcèoecbtc ic rc`ncxeÿb)

DÅYFIF_ IC CB_KUF BF IC_YQSOYEPF

rc`nclkik cb ubk ebtcr`kz vecbc ikik pfr nk sehuecbtc coukoeÿb (Oncdcûk, ;55;= Aubhcy y Dennkri, ;55?)

γ ϋ ;,1 4 -- - - - r ; γ r ; +

γ

r-- 1-1--------------------

γ r 1

iÿbic

λ Ϗ (1,19)

4 4

ktcbukoeÿb ic nk scûkn (iA / d) y ofbiuoteveiki (Υ-;dctrf- ;).

Nk ofbiuoteveiki icn jfrdehÿb kudcbtk ofb nk `rcoucboek (Jknkac ct kn. ;55?). Wfr clcdpnf, nk ofbiuoteveiki k ; HJz cs kprfxedkikdcbtc kprfxedkikdcbtc ;,3 vcocs nk ofbiuoteveiki ic nk ofrrecbtc ofbtebuk (7 Jz). Cn rkikr ictcotk cn tecdpf ic nnchkik y cn bevcn ic cbcrhäk ic ub punsf cncotrfdkhbåteof rc`nclkif. rc`nclkif. Ikif quc nk prfpkhkoeÿb ic fbiks

iÿbic

ϋ 4 γr ;,1 ;4

11:.1Q-9;

ofcèoecbtc ic rc`ncxeÿb,

ofbstkbtc iecnåotreok rcnktevk icn Dktcrekn ; (fbik eboeicbtc), y

ofbstkbtc iecnåotreok rcnktevk icn dktcrekn 1. Nk ofbstkbtc γr 1 4 Nk iecnåotreok icn jfrdehÿb sc vc k`cotkik pfr nk bkturknczk ic nfs dktcrekncs y cn ofbtcbeif ic judciki. Wfr icèbeoeÿb, nk ofbstkbtc iecnåotreok rcnktevk icn kerc cs ehukn k ;, y nfs vknfrcs täpeofs pkrk ftrfs Ycbhk cb oucbtk quc nk ofbstkbtc dktcrekncs sc ikb cb@ehurk cb@ehurk 1.:.;. 1.:.;. Ycbhk iecnåotreok icn khuk cs duojf dës kntk quc nk ic nfs ftrfs dktcrekncs cbudcrkifs. Cstf jkoc quc cn khuk sck cn ofbtreauycbtc iecnåotreof dës edpfrtkbtc ic nfs dktcrekncs ic ofbstruooeÿb y cxpneok pfr quå cn rkikr cs duy scbseanc k nk judciki. K dcieik quc kudcbtk cn ofbtcbeif ic judciki, tkdaeåb kudcbtk nk ofbstkbtc iecnåotreok icn dktcrekn, ofdf cn jfrdehÿb. Sbk ie`crcboek edpfrtkbtc cbtrc cn HWQ y nfs dåtfifs ic fbiks ic tcbseÿb, ofdf cn dåtfif ic cof ic edpkotf, cs nk kdpnetui ic nks rc`ncxefbcs cb ubk ebtcr`kz jfrdehÿb-kerc. Wkrk nks fbiks ic tcbseÿb, nk rc`ncxeÿb cs okse icn ;77 pfr oecbtf pfrquc nk edpcikboek koüsteok icn kerc cs ebsehbeèokbtc cb ofdpkrkoeÿb ofb cn jfrdehÿb. Wfr ftrf nkif, cn icsklustc cb nks ofbstkbtcs iecnåotreoks cb ubk ebtcr`kz ofborctf-kerc bf cs tkb irësteof, y sfnf knrcicifr icn 37 pfr oecbtf ic nk cbcrhäk eboeicbtc sc rc`nclk cb ubk ebtcr`kz ofborctf-kerc. Cstk ofbieoeÿ ofbieoeÿb b ik ofdf rcsuntkif ifs ie`crcboeks sehbeèoktevks sehbeèoktevks cbtrc HWQ y nfs dåtfifs ic fbiks ic tcbseÿb. HWQ bf cs tkb scbseanc k nk ictcooeÿb ic ebtcr`kocs kerc-jfrdehÿb kerc-jfrdehÿ b ofdf nf sfb nfs dåtfifs ic fbiks ic tcbseÿb. _eb cdakrhf, icaeif k quc nk cbcrhäk bf sc rc`nclk tftkndcbtc cb ubk ebtcr`kz ofborctf-kerc, HWQ pucic pcbctrkr dës knnë ic ieojk ebtcr`kz y "vcr" nks okrkotcrästeoks icaklf ic nk ebtcr`kz.

Cq. (1.19) ducstrk quc oukbif nk ofbstkbtc iecnåotreok iec nåotreok icn Dktcrekn 1 cs dkyfr quc nk icn Dktcrekn ;, cn ofcèoecbtc ic rc`ncxeÿb cs bchktevf. Cstf ebieok ubk ebvcrseÿb ic `ksc (okdaef ic pfnkreiki) ic nk fbik rc`nclkik, nf quc sehbeèok quc nk pkrtc pfsetevk ic nk fbik sc rc`nclk ofdf ubk pkrtc bchktevk (@eh. 1.:.;). Cb ubk ebtcr`kz ic dctkn, ofdf cbtrc cn jfrdehÿb y cn rcùcrzf ic kocrf, jky ubk rc`ncxeÿb ofdpnctk y nk pfnkreiki ic nk fbik rc`nclkik sc ebvecrtc. Cstf jkoc quc HWQ sck duy cèokz pkrk nfoknezkr eborustkoefbcs dctëneoks. Wfr ftrf nkif, nfs rc`nclfs ùcrtcs ic nfs dctkncs eborustkifs pucicb fsourcocr nfs rc`nclfs dës iåaencs ic ftrks ebtcr`kocs rc`ncotkbtcs quc pucicb cstkr prcscbtcs, y nfs rc`nclfs ic nks akrrks ic rcùcrzf pucicb cbdksokrkr nks scûkncs ic dkyfrcs prfùbieikics. Nk ofbiuoteveiki y, cb dcbfr dcieik, nk ofbstkbtc iecnåotreok, ictcrdebkb

cncotrfdkhbåteoks sc vc k`cotkik pfr okdaefs cb nks prfpecikics iecnåotreoks, nks vkrekoefbcs cb nk ofbieoeÿb y ofbèhurkoeÿb ic ubk cstruoturk prfvfokrëb okdaefs cb nk scûkn. Nk eb`frdkoeÿb sc fatecbc fascrvkbif cn tecdpf ic rctfrbf, nk kdpnetui, nk `frdk y nk pfnkreiki ic nk scûkn. Nks ofbieoefbcs icn ofborctf ofdf jucofs, `frdkoeÿb ic pkbkncs y kntf ofbtcbeif ic judciki y onfrurf sc pucicb eb`crer ic nfs okdaefs cb nk ofbstkbtc iecnåotreok y nk ofbiuoteveiki icn ofborctf. Wfr clcdpnf, cstuiefs tcÿreofs jkb icdfstrkif quc nks okrkotcrästeoks ic nk scûkn ic rkikr sc vcb k`cotkiks pfr vkrekoefbcs cb cn ofbtcbeif ic judciki icn ofborctf (_jkw ct kn., ;55?) y pfr vkrekoefbcs cb cn ofbtcbeif ic judciki y onfrurf aklf ubk okpk ic ks`kntf (Dkscr y Qfiies, ;557). Ftrfs cstuiefs jkb ofbseicrkif nfs c`cotfs ic nk `frdk y cn tkdkûf ic nfs jucofs icbtrf icn ofborctf (Aubhcy y Dennkri, ;553) y icn tkdkûf ic nfs jucofs icaklf icn pkvedcbtf ic ofborctf (_tcebwky ct kn., ;5:;). Jknkac y ofn. (;55?) icskrrfnnkrfb dficnfs tcÿreofs pkrk prcicoer nks prfpecikics iecnåotreoks icn jfrdehÿb cb ùboeÿb ic nk tcdpcrkturk, nk pfrfseiki, cn ofbtcbeif ic judciki y skn y nk `rcoucboek icn rkikr. Kicdës, sc icskrrfnnkrfb dficnfs pkrk nk säbtcses c ebvcrseÿb ic `frdks ic fbik ic rkikr (Jknkac ct kn., ;553). Cn dficnf ic säbtcses (iercotf) sc pucic utenezkr pkrk hcbcrkr `frdks ic fbik ic rkikr tcÿreoks y rcknezkr cstuiefs pkrkdåtreofs pkrk dciefs cstrkteèokifs, ofdf ouaecrtks ic pucbtcs y pkvedcbtfs supcrpucstfs, ofb okrkotcrästeoks ofdf akrrks ic rcùcrzf y icnkdebkoefbcs. _c jk utenezkif cn dficnf ic ebvcrseÿb, ofb dficrkif åxetf, cstedkr nks prfpecikics `äseoks ic nfs tkancrfs ic pucbtcs ic jfrdehÿb k pkrter ic `frdks ic fbik ic rkikr (Jknkac ct kn., ;553). Ftrfs jkb utenezkif cn dåtfif ic cncdcbtfs èbetfs pkrk sedunkr nk prfpkhkoeÿb ic punsfs cncotrfdkhbåteofs k trkvås icn jfrdehÿb (Dennkri ct kn., ;55?).

Ikif quc cn punsf ic rkikr tecbc ubk iurkoeÿb èbetk, nks okpks ic dktcrekn quc sc cstëb cstuiekbif icacb scr nf suèoecbtcdcbtc hrucsks pkrk quc nfs rc`nclfs ic nks okpks suocsevks cståb onkrkdcbtc scpkrkifs. Cstc cspcsfr däbedf rcqucreif sc pucic oknounkr uskbif

(1,1?)of ofb b t ehukn k nk iurkoeÿb icn punsf. Wfr clcdpnf, pkrk ubk Cq. (1,1?) iurkoeÿb ic punsf ic ;,3 bsch cb jfrdehÿb y ubk ofbstkbtc iecnåotreok rcnktevk ic 0 (vcnfoeiki 4 ;11 dd / bsch), cn cspcsfr däbedf rcqucreif scräk ic kprfxedkikdcbtc 57 dd. 1.:.? Ebstrudcbtkoeÿb ’Nk ebstrudcbtkoeÿb täpeok ic HWQ ebonuyc nfs sehuecbtcs ofdpfbcbtcs preboepkncs< ubk ubeiki ic kbtcbk, ubk ubeiki ic ofbtrfn, ub iespfsetevf ic vesuknezkoeÿb y ub iespfsetevf ic kndkocbkdecbtf. Nk kbtcbk cdetc cn punsf ic fbik cncotrfdkhbåteok y rcoeac nfs rc`nclfs. Wkrk ub

nk pårieik ic cbcrhäk cb ub dktcrekn cb pkrteounkr. Nk ktcbukoeÿb ic nk scûkn

dktcrekn ikif, nk prfùbieiki ic pcbctrkoeÿb y nk rcsfnuoeÿb ic HWQ sfb

sc pucic kprfxedkr ic nk sehuecbtc dkbcrk (Aubhcy

ùboefbcs icn ofbtcbeif ic `rcoucboek icn punsf. Nks `rcoucboeks dës aklks pcbctrkb dës prfùbikdcbtc pcrf arebikb dcbfs rcsfnuoeÿb, decbtrks quc

y Dennkri, ;55?)

nks `rcoucboeks dës kntks arebikb dës ictknncs pcrf tecbcb dcbfs prfùbieiki ic pcbctrkoeÿb. Wkrk ubk kbtcbk ofb ubk `rcoucboek bfdebkn ic

λ 4 ;,05 Ø;7? ---Ϗ- - - - γ r

(1,13)

; HJz, nk prfùbieiki ic pcbctrkoeÿb cb cn jfrdehÿb cs ic ubfs 977 dd (Aubhcy y Dennkri, ;55?).

11:.1Q-91

EB@FQDC ICN OFDEYÅ IC KOE

_c jkb icskrrfnnkif dåtfifs ic prfocskdecbtf pfr ofdputkifrk, dclfrk icn ofnfr f ofdpkrkoeÿb. Cn kbëneses ic ofbhnfdcrkifs cs ubk tåobeok pkrk ofdpkrkr scûkncs (`frdks ic fbik) ofb scûkncs ic rc`crcboek okuskiks pfr ofbieoefbcs ofbfoeiks. Nks scûkncs rcoeaeiks sc bfrdknezkb pkrk pcrdeter ubk ofdpkrkoeÿb iercotk. Okik scûkn sc ofdpkrk ofb nks scûkncs kbtcrefrcs y sc ksehbk k ub "hrupf" ic scûkncs sedenkrcs (Okbtfr,

@eh. 1.:.1 ’ Enustrkoeÿb ic nk tåobeok ic trkzkif tfpfhrëèof pkrk rcvcnkr ie`crcboeks cb nks scûkncs ic rkikr (kikptkif ic Okbtfr,

;5:9).

Wkrk ubk kbtcbk ictcrdebkik, nk pcbctrkoeÿb rckn icpcbic icn ofbtcbeif ic judciki icn jfrdehÿb. Hrkb pkrtc ic nk ebvcstehkoeÿb sfarc cn usf ic HWQ sc jk ocbtrkif cb nk cvknukoeÿb ic tkancrfs y pkvedcbtfs ic pucbtcs ic jfrdehÿb krdkif. Cn cquepf utenezkif pkrk cstc prfpÿsetf cstë ofbèhurkif pkrk dfbtkrsc cb y icbtrf ic ub vcjäounf pkrk pcrdeter nk kiqueseoeÿb ofbtebuk ic iktfs k dcieik quc cn vcjäounf sc icspnkzk pfr nk oknzkik. Cb cstk ofbèhurkoeÿb, sc dfbtk ubk kbtcbk ic afoebk seb ofbtkotf ic ;37 k 377 dd pfr cboedk ic nk supcrèoec icn pkvedcbtf.

Ftrk ofbèhurkoeÿb cs ubk iespfseoeÿb pfrtëten, cb nk quc sc utenezk ubk pcqucûk kbtcbk iepfnf ic dkbf. Bfrdkndcbtc sc ofnfok cb ofbtkotf ofb nk supcrèoec k ebspcooefbkr. Cstc cquepf sc utenezk pkrk nfoknezkr cncdcbtfs ofdf akrrks ic rcùcrzf, cdpftrkdecbtfs, jucofs y ftrks kbfdknäks icbtrf ic ubk dksk ic jfrdehÿb (Aubhcy y Dennkri, ;55?). Ykdaeåb sc jk utenezkif pkrk nfoknezkr jucofs icaklf ic nfsks f ictrës ic durfs ic ofborctf.

;5:9). _e bf sc jkb eicbteèokif ftrks scûkncs scûknc s sedenkrcs, sc ksehbk k ub bucvf hrupf. Nuchf, nfs hrupfs sc ofrrcnkoefbkb ofb nks ofbieoefbcs ofbfoeiks ictcrdebkiks dciekbtc ebspcooeÿb vesukn, cxtrkooeÿb ic ducstrks f cxokvkoeÿb. Nk skneik ic nfs rcsuntkifs tecbc nk `frdk ic ub hrëèof ic akbiks quc ebieok nk bkturknczk icn ic`cotf cb nk pfseoeÿb ic prucak y ubk dcieik ic nk ofbèkbzk ic nk prcieooeÿb. Nk dcieik ic ofbèkbzk ebieok nk prfxedeiki icn klustc ic ubk scûkn ebieveiukn k nk scûkn ic rc`crcboek pkrk csc hrupf. Pcr Okbtfr (;5:9) pkrk clcdpnfs ic cstc tepf ic kbëneses. Cn trkzkif tfpfhrëèof cs ubk tåobeok quc ducstrk f edpredc ofbtebukdcbtc okik trkzk ic rkikr icspnkzkik k ubk iestkboek èlk ic nk trkzk kbtcrefr (@eh. 1.:.1). Oukbif ubk screc ic trkzfs sc vcb ic cstk dkbcrk, kiquecrcb ubk kpkrecboek sedenkr k ub ieaulf tfpfhrëèof (Okbtfr, ;5:9). Oukbif nks trkzks sfb pkrkncnks cbtrc sä, sc ebieok ub dktcrekn ube`frdc. Oukbif nfs rkstrfs sc supcrpfbcb f sc icspnkzkb cbtrc sä, sc ebieokb okdaefs quc pfiräkb sehbeèokr cncdcbtfs ofdf ictcrefrf, scpkrkoeÿb, pkrojcs, lubtks, ie`crcbtcs dktcrekncsicnkdebkoeÿb, y ie`crcbtcs cspcsfrcs. Cn schuedecbtf oukbtetktevf ic peofs cs ubk tåobeok quc utenezk cn prfocskdecbtf ic scûkncs pkrk oknounkr oukbtetktevkdcbtc nks kdpnetuics y nfs tecdpfs ic nnchkik ic peofs ic rc`ncxeÿb sehbeèoktevfs cb nk `frdk ic fbik icn rkikr (Dkscr, ;5:5, ;557= Snremscb, ;5:?= _tcebwky ct kn., ;5:;= Okrtcr ct kn., ;5:0 ). Cstfs oënounfs oukbtetktevfs sc pucicb utenezkr pkrk oknounkr y dfstrkr nks prfpecikics icn jfrdehÿb ofdf pcrèncs ic prfùbieiki f dkpks ic ofbtfrbf ic ërck. Cn trkzkif ic peofs cs ubk tåobeok pkrk prcscbtkr iktfs HWQ ofb ubk hrkakifrk hrëèok f ubk pkbtknnk ic veicf, y sc usk ofdübdcbtc cb cn okdpf pkrk nk vesuknezkoeÿb cb tecdpf rckn ic iktfs HWQ. @ehurk 1.:.? (k)

Nk ubeiki ic ofbtrfn cs cn ofrkzÿb ic ub sestcdk HWQ. Ofbtrfnk nk `rcoucboek ic rcpcteoeÿb icn punsf, prfpfroefbk nk pftcboek pkrk cdeter cn

ducstrk ubk kbtcbk iepfnf kofpnkik k tecrrk quc cdetc ub punsf ic rkikr cb ub falctf ic prucak quc ofbtecbc ub vkoäf. Cn jestfrekn ic

punsf, kiquecrc y kdpneèok nk scûkn rcoeaeik y prfpfroefbk skneik k ub iespfsetevf iespfsetev f ic vesuknezkoeÿ vesuknezkoeÿb. b. Nfs iktfs hcbcrkndcbtc sc kndkocbkb cb ubk hrkakifrk kbknÿheok f cb ub iespfsetevf ic kndkocbkdecbtf iehetkn pkrk su pfstcrefr kbëneses c ebtcrprctkoeÿb.

tecdpf icn punsf cdeteif sc ieaulk sfarc nk kbtcbk. Nk èhurk 1.:.? (a) ducstrk nk `frdk ic fbik rcoeaeik pfr nk kbtcbk. Cn clc vcrteokn rcprcscbtk cn tecdpf, f sc pucic trkbs`frdkr k prfùbieiki pfr

Nfs iespfsetevfs ic vesuknezkoeÿb ebonuycb fsoenÿhrk`fs quc trkzkb ubk suocseÿb ic `frdks ic fbik rchestrkiks (trkzkif tfpfhrëèof f ic oksokik), k pkrter ic nks oukncs cs pfseanc fascrvkr `ëoendcbtc okdaefs cb nfs pktrfbcs ic `frdks ic fbik. Ftrfs iespfsetevfs ic vesuknezkoeÿb ofdubcs sfb nks hrkakifrks ic `kx hrëèoks quc prfpfroefbkb ubk rcprcscbtkoeÿb cb scooeÿb trkbsvcrskn icn falctf prfakif y sc kbknezkb ofb dës ictknnc cb nk sehuecbtc scooeÿb. Ykdaeåb sc iespfbc ic sf`twkrc eb`frdëteof quc pcrdetc vkrefs dåtfifs ic prfocskdecbtf ic scûkncs pkrk kyuikr cb nk ebtcrprctkoeÿb ic iktfs, ofdf nk sustrkooeÿb ic ubk scûkn ic rc`crcboek f nk vesuknezkoeÿb ic ofnfrcs cb ùboeÿb ic nk kdpnetui y pfnkreiki ic nk scûkn (Aubhcy ct kn., ;55;= Ojcb ct kn., ;559). ’Nfs sestcdks HWQ cdetcb punsfs ofbtebukdcbtc 1.:.9 Kbëneses ic nfs iktfs ’Nfs k kntks tksks ic rcpcteoeÿb (täpeokdcbtc 37 mJz). _e aecb cstf pcrdetc csokbckr falctfs ic prucak, tkdaeåb ik ofdf rcsuntkif ubk hrkb okbteiki ic iktfs. Ofdf rcsuntkif, vkreks tåobeoks quc cdpnckb

(1,1?) ,1?).. Nk scûkn Nk scûkn rcoeaeik ofbfoedecbtf γr y uskbif uskbif Cq. (1,11) (1,11)y (1 kn ofdecbzf ic nk `frdk ic fbik rcprcscbtk nk cdeseÿb punsf quc cs okptkif iercotkdcbtc pfr cn nkif rcocptfr ic nk kbtcbk. Nk schubik scûkn rcoeaeik cs nk rc`ncxeÿb icn vkoäf y nk tcrocrk cs nk rc`ncxeÿb icn nädetc eb`crefr icn falctf ic prucak. Nk rutebk ic trkzkif ic peofs utenezkik pfr cn rchestrkifr hrëèof sc enustrk cb nk èhurk 1.:.? (a). Kubquc nk sehuecbtc icsorepoeÿb supfbc ub hrkakifr hrëèof pkrk `koenetkr nk cxpneokoeÿb, nks edëhcbcs kbënfhks sc prfiuocb `ëoendcbtc iehetkndcbtc pkrk su vesuknezkoeÿb cb ub dfbetfr ic veicf cb csoknk ic hrescs f cb ofnfr. Wredcrf, cn fpcrkifr scncooefbk ub rkbhf ic vfntklc udarkn. Oukbif nk kdpnetui ic nk scûkn rcoeaeik cxocic cn rkbhf ic udarkn, nk pnudk icn rchestrkifr hrëèof trkzk ubk näbck ofbtebuk cb cn pkpcn ic rchestrf. Nk näbck sc trkzk cb ie`crcbtcs tfbfs ic hres schüb nk kdpnetui rckn ic nk scûkn. Wfr nf tkbtf, nk `frdk ic fbik ic

DÅYFIF_ IC CB_KUF BF IC_YQSOYEPF

11:.1Q-9?

@eh. 1.:.?’ (k) Qc`ncxefbcs ic punsf cncotrfdkhbåteof cb ub falctf ic prucak ofb vkoäf= (a) `frdk ic fbik rcoeaeik y skneik icn rchestrkifr hrëèof hrëèof akskik cb näd nädetcs etcs ic udarkn udarkn== y (o) vesuk vesuknezkoeÿb nezkoeÿb cb cn rchestrkifr rchestrkifr hrëèof iurkbtc nk cxpnfrkoeÿb k trkvås icn falctf ic prucak (kikptkif ic Okrebf, ;559).

nk skneik ic nk kbtcbk sc rcprcscbtk cb cn rchestrkifr hrëèof ofdf ubk screc ic huefbcs, ofdf sc ducstrk cb nk èhurk 1.:.? (a). Ycbhk cb oucbtk quc okik cof cstë ksfoekif ofb ifs huefbcs. Cn büdcrf rckn ic huefbcs quc sc ducstrkb icpcbic icn büdcrf ic oeonfs icn punsf cdeteif y icn bevcn ic udarkn. Cstc cs ub pubtf edpfrtkbtc quc icac cbtcbicrsc pkrk ubk ebtcrprctkoeÿb kicoukik ic nfs rcsuntkifs ic HWQ. K dcieik quc nk kbtcbk sc ducvc k nf nkrhf ic nk supcrèoec, nfs okdaefs cb nk scûkn rcoeaeik sc ducstrkb cb nk hrkakifrk hrëèok. Cn pkpcn cb cn rchestrkifr sc ducvc k ubk vcnfoeiki ofbstkbtc quc cs ebicpcbiecbtc ic nk vcnfoeiki icn dfvedecbtf ic nk kbtcbk (jky jkriwkrc iespfbeanc pkrk seborfbezkr nk knedcbtkoeÿb icn pkpcn ofb cn dfvedecbtf ic nk kbtcbk). Cn pktrÿb rcsuntkbtc cb cn rchestrkifr hrëèof rcprcscbtk ubk vestk cb scooeÿb trkbsvcrskn icn falctf ic prucak, ofdf sc enustrk cb nk @eh. 1.:.? (o). Ofdf sc dcboefbÿ kbtcrefrdcbtc, nfs dctkncs sfb ùcrtcs rc`ncotfrcs ic fbiks cncotrfdkhbåteoks. Cstk okrkotcrästeok jkoc quc HWQ sck duy cèokz pkrk nfoknezkr falctfs dctëneofs cbtcrrkifs, ofdf akrrks ic rcùcrzf y ofbiuotfs. Nk prcscboek ic akrrks ic rcùcrzf ik ofdf rcsuntkif pktrfbcs okrkotcrästeofs cb nk skneik icn rchestrkifr hrëèof quc nks jkocb rcnktevkdcbtc `ëoencs ic nfoknezkr. Wfr clcdpnf, nk @eh. 1.:.9 (k) y (a) dfstrkr cn rcsuntkif icn rchestrkifr hrëèof fatcbeif cb ubk ducstrk ic nkafrktfref cb nk quc sc ofnfokrfb akrrks ic rcùcrzf k ubk iestkboek ic ?77 dd ofb prfùbieikics ic ofacrturk ic 37, ;77 y ;37 dd. Nks akrrks ùcrfb cdacaeiks cb krcbk ofbtcbeik cb ubk oklk ic dkicrk ic 177 dd ic prfùbieiki. Cstk cs ubk `frdk ofbvcbecbtc ic cstuiekr nfs c`cotfs icn rcùcrzf cb nks scûkncs HWQ pfrquc nk ofbstkbtc iecnåotreok rcnktevk ic nk krcbk cs sedenkr k nk icn jfrdehÿb scof. Nk @eh. 1.:.9 (k) ducstrk nfs rcsuntkifs pkrk nks akrrks ic ;7 dd (Bf. ?) y nk @eh. 1.:.9 (a) ducstrk nfs rcsuntkifs pkrk nks akrrks ic ?3 dd (Bf. ;;). Nks näbcks pubtckiks vcrteokncs sfb dkrokifrcs ic rc`crcboek ofnfokifs cb nk skneik pfr cn fpcrkifr. Ikif quc cb cstc cstuief sc ofbfoäkb nks uaeokoefbcs ic nfs akrcs,

nfs dkrokifrcs ic rc`crcboek ùcrfb orckifs pfr cn fpcrkifr oukbif cn ocbtrf ic nk kbtcbk pksÿ iercotkdcbtc sfarc nks näbcks ocbtrkncs ic nks akrrks. Nfs pktrfbcs cb `frdk ic krof sfb täpeofs ic nfs rc`nclfs ic falctevfs dctëneofs dctëneofs rcifbifs. Nk näbck ocbtrkn ic nks akrrks cstë onkrkdcbtc eicbteèokik y ub cxkdcb dës ictknnkif ic nfs pktrfbcs rcvcnk quc nk prfùbieiki ic nk akrrk kudcbtk ic ezquecrik k icrcojk. Nks `frdks rckncs ic nfs krofs (cs icoer, se sfb pnkbfs f pubtekhuifs) icpcbicb ic nk vcnfoeiki ic csokbcf ic nk kbtcbk y nk vcnfoeiki ic knedcbtkoeÿb icn pkpcn. Bf cs pfseanc eb`crer nfs tkdkûfs ic nks akrrks sedpncdcbtc derkbif nfs pktrfbcs cb nk skneik icn rchestrkifr hrëèof. Cb nfs csokbcfs ic okdpf, cn fpcrkifr cstkancoc ub sestcdk ic näbcks ic oukiräounk cb nk supcrèoec, y nk oukiräounk sc usk pkrk jkocr rc`crcboek k nk skneik icn rchestrkifr hrëèof k pfseoefbcs pfseoefbcs cb nk cstruoturk. @ehurk 1.:.3 ducstrk nk skneik icn rchestrkifr hrëèof ic ub csokbcf k trkvås ic ubk nfsk ic jfrdehÿb krdkif ofb akrrks cb uaeokoefbcs icsofbfoeiks. icsofbfoeiks. Nfs pktr pktrfbcs fbcs cb `frdk i icc krof okuskifs pfr cn rc`nclf ic nks akrrks sfb onkrkdcbtc cveicbtcs. _c ducstrkb oebof krofs, ofrrcspfbiecbtcs k oebof ankbofs. Nfs ouktrf krofs k nk desdk prfùbieiki ofrrcspfbicb ofrrcspfbicb k krdkiurks. _c vc quc ubf ic nfs krofs cstë dës ocrok ic nk pkrtc supcrefr ic nk pkbtknnk y tecbc ub pktrÿb ie`crcbtc kn ic nfs icdës. Cn fpcrkifr eicbteèoÿ cstc rc`nclf ofdf icaeif k ub ofbiuotf ic dctkn cb nuhkr ic ubk akrrk ic rcùcrzf. Nfs dkrokifrcs ic iestkboek vcrteokn hcbcrkifs oukbif nk kbtcbk oruzÿ nfs pubtfs ic nk oukiräounk sc pucicb uskr pkrk uaeokr nks pfseoefbcs kprfxedkiks ic nks akrrks icbtrf ic nk nfsk. Cb cstk pkbtknnk, nfs klustcs icn rchestrkifr hrëèof sc jkb ofbèhurkif pkrk quc nks pkrtcs pfsetevks y bchktevks ic nks `frdks ic fbik sc ducstrcb ofdf akbiks ofbtebuks f iesofbtebuks. Sbk ofdpkrkoeÿb ofb nk èhurk 1.:.9 ducstrk quc nfs krofs sfb dës pubtekhuifs cb nk èhurk 1.:.3. Cstk ofbieoeÿb sc icac k ie`crcboeks cb nfs vknfrcs rcnktevfs ic nk vcnfoeiki ic cxpnfrkoeÿb ic nk kbtcbk y nk vcnfoeiki ic knedcbtkoeÿb icn pkpcn.

11:.1Q-99

EB@FQDC ICN OFDEYÅ IC KOE

@eh. 1.:.3 ’ _kneik icn rchestrkifr hrëèof pkrk csokbcf k trkvås ic nfsk ic ofborctf rc`frzkif (nks akbiks iesofbtebuks y sÿneiks ofrrcspfbicb k pfroefbcs bchktevks y pfsetevks ic `frdks ic fbik).

@eh. 1.:.9 ’ _kneiks icn rchestrkifr hrëèof pkrk csokbcfs sfarc akrrks ic rcùcrzf eborustkiks k ie`crcbtcs prfùbieikics cb krcbk scok< (k) akrrks ic ;7 dd y (a) akrrks ic ?3 dd.

1.:.3 Pcbtklks y nedetkoefbcs ’Nks kbtcbks ic usf ofdüb errkiekb ub vfnudcb ic jfrdehÿb cb `frdk ic ofbf. K ubk prfùbieiki ic 177 dd, ub ërck ic kprfxedkikdcbtc 7,; d1 sc errkiek. Wfr nf tkbtf, t kbtf, k csk prfùbieiki, sc rcqucreräkb düntepncs pkskiks ofb ubk scpkrkoeÿb ic kprfxedkikdcbtc 7.? d pkrk ebspcooefbkr ubk scooeÿb dës hrkbic ic ofborctf.

@eh. 1.:.0 ’ Cspkoekif däbedf cb cn quc sc pucicb rcsfnvcr nks krdkiurks ebieveiukncs (kikptkif ic Aubhcy ct kn., ;559)

Oukbif cstëb prcscbtcs düntepncs akrrks ic rcùcrzf, jkarë düntepncs pktrfbcs ic krof ofdf sc ducstrk cb nk @eh. 1.:.9. K dcieik quc iesdebuyc cn cspkoekif ic nks akrrks, nfs pktrfbcs ic nfs krofs sc supcrpfbcb. Wfr icaklf ic ub oecrtf cspkoekif, nks akrrks ebieveiukncs yk bf sc pucicb iestebhuer y cn pktrÿb ic rc`ncxeÿb cs sedenkr kn oksf ic ubk pnkok ic kocrf eborustkik sÿneik. Nk okpkoeiki ic iesocrber akrrks ebieveiukncs icpcbic icn tkdkûf ic nk akrrk, cn cspkoekif ic nk akrrk, nk prfùbieiki ic ofacrturk y nk ofbèhurkoeÿb ic nk kbtcbk (Aubhcy ct kn., ;559). Nk èhurk 1.:.0 rcsudc nfs rcsuntkifs fatcbeifs ofb ubk kbtcbk pfrtëten ic ; HJz. Cb cstfs cxpcredcbtfs, nks akrrks ic rcùcrzf sc ofnfokrfb cb ub tkbquc nncbf ofb ubk cdunseÿb ic kocetc / khuk quc ùc `frdunkik pkrk sedunkr nks prfpecikics iecnåotreoks icn ofborctf. _c vc quc pkrk prfùbieikics ic ofacrturk ic jkstk kprfxedkikdcbtc ;37 dd, cn cspkoef däbedf cb cn quc sc pucicb iestebhuer nks akrrks ebieveiukncs kudcbtk ofb ubk dkyfr prfùbieiki ic ofacrturk. Nks akrrks duy cspkoekiks tkdaeåb cvetkrëb nk ictcooeÿb ic okrkotcrästeoks icaklf ic nk okpk ic rcùcrzf. Cstc c`cotf ic "cbdksokrkdecbtf" icpcbic ic nk nfbhetui ic fbik ic nks fbiks cncotrfdkhbåteoks, cn tkdkûf ic nk akrrk y nk prfùbieiki ic ofacrturk. Wkrk nk kbtcbk ic dkbf ic ; HJz,

Nks akrrks ic ?1 dd k prfùbieikics ic ofacrturk ic 13 k 37 dd cvetkrëb nk ictcooeÿb ic okrkotcrästeoks suaykocbtcs oukbif cn cspkoekdecbtf ic nks akrrks sck eb`crefr k 177 dd (Aubhcy ct kn., ;559).

Bf cxestcb dåtfifs sedpncs pkrk ictcrdebkr cn tkdkûf ic nk akrrk k pkrter ic nk skneik icn rchestrkifr hrëèof. Nfs ebvcstehkifrcs jkb ebtcbtkif ofdprcbicr dclfr nks ebtcrkooefbcs e btcrkooefbcs ic HWQ ofb hrectks, jucofs y akrrks ic rcùcrzf (Dkst ct kn., ;557). Cn falctevf ic cstfs cstuiefs cs icskrrfnnkr prfociedecbtfs pkrk utenezkr nfs iktfs rchestrkifs pkrk ofbstruer ubk edkhcb icn ebtcrefr icn jfrdehÿb. Knhubfs kvkbocs cb cstk iercooeÿb sc jkb prfiuoeif cb @rkboek, ifbic sc jk icskrrfnnkif ub sestcdk prftftepf quc utenezk tåobeoks tfdfhrëèoks pkrk rcofbstruer cn trkzkif aeiedcbsefbkn ic krdkiurks cb jfrdehÿb (Weojft y Yrfuennct, ;557). Cb nfs Cstkifs Sbeifs, jk jkaeif icdfstrkoefbcs ic rcofbstruooeÿb treiedcbsefbkn cxetfsk ic ic`cotfs krteèoekncs y krdkiurks eborustkiks cb ubk nfsk ic ofborctf (Dkst y Lfjkbssfb, ;559). Cstfs dåtfifs ic fatcboeÿb ic edëhcbcs sc akskb cb ub ofblubtf ic kbtcbks pkrk rcknezkr düntepncs dcieoefbcs y rcquecrcb ub tecdpf ic oënounf cxtcbsf pkrk rcofbstruer nk edkhcb ebtcrbk.

DÅYFIF_ IC CB_KUF BF IC_YQSOYEPF

11:.1Q-93

Ykank 1.: ’ Pcbtklks y nedetkoefbcs icn rkikr ic pcbctrkoeÿb tcrrcstrc (HWQ)

Nk prfùbieiki icn jfrdehÿb quc sc pucic ebspcooefbkr cèokzdcbtc icpcbic cb oecrtk dcieik ic nk rcsfnuoeÿb rcqucreik (pfr nf tkbtf, nk `rcoucboek utenezkik). Hcbcrkndcbtc, sc pucic dcier ub cspcsfr ic 977 k 837 dd, icpcbiecbif ic nk `rcoucboek bfdebkn ic nk kbtcbk y cn ofbtcbeif ic judciki icn dktcrekn. Ftrks iesofbtebueikics, ofdf nfs vkoäfs, quc rc`nclkb ubk hrkb prfpfroeÿb ic nk cbcrhäk, tkdaeåb

_c kivecrtc kn usukref ofbtrk cn usf ic cstc dåtfif cb ofborctf skturkif, icaeif k nk kntk ktcbukoeÿb y nk pcbctrkoeÿb nedetkik icn punsf. Cb K_YDI 989:, sc cstkancoc quc nks prucaks cbtrc c btrc fpcrkifrcs ic nfs desdfs dktcrekncs iecrfb ofdf rcsuntkif dcieoefbcs ic cspcsfr icbtrf ic » 3 dd icn cspcsfr rckn. @ebkndcbtc, nk bfrdk K_YD scûknk quc nk ebtcrprctkoeÿb ofbèkanc

nedetkrëb nk prfùbieiki quc sc pucic dcier.

ic nks ic scûkncs sfnf pucic scr rcknezkik pfr ub kbknestk ic iktfs rkikrrcoeaeiks cxpcredcbtkif. Nks prfpecikics icn jfrdehÿb, schüb rcvcnkb nfs iktfs icn rkikr, sfb hcbcrkndcbtc eb`crcboeks akskiks cb nk ofbcxeÿb cbtrc nks prfpecikics iecnåotreoks y nks ofbieoefbcs rckncs ic ebtcrås. Nks iedcbsefbcs icn jfrdehÿb, ofdf cn cspcsfr y nk prfùbieiki ic nk akrrk ic rcùcrzf, hcbcrkndcbtc sc pucicb rcvcnkr ofb dkyfr prcoeseÿb quc prfpecikics ofdf cn ofbtcbeif ic judciki, cn ofbtcbeif ic onfrurf, nk icnkdebkoeÿb y ftrks `frdks ic ictcrefrf, quc icacb ofbèrdkrsc dciekbtc pcr`frkoefbcs cxpnfrktfreks f cxokvkoefbcs cb uaeokoefbcs onkvc. . Icaeif k nk hrkb okbteiki ic prfpecikics `äseoks quc k`cotkb k nk scûkn rcoeaeik, nk kpneokoeÿb kotukn kn jfrdehÿb cstruoturkn (kpkrtc ic nks dcieoefbcs ic nk ofbèhurkoeÿb cspkoekn icn jfrdehÿb y cn rcùcrzf) sc rcstrebhc cb hrkb dcieik k usfs ofdpkrktevfs ouknetktevfs.

Icaeif k nks ofdpncleikics icn usf ic HWQ pkrk prfakr cn jfrdehÿb krdkif, bf cxestcb prfociedecbtfs ic prucak cstkbikrezkifs pkrk nk ictcooeÿb ic `knnks. _eb cdakrhf, sc jk icskrrfnnkif ubk bfrdk K_YD (Dåtfif I 989:) pkrk dcier cn cspcsfr ic nk okpk supcrefr ic ub sestcdk ic pkvedcbtf dunteokpk. Aëseokdcbtc, nk tåobeok edpneok dcier cn tecdpf ic trëbsetf icn punsf k trkvås ic nk okpk ic pkvedcbtf y uskr rcnkoefbcs sedenkrcs kCq. kCq. (1,11) y (1,1 (1,1?) ?) pkrk oknounkr cn cspcsfr ic nk okpk. Cn prfociedecbtf cb K_YDI 989: sc aksk cb cn usf ic ubk kbtcbk ic afoebk seb ofbtkotf, y sc rcquecrcb knhubks dfieèokoefbcs pkrk nks dcieoefbcs ofb ubk kbtcbk ic ofbtkotf. Nk prfùbieiki oknounkik icpcbic icn vknfr ic nk ofbstkbtc iecnåotreok rcnktevk. Nfs crrfrcs cb cn vknfr ksudeif ic nk ofbstkbtc iecnåotreok rcnktevk pucicb ofbiuoer k ebcxkotetuics sustkboekncs cb nks cstedkoefbcs ic prfùbieiki (Aubhcy ct kn., ;559). Wkrk nfs iktfs

Nks vcbtklks y nedetkoefbcs icn rkikr ic pcbctrkoeÿb tcrrcstrc sc rcsudcb cb nk Ykank 1.:.

Cn okpätunf kbtcrefr rcvesÿ nfs preboepefs y icstkoÿ nks vcbtklks y nedetkoefbcs ic nfs dåtfifs ic cbskyf bf icstruotevfs aecb ofbfoeifs pkrk nk cvknukoeÿb icn jfrdehÿb y cn rcùcrzf cb cstruoturks. _eb cdakrhf, nk nestk ic dåtfifs iespfbeancs pkrk ictcrdebkr ubk prfpeciki cstruoturkn icn ofborctf f pkrk cvknukr nks ofbieoefbcs cstruoturkncs sc cstë cxpkbiecbif rëpeikdcbtc. Ofb aksc cb nk ofbèkaeneiki, nk sedpneoeiki y cn ofstf, knhubfs dåtfifs f tåobeoks sfb prc`creancs k ftrfs. Cb cstk scooeÿb, sc suhecrcb dåtfifs "predkrefs" y "scoubikrefs"

fatcbeifs ofb ubk kbtcbk ic afoebk, nk ofbstkbtc iecnåotreok rcnktevk icn jfrdehÿb sc pucic oknounkr iercotkdcbtc k pkrter ic nks scûkncs ic rkikr. Wkrk nfs iktfs fatcbeifs uskbif ubk kbtcbk ic ofbtkotf, cs bcocskref tfdkr büoncfs foksefbkncs pkrk ictcrdebkr cn vknfr ic ofbstkbtc iecnåotreok kprfpekif pkrk nfs dktcrekncs icn pkvedcbtf. Nk

pkrk ictcrdebkr prfpecikics pkrteounkrcs f pkrk cvknukr ofbieoefbcs pkrteounkrcs. Sb dåtfif "predkref" ebieok cn dåtfif prc`creif. Sb dåtfif "scoubikref" ebieok ub dåtfif kocptkanc quc bfrdkndcbtc rcqucreräk ub dkyfr bevcn ic cxpcrecboek pkrk su edpncdcbtkoeÿb, scräk dcbfs ofbèkanc f dcbfs rëpeif. Nk

Nk ictcooeÿb ic icnkdebkoefbcs cb tkancrfs ic pucbtcs rc`frzkifs dciekbtc HWQ bf cs scboennk. Cb cstuiefs ic Dkscr y Qfiies (;557), sc cbofbtrÿ quc ub cspkoef ic kerc ke rc ic ? dd cb cn ofborctf prfiuoäk ub c`cotf pfof bftkanc cb nk `frdk ic fbik rcoeaeik. _eb cdakrhf, nk kieoeÿb ic judciki k nk hrectk sedunkik rcsuntÿ cb rc`nclfs dës ùcrtcs quc sc pfiäkb bftkr cb nk `frdk ic fbik. Ykdaeåb sc cbofbtrÿ quc nk prcscboek ic onfrurfs cb cn ofborctf jüdcif rcsuntÿ cb ubk kntk ktcbukoeÿb, icaeif kn kudcbtf ic nk ofbiuoteveiki icaeif k nfs efbcs onfrurf onfrurf ]Cq. ]Cq. (1,13)T. (1,13)T. Wfr nf tkbtf, nk okpkoeiki ic ictcotkr icnkdebkoefbcs icpcbicrë ic nks ofbieoefbcs eb setu cb cn dfdcbtf ic nk prucak. Kicdës, icaeif k quc nfs rc`nclfs ic nks akrrks ic rcùcrzf sfb duojf dës ùcrtcs quc nfs ic ubk icnkdebkoeÿb, cs ie`äoen ictcotkr nk icnkdebkoeÿb cb prcscboek ic akrrks ic rcùcrzf.

OKWÄYSNF ?< WNKBE@EOKOEßB U QCKNE\KOEßB IC EBPC_YEHKOEFBC_ IC WQSCAK_ BF IC_YQSOYEPK_ ?.; ’ _cncooeÿb ic dåtfifs

11:.1Q-90

EB@FQDC ICN OFDEYÅ IC KOE

Cn dåtfif cncheif icac kikptkrsc kn falctevf ic nk cvknukoeÿb. Nfs dåtfifs CBI pucicb scr jcrrkdecbtks vknefsks, pcrf ubk tåobeok ictcrdebkik pucic bf scr nk n k dës prëoteok f prfiuoer nfs rcsuntkifs dës kpneokancs cb tfifs nfs oksfs. K dcbuif, cn cb`fquc dës scbsktf y cèokz cs utenezkr ubk vkreciki ic tåobeoks ic prucak bf icstruotevks pkrk fatcbcr eb`frdkoeÿb dutukdcbtc ofdpncdcbtkrek. ?.;.; Wrfpecikics icn dktcrekn ic jfrdehÿb -Oukirf ?.; rcsudcb _fb nfs dåtfifs BIY suhcreifs pkrk ictcrdebkr vkreks prfpecikics ic nfs dktcrekncs icn jfrdehÿb cbiurcoeif. Knhubfs ic cstfs dåtfifs rcquecrcb büoncfs u ftrfs tepfs ic ducstrks ic ofborctf pkrk prucaks ic nkafrktfref ofb cn èb ic cstkancocr ofrrcnkoefbcs cbtrc nk prfpeciki icsckik icn ofborctf y nfs rcsuntkifs BIY. Knhubfs ic cstfs dåtfifs tkdaeåb pucicb scr kprfpekifs pkrk prfakr ducstrks prcpkrkiks cb nkafrktfref f pkrk prucaks ic kocptkoeÿb ic ofborctf ic okdpf. Nfs dåtfifs ic prucak cstëbikr ic K_YD, u ftrfs ifoudcbtfs rcncvkbtcs, sc ebieokb oukbif sck kprfpekif.

Oukirf ?.1 ?.;.1 Wrfpecikics y ofbieoefbcs cstruoturkncs -Oukirf rcsudc nfs dåtfifs ic prucak bf icstruotevfs scncooefbkifs scncooefbkifs pkrk ictcrdebkr nks prfpecikics y ofbieoefbcs cstruoturkncs. Nk eb`frdkoeÿb icrevkik ic nk rcknezkoeÿb ic cstc tepf ic prucaks cs edpfrtkbtc pkrk cvknukr nk ebtchreiki ic ubk cstruoturk ic jfrdehÿb. Cstk eb`frdkoeÿb eb`frdkoeÿb sc pucic utenezkr pkrk cvknukr nk veik üten rcstkbtc f pkrk icskrrfnnkr cstrktcheks ic rcpkrkoeÿb y `frtkncoedecbtf `frtkncoedecbtf.. ?.;.? Cvknukoeÿb ic rcpkrkoefbcs -Oukirf ?.? rcsudc rcsudc nfs dåtfifs ic CBI scncooefbkifs quc sc pucicb utenezkr pkrk cvknukr nk cèokoek ic nks rcpkrkoefbcs. Cstc tepf ic prucak cs edpfrtkbtc pkrk hkrkbtezkr ubk okneiki ofbstkbtc cb tfif ub prfycotf ic rcpkrkoeÿb. Cb knhubks oeroubstkboeks, nfs rcsuntkifs ic cstks prucaks pucicb uskrsc pkrk ictcrdebkr cn pkhf cb vertui ic ub ofbtrktf. ?.;.9 Oukneèokoefbcs icn pcrsfbkn ’Ofb ’Ofb nk dkyfräk ic nks tåobeoks ic CBI icsoretks cb cstc eb`frdc, cn ebvcstehkifr ic cvknukoeÿb cstë ebtcbtkbif cvknukr ubk prfpeciki icn ofborctf f okdaefs cb csk prfpeciki okuskifs okuskifs pfr nk prcscboek ic ub ic`cotf f i iesofbtebueiki. esofbtebueiki. K pkrter ic csk eb`frdkoeÿb, cn ebvcstehkifr ebècrc nk bkturknczk icn ic`cotf y su hrkvciki. Wfr nf tkbtf, fatcbcr rcsuntkifs ofbèkancs k dcbuif edpneok ub kntf hrkif ic lueoef pfr pkrtc icn ebvcstehkifr ic nk cvknukoeÿb, rcspknikif pfr ubk okbteiki nedetkik ic ofrrfafrkoeÿb dciekbtc cxtrkooeÿb ic ducstrks u ftrks `frdks ic cxkdcb c xkdcb iercotf. Cstc lueoef icac prfvcber ic pcrsfbks quc tcbhkb ofbfoedecbtf ic nk `äseok icn dåtfif BIY quc cstëb utenezkbif y quc tcbhkb suèoecbtc cxpcrecboek tkbtf cb cn usf icn dåtfif ofdf cb nk ebvcstehkoeÿb ic cstruoturks pkrk pcrdeterncs ebtcrprctkr ofb prcoeseÿb nfs rcsuntkifs ic BIY. Cb duojfs oksfs, nk ebvcstehkoeÿb rcquecrc ubk ebtcrprctkoeÿb prcnedebkr cb cn okdpf k dcieik quc sc rcknezkb nks prucaks. Cstf cs bcocskref pkrk pcrdeter quc cn ebvcstehkifr pnkbeèquc y dfieèquc cn prfhrkdk sfarc nk aksc ic nfs rcsuntkifs quc sc cstëb rchestrkbif k èb ic fatcbcr iktfs suèoecbtcs cb nfs nuhkrcs kprfpekifs. Wfr cstk rkzÿb, hcbcrkndcbtc bf cs kofbsclkanc icnchkr nk ebvcstehkoeÿb ic okdpf y nk kiqueseoeÿb ic iktfs k pcrsfbkn dcbfs cxpcredcbtkif, k dcbfs quc cn ebvcstehkifr preboepkn ic nk cvknukoeÿb cstå schurf ic quc sc fatcbirëb suèoecbtcs iktfs ic nk okneiki rcqucreik.

Cstc cs ubf ic nfs kspcotfs dës ie`äoencs icn prfocsf ic cvknukoeÿb. Eickndcbtc, k ubf nc hustkräk jkocr suèoecbtcs prucaks pkrk tcbcr ub kntf hrkif ic schureiki ic quc sc ictcotkb tfifs nfs ic`cotfs f kbfdknäks edpfrtkbtcs quc pucikb cstkr prcscbtcs. Cb nk dkyfräk ic nks setukoefbcs, nk okbteiki ic prucaks cstë nedetkik pfr nfs `fbifs iespfbeancs y nks nedetkoefbcs ic tecdpf, y cn ebvcstehkifr ic nk cvknukoeÿb tecbc quc iescûkr ub csqucdk ic prucak quc prfiuzok nk dkyfr okbteiki ic eb`frdkoeÿb. Nk cxpcrecboek icn ebvcstehkifr cs ùbikdcbtkn pkrk iescûkr ub csqucdk ic prucak cxetfsf. Cn ebvcstehkifr bf sfnf icac ofdprcbicr nks okpkoeikics y nedetkoefbcs ebjcrcbtcs ic nfs dåtfifs cncheifs, sebf quc tkdaeåb icac ofdprcbicr nk ofbstruooeÿb ic ofborctf, cn ofdpfrtkde ofdpfrtkdecbtf cbtf cstruoturkn y nfs dcokbesdfs ic ictcrefrf. Cn ofbfoedecbtf ic nk ofbstruooeÿb ofb jfrdehÿb cs üten pkrk kbteoepkr nks uaeokoefbcs dës prfakancs ic kbfdknäks ebtcrbks. Cn ofbfoedecbtf icn ofdpfrtkdecbtf cstruoturkn cs vknefsf pkrk scncooefbkr kqucnnks pkrtcs ic nk cstruoturk quc sfb dës vunbcrkancs k nk prcscboek ic ic`cotfs. Cn ofbfoedecbtf ic nfs dcokbesdfs ic ictcrefrf cs edpfrtkbtc pkrk icoeier quå sc icac dcier. ?.1.; Ofbseicrkoefbcs cstkiästeoks ’Icaeif ’Icaeif k nk vkreciki ic setukoefbcs quc pucicb cbofbtrkrsc, cs ie`äoen icèber ub csqucdk ic ducstrcf quc sck kpneokanc k tfifs nfs dåtfifs ic CBI y pkrk tfiks nks ebvcstehkoefbcs. _c pucicb utenezkr tåobeoks hnfakncs, ofdf nk tcrdfhrk`äk eb`rkrrflk, eb`rkrrflk, pkrk ebspcooefbkr tfik nk supcrèoec cxpucstk ic ubk cstruoturk. Ftrks tåobeoks ic cxpnfrkoeÿb, ofdf cn rkikr ic pcbctrkoeÿb tcrrcstrc, pucicb prfpfroefbkr ubk ebspcooeÿb ofdpnctk k nf nkrhf ic okik näbck ic cxpnfrkoeÿb. Nks prucaks pubtf pfr pubtf, ofdf edpkotcojf, prfpfroefbkb eb`frdkoeÿb eb`frdkoeÿb cb cn pubtf ic prucak. Ftrfs dåtfifs, ofdf edpunsf-rcspucstk, pucicb prfpfroefb prfpfroefbkr kr eb`frdkoeÿb sfarc ub cncdcbtf cstruoturkn ofdpnctf. Nk prëoteok K_YD O :1? sc pucic kikptkr pkrk prfpfroefbkr knhubk frecbtkoeÿb sfarc nk pnkbeèokoeÿb icn prfhrkdk ic ducstrcf. Wfr tkbtf, nks setukoefbcs ic ducstrcf sc pucicb ksehbkr k ifs oktchfräks<

•

Oukbif nk ebvcstehkoeÿb prcnedebkr y ftrk eb`frdkoeÿb ebiequc quc nks ofbieoefbcs sfb sedenkrcs cb tfik nk cstruoturk, y

•

Ifbic nk ebvcstehkoeÿb prcnedebkr y ftrk eb`frdkoeÿb ebiequc quc nks ofbieoefbcs bf sfb sedenkrcs cb tfik nk cstruoturk. K ofbtebukoeÿb, nk cstruoturk sc pucic ieveier cb pfroefbcs cb

?.1 ’ Icèbeoeÿb icn knokboc ic nk ebvcstehkoeÿb

nks quc nks ofbieoefbcs sckb sedenkrcs. Wkrk nk predcrk oktchfräk, nks uaeokoefbcs ic ducstrcf icacb iestreauersc ic `frdk kncktfrek f sestcdëteok cb nk rcheÿb ic ebtcrås. Ic koucrif ofb K_YD O :1?, "_c pucic cdpnckr ouknquecr dåtfif pkrk ictcrdebkr nks uaeokoefbcs ic ducstrcf secdprc quc nks uaeokoefbcs sc cstkanczokb seb scshf". Nk ebtcboeÿb cs c s scncooefbkr uaeokoefbcs ic ducstrcf ic ubk dkbcrk quc pcrdetk quc tfiks nks uaeokoefbcs tcbhkb nk desdk prfakaeneiki ic scr scncooefbkiks. Wkrk nk schubik oktchfräk, okik pfroeÿb quc pkrczok tcbcr ubk ofbieoeÿb sedenkr icac scr ducstrckik ic `frdk ebicpcbiecbtc y trktkik ofdf ubk oktchfräk ie`crcbtc k dcbfs y jkstk quc nfs rcsuntkifs ic nk prucak bf rcvcncb ie`crcboeks sehbeèoktevks. Wkrk nks prucaks pubtf pfr pubtf icstebkiks k cbofbtrkr ic`cotfs ebtcrbfs, nfs ofbocptfs cstkiästeofs ic nks prucaks ic ofbtrfn ic okneiki pucicb kikptkrsc pkrk scncooefbkr cn tkdkûf ic nk ducstrk. Wfr clcdpnf, sc pfiräk ofnfokr ubk oukiräounk ic pubtfs cb nk supcrèoec ic nk cstruoturk.

Sbk vcz scncooefbkifs nfs dåtfifs BIY kicoukifs, nk sehuecbtc ofbseicrkoeÿb edpfrtkbtc cs icoeier cn knokboc ic nk ebvcstehkoeÿb.

Cn büdcrf tftkn ic pubtfs ic nk oukiräounk rcprcscbtkräk ub "nftc". _e nfs rcoursfs nf pcrdetcb, cn büdcrf ic pubtfs ic ducstrk icac scr

DÅYFIF_ IC CB_KUF BF IC_YQSOYEPF

Ykank ?.; ’ Dåtfifs ic prucak bf icstruotevfs pkrk ictcrdebkr nks prfpecikics icn dktcrekn icn ofborctf cbiurcoeif cb nk ofbstruooeÿb cxestcbtc

11:.1Q-98

11:.1Q-9:

EB@FQDC ICN OFDEYÅ IC KOE

Ykank ?.1 ’ Dåtfifs ic cbskyf bf icstruotevfs pkrk ictcrdebkr nks prfpecikics cstruoturkncs y cvknukr nks ofbieoefbcs icn jfrdehÿb.

Ykank ?.? ’ Dåtfifs ic prucak bf icstruotevfs pkrk cvknukr rcpkrkoefbcs

cncheif pkrk debedezkr cn recshf ic quc sc iconkrc quc nk cstruoturk tecbc nk `rkooeÿb dcieik ic uaeokoefbcs ic`cotufsks, oukbif cb rckneiki nk `rkooeÿb rckn cxocic nk okbteiki dcieik. Wfr clcdpnf, K_YDC ;11 ik nk sehuecbtc rcnkoeÿb pkrk nk scncooeÿb cn tkdkûf ic nk ducstrk pkrk cstedkr nk `rkooeÿb ic ub nftc

cs icoer

m

4

de 4

ic`cotufsf

m

b 4 ---de   pkh f ( ; - pkh f f

iÿbic bfrtc

4

tkdkûf ic nk ducstrk=

pkh f f4

1

)

(?,;)

`kotfr cstkiästeof akskif cb cn recshf ic quc nk `rkooeÿb cstedkik ic`cotufsk bf ieècrk ic nk `rkooeÿb vcrikicrk cb dës ic »C, (m 4 ;.507 pkrk ub recshf ic 7.73 y m 4 ;,093 pkrk ub bevcn ic recshf ic 7,;7)=

crrfr dëxedf kocptkanc cbtrc nk vcrikicrk `rkooeÿb ic`cotufsk y nk `rkooeÿb cstedkik akskik cb nk ducstrk= y

cstedkoeÿb kbteoepkik ic `rkooeÿb ic`cotufsk. quc schüb falctevfs uskr nk coukoeÿb. (?.;) sc icac tcbcr ubk cstedkoeÿb ebeoekn bfrtcacbcèoefs ic nk `rkooeÿb ic`cotufsk, pfrquc cn büdcrf ic ducstrks icpcbic ic hrëèofs fs ic nk coukoeÿb. (?.;) pkrk cstc vknfr. @ehurk ?.1.; ducstrk hrëèo vknfrcs icn crrfr kocptkancde ehukn k 7.73, 7.783, 7.;7 y 7.;3 y pkrk ifs bevcncs ic recshf. Nk èhurk ?.1.; (k) cs pkrk ub bevcn ic recshf.

DÅYFIF_ IC CB_KUF BF IC_YQSOYEPF

11:.1Q-95

ic 7.;7, y nk èhurk ?.1.; (a) cs pkrk ub bevcn ic recshf ic 7.73. Nks èhurks ducstrkb quc cn tkdkûf ic nk ducstrk sc vc k`cotkif cb hrkb dcieik pfr cn crrfr dëxedf kocptkancDE. Ykdaeåb sc vc quc sc bcocsetk cn tkdkûf ic ducstrk dës hrkbic oukbif nk vcrikicrk `rkooeÿb ic`cotufsk cs ehukn k

7,3. Wfr tkbtf, ub pfseanc cb`fquc cs scncooefbkr ub dëxedf tkdkûf ic ducstrk akskif cb ub vknfr ksudeif ic pkh f 4 7.3, y uteneoc ub prfociedecbtf ic ducstrcf ic ifs ctkpks pkrk rcknezkr nk prucak. Cb

Cb cstc oksf, ubk pkrtc icn tkdkûf ic ducstrk dëxedf rcqucreif sc utenezk pkrk cstkancocr ubk cstedkoeÿb ic nk `rkooeÿb ic`cotufsk. Ofb cstk cstedkoeÿb, sc oknounk ub tkdkûf ic ducstrk rcveskif dciekbtc nk coukoeÿb. (?.;), y sc rcknezkb prucaks kieoefbkncs pkrk quc cn büdcrf koudunkif ic prucaks sck ehukn kn tkdkûf ic nk ducstrk rcveskik. Wkrk cn ducstrcf cb ifs ctkpks, sc suhecrc quc cn predcr tkdkûf ic ducstrk sck icn 37 kn 87 pfr oecbtf icn tkdkûf dëxedf f kn dcbfs ?7 ducstrks (Bktrcnnk, ;50?). _c icac utenezkr ub ducstrcf kncktfref pkrk scncooefbkr nfs pubtfs ic prucak rckncs cb nk cstruoturk.

Nk cncooeÿb icn tkdkûf ic nk ducstrk akskik cb preboepefs cstkiästeofs icac dficrkrsc tcbecbif cb oucbtk cn ofstf. K_YD C ;73 cstkancoc nf sehuecbtc< „Bf edpfrtk ouëb sÿneif sck ub pnkb ic ducstrcf ikif cb ub scbteif cstkiästeof, bf cs kicoukif se cn ofstf ebvfnuorkif cs prfjeaetevf f se cn trkaklf rcqucreif cs tkb kriuf quc ofbiuoc k ktklfs f suatcrùhefs pfr pkrtc ic kqucnnfs rcspfbskanc icn ducstrcf ". K_YD C ;11 tkdaeåb kafrik nks ofbseicrkoefbcs ic ofstf y f`rcoc nks sehuecbtcs rcofdcbikoefbcs< „Icspuås ic quc sc oknounk cn tkdkûf ic ducstrk rcqucreif pkrk oudpner ofb ubk prcoeseÿb prcsoretk ..., cn sehuecbtc pksf cs oknounkr cn ofstf ic prfakr cstc tkdkûf ic ducstrk. _e cn ofstf cs icdksekif kntf, pucic scr pfseanc rcnklkr nk prcoeseÿb rcqucreik (f su cquevkncbtc, quc cs kocptkr ub kudcbtf cb nk prfakaeneiki ic quc cn crrfr ic ducstrcf supcrc cn crrfr dëxedf pcrdeteifDE) y rciuoer cn tkdkûf ic nk ducstrk pkrk ouarer cn ofstf pcrdeteif ". ?.1.1 Ofbseicrkoefbcs prëoteoks ’Wkrk ’Wkrk quc ub prfhrkdk ic cvknukoeÿb quc ebonuyc prucaks bf icstruotevks sck lusteèokanc, icac sktes`kocr nk dkyfr okbteiki pfseanc ic nfs sehuecbtcs rcquesetfs< • Icac kprfxedkrsc kn ofstf ic ub prfhrkdk ic prucaks ebtrusevks sfnf pkrk nk desdk ërck f vfnudcb kbknezkif=

•

Icacräk prfpfroefbkr ubk dkyfr okbteiki ic iktfs ofbèkancs pkrk nk desdk ërck f vfnudcb cxkdebkif, prfiuoecbif ksä dës eb`frdkoeÿb=

•

Icacräk pficr ebonuer ërcks quc sfb ie`äoencs ic cxkdebkr k `fbif utenezkbif dåtfifs dës trkieoefbkncs f ebtrusevfs= y

•

Nfs iktfs rcoupcrkifs icacb scr rcprfiuoeancs, ic dfif quc nfs cstuiefs ùturfs ic nk desdk cstruoturk pucikb akskrsc ofb ofbèkbzk cb nfs iktfs ebeoekncs ic CBI ofdf rc`crcboek aksc.

Oretcrefs ic ofstf’Cs icsckanc quc ubk cboucstk ic ofbieoeÿb cstruoturkn prfiuzok nk dëxedk okbteiki ic eb`frdkoeÿb pkrk ubk ictcrdebkik ebvcrseÿb. Ofb nfs `fbifs iespfbeancs nedetkifs, cn prfpectkref f kidebestrkifr kidebestrkifr ic nk ebstknkoeÿb sc cb`rcbtk k ub prfancdk urhcbtc quc icac rcsfnvcrsc ic nk dkbcrk dës ofdpnctk y rëpeik pfseanc ofb ub icscdafnsf däbedf. Cn ebvcstehkifr ic nk cvknukoeÿb

@eh. ?.1.; ’ Büdcrf ic pubtfs ic prucak pkrk cstedkr nk `rkooeÿb ic`cotufsk

de cb bevcncs ic recshf ic< (k) 7.;7, y (a) icbtrf ic ubk akbik ic crrfr ic » de 7.73.

nks prucaks pfr sä sfnks icpcbicb cb hrkb dcieik ic nk cxpcrecboek icn ebvcstehkifr pkrk ebtcrprctkr nk ofbieoeÿb ofborctk ebtcrpfnkbif cbtrc pubtfs ic prucak ebtrusevfs. Wfr nf hcbcrkn, sc scncooefbkb vkreks ducstrks ic büoncfs ofb ubk icbseiki ic ducstrcf prcictcrdebkik, kofdpkûkiks ic prucaks ic nkafrktfref cb nfs büoncfs. Cstf cstkancoc ubk aksc ic ofstfs prcnedebkr pkrk nk cboucstk ic ofbieoeÿb. BIY ofdf kntcrbktevk k cstc cb`fquc hcbcrkndcbtc prfpfbc ubk rciuooeÿb cb cn büdcrf ic ducstrks ic büoncf tfdkiks y nncbk nks ërcks cbtrc nks ducstrks ic büoncf ofb prucaks bf icstruotevks k ubk dkyfr icbseiki ic prucak. Cstf rciuoc nk ebocrteiudarc ebjcrcbtc k nk cboucstk ic ducstrcf vesukn c ebtrusevk. Nk rciuooeÿb icn ducstrcf ebtrusevf, lubtf ofb nk vcnfoeiki ic nk dkyfräk ic nfs prfhrkdks ic CBI, dkbtecbc cn ofstf icn cstuief ic okdpf cb ub bevcn sedenkr. _eb cdakrhf, cn tecdpf ic kbëneses sucnc kudcbtkr. Icbseiki ic iktfs’Nfs iktfs’Nfs prfancdks ic ofstfs iesouteifs kbtcrefrdcbtc edpneokb quc nks cboucstks bf icstruotevks prfpfroefbkb ubk dkyfr icbseiki ic iktfs ic prucak quc nks cboucstks vesukncs c ebtrusevks. Wfr nf hcbcrkn, cs bcocskref ebtcrpfnkr nk ofbieoeÿb icn ofborctf cbtrc nfs pubtfs ic prucak cb

icac kocptkr cstc ofb`neotf= ic nf ofbtrkref, cn prfycotf k dcbuif bf sc èbkboekrë.

ub ncvkbtkdecbtf BIY, pfrquc ofb nk dkyfräk ic nfs prfociedecbtfs BIY bf cs `koteanc prfakr tfik nk supcrèoec icn ofborctf cb nk cstruoturk icaeif k

Knhubfs prfancdks prëoteofs sfnf sc pucicb rcsfnvcr ofb ubk ofdaebkoeÿb ic prucaks ebtrusevks y bf icstruotevks. Cstuiefs ic ofbieoeÿb utenezkbif fascrvkoeÿb vesukn y ducstrcf ebtrusevf y

ofbseicrkoefbcs ic ofstf y tecdpf. Nk Ykank ?.9 ducstrk clcdpnfs ic icbseiki ic prucak (cspkoekif cb cbtrc trc pubtfs ic prucak) uskifs cb ebvcstehkoefbcs täpeoks ic CBI ofb ie`crcbtcs dåtfifs ic prucak. Cn eickn"

11:.1Q-37

EB@FQDC ICN OFDEYÅ IC KOE

Ykank ?.9 ’ @rcoucboek ic nks prucaks pkrk knhubfs prfiuotfs bf icstruotevfs rcprcscbtkt rcprcscbtktevfs evfs

dåtfifs ic prucak

nk icbseiki ic prucak rcprcscbtk nfs cspkoefs icsckancs pkrk nfhrkr ubk

rcsuntkifs. Cstf sc `koenetk dciekbtc cn kndkocbkdecbtf ic iktfs ic prucak seb prfocskr cb

cvknukoeÿb cstkiästeokdcbtc vëneik ic nk ofbieoeÿb icn jfrdehÿb= Nk icbseiki

iesofs ic ofdputkifrk= y

"prëoteok" rcprcscbtk nfs cspkoefs utenezkifs pkrk nfhrkr ub cquenearef cbtrc cn

•

rehfr cstkiästeof y cn ofstf.

Cn ebvcstehkifr icac tcbcr nk dëxedk ofbèkbzk cb nk rcprfiuoeaeneiki ic okik rcsuntkif ic nk prucak.

Kicdës, nks ie`crcbtcs tåobeoks ic prucak tecbcb ie`crcbtcs prfpÿsetfs, y okik tepf ic prucak bf icvucnvc nk desdk okbteiki ic eb`frdkoeÿb pkrk nk

?.? ’ _edunkoefbcs budåreoks y cxpcredcbtkncs

desdk ërck f vfnudcb ic ofborctf prfakif. Ofdf clcdpnf, ubk prucak ic

Ofdf sc jk dcboefbkif vkreks vcocs, duojfs dåtfifs BIY sc akskb cb ebtcrkooefbcs ic oecrtfs tepfs ic fbiks (ic tcbseÿb f

cof ic edpkotf cb ubk nfsk n fsk ic jfrdehÿb ofb vkreks okpks ic rcùcrzf ic kocrf prfpfroefbk eb`frdkoeÿb sfarc nfs okdaefs cb nks prfpecikics ic nk ebtcr`kz icn jfrdehÿb ebdciektkdcbtc icaklf icn pubtf ic prucak übeokdcbtc. Nk ebtcrprctkoeÿb ic nk ofbtebueiki ic nks ebtcr`kocs ictcotkiks cbtrc pubtfs ic prucak kiykocbtcs nk rcknezk sualctevkdcbtc cn ebvcstehkifr ic cvknukoeÿb, utenezkbif cn ofbfoedecbtf iespfbeanc ic nfs ictknncs ic nk nfsk y cn jestfrekn ic ofbstruooeÿb, ksä ofdf nk cxpcrecboek pcrsfbkn. Wfr cn ofbtrkref, ub cstuief ic rkikr cb nk pkrtc supcrefr ic nk desdk nfsk ikrë ubk edkhcb ofbtebuk ic nk okpk ic kocrf supcrefr, pcrf prfpfroefbkrë pfok eb`frdkoeÿb sfarc nks ofbieoefbcs cb nks okpks ic rcùcrzf eb`crefrcs.

\fbks ic ie`äoen koocsf’Duojks cstruoturks ic jfrdehÿb prcscbtkb ieèountkics ic koocsf pkrk prfhrkdks quc ofdaebkb ebspcooeÿb vesukn y prucaks ebtrusevks. Clcdpnfs ic setukoefbcs ic ebspcooeÿb tkb ie`äoencs ebonuycb< • Durfs ic ofbtcboeÿb, vehks k bevcn y nfsks k bevcn, ifbic sfnf ub

• •

nkif icn cncdcbtf cs koocseanc, Oedecbtfs prfùbifs (penftcs, pfzfs pcr`frkifs y durfs ic ncojkik), ifbic okse tfif cn cncdcbtf cstë cbtcrrkif, y Cncdcbtfs ic ofborctf uaeokifs cb ërcks pcnehrfsks, tkncs ofdf tkbqucs ic icscojfs ic dktcrekncs pcnehrfsf pcnehrfsfss y cdpnkzkdecbtfss buonckrcs. Nks prucaks bf icstruotevks cb cstfs cdpnkzkdecbtf oksfs sfb k dcbuif nk übeok `frdk cofbÿdeok y prëoteokdcbtc vekanc ic fatcbcr suèoecbtc eb`frdkoeÿb sfarc cn cstkif icn jfrdehÿb. Pkreks puaneokoefbcs sc rcècrcb k nk kpneokoeÿb cxetfsk ic BIY k cstfs prfancdks y arebikb rcofdcbikoefbcs pkrk nfs tepfs ic prucak quc sc utenezkrëb (Ikves, ;558= Ikves, ;553= Ikves ct kn., ;558).

@ekaeneiki y rcprfiuoeaeneiki ic nfs iktfs ’Nfs iktfs rcofpenkifs icacb scr èkancs y rcprfiuoeancs. Cstf edpneok quc<

•

Yfifs nfs pubtfs prfakifs cb nk cstruoturk sc pucicb eicbteèokr `ëoendcbtc cb ubk `cojk pfstcrefr, ic dfif quc nks prucaks sc pucikb rcpcter se cs bcocskref cb nk uaeokoeÿb cxkotk ic nk prucak cb ouknquecr dfdcbtf cb cn

•

ùturf= Nfs rcsuntkifs ic nk prucak cb nk cboucstk prcnedebkr icacb cstkr cb ub `frdktf tkn (hrëèofs, iktfs budåreofs) quc sc pucikb jkocr ofdpkrkoefbcs iercotks cbtrc nk prucak frehebkn y nk pfstcrefr.

cncotrfdkhbåteoks) ofb nk cstruoturk ebtcrbk icn cncdcbtf sc cstë c stë prfakbif. Wkrk knhubks ofbieoefbcs, nks ebtcrkooefbcs sfb quc rcnktevkdcbtc sedpncs y nfs rcsuntkifs ic nks prucaks sfb `ëoencs ic ebtcrprctkr. Wfr clcdpnf, nks icnkdebkoefbcs cb nfsks f pkrcics sc pucicb ictcotkr ofb rcnktevk `koeneiki utenezkbif cn dåtfif ic cof ic edpkotf, f nks akrrks ic rcùcrzf ofb ubk ouaecrtk pfof prfùbik y ub cspkoekif kdpnef sc pucicb uaeokr `ëoendcbtc ofb ub dcieifr ic ofacrturk f ub rkikr ic pcbctrkoeÿb cb cn sucnf (HWQ). _eb cdakrhf, cn ebvcstehkifr ic nk cvknukoeÿb pucic cb`rcbtkrsc k setukoefbcs ofdpnclks pkrk nks quc bf sc ofbfocb nks rcspucstks cspcrkiks. Cb tkncs oksfs, cn ebvcstehkifr icac ofbseicrkr rcknezkr sedunkoefbcs budåreoks f cxpcredcbtkncs kbtcs ic pnkbeèokr nk ebvcstehkoeÿb ic okdpf.

Nk sedunkoeÿb budåreok sc rcècrc k oknounkr nk rcspucstk cspcrkik icn falctf ic prucak k ub tepf cspcoäèof ic prucak. Nk sedunkoeÿb cxpcredcbtkn sc rcècrc k nk ofbstruooeÿb ic dkquctks ofb `knnks sedunkiks y prfakrnks ofb cn dåtfif ic prucak prfpucstf. Nks sedunkoefbcs pucicb tcbcr trcs falctevfs< falctev fs<

•

Cstkancocr se ub dåtfif ikif cs okpkz ic ictcotkr nk kbfdknäk ic ebtcrås.

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Cstkancocr rcspucstks "seb ic`cotfs" pkrk utenezkrnks ofdf näbck ic aksc pkrk ofdpkrkrnks ofb nks rcspucstks "seb ic`cotfs".

•

Ictcrdebkr cn tkdkûf oräteof cb cn quc nk ictcooeÿb ic ubk `knnk sc vucnvc eboecrtk.

Kicdës, nk sedunkoeÿb budåreok sc pucic utenezkr lubtf ofb nk rcspucstk dcieik pkrk eb`crer nks ofbieoefbcs ebtcrbks ic nk cstruoturk. Cstf hcbcrkndcbtc sc ofbfoc ofdf rcsfnuoeÿb icn prfancdk ebvcrsf. Eickndcbtc, k ubf nc hustkräk pficr uskr nk rcspucstk dcieik y uskr ub prfhrkdk ic ofdputkifrk pkrk oknounkr nks ofbieoefbcs ebtcrbks f nks prfpecikics icn dktcrekn icn ofborctf. Icsk`frtubkikdcbtc, cstf hcbcrkndcbtc bf cs pfseanc cxocptf pfr ofbieoefbcs sedpncs. Wfr tkbtf, cn prfancdk ebvcrsf k dcbuif sc rcsucnvc dciekbtc etcrkoeÿb= cs icoer, nk rcspucstk tcÿreok sc oknounk pkrk ub ofblubtf ic ofbieoefbcs ksudeiks ikif y sc ofdpkrk ofb nk rcspucstk dcieik. Nks ofbieoefbcs ksudeiks sc vkräkb jkstk

DÅYFIF_ IC CB_KUF BF IC_YQSOYEPF

11:.1Q-3;

cxestc ubk ofbofrikboek kocptkanc cbtrc nk rcspucstk dcieik y nk oknounkik. Ikif quc bf jky hkrkbtäk ic quc ub ofblubtf übeof ic ofbieoefbcs ofrrcspfbik k nk rcspucstk dcieik, cn kbknestk rcquecrc ubk ofdprcbseÿb ic nfs vknfrcs rkzfbkancs pkrk nks ofbieoefbcs ksudeiks. ?.?.; _edunkoeÿb budåreok ic nk prfpkhkoeÿb ic fbiks ic tcbseÿb. Iurkbtc nfs kûfs sctcbtk y fojcbtk, sc icskrrfnnkrfb prfhrkdks eb`frdëteofs akskifs cb cn dåtfif ic nfs cncdcbtfs èbetfs pkrk rcsfnvcr prfancdks iebëdeofs ofdpnclfs ic edpkotf. Cstfs tepfs ic prfhrkdks sc jkb kikptkif pkrk sedunkr nk prfpkhkoeÿb ic fbiks ic tcbseÿb cb dåtfifs dåtfifs ic CBI akskif akskifss cb edpkotfs, of ofdf df cn dåtfif edpkotcojf (_kbsknfbc y Okrebf, ;5:0). K ofbtebukoeÿb sc prfpfroefbk ubk arcvc icsorepoeÿb ic nfs ofbocptfs aëseofs ic cstc dåtfif ic sedunkoeÿb (kikptkif ic _kbsknfbc y _trcctt, ;558). Cn dåtfif ic nfs cncdcbtfs èbetfs cs ubk tåobeok budåreok pkrk fatcbcr sfnuoefbcs kprfxedkiks k prfancdks ic dcoëbeok ofbtebuk. Sb ofbtebuf (cb cstc oksf, ubk cstruoturk ic jfrdehÿb ofb f seb ic`cotfs sedunkifs) sc ieveic cb ub büdcrf èbetf ic pkrtcs iesorctks (cncdcbtfs èbetfs) quc sc ebtcrofbcotkb cb pubtfs nnkdkifs bfifs. Nks coukoefbcs quc rcnkoefbkb nks tcbsefbcs y ic`frdkoefbcs ic nfs cncdcbtfs ebieveiukncs sc ofdaebkb pkrk ofbstruer coukoefbcs hnfakncs quc icsoreacb cn ofdpfrtkdecbtf ic tfif cn ofbtebuf. Nk sfnuoeÿb ic cstks coukoefbcs ik nfs icspnkzkdecbtfs f tcbsefbcs ic okik cncdcbtf pkrk

ub ofblubtf pkrteounkr ic ofbieoefbcs ic ofbtfrbf y okrhks kpneokiks. Cb nfs kbëneses ic prfpkhkoeÿb ic fbiks ic tcbseÿb, nfs oënounfs sc nncvkb k okaf cb pcqucûfs pksfs ic tecdpf y sc fatecbcb nfs jestfrekncs ic tecdpf ic nfs icspnkzkdecbtfs bfikncs y nks tcbsefbcs ic nfs cncdcbtfs.

Cn edpkotf sc sedunk kpneokbif ubk ub k okrhk ic prcseÿb sfarc vkrefs cncdcbtfs. _c supfbc quc nk prcseÿb vkräk ofb cn tecdpf ofdf ubk ourvk sebusfeikn ic dcief oeonf, quc sc kprfxedk k nk ùboeÿb ùcrzktecdpf ksfoekik ofb cn edpkotf ic ubk cs`crk sfarc nk supcrèoec ic ub sÿneif cnësteof. Nfs edpkotfs ic ie`crcbtcs iurkoefbcs sc fatecbcb okdaekbif cn pcräfif ic nk ourvk sebusfeikn ic dcief oeonf. Cn jfrdehÿb sc dficnk ofdf ub dktcrekn jfdfhåbcf, cnësteof nebckn. Cstk supfseoeÿb cs vëneik pfrquc<

•

Nks ic`frdkoefbcs prfiuoeiks pfr nks fbiks ic cstrås cb nks prucaks ic edpkotf sfb duy pcqucûks.

•

@eh. ?.?.; ’ Cspcotrf fatcbeif ic nk sedunkoeÿb ic cncdcbtfs èbetfs ic nk prucak ic edpkotf-cof cb ubk scooeÿb ic ofborctf quc ofbtecbc ub ofbiuotf seb dfrtcrf.

hcfdcträk= cncher cn ebtcrvknf ic tecdpf ofrrcotf y ftrks dcieiks pkrk kschurkr oënounfs cstkancs (se sc utenezkb oÿiehfs cxpnäoetfs) y rcsuntkifs prcoesfs= cspcoeèokr nks ofbieoefbcs ofrrcotks ic okrhk y

Nfs ofdpfbcbtcs ic `rcoucboek cb nks fbiks quc sc prfpkhkb sfb täpeokdcbtc dcbfrcs ic kprfxedkikdcbtc :7 mJz y nks nfbhetuics ic

ic ofbtfrbf= y sedunkoeÿb ofrrcotk icn ic`cotf k ebvcstehkr.

fbik dës pcqucûks sfb icn fricb ic 37 dd. K cstks nfbhetuics ic

Sbk vcz quc sc jk j k icskrrfnnkif cn dficnf ofrrcotf, cn icspnkzkdecbtf oknounkif ic ub bfif ocrok icn pubtf ic edpkotf sc trktk ofdf nk scûkn icn trkbsiuotfr y sc utenezk pkrk oknounkr cn cspcotrf ic kdpnetui. Nfs cstuiefs pkrkdåtreofs sc pucicb rcknezkr vkrekbif `kotfrcs ofdf nk iurkoeÿb icn edpkotf, nk uaeokoeÿb icn pubtf ic edpkotf y cn rcocptfr cb rcnkoeÿb ofb nk uaeokoeÿb icn ic`cotf, cn tkdkûf y nk uaeokoeÿb icn ic`cotf u ftrfs pkrëdctrfs. Knhubfs clcdpnfs ic rcsuntkifs fatcbeifs pfr sedunkoefbcs èbetks ebonuycb nfs sehuecbtcs< Ojcbh y _kbsknfbc, ;55?= Neb (U.) y _kbsknfbc, ;551k, ;551a, ;551o= Neb (LD) y _kbsknfbc, ;55?, ;559k, ;550= _kbsknfbc y ofn., ;558= Xennekds ct kn., ;558. Cn sehuecbtc clcdpnf sc tfdk icn trkaklf rcsudeif cb Lkchcr ct kn. (;550) c

fbik, cn jfrdehÿb pkrcoc jfdfhåbcf k nks fbiks quc sc prfpkhkb.

Nfs ic`cotfs sc pucicb rcprcscbtkr fdetecbif cncdcbtfs cb nk dknnk ic cncdcbtfs èbetfs utenezkik pkrk dficnkr cn falctf ic prucak, f sc pucicb ksehbkr k nfs cncdcbtfs vknfrcs duojf dës aklfs ic icbseiki y dÿiunf cnësteof. Nfs nädetcs kasfracbtcs sc pucicb utenezkr pkrk pcrdeter quc cn kbknestk dficnc pkrtcs ic decdarfs cstruoturkncs dës hrkbics. Cn rcsuntkif cs ubk dkyfr prcoeseÿb f dcbfs tecdpf ic oënounf, f kdafs. _eb tkncs cncdcbtfs kasfracbtcs, nfs dficnfs ic cncdcbtfs èbetfs tecbcb quc scr nf suèoecbtcdcbtc hrkbics pkrk quc nks rcspucstks icaeiks k nfs rc`nclfs ic nfs nädetcs bf ebtcrècrkb ofb nfs rc`nclfs ic nfs ic`cotfs sedunkifs. Nks sedunkoefbcs ic cncdcbtfs èbetfs èbet fs rcquecrcb ubk pcrsfbk ofb cxpcrecboek cb cn dåtfif ic cncdcbtfs èbetfs y `kdenekreiki ofb nk bkturknczk ic nfs prfhrkdks quc rcsucnvcb prfancdks ic prfpkhkoeÿb ic fbiks. Nk vkneicz ic nfs rcsuntkifs icpcbic icn usf ic ubk dknnk kocptkanc.

edpneok nk ictcooeÿb ic ub vkoäf cn ofbiuotf icn tcbiÿb cbncojkif ic ubk cstruoturk ic cb jfrdehÿb pfstcbskif. _c utenezÿ ub dficnf budåreof treiedcbsefbkn pkrk rcprcscbtkr nk hcfdcträk. Nk èhurk ?.?.; ducstrk nk hcfdcträk y ub cspcotrf ic kdpnetui fatcbeifs ic nk sedunkoeÿb ic cncdcbtfs èbetfs. Nk

11:.1Q-31

EB@FQDC ICN OFDEYÅ IC KOE

Nk sedunkoeÿb y nk prucak ic okdpf sfb cxocncbtcs. (Ycbhk cb oucbtk quc nk vcnfoeiki ic nk fbik W cb cn dficnf budåreof y cn jkz rckn crkb nfs desdfs). Cstfs rcsuntkifs sfb täpeofs, y cn dåtfif ic cncdcbtfs èbetfs jk scrveif ofdf ubk jcrrkdecbtk pficrfsk pkrk icskrrfnnkr nk ofdprcbseÿb kotukn icn dåtfif ic edpkotf-cof y sus kpneokoefbcs. . ?.?.1 _edunkoeÿb ic nk prfpkhkoeÿb ic fbiks cb oedcbtkoefbcs prfùbiks ’_c ’_c jkb utenezkif tåobeoks budåreoks pkrk cstuiekr nk

prfpkhkoeÿb ic fbiks cb oedcbtkoefbcs prfùbiks ofb cn èb ic<

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Jkhk ofeboeier nks rcspucstks prfbfsteokiks ofb nks rcspucstks ic prucak rckncs pkrk nfs dåtfifs ic cof sÿbeof f ic rcspucstk ic edpunsf, y cn ofdpfrtkdecbtf ic

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nk penk ic dficnfs pkrk su usf cb cn rchestrf ic edpcikboek

dåtfif kbknäteof. Nk ebtcrprctkoeÿb ic nks prucaks ic penftcs ic aklk ic`frdkoeÿb sc aksk cb nk tcfräk ic nk prfpkhkoeÿb ic fbiks ic tcbseÿb ubeiedcbsefbkncs icbtrf icn clc icn penftc. Icspuås ic hfnpckr nk okaczk icn clc ofb ub dkrtennf ic dkbf, ubk fbik ic tcbseÿb ic aklk ic`frdkoeÿb veklk pfr cn clc k ubk vcnfoeiki quc icpcbic ic nk icbseiki y cn dÿiunf cnësteof icn jfrdehÿb. Ouknquecr okdaef cb nk `frdk, nk ofbtebueiki f nks prfpecikics icn dktcrekn icn clc ik ofdf rcsuntkif okdaefs cb nk edpcikboek icn clc cb cn pubtf ic nk kbfdknäk, y ubk pkrtc ic nk fbik eboeicbtc sc rc`nclk ic rchrcsf k nk okaczk icn penftc. Nk ebtcrprctkoeÿb ic nk rcspucstk ic nk prucak icpcbic ic nk okneiki ic nks scûkncs rchestrkiks, ksä ofdf ic nk eicbteèokoeÿb ic nfs pkrëdctrfs quc ofbtrfnkb nk rcspucstk icn penftc (ofdf nks ofbieoefbcs icn sucnf, cn tkdkûf y nk `frdk icn penftc). Wfr nf tkbtf, cn rcsuntkif ic nk ofeboeicboek ic nk sedunkoeÿb cs tkb aucbf ofdf nk okneiki ic nk scûkn ic prucak rckn. Qcspucstk edpunsevk’Nk predcrk rc`crcboek k nfs dficnfs ic sedunkoeÿb quc utenezkb tåobeoks budåreoks sc cboucbtrk cb Ikves y Iubb

@eh. ?.?.1 ’ Cspcotrf fatcbeif ic nk prucak ic cof ic edpkotf rcknezkik sfarc ub ofbiuotf seb ncojkik cb ubk vehk pfstcskik.

(;589), ifbic sc icskrrfnnÿ ub dficnf budåreof pkrk nk prucak ic vearkoeÿb krdÿbeok (prcoursfrk ic nk rcspucstk kn edpunsf) ic clcs pcr`frkifs. Akskif cb nk kbknfhäk cbtrc nks coukoefbcs ic dfvedecbtf y nks ic ub oerouetf cnåotreof, sc utenezÿ ub dficnf ic oerouetf cnåotreof kbknÿheof pkrk rcprcscbtkr nk rcspucstk ic nk penk. Nk ùcrzk kpneokik k nk okaczk icn penftc ùc rcprcscbtkik pfr ubk ofrrecbtc sebusfeikn kpneokik y cn vfntklc rcsuntkbtc rcprcscbtÿ nk vcnfoeiki ic nk okaczk icn penftc. _c utenezkrfb ftrfs ofdpfbcbtcs cnåotreofs pkrk tcbcr cb oucbtk nk icbseiki icn jfrdehÿb y icn sucnf, nk vcnfoeiki ic fbik cb cn jfrdehÿb y cb cn sucnf y cn ieëdctrf icn penftc. Nk penk sc ieveieÿ cb ie`crcbtcs schdcbtfs, ofb ie`crcbtcs okrkotcrästeoks dcoëbeoks, quc sc ofbvertecrfb k nfs oerouetfs kbknÿheofs cquevkncbtcs. Nk rcspucstk oknounkik icn oerouetf sc ofdpkrÿ ofb nk rcspucstk dcieik (vcnfoeiki / ùcrzk) y sc klustkrfb nks okrkotcrästeoks ic nfs schdcbtfs jkstk quc juaf ub aucb koucrif cbtrc nks ifs rcspucstks. Cstc prfocsf cs kbënfhf kn prfociedecbtf ic ebvcrseÿb utenezkif cb nk prucak _K_X.

cn peof scoubikref k 10,9 mJz ofrrcspfbic k nk rc`ncxeÿb icn kerc vkoäf cb cn ofbiuotf seb ncojkik. Cn peof k 9,9 mJz cs dcbfr quc nk `rcoucboek ic cspcsfr ic nk pnkok sÿneik. Nk prcscboek icn vkoäf ic kerc prfvfok cn okdaef k ubk `rcoucboek dës aklk, y cstc okdaef ic

Cn kbknestk icac tcbcr tfik nk eb`frdkoeÿb quc sc pucik fatcbcr sfarc nks ofbieoefbcs rckncs icn penftc y icn sucnf kbtcs ic ebtcbtkr nk sedunkoeÿb. Cstf kyuik k rciuoer cn büdcrf ic pksfs bcocskrefs pkrk fatcbcr ub klustc ofeboeicbtc cbtrc nks hrëèoks ic `rcoucboek ic dfveneiki rckn y sedunkik. Nfs vknfrcs täpeofs ic nks prfpecikics icn

`rcoucboek cs ub ebieokifr kieoefbkn ic ubk kbfdknäk cb nk pnkok (Lkchcr ct kn. ;550). Nk @eh. ?.?.1 ducstrk cn rcsuntkif ic ubk prucak ic cof ic edpkotf rcknezkik cb cn kndk ic ubk vehk cb E cb ub pucbtc pfstcbskif. Yfiks nks okrkotcrästeoks onkvc ic nks rcspucstks sfb sedenkrcs, y cn koucrif hcbcrkn cbtrc nfs vknfrcs budåreofs

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dktcrekn quc sc pucicb utenezkr ofdf predcr ebtcbtf sfb< Pcnfoeiki ic nk fbik W ic jfrdehÿb ic ?:77 k 9;77 d / s,

Icbseiki icn jfrdehÿb ic 1?77 k 1977 mh / d?, Icbseiki icn sucnf ic ;877 k ;577 mh / d?, Pcnfoeiki ic nk fbik ic ofrtc cb cn sucnf ic ;77 k ?77 d / s.

DÅYFIF_ IC CB_KUF BF IC_YQSOYEPF

11:.1Q-3?

Kbëneses ic rchestrf ic edpcikboek’Nk edpcikboek’Nk tåobeok ic rchestrf ic edpcikboek

Nfs crrfrcs cb nks prfùbieiki prfùbieikics cs cstedkiks ic nks kbfdknäks f cn pec icn penftc surhcb preboepkndcbtc icn crrfr cb nk cs tedkoeÿb ic nk vcnfoeiki ic nk fbik ic

1.?.?)) cs, cb cscboek, ub ubkk cxtcbseÿb ic nk ofeboeicboek ic nfs (_cooeÿb 1.?.?

tcbseÿb icn penftc ic jfrdehÿb. Sb crrfr ic » ;77 d / s rcsuntkrë cb ub crrfr ic

rcsuntkifs ic nk prucak ic edpunsf-rcspucstk dcieifs, ofdf sc icsoreac

prfùbieiki ic kprfxedkikdcbtc » 1.3 pfr oecbtf.

kbtcrefrdcbtc. Wkrk fatcbcr ub pcrèn ic rchestrf ic edpcikboek, sfb

Wrucaks ic cof sÿbeof’Nk sÿbeof’Nk sedunkoeÿb ic `frdks ic fbik ic vcnfoeikitecdpf k pkrter ic prucaks ic penk ic cof sÿbeof sc vfnveÿ prëoteok ofb cn

bcocskrefs nfs sehuecbtcs pksfs<

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Icacb fatcbcrsc scûkncs ic prucak ic aucbk okneiki, ebonueiks nks

kivcbedecbtf ic nks tåobeoks ic prfocskdecbtf ic scûkncs iehetkncs cb nk

rcspucstks ic ùcrzk ùcrzk y vcnfoeiki cb cn ifdebef icn tecdpf. Nk

iåokik ic ;5:7 (Deiicbifrp y Qceiebh, ;5::). Nfs rc`nclfs rchestrkifs cb ubk

`rcoucboek ic ducstrcf däbedk pkrk nk dkyfräk ic nks nfbhetuics ic

scûkn ic cof sÿbeof sfb okuskifs pfr okdaefs ic edpcikboek cb cn clc icn

clc cstuiekiks icac scr ic ;7 mJz, ofb ub däbedf ic ;719 pubtfs ic

penftc (oucnnfs, prftuacrkboeks, hrectks, pubtk icn penftc f okdaefs cb nk

iktfs pkrk okik `frdk ic fbik. Sbk scûkn rc`nclkik ic nk pubtk icn

okneiki icn jfrdehÿb) y cb nk rcsestcboek icn sucnf. Yfifs nfs okdaefs cb nk

penftc tkdaeåb icac cstkr prcscbtc cb nk `frdk ic fbik ic vcnfoeiki.

edpcikboek icn clc sc dficnkb ofdf vkrekoefbcs cb nk scooeÿb trkbsvcrskn icn clc. Cs bcocskref ofbfocr tkbtf ofdf sck pfseanc sfarc cn pcrèn icn sucnf icn

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setef pkrk sedunkr nk `frdk ic fbik ic rcspucstk. Nk ofrrcspfbicboek ic nks scûkncs ic prucak ic cof sÿbeof sc rcknezk cb trcs pksfs<

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_c scncooefbk ubk rcspucstk ic penftc ic rc`crcboek pkrk ubk pfankoeÿb ic penftcs ikik cb cn setef, prfakbif nk pfankoeÿb ic penftcs y scncooefbkbif ubk rcspucstk prfdcief.

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Nks rcsestcboeks icn clc y nk pubtk sc icrevkb icn penftc ic rc`crcboek. Icaeif k quc nks rcsestcboeks icn clc y nk pubtk tecbcb ub c`cotf ifdebkbtc cb nk rcspucstk ic nk prucak, nk icrevkoeÿb icn dficnf ic sucnf cs ub rcquesetf prcvef. Wkrk fatcbcr nfs pkrëdctrfs icn sucnf, sc ksudc quc cn penftc ic rc`crcboek tecbc ub ieëdctrf ube`frdc. Cs bcocskref utenezkr tfik nk eb`frdkoeÿb iespfbeanc sfarc nks ofbieoefbcs icn sucnf icn setef kn ofdecbzf ic cstc pksf. Nks rcsestcboeks icn clc y nk pubtk sc klustkb jkstk quc jkyk ubk aucbk ofrrcspfbicboek cbtrc nks scûkncs dcieiks y sedunkiks.

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_c icrevkb nks iesofbtebueikics cb cn penftc aklf sedunkoeÿb. Nks iesofbtebueikics prfvfokb rc`nclfs quc sc ducstrkb cb nk `frdk ic fbik icn cof sÿbeof. Deiecbif cn tecdpf ic veklc pkrk nk nnchkik ic nk predcrk rc`ncxeÿb, sc pucic ictcrdebkr nk uaeokoeÿb ic nk iesofbtebueiki. Cb nfs ifs dåtfifs dës utenezkifs (Qkusojc ct kn., ;5::= _tkrmc y Lkbcs, ;5::), nk ùcrzk ic edpkotf sc kpneok ofdf cbtrkik k nk okaczk icn penftc cb cn dficnf ic ofdputkifrk, y nk vcnfoeiki dcieik cb nk okaczk icn penftc sc tfdk ofdf nk scûkn ic rc`crcboek pkrk nk rcspucstk oknounkik. Nk scooeÿb trkbsvcrskn icn clc icn dficnf ic ofdputkifrk sc vkräk cb nk uaeokoeÿb ic rc`ncxeÿb ic nk scûkn jkstk quc sc cboucbtrk ubk aucbk ofeboeicboek cbtrc nks scûkncs oknounkiks y dcieiks.

Cb cstks sedunkoefbcs, cn penftc sc dficnk ofdf ubk screc ic rcsfrtcs y dkoctcrfs pkrk rcprcscbtkr nk scooeÿb trkbsvcrskn icn penftc y cn c`cotf icn sucnf oeroubikbtc. Kn ehukn quc oukbif sc dficnk nk prucak ic edpunsf-rcspucstk, edpunsf-rcspucst k, cn kbknestk bcocsetk tcbcr tkbtk eb`frdkoeÿb ofdf sc pucik fatcbcr sfarc nks ofbieoefbcs rckncs icn penftc y icn sucnf kbtcs ic ebtcbtkr ubk sedunkoeÿb ic cof sÿbeof. Nfs dåtfifs ic sedunkoeÿb dës utenezkifs sfb prfpeciki ic nfs `kareokbtcs ic cquepfs y sc vcbicb ofb sus prfpefs sestcdks ic prucak. _eb cdakrhf, c dakrhf, se sc pucicb fatcbcr scûkncs ic prucak ic cof sÿbeof ic aucbk okneiki, cs pfseanc icskrrfnnkr sedunkoefbcs ic rcspucstk utenezkbif cn cb`fquc icsoretf kbtcrefrdcbtc pkrk cn dåtfif ic edpunsf-rcspucstk. Bucvkdcbtc, ofdf cb nk sedunkoeÿb ic edpunsf-rcspucstk, cn vknfr scncooefbkif ic nk vcnfoeiki ic nk fbik ic tcbseÿb icn ofborctf cs oräteof pkrk prcicoer ofb prcoeseÿb nks prfùbieikics ic nks okrkotcrästeoks.

Cn predcr pksf kbknäteof cs cnedebkr nf sehuecbtc ic nk `frdk ic fbik ic vcnfoeiki< ;) cn dfvedecbtf ic nk pkrtc supcrefr icn clc okuskif pfr cn edpkotf icn dkrtennf= y 1) c`cotfs ic nfs okdaefs ic edpcikboek rcsuntkbtcs ic okdaefs cb cn pcrèn icn sucnf. Cstf sc nfhrk oknounkbif ubk pkrocnk ic dfveneiki tcÿreok pkrk ub clc ebèbetkdcbtc nkrhf y seb ic`cotfs ofb cn ieëdctrf bfdebkn icn clc y vkrekoefbcs nktcrkncs ofbfoeiks icn sucnf. Cstk hrëèok ic dfveneiki oknounkik sc rcstk ic nk rcspucstk ic nk prucak. Cstf ik ubk rcspucstk ic dfveneiki "rc`nclkik" quc ofbtecbc eb`frdkoeÿb sfarc nfs okdaefs cb nk hcfdcträk icn clc y cbkncnedpunsf sucnf oeroubikbtc. K ofbtebukoeÿb, rcspucstk cb cn ifdebef icn tecdpf sc nk oknounk tfdkbif nk trkbs`frdkik rëpeik ic @furecr ebvcrsk ic nk hrëèok ic dfveneiki "rc`nclkik". Cstf sc ofbfoc ofdf rc`ncotfhrkdk rcnktevf,

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Kn kpneokr ubk ùboeÿb ic kdpneèokoeÿb scncooefbkik k cstk rcspucstk ic tecdpf oknounkik, nk ebtcbseiki ic nk scûkn ic rctfrbf sc pucic kprfxedkr k ub vknfr ofbstkbtc k nf nkrhf ic tfik nk nfbhetui icn clc icn penftc. Cn rc`ncotfhrkdk ksä fatcbeif bf oukbteèok nk edpcikboek kasfnutk icn clc, be iestebhuc cbtrc nfs okdaefs ic edpcikboek prfvfokifs pfr nks ofbieoefbcs icn clc f nfs prfvfokifs pfr nk vkrekoeÿb nktcrkn icn sucnf. _eb cdakrhf, cn rcsuntkif rckn ic nk prucak ic rcspucstk kn edpunsf oukbteèok nk edpcikboek icn clc cb nk okaczk icn penftc, quc sc pucic utenezkr pkrk oknounkr nk edpcikboek jkoek kaklf icn clc cb ùboeÿb ic tecdpf icsic

\ (t) 4 \ ( 7 7)) cxp

1 Q (t) it   t

∭

(?,1)

7

iÿbic \ (t) cs nk edpcikboek icn clc cb ùboeÿb icn tecdpf, \ ( 7) 7) cs nk edpcikboek bfdebkn cb nk pkrtc supcrefr icn clc, y Q (t) sfb nfs ofcèoecbtcs ic rc`ncxeÿb icn rc`ncotfhrkdk

rcnktevf csoknkif. • @ebkndcbtc, nk edpcikboek cb ùboeÿb ic nk prfùbieiki sc fatecbc ic \ (t) ofbvertecbif cn tecdpf cb prfùbieiki utenezkbif nk vcnfoeiki ic fbik ic ofdprcseÿb icn dktcrekn ic nk penk. Kn ehukn quc cb nk sedunkoeÿb ic nfs dåtfifs ic edpunsf-rcspucstk y cof sÿbeof, se sc ofbfocb nk icbseiki y nk vcnfoeiki ic nk fbik ic ofdprcseÿb icn penftc, nfs okdaefs cb nk edpcikboek ofrrcspfbicb k okdaefs cb cn ërck ic nk scooeÿb trkbsvcrskn icn penftc. Nk

11:.1Q-39

EB@FQDC ICN OFDEYÅ IC KOE

Nk hrëèok ic edpcikboek-prfùbieiki rcsuntkbtc sc pucic ieaulkr ofdf

Stenezkbif cn dficnf ic säbtcses sä btcses ic `frdk ic fbik ic rkikr, sc pucicb

ubk hrëèok ic ieëdctrf f ërck ic scooeÿb trkbsvcrskn ofb prfùbieiki.

cvknukr nfs c`cotfs sfarc nk `frdk ic fbik ic rkikr ic vkrefs pkrëdctrfs

Cstc cs cn rchestrf ic edpcikboek èbkn, y sc ik ub clcdpnf cb

ofdf nk pfrfseiki, cn ofbtcbeif ic khuk y onfrurf, nks hrectks y

@ehurk 1.?.9 1.?.9..

icnkdebkoefbcs, y cn iescûf ic nks n ks akrrks ic rcùcrzf.

Ofdf cb ftrks sedunkoefbcs ic rcspucstk ic penftcs, cn kbknestk icac tcbcr tfifs nfs iktfs ic sucnf iespfbeancs y rchestrfs ic ofbstruooeÿb ic penftcs pkrk oknounkr cn rc`ncotfhrkdk rcnktevf.

?.?.? _edunkoeÿb ic rkikr ic pcbctrkoeÿb tcrrcstrc ’Budcre’BudcreYkdaeåb sc pucicb utenezkr tåobeoks oknÿreoks pkrk dficnkr nk prfpkhkoeÿb ic fbiks cncotrfdkhbåteoks k trkvås icn jfrdehÿb y pkrk cstuiekr nk rc`ncxeÿb y rc`rkooeÿb ic cstks fbiks cb ebtcr`kocs cbtcrrkiks. _c pucicb utenezkr ifs tåobeoks ic dficnkif< cn dåtfif ic cncdcbtfs èbetfs y cn dåtfif ic trkzkif ic rkyfs. Cb nk tåobeok ic cncdcbtfs èbetfs, sc utenezkb nfs desdfs cb`fqucs quc sc iesoutecrfb ofb rcspcotf k nk prfpkhkoeÿb ic fbiks ic tcbseÿb. Nk cstruoturk cstë dficnkik pfr ubk dknnk ic cncdcbtfs èbetfs, y okik cncdcbtf tecbc prfpecikics iecnåotreoks pkrk rcprcscbtkr ie`crcbtcs dktcrekncs. Cn okdpf cncotrfdkhbåteof cb cn falctf ic prucak icaeif k ub okdpf ic cbtrkik cspcoäèof sc oknounk cb ùboeÿb icn tecdpf. Cstc dåtfif pcrdetc kn kbknestk vesuknezkr (dciekbtc prfhrkdks ic pfsprfocskdecbtf)) nk prfpkhkoeÿb icn okdpf k trkvås icn falctf ic pfsprfocskdecbtf prucak y oÿdf cn okdpf ebtcrkotük ofb nfs falctevfs cbtcrrkifs.

Cb nk tåobeok ic trkzkif ic rkyfs, cn kbknestk cnehc ifs pubtfs< ifbic sc ebtrfiuoc cn punsf cncotrfdkhbåteof y ifbic sc vk k oknounkr nk rcspucstk. _c ictcrdebk ubk screc ic pfseancs trkycotfreks ic rkyfs quc pucicb ofbcotkr cstfs ifs pubtfs. Nk rcspucstk ksfoekik k okik rkyf sc oknounk tcbecbif cb oucbtk nfs ofcèoecbtcs ic rc`ncxeÿb cb nfs pubtfs ic rc`ncxeÿb y nk ktcbukoeÿb icaeik k nk iestkboek ic veklc. Nks rcspucstks icaeiks k nk nnchkik ic okik rkyf kn pubtf ic ebtcrås sc sudkb pkrk fatcbcr nk rcspucstk tftkn quc rcprcscbtkräk nk `frdk ic fbik tcÿreok rchestrkik pfr ub rcocptfr pcr`cotf. Kicdës ic nfs dåtfifs ic trkzkif ic rkyfs cb cn ifdebef icn tecdpf, nk säbtcses ic nk `frdk ic fbik icn rkikr sc pucic nfhrkr trktkbif nks cstruoturks ic jfrdehÿb krdkif quc sc vkb k prfakr ofdf ub dcief dunteokpk ofb kbfdknäks oenäbireoks rchunkrcs icn suasucnf (akrrks ic rcùcrzf) (Jknkac ct kn., ;553). Sbk säbtcses cb cn ifdebef ic nk `rcoucboek ik oucbtk ic nks düntepncs rc`ncxefbcs y nk icpcbicboek ic nk `rcoucboek ic nks prfpecikics iecnåotreoks. Sskbif nk trkbs`frdkik rëpeik ic @furecr, ub punsf cncotrfdkhbåteof trkbsdeteif sc pucic icsofdpfbcr cb cn ifdebef ic nk `rcoucboek cb vkreks fbiks sebusfeikncs ofb ie`crcbtcs `rcoucboeks. Sbk sfnuoeÿb ic `frdk ocrrkik pkrk cn ofcèoecbtc ic rc`ncxeÿb ofdpnclf pkrk ub dcief dunteokpk y ubk fbik sebusfeikn ic `rcoucboek übeok sc pucic utenezkr ofb supcrpfseoeÿb pkrk sebtctezkr nk `frdk ic fbik icn rkikr pkrk cn dcief dunteokpk cb cn ifdebef ic nk `rcoucboek. Nk prcscboek ic nks akrrks ic rcùcrzf k`cotk cb hrkb dcieik nk `frdk ic fbik icn rkikr rchestrkik. Nks akrrks ic rcùcrzf sc pucicb trktkr ofdf kbfdknäks icn suasucnf oenäbireoks rchunkrcs ofb ubk prfùbieiki y cspkoekdecbtf ube`frdcs. Nks coukoefbcs pkrk nk rcspucstk cb cn ifdebef icn tecdpf pkrk nk oukiräounk ic akrrks ic rcùcrzf ofdaebkiks ofb nks coukoefbcs pkrk nks rcspucstks cb cn ifdebef ic nk `rcoucboek pkrk cn dcief dunteokpk sc ofdaebkb pkrk fatcbcr ubk `frdk ic fbik sebtåteok

?.?.9 _edunkoeÿb ic kbfdknäks tårdeoks ’Nk ’Nk tcrdfhrk`äk ictcotk iercotkdcbtc nk rkiekoeÿb eb`rkrrflk cdeteik. Ikif quc bf jky oknearkoeÿb k ub bevcn ic rkiekoeÿb kasfnutf, nf quc sc ictcotk cs nk ùcrzk rcnktevk y nk uaeokoeÿb ic nks kbfdknäks tårdeoks. Nk rcspucstk tårdeok ic nfs decdarfs cstruoturkncs ic jfrdehÿb sc pucic sedunkr budåreokdcbtc utenezkbif ub prfhrkdk ic cncdcbtfs èbetfs ofb okpkoeikics pkrk cn kbëneses ic `nulf ic oknfr trkbsetfref. Nk cstruoturk ic jfrdehÿb cstë dficnkik pfr ubk dknnk ic cncdcbtfs, y okik cncdcbtf tecbc prfpecikics tårdeoks okrkotcrästeoks ic nks pkrtcs kprfpekiks ic nk cstruoturk ic jfrdehÿb. Wfr clcdpnf, ub dficnf tårdeof ofdpucstf pfr ubk zfbk ikûkik ofb prfpecikics tårdeoks kntcrkiks cb okpks cbtrc zfbks sÿneiks ic ofborctf sc pucic utenezkr pkrk dficnkr ubk pnktk`frdk ic ofborctf icnkdebkif (Dkscr y Qfiies, ;557). Nks prfpecikics ic nk pnktk`frdk quc icacb cspcoeèokrsc sfb<

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Cspcsfr ic nks okpks ic ouaecrtk, icnkdebkoeÿb y ouaecrtk eb`crefr=

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Ofbiuoteveiki tårdeok y okpkoeiki oknfräèok vfnudåtreok icn jfrdehÿb skbf y ikûkif= y

•

Ofcèoecbtcs ic trkbs`crcboek ic oknfr pkrk nk pkrtc supcrefr c eb`crefr ic nk pnktk`frdk.

Nks ofbieoefbcs kdaecbtkncs ic tcdpcrkturk kdaecbtc y rkiekoeÿb sfnkr eboeicbtc, quc vkräkb cb ub oeonf ieurbf, edpunskb nk rcspucstk tårdeok icn dficnf. Ikif quc nks ùcrzks edpunsfrks sfb ubk ùboeÿb icn tecdpf, cn sestcdk bf cs cstëteof. Cn sestcdk pfiräk trktkrsc ofdf se ùcrk cstëteof se cn tecdpf ic rcspucstk ic nk pnktk`frdk k nks vkrekoefbcs cb nks ùcrzks edpunsfrks ùcrk ofrtf cb ofdpkrkoeÿb ofb cn pcräfif ic tecdpf iurkbtc cn oukn nks ùcrzks edpunsfrks `nuotukrfb. Cstk ofbieoeÿb ic ofdpfrtkdecbtf ouksecstëteof bf sc sktes`koc pkrk cn dficnf ic tkancrf, yk quc cn cspcsfr y nk okpkoeiki oknfräèok vfnudåtreok icn jfrdehÿb nc ikb kn tkancrf ubk ebcroek tårdeok sehbeèoktevk, nf quc rkncbtezk cn tecdpf ic rcspucstk icn sestcdk. Wfr nf tkbtf, cn dficnf tårdeof icac tcbcr cb oucbtk cn ofdpfrtkdecbtf trkbsetfref icn `nulf ic oknfr. ?.?.3 Dkquctks ic nkafrktfref y ic okdpf ’Sbk ’Sbk pfseanc kntcrbktevk kn dficnkif budåreof oukbif cn ebvcstehkifr ic nk cvknukoeÿb sc cb`rcbtk k ubk ofbieoeÿb ic prucak bucvk f ebusukn cs `kareokr y prfakr ducstrks (dkquctks) quc seduncb nks ofbieoefbcs ic okdpf cspcrkiks. Wucic scr pfseanc utenezkr pkrtcs ic nk cstruoturk rckn ofdf ubk dkquctk se sc skac ofb ocrtczk quc cn ërck prfakik cs sÿneik f ofbtecbc ub ic`cotf. Cstks dkquctks cxpcredcbtkncs tkdaeåb sc pucicb utenezkr pkrk vcreèokr bucvfs dficnfs budåreofs. budåreofs. Ofdf cb cn oksf ic nk sedunkoeÿb budåreok, nks dkquctks sc pucicb utenezkr pkrk cstkancocr<

pkrk ubk cstruoturk ic jfrdehÿb krdkif akskik cb cn iescûf hcfdåtreof y nks prfpecikics `äseoks. Cstk säbtcses ic `frdk ic fbik cs scbseanc k nk `frdk cxkotk icn punsf cdeteif pfr ubk kbtcbk cb pkrteounkr. Nks coukoefbcs pkrk nk rcspucstk cb cn ifdebef icn tecdpf pkrk nk oukiräounk ic akrrks ic rcùcrzf ofdaebkiks ofb nks

• •

_e sc pucic ictcotkr ubk ictcrdebkik kbfdknäk,

•

Nk rcspucstk ic näbck ic aksc ic ub falctf seb ic`cotfs.

coukoefbcs pkrk nks rcspucstks cb cn ifdebef ic nk `rcoucboek pkrk cn dcief dunteokpk sc ofdaebkb pkrk fatcbcr ubk `frdk ic fbik sebtåteok pkrk ubk cstruoturk ic jfrdehÿb krdkif akskik cb cn iescûf hcfdåtreof y nks prfpecikics `äseoks. Cstk säbtcses ic `frdk ic fbik cs scbseanc k nk `frdk cxkotk icn punsf cdeteif pfr ubk

Nk dclfr ofbèhurkoeÿb ic prucak pkrk ictcotkr ub ic`cotf cspcoäèof y

Oukbif sc utenezkb dåtfifs BIY akskifs cb nk prfpkhko prfpkhkoeÿb eÿb ic

kbtcbk cb pkrteounkr. Nks coukoefbcs pkrk nk rcspucstk cb cn ifdebef icn tecdpf pkrk nk oukiräounk ic akrrks ic rcùcrzf ofdaebkiks ofb nks coukoefbcs pkrk nks rcspucstks cb cn ifdebef ic nk `rcoucboek pkrk cn dcief dunteokpk sc ofdaebkb pkrk fatcbcr ubk `frdk ic fbik sebtåteok pkrk ubk cstruoturk ic jfrdehÿb krdkif akskik cb cn iescûf hcfdåtreof y nks prfpecikics `äseoks. Cstk säbtcses ic `frdk ic fbik cs scbseanc k nk `frdk cxkotk icn punsf cdeteif pfr ubk kbtcbk cb pkrteounkr.

fbiks, nks ducstrks icacb iescûkrsc oueikifskdcbtc pkrk hkrkbtezkr quc nks rc`ncxefbcs cb nfs nädetcs bf ebtcrècrkb ofb nks rc`ncxefbcs ic nk kbfdknäk ic ebtcrås. Cn dktcrekn pkrk nks dkquctks icac scncooefbkrsc ic dfif quc tcbhk prfpecikics sedenkrcs k nks cspcrkiks cb cn okdpf. Icpcbiecbif icn dåtfif ic prucak, sedenkr

DÅYFIF_ IC CB_KUF BF IC_YQSOYEPF

nks prfpecikics pucicb sehbeèokr icbseiki, ofbstkbtcs cnësteoks, ofbiuoteveiki f prfpecikics iecnåotreoks sedenkrcs. Wfr clcdpnf, se cn ebvcstehkifr ic cvknukoeÿb cstë ebtcrcskif cb cvknukr nk okpkoeiki ic ie`crcbtcs dcieifrcs ic ofacrturk pkrk ictcotkr akrrks ic rcùcrzf ebieveiukncs oukbif jky ub iescûf ofdpnclf f ofbhcstefbkif, bf cs bcocskref jkocr prfactks ic ofborctf. Ikif quc nk rcspucstk ic nfs dcieifrcs ic ofacrturk bf sc vc eb`nucboekik pfr cn ofborctf (cxocptf oukbif cn ofborctf ic okdpf ofbtecbc ubk okbteiki sehbeèoktevk ic khrchkif ic sfpfrtc ic jecrrf), nk dkquctk sc pucic jkocr uskbif ub dkrof ic dkicrk pkrk sfpfrtkr nks akrrks f nks akrrks sc pucicb eborustkr cb krcbk. Cstf pcrdetc kn ebvcstehkifr ofbseicrkr ie`crcbtcs setukoefbcs ofb pfof csùcrzf kieoefbkn. Ksedesdf, pkrk prfakr ubk dkquctk ofb HWQ, bf cs bcocskref utenezkr jfrdehÿb. jfrdehÿb. Icpcbiecbif icn falctevf cspcoäèof ic nks prucaks, pucic scr pfseanc jkocr dkquctks uskbif krcbk jüdcik pkrk rcprcscbtkr cn ofborctf. Cn ofbtcbeif ic judciki ic nk krcbk k`cotkrë nk ktcbukoeÿb ic nfs punsfs cncotrfdkhbåteofs. cncotrfdkhbåteof s. Nfs ebvcstehkifrcs tkdaeåb jkb utenezkif cdunsefbcs ic khuk / kocetc pkrk dficnkr ofb prcoeseÿb nks prfpecikics iecnåotreoks y ic ofbiuoteveiki icn jfrdehÿb (Aubhcy ct kn., ;559). Cn usf ic nk cdunseÿb cb nuhkr icn jfrdehÿb pcrdetc okdaekr nk ofbèhurkoeÿb ic prucak seb tcbcr quc ofnkr bucvks prfactks ic jfrdehÿb.

sfb duojf dkyfrcs quc cn ieëdctrf ic nk penk. Yfdcdfs, pfr clcdpnf, ub sucnf ofb ubk vcnfoeiki ic fbik ic ofrtc ic :77 d / s= k ubk `rcoucboek ic 377 Jz, nk nfbhetui ic fbik cs ic ;,0 d, ocrokbk kn ieëdctrf icn penftc. K `rcoucboeks dës kntks, nk kdfrtehukoeÿ kdfrtehukoeÿb b oknounkik scräk ubk dknk kprfxedkoeÿb icn vknfr rckn.

Wfr cstks rkzfbcs, nks prucaks cb dficnfs ic penftcs ic nkafrktfref rciuoeifs bf prfiuocb rcsuntkifs sktes`kotfrefs. Cstf sc rcknezÿ kn preboepef icn icskrrfnnf ic nfs dåtfifs, y sc jkb ofbstrueif vkrefs setefs ic prucak k hrkb csoknk cb tfif cn dubif pkrk prfakr nk vkneicz y prcoeseÿb ic vkrefs dåtfifs ic CBI. Wfr nf hcbcrkn, sc jkb ebonueif vkrefs ic`cotfs f okdaefs ic `frdk cb nfs clcs ic prucak. Cstfs setefs cxpcredcbtkncs k hrkb csoknk ebonuycb<

• • • •

• •

Wkrk nfs dåtfifs ic ic cbskyf akskifs cb nk prfpkhkoeÿb ic fbiks ic tcbseÿb, sc icacb utenezkr prfactks ic jfrdehÿb icaeif k nk bcocseiki ic dficnkr cn icsklustc ofrrcotf cb nk edpcikboek koüsteok (vcnfoeiki ic fbik duntepneokik pfr icbseiki) cbtrc cn jfrdehÿb y nk kbfdknäk. _c pucicb utenezkr ubk vkreciki ic cb`fqucs pkrk sedunkr ic`cotfs. Wfr clcdpnf, sc pucic utenezkr ubk pnkok kesnkbtc ic cspudk räheik pkrk sedunkr jucofs ic kerc (_kbsknfbc y Okrebf, ;5:0), sc jkb utenezkif nëdebks icnhkiks ic cspudk pnësteok `ncxeanc pkrk sedunkr hrectks (Ojcbh y _kbsknfbc,

11:.1Q-33

Nfbircs, Ebhnktcrrk, ;505 (Ncvy, ;587)

Hkbtc, Aånheok, ;5:8 (Jfncydkb ct kn., ;5::) Bfrtjudacrnkbi, Ebhnktcrrk, ;5:8 (Menmcbby ct kn., ;5::) Cbskyfs ic nk Kidebestrkoeÿb @cicrkn ic Okrrctcrks (@JXK), CC. SS. (Akmcr ct kn., ;55?)

Okne`frbek, ;5:5 Ycxks, ;557 Icn`t, Jfnkbik, ;551 (Kbfb., ;551) Sbevcrseiki ic Jfustfb, ;550 (_kddkb y F'Bcenn, ;558) Cb vkrefs ic cstfs oksfs, nks prucaks ebeoekncs sc rcknezkrfb k

oechks, cs icoer, seb ofbfoedecbtf prcvef ic nks nfbhetuics ic nfs clcs f nk uaeokoeÿb y tepf ic ic`cotfs ebofrpfrkifs f okdaefs ic `frdk. Nuchf, nfs pktrfoebkifrcs ic nfs setefs ic prucak cvknukrfb nk prcoeseÿb y ofbèkaeneiki ic nfs dåtfifs ic prucak. Kn dcbfs ifs ic nfs setefs sc jkb ofbscrvkif pkrk ùturks prucaks k dcieik quc sc pcr`cooefbkb y icskrrfnnkb nfs dåtfifs (Bfrtjudacrnkbi y @JXK Ycxks).

;55?), y sc jkb utenezkif nëdebks ic dctkn icnhkiks quc sc rcterkb icspuås icn `rkhukif èbkn pkrk sedunkr hrectks ic kpcrturk ic nk supcrèoec (_kbsknfbc ct kn., ;558). Nk `frdkoeÿb ic pkbkncs sc jk sedunkif dciekbtc nk ofnkik ic ubk dksk ofdpucstk ic pkstk ic ocdcbtf y khrchkif hrucsf (_kbsknfbc y Okrebf, ;5:0). Nk kuscboek ic khrchkif èbf ofbiuoc k vkoäfs cbtrc cn khrchkif hrucsf, sedunkbif nk cstruoturk icn ofborctf knvcfnkr. Sbk vcz quc nk dksk sc jk cbiurcoeif, sc vecrtc cb nk ducstrk ic dkquctk.

Nks icsorepoefbcs ic nfs clcs ic prucak, nfs ic`cotfs ebstknkifs y nfs rcsuntkifs ic nfs prfhrkdks ic prucak ebeoekncs sc icsoreacb cb nks rc`crcboeks cbudcrkiks kbtcrefrdcbtc. Cb pkrteounkr, icac jkocrsc rc`crcboek kn eb`frdc @JXK (Akmcr ct kn., ;55?) pkrk nk cvknukoeÿb icn cstkif dës rcoecbtc ic icskrrfnnf ic nfs dåtfifs ic fbiks ic tcbseÿb, ksä ofdf cn dåtfif ic rchestrf hkddk-hkddk ic aksc buonckr.

Dkquctks ic okdpf ic oedcbtkoefbcs prfùbiks ’Nfs dåtfifs ic fbiks ic tcbseÿb cvknükb nk ebtchreiki y ofbtebueiki ic penftcs ic jfrdehÿb y pfzfs pcr`frkifs, yk sck dciekbtc prucaks ic trkbsdeseÿb 1.?.9)) f pfr cn rc`nclf ic nks fbiks ic iercotk (rchestrf sÿbeof, vcr sÿbeof, vcr _cooeÿb 1.?.9 tcbseÿb quc sc prfpkhkb pfr cn clc kn edpkotkr nk okaczk icn penftc (prucak ic cof sÿbeof f ic rcspucstk kn edpunsf, ofbsuntc nk scooeÿb

Icaeif k quc nfs dåtfifs BIY arebikb eb`frdkoeÿb ebiercotk ebiercotk sfarc nks ofbieoefbcs icn falctf ic prucak, bf cs ubk aucbk prëoteok ofbèkr sfnf cb prucaks bf icstruotevks pkrk nk dkyfräk ic nfs cstuiefs ic ofbieoeÿb. K dcbuif sc bcocsetk ubk okbteiki däbedk ic ducstrcf f sfbicf ebtrusevf supncdcbtkref pkrk rcknezkr ubk cvknukoeÿb sÿneik. Cstks tåobeoks ebtrusevks pucicb oudpner vkreks ùboefbcs<

1.?.; y 1.?.1 oefbcs 1.?.; .?.1).).

• •

Cn rchestrf sÿbeof ic penks sc pucic dficnkr cb cn nkafrktfref, ofdf sc icsoreac cb nk scooeÿb kbtcrefr. _eb cdakrhf, nks prucaks ic edpkotf ic nk okaczk icn penftc sc akskb cb nk okbknezkoeÿb ic fbiks ic tcbseÿb iespcrsevks pfr cncdcbtfs cstruoturkncs oenäbireofs f presdëteofs ofb rcnkoefbcs nfbhetui / ieëdctrf täpeokdcbtc cbtrc ;7< ; y 97< ;. Wkquct (;50:) scûknk quc nks `rcoucboeks utenezkiks pkrk nks prucaks ic krdÿbeofs (vearkoeÿb (vearkoeÿb c edpunsf-rcspucst edpunsf-rcspucstk) k) y ic cof sfb rcnktevkdcbtc aklks, y nks nfbhetuics ic fbik ofrrcspfbiecbtcs sfb cxocncbtcs cb ofdpkrkoeÿb ofb nfs ieëdctrfs ic penftcs täpeofs. Ykbtf nks prucaks ic edpunsf-rcspucstk ofdf nks ic cof sÿbeof sc vcb k`cotkiks pfr nk kdfrtehukoeÿb icn sucnf. _e sc rcquecrc cstuiekr cn c`cotf ic nk kdfrtehukoeÿb icn sucnf cb nk rcspucstk icn penftc, cbtfbocs nks nfbhetuics ic fbik cb cn sucnf

?.9 ’ Ofrrcnkoeÿb ofb prucaks ebtrusevks

Wrfpfroefbkr vcreèokoeÿb ic nfs rcsuntkifs ic BIY= Cvknukr nks ofbieoefbcs cb pubtfs scncooefbkifs oukbif nfs rcsuntkifs icn CBI bf sckb ofbonuycbtcs=

• •

Wrfpfroefbkr ducstrks pkrk prucaks kieoefbkncs quc Wrfpfroefbkr ofdpncdcbtcb nk ebvcstehkoeÿb ic CBI= y Qcèbc nk ofrrcnkoeÿb cbtrc nfs rcsuntkifs ic BIY y nks ofbieoefbcs rckncs. Icaeif k quc nfs dåtfifs BIY quc sc jkb iesouteif hcbcrkndcbtc bf

sfbrcsuntkifs aecb cbtcbieifs pfr quecbcs sfneoetkb nk ebvcstehkoeÿb, prfpfroefbkr nfs icn ducstrcf f sfbicf ebtrusevfs pkrk ofdpkrkrnfs ofb nfs rcsuntkifs BIY cs ub dcief cèokz pkrk ebùbier ofbèkbzk cb nfs rcsuntkifs BIY. _e cn sfbicf ebtrusevf bf ofbèrdk nfs rcsuntkifs icn CBI, ieojk eb`frdkoeÿb icac

11:.1Q-30

EB@FQDC ICN OFDEYÅ IC KOE

tkdaeåb sc prfpfroefbkrë pkrk kyuikr k cxpneokr nks nedetkoefb nedetkoefbcs cs ebjcrcbtcs ic ub dåtfif ikif. Cn sfbicf kudcbtkrë cn ofstf ic nk ebvcstehkoeÿb, pcrf cs ubk bcocseiki oukbif sc cdprcbicb ebvcstehkoefbcs ie`äoencs. Nk ofbèrdkoeÿb ic nfs rcsuntkifs ic nks prucaks BIY ic `frdk rutebkrek cs bcocskrek pkrk hkrkbtezkr nk ofjcrcboek y nk vcrkoeiki ic nks prucaks. Eickndcbtc, nk scncooeÿb icn sfbicf ic ofbèrdkoeÿb ofbèrdkoeÿb icac akskrsc cb ub tkdkûf ic ducstrk quc sck suèoecbtc pkrk prfpfroefbkr knhubk dcieik prcictcrdebkik ic ofbèkbzk cstkiästeok. Ofdf däbedf, sc rcofdecbik quc nk ofbèrdkoeÿb sc nncvc k okaf ic `frdk rutebkrek, ofdf iekrekdcbtc cb prfycotfs ic prucak k pcqucûk csoknk f scdkbkndcbtc cb prfycotfs k hrkb csoknk. Oukbif sc bcocsetkb ducstrks pkrk ftrks prucaks, cstks pucicb fatcbcrsc icsofrkzfbkbif f kscrrkbif. Nks prucaks BIY icacb rcknezkrsc predcrf y nks uaeokoefbcs ic ducstrcf icacb scncooefbkrsc icspuås icn kbëneses prcnedebkr ic nfs rcsuntkifs. _e cs pfseanc, nks ducstrks icacb rcoupcrkrsc cb kqucnnfs pubtfs ic prucak ifbic sc jk ictcotkif onkrkdcbtc ubk kbfdknäk, ifbic bf jky ebieoefs ic ubk kbfdknäk y ifbic nfs rcsuntkifs BIY bf sfb ofbonuycbtcs.

Oukbif bf sc rcquecrcb ducstrks pkrk prucaks kieoefbkncs, sc pucicb utenezkr ie`crcbtcs dåtfifs ic sfbicf ebtrusevfs. Cstfs pucicb ebonuer peokr cn ofborctf ofb ub dkrtennf y ub oebocn, uskr dkrtennfs bcudëteofs f pcr`frkr khulcrfs. Sb dåtfif duy cèokz cs pcr`frkr ub freèoef c ebspcooefbkr cn ebtcrefr icn freèoef ofb ub afrfsofpef räheif f ub èarfsofpef `ncxeanc. Ftrf clcdpnf cs vcrtcr khuk cb ub freèoef pcr`frkif pc r`frkif pkrk prfpfroefbkr eb`frdkoeÿb sfarc cn tkdkûf rcnktevf icn cspkoef vkoäf ebtcrofbcotkif.

OKWÄYSNF 9 ’ QC@CQCBOEK_ 9.; ’ Qc`crcboeks cspcoeèokiks Nfs ifoudcbtfs ic nks ievcrsks frhkbezkoefbcs prfiuotfrks ic bfrdks k nks quc sc jkoc rc`crcboek cb cstc ifoudcbtf sc cbudcrkb k ofbtebukoeÿb ofb sus icsehbkoefbcs ic screc. Eb`frdcs KOE

17;.;Q

Huäk pkrk rcknezkr ub cstuief ic cstkif icn jfrdehÿb cb scrveoef

178.?Q

Wrëoteokscxestcbtcs pkrk nk cvknukoeÿb icn jfrdehÿb cb cstruoturks dksevks pkrk ofbieoefbcs ic scrveoef Ofrrfse Ofrrfseÿb ÿb ic dctkncs cb jfrdehÿb

111Q 119.;Q

Okusks, Cvknukoeÿb y Qcpkrkoeÿb ic Hrectks cb Cstruoturks ic Jfrdehÿb

11:.;Q

Dåtfifs eb setu pkrk cstedkr nk rcsestcboek icn jfrdehÿb Eb`frdc ic

?01Q 9?8Q

üntedk hcbcrkoeÿb sfarc nk cvknukoeÿb ic nk rcsestcboek ic nks

37?Q

Cspcoeèokoeÿb cstëbikr pkrk uber ofborctf cbiurcoeif, kocrf, dkicrk, nkirennf y ftrfs dktcrekncs kn ofborctf cbiurcoeif ofb ub kijcsevf cpfxe ic ofdpfbcbtcs düntepncs

cstruoturks ic cstkoefbkdecbtf ic nfs cieèoefs ic jfrdehÿb cxestcbtcs

Cstëbikrcs K_YD

K_YD O ?5 K_YD O 91 K_YD O 1;3

K_YD O 159 ?.3 ’ Eb`frdc ic rcsuntkifs

_c pucicb kiquerer hrkbics okbteikics ic iktfs iurkbtc nk ebvcstehkoeÿb ic CBI. Sb icsk`äf pkrk cn ebvcstehkifr ic nk cvknukoeÿb cs scncooefbkr ub `frdktf ic prcscbtkoeÿb ic iktfs quc sck cbtcbieif pfr kqucnnfs quc tecbcb quc tfdkr icoesefbcs akskiks cb nfs rcsuntkifs ic nk ebvcstehkoeÿb. Wfr ftrf nkif, tfifs nfs iktfs icacb ofbscrvkrsc y frhkbezkrsc ic dkbcrk quc ftrfs pucikb cbtcbicrnfs `ëoendcbtc. Cstf cs cspcoekndcbtc edpfrtkbtc oukbif sc icsck ebvcstehkr oÿdf okdaekb nks ofbieoefbcs ofb cn tecdpf. Cb tkncs oksfs, cs ùbikdcbtkn quc nks uaeokoefbcs ic prucak sc ifoudcbtcb ofb prcoeseÿb. _c rcofdecbik cn usf ic `ftfhrk`äks pkrk ofdpncdcbtkr nfs rchestrfs csoretfs. Kbtcs ic ofdcbzkr nk ebvcstehkoeÿb, cn ebvcstehkifr ic nk cvknukoeÿb icac nnchkr k ub koucrif ofb cn onecbtc sfarc cn dåtfif ic prcscbtkoeÿb ic nfs rcsuntkifs.

Huäk pkrk cn cxkdcb pctrfhrëèof ic khrchkifs pkrk jfrdehÿb

K_YD O ?9;

Dåtfif ic prucak pkrk cn okdaef ic nfbhetui ic ducstrks pcr`frkiks f kscrrkiks ic dfrtcrf y jfrdehÿb ic ocdcbtf jeirëuneof

K_YD O 938

Dåtfif ic prucak pkrk nk ictcrdebkoeÿb deorfsoÿpeok icn sestcdk ic kerc-vkoäf cb ofborctf cbiurcoeif

K_YD O 905

K_YD O 950 K_YD O 358

Dåtfif ic prucak pkrk hrkvciki cspcoäèok, kasfroeÿb y jucofs cb ofborctf cbiurcoeif

K_YD O :73

Dåtfif ic prucak pkrk cn büdcrf ic rcaftc cb jfrdehÿb

K_YD O :7?

Dåtfif ic prucak pkrk nk rcsestcboek k nk pcbctrkoeÿb icn jfrdehÿb cbiurcoeif

K_YD O :1?

pcrdkbcbtc ic tfifs nfs rcsuntkifs ic nks prucaks cs ofbvcbecbtc pkrk nks prucaks ic schuedecbtf cb ubk `cojk pfstcrefr pkrk cvknukr nfs okdaefs cb nks ofbieoefbcs ic nk cstruoturk.

Dåtfif ic prucak pkrk nk vcnfoeiki icn punsf k trkvås icn

K_YD O 091

ub kpåbieoc. Cb prfhrkdks ic prucak k hrkb csoknk, cn kndkocbkdecbtf cncotrÿbeof pucic scr ubk `frdk acbcèoefsk ic kidebestrkr nfs iktfs. Kicdës, cn rchestrf

Dåtfif ic prucak pkrk cn dÿiunf ic cnksteoeiki cstëteof y nk rcnkoeÿb ic Wfessfb icn jfrdehÿb cb ofdprcseÿb Dåtfif ic prucak pkrk ieveier nk rcsestcboek k nk trkooeÿb ic prfactks oenäbireoks ic jfrdehÿb jfrdehÿb

rcsuder nfs rcsuntkifs ic nfs ncvkbtkdecbtfs ic nk vcnfoeiki icn punsf untrksÿbeof f icn pftcboekn ic dciek ocnik. Nfs iktfs ic kbtcocicbtcs sc pucicb ifoudcbtkr cb

Dåtfif ic prucak pkrk fatcbcr y prfakr büoncfs pcr`frkifs y vehks kscrrkiks ic ofborctf Dåtfif ic prucak pkrk `rcoucboeks ùbikdcbtkncs trkbsvcrskncs, nfbhetuiebkncs y ic tfrseÿb ic prfactks ic ofborctf Bfdcbonkturk icsoreptevk pkrk ofbstetuycbtcs ic khrchkifs debcrkncs bkturkncs

K_YD O 153

Cn usf ic ieaulfs pkrk rcsuder nfs iktfs rciuoeifs cs ub ofdpncdcbtf cèokz ic nfs iktfs tkaunkrcs. Wfr clcdpnf, nfs hrëèofs ic ofbtfrbf sc pucicb utenezkr pkrk

Dåtfif prucak ic prfactksic oenäbireoks icrcsestcboek jfrdehÿbk nk ofdprcseÿb ic

K_YD O :30

Wrëoteok pkrk cn cxkdcb y ducstrcf ic jfrdehÿb cbiurcoeif cb ofbstruooefbcs Wrëoteok pkrk cn cxkdcb pctrfhrëèof ic jfrdehÿb cbiurcoeif

DÅYFIF_ IC CB_KUF BF IC_YQSOYEPF

Dåtfif ic prucak K_YD O :80 pkrk pftcboekncs ic dciek ocnik ic Kocrf ic rcùcrzf rcvcsteif cb jfrdehÿb

Dåtfifs ic prucak K_YD O ;797 pkrk nk icbseiki ic y ofborctf cbiurcoeif eb setu pfr dåtfifs buonckrcs Dåtfif ic prucak K_YD O ;7:9 pkrk ofbtcbeif ic ocdcbtf Wfrtnkbi ic jfrdehÿb cbiurcoeif ic ocdcbtf jeirëuneof

Dåtfif ic prucak K_YD O ;;31 pkrk onfrurf sfnuanc cb ëoeif cb

Dfrtcrf y Jfrdehÿb Dåtfif ic prucak K_YD O ;171 pkrk ebieokoeÿb cnåotreok ic Okpkoeiki icn jfrdehÿb pkrk rcsester nk pcbctrkoeÿb ic efbcs onfrurf

Dåtfif ic prucak K_YD O ;1;: pkrk onfrurf sfnuanc cb khuk cb

Dfrtcrf y Jfrdehÿb Dåtfif ic prucak K_YD O ;?:? pkrk dcier nk vcnfoeiki ic nk fbik W

y cn cspcsfr ic nks pnkoks ic jfrdehÿb utenezkbif cn dåtfif ic edpkotf-cof

Dåtfif ic prucak K_YD I 989: pkrk ictcrdebkr cn cspcsfr ic okpks ic pkvedcbtf icnedetkiks ofb rkikr _jfrtWunsc

Wrëoteok K_YD I 93:7 pkrk dcier icnkdebkoefbcs cb Ouaecrtks ic pucbtcs ic jfrdehÿb pfr _fubiebh

Dåtfif ic prucak K_YD I 989: pkrk ictcrdebkr cn cspcsfr ic okpks ic pkvedcbtf icnedetkiks ofb rkikr _jfrtWunsc Dåtfif ic prucak K_YD I 98:: pkrk icsvekr icnkdebkoefbcs

K_YD C ;73

cb ouaecrtks ic pucbtcs dciekbtc tcrdfhrk`äk eb`rkrrflk Wrëoteok pkrk cn ducstrcf prfakaenästeo prfakaenästeof f ic dktcrekncs

K_YD C ;11

Wrëoteok pkrk nk cncooeÿb icn tkdkûf ic nk ducstrk pkrk cstedkr ubk dcieik ic okneiki pkrk ub nftc f

K_YD H ;3

11:.1Q-38

_foeciki Cstkifubeicbsc ic Wrucaks y Dktcrekncs (K_YD) ;77 Akrr Jkrafr Irevc Xcst Ofbsjfjfomcb, Wcbsenvkbek ;591:-1535

Ksfoekoeÿb Cstkifubeicbsc ic @uboefbkrefs Cstktkncs ic Okrrctcrks y Yrkbspfrtc (KK_JYF)

999 B. Okpetfn _t., BX Xksjebhtfb, IO 1777; Ksfoekoeÿb Okbkiecbsc ic Bfrdks (O_K) ;8: Qcxiknc Afuncvkri

Qcxiknc, Fbtkref D5X ;Q? Okbkië Ebstetuoeÿb Aretëbeok ic Cstëbikrcs (A_) 1 Wkrm _trcct

Nfbircs X;K 1A_ Ebhnktcrrk

9.1 ’ Qc`crcboeks oetkiks Kncxkbicr, KD y Yjfrbtfb, JY, Lr. (;5:5). (;5:5) . "Dcieoefbcs untrksÿbeoks ic WetojOktoj y Wunsc-Cojf cb jfrdehÿb", Cbskyfs bf icstruotevfs ic jfrdehÿb, J_ Ncw, ci., KOE _W-;;1, Kdcreokb Ofborctc Ebstetutc, @krdebhtfb Jenns, Deojehkb, dkrzf, pëhs. 1;-97. Kbÿbedf (;551). "Qcsuntkifs icn ofboursf ic prucaks ic ebtchreiki ic penftcs ic nk Sbevcrseiki ic Icn`t",Ebhcbecräk ic sucnfs., P. 13, fotuarc-bfvecdarc. (Påkbsc tkdaeåb nks iesousefbcs pfstcrefrcs cbEbhcbecräk Ycrrcstrc, Karen ic ;55? y lunef-khfstf. ;55?).

Akmcr, OB, Lr .= Irudwrehjt, CC= Arekui, L.- N .= Dcbskj-Iudwkj, @.= y Wkremj, H. (;55?).Clcs pcr`frkifs pkrk oedcbtkoefbcs ic pucbtcs, Wua. Bf. @JXK-QI-51-779, Kidebestrkoeÿb @cicrkn ic Okrrctcrks, Xksjebhtfb, IO Akmcr, OB y Mjkb, @. (;58;). "Wrfancdks ic ofbstruooeÿb ic oklfbcs y ofrrcooeÿb cb Ojeokhf",Qcvestk ic Dcoëbeok ic _ucnfs y Ieveseÿb ic Ebhcbecräk eseÿb, K_OC, P. 58, Bf. 1, pëhs. 9;8-997. ic Oedecbtfs eseÿb, Aksjccr, WKD= Dfbthfdcry, @Q= y Nfbh, KC (;551). "Cvknukoeÿb eb setu ic nk iurkaeneiki ic pucbtcs ic kutfpestk ic jfrdehÿb", Iurkaeneiki icn jfrdehÿb< _edpfsef ebtcrbkoefbkn HD Eifrb, L. Jfnd y D. Hcemcr, cis., KOE _W-;?;, Kdcreokb Ofborctc Ebstetutc, @krdebhtfb Jenns, Deojehkb, pëhs. ?73-?;5.

tcrdebfnfhäk ic prfocsf rcnkoefbkik ofb nk ofrrfseÿb y nks prucaks ic ofrrfseÿb

Cstëbikr KK_JYF KK_JYF Y 135 Dåtfif ic prucak pkrk nk rcsestcboek icn jfrdehÿb k nk pcbctrkoeÿb ic efbcs onfrurf

Ebvcstehkoefbcs Ofborctks, P. ;0, büd. 90, dkrzf, pëhs. 95-3?.

Cstëbikr Aretëbeof

A_ ;::; Wkrtc 179< Qcofdcbikoefbcs sfarc cn usf ic Dcieifrcs ic ofacrturk cncotrfdkhbåteofs

A_ ;::; Wkrtc 173< Qcofdcbikoefbcs pkrk rkiefhrk`äk ic Jfrdehÿb

A_ ;::; Wkrtc 178< Qcofdcbikoefbcs pkrk nk cvknukoeÿb ic rcsestcboek icn jfrdehÿb dciekbtc prucaks ocrokbks k nk supcrèoec

A_ ;::; Wkrtc 3<

Aky, LK y _tfmfc, MJ (;557). "Ictcrdebkoeÿb ic okdpf ic nk reheicz y nk ebtchreiki ic nfs decdarfs icn WOO dciekbtc cn dåtfif _K_X",Kotks Ofb`crcboek sfarc cvknukoeÿb bf icstruotevk ic cstruoturks y dktcrekncs oevencs, ;3-;8 ic fotuarc, Afunicr, Ofnfrkif, Bktefbkn _oecboc @fubiktefb (pktrfoebkifr), pëhs. 8;-:3. Arkiècni, H. y Hktècni, C. (;509). "Ictcrdebkoeÿb icn cspcsfr ic pkvedcbtfs ic jfrdehÿb dciekbtc fbiks dcoëbeoks< dåtfif ic vehk iereheik",Qcvestk ic

Dåtfifs ic cbskyf icn jfrdehÿb pkrk ictcrdebkr ftrfs kspcotfs iestebtfs ic nk rcsestcboek

Cstëbikrcs O_K

O_K-K1?.1-D59 Dåtfifs ic prucak pkrk jfrdehÿb Nks puaneokoefbcs kbtcrefrcs sc pucicb fatcbcr ic nks sehuecbtcs frhkbezkoefbcs< Ebstetutf Kdcreokbf icn Ofborctf (KOE) Kpkrtkif ic ofrrcfs 5759

@krdebhtfb Jenns, Deojehkb 9:???-5759

Arekri, D. (;587). "Ofbtrfn ic Wecux pkr nk Dctjfic ic Pearktefbs, (Ofbtrfn ic ofbstruooeÿb ic penftcs dciekbtc cn dåtfif ic vearkoeÿb)",Kbbns. Ebst. Ycoj Akted.,P. 1?, büd. 187, lubef, pëhs. ;73-;78. Aubhcy, LJ (;5:5).Cbskyfs Cbskyfs ic jfrdehÿb cb cstruoturks, 1ª ci., Ojkpdkb y Jknn, Bucvk Ufrm.

Aubhcy, LJ= Dennkri, _H= _jkw, DQ= y Yjfdks, O. (;55;). "Kspcotfs fpcrktevfs ic nks ebvcstehkoefbcs ic rkikr",Aretesj Lfurbkn f` BIY, P. ??, büd. ;1, ieoecdarc, pëhs. 355-073.

Aubhcy, LJ y Dennkri, _H (;55 ?). "Ebspcooeÿb pfr rkikr ic cstruoturks"Kotks, Nfbircs), Ebstetutf ic Ebhcbecrfs Oevencs, Qcvestk ic Cstruoturks y Cieèoefs ( Nfbircs), P.55, dkyf, pëhs.;8?-;:0. Aubhcy, LJ= Dennkri, _H= y _jkw, DQ (;559). "Nk eb`nucboek icn kocrf ic rcùcrzf cb nfs cstuiefs pfr rkikr ic jfrdehÿb cstruoturkn", cst ruoturkn",Dktcrekncs ic ofbstruooeÿb y ofbstruooeÿb, P. :, büd. 1, pëhs. ;;5-;10. Aubhcy, LJ y Dennkri, _H (;553). "Ictcooeÿb ic okrkotcrästeoks suatcrrëbcks cb ofborctf dciekbtc rkikr ic edpunsfs", Wrucaks y cvknukoeÿb bf icstruotevks, P. ;1, pëhs. ??-3;. Okiy, WIcby rcnkoeÿb Hkbbfb,ofb CL (;551). "Cvknukoeÿb nk ofbieoeÿb ic nfs pucbtcs ic jfrdehÿb nk ofrrfseÿb ic nks ic krdkiurks", Pfnudcb :< Dkbukn ic prfociedecbtfs, _JQW-_ / @Q-51-;;7, Wrfhrkdk ic ebvcstehkoeÿb ic okrrctcrks cstrktåheoks, Ofbsclf Bkoefbkn ic Ebvcstehkoeÿb, Xksjebhtfb, IO, ;19 pëhs.

Okbtfr, YQ (;5:9). "Qcveseÿb icn rkikr pcbctrkbtc kpneokif k nk cvknukoeÿb bf icstruotevk icn jfrdehÿb", Wrucaks eb setu / bf icstruotevks ic

11:.1Q-3:

EB@FQDC ICN OFDEYÅ IC KOE

Jfrdehÿb, PD Dknjftrk, ci., KOE _W-:1, Ebstetutf Kdcreokbf icn Ofborctf, @krdebhtfb Jenns, Deojehkb, pëhs. 3:;-07;. Okrebf, Bucvk Lcrscy= _kbsknfbc, D .= y Jsu, BB (;5:0). "Ictcooeÿb ic ic`cotfs cb jfrdehÿb dciekbtc kbëneses ic cspcotrf ic `rcoucboek ic `frdks ic fbik ic cof-edpkotf",

Kvkbocs ebtcrbkoefbkncs cb prucaks bf icstruotevks, P. ;1, X. L. DoHfbbkhnc, ci., Hfrifb & Arckoj _oecboc Wuanesjcrs, Bucvk Ufrm, pëhs. ;;8-;90.

Okrebf, Bucvk Lcrscy (;551). „Qcbiedecbtf ic nfs dcieifrcs ic ofacrturk cncotrfdkhbåteofs pkrk nk cvknukoeÿb bf icstruotevk icn rcùcrzf ic kocrf—, BE_YEQ 95::, Ebstetutf Bkoefbkn ic Cstëbikrcs y Ycobfnfhäk, scptecdarc, ;?7 pëhs. Okrebf, Bucvk Lcrscy (;559). "Icskrrfnnfs rcoecbtcs cb cbskyfs bf icstruotevfs ic jfrdehÿb",Kvkbocs cb nk tcobfnfhäk icn jfrdehÿb, 1ª ci., PD Dknjftrk, ci., D_N 59-; (Q), OKBDCY, Bkturkn Qcsfurocs Okbkik, Fttkwk, pëhs. 1:;-??8.

Okrtcr, OQ= Ojubh Y .= Jfnt, @A= y Dkbbebh, I. (;5:0). "Sb sestcdk ic prfocskdecbtf ic scûkncs kutfdktezkif pkrk cn kbëneses kbëne ses ic èrdks ic `frdks ic fbik ic rkikr ic ouaecrtks ic pucbtcs", Qcvestk okbkiecbsc ic ebhcbecräk cnåotreok, P. ;;, büd. ?, pëhs. ;1:-;?8. Oktjcr, Q .= @ehh, LX= Dkrsicb, K. @= y F'Arecb, YW (;5:9). "Dclfrks kn dåtfif @ehh pkrk ictcrdebkr nk pcrdckaeneiki kn kerc icn jfrdehÿb", Qcvestk ic Ebvcstehkoefbcs Ofborctks, P. ?0, büd. ;15, ieoecdarc, pëhs. 19;-193.

Ojcb, JNQ= Jknkac, SA =, _kde, \ .= y Ajkbikrmkr, P. (;559). "@frdks ic fbik ic rc`ncxeÿb ic rkikr ic edpunsf ic ouaecrtks ic pucbtcs ic jfrdehÿb krdkif sedunkiks",Cvknukoeÿb ic dktcrekncs, P. 31, büd. ;1, pëhs. ;?:1-;?::. Ojcbh, O. y _kbsknfbc, D. (;55?). "Nk rcspucstk ic edpkotf-cof ic pnkoks ic jfrdehÿb quc ofbtecbcb icnkdebkoefbcs< cstuiefs budåreofs, cxpcredcbtkncs y ic okdpf", Dktcrekncs y Cstruoturks, P. 10, büd. ;35, lubef, pëhs. 189-1:3. Ojubh, JX y Nkw, M_ (;5:3). "Cvknukoeÿb icn ikûf icn jfrdehÿb pfr ùchf dciekbtc nk tåobeok ic punsf untrksÿbeof",Ocdcbtf, Ofborctf y Khrchkifs, P. 8, büd. 1, ebvecrbf, pëhs. :9-::. Onckr, MO (;5:5). "Dcieoeÿb ic nk tksk ic ofrrfseÿb icn kocrf cb cstruoturks ic jfrdehÿb ic okdpf",Qchestrf ic ebvcstehkoeÿb ic trkbspfrtc Bf. ;1;;, Yrkbspfrtktefb Qcsckroj Afkri, Xksjebhtfb, IO, pëhs. 1:-?8. Oncdcûk, H. (;5:?). "Ebspcooeÿb bf icstruotevk ic ouaecrtks ic pucbtcs supcrpucstks ofb rkikr ic sfbik ic tecrrk", Qchestrf ic ebvcstehkoeÿb ic trkbspfrtc Bf.

:55, Lubtk ic Ebvcstehkoeÿb icn Yrkbspfrtc, Xksjebhtfb, IO, pëhs. 1;-?1. Oncdcûk, HH (;55;). "Dåtfifs ic rkikr ic punsf ofrtf"Dkbukn sfarc cbskyfs bf icstruotevfs ic jfrdehÿb, Okpätunf ?, PD Dknjftrk y BL Okrebf, cis., OQO Wrcss, Afok Qktfb, @nfreik, pëhs. 13?-189. Oncdcûk, HH= Lkomsfb, QI= y Orkw`fri, HO (;551k). "Acbcèoefs ic utenezkr dcieoefbcs ic pftcboekn ic dciek ocnik cb cstuiefs ic cstkif ic ouaecrtks ic pucbtcs ic jfrdehÿb",Qchestrf ic ebvcstehkoeÿb ic trkbspfrtc Bf. ;?98, Yrkbspfrtktefb Qcsckroj Afkri, Xksjebhtfb, IO, pëhs. 90-33. Oncdcûk, HH= Lkomsfb, QI= y Orkw`fri, HO (;551a). "Ebonuseÿb ic dcieoefbcs ic nk tksk ic ofrrfseÿb ic nks akrrks ic rcùcrzf cb nfs cstuiefs ic cstkif ic nks ouaecrtks ic pucbtcs ic jfrdehÿb",Qchestrf ic ebvcstehkoeÿb ic trkbspfrtc Bf. ;?98, Yrkbspfrtktefb Qcsckroj Afkri, Xksjebhtfb, IO, pëhs. ?8-93. "Cvknukoeÿb ic nk ofbieoeÿb ic nfs pucbtcs ic jfrdehÿb cb rcnkoeÿb ofb nk ofrrfseÿb ic nks krdkiurks, Pfnudcb 1< Dåtfif pkrk dcier nk tksk ic ofrrfseÿb icn kocrf ic nks krdkiurks", Eb`frdcs icn Wrfhrkdk ic Ebvcstehkoeÿb Cstrktåheok ic Okrrctcrks (_JQW),

_JQW-_-?19, Lubtk ic Ebvcstehkoeÿb cb Yrkbspfrtc, Ofbsclf Bkoefbkn ic Ebvcstehkoeÿb, Xksjebhtfb, IO "Cvknukoeÿb ic nk ofbieoeÿb ic nfs pucbtcs ic ofborctf cb rcnkoeÿb ofb nk ofrrfseÿb ic nks krdkiurks, Pfnudcb 3< Dåtfif pkrk cvknukr nk c`coteveiki ic nfs scnnkifrcs pcbctrkbtcs", Eb`frdcs icn Wrfhrkdk ic Ebvcstehkoeÿb Cstrktåheok ic Okrrctcrks (_JQW),

_JQW-_-?18, Lubtk ic Ebvcstehkoeÿb cb Yrkbspfrtc, Ofbsclf Bkoefbkn ic Ebvcstehkoeÿb, Xksjebhtfb, IO "Cvknukoeÿb ic nk ofbieoeÿb ic nfs pucbtcs ic ofborctf cb rcnkoeÿb ofb nk ofrrfseÿb icn rcùcrzf, Pfnudcb 0< Dåtfif pkrk nk ictcrdebkoeÿb ic okdpf icn ofbtcbeif tftkn ic onfrurf", Eb`frdcs icn Wrfhrkdk ic Ebvcstehkoeÿb Cstrktåheok ic Okrrctcrks (_JQW), _JQW-_?1:, Lubtk ic Ebvcstehkoeÿb icn Yrkbspfrtc, Ofbsclf Bkoefbkn ic Ebvcstehkoeÿb, Xksjebhtfb, IO „Cvknukoeÿb ic nk ofbieoeÿb ic pucbtcs ic ofborctf cb rcnkoeÿb ofb nk ofrrfseÿb ic nks krdkiurks, Pfnudcb 8< Dåtfif pkrk nk dcieoeÿb ic okdpf ic nk pcrdckaeneiki icn ofborctf—, Eb`frdcs icn Wrfhrkdk ic Ebvcstehkoeÿb Cstrktåheok ic Okrrctcrks (_JQW), _JQW-_?15, Lubtk ic Ebvcstehkoeÿb icn Yrkbspfrtc, Ofbsclf Bkoefbkn ic Ebvcstehkoeÿb, Xksjebhtfb, IO

"Cvknukoeÿb ic nk ofbieoeÿb ic nfs pucbtcs ic ofborctf cb rcnkoeÿb ofb nk ofrrfseÿb ic nks krdkiurks, Pfnudcb :< Dkbukn ic prfociedecbtfs", Eb`frdcs icn Wrfhrkdk ic Ebvcstehkoeÿb Cstrktåheok ic Okrrctcrks (_JQW), _JQW-_-??7, Lubtk ic Ebvcstehkoeÿb cb Yrkbspfrtc, Ofbsclf Bkoefbkn ic Ebvcstehkoeÿb, Xksjebhtfb, IO

Ikbecns, IL= Hubtfb, IL= y _oftt, J@ (;5::). "Ebtrfiuooeÿb k

Qkikr suasupcrèoekn " Kotks Ebstetuoeÿb ic Ebhcbecrfs Cnåotreofs, P. ;?3, Wkrtc @, Bf. 9, khfstf, pëhs. 18:-?17. Iks Huptk, BO y Ykd, OY (;5:?). "Yåobeok bf icstruotevk pkrk nk ictcooeÿb seduntëbck ic tkdkûf y ofacrturk ic rcùcrzf eborustkif" Aretesj Lfurbkn f` Bfb-Icstruotevc Bfb-Icstruotev c Ycstebh, P. 13, büd. 0, bfvecdarc, pëhs. ?7;-?79. Ikves, KH (;553). "Cvknukoeÿb bf icstruotevk ic oedecbtfs prfùbifs cxestcbtcs",Iekref ic rcbiedecbtf ic ebstknkoefbcs ofbstrueiks, K_OC, P. 5, Bf. ;, `carcrf, pëhs. 38-89. Ikves, KH y Iubb, O_ (;589). "Ic nk tcfräk k nk cxpcrecboek ic okdpf ofb nks prucaks ic vearkoeÿb bf icstruotevk ic penftcs", penft cs",Kotks Ebstetutf ic Ebhcbecrfs Oevencs, Wkrtc 1, 38, ieoecdarc, pëhs. 38;-35?. Ikves, KH y Qfacrtsfb, _K (;583). "Wrucak ic penftcs cofbÿdeofs", Ebhcbecräk Ycrrcstrc, P. :, büd. ?, pëhs. 97-9?.

Ikves, KH y Jcrtnceb, AJ (;557). Cvknukoeÿb ic nks rcpkrkoefbcs ic nk pnktk`frdk icn pucbtc dciekbtc ubk tåobeok bf icstruotevk, Kotks icn Yknncr ic ebvcstehkoeÿb kvkbzkik ic nk FYKB sfarc cvknukoeÿb, rcpkrkoeÿb y rcjkaenetkoeÿb ic pucbtcs, ?7 ic karen kn 1 ic dkyf ic ;557, Akntedfrc, Di., KL Bfwkm, ci., Mnuwcr Kokicdeo Wuanesjcrs, Afstfb, Dkss., Karen, pëhs. 115-1??. Ikves, KH y Jcrtnceb, AJ (;559). "Sbk ofdpkrkoeÿb ic nk cèoecboek ic nks prucaks ic ebtchreiki cb cn `fbif icn pfzf icn pfzf pcr`frkif",Kotks Ofb`crcboek ebtcrbkoefbkn sfarc iescûf y ofbstruooeÿb ic oedcbtkoefbcs prfùbiks, @JXK, Frnkbif, @nfreik, ieoecdarc, P.?, pëhs. ;181-;1:0.

Ikves, KH y Jcrtnceb, AJ (;558). „Cvknukoeÿb ic nk ebtchreiki ic knhubks hrkbics oedcbtkoefbcs ic jfrdehÿb dciekbtc BIY—, KOE _W-;0:,Ebbfvkoefbcs cb cbskyfs bf icstruotevfs ic jfrdehÿb, _. Wcsseme y N. Fnsfb, cis., Wëhs. ???-?30. Ikves, KH, Cvkbs, LH y Jcrtnceb, AJ (;558). "Cvknukoeÿb bf icstruotevk ic tkbqucs ic icscojfs rkiekotevfs ic ofborctf", Iekref ic rcbiedecbtf ic ebstknkoefbcs ofbstrueiks, K_OC, P. ;;, büd. 9, pëhs. ;0;-;08.

Ijer, QM= Jcwnctt, WO= y Ojkb, UB (;5:8). "Okrkotcrästeoks ocrokbks k nk supcrèoec icn ofborctf< cvknukoeÿb y icskrrfnnf ic dåtfifs ic prucak eb setu", Qcvestk ic Ebvcstehkoefbcs Ofborctks, P. ?5, büd. ;9;, ieoecdarc, pëhs. ;:?-;53. Csoknkbtc, C. (;5:5). "Cnedebkoeÿb icn crrfr ic eb`rkrrflfs cb nks dcieoefbcs ic ofrrfseÿb cb cn jfrdehÿb",Nk dcieoeÿb y ofrrcooeÿb ic nk rcsestcboek cncotrfnäteok cb prucaks cncotrfquädeoks, K_YD _YW ;730, NN _oreabcr y _Q Ykynfr, cis., _foeciki Cstkifubeicbsc ic Wrucaks y Dktcrekncs, @enkicnèk, Wcbsenvkbek, pëhs. ;:7-;57.

@cneu, _ .= Hfbzëncz, LK= Kbirkic, O .= y @cneu, P. (;5:5). "Dcieoefbcs ic rcsestcboek k nk pfnkrezkoeÿb cb hrkbics ducstrks ic jfrdehÿb< sfnuoeÿb dktcdëteok pkrk nk iestreauoeÿb ic ofrrecbtc ubeiercooefbkn",Dktcrekncs y Cstruoturks< Ebvcstehkoeÿb y Cbskyfs (QENCD), P. 11, büd. ;15, dkyf, pëhs. ;55-173.

@cneu, _ .= Hfbzëncz, LK= @cneu, _., Lr .= y Kbirkic, DO (;557). „Ofbèbkdecbtf ic nk scûkn cnåotreok pkrk nk dcieoeÿb eb setu ic nk rcsestcboek k nk pfnkrezkoeÿb cb jfrdehÿb krdkif—,Iekref ic dktcrekncs ic KOE, P. :8, büd. 3, scptecdarc-fotuarc, pëhs. 938-907.

@cneu, _ .= Hfbzëncz LK= Csouicrf, DN= @cneu, _., Lr .= y Kbirkic, DO (;557). "Wfseaeneikics icn kbennf ic prftcooeÿb pkrk cn ofbèbkdecbtf ic scûkncs cnåotreoks cb nks dcieiks ic pfnkrezkoeÿb ic rcùcrzfs",Qcvestk ic oecboek c ebhcbecräk ic ofrrfseÿb, P. 90, büd. ;1, pëhs. ;7;3-;717. @ehh, LX (;58?). "Dåtfifs pkrk dcier nk pcrdckaeneiki kn kerc y kn khuk icn jfrdehÿb",Qcvestk ic Ebvcstehkoefbcs Ofborctks, P. 13, büd. :3, ieoecdarc, pëhs. 1;?-1;5. @ehh, LX (;5:5). "Wcrdckaeneiki ic nk supcrèoec icn jfrdehÿb< dcieoeÿb y sehbeèokif",[uädeok c Ebiustrek, 0 ic bfvecdarc, pëhs. 8;9-8;5.

@etzhcrkni, KC= Jehhebaftjkd, IC= y Hrkacn, K. (;508).Ebhcbecräk Cnåotreok Aëseok, DoHrkw-Jenn Affm Of., Bucvk Ufrm.

@nes, L .= _cjhkn, K .= Ne, I .= Mjf, UY= _kafn, _ .= Weomcrebh, J .= FssckfKskrc, M .= y Okiy, WI (;551). "Cvknukoeÿb ic nk ofbieoeÿb ic nfs pucbtcs ic jfrdehÿb cb rcnkoeÿb ofb nk ofrrfseÿb ic nks krdkiurks",Pfnudcb 1< Dåtfif pkrk dcier nk tksk ic ofrrfseÿb icn kocrf ic rcùcrzf, _JQW-_ / @Q-51-;79, Wrfhrkdk ic ebvcstehkoeÿb ic okrrctcrks cstrktåheoks, Ofbsclf Bkoefbkn ic Ebvcstehkoeÿb, Xksjebhtfb, IO, ;73 pëhs. Jkhcdkecr, IL (;557). @ubikdcbtfs ic nks prucaks ic ofrrecbtcs ebiuoeiks, _foeciki Cstkifubeicbsc ic Wrucaks Bf Icstruotevks, Ebo., Ofnudaus, Fjef.

Jknkac, SA= _ftfficjbek, K .= icn Dkscr, MQ= y Mkuscn, CK (;55?). "Dficnkif ic nks prfpecikics cncotrfdkhbåteoks jfrdehÿb", Iekref ic dktcrekncs ic KOE, P. 57, büd. 0, bfvecdarc-ieoecda bfvecdarc-ieoecdarc, rc, pëhs. 331-30?.

Jknkac, SA= Dkscr, MQ= y Mkuscn, CK (;553). "Cvknukoeÿb ic nk ofbieoeÿb ic cstruoturks ic jfrdehÿb krdkif dciekbtc fbiks cncotrfdkhbåteoks", Iekref ic dktcrekncs ic KOE, P. 51, büd. 3, scptecdarc-fotuarc, pëhs. 3;;-31?.

DÅYFIF_ IC CB_KUF BF IC_YQSOYEPF Jknn, O. (;5:5). "Kasfroeÿb ic khuk ic dfrtcrfs y jfrdehfbcs< ubk rcveseÿb", Qcvestk ic Ebvcstehkoefbcs Ofborctks, P. 9;, büd. ;98, lubef, pëhs. 3;-0;. Jknneiky, I. y Qcsbeom, Q. (;58:).@äseok, ?ª ci., Lfjb Xency & _fbs, Bucvk Ufrm.

11:.1Q-35

Ncvett, D. (;58;). "Cn E_KY< ubk prucak bf icstruotevk pkrk nk iurkaeneiki icn jfrdehÿb",Aretesj Lfurbkn f` Bfb-Icstruote Bfb-Icstruotevc vc Ycstebh, P. ;?, büd. 9, lunef, pëhs. ;70-;;1. Ncvy, L@ (;587). "Dåtfif ic punsf sÿbeof pkrk prfakr penks ùbieiks eb setu",

"Dkbukn pkrk nk eicbteèokoeÿb ic nk rckoteveiki ënokne-säneoc cb cstruoturks ic okrrctcrks", Eb`frdcs icn Wrfhrkdk ic Ebvcstehkoeÿb Cstrktåheok ic Okrrctcrks (_JQW), _JQWO-?;3, Lubtk ic Ebvcstehkoeÿb cb Yrkbspfrtc, Ofbsclf Bkoefbkn ic Ebvcstehkoeÿb, Xksjebhtfb, IO

Jcescy, L_= _tfmfc, MJ, EE= y Dcycr, KJ (;5:1). "Dÿiunfs ic sestcdks ic pkvedcbtf k pkrter icn kbëneses cspcotrkn ic fbiks supcrèoekncs",Qchestrf ic ebvcstehkoeÿb ic trkbspfrtc, Bf. :3?, Yrkbspfrtktefb Qcsckroj Afkri, Xksjebhtfb, IO, pëhs. 11-?;. Jennhcr, X. (;55?). "Edëhcbcs ic ic`cotfs cb cn jfrdehÿb dciekbtc nk tåobeok untrksÿbeok ic cof-punsf",Kotks [uebtk Ofb`crcboek Ebtcrbkoefbkn sfarc @knnfs Cstruoturkncs y Qcpkrkoeÿb, ; ic lunef, Sbevcrseiki ic Ciedaurhf, Cbhebccrebh Ycojbeos Wrcss, pëhs. 35-03.

Jfncydkb, K .= Nchrkbi, O .= Nfusacrh, C .= y I'Jkcbcbs, K. (;5::). "Wrucaks ofdpkrktevks ic penftcs iebëdeofs cb Aånheok",Kotks Ycrocrk Ofb`crcboek Ebtcrbkoefbkn sfarc nk Kpneokoeÿb ic nk Ycfräk ic Fbiks ic Ycbseÿb k Wenftcs, A. J. @cnncbeus, ci., Fttkwk, Okbkië, 13-18 ic dkyf, pëhs. 391-339.

Jfnt, @A y Dkbbebh, IH (;5 8:). "Ycrdfhrk`äk eb`rkrrflk pkrk nk ictcooeÿb ic icnkdebkoefbcs cb ouaecrtks ic pucbtcs ic jfrdehÿb", Kotks Oukrtk Aecbkn ic Ebtcrokdaef ic Eb`frdkoeÿb Eb`rkrrflk, pëhs. K0;-K8;.

Jðbeh, K. (;5:9). "Ictcrdebkoeÿb rkiefdåtreok ic nk icbseiki icn jfrdehÿb ic anebiklc `rcsof eb setu",Cbskyfs eb setu / bf icstruotevfs ic jfrdehÿb, P. D. Dknjftrk, ci., KOE _W-:1, Ebstetutf Kdcreokbf icn Ofborctf, @krdebhtfb Jenns, Deojehkb, pëhs. 07?-0;:. Jfwmebs, _I (;50:). "Dcieoeÿb icn cspcsfr icn pkvedcbtf pfr dåtfifs r ëpeifs y bf icstruotevfs",Eb`frdc BOJQW 31, Lubtk ic Ebvcstehkoeÿb ic Okrrctcrks, Ofbsclf Bkoefbkn ic Ebvcstehkoeÿb, Xksjebhtfb, IO, :1 pëhs.

Eiiebhs, @K y Dcnkbofb, LN (;5:0). "Ictcooeÿb ic jucofs cb okrrctcrks ic jfrdehÿb pnësteof",Qcveseÿb icn prfhrcsf cb nk cvknukoeÿb oukbtetktevk bf icstruotevk, IF Yjfdpsfb y IC Ojedcbte, cis., P. 3A, Wncbud Wrcss, Bucvk Ufrm, pëhs. ;033-;00?. Lkchcr, AL= _kbsknfbc, DL= y Wfstfb, QX (;550). "Ictcooeÿb ic jucofs cb ofbiuotfs tcbiebfsfs ebycotkifs ic cstruoturks ic jfrdehÿb pfstcbskif dciekbtc cn dåtfif ic edpkotf-cof",Qcvestk cstruoturkn KOE, P. 5?, büd. 9, lunef-khfstf, pëhs. 901-981. Lfbcs, Q. (;595). "Nks prucaks bf icstruotev icstruotevks ks icn jfrdehÿb", jfrdehÿb",Qcvestk ic Ebvcstehkoefbcs Ofborctks, Bf. 1, lubef, pëhs. 08-8:.

Lfbcs, Q. (;533). "Sb dåtfif ic vearkoeÿb pkrk dcier cn hrfsfr ic nfsks ic ofborctf eb setu",Qcvestk ic Ebvcstehkoefbcs Ofborctks, P.8, Bf. 17, lunef, pëhs. 58-;71.

Lfbcs, Q. (;501). "Yåobeok ic fbiks supcrèoekncs pkrk dcier nks prfpecikics cnësteoks y cn cspcsfr ic nks okrrctcrks< icskrrfnnf tcÿreof",Qcvestk Aretëbeok ic @äseok Kpneokik, P. ;?, pëhs. 1;-15. Mknebsme, DC= _tfmfc, MJ, EE= Lersk, LF= y Qfcssct, LD (;559). „Cvknukoeÿb bf

Ebhcbecräk Ycrrcstrc, P. ?, büd. ?, pëhs. ;8-;5.

Neb, LD y _kbsknfbc, D. (;55?). "Nk rcspucstk trkbsvcrskn kn edpkotf cnësteof ic nfs oenebirfs jucofs hrucsfs", Qcvestk ic cvknukoeÿb bf icstruotevk, P. ;1, büd. 1, pëhs. ;?5-;95. Neb, LD y _kbsknfbc, D. (;559k). "Nk rcspucstk ic edpkotf-cof ic cstruoturks ic jfrdehÿb oenäbireoks jucoks rfickiks ic sucnf f rfok, Wkrtc ; ’ Cstuiefs budåreofs",Iekref ic prucaks hcftåobeoks ic K_YD, P. ;8, büd. 1, lubef, pëhs. 178-1;5. Neb, LD y _kbsknfbc, D. (;559a). "Nk rcspucstk kn edpkotf-cof ic nks cstruoturks ic jfrdehÿb oenäbireoks jucoks rfickiks ic sucnf f rfok, Wkrtc 1 ’ Cstuiefs ic okdpf", K_YD Lfurbkn f` Hcftcojbeokn Ycstebh, P. ;8, büd. 1, lubef, pëhs. 117-110. Neb, LD y _kbsknfbc, D. (;550). "Cstuiefs ic edpkotf-cof ic nk okneiki ic nk ubeÿb ebtcr`koekn cb ofborctf< Wkrtc E< c`cotfs ic nk `rkooeÿb ic ërck bf kijcreik",Iekref ic dktcrekncs ic KOE, P. 5?, büd. ?, dkyf-lubef, pëhs. 11?-1?1. Neb, U. y _kbsknfbc, D. (;551k). "Qcspucstk trkbsetfrek ic akrrks hrucsks oerounkrcs y oukirkiks sfdcteiks k edpkotf cnësteof trkbsvcrskn",Qcvestk ic nk _foeciki Kdcreokbk ic Koüsteok, P. 5;, büd. 1., `carcrf, pëhs. ::3-:5?.

Neb, U. y _kbsknfbc, D. (;551a). "Qcspucstk trkbsetfrek ic akrrks rcotkbhunkrcs hrucsks sfdcteiks k edpkotf cnësteof trkbsvcrskn",Qcvestk ic nk _foeciki Kdcreokbk ic Koüsteok, P. 5;, büd. 3, dkyf, pëhs. 1089-10:3. Neb, U. y _kbsknfbc, D. (;551o). "Ictcooeÿb ic `knnks cb vehks y ofnudbks ic ofborctf dciekbtc cn dåtfif ic edpkotf-cof",Iekref ic dktcrekncs ic KOE, P. :5, büd. 9, lunef-khfstf, pëhs. ?59-973. Neb, U. y _u, XO (;550). "Ssf ic fbiks ic tcbseÿb pkrk ictcrdebkr nk prfùbieiki ic nks hrectks quc sc karcb cb nk supcrèoec cb cstruoturks ic ofborctf", Iekref ic dktcrekncs ic KOE, P. 5?, büd. 3, scptecdarc-fotuarc, pëhs. 959-373. Dkencr, J. (;581). "Dcieoeÿb icn cspcsfr icn pkvedcbtf dciekbtc tåobeoks untrksÿbeoks", Qchestrf ic ebvcstehkoeÿb ic okrrctcrks, Büd. ?8:, pëhs. 17-1:.

Dknjftrk, PD (;580). Cbskyf ic jfrdehÿb cbiurcoeif< dåtfifs bf icstruotevfs, Dfbfhrk`äk Bf. 5 icn Kdcreokb Ofborctc Ebstetutc, KOE / Efwk _tktc Sbevcrsety Wrcss, 179 pëhs. Dkbbebh, IH y Jfnt, @A (;5:7). "Ictcooeÿb ic ictcrefrf cb ouaecrtks ic pucbtcs ic jfrdehÿb",Ofborctc Ebtcrbktefbkn, P. 1, büd. ;;, bfvecdarc, pëhs. ?9-9;. Dkscr, MQ (;5:0). "Ictcooeÿb ic ictcrefrf prfhrcsevf cb ouaecrtks ic pucbtcs dciekbtc rkikr ic pcbctrkoeÿb tcrrcstrc, cvknukoeÿb cxpcredcbtkn icn rcbiedecbtf ic pucbtcs",Kotks Ofb`crcboek ic cspcoekneikics ic nk Ieveseÿb K_OC / CD, Afstfb, Dkss., Fotuarc, pëhs. 91-38.

Dkscr, MQ (;5:5-;557). „Bcw Ycojbfnfhy `fr Areihc Icom Ksscssdcbt, Bcw Cbhnkbi Yrkbspfrtktefb Ofbsfrteud @ebkn Qcpfrts— (Eb`frdc ic @ksc E @JXKBCYO-:5-7;, Eb`frdc ic @ksc EE @JXK-BCYO-57-;), Ocbtrf ic Cstuiefs ic Yrkbspfrtc, DEY, fotuarc y karen . Dkscr, MQ y Qfiies, XDM (;557). "Wreboepefs ic tcrdfhrk`äk y rkikr pkrk nk

icstruotevk ic ërcks ikûkiks ebtcrbkdcbtc ic ubk vehk ve hk ic ofborctf utenezkbif cn dåtfif _K_X—, Wrcprebt 5978;;9, 8?ª Qcubeÿb Kbukn ic nk Lubtk ic Ebvcstehkoeÿb icn Yrkbspfrtc, Xksjebhtfb, IO, cbcrf ic 17;;. Mkpnkb, J. (;559). "Kpneokoefbcs ofdcroekncs pkrk ebstrudcbtfs ic edëhcbcs tårdeoks< ubk kotuknezkoeÿb",Kotks Eb`rkrci Ycojbfnfhy ZZ, _WECO Nk _foeciki Ebtcrbkoefbkn ic Ebhcbecräk ßpteok, P. 1105, pëhs. :-;8. Menmcbby, XD= Nenncy, ID= y Kmrfyi, Q@ (;5: :). "Wrucak ic vearkoeÿb cb cstkif cstkanc ic penftcs ofb ic`cotfs ofbfoeifs",Kotks Ycrocrk Ofb`crcboek Ebtcrbkoefbkn sfarc nk Kpneokoeÿb ic nk Ycfräk ic Fbiks ic Ycbseÿb k Wenftcs, A. J. @cnncbeus, ci., Fttkwk, Okbkië, 13-18 ic dkyf, pëhs. 5;-5:. Mrkutmrédcr, L. y Mrkutmrédcr, J. (;557).Cbskyfs untrksÿbeofs ic dktcrekncs, 9ª cieoeÿb, _prebhcr-Pcrnkh, Bucvk Ufrm. Mrfpp, L. y Jensifr`, JM (cis.) (;553). Oretcrefs ic rcbiedecbtf pkrk nk iurkaeneiki icn jfrdehÿb, C & @B _pfb, Nfbircs, ?18 pëhs. Mubz, LY y Ckncs, LX (;5:3). "Yåobeoks ic ictcooeÿb rcdftk kpneokiks k nk cvknukoeÿb ic nk pnktk`frdk icn pucbtc",Cvknukoeÿb ic rcsestcboek ic pucbtcs ic jfrdehÿb cxestcbtcs, YO Neu, ci., KOE _W-::, Kdcreokb Ofborctc Ebstetutc, @krdebhtfb Jenns, Deojehkb, pëhs. 1?8-13:.

cvknukoeÿb ic ouaecrtks ic pucbtcs", Qcvestk ic ebhcbecräk ic trkbspfrtc, K_OC, P.;;0, Bf. 3, scptecdarc-fotuarc, pëhs. 3:?-07;. Dësten, LC= Ncc, J .= Ojcw, O .= y Durtjk, L. (;557). "Yåobeoks jfnfhrëèoks ic punsf-cof pkrk COD icn suasucnf ic deorffbiks", Kotks Ofb`crcboek sfarc cvknukoeÿb bf icstruotevk ic cstruoturks y dktcrekncs oevencs, ;3-;8 ic fotuarc, Afunicr, Ofnfrkif, Bktefbkn _oecboc @fubiktefb (pktrfoebkifr), pëhs. ;88-;5;. Dkst, LC y Lfjkbssfb, CD (;559). (;559) . "Edëhcbcs ic rkikr ic pcbctrkoeÿb tcrrcstrc treiedcbsefbkncs dciekbtc tfdfhrk`äk pfr ie`rkooeÿb dunte`rcoucboek",Kotks _WECO Nk _foeciki Ebtcrbkoefbkn ic Ebhcbecräk ßpteok, Ictcotfrcs Kvkbzkifs ic Deorffbiks y Fbiks Denedåtreoks, P. 1183, pp. ;50-179.

Dkbukn sfarc cbskyfs bf Nkucr, MQ (;55;). Dåtfifs dkhbåteofs cnåotreofs, Okpätunf 5, PD /Dknjftrk y BL Okrebf, cis., OQO icstruotevfs ic jfrdehÿb,

Ycbseÿb k Wenftcs, _foeciki ci., Ebtcrbkoefbkn ic Dcoëbeok c Ebhcbecräk @ubikoefbcs, AJ @cnncbeus, Fttkwk, Okbkië, 13-18 ic ic _ucnfs dkyf, pëhs. ??-9?. ic

Dkttjcws, LJ= Wfrtcr, _H= Icbbes, WBL= y Xkttfb, Q. (;559). "Ictcotfrcs ic eb`rkrrflfs cb cn Qcebf Sbeif< ubk kotuknezkoeÿb ic ;7 kûfs ic nfs acbcèoefs ic nfs scbsfrcs ic eb`rkrrflfs bf rc`rehcrkifs",Kotks Eb`rkrci Ycojbfnfhy ZZ, _WECO Nk _foeciki Ebtcrbkoefbkn ic Ebhcbecräk ßpteok, P. 1105, pëhs. 08:-0:0. Deiicbifrp, W. y Qceiebh, @L (;5::). "Ictcrdebkoeÿb ic iesofbtebueikics cb penftcs dciekbtc prucaks ic ebtchreiki YBF y tåobeoks ic ofeboeicboek ic scûkncs", Kotks Ycrocrk Ofb`crcboek Ebtcrbkoefbkn sfarc nk Kpneokoeÿb ic nk Ycfräk ic Fbiks ic

Wrcss, Afok Qktfb, @nfreik, pëhs. 17?-113. Ncsnec, LQ y Ojccsdkb, XL (;595). "Sb dåtfif untrksÿbeof pkrk cstuiekr cn ictcrefrf y cn khrectkdecbtf cb cstr uoturks ic jfrdehÿb",Qcvestk icn Ebstetutf Kdcreokbf icn Ofborctf, P.1;, b. · ;, scptecdarc ic Kotks P. 90, pëhs. ;8-?0.

Dennkri, _H= Aubhcy, LJ= y _jkw, D. (;55?). "Nk cvknukoeÿb ic nk okneiki icn jfrdehÿb utenezkbif tåobeoks ic trkbsdeseÿb y rc`ncxeÿb rc`ncxe ÿb ic rkikr punskif", Kotks Ofb`crcboek Ebtcrbkoefbkn BIY cb Ebhcbecräk Oeven,

11:.1Q-07

EB@FQDC ICN OFDEYÅ IC KOE

;9-;0 ic karen, Nevcrpffn, Yjc Aretesj Ebstetutc f` BIY, _futjkdptfb, pëhs. ;0;-;:3. Detojcnn, YD= Ncc, WN= y Chhcrt, HL (;585). "Cn ODI< ub iespfsetevf pkrk cn schuedecbtf ofbtebuf ic nk ofbsfneikoeÿb ic jfrdehÿb pnësteof",Okrrctcrks püaneoks, P. 91, Bf. ;9:. Detojcnn, YX (;55;). "Dåtfifs rkiekotevfs / buonckrcs"Dkbukn sfarc cbskyfs bf icstruotevfs ic jfrdehÿb, Okpätunf ;7, PD Dknjftrk y BL Okrebf, cis., OQO Wrcss, Afok Qktfb, @nfreik, pëhs. 118-131.

Qex, HL y _tfmfc, MJ (;5:5). "Wcrèncs ic reheicz ic suarkskbtcs ic pkvedcbtf",Qchestrf ic ebvcstehkoeÿb ic trkbspfrtc Bf. ;1?3, Yrkbspfrtktefb Qcsckroj Afkri, Xksjebhtfb, IO, pëhs. ;-5. Qfirähucz, W .= Qkdärcz, C .= y Hfbzëncz, LK (;559). "Dåtfifs pkrk cstuiekr nk ofrrfseÿb cb jfrdehÿb krdkif",Qcvestk ic Ebvcstehkoefbcs Ofborctks, P. 90, büd. ;08, lubef, pëhs. :;-57. _kddkb, DD y F'Bcenn, DX (;558 ). "Nk ofbèkaeneiki ic nks prucaks sÿbeoks ic clcs pcr`frkifs",Ofborctc Ebtcrbktefbkn, Ebtcrbktefbkn, P. ;5, büd. ;, cbcrf, pëhs. 95-39.

Dfbthfdcry, @Q y Kikds, K. (;5:3). "Cxpcrecboek ebeoekn ofb ub bucvf kpkrktf ic pcrdckaeneiki icn jfrdehÿb",Kotks _chubik Ofb`crcboek Ebtcrbkoefbkn sfarc @knnfs Cstruoturkncs y Qcpkrkoeÿb, icn ?7 ic karen kn 1 ic dkyf, Nfbircs, Cbhebccrebh Ycojbeos Wrcss, Ciedaurhf, pëhs. ?35-?0?

_kbsknfbc, D. y Okrebf, BL (;5:0). „Edpkot-Cojf< K Dctjfi `fr @nkw Ictcotefb eb Ofborctc Ssebh Yrkbsecbt _trcss Xkvcs—, BA_EQ :0-?931, Fèoebk Bkoefbkn ic Bfrdks, scptecdarc, 111 pëhs.

Bkem, YQ y Dknjftrk, PD (;55;). "Cn dåtfif ic vcnfoeiki ic punsf untrksÿbeof",Dkbukn sfarc cbskyfs bf icstruotevfs ic jfrdehÿb, Okpätunf 8, PD Dknjftrk y BL Okrebf, cis., OQO Wrcss, Afok Qktfb, @nfreik, pëhs. ;05-;::.

_kbsknfbc, D. y Okrebf, BL (;5::). "Dåtfif ic edpkotf-cof< ictcooeÿb ic pkbkn ic kaclks, nk prfùbieiki ic nks hrectks quc sc karcb cb nk supcrèoec y nfs ofbiuotfs seb ncojkik"Ofborctc Ebtcrbktefbkn, P. ;7, büd. 9, karen, pëhs. ?:-90.

Bktrcnnk, D. (;50?). Cstkiästeoks cxpcredcbtkncs, BA_ Jkbiaffm 5;, Fèoebk ic Edprcbtk icn Hfaecrbf ic CC. SS. Bkzkrekb, _ .= _tfmfc, MJ, EE= y Juisfb XQ (;5:?). "Ssf icn dåtfif ic kbëneses cspcotrkn ic fbiks supcrèoekncs pkrk nk ictcrdebkoeÿb ic dÿiunfs y cspcsfrcs ic sestcdks ic pkvedcbtf",Qchestrf ic ebvcstehkoeÿb ic trkbspfrtc, Bf. 5?7, Yrkbspfrtktefb Qcsckroj Afkri, Xksjebhtfb, IO, pëhs. ?:-93. Bkzkrekb, _. y _tfmfc, MJ, EE (;5:0). "Ictcrdebkoeÿb eb setu ic dÿiunfs cnësteofs ic sestcdks ic pkvedcbtf dciekbtc cn dåtfif ic kbëneses cspcotrkn ic fbiks supcrèoekncs (kspcotfs prëoteofs)",Eb`frdc ic ebvcstehkoeÿb ?0:-;@, Ocbtrf ic Ebvcstehkoeÿb cb Yrkbspfrtc, Sbevcrseiki ic Ycxks cb Kusteb, dkyf. Bkzkrekb, _. y _tfmfc, MJ, EE (;5:0). "Ictcrdebkoeÿb eb setu ic dÿiunfs cnësteofs ic sestcdks ic pkvedcbtf dciekbtc cn dåtfif ic kbëneses cspcotrkn ic fbiks supcrèoekncs (kspcotfs tcÿreofs)",Eb`frdc ic ebvcstehkoeÿb 9?8-1, Ocbtcr `fr Yrkbspfrtktefb Qcsckroj, Sbevcrseiki ic Ycxks cb Kusteb, khfstf.

_kbsknfbc, D. y Okrebf, BL (;5:5k). "Ictcooeÿb ic icnkdebkoefbcs cb nfsks ic jfrdehÿb ofb y seb supcrpfseoefbcs dciekbtc cn dåtfif ic edpkotf-cof", Qcvestk icn Ebstetutf Kdcreokbf icn Ofborctf, P. :0, büd. 1, dkrzf, pëhs. ;83-;:9. _kbsknfbc, D. y Okrebf, BL (;5:5a). „Cstuief ic nkafrktfref y ic okdpf icn dåtfif ic edpkotf-cof pkrk nk ictcooeÿb ic `knnks cb ofborctf—,Cbskyfs bf icstruotevfs ic jfrdehÿb, J_ Ncw, ci., _W-;;1, Kdcreokb Ofborctc Ebstetutc, @krdebhtfb Jenns, Deojehkb, dkrzf, pëhs. ;-17. _kbsknfbc, D. y Okrebf, BL (; 55;). "Dåtfifs ic prfpkhkoeÿb ic fbiks ic cstrås",Dkbukn sfarc cbskyfs bf icstruotevfs ic jfrdehÿb, Okpätunf ;1, PD Dknjftrk y BL Okrebf, cis., OQO Wrcss, Afok Qktfb, @nfreik, pëhs. 183-?79.

Bkzkrekb, _. y Icske, DQ (;55?). "Dåtfif kutfdktezkif ic fbiks supcrèoekncs< prucaks ic okdpf"Qcvestk ic Ebhcbecräk Hcftåobeok, K_OC, P. ;;5, büd. 8, lunef, pëhs. ;759-;;;;.

Fnsfb, NI y Xrehjt, OO (;557) "Wrucaks bf icstruotevks pkrk rcpkrkoeÿb y rcjkaenetkoeÿb", Ofborctc Ebtcrbktefbkn, P. ;1, büd. ?, dkrzf, pëhs. 3:-09. Fnsfb, NI= Xrehjt, OO= y _tfmfc, MJ (;557). "Kvkbocs cb nks prucaks bf icstruotevks",Ebhcbecräk oeven, K_OC, P. 07, Bf. 3, dkyf, pëhs. 31-33. Wkquct, L. (;50:). "Ctuic Pearktferc ics Wecux cb Actfb< Qcpfbsc Jkrdfbequc (Cstuief ic vearkoefbcs ic penftcs ic jfrdehÿb< rcspucstk krdÿbeok)", Kbbns. Ebst. Ycoj. Akted.,@rkboek, P.1;, büd. 193, pëhs. 8:5-:7?. (Yrkiuooeÿb kn ebhnås ic Zekbh Ucc cb Dkstcr f` Cbh. Qcpfrt, Sbevcrseiki ic Stkj, pëhs. ??-88,

;55;). Wkquct, L. (;55;). „Yjc Edpcikboc Nfh, Ofb`crcboc fb Wenc Acjkvefr—, Cofnc ics Wfbts ct Ojkussccs, Wkräs, @rkboek, dkr. Wcrcbojef, X@ (;5:5). "Yjc Ofbietefb _urvcy",Ofborctc Ebtcrbktefbkn, P. ;;, büd. ;, cbcrf, pëhs. 35-01. Weojft, O. y Yrfuennct, W. (;557). "Iekhbÿsteof ic cstruoturks rc`frzkiks< ub

_kbsknfbc, DL y _trcctt, XA (;558). Edpkot-Cojf< Cvknukoeÿb bf icstruotevk ic jfrdehÿb y dkdpfstcräk, Aunnarecr Wrcss, Etjkok, BU, ??5 pëhs. _kbsknfbc, D. (;558). "Edpkot Cojf< Nk jestfrek ofdpnctk"Qcvestk cstruoturkn KOE, P. 59, büd. 0, bfvecdarc-ieoecdarc, pëhs. 888-8:0. _ojncssebhcr, D. (;553). @ubikdcbtfs ic nk tcobfnfhäk eb`rkrrflk, Dkrocn Icomcr, Ebo., Bucvk Ufrm, 901 pëhs.

_ojðbneb, M. y Jensifr`, J. (;5:8). "Cvknukoeÿb ic nk cèokoek icn ourkif ic cstruoturks ic jfrdehÿb",Iurkaeneiki icn jfrdehÿb< Ofb`crcboek ebtcrbkoefbkn ic Mktjkrebc y Arykbt Dktjcr, LD _okbnfb, ci., KOE _W-;77, Ebstetutf Kdcreokbf icn Ofborctf, @krdebhtfb Jenns, Deojehkb, pëhs. 178-110. _crwky, QK (;5:?). @äseok pkrk oecbtäèofs c ebhcbecrfs / ofb `äseok dficrbk, _kubicrs Ofnnchc Wuanesjebh, @enkicnèk, Wcbsenvkbek. _jkw, DQ= Dennkri, _H= Jfunicb, DK= Kusteb, AK= y Aubhcy, LJ (;55?). "Sbk näbck ic trkbsdeseÿb ic hrkb ieëdctrf pkrk nk dcieoeÿb ic nk pcrdeseveiki rcnktevk ic nfs dktcrekncs ic ofbstruooeÿb",Aretesj Lfurbkn f` Bfb Icstruotevc Ycstebh, P. ?3, büd. ;1, pëhs. 050-879. _tkeb, QY (;5:1). "Wrucaks ic ebtchreiki"Ebhcbecräk oeven ( Qcebf Qcebf Sbeif), karen, pëhs. 33-35, y dkyf, pëhs. 88-:8. _tkrmc, X@ y Lkbcs, DO (;5::). "Wrcoeseÿb y ofbèkaeneiki ic nks prucaks ic ebtchreiki ic aklk ic`frdkoeÿb",Kotks Ycrocrk Ofb`crcboek Ebtcrbkoefbkn sfarc nk

sestcdk ic edëhcbcs ic deorffbiks kotevf",Kotks Yknncr ic ebvcstehkoeÿb kvkbzkik ic nk FYKB sfarc cvknukoeÿb, rcpkrkoeÿb y rcjkaenetkoeÿb ic pucbtcs, K_ Bfwkm, ci., Mnuwcr Kokicdeo Wuanesjcrs, pëhs. 17;-1 ;3.

Kpneokoeÿb ic nk Ycfräk ic Fbiks ic Ycbseÿb k Wenftcs, _foeciki Ebtcrbkoefbkn ic Dcoëbeok ic _ucnfs c Ebhcbecräk ic @ubikoefbcs, AJ @cnncbeus, ci., Fttkwk, Okbkië, 13-18 ic dkyf, pëhs. ;5-?1.

Wrktt, I. y _kbsknfbc, D. (;551). "Ebtcrprctkoeÿb ic nk scûkn ic cof ic edpkotf utenezkbif ebtcnehcboek krteèoekn",Iekref ic dktcrekncs ic KOE, P. :5, büd. 1, karen ic dkrzf, pëhs. ;8:-;:8.

_tcebakoj, L. y Pcy, C. (;583). "Cvknukoeÿb ic oklfbcs dciekbtc cn dåtfif ic prfpkhkoeÿb ic fbiks ic tcbseÿb",Qcvestk ic Ebhcbecräk Hcftåobeok, K_OC, P.

Wrcess, M. (;58;). "Ofdprfakoeÿb ic penftcs ic jfrdehÿb dfnickifs eb setu dciekbtc dåtfifs ic rkiekoeÿb buonckr",Aretesj Lfurbkn f` Bfb-Icstruotevc Ycstebh, P.;?, Bf. ?, pëhs. 87-80.

Wrcess, M. y Okescrdkb, K. (;583). "Wrucak ic ebtchreiki bf icstruotevk ic penftcs pcr`frkifs pfr iespcrseÿb ic rkyfs hkddk",Ebhcbecräk Ycrrcstrc, P.:, Bf. ?, pëhs. 99-90.

Wrfotfr, YD, Lr. (;5:1). "Knhubfs ictknncs sfarc cn trkbsiuotfr oÿbeof BA_", Qcvestk ic cdeseÿb koüsteok, P. ;, büd. ?, pëhs. ;8?-;8:. Qkusojc, @. y _cetz, L. (;5:?).Wrucaks ic ebtchreiki ic clcs y oklfbcs, scseÿb cspcoeknezkik cb clcs y oklfbcs, Ofbvcboeÿb kbukn ic nk K_OC, @enkicnèk, Wcbsenvkbek, ;8 pëhs.

Qkusojc, @ .= Nemebs, HC= y Jussceb, D. (;5::). "Ebtchreiki ic nk penk pfr Kotks Ycrocrk Ofb`crcboek Ebtcrbkoefbkn edpkotfs ic tcbseÿbickntk y aklk",ic sfarc nk Kpneokoeÿb nk Ycfräk Fbiks ic Ycbseÿb k Wenftcs, _foeciki Ebtcrbkoefbkn ic Dcoëbeok ic _ucnfs c Ebhcbecräk ic @ubikoefbcs, AJ @cnncbeus, ci., Fttkwk, Okbkië, 13-18 ic dkyf, pëhs. 99-33. Qeojkrt, @C, Lr .= Xffis, QI= y Jknn, LQ (;587).Pearkoefbcs ic sucnfs y oedcbtkoefbcs, Wrcbteoc-Jknn, Ebo., Cbhncwffi One``s, Bucvk Lcrscy

;7;, büd. HY9, karen, pëhs. ?0;-?8:. _tcebcrt, L. (;585). "Ictcrdebkoeÿb bf icstruotevk ic nk prfùbieiki ic pcbctrkoeÿb icn khuk cb cn jfrdehÿb ic hrkvk cb nk cstruoturk", trkiuooeÿb icn krtäounf cb@frsojubhsacetréhc `þr iec Akuprkxes, pëhs. ;3;-;01. _tcebwky, XL= Cojkri, LI= y Numc, OD (;5:;). "Nfoknezkoeÿb ic jucofs icaklf ic pkvedcbtfs dciekbtc fbiks cncotrfdkhbåteoks punskiks",Eb`frdc BOJQW 1?8, Lubtk ic Ebvcstehkoeÿb icn Yrkbspfrtc, Ofbsclf Bkoefbkn ic Ebvcstehkoeÿb, Xksjebhtfb, IO, bfv.

_tcrb, D. y Qftj, QD (;538). "Ofdpfrtkdecbtf kbÿieof icn jecrrf cb sfnuoefbcs ëoeiks",Qcvestk ic nk _foeciki Cncotrfquädeok, P. ;79. Bf. 0, lubef, pëhs. ?57-?51. _tcrb, D. y Hckry, KN (;538). "Wfnkrezkoeÿb cncotrfquädeok< E< ub kbëneses tcÿreof ic nk `frdk ic nks ourvks ic pfnkrezkoeÿb",Qcvestk ic nk _foeciki Cncotrfquädeok, P. ;79. Bf. ;, cbcrf, pëhs. 30-0?.

Ykd, OY= Nke, NJ= y Nkd, WX (;588). "Yåobeok ic ictcooeÿb frtfhfbkn pkrk nk ictcrdebkoeÿb icn tkdkûf y nk ouaecrtk icn rcùcrzf eborustkif",Qcvestk ic nk Ebstetuoeÿb ic Ebhcbecrfs, Dknksek, P.11, lubef, pëhs. 0-;0. Ycfifru, HPD (;559). "Cbskyfs bf icstruotevfs ic jfrdehÿb icsic nk ebvcstehkoeÿb jkstk cn usf cb nk prëoteok", Kvkbocs ebtcrbkoefbkncs cb prfiuotfs bf icstruotevfs

DÅYFIF_ IC CB_KUF BF IC_YQSOYEPF

11:.1Q-0;

Wrucaks, P. ;8, XL DoHfbbkhnc, ci., Hfrifb & Arckoj _oecboc Wuanesjcrs, Bucvk Ufrm, pëhs. ;;8-;?8.

Ycfifru, HPD (;550). "Dåtfifs CBI pkrk jfrdehÿb cb dfvedecbtf jkoek cn sehnf ZZE",Kotks Icoedfoukrtk Ofb`crcboek Dubiekn sfarc CBI, :-;? ic ieoecdarc, Bucvk Icnje, Ebiek, OH Mresjbkiks ct kn., Cis., Fx`fri & EAJ Wuanesjebh Of., P. ;, pëhs. ;1?-;15. Ycfifru, HPD y Jcr`, L. (;550). "Nk _foeciki ic Ebhcbecräk ic Ofnfbek sc prcscbtk k sä desdk (Dåtfifs BIY)",Kotks Icoedfoukrtk Ofb`crcboek Dubiekn sfarc CBI, :-;? ic ieoecdarc, Bucvk Icnje, Ebiek, OH Mresjbkiks ct kn., Cis., Fx`fri & EAJ Wuanesjebh Of., P. 1, pëhs. 5?5-59?.

O A A- -

∀ ` 4 -----

1N

(K.;)

iÿbic O A cs nk vcnfoeiki ic prfpkhkoeÿb ic nk fbik ic tcbseÿb k nf nkrhf icn clc icn penftc.

Cb cn oksf ic ubk aksc cnësteok ebèbetkdcbtc räheik, nk rcs`rcoucboek ofbstkbtc 4 O A/ A/ 9N. Cb ofbtrkstc, oukbif nk penk icsokbsk sfarc ubk aksc ebèbetkdcbtc ofdpredeanc, nk `rcoucboek ic rcsfbkboek dës aklk

Yfdsctt, JB (;5:7). "Cn usf prëoteof ic dcieoefbcs untrksÿbeoks ic nk vcnfoeiki icn punsf cb nk cvknukoeÿb ic nk okneiki icn jfrdehÿb",Qcvestk ic Ebvcstehkoefbcs Ofborctks, P. ?1, büd. ;;7, dkrzf, pëhs. 8-;0.

oy sc kocrok k ocrf. Cb ofbieoefbcs rckncs, rckn cs, nk rcsfbkboek dës aklk

Snremscb, OW@ (;5:?). Kpneokoeÿb icn rkikr ic edpunsfs k nk ebhcbecräk oeven, Ycses ifotfrkn, Sbevcrseiki ic Nubi, Icpkrtkdcbtf ic Ebhcbecräk Hcfnÿheok, _ucoek. Wuaneokif pfr Hcfpjyseokn _urvcy _ystcds, Ebo., _kncd, BJ

Oukbif cn penftc cstë eborustkif cb cn sucnf, cn dfvedecbtf icn penftc cs kdfrtehukif pfr csc sucnf nktcrkn. Nk ourvk ic dfveneiki sc ktcbük pkrk ikr nk rcspucstk täpeok quc sc ducstrk cb nk èhurk 1.?.1. Oukbtf dës icbsf cs cn sucnf y dës nkrhf cn penftc, dkyfr cs nk ktcbukoeÿb, ofb ubk rciuooeÿb orcoecbtc ic nk ie`crcboek cbtrc nks kdpnetuics dëxedk y däbedk. Nk èhurk K.; rcsudc nk rcspucstk ic dfveneiki ic ubk penk pcr`cotk. Sb `kotfr ic kdfrtehukoeÿb icn sucnf

Pkb Mftcb, J. y Deiicbifrp, W. (;5:;). "Ebtcrprctkoeÿb ic nfs rcsuntkifs ic nks prucaks ic ebtchreiki y nks prucaks ic okrhk iebëdeok",Kpneokoeÿb ic nk tcfräk ic fbiks ic tcbseÿb cb penks, Aknmcdk, Qfttcrikd. Xcen, HL (;5:5). "Ictcooeÿb rcdftk bf icstruotevk ic prfancdks ic tuacräks ic iestreauoeÿb ic scrveoefs püaneofs suatcrrëbcfs dciekbtc tcrdfhrk`äk eb`rkrrflk". Kotks _chubik Ofb`crcboek Ebtcrbkoefbkn sfarc cn Ofbhrcsf ic Ofbstruooeÿb ic Fncfiuotfs, Ocbtrud Jkdaurh, Kncdkbek, Fot.

nk `rcoucboek sc cboucbtrk cbtrc ocrf y O AA/ / 9N.

Ϗ (Arekri, ;587) sc pucic ikr pfr

Xcen, HL (;55;). "Yåobeoks tcrdfhrëèoks eb`rkrrflks"Dkbukn sfarc cbskyfs bf icstruotevfs ic jfrdehÿb, Okpätunf ;?, PD Dknjftrk y BL Okrebf, cis., OQO

Ϗ

Wrcss, Afok Qktfb, @nfreik, pëhs. ?73-?;0. Xjetcjurst, CK (;508). Cvknukoeÿb ic nks prfpecikics icn jfrdehÿb k pkrter ic prucaks sÿbeoks, Dfbfhrk`äk Bf. 1 icn Kdcreokb Ofborctc Ebstetutc, KOE / Efwk _tktc Sbevcrsety Wrcss,

59 pëhs.

Xjetebh, I. (;5:8). "Wcrdckaeneiki icn jfrdehÿb scncooefbkif", Wcrdckaeneiki icn jfrdehÿb, I. Xjetebh y K. Xknet, cis., KOE _W-;7:, Kdcreokb

Ofborctc Ebstetutc, @krdebhtfb Jenns, Deojehkb, pëhs. ;53-111. Xjetebh, I. y Okiy, WI (;551). "Cvknukoeÿb ic nk ofbieoeÿb ic nfs pucbtcs ic jfrdehÿb cb rcnkoeÿb ofb nk ofrrfseÿb ic nks krdkiurks",Pfnudcb 8< Dåtfif pkrk nk dcieoeÿb ic okdpf ic nk pcrdckaeneiki icn jfrdehÿb, _JQW-_ / @Q-51-;75, Ofbsclf Bkoefbkn ic Ebvcstehkoeÿb, Xksjebhtfb, IO, :8 pëhs.

Xennekds, YL= _kbsknfbc, D .= _trcctt, XA= Wfstfb, Q .= y Xjetnfom, Q. (;558). "Cvknukoeÿb bf icstruotevk ic cstruoturks ic dkdpfstcräk utenezkbif cn dåtfif ic edpkotf-cof",Yjc Dksfbry _foecty Lfurbkn, P. ;3, büd. ;, lubef, pëhs. 98-38.

Uukb, I. y Bkzkrekb, _. (;55 ?). "Dåtfif kutfdktezkif ic fbiks supcrèoekncs< tåobeok ic ebvcrseÿb",Qcvestk ic Ebhcbecräk Hcftåobeok, K_OC, P. ;;5, büd. 8, lunef, pëhs. ;;;1-;;10.

KWÅBIEOC K ’ K_WCOYF_ YCßQEOF_ IC WKQOCNK IC DFPENEIKI IC WENK

Nk dfveneiki iebëdeok icn penftc sc icèbc ofdf nk kidetkboek dcoëbeok icn penftc (quc cs nk ebvcrsk ic nk edpcikboek icn penftc) oukbif cn penftc sc sfdctc k ubk ùcrzk iebëdeok vcrteokn. Nk dfveneiki sc deic ofdf vcnfoeiki / ùcrzk (P / @) y sc cxprcsk cb ubeikics dåtreoks ofdf d / s / B. Nk tcfräk ic nk rcspucstk ic dfveneiki ic ub penftc cb cn sucnf sc jk icskrrfnnkif ofdpnctkdcbtc ofdpnctkdcbtc cb Ikves y Iubb (;589). Nfs preboepefs ic ebtcrprctkoeÿb ic nk ourvk ic rcspucstk ic dfveneikidfveneiki-`rcoucboek `rcoucboek sc akskb cb nks sehuecbtcs prcdesks< Oukbif ubk penk ic nfbhetui pcr`cotk, nktcrkndcbtc icscb`rcbkik (nearc)

ϋα ϋ O O O  A A r r

4 ------s ------ s ---

(K.1)

iÿbic

ϋs 4 ϋO 4 αs 4 r

4

icbseiki icn sucnf,

icbseiki ic jfrdehÿb,

vcnfoeiki ic nk fbik ic ofrtc nktcrkn icn sucnf cb nk ebtcr`kz penk / sucnf, y

rkief ic penk.

Cn vknfr dcief hcfdåtreof ic nk dfveneiki cb nk pkrtc rcsfbkbtc icn hrëèof sc ofbfoc ofdf dfveneiki dciek. bfrtc y sc ik cb pfr

B 4 --- - - - - - ; ----------

ϋ O OO A A KO

(K.?)

iÿbic KO cs cn ërck ic nk scooeÿb trkbsvcrskn icn penftc. Cstk cs nk ebvcrsk ic nk edpcikboek ic nk penk.

Nks kdpnetuics dëxedk y däbedk WKH y [ prfpfroefbkr ubk dcieik icn c`cotf ic kdfrtehukoeÿb icn sucnf k pkrter ic nks rcnkoefbcs

oftjϏN) [ 4 W 4 B oftjϏ B tkbjϏ tkbjϏN)

(K.9)

Cstf tkdaeåb sc pucic cxprcskr ofdf

B 4 W[

(K.3)

N icsokbskbif sfarc nk supcrèoec ic ubk aksc cnësteok cs cxoetkif pfr

ubk ùcrzk kxekn sebusfeikn ofbtebuk ofb vknfr peof @ ff,, nk

y ϏN sc pucic oknounkr k pkrter ic

7.

nk okaczk icn penftc knokbzk ubk vcnfoeiki dëxedk P K dcieik quc sc vkräk nk `rcoucboek ic nk ùcrzk kpneokik, nk kdpnetui ic nk okaczk icn penftc

Nk vcnfoeiki tecbc vknfrcs dëxedfs k `rcoucboeks ehukndcbtc cspkoekiks (`rcoucboeks rcsfbkbtcs). Cn ebtcrvknf ic `rcoucboek,∀@, cbtrc nfs peofs vecbc ikif pfr

oftjϏN) 4 W[ Nk dksk ic nk penk DCYQF ppkh kh sc oknounk ic nk sehuecbtc dkbcrk

(K.0)

11:.1Q-01

EB@FQDC ICN OFDEYÅ IC KOE

1χ@ mi 4 ---------- - - cb - - ubeikics ic B / d P f--   dctrf

(K.:)

-@- -fd

dctrf cs nk `rcoucboek ofrrcspfbiecbtc kn èbkn ic nk pfroeÿb iÿbic @ dctrf nebckn ebeoekn icn hrëèof ic dfveneiki.

Nks ourvks ic rcspucstk ic dfveneiki fatcbeiks ic penftcs rckncs rkrk vcz sfb tkb sedpncs ofdf nk ourvk tcÿreok pkrk ub penftc pcr`cotf cb sucnf jfdfhåbcf quc sc ducstrk cb nk @eh. K.;. Pkrefs `kotfrcs k`cotkb nk `frdk ic nk ourvk ic dfveneiki, ic nfs oukncs nfs dës ofdubcs sfb<

@eh. K.; ’ Hrëèof ic dfveneiki tcÿreof pkrk edpunsf-rcspucstk Cbskyf ic penk pcr`cotk cb sucnf jfdfhåbcf.

D p4khNϋ K 4oo---- ;

------------

1 ∀- `- B

(K.8)

• • • •

Pkrekoefbcs cb cn ieëdctrf icn penftc,

Pkrekoefbcs cb nk okneiki icn jfrdehÿb icn penftc ofb nk prfùbieiki icn penftc, Pkrekoefbcs cb nk reheicz nktcrkn icn sucnf y Nk scooeÿb supcrefr ic nk penk cstë cxpucstk pfr cboedk icn bevcn icn sucnf.

Cn c`cotf hcbcrkn ic cstfs `kotfrcs cs prfiuoer vkrekoefbcs Nk reheicz iebëdeok icn pcnf m I sc oknounk k pkrter ic nk ourvk ic rcspucstk ic dfveneiki k `rcoucboeks duy aklks (bfrdkndcbtc cb cn

supcrpucstks cb nk dfveneiki dciek hcfdåtreok cb nk hrëèok ic dfveneiki hcbcrkn. Nk èhurk 1.?.1 ducstrk tkn vkrekoeÿb cb nk dciek

rkbhf 7 - 07 Jz). K cstks aklks `rcoucboeks, nfs c`cotfs ebcroekncs sfb

cbtrc 907 Jz y ;?07 Jz, quc cs cn rcsuntkif ic ubk okaczk ic penftc nearc

ebsehbeèokbtcs y nk ubeiki penk-sucnf sc ofdpfrtk ofdf ub rcsfrtc, ikbif ubk rcspucstk nebckn kn ebeoef ic nk ourvk ic dfveneiki. Nk pcbiecbtc ic cstk näbck

ic 1,; d ic nfbhetui (1∀` 4 ;:77 Jz). Nk ebtcrprctkoeÿb ic hrëèofs ic dfveneiki ofb okrkotcrästeoks supcrpucstks rcquecrc cxpcrecboek. Nk

cs nk ofb`frdeiki icn penftc y nk ebvcrsk ic nk ofd-

kyuik pucic scr prfpfroefbkik pfr dficnfs ic sedunkoeÿb pfr

Cn oudpnedecbtf cs nk reheicz iebëdeok icn penftc. m I I

ofdputkifrk, ofdf sc icsoreac cb Ikves y Iubb (;589).

ACI 228.2R-98 R04 Nondestructive Test Methods For Evaluation of Concrete in Structures - MyCivil - Ir.en - Es

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