ABydos_Vol_I_1902

PART

I.

1902

BY

FLINDERS PETRIE

W. M.

Hon. D.C.L., LL.D., Litt.D., Ph.D., F.R.S., Hon. P.S.A. (Scot.)

MEMBER OF THE IMPERIAL GERMAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE; CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY OF ANTHROPOLOGY, BERLIN; MEMBER OF THE ROMAN SOCIETY OF ANTHROPOLOGY MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY OF NORTHERN ANTIQUARIES; EDWARDS PROFESSOR OF EGYPTOLOGY, UiNlVERSlTY COLLEGE, LONDON. ;

With Chapter by A.

E.

WEIGALL

TWENTY-SECOND MEMOIR OF

THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND BY ORDER OF THE COMMITTEE

PUBLISI1ED

LONDON SOLD AT

The OFFICES OF

THE EGYPT EXPLOEATION FUND, and

5i»,

Temple Street, Boston,

;

1902

Great Russell Street,

W.C

Mass., U.S.A.

KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & CO., Paternoster QUARITCH, 15, Piccadilly, W. ASHER & CO., 13, Bedford and HENRY FROWDE, Amen Corner,

and by B.

37,

House, Cuaring Cross Road, W.C. Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

EC.

t

TEMENOS OF

ABYDOS.

OSIRIS.

HEADS OF AAHMES

I.

AND AMENHOTEP

FRONT.

I.

AAHMES.

\l

f 1

jff(eiinni)

*y i

M tN MU

I

tr

AAHMES.

ABYDOS PAET

I.

1902

BY

FLINDERS PETRIE

W. M.

Hon. D.C.L., LL.D., Litt.D., Ph. I)., F.R.S., Hon. P.S.A. (Scot.)

MEMBER OF THE IMPERIAL GERMAN ARCHAEOLOG HA INSTITUTE; CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY OF ANTHROPOLOGY, BEKLIN I.

;

MEMBER OF THE ROMAN SOCIETY OF ANTHROPOLOGY; MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY OF NORTHERN ANTIQUARIES; EDWARDS PROFESSOR OF EGYPTOLOGY, UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, LONDON.

With Chapter by A.

E.

WEIGALL

TWENTY-SECOND MEMOIR OF

THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE COMMITTEE

LONDON HOLD AT

The

OFFICES OF THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND, and

and by B.

KEGAN

59,

15,

Great Russell

Street,

W.O.

Temti.e Street, Boston, Mass., U.S.A.

TRUBNER & CO., 1'atkknostkb ASHER & CO., 18, BEDFORD W. Piccadilly, and HENRY PROWDB, Amen Cobsee,

PAUL, TRENCH,

QTJAR1TCH,

37,

;

1902

House, Charing Cross Road. \V .">.

showing the curvature

which they would produce. 21 being

for a

deep

ABYDOS

26

wide shallow dish the other grinders are placed in base view, showing the hollow or notch on each side by which they

cup and 34

for a

were held in a

;

stick so as to be

turned round.

I.

hippopotamus head, and a kneeling

found loose in the rubbish, and therefore undated

37.

sand and stone dust, evidently the refuse of the

stone,

grinding powder which was used with them.

38.

The all

levels of these

in

showed that they belong to

parts of the 1st Dynasty.

With

these

we

must connect the crescent flints (xxvi, 305 314), which were mostly found in a stratum of sand and stone dust, sloping between 80 and 50 level

;

from such association

it

is

clear that

they were used for the vase business, and as

preliminary

drills

they would be effective on

they are of the same class as the early

;

pottery figures from Koptos.

a layer of white

They were usually found

A

very rough squatting figure in lime-

found at the base of the town.

A

strange piece of a large object of red

marked

pottery, triangles 39.

A

torso

40. Pottery

upper one

is

These rough red pottery figures of a

of

human

a

figures fairly

corner of a space

of

figure

kine,

modelled

that

be

filled

in

rough

:

of

which the

they were found

case the space

hisrher

Dynasty.

with sand, which

the foundation

as a hollow,

35, 3G.

cut

at 55 level, about the age of Zet, in the S.E.

crescent flints have been at Beit Khallaf.

deeply

pottery.

have been

Dynasty

with

over

all

possibly part of an animal figure.

;

most of the stones that were worked. Their Similar age runs throughout the 1st Dynasty. found in the Illrd

were

leg,

of a building.

In

was probably dug down

and hence the town then,

may

level

about the end of

would

the

1st

-'7

'1IAITKI;

(

III.

THE OSIRIS TEMPLE. As we have

23.

The

already stated, the Osiris

by

inscriptions, as such, are dealt with

temple occupied but a small part of the great

Mr. Weigall

temenos which was later built around the

cerned more with the position and historical

The temple

XVIIIth Dynasty, which

of the

the lowest level yet cleared on this

around

close

thirty feet thick

massive

a

it

brick

site,

is

had

some

wall,

in the west side of

;

site.

which was

a great pylon of red granite, opening into the rest of the larger temenos.

necessarily

incomplete,

so

still

published this year of the site

the

:

principally consist of is

a square

building, of which nothing but foundations and

remain

loose blocks

the second part has

;

still

the lower few feet of the walls of two pillared halls

In the square building were blocks of the

— XXXth

and foundation Vlth Dynasties. deposits of the XVIIIth— XX The halls behind were built by Amenhotep I,

and

Dynasty.

Dynasties,

added

perhaps

it

XXVIth

the

Until is

the

site.

town

XXXtli

the

excavations

are

com-

discuss

the

exact

premature

history of the

that as the

great temenos are other

XlXth and

the

of

Dynasty. pleted

until

Outside of the whole temple block,

in the south of the

buildings

to

At

to

least

it

may

be said

of the earliest dynasties lies

just behind this temple

site, it is

probable that

the earliest temple stood there also

;

for a later

temple would not be built on town ruins, nor

would

it

be likely to abandon the primitive

sacred ground.

age in the temple ground, and

been

have

obtained

are

of

Amenhotep

I

:

all

the stones

re-used.

Mehtiemsaf

found in the foundation of the

(pi.

Tlxe

were

liv),

next to that

hall

they are of slight and rough

work, but show that some building was done

Vlth Dynasty,

in the

No

future.

more may be found

so

known, except

his

pyramid

;

in

king were yet

buildings of this

so

any further

results will be of value.

The three

and some chambers.

XVIIIth

—

blocks of Merenra,

or easternmost,

first,

The remains before the Xllth Dynasty are not numerous (see pis. liv -lvii), as the work has not yet reached the true level of that

they are

given in Mr. Garstang's El Arabah.

is

are con-

24.

that

not

we

meaning of the various sculptures.

the plans are

but a general surface view

;

The temple buildings two parts

As

chap, v; so here

in

pieces of large private steles, pi.

were found near together

From

site.

belong to

the work

is

from the

is

of a stele.

three steles is left,

left

The

;

is

These belong

to

two

if

that of a mother, a royal favourite

only such

royal

and the

known

name

first

is

not

Adu.

(pi. lv, 1), is

the IVth

in

seen

in

column gives

was hitherto unknown.

noble"; and

;

and unfortunately only one name

Dynasty

and other remains of him are extremely

The

the

;

from the upper right

The clay sealing of Shepses-kaf the

hand

left

of a stele

the bottom of the right side of a stele

the right hand piece

hand

liv,

temple

seems likely that they

the Vlth Dynasty.

upper piece lower

it

in the square

it

hawk name was

rare.

the third column,

his hi

name, which

It reads Shepses,

"the

gives a further proof that the

that of the king's ha, for as

AMY DOS

28

this

name is

name

ltd

is

Shepses, so the king's throne

Shepses-kaf, "his

is

k;i

is

the only instance of a personal

This

noble."

name derived

The Vth Dynasty of

a

The

known. limestone

represented by the lower seated

of Assa

figure

figures of this king are hitherto

stone

a

is

fawn-coloured

soft

and the upper part was originally

;

joined on

is

limestone

No

(pi. lv, 2).

by

tenons, the dowel holes of

which

The work

are seen on the upper surface.

and detailed, making us regret the

fine

of the

head and

merely the

The

body.

is

loss

inscription

is

The

name and throne name.

l-n

we

the block on the

left

columns do not 4 and

lv,

fit

may

5,

of the columns

an original

at

fit

the total height

pi. Ivi

below, 8-8 high;

inches wide at top,

1

the shaft 17-4 wide at

24 down, but dressed narrow just below the capital

give

to

it

some

remarkable that, even in the kinjr

is

named

projection.

as beloved of

The piece of column on the

Anher

The Xlth Dynasty opens with an important stele of Nekht, a son of King Antef (pis. lv, 8,

of these

two

only

quarters

of

is

of

style,

Most

I.

pieces of columns are taken

for the

Museum. Of the Xllth and XHIth Dynasty there

25.

it

of Theni.

and might be of a

another reign, perhaps of Usertesen

Cairo

is

Osiris,

in pi. Ivi

left

described.

different

a

It

temple of

this

rather

Unhappily

the

The dimen-

on the second.

sions of the capital are 18'

by

below

continued

Vlth Dynasty inscriptions have already been

lvii).

that

indicated at the top by the

is

parallel inscription

17-1

pieces of

excepting

together,

On

and

column,

first

The

site.

reasonably

joint in the stone.

from the hi name.

part

I.

many

remains

the

colossal

red

remain, which were found in the square temple

are

The stone is a coarse, soft, limestone, which was cut very thick in order to give it The signs are roughly cut, sufficient strength. and were coloured red. The figures are those of a king Antef and his son Nekht, before

granite statues of Usertesen I found by Mariette,

ruins.

whom

probably stood a figure of Anher or of

The temple of Antef is named, which we might call the Antefeum in Abydos. And Nekht is the follower of the royal son of the IL,/ Antef; so he must have been attached to The mention of the an elder brother's retinue. Osiris.

Hieg points

to this king being the first of the

striking

;

showing that the temple was greatly adorned

To

at this time.

the later part of the Xllth,

or to the XlLIth Dynasty,

the

head of a

(lv, 6, 7),

must be attributed

statue of red

colossal

granite

which was found with other fragments

beneath a mass of loose dust a south of the Kom es Sultan

little

in

the

to

temenos.

The and

slab of Usertesen

pi. lviii, is

shown

I,

of a form as yet

the photograph (9)

it is

in pi. lv, 9, 10,

unknown.

on the front and

but rough below

finished

titles.

with a projection downward along the back.

renewing the temple of of

Miu

at

columns of Ivi)

;

We

Koptos. fine

octagonal

pillar

narrow middle

in

ft.

wide.

many

pieces of

of the

Now Kom

— 5;

of the

same width, and of

found

3

(pis. lv.

ing in each direction from a central (pi. lviii)

off,

9 inches thick, 3

did that

and one architrave with cartouches read-

had been trimmed

about

sides,

Osiris, as lie

white limestone

the slab of Psertesen

is

;

as

on

but the edges

form a rough

so as to

later

aillch,

times,

and

only

a

strip of the face remains, so thai

not far from

deep back, and 4

a

What

depth backward

two strange grooves

holes in the lower block (10). ipiite

in

clenches their relation

the upper block (9) exactly

is

ft.

es Sultan, lay another block (LO),

the upper block. that the

It

also to the south

it,

which would just end clear of the projection

is

In

seen to be a thick slab,

Antefs, as the later kings use the usual royal

Antef V built largely at Abydos, probably

the

great

lit

in the front of

over the two

The lower block

rough and unfinished around the edges,

OSIRIS TEMPLE.

TIIK

and

was certainly

Hence

foundation.

been only a

The

upright, in <

the

>n

inscription

seem

of the

upper

flat

(he floor.

to have been for poles

which

Iviii),

(pi.

XHIth

to be of the

king

from

of

lines

three

their style

Thus

Dynasty.

with the ka

a pole,

the

above

"

pi.

lix

hotep; an as

name behind

a

and

it,

ankh, "living ka of the

lea

of a cartouche

completed

the base of

al

ae

Ea'sekhem'nefer'

unknown name, but

of the same type

there

is

emblem,

lea

it.

The fragment

of the step.

fronl

are

face

be

fco

head on

the description suten

set

was his

Behind the king

salt.

upper block must have

(lie

the line

unseen

an

in

9 inches high, on

step,

seem

holes

sunk

be

to

29

Dp-uat-em-saf.

Ea'sekhem'neferleJiau,

It

eartwuehe

however be a combined

surface of the step was always clear and hare.

might

The middle

line

Ra'hha'8eshes'Nefer'hotep, with a badly formed

side lines;

hut the space between the

13 inches,

is

upon

placing objects

to

The whole arrangement

know

poles,

is

it.

unlike anything that

this proves that the step was not built into

;

a

line,

but stood clear and apart, except at the

back edge.

The names

of the king in the later

inscriptions have all been carefully

out

but

;

Ave

hammered

can recoA'er Ka-sekhem, and in the

name three groups of different heights Horus name in three groups Avith n, is

personal the

:

almost useless to us owing to so

being knoAvn of this period. kings there are the Nos. of the Xlllth

No. 2

is

Dynasty

2,

examples

feAV

not

Sebekhotep

written out s.b.k. t.p. fit

;

I

I

and

equally well.

fit

the sizes of the

Nos. 15 tit

crocodile on shrine is

well I

if

hotep

unknoAvn might

The gods here honoured

are

TJp-uat of the south, TJp-uat of the north, and Osiris

Khentamenti.

are taken for the Cairo

in place before a part of

mastaba of about the Vllth

of a

front

still

in the

The inscription is shoAvn more fully The block with deeply cut inscription,

Dynasty. above.

next to

the

of

prince's

columns of another such

No.

1 is

and

Sebekhotep and

found

the

year in

last

I).

a piece of a limestone stele

from cemetery D, tomb 7b, found No. 2

seven

table,

the Xllth Dynasty cemetery. pi. lx,

a

of

inscription

official,

his Avife Nefert-uben, Avere

In

same

the

in

it,

The two-column

cemetery. uartit

found near

Avas

it,

inscribed on

year.

last

front of a

kneeling

behind the temple enclosure, near the statue of

II, Avould

but No. 74 Avhose name

cemetery G, lying

was found

Turin papyrus.

three groups in the personal name. 20,

at the left foot of the plate,

statue of soft limestone found in the temenos

in the

Avill

altar of offerings, outlined in small size

Of the possible 15, 20, 74 and 88

barred by the Horus name se-anlch-taui.

No. 88, Sebek-em-saf,

and

The

the

in temples elsewhere.

The ends of the large front inscription run round the sides of the block, bearing anhh zet ta

seshes, like sekhem.

not enough for passing, and the

wear must be due

Ave

worn than the

rather more

is

of

This block and

its

base

Museum.

In the halls at the back of the square temple were several blocks of black syenite, from a

is-

No. 3

Ptah-em-ua.

is

the

a part of a stele of lime-

from cemetery G, which bears the

stone

names

congruous No. 4

of

Araeny

a piece of limestone

is

temenos, of the Xlllth

in-

and

Sit-pepy.

stele

from the

Dynasty.

No. 5

is

a

fragment of a sandstone figure of a scribe Ab. Beside these

found lists

as

i

a

large

stele

of

limestone

behind the temple, giving long

was

family

connected Avith the queen Auhet-abu; but he copying of

must be

left

it

occupied so long a time,

it

over to appear next year.

large

XVIIIth Dynasty the important work was a huge hall, about 30

is

wide and 40 feet long, the roof of which Avas

It

gateway of Ramessu II. On one of them an inscription of Sebekhotep III, see pi. lix. is shallow in the cutting, and almost effaced

in parts

by the crumbling

of the stone, due to

26.

Of

the

first

feet

borne by six pillars; three chambers adjoined this

hall;

and another and larger

hall

to the

ABYDOS

30

north of hulls lie

The

may be

it

yet remain about 30 inches high,

walls

bearing the ends of some lines of inscription

around the doors

and

:

and chambers

in the hall

were several loose blocks of sculpture.

From lxii

—

we see that by Amenhotep

erected

pis.

buildings were

these

His personal name

I.

has been erased from the cartouches, but his

name

throne

Amenhotep there pi.

lxii)

is

the

to

Beside

Aahmes

a figure of

I (top

but only as deceased, since he wears

;

the menat like Osiris, while

Amenhotep

without that ornament.

living, is

above head of Aahmes, we at the top right

are like those

menat.

points

by Akhenaten.

done

being

erasure

which

intact,

is

hand of of

may

I,

then

Besides the

identify another

pi. lxiii

the features

;

Aahmes, and

wears the

it

has been back to back with a figure

It

of Osiris, as on the upper scene of pi. lxii. possible

of these

fits

were

blocks

list

and

It ap-

of offerings along the

base of the wall, 28 inches high

;

then groups

of the king offering to deities above that, about

42 high

;

and a second

groups yet

of

line

higher up, of the king and his ha about 36

high

;

or

altogether about

9

height

feet

of

sculpture, besides the plain footing to the wall.

In the

list

hand top

of offerings possibly the left

piece might agree better with the base piece if

transferred one

offering henek el

column farther

rw seems to end

Bahri (D. B.

pi. cxiii,

/

nebt at Dcir

but

;

fitted in

if

so

between

the blocks in the upper part here.

These blocks were mostly fresh with colour

when found

;

but, unhappily, an extraordinary

torrent of rain which all

fell,

washed away nearly

the surfaces, and destroyed

much

that several are

Tiny had been

all

now

the

stones so

not worth transport.

drawn, and the photographs

taken, before this damage.

The

largest

was a long architrave

may

with richly-coloured hieroglyphs, which

removed

to the Cairo

II in the

be

Museum. This, and most down by Aahmes

XXVIth

Dynasty, and buried for the

Many

foundations of his temple.

we have removed only bore

blocks that

usual figures, of

&c, and are not here published. One Tahutmes III, which was still in bright condition of colouring, was sent direct it measured 65 inches to the Boston Museum wide and 35 inches high. Another lintel, which was of the same width, was found broken up in Osiris,

large lintel of

;

shown on

several pieces, as it

is

of value

Tahutmes jointly

pis.

as

historically,

2

lxi,

At

together

one

at

the base of

be

time,

greater

part

Tahutmes the

Kom

regardless

was

titles

Amenhotep

II,

certainly of ;

broken seated

a

Another

of a goddess

the

figure

of

also found, to the south

of

Sultan.

es

is

titles.

from the

slabs

arm

of

work and portrait the not known elsewhere. The

of

III

part of the carved.

by is

it

two

but the sphinx

III

over

title

lxiv are

pi.

that with the

;

later,

Tahutmes

lxiv

and Tahutmes III were reigning

II

square temple

may

;

proves that

it

Hatshepsut, and each bearing the same

of

The slab on pi. lxi has Tahutmes III, delicately

slab

name

of

his sed festival, as

on

bears the ha

and names

the pillar published by Prisse.

Within the square mass of ruins were found

out, as the

lowest line)

must have been

a short piece

in

blocks of

III were found in the square mass of

temple ruins.

All

tried,

several were thus connected together.

pears that there was a

Tahutmes

of the rest, had been taken

the sculptures (Frontispiece, and

lxiv)

A great quantity of finely-scnlptured

These

rather later in date.

behind the square mass of temple ruins.

I.

two foundation deposits of Tahutmes pits full of sand,

showing that the

site

III

in

was not

dug out when the later temple was built. The deposit contained the usual pottery of that

all

time (see Koptos knives, adzes,

pi.

xiv),

and axes

and copper models of

(see pi. lxi, 5),

with an

alabaster vase inscribed, and a model shell of alabaster with traces of paint inscription. of the copper tools bear the

and probably

when

cleaned.

all will

name

Some

of the king,

be found to be inscribed

The plan and

position of the

THE OSIRIS TEMPLE. deposit

given

be

will

survey

the

in

next

(Ixv,

figures

Another deposit

was found, which only

pit

contained a green glazed

plaque, broken

with the name of Amenhotep

The

up,

and a

III,

stand of limestone of same king,

solid

pi, lxi, 3,

slab of inscription pi. lxi, 6,

is

The

his

figures

father,

Amid

injured

Messrs.

found

two

Maclver and

lm/rah,

the varied

head,

fig.

may

8,

be later

but

:

of finely-cut glass

fish, fig. 9, is

native tale

ruins over the early town

in

Amenhotep III. 27. The XlXth Dynasty has

all

sculptures, but not

any large quantity of build-

The

ing like the previous age. a limestone statue of an

—4

several

He

standing, and holding a statue of Osiris

His

cattle in the

represented nearly

were

offices

keeper of the

temple of Ramessu

II,

and royal

scribe of the divine offerings of all the gods

name was Amen-em-per- Ptah-em-

his full

Amen statue

in the temple,

Ptah

in the barque."

was found over a deep square

hole,

not yet cleared out, at the back of the inner

With

or

rather of his

in its walls,

Our

up from

inscribed

:

and scattered from

Among

blocks.

Ymamu, pis. Ixv, 1 and lxvi. Among the minor pieces on pl. 1

these was

fragment of the

Hora,

son

it

kneel-

The

rare.

is

rough

lxvi the trial

last

name

of

and the

:

Ramessu

I,

which

piece in the top line

is

a

flake of limestone, with the cartouche of

Ramessu

On

lea

his wife

;

piece with birds should be noticed

as

Un-nefer,

built

of the high official Khay, with

stele

another figure in soft limestone of the great

temple.

the

many

it,

of

of

had been

kinds of odd stones that were lying about

and contained

was

wall

enclosure

it

mentioned before, and the pieces of a great

life size,

him.

was that

Ptah-em-ua,

official is

it

the great stele of the family of queen Auhet-ab,

2

lxvii.

it

principal piece

pis. Ixv,

;

that

which were taken by the Mudir.

it,

interest in

left

is

found three pounds weight of gold ornaments

and, by the colour, not far from the time of

The

.

in

was a great tomb, uncovered forty years ago by the sebakhin, who

fig. 7, is

;

steatite

ua, "

pair of

red granite, of I'n-nefer and

in

published

is

wife

work it is highly finished, and seems it might be of the XVIIIth Dynasty.

the blue glass

before

The splendid

with a long genealogy,

years ago,

his

was found a stone building, of which the plan is given in pi. lxxx, "In Temenos." The

inlayed

and

of I'n-nefer and

1,

from some

The jasper head,

studied.

if

seated

Mace's volume El

-1.

by incrustations of lime, and has not yet been

is

10

!),

Thiy, surnamed Nefertari.

year.

as

31

II scrawled

pl. lxvii

wooden he

is

in

with a brush of ink.

the inscription of

Bay

is

on

a piece

furniture, probably not from a coffin,

not called maahheru.

Two

pieces of

black granite squatting figures of Unnefer are

here

one giving the

ing and holding a standing statue of Osiris,

copied

pi. Ixv, 8.

Sokari, which he had inherited, see Lieb. Diet.

In the later hall behind the square temple

was a squatting granite figure of the ubiquitous It was greatly 7. Un-nefer, see pi. Ixv, 5

—

crumbled by

salt,

and

was able

I

to

lift

off the

face in one block, the rest of the figure being

too

much broken up

back

is

the

to be removed.

inscription

naming

his

On

the

mother

Maatinuy, or Maa-anuy, and his wife Thiy (see

;

The two

905.

title

priest

of

inscriptions of Mentu-em-hat, the

great vizier of Taharqa, are roughly

hammered

upon natural blocks of limestone, which

are

lying loose in the floor of the valley leading to the

royal

visit,

tombs

and the

one appears to record his

;

other, with

maakheru, was pro-

bably placed in his memory.

28.

The square mass

of the temple of the

temenos wall, apparently turned out from the

XVIIIth Dynasty, was rebuilt by Aahmes II. He took down what remained of the previous

Nectanebo temple, was a granite group of two

work,

Lieblein,

Diet.

895).

While near the great

and

laid

it

in

his

foundations.

He

ABYDOS

32

enlarged the plan, but without caring to relay

proper foundations top

the

at

block

are

On one

III.

founda-

roughly cut,

cartouches

his

the

of

retaining-walls

foundation of Tahutines tion

on

so his stone walls rest

brick

the

of

;

528 inches from the inside of

S.W.

the

principal

monument

was a

of his time

monolith shrine of red granite, in the

great

Fig.

Osiris.

an unusual figure of Horus,

is

1

with the double feather of Amen.

Sekhet

3

fig.

;

the

is

mummified

in quartzite sandstone

The

life-size.

is

Republic

off

of this shrine have long

and carried away, leaving

only parts of the unmanageable top.

The main

is

found in

same

this

solely to

known

midion, bearing a large cartouche of Haa-ab-ra

Dynasty.

in

middle of each

the

flanked

side,

vulture of Nekheb and the uraeus of Uazit.

The smaller shows

piece of the

opposite

two

The two

a similar design.

evidently

sides

pieces placed upright at each side of the plate

belong to some other granite

work

;

or possibly

which may have been

to the sides of the shrine,

made during the joint reign of Haa-ab-ra and Aahmes. The form of the name, Aahmes son of Osiris, instead of Neit,

was evidently used

The upper thin

slab

in

is

very unusual, and

honour of

of limestone,

is

a

roughly carved, with

prayer to Osiris and Khentamenti for the seal bearer Heru, a son of Sit-Hathor. table of

offerings

is

a thick

with a deep tank in the lower dedicated by

Aahmes

and was placed

II,

later in the

block, It

half.

with his usual

was

titles

temple of Nectanebo,

south of the Osiris temple, whence

out on the west

The lower

limestone

it

was

cast

side, in the destruction of the

plate lxx arc other objects of the

Dynasty. a large

The bronze

figures,

1

—

3,

XXVIth

are part of

quantity which were found scattered on

the floor of the great hall, to the north of the hall of

Amenhotep.

the very

common,

Nearly

all

(fig.

6),

6

figs.

A

XXVIth

the

to

—

9,

were

square plaque

had been placed on the

top of the pit containing an undisturbed foundadeposit

tion

plaque

(fig.

Tahutines

of

A

III.

cartouche

and a square one, were placed

8),

But the

on the top of another such deposit.

group of small

objects, fig.

9,

the

alabaster,

fig.

7,

and a large number of plaques

and

8)

were found scattered loose

deposit

of these were

small, roughly-cast figures of

the

of

(figs.

6

in the sand,

XXVIth

Dynasty

building,

by the subsequent removal

disturbed

of the

stones.

These deposits show the continuance of the

XlXth Dynasty, which was

style of the

unknown

The

at so late a date.

hitherto

bulls' heads,

haunches, grains of corn, and flowers, are

we

all

Ramesseum, which

similar to the deposits of the

should not have expected after the different

style

known

Psamtck

place.

On

deposits,

found in various positions. of Haa-ab-ra,

of the

heads in basalt which are

as belonging

foundation

is

near together, having apparently been the main

this temple.

table of offerings, pi. lxix,

The

of the skull

very good, and

is

class as the fine

already

attribute

The modelling

bones

facial

piece has nearly half of two sides of the pyra-

by the

we must

temple,

Egyptian sources.

and

and as

;

entirely out of the question here, since

the

flat sides

Roman

influence, except that of the

us at Esneh, Thmuis, Nebesheh, and other late

since been broken

than

style could hardly be referred to

school of the late

portrait

that

4-5), larger

(figs.

nothing even of Ptolemaic times

The

is

Osiris.

usual style of such works, which are familiar to

temples.

Fig. 2

Near these bronzes was found a portrait head

any foreign

corner.

The

I.

green

in the deposits of Ta-usert, Siptah,

I,

and Aahmes.

glaze

carnelian,

for

green

small figures

;

the

The materials are

plaques,

felspsar,

and

and the same

8

(i,

glass

stones,

;

jasper, for

with

the iron,

copper, and silver, for the rectangular blocks.

No

gold was found.

The meaning

circular slab of alabaster

(fig.

7)

of the semi-

is

unknown

OSIRIS

THII

but

occurs also

it

Psamtek

To

the

the

in

deposits of Siptah,

wesl

sniilli

but within

the

the

of

temple of

a fragment of a cartouche ending

was found

of the foundation

is

«

>si ris,

temenos, stood another

great

temple, built apparently by Nectanebo

late style,

33

Greek

influences of

In the

art.

ma

square

temple ruin were found portions of four figures

&c.

I,

TEMI'I.i;.

in ka,

II,

as

of very

The retaining-wall

here.

over thirteen feet deep.

In

the west end of the south side there were two circular-beaded

one over the other,

recesses,

in

hard white limestone, two seated, and

These were

standing joined together.

among the

or less destroyed; but,

seated

figure 12,

more

all

ma

large

we recovered the greater

of chips,

two

part of the

and the upper half of om

the standing figures,

1

The

II.

.">,

figure

seated

has the delicate curves, the fine proportions, and the restrained

modelling, which

we know

besl

'

22

wide and deep

in.

58 to 102

in.

109 to 102 in

these

above the

in.

:

lower recess at

the

and

floor,

;

upper

at

There were no deposits found

recesses

;

the

upper one had been

plundered, the lower one was bricks

tin'

filled

with laid

but in the corner in front of the lower

recess lay the limestone mortar, cake of resin,

and

little

shown just

in

of

placpies fig.

11.

In

lazuli

the

and

camel ian,

south-east corner,

under a stone of the pavement, 40

below the top of the objects,

Avail,

in.

were found similar

along with a square of copper, and a

in

such sculpture as the torsos of

and other work of the XVIIIth Dynasty. standing

rendering of the face classical

the

reign

of

which preserves the traditions of the XVIIIth Dynasty almost unchanged, and shows no trace whatever of the surrounding Nectanebo

I,

which might

it

.

well

modern Egyptian peasant

The

girl.

present

illustrations are only to give a preliminary idea

of the

workmanship

pieces arc

now

;

but the whole of the

Museum,

in the Cairo

the figures are restored, a

date

under

full vit.il

have been copied from the best type of the

The most unexpected result of the year's work has been the discovery of a high style sculpture

has a

it

in the expression

them on a large

limestone

for while preserving the

;

Egyptian treatment,

and realism

The

by the masterly

us

attracts

figure

hemi-disc of alabaster.

of

-y hi,

of

one of

class

this

dedication

on

the

cartouches

scale,

the

seated of

of

and.

publication of

full

will be essential.

work

front

given

is

The by a

the

pedestal

which

bears

the

with

the

of

figures,

when

Nekht-hor-heb,

same refinement and delicacy

cut as

is

shown

the sculpture.

J>

of

in

ABYDOS

34

I.

CHAPTER

IV.

THE CEMETERY On

G.

which leads up to the Royal Tombs, a spur of

we removed her granite sarcophagus lid, now in Cairo. But the principal use of this region

the desert runs forward between the temenos

was from the XXVIth Dynasty

29.

the south side of the great valley

XlXth

of Osiris and the great temples of the

The whole

Dvnastv.

for

honeycombed with

large square pillared court of a few centuries

hill,

Those near the desert edge are so

tombs. together,

by

is

and have been

Mariette's

attempted to

so completely

close

wrecked

we have not do anything among them. But plunderers,

of the earliest of this group, contain-

ing five stone sarcophagi, was found beneath a

surface of this

about half a mile back,

One

age.

to the Ptolemaic

that

later,

G. 57 (see base of

lxxx).

pi.

The next

type of tomb was that with two arched chambers side

by

work

side,

beneath a low mastaba of brick-

50

(see G.

pi.

lxxx)

these also contain

;

opposite the old fort (the Shunet-ez-Zebib), and

stone sarcophagi, sometimes square, sometimes

further back, only a few of the tombs had been

shaped

modern

opened

in

During

our first winter here, several of

(See B. T.

times.

i,

pi. iii.)

them

were explored, and in the past season, we have opened up a good deal of the ground.

many

burials here belong to

The

different periods.

Small interments of the prehistoric times are

and the

frequently found near the surface; pottery,

and other

objects, also

occur mixed

with the earth thrown up in constructing later

A

tombs.

part

mastaba of the Vllth

of a

Dynasty has been already mentioned, see the at

altar

of the

base

of

pi.

lix.

Several

tomb-pits

Xlth Dynasty have been opened; they

are usually placed in pairs, one leading to the

chamber, the other, about half of the depth, probably

for

offerings;

deeper tombs of the

Other

like the body.

less

usual types

of this age are seen in G. 68 and 58.

Later

than these forms are wide square courts of brickwork, which were built

chambers

;

up with two stone

filled

these were evidently derived

from the form of G. 50, but were later than that as the sarcophagi are debased.

was modified to a court with the whole faced with

tomb G. 57

;

hewn

ornamental doorway tectural feature.

to

upper

breccia,

showed an

have been an archi-

These great brick courts

with stone work, have in ;

stone, as the

and, in another case, remains of a

Greek pediment front of

to pieces

This form

pillars of brick,

all

filled

cases been quarried

and they are now usually

full

of

broken mummies, dogs, and various organic rubbish

thrown

in

when

the

cemetery was

Xllth Dynasty have also furnished us with the

was cleaned up

alabaster vases and beads of that age.

times the tombs were crowded with bitumenized

In the

XVIIIth Dynasty older tombs were re-used,

in later times.

In the Ptolemaic

and a rich

and soon the system of deep and large tombs gave way to that of small chambers, only

burial with a silver pilgrim bottle, gold ring,

just below the surface, containing only one or

XlXth Dynasty a great tomb was made here for a priestess Klmumv, from which

two sarcophagi

for a burial of a child with vases,

kc.

In the:

bodies

;

in each.

These sarcophagi are

very neatly and boldly cut in soft limestone,

ill

with a plain wedge-shaped

hollowed out

inside

and shoulders.

Roman

the

or

and

outside;

curves,

in

CEMETERY

l:

drawings are from one side of

the

head

the

for

inner side of which

Aral)

base of the plate are Bgured

age

are

on

found

this

The

bodies

prehistoric tombs always contained

contracted,

the

in

usual

fragments

shallow large

circular

wavy-handled. later

though

pits,

tomb with over

position,

is left

was one

then'

of

thirty pottery jars, mostly

the

contents of the tombs of the Xlth

—

The

when they

Fragments of a

coffin,

The XVIIIth

G. 57 on

tombs of the

letters r

u and the plural

;

duplication of the

strokes, for the simple

is

baboon reading

zed,

and

probably an error

form of mer.

for the similar

though

The value rare,

is

of the

already

known.

On

name Ta-sen-meht, as copied by Mr. Weigall in a damaged passage, should pi. lxxiii

the

coffins,

be

will

it

but E had never

;

we

letters

be clearer

(c, i>)

Ta-se-nekht

For

also of Mert-tefnut

Nes-tefnut, which latter

The

A— E

refer to the

shall

A.

if

1!,

I

I

The

D.

'.

state

first

the letters prefixed

=

d) Zed-her

termination of hern; the variants of Ta-se-nekht

and Mehit-ta-se-nekht

marked

the

names

to the

which they are

in

mentioned.

in different versions

also the

sarco-

five

the earliest of the great

being those of the sarcophagi

(n)

Ta-khredet-en-Min

Mert-tefnut

On

pi.

Ta-se-nekht, as on

read

doubtless

lxxiv, No. 3 should read

and Nos. 4

—

We now

and B, the eye of Horus varying

with Mertiu-her;

is

by the

here,

genealogy;

(b, c)

of light on the true reading of such forms.

A

other

tin-

scpiare court,

tin'

later age.

lettered

account will

should be observed, as they throw a good deal

instance, in

for

Heru-maa-kheru

(b)

names

are

coffins

(c,

=

yellow for

contained a burial, and

;

(a, b) Mertiu-heru

these

"I'

the colours

tomb containing

lxxx,

pi.

seen,

to belong to

(a) Nes-her

and

below

which seems

=

style

grain showing;

line

large

phagi, found

XVIIIth or XlXth Dynasty, were found in the chamber of a later tomb. The name Ixxi) is apparently Tahutmes (see pi. unknown after the time of Ramessu II though certainly the style of the writing here, might well show a rather later date. The first and second

of these

The

31.

the

The variants

with the

are published next year.

(a) TJah-ab-ra

the

at

sides of a

had no prepared ground, hut

lias

the Nile gods, red

Dynasties, not having yet been drawn, will be

described

two

tin-

figures.

age.

prehistoric

drawing;

fifth

used are black for the inscriptions, green

All of these tombs belonged to

part

tin-

remarkabrj clear and delicate; the

is

brown wood

head south, face west; most of them were quite

the

the

is

corner-post of the coffin.

30.

long strip:

a

third and fourth are from a similar strip, on the

After these, no later burials of

hill.

the

G.

7

that

Heru-maakheru,

proceed to describe the details of

of Mertiu-heru.

was the base marked and a model coffin with 1

,

At

Sarcophagus head of

the

A it,

of an Osiride statuette, a jackal

turned upside down, see base of at 3

and C.

should read Mert-tefnut.

each of the burials, in order. is

B

upon

both

it,

pi. lxxii

;

and

was the canopic box figured on the same

plate (lxxii).

On

wooden

was

coffin

the breast and pi. lxxiii.

raising the stone

lid,

a large

seen inside, inscribed across

down

to the feet, as copied

On opening

the coffin, the

on

mummy

ABYDOS

36

was

covered with a cartonnage

seen,

on the

;

and blue headpiece, with ebony bcanl; on the neck a collar in bands with hawks' Leads at the top corners on the breast a head

a

gill

;

Nut with wings extended,

figure of

coloured,

and the four genii in gold on a blue ground, a

down

the corners;

i

and on the

inscribed;

The whole

Anubis.

wooden

the legs a gilded strip,

was

coffin,

mummy,

LO

below.

much

well

as

the

as

">3

scription, the only legible part of

The ;

hand was clenched,

left

the arms were crossed on

and along the

humerus was

left

much decayed

too

be

to

a block base of an Osiride

Upon

and a decayed canopic box. m.)

long:

this

was not quite

was unclosed, and it

ems too small to belong to a youth of normal

On

the

wooden

the

inside

coffin,

sarcophagus, was the inscription of Heru-maakheru. given in

The

pi. lxxiii.

linen wrappings

of the

mummy

pitch;

the arms were crossed on the

were

and covered with

thick,

right hand was open, the

left

breast;

baud clenched

on a bulbous root.

(in

hawk

the

another

of

a

of Ta-se-nekht coffin

(I

while

mode]

B

between

coffin,

with

Around

its

inscription

given

is

in in-

given

was a diagonal rows of

five

ments of funeral furniture,

many

other frag-

those already

like

but so completely eaten by white

;

examined or pre-

ants that they could not be served.

The sarcophagus E had its stone lid propped up with a course of bricks this was evidently ;

done

in

burial,

order to open

but

it

An

32.

it

next

easily for the

was found empty and unused.

important class of tombs

at

Abydos

are the large subterranean vaults, with a super-

These were restored by

structure above them.

Mariette

as

brick

domed chamber

pyramids with

and

;

into a familiar item

a

central

his restoration has passed in

attributed these to the

later books.

He

XYIIIth Dynasty.

also

But

apparently both this restoration and this date are wrong.

pi.

plan).

superstructure

is

place,

was

this class

Lxxx,

on

pi.

Gr.

50

:

lxxix,

is

shown

in

1.

In the

this sloping outside ever carried

a point, as a pyramid?

If it

plan

and a view of the first

up

to

had been of such

genii

a form, an immense mass of broken brickwork

Portions

would have resulted from the collapse of the Yet in no case was any fallen mass pyramid.

of

sides.

also in

which

horizontal

these sarcophagi were

and section on

and C was

figures

wooden canopic box were the

in

mummy

in

(3

7,

green squares and one blue square alternately.

at

;

placed on each corner, and a jackal

top;

holding knives, painted on

bearing

network of beads,

—

side

inside bore an

coffin

the

A typical tomb of

The sarcophagus C is that the foot of it was a model with a

On

in pi. lxxiii.

described that of Heru-maa-kheru;

there was no trace of the third molars, but

the

lxxiv, 4

live

(1.346

stature.

The wooden

;

alternately

adult, as the basilar suture

s<

and on the other

pi.

sarcophagus lay a mummified body, only in.

The sarcophagus D is that of Mert-tefnut. By the foot of it was a block base of an Osiride

The colours were

3,

beads at

the junctions.

plan).

coffin, pi. lxxiv,

ball

canopic box figured in

The sarcophagus B the head of which was placed the model

the

and green alternately, with yellow

in diagonal squares covered

is

statuette,

stripes of black

in vertical

and

;

a diagonal

was the white painted

opened.

at

mummy was

the

at the top,

of papyrus,

a roll

network of beads,

always spelt Tay-nekht,

is

Upon

of the tomb, next to B,

hand open

breast

which the name

20 squares wide

across the body.

the

in

see pi. lxxiii.

with an inscription

coffin,

Beneath the cartonnage, a

squares of green and one of blue, in stripes

the right

was a wooden

coffin

Inside the stone

statuette (7 in the plan)

could be preserved.

the

of this,

of

(named there Ta-sen-meht).

rotted that nothing

so

network of beads

foot-piece a figure

I.

pi.

found, Lxxiii

of brick- found

by us within the outer wall;

THE CEMETERY and the space

lid

ween the wall

was always

sides

lower than the walls themselves, which could not be the case

if a

tomb.

the

accumulation of broken

Further,

the

in

instance

50 a

'i.

The

uear the surface,

when constructing

sides, to

hack over the tomb.

This gravel had covered

over the surrounding wall and served

it:

and

perfectly

7

wall was finished on quite level

all

though sloping smoothly outside,

rough on the

pre-

could thus he seen thai

it

The only

inside.

clusion from the facts

the

round; and

was

it

left

con-

possible

that the surrounding

is

wall was that of a mastaba above the tomb, to

exactly Zet.

as,

long before, over the tomb of king

The whole

pyramids then

is

every one that

XXXth

we

Dynasty;

excavated, was of about (he

hence

them to the earlier ages is The photograph, lxxix, along one side of the

the

attribution

inside of

Avail, is

of

taken looking

10, is

mastaba,

sloping

the

vertical.

the lower part of the

replaced at the corner by overhanging

each

courses,

beyond

projecting

below, until the square base

by a circular

top.

is

the

course

replaced inside

The purpose

stone sarcophagus had

a

brick recesses A,

another doorway

that,

in

chamber over twenty wide, and fourteen and a

feet long, nine

feet

half feet high.

A

to the sarcophagus at the bottom.

We now

33.

turn to the contents of the

XXXth

tombs of the

50,

was

extensive

and

G.

chamber was

most

important,

tin;

undisturbed.

when

as,

Avail;

of this

was

to

open.

This sand

The construction of some other tombs may 68 be also noted. The great arched tomb (_!.

far as

Only one chamber was observed is

square at

the

second chamber.

I ;

have seen.

but the mass

top, obviously to

contain a

The ancient plunderers had

not tried to reach the doorway, hut had sunk a shaft top,

of

down through

and

so

arching.

revealed

The

the outer wall from the

tomb

successive

only

av;is

The sarcophagus

mummy

contained only a plain

ment or amulets. The sarcophagus B was containing the

mummy

no inner Avooden

coffin,

wrappings,

lay

a

(he

courses

contained

an

as

without orna-

There was

of Zedher.

but only

a

wooden

pi. lxxviii.

tray

the breast, outside of

by base

the

at

left

pottery

glazed

of

set

shown on the

\

the most important,

Upon

beneath the body.

figure-shaped

the

entirely covered

sarcophagi in this chamber.

Avife,

unique, so

;i-

the

the sand

amulets, the plan of which Avas noted

is

of

west

Tin'

perhaps to prevent

arch,

crushing of the

The tomb

with clean sand up to the

idled

the

spring of

Dynasty.

pressure of the gravel tilling should not bulge

lxxx)

down

slope of brickwork led

the

(pi.

the

hold the funeral furniture.

strengthen the wall at the corners, so that the

it

been

built at

li,

removed, the arch crushed down and collapsed.

impossible.

measuring rod set up at the side being straight

in

chaml

leads into a grand vaulted

being:

these tombs,

to

two vaulted

descending the steps

impossible. in

was very difFerenl

tomb Gr. 58 contains the larg chamber that we found. A wide well-pit leads through a doorway to an arched chamber; and

Zedher,

burials

in

line

restoration of these tombs as

The age of the

The

The

a mass of gravel covering the tomb;

retain

and

;

til

Between

any other. placed

was thrown

tomb G.

small

great mass of gravel, which had been dug out the chambers,

mummies, thrown

from other tombs.

mass of bricks, some thirty

or forty feet high, had been disintegrated above

',7

G.

my of

The order was evidently confused figures

having

by some parts of the

strings

-I'

been turned over

laying

them down: and

they

may he

in

pretty

safely

restored

order shown on the right hand. wrappings there was another set

made

of various stones, the actual

which of

i>l.

[

very fully noted, as on the

lxxviii; here again

strings

some

had been twisted over

to

the

Within the of

amulets,

positions of lefl

ai

top

of the row- or

in placing

them,

ABYDOS

38

the

The materials

right.

haematite faience

black limestone

(f),

brown limestone (br. glass (g), and carnclian

among

lay

lazuli

(b.L),

porphyry

1.),

A

(c).

(p),

lxxix, which

Ixxvi,

pi.

and

(o),

inscriptions

(z),

destroyed by white ants.

red

it

which

has no personal

name

on

5

fig.

the

;

example with the name Zedher, born of the

Uza an

lady

and

Hem),

(?TJza

lxxix,

pi.

pi.

was found

3,

lxxvii, G. 50 c,

in sarcophagus

wife of

Zedher, contained an outer wooden case, with

Beneath the head was the

bronze hypocephalus,

of Nebta-ahyt,

(1),

few ball beads

these, the intended place of

could not be fixed.

pi.

limestone

arc

beryl (b), obsidian

(h), steatite (s),

The sarcophagus D,

was probably as on

so that the original order

I.

('.

down

the

on

front

At

an Osiride wooden figure,

stucco,

all

the left side of

and inscribed

gilt,

;

containing a bundle of fibres of papyrus (apparently a cheap

wrapped

substitute

The inner

cloth.

in

document)

a

for

of Avood

coffin

had the wig painted blue, and the eyes inlaid with brittle

On

which

glass,

the

;

was eaten by white ants. was a cartonnage decoration,

on the face a head piece

;

and

rotted

entirely

coffin

mummy

the

gilded

was

;

on the breast

Outside of the sarcophagus at the head were

the deep collar, a pectoral, and the figure of

two boxes of ushabtis, shown

Nut with outspread

Avings

and the four genii

and on the

box

contained

198,

examples of these are the 1

was

a great quantity of

1)1.

1st,

Beneath

lxxix.

fi

(A

1 W- of

o n

Osiri-S

Te-me-^os.

e.

BLu.e. &La.ze

Co byber

Button F.P.

2

:

ABYDOS.

3

OSIRIS TEMPLE: BEADS,

WHORLS,

&c.

LI

Carnclian

If

Shells

I

I.

03

103

iai^5^^na[3MiitiEif fr;N^^iii H

P.

.

3: 8

ABYDOS.

S^J^TJS^TSr

ffitoA

CANOPIC BOX AND MODEL COFFIN OF MERTI-HERU.

*^Ti=

7Wlii-dfB4

LXX

1

1

ABYDOS. BOX OF TASENMEHT, G

N

INSCRIPTIONS ON COFFINS, XXVI DYN. MERTI-Ht.RU

57.

0/