ABydos_Vol_I_1902
Short Description
W_M_F_Petrie...
Description
PART
I.
1902
BY
FLINDERS PETRIE
W. M.
Hon. D.C.L., LL.D., Litt.D., Ph.D., F.R.S., Hon. P.S.A. (Scot.)
MEMBER OF THE IMPERIAL GERMAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE; CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY OF ANTHROPOLOGY, BERLIN; MEMBER OF THE ROMAN SOCIETY OF ANTHROPOLOGY MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY OF NORTHERN ANTIQUARIES; EDWARDS PROFESSOR OF EGYPTOLOGY, UiNlVERSlTY COLLEGE, LONDON. ;
With Chapter by A.
E.
WEIGALL
TWENTY-SECOND MEMOIR OF
THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND BY ORDER OF THE COMMITTEE
PUBLISI1ED
LONDON SOLD AT
The OFFICES OF
THE EGYPT EXPLOEATION FUND, and
5i»,
Temple Street, Boston,
;
1902
Great Russell Street,
W.C
Mass., U.S.A.
KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & CO., Paternoster QUARITCH, 15, Piccadilly, W. ASHER & CO., 13, Bedford and HENRY FROWDE, Amen Corner,
and by B.
37,
House, Cuaring Cross Road, W.C. Street, Covent Garden, W.C.
EC.
t
TEMENOS OF
ABYDOS.
OSIRIS.
HEADS OF AAHMES
I.
AND AMENHOTEP
FRONT.
I.
AAHMES.
\l
f 1
jff(eiinni)
*y i
M tN MU
I
tr
AAHMES.
ABYDOS PAET
I.
1902
BY
FLINDERS PETRIE
W. M.
Hon. D.C.L., LL.D., Litt.D., Ph. I)., F.R.S., Hon. P.S.A. (Scot.)
MEMBER OF THE IMPERIAL GERMAN ARCHAEOLOG HA INSTITUTE; CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY OF ANTHROPOLOGY, BEKLIN I.
;
MEMBER OF THE ROMAN SOCIETY OF ANTHROPOLOGY; MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY OF NORTHERN ANTIQUARIES; EDWARDS PROFESSOR OF EGYPTOLOGY, UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, LONDON.
With Chapter by A.
E.
WEIGALL
TWENTY-SECOND MEMOIR OF
THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE COMMITTEE
LONDON HOLD AT
The
OFFICES OF THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND, and
and by B.
KEGAN
59,
15,
Great Russell
Street,
W.O.
Temti.e Street, Boston, Mass., U.S.A.
TRUBNER & CO., 1'atkknostkb ASHER & CO., 18, BEDFORD W. Piccadilly, and HENRY PROWDB, Amen Cobsee,
PAUL, TRENCH,
QTJAR1TCH,
37,
;
1902
House, Charing Cross Road. \V .">.
showing the curvature
which they would produce. 21 being
for a
deep
ABYDOS
26
wide shallow dish the other grinders are placed in base view, showing the hollow or notch on each side by which they
cup and 34
for a
were held in a
;
stick so as to be
turned round.
I.
hippopotamus head, and a kneeling
found loose in the rubbish, and therefore undated
37.
sand and stone dust, evidently the refuse of the
stone,
grinding powder which was used with them.
38.
The all
levels of these
in
showed that they belong to
parts of the 1st Dynasty.
With
these
we
must connect the crescent flints (xxvi, 305 314), which were mostly found in a stratum of sand and stone dust, sloping between 80 and 50 level
;
from such association
it
is
clear that
they were used for the vase business, and as
preliminary
drills
they would be effective on
they are of the same class as the early
;
pottery figures from Koptos.
a layer of white
They were usually found
A
very rough squatting figure in lime-
found at the base of the town.
A
strange piece of a large object of red
marked
pottery, triangles 39.
A
torso
40. Pottery
upper one
is
These rough red pottery figures of a
of
human
a
figures fairly
corner of a space
of
figure
kine,
modelled
that
be
filled
in
rough
:
of
which the
they were found
case the space
hisrher
Dynasty.
with sand, which
the foundation
as a hollow,
35, 3G.
cut
at 55 level, about the age of Zet, in the S.E.
crescent flints have been at Beit Khallaf.
deeply
pottery.
have been
Dynasty
with
over
all
possibly part of an animal figure.
;
most of the stones that were worked. Their Similar age runs throughout the 1st Dynasty. found in the Illrd
were
leg,
of a building.
In
was probably dug down
and hence the town then,
may
level
about the end of
would
the
1st
-'7
'1IAITKI;
(
III.
THE OSIRIS TEMPLE. As we have
23.
The
already stated, the Osiris
by
inscriptions, as such, are dealt with
temple occupied but a small part of the great
Mr. Weigall
temenos which was later built around the
cerned more with the position and historical
The temple
XVIIIth Dynasty, which
of the
the lowest level yet cleared on this
around
close
thirty feet thick
massive
a
it
brick
site,
is
had
some
wall,
in the west side of
;
site.
which was
a great pylon of red granite, opening into the rest of the larger temenos.
necessarily
incomplete,
so
still
published this year of the site
the
:
principally consist of is
a square
building, of which nothing but foundations and
remain
loose blocks
the second part has
;
still
the lower few feet of the walls of two pillared halls
In the square building were blocks of the
— XXXth
and foundation Vlth Dynasties. deposits of the XVIIIth— XX The halls behind were built by Amenhotep I,
and
Dynasty.
Dynasties,
added
perhaps
it
XXVIth
the
Until is
the
site.
town
XXXtli
the
excavations
are
com-
discuss
the
exact
premature
history of the
that as the
great temenos are other
XlXth and
the
of
Dynasty. pleted
until
Outside of the whole temple block,
in the south of the
buildings
to
At
to
least
it
may
be said
of the earliest dynasties lies
just behind this temple
site, it is
probable that
the earliest temple stood there also
;
for a later
temple would not be built on town ruins, nor
would
it
be likely to abandon the primitive
sacred ground.
age in the temple ground, and
been
have
obtained
are
of
Amenhotep
I
:
all
the stones
re-used.
Mehtiemsaf
found in the foundation of the
(pi.
Tlxe
were
liv),
next to that
hall
they are of slight and rough
work, but show that some building was done
Vlth Dynasty,
in the
No
future.
more may be found
so
known, except
his
pyramid
;
in
king were yet
buildings of this
so
any further
results will be of value.
The three
and some chambers.
XVIIIth
—
blocks of Merenra,
or easternmost,
first,
The remains before the Xllth Dynasty are not numerous (see pis. liv -lvii), as the work has not yet reached the true level of that
they are
given in Mr. Garstang's El Arabah.
is
are con-
24.
that
not
we
meaning of the various sculptures.
the plans are
but a general surface view
;
The temple buildings two parts
As
chap, v; so here
in
pieces of large private steles, pi.
were found near together
From
site.
belong to
the work
is
from the
is
of a stele.
three steles is left,
left
The
;
is
These belong
to
two
if
that of a mother, a royal favourite
only such
royal
and the
known
name
first
is
not
Adu.
(pi. lv, 1), is
the IVth
in
seen
in
column gives
was hitherto unknown.
noble"; and
;
and unfortunately only one name
Dynasty
and other remains of him are extremely
The
the
;
from the upper right
The clay sealing of Shepses-kaf the
hand
left
of a stele
the bottom of the right side of a stele
the right hand piece
hand
liv,
temple
seems likely that they
the Vlth Dynasty.
upper piece lower
it
in the square
it
hawk name was
rare.
the third column,
his hi
name, which
It reads Shepses,
"the
gives a further proof that the
that of the king's ha, for as
AMY DOS
28
this
name is
name
ltd
is
Shepses, so the king's throne
Shepses-kaf, "his
is
k;i
is
the only instance of a personal
This
noble."
name derived
The Vth Dynasty of
a
The
known. limestone
represented by the lower seated
of Assa
figure
figures of this king are hitherto
stone
a
is
fawn-coloured
soft
and the upper part was originally
;
joined on
is
limestone
No
(pi. lv, 2).
by
tenons, the dowel holes of
which
The work
are seen on the upper surface.
and detailed, making us regret the
fine
of the
head and
merely the
The
body.
is
loss
inscription
is
The
name and throne name.
l-n
we
the block on the
left
columns do not 4 and
lv,
fit
may
5,
of the columns
an original
at
fit
the total height
pi. Ivi
below, 8-8 high;
inches wide at top,
1
the shaft 17-4 wide at
24 down, but dressed narrow just below the capital
give
to
it
some
remarkable that, even in the kinjr
is
named
projection.
as beloved of
The piece of column on the
Anher
The Xlth Dynasty opens with an important stele of Nekht, a son of King Antef (pis. lv, 8,
of these
two
only
quarters
of
is
of
style,
Most
I.
pieces of columns are taken
for the
Museum. Of the Xllth and XHIth Dynasty there
25.
it
of Theni.
and might be of a
another reign, perhaps of Usertesen
Cairo
is
Osiris,
in pi. Ivi
left
described.
different
a
It
temple of
this
rather
Unhappily
the
The dimen-
on the second.
sions of the capital are 18'
by
below
continued
Vlth Dynasty inscriptions have already been
lvii).
that
indicated at the top by the
is
parallel inscription
17-1
pieces of
excepting
together,
On
and
column,
first
The
site.
reasonably
joint in the stone.
from the hi name.
part
I.
many
remains
the
colossal
red
remain, which were found in the square temple
are
The stone is a coarse, soft, limestone, which was cut very thick in order to give it The signs are roughly cut, sufficient strength. and were coloured red. The figures are those of a king Antef and his son Nekht, before
granite statues of Usertesen I found by Mariette,
ruins.
whom
probably stood a figure of Anher or of
The temple of Antef is named, which we might call the Antefeum in Abydos. And Nekht is the follower of the royal son of the IL,/ Antef; so he must have been attached to The mention of the an elder brother's retinue. Osiris.
Hieg points
to this king being the first of the
striking
;
showing that the temple was greatly adorned
To
at this time.
the later part of the Xllth,
or to the XlLIth Dynasty,
the
head of a
(lv, 6, 7),
must be attributed
statue of red
colossal
granite
which was found with other fragments
beneath a mass of loose dust a south of the Kom es Sultan
little
in
the
to
temenos.
The and
slab of Usertesen
pi. lviii, is
shown
I,
of a form as yet
the photograph (9)
it is
in pi. lv, 9, 10,
unknown.
on the front and
but rough below
finished
titles.
with a projection downward along the back.
renewing the temple of of
Miu
at
columns of Ivi)
;
We
Koptos. fine
octagonal
pillar
narrow middle
in
ft.
wide.
many
pieces of
of the
Now Kom
— 5;
of the
same width, and of
found
3
(pis. lv.
ing in each direction from a central (pi. lviii)
off,
9 inches thick, 3
did that
and one architrave with cartouches read-
had been trimmed
about
sides,
Osiris, as lie
white limestone
the slab of Psertesen
is
;
as
on
but the edges
form a rough
so as to
later
aillch,
times,
and
only
a
strip of the face remains, so thai
not far from
deep back, and 4
a
What
depth backward
two strange grooves
holes in the lower block (10). ipiite
in
clenches their relation
the upper block (9) exactly
is
ft.
es Sultan, lay another block (LO),
the upper block. that the
It
also to the south
it,
which would just end clear of the projection
is
In
seen to be a thick slab,
Antefs, as the later kings use the usual royal
Antef V built largely at Abydos, probably
the
great
lit
in the front of
over the two
The lower block
rough and unfinished around the edges,
OSIRIS TEMPLE.
TIIK
and
was certainly
Hence
foundation.
been only a
The
upright, in <
the
>n
inscription
seem
of the
upper
flat
(he floor.
to have been for poles
which
Iviii),
(pi.
XHIth
to be of the
king
from
of
lines
three
their style
Thus
Dynasty.
with the ka
a pole,
the
above
"
pi.
lix
hotep; an as
name behind
a
and
it,
ankh, "living ka of the
lea
of a cartouche
completed
the base of
al
ae
Ea'sekhem'nefer'
unknown name, but
of the same type
there
is
emblem,
lea
it.
The fragment
of the step.
fronl
are
face
be
fco
head on
the description suten
set
was his
Behind the king
salt.
upper block must have
(lie
the line
unseen
an
in
9 inches high, on
step,
seem
holes
sunk
be
to
29
Dp-uat-em-saf.
Ea'sekhem'neferleJiau,
It
eartwuehe
however be a combined
surface of the step was always clear and hare.
might
The middle
line
Ra'hha'8eshes'Nefer'hotep, with a badly formed
side lines;
hut the space between the
13 inches,
is
upon
placing objects
to
The whole arrangement
know
poles,
is
it.
unlike anything that
this proves that the step was not built into
;
a
line,
but stood clear and apart, except at the
back edge.
The names
of the king in the later
inscriptions have all been carefully
out
but
;
Ave
hammered
can recoA'er Ka-sekhem, and in the
name three groups of different heights Horus name in three groups Avith n, is
personal the
:
almost useless to us owing to so
being knoAvn of this period. kings there are the Nos. of the Xlllth
No. 2
is
Dynasty
2,
examples
feAV
not
Sebekhotep
written out s.b.k. t.p. fit
;
I
I
and
equally well.
fit
the sizes of the
Nos. 15 tit
crocodile on shrine is
well I
if
hotep
unknoAvn might
The gods here honoured
are
TJp-uat of the south, TJp-uat of the north, and Osiris
Khentamenti.
are taken for the Cairo
in place before a part of
mastaba of about the Vllth
of a
front
still
in the
The inscription is shoAvn more fully The block with deeply cut inscription,
Dynasty. above.
next to
the
of
prince's
columns of another such
No.
1 is
and
Sebekhotep and
found
the
year in
last
I).
a piece of a limestone stele
from cemetery D, tomb 7b, found No. 2
seven
table,
the Xllth Dynasty cemetery. pi. lx,
a
of
inscription
official,
his Avife Nefert-uben, Avere
In
same
the
in
it,
The two-column
cemetery. uartit
found near
Avas
it,
inscribed on
year.
last
front of a
kneeling
behind the temple enclosure, near the statue of
II, Avould
but No. 74 Avhose name
cemetery G, lying
was found
Turin papyrus.
three groups in the personal name. 20,
at the left foot of the plate,
statue of soft limestone found in the temenos
in the
Avill
altar of offerings, outlined in small size
Of the possible 15, 20, 74 and 88
barred by the Horus name se-anlch-taui.
No. 88, Sebek-em-saf,
and
The
the
in temples elsewhere.
The ends of the large front inscription run round the sides of the block, bearing anhh zet ta
seshes, like sekhem.
not enough for passing, and the
wear must be due
Ave
worn than the
rather more
is
of
This block and
its
base
Museum.
In the halls at the back of the square temple were several blocks of black syenite, from a
is-
No. 3
Ptah-em-ua.
is
the
a part of a stele of lime-
from cemetery G, which bears the
stone
names
congruous No. 4
of
Araeny
a piece of limestone
is
temenos, of the Xlllth
in-
and
Sit-pepy.
stele
from the
Dynasty.
No. 5
is
a
fragment of a sandstone figure of a scribe Ab. Beside these
found lists
as
i
a
large
stele
of
limestone
behind the temple, giving long
was
family
connected Avith the queen Auhet-abu; but he copying of
must be
left
it
occupied so long a time,
it
over to appear next year.
large
XVIIIth Dynasty the important work was a huge hall, about 30
is
wide and 40 feet long, the roof of which Avas
It
gateway of Ramessu II. On one of them an inscription of Sebekhotep III, see pi. lix. is shallow in the cutting, and almost effaced
in parts
by the crumbling
of the stone, due to
26.
Of
the
first
feet
borne by six pillars; three chambers adjoined this
hall;
and another and larger
hall
to the
ABYDOS
30
north of hulls lie
The
may be
it
yet remain about 30 inches high,
walls
bearing the ends of some lines of inscription
around the doors
and
:
and chambers
in the hall
were several loose blocks of sculpture.
From lxii
—
we see that by Amenhotep
erected
pis.
buildings were
these
His personal name
I.
has been erased from the cartouches, but his
name
throne
Amenhotep there pi.
lxii)
is
the
to
Beside
Aahmes
a figure of
I (top
but only as deceased, since he wears
;
the menat like Osiris, while
Amenhotep
without that ornament.
living, is
above head of Aahmes, we at the top right
are like those
menat.
points
by Akhenaten.
done
being
erasure
which
intact,
is
hand of of
may
I,
then
Besides the
identify another
pi. lxiii
the features
;
Aahmes, and
wears the
it
has been back to back with a figure
It
of Osiris, as on the upper scene of pi. lxii. possible
of these
fits
were
blocks
list
and
It ap-
of offerings along the
base of the wall, 28 inches high
;
then groups
of the king offering to deities above that, about
42 high
;
and a second
groups yet
of
line
higher up, of the king and his ha about 36
high
;
or
altogether about
9
height
feet
of
sculpture, besides the plain footing to the wall.
In the
list
hand top
of offerings possibly the left
piece might agree better with the base piece if
transferred one
offering henek el
column farther
rw seems to end
Bahri (D. B.
pi. cxiii,
/
nebt at Dcir
but
;
fitted in
if
so
between
the blocks in the upper part here.
These blocks were mostly fresh with colour
when found
;
but, unhappily, an extraordinary
torrent of rain which all
fell,
washed away nearly
the surfaces, and destroyed
much
that several are
Tiny had been
all
now
the
stones so
not worth transport.
drawn, and the photographs
taken, before this damage.
The
largest
was a long architrave
may
with richly-coloured hieroglyphs, which
removed
to the Cairo
II in the
be
Museum. This, and most down by Aahmes
XXVIth
Dynasty, and buried for the
Many
foundations of his temple.
we have removed only bore
blocks that
usual figures, of
&c, and are not here published. One Tahutmes III, which was still in bright condition of colouring, was sent direct it measured 65 inches to the Boston Museum wide and 35 inches high. Another lintel, which was of the same width, was found broken up in Osiris,
large lintel of
;
shown on
several pieces, as it
is
of value
Tahutmes jointly
pis.
as
historically,
2
lxi,
At
together
one
at
the base of
be
time,
greater
part
Tahutmes the
Kom
regardless
was
titles
Amenhotep
II,
certainly of ;
broken seated
a
Another
of a goddess
the
figure
of
also found, to the south
of
Sultan.
es
is
titles.
from the
slabs
arm
of
work and portrait the not known elsewhere. The
of
III
part of the carved.
by is
it
two
but the sphinx
III
over
title
lxiv are
pi.
that with the
;
later,
Tahutmes
lxiv
and Tahutmes III were reigning
II
square temple
may
;
proves that
it
Hatshepsut, and each bearing the same
of
The slab on pi. lxi has Tahutmes III, delicately
slab
name
of
his sed festival, as
on
bears the ha
and names
the pillar published by Prisse.
Within the square mass of ruins were found
out, as the
lowest line)
must have been
a short piece
in
blocks of
III were found in the square mass of
temple ruins.
All
tried,
several were thus connected together.
pears that there was a
Tahutmes
of the rest, had been taken
the sculptures (Frontispiece, and
lxiv)
A great quantity of finely-scnlptured
These
rather later in date.
behind the square mass of temple ruins.
I.
two foundation deposits of Tahutmes pits full of sand,
showing that the
site
III
in
was not
dug out when the later temple was built. The deposit contained the usual pottery of that
all
time (see Koptos knives, adzes,
pi.
xiv),
and axes
and copper models of
(see pi. lxi, 5),
with an
alabaster vase inscribed, and a model shell of alabaster with traces of paint inscription. of the copper tools bear the
and probably
when
cleaned.
all will
name
Some
of the king,
be found to be inscribed
The plan and
position of the
THE OSIRIS TEMPLE. deposit
given
be
will
survey
the
in
next
(Ixv,
figures
Another deposit
was found, which only
pit
contained a green glazed
plaque, broken
with the name of Amenhotep
The
up,
and a
III,
stand of limestone of same king,
solid
pi, lxi, 3,
slab of inscription pi. lxi, 6,
is
The
his
figures
father,
Amid
injured
Messrs.
found
two
Maclver and
lm/rah,
the varied
head,
fig.
may
8,
be later
but
:
of finely-cut glass
fish, fig. 9, is
native tale
ruins over the early town
in
Amenhotep III. 27. The XlXth Dynasty has
all
sculptures, but not
any large quantity of build-
The
ing like the previous age. a limestone statue of an
—4
several
He
standing, and holding a statue of Osiris
His
cattle in the
represented nearly
were
offices
keeper of the
temple of Ramessu
II,
and royal
scribe of the divine offerings of all the gods
name was Amen-em-per- Ptah-em-
his full
Amen statue
in the temple,
Ptah
in the barque."
was found over a deep square
hole,
not yet cleared out, at the back of the inner
With
or
rather of his
in its walls,
Our
up from
inscribed
:
and scattered from
Among
blocks.
Ymamu, pis. Ixv, 1 and lxvi. Among the minor pieces on pl. 1
these was
fragment of the
Hora,
son
it
kneel-
The
rare.
is
rough
lxvi the trial
last
name
of
and the
:
Ramessu
I,
which
piece in the top line
is
a
flake of limestone, with the cartouche of
Ramessu
On
lea
his wife
;
piece with birds should be noticed
as
Un-nefer,
built
of the high official Khay, with
stele
another figure in soft limestone of the great
temple.
the
many
it,
of
of
had been
kinds of odd stones that were lying about
and contained
was
wall
enclosure
it
mentioned before, and the pieces of a great
life size,
him.
was that
Ptah-em-ua,
official is
it
the great stele of the family of queen Auhet-ab,
2
lxvii.
it
principal piece
pis. Ixv,
;
that
which were taken by the Mudir.
it,
interest in
left
is
found three pounds weight of gold ornaments
and, by the colour, not far from the time of
The
.
in
was a great tomb, uncovered forty years ago by the sebakhin, who
fig. 7, is
;
steatite
ua, "
pair of
red granite, of I'n-nefer and
in
published
is
wife
work it is highly finished, and seems it might be of the XVIIIth Dynasty.
the blue glass
before
The splendid
with a long genealogy,
years ago,
his
was found a stone building, of which the plan is given in pi. lxxx, "In Temenos." The
inlayed
and
of I'n-nefer and
1,
from some
The jasper head,
studied.
if
seated
Mace's volume El
-1.
by incrustations of lime, and has not yet been
is
10
!),
Thiy, surnamed Nefertari.
year.
as
31
II scrawled
pl. lxvii
wooden he
is
in
with a brush of ink.
the inscription of
Bay
is
on
a piece
furniture, probably not from a coffin,
not called maahheru.
Two
pieces of
black granite squatting figures of Unnefer are
here
one giving the
ing and holding a standing statue of Osiris,
copied
pi. Ixv, 8.
Sokari, which he had inherited, see Lieb. Diet.
In the later hall behind the square temple
was a squatting granite figure of the ubiquitous It was greatly 7. Un-nefer, see pi. Ixv, 5
—
crumbled by
salt,
and
was able
I
to
lift
off the
face in one block, the rest of the figure being
too
much broken up
back
is
the
to be removed.
inscription
naming
his
On
the
mother
Maatinuy, or Maa-anuy, and his wife Thiy (see
;
The two
905.
title
priest
of
inscriptions of Mentu-em-hat, the
great vizier of Taharqa, are roughly
hammered
upon natural blocks of limestone, which
are
lying loose in the floor of the valley leading to the
royal
visit,
tombs
and the
one appears to record his
;
other, with
maakheru, was pro-
bably placed in his memory.
28.
The square mass
of the temple of the
temenos wall, apparently turned out from the
XVIIIth Dynasty, was rebuilt by Aahmes II. He took down what remained of the previous
Nectanebo temple, was a granite group of two
work,
Lieblein,
Diet.
895).
While near the great
and
laid
it
in
his
foundations.
He
ABYDOS
32
enlarged the plan, but without caring to relay
proper foundations top
the
at
block
are
On one
III.
founda-
roughly cut,
cartouches
his
the
of
retaining-walls
foundation of Tahutines tion
on
so his stone walls rest
brick
the
of
;
528 inches from the inside of
S.W.
the
principal
monument
was a
of his time
monolith shrine of red granite, in the
great
Fig.
Osiris.
an unusual figure of Horus,
is
1
with the double feather of Amen.
Sekhet
3
fig.
;
the
is
mummified
in quartzite sandstone
The
life-size.
is
Republic
off
of this shrine have long
and carried away, leaving
only parts of the unmanageable top.
The main
is
found in
same
this
solely to
known
midion, bearing a large cartouche of Haa-ab-ra
Dynasty.
in
middle of each
the
flanked
side,
vulture of Nekheb and the uraeus of Uazit.
The smaller shows
piece of the
opposite
two
The two
a similar design.
evidently
sides
pieces placed upright at each side of the plate
belong to some other granite
work
;
or possibly
which may have been
to the sides of the shrine,
made during the joint reign of Haa-ab-ra and Aahmes. The form of the name, Aahmes son of Osiris, instead of Neit,
was evidently used
The upper thin
slab
in
is
very unusual, and
honour of
of limestone,
is
a
roughly carved, with
prayer to Osiris and Khentamenti for the seal bearer Heru, a son of Sit-Hathor. table of
offerings
is
a thick
with a deep tank in the lower dedicated by
Aahmes
and was placed
II,
later in the
block, It
half.
with his usual
was
titles
temple of Nectanebo,
south of the Osiris temple, whence
out on the west
The lower
limestone
it
was
cast
side, in the destruction of the
plate lxx arc other objects of the
Dynasty. a large
The bronze
figures,
1
—
3,
XXVIth
are part of
quantity which were found scattered on
the floor of the great hall, to the north of the hall of
Amenhotep.
the very
common,
Nearly
all
(fig.
6),
6
figs.
A
XXVIth
the
to
—
9,
were
square plaque
had been placed on the
top of the pit containing an undisturbed foundadeposit
tion
plaque
(fig.
Tahutines
of
A
III.
cartouche
and a square one, were placed
8),
But the
on the top of another such deposit.
group of small
objects, fig.
9,
the
alabaster,
fig.
7,
and a large number of plaques
and
8)
were found scattered loose
deposit
of these were
small, roughly-cast figures of
the
of
(figs.
6
in the sand,
XXVIth
Dynasty
building,
by the subsequent removal
disturbed
of the
stones.
These deposits show the continuance of the
XlXth Dynasty, which was
style of the
unknown
The
at so late a date.
hitherto
bulls' heads,
haunches, grains of corn, and flowers, are
we
all
Ramesseum, which
similar to the deposits of the
should not have expected after the different
style
known
Psamtck
place.
On
deposits,
found in various positions. of Haa-ab-ra,
of the
heads in basalt which are
as belonging
foundation
is
near together, having apparently been the main
this temple.
table of offerings, pi. lxix,
The
of the skull
very good, and
is
class as the fine
already
attribute
The modelling
bones
facial
piece has nearly half of two sides of the pyra-
by the
we must
temple,
Egyptian sources.
and
and as
;
entirely out of the question here, since
the
flat sides
Roman
influence, except that of the
us at Esneh, Thmuis, Nebesheh, and other late
since been broken
than
style could hardly be referred to
school of the late
portrait
that
4-5), larger
(figs.
nothing even of Ptolemaic times
The
is
Osiris.
usual style of such works, which are familiar to
temples.
Fig. 2
Near these bronzes was found a portrait head
any foreign
corner.
The
I.
green
in the deposits of Ta-usert, Siptah,
I,
and Aahmes.
glaze
carnelian,
for
green
small figures
;
the
The materials are
plaques,
felspsar,
and
and the same
8
(i,
glass
stones,
;
jasper, for
with
the iron,
copper, and silver, for the rectangular blocks.
No
gold was found.
The meaning
circular slab of alabaster
(fig.
7)
of the semi-
is
unknown
OSIRIS
THII
but
occurs also
it
Psamtek
To
the
the
in
deposits of Siptah,
wesl
sniilli
but within
the
the
of
temple of
a fragment of a cartouche ending
was found
of the foundation
is
«
>si ris,
temenos, stood another
great
temple, built apparently by Nectanebo
late style,
33
Greek
influences of
In the
art.
ma
square
temple ruin were found portions of four figures
&c.
I,
TEMI'I.i;.
in ka,
II,
as
of very
The retaining-wall
here.
over thirteen feet deep.
In
the west end of the south side there were two circular-beaded
one over the other,
recesses,
in
hard white limestone, two seated, and
These were
standing joined together.
among the
or less destroyed; but,
seated
figure 12,
more
all
ma
large
we recovered the greater
of chips,
two
part of the
and the upper half of om
the standing figures,
1
The
II.
.">,
figure
seated
has the delicate curves, the fine proportions, and the restrained
modelling, which
we know
besl
'
22
wide and deep
in.
58 to 102
in.
109 to 102 in
these
above the
in.
:
lower recess at
the
and
floor,
;
upper
at
There were no deposits found
recesses
;
the
upper one had been
plundered, the lower one was bricks
tin'
filled
with laid
but in the corner in front of the lower
recess lay the limestone mortar, cake of resin,
and
little
shown just
in
of
placpies fig.
11.
In
lazuli
the
and
camel ian,
south-east corner,
under a stone of the pavement, 40
below the top of the objects,
Avail,
in.
were found similar
along with a square of copper, and a
in
such sculpture as the torsos of
and other work of the XVIIIth Dynasty. standing
rendering of the face classical
the
reign
of
which preserves the traditions of the XVIIIth Dynasty almost unchanged, and shows no trace whatever of the surrounding Nectanebo
I,
which might
it
.
well
modern Egyptian peasant
The
girl.
present
illustrations are only to give a preliminary idea
of the
workmanship
pieces arc
now
;
but the whole of the
Museum,
in the Cairo
the figures are restored, a
date
under
full vit.il
have been copied from the best type of the
The most unexpected result of the year's work has been the discovery of a high style sculpture
has a
it
in the expression
them on a large
limestone
for while preserving the
;
Egyptian treatment,
and realism
The
by the masterly
us
attracts
figure
hemi-disc of alabaster.
of
-y hi,
of
one of
class
this
dedication
on
the
cartouches
scale,
the
seated of
of
and.
publication of
full
will be essential.
work
front
given
is
The by a
the
pedestal
which
bears
the
with
the
of
figures,
when
Nekht-hor-heb,
same refinement and delicacy
cut as
is
shown
the sculpture.
J>
of
in
ABYDOS
34
I.
CHAPTER
IV.
THE CEMETERY On
G.
which leads up to the Royal Tombs, a spur of
we removed her granite sarcophagus lid, now in Cairo. But the principal use of this region
the desert runs forward between the temenos
was from the XXVIth Dynasty
29.
the south side of the great valley
XlXth
of Osiris and the great temples of the
The whole
Dvnastv.
for
honeycombed with
large square pillared court of a few centuries
hill,
Those near the desert edge are so
tombs. together,
by
is
and have been
Mariette's
attempted to
so completely
close
wrecked
we have not do anything among them. But plunderers,
of the earliest of this group, contain-
ing five stone sarcophagi, was found beneath a
surface of this
about half a mile back,
One
age.
to the Ptolemaic
that
later,
G. 57 (see base of
lxxx).
pi.
The next
type of tomb was that with two arched chambers side
by
work
side,
beneath a low mastaba of brick-
50
(see G.
pi.
lxxx)
these also contain
;
opposite the old fort (the Shunet-ez-Zebib), and
stone sarcophagi, sometimes square, sometimes
further back, only a few of the tombs had been
shaped
modern
opened
in
During
our first winter here, several of
(See B. T.
times.
i,
pi. iii.)
them
were explored, and in the past season, we have opened up a good deal of the ground.
many
burials here belong to
The
different periods.
Small interments of the prehistoric times are
and the
frequently found near the surface; pottery,
and other
objects, also
occur mixed
with the earth thrown up in constructing later
A
tombs.
part
mastaba of the Vllth
of a
Dynasty has been already mentioned, see the at
altar
of the
base
of
pi.
lix.
Several
tomb-pits
Xlth Dynasty have been opened; they
are usually placed in pairs, one leading to the
chamber, the other, about half of the depth, probably
for
offerings;
deeper tombs of the
Other
like the body.
less
usual types
of this age are seen in G. 68 and 58.
Later
than these forms are wide square courts of brickwork, which were built
chambers
;
up with two stone
filled
these were evidently derived
from the form of G. 50, but were later than that as the sarcophagi are debased.
was modified to a court with the whole faced with
tomb G. 57
;
hewn
ornamental doorway tectural feature.
to
upper
breccia,
showed an
have been an archi-
These great brick courts
with stone work, have in ;
stone, as the
and, in another case, remains of a
Greek pediment front of
to pieces
This form
pillars of brick,
all
filled
cases been quarried
and they are now usually
full
of
broken mummies, dogs, and various organic rubbish
thrown
in
when
the
cemetery was
Xllth Dynasty have also furnished us with the
was cleaned up
alabaster vases and beads of that age.
times the tombs were crowded with bitumenized
In the
XVIIIth Dynasty older tombs were re-used,
in later times.
In the Ptolemaic
and a rich
and soon the system of deep and large tombs gave way to that of small chambers, only
burial with a silver pilgrim bottle, gold ring,
just below the surface, containing only one or
XlXth Dynasty a great tomb was made here for a priestess Klmumv, from which
two sarcophagi
for a burial of a child with vases,
kc.
In the:
bodies
;
in each.
These sarcophagi are
very neatly and boldly cut in soft limestone,
ill
with a plain wedge-shaped
hollowed out
inside
and shoulders.
Roman
the
or
and
outside;
curves,
in
CEMETERY
l:
drawings are from one side of
the
head
the
for
inner side of which
Aral)
base of the plate are Bgured
age
are
on
found
this
The
bodies
prehistoric tombs always contained
contracted,
the
in
usual
fragments
shallow large
circular
wavy-handled. later
though
pits,
tomb with over
position,
is left
was one
then'
of
thirty pottery jars, mostly
the
contents of the tombs of the Xlth
—
The
when they
Fragments of a
coffin,
The XVIIIth
G. 57 on
tombs of the
letters r
u and the plural
;
duplication of the
strokes, for the simple
is
baboon reading
zed,
and
probably an error
form of mer.
for the similar
though
The value rare,
is
of the
already
known.
On
name Ta-sen-meht, as copied by Mr. Weigall in a damaged passage, should pi. lxxiii
the
coffins,
be
will
it
but E had never
;
we
letters
be clearer
(c, i>)
Ta-se-nekht
For
also of Mert-tefnut
Nes-tefnut, which latter
The
A— E
refer to the
shall
A.
if
1!,
I
I
The
D.
'.
state
first
the letters prefixed
=
d) Zed-her
termination of hern; the variants of Ta-se-nekht
and Mehit-ta-se-nekht
marked
the
names
to the
which they are
in
mentioned.
in different versions
also the
sarco-
five
the earliest of the great
being those of the sarcophagi
(n)
Ta-khredet-en-Min
Mert-tefnut
On
pi.
Ta-se-nekht, as on
read
doubtless
lxxiv, No. 3 should read
and Nos. 4
—
We now
and B, the eye of Horus varying
with Mertiu-her;
is
by the
here,
genealogy;
(b, c)
of light on the true reading of such forms.
A
other
tin-
scpiare court,
tin'
later age.
lettered
account will
should be observed, as they throw a good deal
instance, in
for
Heru-maa-kheru
(b)
names
are
coffins
(c,
=
yellow for
contained a burial, and
;
(a, b) Mertiu-heru
these
"I'
the colours
tomb containing
lxxx,
pi.
seen,
to belong to
(a) Nes-her
and
below
which seems
=
style
grain showing;
line
large
phagi, found
XVIIIth or XlXth Dynasty, were found in the chamber of a later tomb. The name Ixxi) is apparently Tahutmes (see pi. unknown after the time of Ramessu II though certainly the style of the writing here, might well show a rather later date. The first and second
of these
The
31.
the
The variants
with the
are published next year.
(a) TJah-ab-ra
the
at
sides of a
had no prepared ground, hut
lias
the Nile gods, red
Dynasties, not having yet been drawn, will be
described
two
tin-
figures.
age.
prehistoric
drawing;
fifth
used are black for the inscriptions, green
All of these tombs belonged to
part
tin-
remarkabrj clear and delicate; the
is
brown wood
head south, face west; most of them were quite
the
the
is
corner-post of the coffin.
30.
long strip:
a
third and fourth are from a similar strip, on the
After these, no later burials of
hill.
the
G.
7
that
Heru-maakheru,
proceed to describe the details of
of Mertiu-heru.
was the base marked and a model coffin with 1
,
At
Sarcophagus head of
the
A it,
of an Osiride statuette, a jackal
turned upside down, see base of at 3
and C.
should read Mert-tefnut.
each of the burials, in order. is
B
upon
both
it,
pi. lxxii
;
and
was the canopic box figured on the same
plate (lxxii).
On
wooden
was
coffin
the breast and pi. lxxiii.
raising the stone
lid,
a large
seen inside, inscribed across
down
to the feet, as copied
On opening
the coffin, the
on
mummy
ABYDOS
36
was
covered with a cartonnage
seen,
on the
;
and blue headpiece, with ebony bcanl; on the neck a collar in bands with hawks' Leads at the top corners on the breast a head
a
gill
;
Nut with wings extended,
figure of
coloured,
and the four genii in gold on a blue ground, a
down
the corners;
i
and on the
inscribed;
The whole
Anubis.
wooden
the legs a gilded strip,
was
coffin,
mummy,
LO
below.
much
well
as
the
as
">3
scription, the only legible part of
The ;
hand was clenched,
left
the arms were crossed on
and along the
humerus was
left
much decayed
too
be
to
a block base of an Osiride
Upon
and a decayed canopic box. m.)
long:
this
was not quite
was unclosed, and it
ems too small to belong to a youth of normal
On
the
wooden
the
inside
coffin,
sarcophagus, was the inscription of Heru-maakheru. given in
The
pi. lxxiii.
linen wrappings
of the
mummy
pitch;
the arms were crossed on the
were
and covered with
thick,
right hand was open, the
left
breast;
baud clenched
on a bulbous root.
(in
hawk
the
another
of
a
of Ta-se-nekht coffin
(I
while
mode]
B
between
coffin,
with
Around
its
inscription
given
is
in in-
given
was a diagonal rows of
five
ments of funeral furniture,
many
other frag-
those already
like
but so completely eaten by white
;
examined or pre-
ants that they could not be served.
The sarcophagus E had its stone lid propped up with a course of bricks this was evidently ;
done
in
burial,
order to open
but
it
An
32.
it
next
easily for the
was found empty and unused.
important class of tombs
at
Abydos
are the large subterranean vaults, with a super-
These were restored by
structure above them.
Mariette
as
brick
domed chamber
pyramids with
and
;
into a familiar item
a
central
his restoration has passed in
attributed these to the
later books.
He
XYIIIth Dynasty.
also
But
apparently both this restoration and this date are wrong.
pi.
plan).
superstructure
is
place,
was
this class
Lxxx,
on
pi.
Gr.
50
:
lxxix,
is
shown
in
1.
In the
this sloping outside ever carried
a point, as a pyramid?
If it
plan
and a view of the first
up
to
had been of such
genii
a form, an immense mass of broken brickwork
Portions
would have resulted from the collapse of the Yet in no case was any fallen mass pyramid.
of
sides.
also in
which
horizontal
these sarcophagi were
and section on
and C was
figures
wooden canopic box were the
in
mummy
in
(3
7,
green squares and one blue square alternately.
at
;
placed on each corner, and a jackal
top;
holding knives, painted on
bearing
network of beads,
—
side
inside bore an
coffin
the
A typical tomb of
The sarcophagus C is that the foot of it was a model with a
On
in pi. lxxiii.
described that of Heru-maa-kheru;
there was no trace of the third molars, but
the
lxxiv, 4
live
(1.346
stature.
The wooden
;
alternately
adult, as the basilar suture
s<
and on the other
pi.
sarcophagus lay a mummified body, only in.
The sarcophagus D is that of Mert-tefnut. By the foot of it was a block base of an Osiride
The colours were
3,
beads at
the junctions.
plan).
coffin, pi. lxxiv,
ball
canopic box figured in
The sarcophagus B the head of which was placed the model
the
and green alternately, with yellow
in diagonal squares covered
is
statuette,
stripes of black
in vertical
and
;
a diagonal
was the white painted
opened.
at
mummy was
the
at the top,
of papyrus,
a roll
network of beads,
always spelt Tay-nekht,
is
Upon
of the tomb, next to B,
hand open
breast
which the name
20 squares wide
across the body.
the
in
see pi. lxxiii.
with an inscription
coffin,
Beneath the cartonnage, a
squares of green and one of blue, in stripes
the right
was a wooden
coffin
Inside the stone
statuette (7 in the plan)
could be preserved.
the
of this,
of
(named there Ta-sen-meht).
rotted that nothing
so
network of beads
foot-piece a figure
I.
pi.
found, Lxxiii
of brick- found
by us within the outer wall;
THE CEMETERY and the space
lid
ween the wall
was always
sides
lower than the walls themselves, which could not be the case
if a
tomb.
the
accumulation of broken
Further,
the
in
instance
50 a
'i.
The
uear the surface,
when constructing
sides, to
hack over the tomb.
This gravel had covered
over the surrounding wall and served
it:
and
perfectly
7
wall was finished on quite level
all
though sloping smoothly outside,
rough on the
pre-
could thus he seen thai
it
The only
inside.
clusion from the facts
the
round; and
was
it
left
con-
possible
that the surrounding
is
wall was that of a mastaba above the tomb, to
exactly Zet.
as,
long before, over the tomb of king
The whole
pyramids then
is
every one that
XXXth
we
Dynasty;
excavated, was of about (he
hence
them to the earlier ages is The photograph, lxxix, along one side of the
the
attribution
inside of
Avail, is
of
taken looking
10, is
mastaba,
sloping
the
vertical.
the lower part of the
replaced at the corner by overhanging
each
courses,
beyond
projecting
below, until the square base
by a circular
top.
is
the
course
replaced inside
The purpose
stone sarcophagus had
a
brick recesses A,
another doorway
that,
in
chamber over twenty wide, and fourteen and a
feet long, nine
feet
half feet high.
A
to the sarcophagus at the bottom.
We now
33.
turn to the contents of the
XXXth
tombs of the
50,
was
extensive
and
G.
chamber was
most
important,
tin;
undisturbed.
when
as,
Avail;
of this
was
to
open.
This sand
The construction of some other tombs may 68 be also noted. The great arched tomb (_!.
far as
Only one chamber was observed is
square at
the
second chamber.
I ;
have seen.
but the mass
top, obviously to
contain a
The ancient plunderers had
not tried to reach the doorway, hut had sunk a shaft top,
of
down through
and
so
arching.
revealed
The
the outer wall from the
tomb
successive
only
av;is
The sarcophagus
mummy
contained only a plain
ment or amulets. The sarcophagus B was containing the
mummy
no inner Avooden
coffin,
wrappings,
lay
a
(he
courses
contained
an
as
without orna-
There was
of Zedher.
but only
a
wooden
pi. lxxviii.
tray
the breast, outside of
by base
the
at
left
pottery
glazed
of
set
shown on the
\
the most important,
Upon
beneath the body.
figure-shaped
the
entirely covered
sarcophagi in this chamber.
Avife,
unique, so
;i-
the
the sand
amulets, the plan of which Avas noted
is
of
west
Tin'
perhaps to prevent
arch,
crushing of the
The tomb
with clean sand up to the
idled
the
spring of
Dynasty.
pressure of the gravel tilling should not bulge
lxxx)
down
slope of brickwork led
the
(pi.
the
hold the funeral furniture.
strengthen the wall at the corners, so that the
it
been
built at
li,
removed, the arch crushed down and collapsed.
impossible.
measuring rod set up at the side being straight
in
chaml
leads into a grand vaulted
being:
these tombs,
to
two vaulted
descending the steps
impossible. in
was very difFerenl
tomb Gr. 58 contains the larg chamber that we found. A wide well-pit leads through a doorway to an arched chamber; and
Zedher,
burials
in
line
restoration of these tombs as
The age of the
The
The
a mass of gravel covering the tomb;
retain
and
;
til
Between
any other. placed
was thrown
tomb G.
small
great mass of gravel, which had been dug out the chambers,
mummies, thrown
from other tombs.
mass of bricks, some thirty
or forty feet high, had been disintegrated above
',7
G.
my of
The order was evidently confused figures
having
by some parts of the
strings
-I'
been turned over
laying
them down: and
they
may he
in
pretty
safely
restored
order shown on the right hand. wrappings there was another set
made
of various stones, the actual
which of
i>l.
[
very fully noted, as on the
lxxviii; here again
strings
some
had been twisted over
to
the
Within the of
amulets,
positions of lefl
ai
top
of the row- or
in placing
them,
ABYDOS
38
the
The materials
right.
haematite faience
black limestone
(f),
brown limestone (br. glass (g), and carnclian
among
lay
lazuli
(b.L),
porphyry
1.),
A
(c).
(p),
lxxix, which
Ixxvi,
pi.
and
(o),
inscriptions
(z),
destroyed by white ants.
red
it
which
has no personal
name
on
5
fig.
the
;
example with the name Zedher, born of the
Uza an
lady
and
Hem),
(?TJza
lxxix,
pi.
pi.
was found
3,
lxxvii, G. 50 c,
in sarcophagus
wife of
Zedher, contained an outer wooden case, with
Beneath the head was the
bronze hypocephalus,
of Nebta-ahyt,
(1),
few ball beads
these, the intended place of
could not be fixed.
pi.
limestone
arc
beryl (b), obsidian
(h), steatite (s),
The sarcophagus D,
was probably as on
so that the original order
I.
('.
down
the
on
front
At
an Osiride wooden figure,
stucco,
all
the left side of
and inscribed
gilt,
;
containing a bundle of fibres of papyrus (apparently a cheap
wrapped
substitute
The inner
cloth.
in
document)
a
for
of Avood
coffin
had the wig painted blue, and the eyes inlaid with brittle
On
which
glass,
the
;
was eaten by white ants. was a cartonnage decoration,
on the face a head piece
;
and
rotted
entirely
coffin
mummy
the
gilded
was
;
on the breast
Outside of the sarcophagus at the head were
the deep collar, a pectoral, and the figure of
two boxes of ushabtis, shown
Nut with outspread
Avings
and the four genii
and on the
box
contained
198,
examples of these are the 1
was
a great quantity of
1)1.
1st,
Beneath
lxxix.
fi
(A
1 W- of
o n
Osiri-S
Te-me-^os.
e.
BLu.e. &La.ze
Co byber
Button F.P.
2
:
ABYDOS.
3
OSIRIS TEMPLE: BEADS,
WHORLS,
&c.
LI
Carnclian
If
Shells
I
I.
03
103
iai^5^^na[3MiitiEif fr;N^^iii H
P.
.
3: 8
ABYDOS.
S^J^TJS^TSr
ffitoA
CANOPIC BOX AND MODEL COFFIN OF MERTI-HERU.
*^Ti=
7Wlii-dfB4
LXX
1
1
ABYDOS. BOX OF TASENMEHT, G
N
INSCRIPTIONS ON COFFINS, XXVI DYN. MERTI-Ht.RU
57.
0/
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