Abc Na Pratica - Avamec
September 24, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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GDE
Giagdftnzgïåc c Dgsfgjg `g Enâ`eng Giagdftnzgïå
GDE @G
XTÇZNEG Ec`strun`jc Ginefr Ginefreefs pgrg g Ifnturg
XGVIG BCG@G DGTFNTC ZGQGTFU TF@GZG UNIQG JF GIKFNJG JCU UG@ZCU TCUNKFTF OCKFU TCEMG UZFIG AC@ZFU AFTTFTNG JG EV@MG ZGINZG ZGINZ G INKG IFKFU QFTÚ@NEG EGTJCRC XFUUCG JF EGTQGIMC QNEZCT JF EGTQGIMC UNIQFNTG UNIQFNTG _NINGK AFTTFNTG JG EV@MG
Kn`nstrc jf Fstgjc jg Fjuegïåc KNIZC@ TNDFNTC Uferftçrnc-Fxfeutnvc QNEZCT OCJC^ QFNOG Xrfsnjf`tf jg Eccrjf`gïåc jf Gpfrafnïcgkf`tc jf Xfsscgi jf @ëvfi Uupfrncr EIÇVJNG KG@UG@N WVFJG JF ZCIFJC
Eccrjf`gïåc jf Gpfrafnïcgkf`tc jf Xfsscg Xfsscgii jf @ëvfi EFRGT Uupfrncr EGTICU KCJFT@FI IF@VRRG ICTF@G IN@U JGKGUEF@C
Uferftçrnc jf Fjuegïåc Dçsneg KGVTC IVNR TGDFIC Uferftçrnc jf Giagdftnzgïåc Uferftçrnc EGTICU ATG@ENUEC JF XGVIG @GJGINK
Jngorgkgïåc G@G XGVIG GRRGK
Uferftgrng jf Giagdftnzgïåc Uferftgrng G@ZMC@^ ZG@@VU _TNOMZ EIÇVJNG JG UNIQG JG@NFI JC @GUENKF@ZC GUUNU ANIMC JG@NFI XTGJC KGEMGJC FJVGTJC AFJFTNRRN UGIIF@GQF AÇDNC JF DGTTCU ECTTFNG OCKFU ANIMC AFINXF UGICKÅC EGTJCUC ATG@ENUEG @FOTFNTCU UNIQG ONIJFZF JVZTG FKFTNEL NQC@F ECUZG JF CINQFNTG IVNR EIÇVJNC INKG ECUZG KG@CFIG QNIFIG GTGÒBC TFUF@JF KGTNG@G GIKFNJG JF AGTNG KGTNG FJVGTJG KG@UC KCUZGÏC KGVTËENC GIKFNJG XTGJC
Crog`nzgjcrfs G@G UVEF@G EGTICU ATG@ENUEC JF XGVIG @GJGINK Gutcrfs G@G UVEF@G G@G ANINXG UNIQG KGTNG BCUÎ BCU Î KGZG ETNUZN@G OGTTNJC Tfvnsåc tîe`neg f jf ec`tfòjc EGTICU ATG@UENUEC JF XGVIG @GJGINK AFINXF UGICKÅC EGTJCUC KGTNG FJVGTJG KG@UC KCUZGÏ KCUZGÏC C
Jgjcs N`tfr`genc`gns jf Egtgicogïåc `g Xudinegïåc (ENX) jf gecrjc eck NUDJ
G75:
GDE `g Xrçtneg2 Ec`strun`jc Ginefrefs pgrg g Ifnturg / G`g Uuef`g ... \ft gi.[ < crog`nzgjc pcr G`g Uuef`g, Egrics Arg`ensec jf Xguig @gjgink. ― Drgsëing 2 Kn`nstîrnc jg Fjuegïåc (KFE) < Eccrjf`gïåc jf Gpfrafnïcgkf`tc jf Xfsscgi jf `g @ëvfi Uupfrncr (Egpfs), 4847. 78= p. ― (Giagdftnzgïåc Dgsfgjg Enâ`eng - GDE) N`eiun ë`jnef. NUD@2 >?=-16-=?841-=6-6 7. Giagdftnzgïåc. 4. Ifnturg. 5. F`sn`c. :. Fserntg. 6. Gprf`jnzgofk. 1. Eckpftâ`engs prî-ifntcrgs f ifntcrgs. N. Uuef`g, G`g. NN. Univg, G`g Aninpg. NNN. Kgtg, K grng Bcsî. NQ. Ogrrnjc, Ernstn`g. Q. @gjgink, Egrics Arg`ensec jf Xguig. QN. Zëtuic. QNN. Uîrnf. EJJ 5?4.:7 EJV 5?4.:7
4847-75?=
Figdcrgjc pcr Qgo`fr Tcjciac jg Univg - ETD-=/>:78 Ë`jnef pgrg egtçicoc snstfkçtnec2
7. Giagdftnzgïåc 5?4.:7 4. Giagdftnzgïåc 5?4.:7
G`g Uuef`g • Egrics @gjgink Crog`nzgjcrfs
GDE `g Xrçtneg2 Ec`strun`jc Ginefrefs pgrg g Ifnturg
Ë@JNEF GDE `g Xrçtneg2 Ec`strun`jc Ginefrefs pgrg g Ifnturg @ctg jc Kn`nstrc jg Fjuegïåc jc Drgsni. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NQ Knitc` Tndfnrc, Kn`nstrc jf Fstgjc jg Fjuegïåc jc Drgsni
@ctg jg Xrfsnjf`tf jg Egpfs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . QN Eiçujng Kg`sg`n Wufjg jf Zcifjc, Eccrjf`gïåc jf Gpfrafnïcgkf`tc jf Xfsscgi jf @ëvfi Uupfrncr ‚ Xrfsnjf`tf jg Egpfs
Gprfsf`tgïåc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . QNNN Egrics Arg`ensec jf Xguig @gjgink, Uferftgrng jf Giagdftnzgïåc, Kn`nstîrnc jg Fjuegïåc jc Drgsni
Xrfaçenc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ]N Bcsî I. E E.. Qfrjgseg, Eccrj Eccrjf`gjc f`gjcrr jc Xrcor Xrcorgkg gkg @ @genc` genc`gi gi jjff Xrc Xrckcïåc kcïåc jc UUuefs uefssc sc FFsec secigr igr jc Kn`nstîrnc jg Fjuegïåc jf Xcrtuogi
N`trcjuïåc . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
G`g Uuef`g, Eccrjf`gjcrg Enf`tëeg jc Ef`trc jf N`vfstnogïåc f N`tfrvf`ïåc `g Ifnturg
G`g Aninpg Univg, Zfrgpfutg jg Agig f N`vfstnogjcrg `c EnnI
Ernstn`g Ogrrnjc, Zfrgpfutg jg Agig f N`vfstnogjcrg `c EnnI
Kgrng Bcsî Kgtg, Xrcafsscrg jc Kn`nstîrnc jf Fjuegïåc fk Kcdninjgjf `c EnnI
]Q
Xgrtf 72 Xrcorgkg jf Xrckcïåc jf Eckpftâ`engs Xrî-Ifntcrgs Gprfsf`tgïåc jg Kgsectf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
Mcrg jc Ig`emf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6
Kgsectf, Jç Inef`ïg3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
?
Tnkg, Inkg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
>
G Tnkgr Jfsecdrf c Zfu Zfu Xgr Xgr.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
77
G Qngofk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Fqunpfs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 N
Ë@JNEF Cuvf f Jfsecdrf c Uck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7? Qfbc, vfbc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7>
Çiduk jcs Uc`s . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 C Bcoc jc N`trusc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4: G Igogrtg jcs Uc`s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Onrg g Tciftg! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4= Wug`tcs-Wufrfs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 È Xfseg jf Uc`s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Dn`oc jf Uc`s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5: If`en`mc jf Uc`s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Jftftnvf jf Uc`s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5= Ecrrfnc jf Uc`s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :8 Wufdrg-egdfïg jf Uc`s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :4 Ecrrfnc jf Uc`s 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :: Ecrrnjg jf Uc`s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :1 Cpfrgïåc Qnrtugi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :> Kgns uk Uck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Xng`c jf Uc`s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
NN
Xgrtf 42 Xrcorgkg jf Xrckcïåc Xrfecef `gs Eckpftâ`engs jf Ifnturg
Gprfsf`tgïåc jg Kgsectf Kgsectf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Fu Ucu uk Uck! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6> Uck g Uck!. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Mcrg jc Ig`emf ‚ Ac`fkg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Qgrgi Qgrgi jf Iftrgs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Dn`oc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1? Jckn`õ jf Xgigvrgs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?8 Zrceg Uëigdgs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?5 Tciftg jf Xgigvrgs. Xgigvrgs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?6 C Bgrjnk jc @M-IM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?? Kgsectf pfic Ku`jc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?> C Dgò jf Xgigvrgs.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =7 On`çsnc jf Xgigvrgs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =5
NNN
@ctg jc Kn`nstrc jg Fjuegïåc Knitc` Tndfnrc Kn`nstrc jf Fstgjc jg Fjuegïåc jc Drgsni
Fk 4877, g Gegjfkng Drgsnifnrg jf Enâ`engs pudinecu c jceukf`tc Gprf`jnzgofk N`ag`tni2 ukg gdcrjgofk jg `furcenâ`eng, fec`ckng f psnecicong eco`ntnvg. G cdrg agz rfafrâ`eng g pgësfs quf kcjnegrgk sugs pciëtnegs pòdinegs pgrg g giagdftnzgïåc, eck dgsf `gs fvnjâ`engs enf`tëegs kgns rfef`tfs,, eckc N`oigtfrrg, Arg`ïg, Gustrçing, Nsrgfi f An`iä`jng. Fk ec`sfquâ`eng, fk tcjcs fssfs pgësfs, rfef`tfs f pgrtneuigrkf`tf fk Xcrtuogi, mcuvf uk prcorfssc sno`negtnvc `g gprf`jnzgofk jg ifnturg f jg fserntg. C eursc Giagdftnzgïåc Gia gdftnzgïåc Dgsfgjg `g Enâ`eng (GDE) eckpgrtnimg `c Drgsni fssgs fxpfrnâ`engs fxntcsgs, eck gpcnc jf rf`ckgjgs n`stntunïöfs pcrtuoufsgs. pcrtuoufsgs. G n`nengtnvg sckg-sf g cutrgs pgrefrngs n`tfr`genc`gns jc Kn`nstîrnc jg Fjuegïåc (KFE), eckc c ig`ïgkf`tc jc gpinegtnvc `ig`jâs OrgpmcOgkf `ig`jâs OrgpmcOgkf f f g gjfsåc gc Xrcorfss n` N`tfr`gtnc`gi Tfgjn`o Intfrgey (Xnris) (Xnris) f gc gc Zrf`js N` N`tfr`gtnc`gi Kgtmfkgtnes G`j Uenf`ef Utujy (Znkss). C eursc î ukg jgs nkpifkf`tgïöfs jg Xciëtneg @genc`gi jf Giagdftnzgïåc (X@G), n`stntuëjg pfic Jferftc `c >.?16, jf 487>. Eck fafntc, fk ec`sc`ä`eng eck c rfafrnjc `crkgtnvc, g egpgentgïåc au`jgsf fk fvnjâ`engs enf`tëegs, fk fspfengi jg Enâ`eng Eco`ntnvg jg Ifnturg, `gs vfrfjgs jf fxpfrnâ`engs dfk-suefjnjgs `genc`gns f fstrg`ofnrgs. Ofstgjc `c äkdntc jg Uferftgrng jf Giagdftnzgïåc, c GDE î ukg jgs jfz gïöfs jc prcorgkg Zfkpc jf Gprf`jfr f n`tforg c fnxc Acrkgïåc ec`tn`ugjg jf prcssnc`gns jg giagdftnzgïåc. Ifvg`jc fk ec`snjfrgïåc gs fxpfrnâ`engs jf Xcrtuogi, cs kgtfrngns ec`eningk tfcrng f prçtneg, f såc nkpcrtg`tfs n`strukf`tcs pgrg cs prcafsscrfs utninzgrfk fk sgig jf guig, cu tgkdîk, `c pfrëcjc jf nscigkf`tc scengi, fk f`sn`c rfkctc. @cs ec`tfòjcs jnspc`ndninzgjcs, cs prcafsscrfs f`ec`trgråc nkprfsen`jëvfi grtneuigïåc f`trf g
NQ
@ctg jc Kn`nstrc jg Fjuegïåc
prî-fsecig f c f`sn`c au`jgkf`tgi, ukg vfz quf, ec`acrkf gkpigkf`tf ec`scinjgjc `g intfrgturg enf`tëeg, prçtnegs jf intfrgeng fkfrof`tf ‚ eckc scdrf ec`senâ`eng ac`ciõoneg ‚ prckcvnjgs jurg`tf g prî-fsecig såc sno`negtnvcs prfjntcrfs jc suefssc `g giagdftnzgïåc acrkgi. Xcr ec`sfoun`tf, eck dgsf `c Fafntc Kgtfus7 , c suefssc n`nengi nkpgetg tcjg g trgbftõrng fsecigr jcs fstujg`tfs, `gs jnvfrsgs ftgpgs f `ëvfns fjuegenc`gns. Kgns gkpigkf`tf, g dcg acrkgïåc î n`strukf`tc jf supfrgïåc jf vui`frgdninjgjfs scengns f ec`jnïåc pgrg c fxfreëenc pif`c jg enjgjg`ng, c quf, ec`acrkf Tcofr Dfgrj, gaftg tcjg g fec`ckng `genc`gi. Xcrtg`tc, kgns ukg vfz, c KFE gtug g k jf fifvgr g quginjgjf jg giagdftnzgïåc `c Drgsni f vgicrnzgr cs jcef`tfs jc f`sn`c au`jgkf`tgi f jg fjuegïåc n`ag`tni. Jfssg acrkg, `c n`tfrfssf pòdinec jf eckdgtfr c g`giagdftnskc gdsciutc f au`enc`gi, a u`enc`gi, `cs tfrkcs jg Egrtg Kgo`g, euitn euitnvg-sf, vg-sf, eck gs erng`ïgs, c jfsf`vcivnkf`tc jf tcjg g @gïåc.
Drgsëing, 4= jf gdrni jf 4847.
KNIZC@ TNDFNTC Kn`nstrc jg Fjuegïåc jc Drgsni
7 Gs erng`ïgs quf gjqunrfk jfsjf efjc mgdninjgjfs au`jgkf`tgns pgrg g giagdftnzgïåc tâk kgns suefssc `c prcefssc jf gprf`jnzgofk jg ifnturg f jg fserntg f `g vnjg fsecigr jc quf gqufigs quf `åc gs gjqunrfk. Fssf af`úkf`c ecu ec`mfenjc `g intfrgturg fspfenginzgjg eckc Fafntc Kg tfus, fxprfssåc fxp rfssåc quf c enf` enf`tnst tnstgg Lfntm Utg`cvn Utg`cvnem em tckcu fkprfstgjc fkp rfstgjc jg j g scencicong, scenci cong, n`spnrgjc n` spnrgjc `g pgrçdcig pgr çdcig jcs tgif`tc t gif`tcss jc Fvg`ofimc Fvg`ofi mc jf Uåc Kgtfus. Kgtfus . (X@G Xciëtneg @genc`gi jf Giagdftnzgïåc/Uferftgrng Giagdftnzgïåc/Uferftgrng jf Giagdftnzgïåc. Drgsëing2 KFE, UFGIA, UFGIA, 487>.) 487>. )
Q
@ctg jg Xrfsnjf`tf EGXFU Eiçujng K Kg`sg`n g`sg`n Wufjg jf Zcifjc Xrfsnjf`tf jg EGXFU
C prfsf`tf kg`ugi agz pgrtf jc prcbftc GDE ― Giagdftnzgïåc Dgsfgjg `g Enâ`eng, arutc jf uk Gecrjc jf Eccpfrgïåc N`tfr`genc`gi efifdrgjc f`trf g Eccrjf`gïåc jf Gpfrafnïcgkf`tc jf Xfsscgi jf @ëvfi Uupfrncr (EGXFU), g Ageuijgjf jf Xsnecicong f jf Enâ`engs jg Fjuegïåc jg V`nvfrsnjgjf V`n vfrsnjgjf jc Xcrtc (AXEFVX), c N`stntutc Xcintîe`nec jc Xcrtc (NXX) f g V`nvfrsnjgjf Gdfrtg jf Xcrtuogi (VGd). Fssg nkpcrtg`tf pgrefrng tfk c cdbftnvc jf ec`trndunr pgrg g acrkgïåc ec`tn`ugjg jcs prcssnc`gns jg fjuegïåc drgsnifnrcs quf gtugk `g çrfg jf giagdftnzgïåc, sckg`jc-sf gcs vçrncs fsacrïcs quf tâk snjc f`vnjgjcs pfic Kn`nstîrnc jg Fjuegïåc (KFE) pgrg fifvgr g quginjgjf jcs prcefsscs jf giagdftnzgïåc `c Drgsni f, ec`sfquf`tfkf`tf, cs sfus rfsuitgjcs. rfsuitgjcs. G acrkgïåc jf jf prcafsscr prcafsscrfs fs tfk snjc uk jcs pnigrfs pnigrfs jg Xciëtneg @genc`gi @genc`gi jf Giagdftnzgïåc (X@G), n`stntuëjg pfic KFE pcr kfnc jc Jferftc >.?16/7>, g qugi jfstgeg f`trf sfus prn`eëpncs g au`jgkf`tgïåc jf prcorgkgs f gïöfs fk fvnjâ`engs prcvf`nf`tfs jgs enâ`engs eco`ntnvgs, dfk eckc g gjcïåc jf rfafrf`engns jf pciëtnegs pòdinegs fxntcsgs, `genc`gns f fstrg`ofnrgs, dgsfgjgs fk fvnjâ`engs enf`tëegs. Î `fssf ec`tfxtc quf g Egpfs, gc eckpiftgr ?8 g`cs jf gpcnc gc jfsf`vcivnkf`tc ec`të`uc ec`të`uc jc ec`mfenkf`tcc enf`tëec f tfe`ciõone ec`mfenkf`t tfe`ciõonecc `c Drgsni, f `g quginjgjf jf f`tnjgjf rrfspc`sçvfi fspc`sçvfi pcr sudsnjngr c KFE `g prckcïåc jf gtnvnjgjfs jf supcrtf è acrkgïåc jf jcef`tfs jg Fjuegïåc Dçsneg, tfk jfjnegjc, `cs òitnkcs jcns g`cs, fspfengi gtf`ïåc gcs prcssnc`gns jg fjuegïåc quf trgdgimgk eck giagdftnzgïåc, sfbg pfig n`sfrïåc jf in`mgs jnrfenc`gjgs g fssf pòdinec `cs prcorgkgs bç fxnstf`tfs, sfbg pfig prcpcsnïåc jf `cvgs gïöfs jf acrkgïåc, eckc pcr fxfkpic c Xrcbftc GDE quf crg gprfsf`tgkcs.
QN
@ctg jg EGXFU
Gs n`nengtnvgs n`nengtnvgs ackf`tgjgs pfig Egpf Egpfss `c äkdntc jjfstf fstf pr prcbftc cbftc ec`tfkpigk ec`tfkpigk c eursc c`in`f, qquf uf bç ec`t ec`tgg eck kgns jf 7?8 kni gia giagdft gdftnzgj nzgjcrfs crfs n`s n`sernt erntcs, cs, giîk jf prfvf prfvfrr, pgrg cs prõxnkcs prõxnk cs g`cs, g`c s, g njg jf prcafsscrfs drgsnifnrcs g Xcrtuogi pgrg rfginzgrfk uk eursc jf acrkgïåc a crkgïåc prfsf`engi, pgrg gprcau`jgkf`tc tfõrnec f prçtnec, gssukn`jc c eckprcknssc jf sf tcr`grfk kuitnpinegjcrfs kuitnpinegjcrfs jc ec`mfenkf`tc ec`mfenkf`tc fk sugs rfspfetnvgs rfjfs jf f`sn`c gc rftcr`grfk gc Drgsni. Gssnk, fspfrg-sf quf fstf rnec kgtfrngi, giîk jf su sudsnjngr dsnjngr jnrftgkf`tf jnrftgkf`tf c trgdgimc trgdgimc jcs prcssnc`gns quf gtugk `g çrfg jf giagdftnzgïåc, pcssg ec`trndunr tgkdîk pgrg quf cs snstfkgs fjuegenc`gns f sfus jnrnof`tfs prckcvgk prckcvgk gtnvnjgjfs jf acr acrkgïåc kgïåc jcs giagdftnzgjcrfs vn`euigjcs ès sugs rfjfs.
Xrca.ª Eiçujng Kg`sg`n Wufjg jf Zcifjc XTFUNJF@ZF JG EGXFU
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Gprfsf`tgïåc GDE `g Xrçtneg2 Ec`strun`jc Ec`strun` jc Ginefrefs pgrg g Ifnturg Egrics Arg`ensec jf Xguig @gjgink Uferftçrnc Uferft çrnc jf Giagdftnzgïåc jc Kn`nstîrnc jg Fjuegïåc Eccrjf`gjcr-Ofrgi Eccrjf`gjcr -Ofrgi jc Eursc GDE
Fk pgrefrng eck c Kn`nstîrnc jg Fjuegïåc jc Drgsni (KFE) f eck g Eccrjf`gïåc jf Gpfrafnïcgkf`tc jf Xfsscgi jf @ëvfi Uupfrncr (Egpfs), c Ef`trc jf N`vfstnogïåc f N`tfrvf`ïåc `g Ifnturg (EnnI) jc N`stntutc Xcintîe`nec jc Xcrtc snstfkgtnzcu, `c GDE `c GDE `g Xrçtneg2 Ec`strun`jc Ginefrefs pgrg g Ifnturg Ifnturg,, scd g eccrjf`gïåc jg Xrcafsscrg Jcutcrg G`g Uuef`g, jcns prcorgkgs prçtnecs jf n`tfrvf`ïåc pgrg giu`cs jc òitnkc g`c jg prî-fsecig f jc prnkfnrc g`c jc f`sn`c aau`jgkf`tgi. u`jgkf`tgi. Fk uk tctgi jf 5= gtnvnjgjfs, c kgtfrngi n`tforg ec`mfenkf`tcs gtuginzgjcs f vginjgjcs fkpnrnegkf`tf, eck sõinjg feçeng `c f`sn`c jg ifnturg, sfquf`engikf`tf fstruturgjcs fstruturgjcs f gjgptgjcs gc pcrtuouâs jc Drgsni. C cdbftnvc jfstg cdrg î prfpgrgr cs prcafsscrfs pgrg ogrg`tnr quf gs erng`ïgs trnimfk uk pfreursc jf suefssc `g gqunsnïåc jg ifnturg, fvntg`jc-sf f vntg`jc-sf jneuijgjfs jf gprf`jnzg gprf`jnzgofk ofk icoc `c n`ëenc jg trgbftõrng fsecigr, pcr kfnc jf fstrgtîongs jf n`tfrvf`ïåc prfecef. Gs gtnvnjgjfs sfoufk ukg iõoneg jf prcorfssåc orgjugi, pgrtn`jc jgqufigs vcitgjgs è ec`senâ`eng ac`ciõoneg, gtî emfogr gc f`sn`c fxpiëentc f snstfkçtnec tg`tc jgs rfigïöfs f`trf orgafkgs f ac`fkgs qug`tc jgs rforgs jc eõjnoc crtcorçec, pgrg quf cs giu`cs ec`snogk ifr eck gutc`ckng pgigvrgs snkpifs f eckpifxgs.
QNNN
Gprfsf`tgïåc
C prnkfnrc prcorgkg jf n`tfrvf`ïåc, Xrckcïåc jf eckpftâ`engs prî-ifntcr prî-ifntcrgs gs,, tfk eckc pòdinec-givc cs fstujg`tfs jc òitnkc g`c jg prî-fsecig. Jf kcjc ofrgi, sugs 46 gtnvnjgjfs såc jnrfenc`gjgs pgrg g ec`senâ`eng ac`ciõoneg, trgdgimg`jc prn`enpgikf`tf2 prn`enpgikf`tf2
- sfokf`tgïåc sniçdneg< - ec`senâ`eng fxpiëentg jg rnkg< - ec`senâ`eng fxpiëentg jc ac`fkg fk pcsnïåc n`nengi< - ffluâ`eng ac`âkneg< - njf`tnegïåc jc ac`fkg n`nengi< - sfokf`tgïåc ac`âkneg< - ec`tgofk ac`âkneg< - ausåc ac`âkneg< - gjnïåc ac`âkneg (k jg pgigvrg)< f - sudstntunïåc ac`âkneg. Fssgs eckpftâ`engs såc prfjntcrgs jc suefssc `g giagdftnzgïåc acrkgi, ec`acrkf pfsqunsgs enf`tëegs fvnjf`engk. Cs fstujcs jf Dc`j f Jylstrg (7>1?) f jf Indfrkg` ft gi. (7>1?) fståc `g crnofk jg `cïåc jf quf jfsf`vcivfr, `g prî-fsecig, g ec`senâ`eng ac`ciõoneg f g ec`senâ`eng ac`âkneg ec`trndun pgrg g gprf`jnzgofk gprf`jnzgof k jg ifnturg f jg fserntg (Lbfijsf` ft gi., 487>< Xacst ft gi., 487>, gpuj Icpfs, 4847). C sfou`jc prcorgkg jf n`tfrvf`ïåc, n`tfrvf`ïåc, Xrckcïåc jgs eckpftâ`engs ginefref è gprf`jnzgofk jg ifnturg f jg fserntg, fserntg, tfk eckc pòdinec-givc cs giu`cs jc prnkfnrc g`c jc f`sn`c au`jgkf`tgi. C cdbftnvc î prckcvfr, scdrftujc, g jfecjnegïåc. Kfjng`tf 75 gtnvnjgjfs prçtnegs, gs erng`ïgs gprf`jfk gs rfigïöfs f`trf orgafkgs f ac`fkgs, ac`fkgs, dfk eckc g jfecjnegïåc jfecjnegïåc giagdîtneg f crtcorçeg. Fk fspfengi, såc gdcrjgjgs2 - ifnturg jf pgigvrgs f psfujcpgigvrgs (EQ.EQ f EQ.EQ.EQ)< - ifnturg f fserntg jf pgigvrgs eck cs orgafkgs o rgafkgs eckpifxcs ’`m‛ f ’im‛< - ifnturg jf pgigvrgs eck orgafkgs eckpifxcs ’rr‛, ’ss‛, ’em‛< - ifnturg jf pgigvrgs eck orgafkgs ’s‛ f ’r‛ fk pcsnïåc n`tfrvceçineg< f - ifnturg f fserntg jf pgigvrgs eck ’rr‛ f ’r‛ fk pcsnïåc n`tfrvceçineg. Ec`snjfrg`jc jgjcs eciftgjcs `cs Fstgjcs V`njcs, Kgtmfs f Jf`tc` (4884) jfkc`strgrgk quf erng`ïgs quf `åc gprf`jfk g ifr gjfqugjgkf`tf `c prnkfnrc g`c jf fsecigrnjgjf tâk >8% jf emg`ef jf kg`tfrfk jneuijgjfs `c tfrefnrc f `c qugrtc g`c, f ?6% `cs g`cs sfoun`tfs. Cs gutcrfs cdsfrvgrgk
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Gprfsf`tgïåc
tgkdîk quf, n`fqunvcegjgkf`tf, n`fqunvcegjgkf`tf, g n`tfrvf`ïåc `cs g`cs n`nengns î fegz eck g kgncrng jgs erng`ïgs. Xcrtg`tc, cs jcns prcorgkgs jf n`tfrvf`ïåc ec`tfkpigk g ec`senâ`eng ac`âkneg ‚ gdgregjg pfig ec`senâ`eng ac`ciõoneg ‚ f g n`struïåc aú`neg snstfkçtneg, eckpc`f`tfs fssf`engns pgrg g giagdftnzgïåc prfvnstcs `g Xciëtneg @genc`gi jf Giagdftnzgïåc (X@G), n`stntuëjg pfic Jferftc `c >.?16, jf 487>, f fk jnvfrscs jceukf`tcs `genc`gns f fstrg`ofnrcs, fstrg`ofnrcs, eckc c @gtnc`gi Tfgjn`o Xg`fi. Kutugkf`tf eckpifkf`tgrfs, c GDE c GDE `g Xrçtneg2 Xrçtne g2 Ec`strun Ec`s trun`jc `jc Ginefrefs Ginef refs pgrg g Ifnturg Ifn turg f c Giag Giagdftn dftnzgïåc zgïåc Dgsfgjg `g Enâ`eng (GDE)2 Kg`ugi jc Eursc GDE såc kgtfrngns jf gitg quginjgjf, crog`nzgjcs eck cdbftnvc jf quf cs prcafsscrfs giagdftnzgjcrfs drgsnifnrcs tf`mgk fk kåcs ec`tfòjcs sõinjcs quf imfs ec`rgk sfourg`ïg fk sgig jf guig, tg`tc `g prî-fsecig, `c prfpgrc faftnvc jcs giu`cs pgrg g gia giagdftnzgïåc gdftnzgïåc,, qug`tc `c f`sn`c au`jgkf`tgi, a u`jgkf`tgi, `g ec`snstf`tf gprf`jnzgofk jg ifnturg f jg fserntg. Gorgjfïc g tcjcs cs prcssnc`gns f`vcivnjcs `fstg pudinegïåc, fspfengikf`tf ès Xrcafsscrgs G`g Uuef`g, G`g Aninpg Univg, Kgrng Bcsî Kgtg f Ernstn`g Ogrrnjc Ogrrnjc,, rfspc`sçvfns pfics pprcorgkgs rcorgkgs jf n`tfrvf`ïåc n`tfrvf`ïåc.. Fstnkc dck prcvfntc g tcjcs.
Drgsëing, 4= jf gdrni jf 4847.
EGTICU ATG@ENUEC JF XGVIG @GJGINK Uferftçrnc jf Giagdftnzgïåc jc Kn`nstîrnc jg Fjuegïåc Eccrjf`gjcr-Ofrgi jc Eursc GDE
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Xrfaçenc Bcss î I . E . Qf rj rjgg s e g Bc Eccrjf`gjcr jc Xrcorgkg @genc`gi jf Xrckcïåc jc Uuefssc Fsecigr jc Kn`nstîrnc jg Fjuegïå Fjuegïåcc jf Xcrtuogi
Wug`jc `cs jfdruïgkcs scdrf cs `ëvfns jf prcenâ`eng fk ifnturg f fserntg jcs giu`cs pcrtuoufsfs jc 4² g`c jf fsecigrnjgjf, tf`jc pcr rfafrâ`eng gs trâs òitnkgs prcvgs jf gafrnïåc jf Xcrtuouâs, gpfrefdfkc-`cs quf qugsf kftgjf jcs giu`cs quf rfginzgrgk gs prcvgs rfvficu jneuijgjfs cu `fk sfqufr ec`sfounu ”iceginzgr n`acrkgïåc fxpiëentg, n`tfrprftgr n`tfrprftgr f rfigenc`gr njfngs, g`ginsgr f gvgingr c ec`tfòjc f g in`ougofk jcs tfxtcs„. tfxtcs„. G sntugïåc î gn`jg kgns orgvcsg, supfrg`jc cs 668%, 8%, sf zfrkcs c kfskc kfskc fxfreëenc pgrg c jckë`nc jg fserntg gc `ëvfi `ë vfi jg ”rfjgïåc jf uk tfxtc crog`nzgjc f ecfsc, jg gpinegïåc jf rforgs jg pc`tugïåc f jg sn`tgxf, jg utninzgïåc jf vcegduiçrnc gjfqugjc f vgrngjc„ . G ttrng`ouigïåc rng`ouigïåc eck cutrgs ac`tfs jf jgjcs, `ckfgjgkf`tf cs rfsuitg`tfs jgs gvgingïöfs n`tfr`gs jcs prcafsscrfs jc 7² eneic jc f`sn`c dçsnec rfigtnvgkf`tf g egjg ukg jgs sugs turkgs `c `gi jc pfrëcjc iftn iftnvc, vc, kcstrg snknigrnjg snknigrnjgjfs jfs eck cs rfsuitgjcs g`tfrncrfs gc cdsfrvgr-sf quf sckf`tf jcns tfrïcs jcs giu`cs cdtâk `c `gi jc 7² g`c jf fsecigrnjgjf g kf`ïåc qugintgtnvg jf dck cu kuntc dck `g sug ië`oug kgtfr`g, Xcrtuouâs Xcrtuouâs,, `ëvfi jf prcenâ`eng jf gprf`jnzgofk quf `åc sf gkping `cs g`cs jf fsecigrnjgjf sfoun`tfs, sfoun`tfs, pfic ec`trçrnc, ec`trçrnc, tf`jf g`tfs g jnkn`unr pgrg vgicrfs prõxnkcs jf 18%. Xgrf Xgrfef-kf, ef-kf, gssnk, nkpcrtg`tf sudin`mgr g tf`jf`engi fstruturginjgjf jc jfsfkpf`mc jcs giu`cs g Xcrtuouâs gc ic`oc jcs qugtrc g`cs jf fsecigrnjgjf jc
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Xrfaçenc
7² eneic jc dçsnec, ukg vfz quf g quginjgjf jgs gprf`jnzgof`s gprf`jnzgof`s,, kfjnjg gtrgvîs jgs kf`ïöfs qugintgtnvgs jf dck cu kuntc dck, tf`jf g jferfsefr, gn`jg quf inofnrgkf`tf, è kfjnjg quf sf egkn`mg pgrg c `gi jc eneic. Zgi Zgi agtc suofrf c qufstnc`gkf`tc jg feçeng f fenâ`eng fjuegtnvgs jgs fstrgtîongs jf gïåc rfkfjngtnvg, fk jftrnkf`tc jf iõonegs jf gïåc prfvf`tnvg, quf jfsjf mç vçrncs g`cs tâk prfvgifenjc `g fsafrg jg crog`nzgïåc jgs rfspcstgs pfjgoõonegs f eurrneuigrfs pgrg cs orupcs jf giu`cs fk kgncr rnsec jf n`suefssc fsecigr. G kg`nafstgïåc prfecef jcs fafntcs jg jckn`ä`eng scengi f euiturgi `c jfsfkpf`mc gegjâknec jcs giu`cs ec`stntun, `fstf äkdntc, uk cutrc gspfetc jf prfceupgïåc prfceupgïåc,, kg`nafstg`jc-sf cs sfus fafntcs jfsjf cs prnkfnrcs g`cs jf fsecigrnjgjf fk vçrngs çrfgs eurrneuigrfs f tgkdîk `g çrfg eurrneuigr jc Xcrtuouâs. Fstujcs rfef`tfs, gn`jg quf jf egrçtfr fxpicrgtõrnc, rfginzgjcs fk Xcrtuogi eck knimgrfs jf turkgs jc 7² eneic, jåc au`jgkf`tc è mnpõtfsf jg fstruturginjgjf jfstfs fafntcs f pfrkntfk vfrnegr quf c egpntgi fsecigr f scencfec`úknec jgs agkëings a gkëings jcs giu`cs, kfjnjc gtrgvîs jgs vgrnçvfns ”pfref`tgofk jf kåfs eck f`sn`c supfrncr `g turkg„ f jg ”pfref`tgofk ”pfref`tgofk jf giu`cs `g turkg eck acrtf egrâ`eng fec`úkneg„, fkfrof rfeursnvgkf`tf eckc g prn`enpgi vgrnçvfi fxpinegtnvg jg quginjgjf jc jfsfkpf`mc fec`úkneg„, `c 7² eneic, scdrftujc fk Xcrtuouâs f fk Kgtfkçtneg, sf`jc c prfjntcr kgns rfifvg`tf `g jf`nïåc jg fstruturg mnfrçrquneg jg çrvcrf jf rforfssåc f jcs rfspfetnvcs pfrs jf jfsfkpf`mc gegjâknec gpurgjcs (Qfrjgseg, 487=, mttps2//jspgef.ufvcrg.pt/rjpe/mg`jif/787?:/4545>). Zcjgvng, pcr cutrc igjc, qug`jc sf n`trcjuz `g g`çinsf g ”quginjgjf jg gprf`jnzgofk fk Xcrtuouâs„, eckc mnpctîtneg vgrnçvfi fxpinegtnvg jg quginjgjf jc jfsfkpf`mc fk Kgtfkçtneg, cs rfsuitgjcs såc eigrcs2 g quginjgjf jf suefssc fk Xcrtuouâs nkpöf-sf eckc prnkfnrc prfjntcr f sõ jfpcns sf suefjfk cs prfjntcrf prfjntcrfss rfigenc`gjcs eck c ec`tfxtc scenceuiturgi jcs giu`cs, c quf î pcr sn sõ jfkc`strgtnvc jg nkpcrtä`eng quf ukg gprf`jnzgofk jg ifnturg f jg fserntg eck fifvgjg quginjgjf `cs jcns prnkfnrcs g`cs jf fsecigrnjgjf jfvf sfr gssuknjg eckc g prncrnjgjf fstrgtîoneg `fefssçrng jf pciëtneg fjuegtnvg `cs g`cs n`nengns jg fsecigrnjgjf cdrnogtõrng. Ginçs, tgns ec`eiusöf ec`eiusöfss jgrngk iuogr iuogr,, fk sfjf jf rfigtõrnc jf kc`ntcrgk kc`ntcrgkf`tc f`tc jc prcorgkg `genc`gi jf prckcïåc jc suefssc fsecigr, g rfeckf`jgïöfs quf, `fstf ec`tfxtc, `cs pgrfefk jf org`jf cpcrtu`njgjf f rfifvä`eng f quf vgifrç g pf`g gqun jfstgegr2 • geckpg`mgr c `ëvfi jjff ec`sfeuïåc ec`sfeuïåc jgs eckpftâ`eng eckpftâ`engss prî-ifntcrgs prî-ifntcrgs `g fjuegïåc prî-fsecigr prî-fsecigr f ifntcrgs `c 7.² eneic kcdninzg`jc ef`trcs jf acrkgïåc, ef`trcs jf n`vfstnogïåc f enâ`eng f rfeurscs gutçrqunecs gutçrqune cs gsscengjcs g n`nengtnvgs fspfeëegs `fstf äkdntc< • n`ef`tnvgr g n`tforgïåc jf fspfenginstgs fk ifntur ifnturgg f fse fserntg, rntg, jcef`tfs jcef`tfs cu tîe`necs, `gs fqunpfs kuitnjnsenpin`grfss jgs fsecigs f/cu jgs gutgrqungs tnjnsenpin`grf gutgrqungs,, eck c pgpfi jf nkpifkf`tgr gdcrjgof`s kuitn`ëvfi `g gprf`jnzgofk jgs eckpftâ`engs prî-ifntcrgs `g fjuegïåc prî-fsecigr f jg ifnturg `c 7.² eneic< • gprcau`jgr fstrgtîongs fstrgtîongs quf gdrgefk g kuitneu kuitneuiturginjgjf iturginjgjf f quf pfrkntgk rfspcstgs rfspcstgs n`eiusnvgs n`eiusnvgs f
]NN
Xrfaçenc
faftnvgs jf prckcïåc jc suefssc fjuegtnvc, f`egrg`jc g jnvfrsnjgjf jgs pcpuigïöfs fsecigrfs eckc cpcrtu`njgjf< • jnvuiogr, jnvuiogr, ackf`tgr f jnssfkn`g jnssfkn`grr g nkpif nkpifkf`tgïåc kf`tgïåc jjff prcorgkgs jf jf n`tfrvf`ïåc n`tfrvf`ïåc `gs çrfgs çrfgs jc XcrXcrtuouâs, Kgtfkçtneg f Enâ`engs Fxpfrnkf`tgns, Fxpfrnkf`tgns, f`trf cutrgs, eck fvnjâ`engs fkpërnegs `g kfimcrng jgs gprf`jnzgof`s jcs giu`cs f `c rfacrïc jc jfsf`vcivnkf`tc prcssnc`gi jcef`tf‛. jcef`tf‛. (Tfigtõrnc X@XUF 4871-487=, Uukçrnc Fxfeutnvc, p. 54, mttps2//p`psf.kn`-fjue.pt/fstujc4 ). Zfkcs `cïåc `cïåc jg acrtf gssnkftr gssnkftrng ng jcs ë`jnefs jf eec`senâ`eng c`senâ`eng ac`ciõoneg f ac`âkneg jgs erng`ïgs gcs sfns g`cs f, pcr cutrc igjc, quf fstg gssnkftrng î n`jnengjcrg jf pfreurscs jf prî-fsecigrnzgïåc eck gdcrjgof`s f fstrgtîongs jf gïåc fjuegtnvg `fstf f `cutrcs jckë`ncs `fk sfkprf suenf`tfkf`tf suenf`tfkf`tf fegzfs rfigtnvgkf`tf gc quf sfrng fxpfetçvfi `c qugjrc jgs crnf`tgïöfs eurrneuigrf eurrneuigrfss jg fjuegïåc prî-fsecigr, igr, `ckfgjgkf`tf, gc `ëvfi jg in`ougofk f ecku`negïåc crgi, jg ec`senâ`eng in`ouëstneg (ac`ciõoneg, jg pgigvrg f sn`tçtneg), jg au`enc`ginjgjf jg in`ougofk fserntg f sug utninzgïåc fk ec`tfxtc, jg njf`tnegïåc jf ec`vf`ïöfs jg fserntg, jc prgzfr f kctnvgïåc pgrg ifr f fserfvfr fserfvfr.. Cs kòitnpics f`sgncs jf gvgingïåc jf ifnturg fxpöfk argoninjgjfs jf eckpftâ`engs ifntcrgs fk kuntcs giu`cs f c rnsec gerfsenjc jf jneuijgjfs jf ifnturg `gs erng`ïgs jf `ëvfi scencfec`úknec dgnxc, tcr`g`jc nkpfrgtnvg g `fefssnjgjf jf n`tfrvnr prfecefkf`tf prfecefkf`tf `g supfrgïåc jfssgs jneuijgjfs f aagzf`jc gzf`jc jg ifnturg uk agtcr jf n`eiusåc. G n`tfrvf`ïåc prfecef `g prckcïåc jgs eckpftâ`e eckpftâ`engs ngs prî-ifntcrgs f ifntcrgs jfvf tfr cdbftnvcs gkdnencscs prfvf`n`jc jneuijgjfs jf gprf`jnzgofk jg ifnturg f jg fserntg eck dgsf `cs kgns acrtfs prfjntcrfs jf jneuijgjfs, jfsno`gjgkf`tf, g ec`senâ`eng ac`âkneg f c ec`mfenkf`tc jgs rfigïöfs iftrg-sck. Cs rfsuitgjcs jg n`tfrvf`ïåc EnnI, f`vcivf`jc kgns jf 4888 erng`ïgs fk fsecigs jc ku`neëpnc jc Xcrtc, Xcrtc, suofrfk quf fstfs såc eckpgtëvfns cu supfrncrfs gc vgicr erëtnec pgrg g sug njgjf, pc`tug`jc kgregjgkf`tf genkg `gs jnkf`söfs gvgingjgs eckpgrgtnvgkf`tf ès erng`ïgs quf `åc acrgk givc jg n`kgregjgkf`tf tfrvf`ïåc EnnI f fspfimg`jc tgns rfsuitgjcs dgsfs jf sustf`tgïåc pgrg cpïöfs fstrgtîonegs au`jgjgs `c ec`mfenkf`tc ec`mfenkf` tc enf`tëec gtugi, `g n`tfrvf`ïåc prfecef f snstfkçtneg `gs eckpftâ`engs njf`tnegjgs eckc prfjntcrfs prfjntcr fs jg gprf`jnzgofk jg ifnturg f jg fserntg f `g gpcstg fk fqunpfs kuitnjnsenpin`grfs fstçvfns. Tfspc`jfr f g`tfenpgr ec`trgrnfjgjfs ifvgrç cs snstfkgs fjuegtnvcs kgns ic`of `g quginjgjf jg fjuegïåc g prckcvfr pgrg tcjgs f egjg ukg jgs sugs erng`ïgs, qugnsqufr quf sfbgk cs ec`tfxtcs quf gs f`vcivfk. f`vcivfk. G rfginjgjf fjuegtnvg gtugi eeciceg-`cs ciceg-`cs `fstf äkdntc äkdntc org`jfs jfsgcs. jfsgcs. G mftfrcof`fnjgjf mftfrcof`fnjgjf jcs giu`cs î uk jfifs, quf `åc sf inkntg gcs giu`cs f gc sfu knercssnstfkg agkningr, kgs tgkdîk gcs kcjcs jf crog`nzgïåc jg fsecig f jgs turkgs, gefssndninjgjfs g rfeurscs tfe`ciõonecs f fqunpfkf`tcs euiturgns f g cutrgs sntugïöfs fxefpenc`gns rfigenc`gjg rfigenc`gjgss eck fspfenenjgj fspfenenjgjfs fs gjnenc`gns. @ukg fjuegïåc fk tfkpcs jf pg`jfkng gs pgigvrgs emgvf såc ”n`efrtfzg„, ”nkprfvnsndninjgjf„, ”ec`tn`oâ`eng„, jntg`jc `cvgs uroâ`engs f gitfr`gtnvgs, ef`çrncs mnpctîtnecs jf ofckftrng vgrnçvfi, tgtfg`jc f fxpfrnkf`tg`jc
]NNN
Xrfaçenc
egkn`mcs quf sf jfsfbgk fk jnrfïåc gc auturc. Agzfr jfstfs jfsgcs cpcrtu`njgjfs pgrg jfsf`vcivfr `cvgs gdcrjgof`s eurrneuigrfs f prçtnegs pfjgoõonegs f gtrgvîs jfigs kfimcrgr gs gprf`jnzgof`s jcs giu`cs f scdrftujc g quginjgjf jfssgs gprf`jnzgof`s ging`jc ec`mfenkf`tc, ec`mfenkf`tc, tfrrntcrnginzgïåc jgs pciëtnegs fjuegtnvgs f gïåc pòdineg n`erfkf`tgi agz pgrtf jg fssâ`eng jc prcorgkg jf acrkgïåc acr kgïåc ”Xrckcïåc jf eckpftâ`engs prî-ifntcrgs f jgs eckpftâ`engs ginefref è gprf`jnzgofk jg ifnturg f jg fserntg pgrg erng`ïgs agig`tfs jc pcrtuouâs„ g nkpifkf`tgr fk ec`tfxtc fsecigr eck fjuegjcrfs f prcafsscrfs `c Drgsni. C invrc jf gtnvnjgjfs quf gocrg sf fjntg, qugjrc jf rfafrâ`eng rfafrâ`eng jc prcorgkg jf acrkgïåc f n`tfrvf`ïåc, ec`stntun uk nkpcrtg`tf supcrtf tfõrnec, kftcjciõonec f prçtnec `c fkpcjfrgkf`tc eco`csentnvc enf`tëec f pfjgoõonec jf fjuegjcrfs f prcafsscrfs pgrg gvgingr, n`tfrvnr f kc`ntcrnzgr c jfsfkpf`mc jcs giu`cs, jfecrrf`jc g sug cpfrgenc`ginzgïåc fk ec`tfxtc jf fsecig gtrgvîs jf jcns prcorgkgs jf acrkgïåc jnrfenc`gjcs pgrg g prckcïåc jg ec`senâ`eng ac`ciõoneg f pgrg g prckcïåc jgs eckpftâ`engs ginefref `g gprf`jnzgofk jg ifnturg, eck c cdbftnvc jf prckcvfr c suefssc jfsjf c n`ëenc jg gprf`jnzgofk jg ifnturg f jf agzfr sudkfronr pfreurscs jf jneuijgj jneuijgjfs fs sf g erng`ïg fxpfrnkf`tgr suefssc gc n`ëenc jg gprf`jnzgofk. Ec`g`tfs `g feçeng fjuegtnvg jg kftcjcicong jf n`tfrvf`ïåc EnnI f `cs rfsuitgjcs ec`scinjgjcs jf en`ec g`cs jf fxpfrnkf`tgïåc eck knimgrfs jf giu`cs jf jnafrf`tfs ec`tfxtcs ec`tfxtcs,, jfnxc ukg pgigvrg jf gprfïc, afinentgïåc f n`ef`tnvc è jcutcrg G`g Uuef`g f è fqunpf jf n`vfstnogïåc quf eccrjf`g pfig org`jncsnjgjf jc jfsgc quf sf prcpöf gdrgïgr f ifvgr g egdc eck fjuegjcrfs f prcafsscrfs drgsnifnrcs.
78 jf jfzfkdrc jf 4848 Bcsîî I. E. Qfrjgseg Bcs Eccrjf`gjcr jc Xrcorgkg @genc`gi jf Xrckcïåc jc Uuefssc Fsecigr jc Kn`nstîrnc jg Fjuegïåc jf Xcrtuogi
]NQ
N`trcjuïåc G`g Uuef`g Eccrjf`gjcrg Enf`tëaneg jc Ef`trc jf N`vfstnogïåc f N`tfrvf`ïåc `g Ifnturg
G`g Aninpg Univg
Zfrgpfutg jg Agig f N`vfstnogjcrg `c EnnI
Ernstn`g Ogrrnjc Zfrgpfutg jg Agig f N`vfstnogjcrg `c EnnI
Kgrng Bcsî Kgtg Xrcafsscrg jc Kn`nstîrnc jf Fjuegïåc fk Kcdninjgjf `c EnnI
@c qugjrc jgs jneuijgjfs jf gprf`jnzgofk jg ifnturg g n`tfrvf`ïåc prfecef tfk uk cdbftnvc fspfengikf`tf gkdnencsc2 prfvf`nr quf g erng`ïg fxpfrnf`enf jneuijgjfs jf gprf`jnzgofk. Î g pgrtnr jfstf tnpc jf n`tfrvf`ïåc quf surof g fxprfssåc ’fk rnsec‛, eckc sn`ú`nkc jf fk rnsec jf fxpfrnf`engr jneuijgjfs jneuijgjfs jf gprf`jnz gprf`jnzgofk gofk jg ifnturg. G n`tfrvf`ïåc prf prfecef ecef ec`trgst ec`trgstgg eck c kcjfic jf n`tfrvf`ïåc trgjnenc`gi quf gougrjg g jfeigrgïåc n`fquëvceg jf uk jngo`õstnec pgrg acrkginzgr c sfu n`ëenc. C cdbftnvc jf prckcvfr c suefssc jfsjf c n`ëenc jg gprf`jnzgofk jg ifnturg dgsfng-sf `c ec`mfenkf`tc fvnjf`tf jf quf kuntcs pfreurscs jf jneuijgjfs jf gprf`jnzgofk pcjfk sfr fvntgjcs
]Q
N`trcjuïåc
sf g erng`ïg fxpfrnkf`tgr suefssc `c n`ëenc jg gprf`jnzgofk. Fstf acn c pc`tc jf pgrtnjg pgrg c jfsf`vcivnkf`tc jcs jcns prcorgkgs jf n`tfrvf`ïåc quf jftgimgkcs `fstg pudinegïåc, jnrfenc`gjcs pgrg g prckcïåc jg ec`senâ`eng ac`ciõoneg f pgrg g prckcïåc jgs eckpftâ`e eckpftâ`engs ngs ginefref `g gprf`jnzgofk jg ifnturg f`trf gs erng`ïgs quf gprf`jfk g ifr pcrtuouâs. Nkpcrtg sginf`tgr sginf`tgr quf `c quf rfspfntg è ië`oug pcrtuoufsg fsegssfng, `c tfrrf`c, tfrrf`c, g gjcïåc jc egpntgi jf ec`mfenkf`tc enf`tëec, sudsnstn`jc n`tfrvf`ïöfs gvuisgs sfk rfafrf`engi tfõrnec, g pgr eck n`tfrvf`ïöfs dgsfgjgs fk prcpcstgs quf fståc ic`of jf rfu`nr ec`sf`sc gc `ëvfi jg n`vfstnogïåc (p. fx., g utninzgïåc jf if`tfs prnskçtnegs). Xgrg pcjfrfk sfr fegzfs, gs fstrgtîongs jf n`tfrvf`ïåc jfvfk (n) dgsfgr-sf `g n`vfstnogïåc n` vfstnogïåc,, eck rfsuitgjcs eckprcvgjcs, eckprcvgjcs, (nn) sfr jfin`fgjgs tf`jc fk pgrtneuigr gtf`ïåc cs prcefsscs jf dgsf è gprf`jnzgofk jg ifnturg f (nnn) ( nnn) sfr jfin`fgjgs tf`jc fk pgrtneuigr gtf`ïåc gs egrgetfrëstnegs jg crtcorgg fk quf g erng`ïg gprf`jf g ifr f g fserfvfr. fserfvfr. C òitnkc pc`tc î tg`tc kgns nkpcrtg`tf qug`tc g kgncr pgrtf jgs prcpcstgs jf n`tfrvf`ïåc jnspc`ëvfns acn jfin`fgjg tf`jc eckc dgsf g crtcorgg n`oifsg, eck egrgetfrëstnegs kuntc jnvfrsgs jg crtcorgg pcrtuoufsg. Fk Xcrtuogi c Ef`trc jf N`vfstnogïåc f N`tfrvf`ïåc `g Ifnturg (EnnI) gpcstg, jfsjf 4876, `g n`tfrvf`ïåc `c Bgrjnk jf N`aä`eng (BN) gc `ëvfi jg prckcïåc jg ec`senâ`eng ac`ciõoneg, eck acrtf n`enjâ`eng scdrf g ec`senâ`eng ac`âkneg, eck gs erng`ïgs eck 6 g`cs. C cdbftnvc cdbftn vc î prfvf`nr pfreurscs jf n`suefssc prfecef `g gprf`jnzgofk jg ifnturg f jg fserntg. Xgrgifigkf`tf, gc n`ëenc jc 7.² g`c jf fsecigrnjgjf c EnnI gvging tcjgs gs erng`ïgs, eck c cdbftnvc jf njf`tnegr gqufigs ’fk rnsec‛ jf vnrfk g fxpfrnf`engr jneuijgjfs `g gprf`jnzgofk jg ifnturg. @cs egscs fk quf gs erng`ïgs såc sn`ginzgjgs eckc fk rnsec g n`tfrvf`ïåc EnnI prcic`og-sf pgrg c 7.² g`c. @cs rfstg`tfs egscs, g n`tfrvf`ïåc EnnI efssg gc `gi jc BN, f`trg`jc g erng`ïg `c 7.² g`c jf fsecigrnjgjf eck eckpftâ`engs prî-ifntcrgs gjfqugjgs g uk pfreursc jf suefssc fjuegtnvc. C nkpgetc jfstfs rfsuitgjcs gc `ëvfi jgs fstrgtîongs fjuegtnvgs î pctf`engikf`tf kuntc fifvgjc `c sf`tnjc fk quf gc prckcvfrkcs prfecefkf`tf g ec`senâ`eng ac`âkneg, pcjfkcs gvgingr tgkdîk prfecefkf`tf prfecef kf`tf (prfvngkf`tf è f`trgjg `c 7.² g`c) qugnsqufr jneuijgjfs g fstf `ëvfi. Fstç mcbf ec`scinjgjc quf c prfjntcr kgns rcdustc jc (n`)suefssc `g agsf a gsf n`nengi jg gprf`jnzgofk jg ifnturg î c ec`mfenkf`tc jgs rfigïöfs iftrg-sck, quf jfpf`jf jc jfsf`vcivnkf`tc jg ec`senâ`eng ac`âkneg (Iyytn`f`, 488=, U`cwin`o, 487:). Xcr Xcr cutrgs pgigvrgs, qug`jc g erng`ïg agimg `g gprf`jnzgof gprf`jnzgofk k jgs rfigïöfs iftrg-sck, g fstrgtîong g sfounr î g prckcïåc jg ec`senâ`eng ac`âkneg. Jc kfskc kcjc, sf gtî gc `gi jc BN `åc mcuvf prckcïåc jg ec`senâ`eng ac`âkneg fxpiëentg, g prcdgdninjgjf î kuntc fifvgjg jf quf g erng`ïg vf`mg g rfvfigr jneuijgjf `g eckprff`såc jgs rfigïöfs iftrg-sck, gssnk `åc pcjf`jc gvg`ïgr pgrg g fstrgtîong jf jfecjnegïåc f jfsf`vcivnkf`tc jc iîxnec crtcorçec. Nkpcrtg gn`jg gn`jg gssn`gigr gssn`gigr quf pgrg prckcvfr prckcvfr g ec`senâ`eng ec`senâ`eng fxpiëentg jc ac`fkg î fssf` fssf`engi engi trfn`gr trfn`gr gc `ëvfi jg u`njgjf ac`fkg, nstc î, `åc fxnstf fafntc jf ’of`frginzgïåc‛ f`trf u`njgjfs in`ouëstnegs. Jf
]QN
N`trcjuïåc
agtc, sf c trfn`c kftgin`ouëstnec `åc vgn giîk jg u`njgjf sniçdneg cu jg rnkg, c jfsfkpf`mc gc `ëvfi jg ec`senâ`eng ac`âkneg `åc scarf qugiqufr prcorfssåc. Gc `ëvfi jg prckcïåc jgs rfigïöfs iftrg-sck nkpcrtg gn`jg gtf`tgr è jnafrf`ïg jf rfsuitgjcs gc `ëvfi jg gprf`jnzgofk ec`scg`tf ec`scg`tf c kîtcjc aú`nec prnvnifonf cs `ckfs cu cs sc`s jgs iftrgs, rfspfetnvgkf`tf g fstrgtîong g`giëtneg g`giëtneg f g fstrgtîong sn`tîtneg. G prnkfnrg f`agtnzg c rfeursc gcs `ckfs jgs iftrgs iftrgs,, ec`snstn`jc g tgrfag jg erng`ïg fk g`ginsgr g pgigvrg `cs sfus sc`s ecrrfspc`jf`tfs, emfog`jc gc `ckf jf egjg iftrg. G sfou`jg f`agtnzg c rfeursc gcs sc`s jgs iftrgs, gprfsf`tgjcs gprfsf`tgjcs nscigjgkf`tf, ec`snstn`jc g tgrfag jg erng`ïg fk sn`tftnzgr fssfs kfskcs sc`s, gssnk emfog`jc è pgigvrg. Jfpf`jf`jc jg crtcorgg crtco rgg cs `ckfs jgs iftrgs rfprfsf`tgk kgns cu kf`cs fikf`tf cs sc`s rfsprfsf`tgjcs< `c egsc jf crtcorggs eckc c egstfimg`c c `ckf jgs iftrgs î uk guxningr çvfi pgrg gs tgrfags jf ifnturg f jf fserntg. Fk crtcorggs `åc tctgikf`tf trg`sp trg`spgrf`tfs, grf`tfs, eckc î c egsc jc pcrtuouâs, kuntcs `ckfs jf iftrgs `åc gpc`tgk jnrftgkf`tf pgrg tcjcs cs sc`s pcssëvfns, eckc î c egsc jg iftrg 9s0 (/Fs1/)< `gjg `c sfu `ckf gpc`tg pgrg cs sc`s /U/ cu /z/. Vk prcdifkg gjnenc`gi `g utninzgïåc jc `ckf jg iftrg fk vfz jc sck jg iftrg î quf g tgrfag jf ifnturg og`mg ukg egkgjg jf jneuijgjf gerfse gerfsenjg njg ― pcr fxfkpic g pgigvrg 9sci0 injg eckc /Fs12C2Fi1/. Gssnk, agz sf`tnjc sf`tnjc,, `g crtcorgg pcrtuoufsg, cptgr pfig fstrgtîong aú`neg sn`tîtneg. G prckcïåc jc prcefssc jf jfecjnegïåc jfvf n`nengikf`tf ef`trgr-sf fk pgigvrgs f psfujcpgigvrgs jf crtcorgg snkpifs f sõ `ukg agsf pcstfrncr gvg`ïgr pgrg g crtcorgg eckpifxg, rfspfetnvgkf`tf prckcvf`jc prckcvf`jc g jfecjnegïåc giagdîtneg f g jfecjnegïåc crtcorçeg. Giîk jg eckpifxnjgjf crtcorçeg, nkpcrtg gn`jg tfr fk gtf`ïåc g fstruturg sniçdneg f g fxtf`såc jgs pgigvrgs cu psfujcpgigvrgs g ifr pfig erng`ïg. @ukg agsf n`nengi, tf`jc fk gtf`ïåc quf c prcefssc jf jfecjnegïåc î if`tc f kuntc fxnof`tf, jfvfk sfr gjctgjgs pgigvrgs f psfujcpgigvrgs eck fstruturg sniçdneg snkpifs (Ec`scg`tf-Qcogi, EQ) f eck fxtf`såc sniçdneg rfjuznjg. @cs prcorgkgs jf n`tfrvf`ïåc jfsf`mgjcs fk n`oiâs fxnstf uk rfeursc kuntc acrtf a crtf gcs kc`cssëigdcs. Fk pcrtuouâs, fk rfsuitgjc jg rfjuznjg pfref`tgofk jf kc`cssëigdcs, tgi cpïåc `åc î pcssëvfi. G gitfr`gtnvg î c rfeursc g psfujcpgigvrgs kc`cssniçdnegs f g pgigvrgs jnssniçdnegs, fk gkdcs cs egscs gjctg`jc g fstruturg EQ. Ucdrf c rf rfeursc eursc g psfujcpgigvrgs `g n`tf n`tfrvf`ïåc rvf`ïåc jjnrnonjg nrnonjg è prckcïåc jg ifnt ifnturg urg f jg fserntg, fserntg, ukg ukg emgkgjg pgrg gs vg`tgof`s jnstn`tgs jc rfeursc ès pgigvrgs f ès psfujcpgigvrgs `c ec`tfxtc jg n`tfrvf`ïåc2 c rfeursc ès pgigvrgs prckcvf c jfsf`vcivnkf`tc jc iîxnec crtcorçec f î tf`jf`engikf`tf kgns kctnvgjcr f`qug`tc c rfeursc ès psfujcpgigvrgs prckcvf g ’ec`juïåc‛ pgrg ukg ifnturg eck dgsf `g jfecjnegïåc fk vfz jf tf`tgr gjnvn`mgr f agenintg g jnvfrsnegïåc jf ntf`s kc`cssniçdnecs `gs agsfs n`nengns jf n`tfrvf`ïåc. C rfeursc ès tgrfags jf ifnturg f jf fserntg jf pgigvrgs ec`trndun pgrg c jfsf`vcivnkf`tc jc iîxnec crtcorçec f rfspfetnvgs ec`fxöfs eck c iîxnec ac`ciõonec. Gn`jg, c agtcr kctnvgjcr jfstgs tgrfags î
]QNN
N`trcjuïåc
fspfengikf`tff fifvgjc `c sf`tnjc fk quf gpõs c fsacrïc jf jfecjnegïåc g erng`ïg ’rfec`mfef‛ fspfengikf`t ’rfec`mfef‛ c quf ifu, gssnk sf`jc egpgz jf fxtrgnr sno`negjc sno`negjc.. C rfeursc rfeursc ès tgrfags jf ifnturg f jf fsernt fserntgg jf psfujcpgigvrgs î uk guxëinc `g prfvf`ïåc jg ’gjnvn`mgïåc‛. C rfeursc g fstg fstrgtîong î tëpnec jg agsf n`nengi jg gprf`jnzgofk jg ifnturg f jcs ifntcrfs pcdrfs quf, jfspf`jf`jc uk fsacrïc fifvgjc `c prcefssc jf jfecjnegïåc, prceurgk, eck dgsf `g rfecjnegïåcc ac`ciõoneg pgrengi, gjnvn`mgr g pgigvrg, gssnk ’pcupg`jc rfecjnegïå ’pcupg`jc‛‛ c fsacrïc fsa crïc gjnenc`gi `fefssçrnc è jfecjnegïåc jgs rfstg`tfs iftrgs. Fstg fstrgtîong rfsuitg, `g kgncr pgrtf jcs egscs, `ukg ifnturg n`ecrrftg f fk jfskctnvgïåc ukg vfz quf g erng`ïg `fefssntg jf ’vcitgr gtrçs‛, rfn`neng`jc, jfsjf c n`ëenc, c prcefssc jf jfecjnegïåc. G n`struïåc è erng`ïg jf quf ’vgn ifr pgigvrgs fsqunsntgs, quf `åc fxnstfk‛ fvntg c rfeursc è gjvn`mgïåc, ’ec`juzn`jc‛ ’ec`juzn`jc‛ g erng`ïg `c sf`tnjc jf rfginzgr g tctginjgjf jgs ec`vfrsöfs orgafkg-ac`fkg, gssnk trfn`g`jc c prcefssc jf jfecjnegïåc. G sfou`jg vg`tgofk jg utninzgïåc jf psfujcpgigvrgs î jf `gturfzg prçtneg, gc `ëvfi jg sfifïåc jcs ntf`s g ifr f fserfvfr pfig erng`ïg. Eckc bç rfafrnjc,, fxnstfk pcuecs kc`cssëigdcs fk pcrtuouâs, kf`cs gn`jg sf `cs jftnvfrkcs `g fstruturg sniçrfafrnjc dneg EQ f eck crtcorgg snkpifs (p.fx., kc`cssëigdcs eckc 9pç0 cu 9iå0 tâk c n`ec`vf`nf`tf jf sfr crtcorgegkf`tf eckpifxcs). C rfeursc g psfujcpgigvrgs pfrkntf, `g agsf a gsf n`nengi jg n`tfrvf`ïåc, n`tfrvf`ïåc, kg`tfr c `ëvfi jf jfsgc kcjfrgjc gtrgvîs jg gprfsf`tgïåc jf ntf`s EQ eck crtcorgg crtco rgg snkpifs. @cs prcorgkgs quf gqun pgrtnimgkcs, gpcstgkcs fk ec`ef`trgr g n`tfrvf`ïåc gc `ëvfi jgs eckpftâ`engs kgns acrtfkf`tf gsscengjgs gc suefssc `g agsf n`nengi jg gprf`jnzgofk jg ifnturg, jfsf`vcivf`jc, pgrg g prckcïåc jf egjg eckpftâ`eng, kòitnpigs prcpcstgs jf gtnvnjgjf, g k jf pfrkntnr g rfpftnïåc f ec`sfquf`tf ec`sfquf`tf kfeg`nzgïåc jgs eckpftâ`eng eckpftâ`engs. s. Gpcstgkcs fk jf`nr f sfounr erntîrncs mckcoâ`fcs jf sfifïåc jcs fstëkuics g gprfsf`tgr ès erng`ïgs. An`gikf`tf, prceu prceurgkcs rgkcs quf g iujnenjgjf fstnvfssf prfsf`tf fk egjg gtnvnjgjf, prftf`jf`jc quf gs kfskgs sfbgk f`egrgjgs eckc uk bcoc. Cs jcns prcorgkgs acrgk jfsf`mgjcs pgrg sfrfk nkpifkf`tgjcs fk orupc, fk ec`tfxtc jf fsecig, pcr fjuegjcrfs f prcafsscrfs. C prnkfnrc prcorgkg, jfsno`gjc jf ”Xrckcïåc jf eckpftâ`engs prî-ifntcrgs prî-ifntcrgs - Xrcorgkg jf n`tfrvf`ïåc pgrg erng`ïgs agig`tfs jc pcrtuouâs„, acn jfsf`mgjc `ukg iõoneg jf n`tfrvf`ïåc jf prnkfnrc `ëvfi, pgrg tcjgs gs erng`ïgs `c òitnkc g`c jg fjuegïåc prî-fsecigr f î ec`stntuëjc pcr 46 gtnvnjgjfs fstruturgjgs fk tcr`c jf cdbftnvcs jf ec`senâ`eng ac`ciõoneg, eck fspfengi n`enjâ`eng n`enjâ`eng gc `ëvfi jg ec`senâ`eng ac`âkneg. C sfou`jc prcorgkg, n`tntuigjc ”Xrckcïåc jgs eckpftâ`engs ginefref è gprf`jnzgofk jg ifnturg f jg fserntg - Xrcorgkg jf n`tfrvf`ïåc pgrg erng`ïgs agig`tfs a gig`tfs jc pcrtuouâs„, acn jfsf`mgjc pgrg sfr gjctgjc eck erng`ïgs gc `ëvfi jc 7.² g`c jf fsecigrnjgjf f n`tforg 75 gtnvnjgjfs eubcs cdbftnvcs fståc rfigenc`gjcs eck cs ginefrefs jg ifnturg2 c prn`eëpnc giagdîtnec gia gdîtnec ― pgrg c quf såc prcpcstgs gtnvnjgjfs jf prckcïåc jg ec`senâ`eng ac`âkneg f jgs rfigïöfs iftrg-sck ― f c prcefssc jf jfecjnegïåc ― c`jf, jnstn`oun`jc g jf-
]QNNN
N`trcjuïåc
ecjnegïåc giagdîtneg f crtcorçeg, såc prcpcstgs gtnvnjgjfs jf ifnturg jf pgigvrgs f jf psfujcpgigvrgs nscigjgs. Vkg `ctg `ctg `gi pgrg fxp fxprfssgr rfssgr c `cssc f`tusngs f`tusngskc kc `fstf kckf`tc fk quf cs prcorgkgs jf n`tfrvf`ïåc quf jfsf`mgkcs f tfstgkcs fk Xcrtuogi sf f`egkn`mgk pgrg gtrgvfssgr c Gtiä`tnec. Î eck ctnknskc quf gdrgïgkcs c prcbftc jf, fk ec`bu`tc eck cs fjuegjcrfs f prcafsscrfs drgsnifnrcs, jnvuiogrkcs f egpgentgrkcs pgrg g gjcïåc jfstgs fstrgtîongs eck uk tåc nkpcrtg`tf ec`tn`of`tf jf erng`ïgs agig`tfs jc pcrtuouâs.
Xcrtc, 1 jf bg`fnrc jf 4847 G`g Uuef`g
Eccrjf`gjcrg Enf`tëeg jc Ef`trc jf N`vfstnogïåc f N`tfrvf`ïåc `g Ifnturg G`g Aninpg Univg Zfrgpfutg jg Agig f N`vfstnogjcrg `c EnnI Ernstn`g Ogrrnjc
Zfrgpfutg jg Agig f N`vfstnogjcrg `c EnnI Kgrng Bcsî Kgtg
Xrcafsscrg jc Kn`nstîrnc jf Fjuegïåc fk Kcdninjgjf `c EnnI
]N]
Xgrtf 7 Xrcorgkg jf Xrckcïåc jf Eckpftâ`engs Xrî-Ifntcrgs G`g Uuef`g • G`g Aninpg Univg • Kgrng Bcsî Kgtg • Ernstn`g Ogrrnjc
7
Gtnvnjgjf 7 Gprfsf`tgïåc jg Kgsectf Cdbftnvcs
Xrgokçtneg2 • Njf`tnegr f gjctgr gjctgr eckpcrtgkf`t eckpcrtgkf`tcs cs pgrg ’kfimcr cuvnr f kfimcr kfimcr ggprf`jfr‛ prf`jfr‛ • Eckprff`jfr f usg usgrr gs ec`vf`ïöfs scengns gefreg jg eec`vfrsgïåc/ecku c`vfrsgïåc/ecku`negïåc `negïåc (sgujgr, gorgjfefr, pfjnr jfseuipg f jfspfjnr-sf)
Ufkä`tneg2
• Eckprff`jfr f gpinegr vcegduiçrnc rfigenc`gjc eck rforgs
Jurgïåc :6 kn`utcs 46º2 Gprfsf`tgïåc jg Kgsectf (mnstõrng) 48º2 Gprfsf`tgïåc jgs erng`ïgs è Kgsectf
Kgtfrngi • Kgsectf • Mnstõrng jg Kgsectf • Instg eck `ckfs f rnkgs jgs erng`ïgs
Jfsernïåc jg Gtnvnjgjf Xrfpgrgïåc
• Tfginzgr ukg instg jf rnkgs eck c `ckf jgs erng`ïgs
4
Gprfsf`tgïåc jg Kgsectf (mnstõrng) Ec`tgr g mnstõrng/gpr mnstõrng/gprfsf`tgïåc2 fsf`tgïåc2
MNUZÕTNG JG KGUECZF Wufk scu fu, qufk fu scu3 Ucu c tfu gknoc quf gqun emfocu! C kfu `ckf eckfïg eck Usss f rnkg eck ’nec‛. Fu scu c tfu gknoc… EnnIgrnec! Ucu c EnnIgrnec, scu afinz g agigr Wufk qunsfr bu`tgr-sf g knk, eck cs sc`s pcjf drn`egr! ENi ENi-IG ENi-IG-TN ENi-IG-TN-EC Zf`mc jugs g`tf`gs, pgrg cs sc`s cuvnr dfk. F ukg dceg fu tf`mc, pgrg cs jnzfr tgkdîk! Zcjcs egk gjknrgjcs eck fstf kfu bfntc jf agigr. Zcjcs gemgk kuntg orgïg, pcrquf agic g rnkgr! Anegk jfsjf bç ec`vnjgjcs, pgrg `fstf bcoc f`trgr. Qgn sfr kuntc jnvfrtnjc eck gs pgigvrgs drn`egr!
5
Xfrou`tgr ès erng`ïgs eckc î c EnnIgrnec f c quf ocstg jf agzfr. Ec`vnjgr c EnnIgrnec g agzfr rnkgs eck c sfu `ckf. EnnIgrnec rnkg eck… EnnIgrnec, dgnigrnec, EnnIgrnec, kg`bfrnec, EnnIgrnec, rnec, dnec, EnnIgrnec, kgïgrnec.
Gprfsf`tgïåc jgs Erng`ïgs è Kgsectf Jfsggr c EnnIgrnec g agzfr rnkgs eck cs `ckfs jgs erng`ïgs. Xfjnr g ukg erng`ïg jf egjg vfz quf jnog c sfu `ckf f gtrndunr ukg rnkg. (Q (Qfr fr g instg prfvngkf`tf prfpgrgjg jf rnkgs eck cs `ckfs jgs erng`ïgs) Nkprnknr rntkc g egjg rnkg eck c `ckf jgs erng`ïgs.
:
Gtnvnjgjf 4 Mcrg jc Ig`emf Cdbftnvcs
Ec`senâ`eng Ac`ciõoneg • Ufokf`tgïåc sniçdneg
Jurgïåc :6 kn`utcs
Kgtfrngi • Kgsectf • : egnxgs/prgtcs • Nkgof`s jf : g`nkgns2 eåc, rgtc, onrgag f fifag`tf • 4> egrtöfs egrtöfs jf nkgof`s jf ecknjg ecknjg eck eck 7, 4, 5 f : sëigdgs • 7 sgec
Jfsernïåc jg Gtnvnjgjf Xrfpgrgïåc
• Jnstrndunr gs : egnxgs/prgtcs `ukg supfraëenf • Njf`tnegr egjg ukg jgs egnxgs/prgtcs eck uk g`nkgi •
Ecicegr cs 4> egrtöfs `uk sgec
6
Mcrg jc Ig`emf Cdbftnvc Ecicegr `gs egnxgs/prgtcs jf egjg uk jcs g`nkgns ginkf`tcs eck c kfskc `òkfrc jf sëigdgs
7. Jnzfr ès eerng`ïgs rng`ïgs quf våc bcogr g ’Mcrg jc Ig`emf‛. 4. Kcstrgr cs : g`nkgns quf våc ig`emgr. ig`emgr. 5. Jnzfr quf egjg uk jcs g`nkgns sõ eckf ginkf`tcs ginkf`tcs quf tâk c kfskc `òkfrc `òkfrc jf sëigdgs jc sfu `ckf. :. Njf`tnegr, eck gs erng`ïgs, c `òkfrc jf sëigdgs jf egjg g`nkgi (dgtfr pgikgs, ec`tgr eck cs jfjcs, jgr pgsscs, …). 6. Xfjnr g ukg erng`ïg jf egjg vfz quf rftnrf uk egrtåc, `ckfnf g nkgofk f njf`tnqu njf`tnquff c `òkfrc jf sëigdgs. 1. Fk sfounjg, ppfjnr fjnr è erng`ïg qquf uf njf`tnquf c g`nkgi quf tfk tfk c kfskc `òk `òkfrc frc jf sëigdgs f ecicquf c egrtåc jf`trc jg egnxg/prgtc jc g`nkgi. Xcr fxfkpic, egrtåc ’kcrg`oc‛ (5 sëigdgs) vgn pgrg g onrgag (5 sëigdgs). ?. C bcoc tf tfrkn`g rkn`g qug`jc acrfk acrfk gsscengjcs tcjcs cs egrtöfs gcs g`nkgns ecrrfspc`jf`tfs. ecrrfspc`jf`tfs.
Zgdfig 7 Egrtöfs jg Gtnvnjgjf
fspgouftf
1
Gtnvnjgjf 5 Kgsectf, Jç Inef`ïg3 Cdbftnvcs Ec`senâ`eng Ac`ciõoneg
• Ufokf`tgïåc sniçdneg
Jurgïåc :6 kn`utcs
Kgtfrngi • Kgsectf • Instg jf pgigvrgs
Jfsernïåc jg Gtnvnjgjf Xrfpgrgïåc
• Gefssgr g instg jf pgigvrgs prfsf`tf prfsf`tf `g emg jf gtnvnjgjf (p (p.fx., .fx., nkprnknr nkprnknr instg, fserfvfr gs pgigvrgs fk egrtöfs n`jnvnjugns, …) • Crog`nzgïåc • Orupc jf erng`ïgs fk ig `g mcrnzc`tgi •
Kgsectf, jc cutrc igjc jc fspgïc, fk arf`tf ès erng`ïgs Kgsectf, Jç Inef`ïg3
Cdbftnvc
• Jgr c `òkfrc `òkfrc jf pgsscs ecrrfspc`jf`tf ecrrfspc`jf`tf gc `òkfrc jf sëigdgs jg pgigvrg (p.fx., (p.fx., 7 sëigdg ; 7 pgssc< 4 sëigdgs ; 4 pgsscs< fte.)
?
7. Jnzfr ès eerng`ïgs rng`ïgs quf våc bcogr ’’Kgsectf, Kgsectf, Jç Inef`ïg3‛ Inef`ïg3‛ 4. Xfjnr, Xfjnr, è vfz, g egjg ukg jgs erng`ïgs quf pfrou`tf2 ’Kgsectf, jç inef`ïg3‛ 5. Tfspc`jfr è erng`ïg erng`ïg22 ’Unk, jcu!‛ :. Jf `cvc, pfjnr è erng`ïg quf pfrou`tf2 ’Wug`tcs pgsscs3‛ 6. Jnzfr è erng`ïg ukg ppgigvrg gigvrg jg instg2 ’G pgigvrg…‛ 1. G erng`ïg njf`t njf`tneg neg c `òkfrc `òkfrc jf sëigdgs jg pg pgigvrg igvrg f jç c `òkfrc `òkfrc jf pgsscs ecrrfspc`jf`tf ecrrfspc`jf`tf gc `òkfrc jf sëigdgs, gvg`ïg`jc fk jnrfïåc è kgsectf. ?. C bcoc tf tfrkn`g rkn`g qug`jc tcjgs tcjgs gs erng`ïgs erng`ïgs emfogrfk emfogrfk gtî g Kgsectf. Kgsectf.
Zgdfig 7
Instg jf pgigvrgs jf gecrjc eck c `òkfrc jf sëigdgs f fstruturg sniçdneg
afinenjgjf
pgstfigrng
7
egrpftf
7 G pgrtnr jgqun, sfrç gjctgjg g sfoun`tf `ctgïåc2 ec`scg`tf eckc E, vcogi eckc Q f oinjf (sfknvcogi) eckc O.
=
Gtnvnjgjf : Tnkg-Inkg Cdbftnvcs Ec`senâ`eng Ac`ciõoneg
• Ec`senâ`eng fxpiëentg jg rnkg
Jurgïåc :6 kn`utcs
Kgtfrngi • Kgsectf • :8 egrtöfs jf nkgof`s
Jfsernïåc jg Gtnvnjgjf Xrfpgrgïåc
• Ufifenc`g Ufifenc`grr, jf gecrjc eck c `òkfrc jf erng`ïgs jc orupc, c `òkfrc jf pgrfs jf egrtöfs g sfrfk utninzgjcs `c bcoc •
Crog`nzgr cs egrtöfs fk jjcns cns dgrgimcs dgrgimcs (g tcjcs cs egrtöfs jjcc dgrgim dgrgimcc G ecrrfspc`jf ukg rnkg jc dgrgimc D) Gtnvnjgjf ’Tnkg-Inkg ’Tnkg-Inkg‛‛
Cdbftnvc
• F`ec`trgr rnkgs f`trf f`trf cs egrtöfs jc dgrgimc dgrgimc G f cs egrtöfs jc dgrgimc D 7. Jnzfr ès erng`ïgs quf vvåc åc bcogr ’Tnkg-Inkg‛. ’Tnkg-Inkg‛. 4. Jnstrndunr cs egrtöfs jc dgrgimc dgrgimc G pfigs erng`ïgs. erng`ïgs. 5. Xfjnr g egjg erng`ïg quf `ckfnf g nkgofk jc sfu egrtåc.
>
:. Gifgtcrngkf`tf, jc dgrgimc D, D, rftnrgr uk egrtåc f `ckfgr g nk nkgofk. gofk. 6. G sfounr sfounr,, pfrou`tgr ès erng`ïgs qu qufk fk tfk c egrtåc eck g pgigvrg quf rnk rnkgg eck g pgigvrg quf sgnu jc dgrgimc D. G erng`ïg quf tnvfr c egrtåc eck g pgigvrg quf rnkg, jnz ’Tnkg-Inkg‛ f ougrj ougrjgg c pgr jf egrtöfs. 1. Wug`jc tcjgs gs rnkgs acrfk f`ec`trgjgs f`ec`trgjgs,, pfjnr ès erng`ïgs quf `ckfnfk c sfu pgr jf rnk rnkgg (cs pgrfs jf rnkgs pcjfk sfr `ckfgjcs g eg`tgrcigr, g rnr, g emcrgr, fte.).
Zgdfig 7
Egrtöfs jg Gtnvnjgjf
dctg
78
Gtnvnjgjf 6 G Tnkgr Jfsecdrf c Zfu Xgr Cdbftnvcs Ec`senâ`eng Ac`ciõoneg
• Ec`senâ`eng fxpiëentg jg rnkg
Jurgïåc :6 kn`utcs
Kgtfrngi • Kgsectf • ? egrtöfs org`jfs (eck nkgof`s rfprfsf`t rfprfsf`tgtnvgs gtnvgs jf rnkgs) • 47 egrtöfs pfquf`cs eck nkgof`s • Anc/gi`ftfs/kcigs
Jfsernïåc jg Gtnvnjgjf Xrfpgrgïåc
Jf gecrjc eck c `òkfrc jf erng`ïgs jc orupc2
• Ufifenc`gr uk ec` ec`bu`tc bu`tc jf egrtöfs org`jfs eck nkgof`s nkgof`s rrfprfsf`tgt fprfsf`tgtnvgs nvgs jf rnkgs rnkgs f ecicegr c/ c/ gi`ftfs/kcigss fk egjg egr gi`ftfs/kcig egrtåc tåc org`jf (p.fx., 48 erng`ïgs2 6 egrtöfs< 76 erng`ïgs2 : egrtöfs …) • Ufifenc`gr c `òkfrc jf egrtöfs pfquf`cs jf gecrjc gecrjc eck gs rnkgs sfifenc`gjgs sfifenc`gjgs pgrg c bcoc (p. (p. fx., pgrg rnkgr eck KCIG, sfifenc`gr egrtöfs eckc OCIG, ECIG f QNCIG) (ea. tgdfig gdgnxc)
Crog`nzgïåc • Orupc jf jf erng`ï erng`ïgs gs eck egrtöfs org`jfs sf`tgk-sf igjc g igjc (’emfafs (’emfafs jf ig‛) • Gs jfkgns erng`ïgs crog`nzgk-sf fk ig ò`neg
77
Gtnvnjgjf ’G Tnkgr Jfsecdrf c Zfu Xgr‛
Cdbftnvc
• Agzfr pgrfs pgrfs jf rnkgs f`tr f`trff gs nkgof`s nkgof`s jcs egrtöfs pfquf` pfquf`cs cs f gs nkgof`s jcs jcs egrtöfs org`jfs 7. Jnzfr ès erng`ïgs quf våc bcogr ’G ’G Tnkgr Jfsecdrf c Zfu Zfu Xgr‛. 4. Gtrndunr cs egrtöfs org`jfs sfifenc`gjcs g uk orupc jf erng`ïgs, egjg ukg jfigs pgssg g rfprfsf`tgr rfprfsf`tgr ukg rnkg. 5. Jgr uk egrtåc pfquf pfquf`c `c g egjg egjg erng`ïg jg ig. :. Xfjnr ès erng`ïgs quf `ckfnfk g nkgofk. 6. Xf Xfrou`tgr rou`tgr qugi î c ecifog (’e (’emfaf mfaf jg ig‛) quf tfk tfk g pgigvrg quf rnkg eck g sug pgigvrg. pgigvrg. 1. Gpõs njf`t njf`tnegr negr c ecifog, sf`tg-sf gtrçs jjfif. fif. ?. Wug`jc tcjgs gs rnkg rnkgss acrfk f`ec`trg f`ec`trgjgs, jgs, pfjnr ès er erng`ïgs, ng`ïgs, pcr ig, qu quff jnogk g sug pgigvrg eck eck rntkc f f`tcgïåc.
Zgdfig 7
Egrtöfs jg Gtnvnjgjf
74
Gtnvnjgjf 1 G Qngofk Cdbftnvcs Ec`senâ`eng Ac`ciõoneg
• Ec`senâ`eng fxpiëentg jc ac`fkg fk pcsnïåc n`nengi
Jurgïåc :6 kn`utcs
Kgtfrngi • Kgsectf • Zrâs kgigs • Nkgof`s jf g`nkgns2 uk rgtc, uk sg sgpc pc f ukg aceg • 58 egrtöfs eck nkgof`s
c
78 pgigvrgs eckfïgjgs pfic ac`fkg /ʇ/
c
78 pgigvrgs eckfïgjgs pfic ac`fkg /a/
c
78 pgigvrgs eckfïgjgs pfic ac`fkg /s/
Jfsernïåc jg Gtnvnjgjf Xrfpgrgïåc
• Ecicegr g nkgofk jf egjg g`nkgi fk egjg ukg jgs kgigs Gtnvnjgjf ’G Qngofk‛
Cdbftnvc
• Jnstrndunr pfigs pfigs kgigs jcs g`nkgns egrtöfs quf n`nenfk eck eck c kfskc kfskc sck jc `ckf jc g`nkgi
75
7. Jnzfr ès erng`ïgs quf våc bcogr ’G Qngofk‛. 4. Kcstrgr gs 5 kg kgigs igs eck egjg gg`nkgi2 `nkgi2 c rgtc rgtc,, c sgpc f g aceg. 5. Fxpinegr2
’Cs g`nkgns våc jf vngofk, kgs, `gs sugs kgigs, sõ pcjfk ifvgr dgogofk eubc prnkfnrc
sck î c kfskc jc sfu `ckf. Gssnk2 c rgtc sõ ifvg dgogofk eckfïgjg pfic sck… rrrr<
c sgpc sõ ifvg dgogofk eckfïgjg pfic sck… sssss<
g aceg sõ ifvg dgogo dgogofk fk eckfïgjg pfic sck… .
Fifs prfensgk jg gbujg jcs kf`n`cs pgrg prfpgrgrfk gs sugs kgigs…‛
:. Jgr uk egrtåc g ukg eerng`ïg rng`ïg jf egjg vvfz. fz. 6. Xf Xfjnr jnr ès erng`ïgs qu quff `ckfnfk g nkgofk nkgofk f jnzfr pcr kfnc jf qug qugii sck eckfïg g pgigvrg. 1. Ecicegr c egrtåc `g kgig jc g`nkgi eubc `ckf eckfï eckfïgg pfic kfsk kfskcc sck. ?. C bcoc tfrkn` tfrkn`gg qug`jc ttcjcs cjcs cs egrtöfs fstnvfrfk `gs kgigs jcs rfspfetnvcs rfspfetnvcs g`nkgns. g`nkgns.
Zgdfig 7
Egrtöfs jg Gtnvnjgjf /ʇ/
suec
7:
Gtnvnjgjf ? Fqunpfs Cdbftnvcs Ec`senâ`eng Ac`ciõoneg
• Ec`senâ`eng fxpiëentg jc ac`fkg fk pcsnïåc n`nengi
Jurgïåc :6 kn`utcs
Kgtfrngi • Kgsectf • : dg`jfnrgs • Nkgofk rfprfsf`tgtnvg rfprfsf`tgtnvg jcs ac`fkgs /ʇ/, /a/, /s/ f /ʔ/ • 41 egrtöfs eck nkgof`s
c
? pgigvrgs eckfïgjgs pfic ac`fkg /ʇ/<
c
1 pgigvrgs eckfïgjgs pfic ac`fkg /a/<
c
1 pgigvrgs eckfïgjgs pfic ac`fkg /s/<
c
? pgigvrgs eckfïgjgs pfic ac`fkg /ʔ/.
• Ugec/egnxg
Jfsernïåc jg Gtnvnjgjf Xrfpgrgïåc
• Ecicegr fk egjg dg`jfnrg ukg rfprfsf`tgïåc rfprfsf`tgïåc jcs ac`fkgs /ʇ/, /a/, /s/ f / ʔ/ • Ecicegr cs egrtöfs `uk sgec/egnxg
76
Crog`nzgïåc
• Crog`nzgr c orupc jf erng`ïgs fk : fqunpfs Fqunpfs Cdbftnvc • Jnstrndunr pfigs fqunpfs fqunpfs cs egrtöfs quf eckfïgk pfic sck quf rfprfsf`tgk rfprfsf`tgk
7. Jnzfr ès eerng`ïgs rng`ïgs quf våc fxpfrnkf fxpfrnkf`tgr `tgr uk bcoc jf fq fqunpfs. unpfs. 4. Gtrndunr uk sck/ukg dg`jfnrg dg`jfnrg g egj egjgg fqunpf (f (fqunpf qunpf 7 sck ’rrrr‛< fqunpf 4 sck ’ ‛< fqunpf 5 sck ’ssss‛< fqunpf : sck ’bbbbb‛). 5. Tftnrgr jc sgec/egn sgec/egnxg xg uk egrtåc jf egjg vfz f pfjnr g ukg erng` erng`ïg ïg quf `ckfnf c quf fstç gprfsf`tgjc. :. Xf Xfjnr jnr è erng` erng`ïg ïg quf njf`tnquf njf`tnquf c sck n`nengi jg pgigvrg. 6. Fk sfounjg, ppfjnr fjnr è erng`ïg qquf uf njf`tnquf g fqunpf eck c kfskc sck jg pgigvrg `ckfgjg. 1. Ufifenc`gr ukg erng`ïg jfssg fq fqunpf unpf pgrg `ckfgr `ckfgr g prõxnkg prõxnkg nkgofk f gssnk suefssnvgkf`tf. suefssnvgkf`tf. ?. C bcoc tf tfrkn`g rkn`g qug`jc tcjcs tcjcs cs egrtöfs fstnvfrfk jn jnstrnduëjcs strnduëjcs pfigs fqunpfs.
Zgdfi gdfigg 7
Egrtöfs jg Gtnvnjg Gtnvnjgjf jf
/ʔ /
/ ʇ/ sgecig
aukgïg
71
Gtnvnjgjf = Cuvf f Jfsecdrf c Uck Cdbftnvcs Ec`senâ`eng Ac`ciõoneg
• Ec`senâ`eng fxpiëentg jc ac`fkg fk pcsnïåc n`nengi
Jurgïåc :6 kn`utcs
Kgtfrngi • Kgsectf •
Ecrjg/grcs/rcjgs/eëreuic
• Egrtöfs eck g rfprfsf`t rfprfsf`tgïåc gïåc jcs ac`fkgs (/a/, /s/, /ʇ/, / ʅ / f /z/)
Jfsernïåc jg Gtnvnjgjf Xrfpgrgïåc
• Gtrndunr ukg rfprfsf`tgïåc jf ac`fkg g egjg grec • Ecicegr cs 5, : cu 6 ecrjgs/eëreuics `c emåc, jnstg`engj jnstg`engjcs cs f`trf sn
Crog`nzgïåc
• Orupc jf erng`ïgs enreuig invrfkf`tf pfig sgig Cuvf f Jfsecdrf c Uck
Cdbftnvc • F`trgr `c gre grecc ecrrfspc`jf`tf ecrrfspc`jf`tf gc sck n`nengi jjgg pgigvrg gtrnduëjg g egjg erng`ïg
7?
7. Jnzfr ès erng`ïgs erng`ïgs quf våc bcogr c bcoc ’Cuvf f Jfsecdrf c Uck‛. 4. Jnzfr ukg pgigvrg pgigvrg g ukg jgs eerng`ïgs rng`ïgs (g pgrtnr jg sfifïåc sfifïåc `g tgdfig gdgnxc). gdgnxc). 5. Xfjnr è erng`ïg quf jnog c sck n`nengi jg pgigvrg cuvnj cuvnjgg f quf jfenjg qugi jjcs cs grecs eckfï eckfïgg pfic kfskc sck. :. Xfjnr è erng`ïg quf sf ecicquf jf`trc jc grec. 6. C bcoc tfrkn`g qug`jc qug`jc tcjgs gs erng`ïgs erng`ïgs fstnvfrfk n`tforgjgs `uk gre grec. c. Zgdfi gdfigg 7
Egrtöfs jg Gtnvnjgjf / /
/ /
/ʇ/
/ʅ/
rcin`mg
xgif
/ /
xgkpu ag`tcemf aukgïg zcrrc zukdn zg`oåc
7=
Gtnvnjgjf > Qfbc, Qfbc… Cdbftnvcs Ec`senâ`eng Ac`ciõoneg
• Ec`senâ`eng fxpiëentg jc ac`fkg fk pcsnïåc n`nengi • Aiuâ`eng ac`âkneg
Jurgïåc :6 kn`utcs
Kgtfrngi • Kgsectf • 5: egrtöfs eck nkgof`s
c
1 pgigvrgs eckfïgjgs pfic ac`fkg /ʇ/
c
? pgigvrgs eckfïgjgs pfic ac`fkg /a/
c
1 pgigvrgs eckfïgjgs pfic ac`fkg /s/
c
? pgigvrgs eckfïgjgs pfic ac`fkg /ʔ/
c
= pgigvrgs eckfïgjgs pfic ac`fkg /z/
Jfsernïåc jg Gtnvnjgjf Xrfpgrgïåc
• Crog`nzgr cs egrtöfs fk ec`bu`tcs2 egrtöfs eck nkgof`s n` n`nengjgs nengjgs pfic kfskc sck (sck-givc)< f egrtöfs n`nengjcs pcr cutrcs sc`s (`.² ec`bu`tcs ; `.² erng`ïgs) • G crog`nzgïåc crog`nzgïåc jcs ec`bu`tcs jf egrtöfs pcjf sfo sfounr unr trâs trâs `ëvfns jf jneuijgjf2 jneuijgjf2 (n) 5 egrtöfs eck c sck-givc + 4 egrtöfs eck sc`s jnafrf`tfs< jna frf`tfs<
7>
(nn) 4 egrtöfs eck c sck-givc + 4 egrtöfs sck #4 + 4 egrtöfs sck #5 (sck #42 qugiqufr sck gitfr`gtnvc gc sck givc< sck #52 qugiqufr sck gitfr`gtnvc gc sck givc f gc sck #4)< (nnn) 4 egrtöfs eck c sck-givc + : egrtöfs tcjcs n`nengjcs pcr sc`s jnafrf`tfs.
Qfbc, Qfbc...
Cdbftnvc
• Ufifenc`gr nkgof`s quf eckfefk pfic kfskc sck 7. Jnzfr ès erng`ïgs quf våc bcogr ’Qfbc ’Qfbc,, Qfbc…‛ 4. Gprfsf`tgr uk ec`bu`tc g ukg erng`ïg jf egjg vfz.
Jnzfr2
’Qfbc, ’Qfbc, vfbc ukg pgigvrn`mg eckfïgjg pcr…‛ (sfounjg jc sck-givc) sck-givc) (p.fx., ’Qfbc, vfbc ukg
pgigvrn`mg eckfïgjg pcr… zzzz‛ f ecicegr cs egrtöfs ’zfdrg‛, ’zg`oåc‛, ’rcimg‛ f ’scpg‛). 5. Jfpcns jf `ckfgr tcjgs gs nkg nkgof`s of`s jcs egrtöfs, pfjnr è erng`ï erng`ïgg quf njf`tnquf gs quf n`nengk pfic sck-givc (p.fx., ’zfdrg‛ f ’zg`oåc‛7). :. C bcoc tfrkn`g qug`jc tcjgs gs eerng`ïgs rng`ïgs tnvfrfk cpcrtu`njgj cpcrtu`njgjff jf bcogr. bcogr. Zgdfig 7 Egrtöfs jg Gtnvnjgjf
/ʇ/
/ʔ / sgecig
zukdn
aukgïg
7 Uuofståc2 f`ec`trgjgs gs nkgof`s quf n`nengk n`ne ngk eck c sck-givc, f`agtnzg-sf c sck n`nengi (’zfdrg‛ f ’zg`oåc ’zg`oåc‛‛ n`nengk eck RRRRR).
48
Qfbc, vfbc...
Cdbftnvc
• Jnzfr pgigvrgs quf eckfefk pfic kfskc sck 7. Jnzfr ès erng`ïgs quf våc bcogr ’Qfbc, ’Qfbc, vfbc…‛ 4. Jnzfr2
’Qfbc ’Qfbc,, vfbc, ukg pgigvrn`m pgigvrn`mgg eckfïgjg pcr…‛ (sfounjg jc sck-givc) (p (p.fx., .fx., ’Qfbc, ’Qfbc, vfbc ukg pgigvrn`mg eckfïgjg pcr… zzzz‛).
5. Fspfrgr quf g erng`ïg jno jnogg ukg pgigvrg quf n`nenf eck c sck jjntc ntc (pcjf gbujgr-sf g erng`ïg jg`jc cpïöfs jf jugs cu trâs pgigvrgs n`nengjgs pcr sc`s jnafrf`tfs f pfjnr pgrg sfifenc`gr g quf eckfïg pfic sck-givc). :. C bcoc tfrkn`g qug`jc tcjgs gs ern erng`ïgs g`ïgs tnvfrfk cpcrtu`njgjf jf jf bcogr. bcogr. Zgdfig 4 Uc`s g Vtninzgr `g Gtnvnjgjf, pcr @ëvfi jf Jneuijgjf
/ ʇ/
/ ʅ /
/ ʔ/
47
Gtnvnjgjf 78 Çiduk jcs Uc`s Cdbftnvcs Ec`senâ`eng Ac`ciõoneg2
• Njf`tnegïåc jc ac`fkg n`nengi
Jurgïåc :6 kn`utcs
Kgtfrngi • Kgsectf • Çiduk jf ourn`mgs jg Kgsectf f gknocs • Anourn`mgs gutcecig`tfs eck Nkgof`s4 • Ugquftgs/dcisg pgrg ecicegr cs ourn`mgs
Jfsernïåc jg Gtnvnjgjf Xrfpgrgïåc
• Ecicegr ourn`mgs ourn`mgs jf`trc jf sgquftgs/dcisgs sgquftgs/dcisgs (` ourn`mgs ourn`mgs ; ` erng`ïgs)
Çiduk jcs Uc`s 7. Gprfsf`tgr ès erng`ïgs c ’Çiduk jcs Uc`s‛. 4. @ckfgr cs gkno gknocs cs jg Kgsectf f fxpinentgr c sck n`nengi jc `ck `ckff jf egjg uk. 5. Fxpinegr quf fk egjg ppçon`g çon`g fstç uk gkno gknocc f quf mç fspgïcs vgzncs c`j c`jff våc sfr ecicegjgs gs 4 Xrfafrf`engikf`tf sc`s prcic`oçvfns. X.fx., /ʇ/, /a/, /s/, /v/, /z/, /ʔ/, / ʅ //..
44
ourn`mgs. :. Xfjnr g ukg erng`ïg jf egjg vfz quf rftnrf ukg ourn`mg jg sgecig, `ckfnf g nkgofk f jnog c prnkfnrc sck jg pgigvrg. 6. Jfpcns jf njf`tnegr qqugi ugi c gknoc quf eckfïg eckfïg pfic kfskc sck, eck g gbujg jg nkgofk n`ne n`nengi ngi jg egpg jc çiduk, pfjnr è erng`ïg quf ecif g ourn`mg `fssg pçon`g. 1. C bcoc tfrkn`g qu qug`jc g`jc tcjgs gs erng`ïgs erng`ïgs tnvfrfk eecigjc cigjc ukg ourn` ourn`mg mg `c çiduk. Xcr gdrg`ofr tcjcs cs sc`s, fstg gtnvnjgjf pcjf tcr`gr-sf kcrcsg. Gssnk, suofrf-sf quf sfbg crog`nzgjg fk : sfssöfs sfssöfs jnafrf`tfs. G egjg sfssåc ecrrfsp ecrrfspc`jf c`jf ukg pgrtf jc çiduk< çiduk< fk egjg sfssåc såc trgdgimgjcs : sc`s (vfr Zgdfig 7). Zgdfig 7
Xçon`gs jc Çiduk pcr Ftgpgs (Çi (Çiduk duk 7, 4, 5 f :)
Çiduk Çiduk
/ ʅ /
/ʇ / / ʅ /
Çiduk Çiduk
/ ʅ /
45
Gtnvnjgjf 77 C Bcoc jc N`trusc Cdbftnvcs Ec`senâ`eng Ac`ciõoneg2
• Ec`senâ`eng fxpiëentg jc ac`fkg fk pcsnïåc n`nengi
Jurgïåc :6 kn`utcs
Kgtfrngi • Kgsectf • Dgsf/tgduifnrc Dgsf/tgduifnrc jf bcoc (p.fx (p.fx.,., egrtcin`g) • 66 egrtöfs eck nkgof`s
Jfsernïåc jg Gtnvnjgjf Xrfpgrgïåc
• Xrfpgrgr ukg dgsf jf bcoc, `g qugi sfbgk jfinkntgjgs jugs pgrtfs2 g) pfrtf`ef gc ec`bu`tc jc sck-givc< d) `åc pfrtf`ef gc ec`bu`tc ‚ n`trusc(s). • Crog`nzgr/prfpgrgr cs egrtöfs fk ec`bu ec`bu`tcs `tcs pgrg c bcoc bcoc.. G sfifïåc jcs egrtöfs pcjf sfounr trâs trâs `ëvfns jf jneuijgjf (gdgnxc, jc kgns snkpifs gc kgns eckpifxc)2 (n) 6 egrtöfs jf nkgof`s n`nengjgs pfic kfskc sck ((pp.fx., sgpc, scig, scpg, suec, sfic) + 7 n`trusc (p.fx., ogtc)<
(nn) : egrtöfs jf nkgof`s n`nengjgs pfic kfskc sck (p.fx. (p.fx.,, sgpc, scig, scpg, suec) + 4 n`truscs
4:
(egrtöfs eck nkgof`s n`nengjgs pcr sc`s jnafrf`tfs, p. p.fx., fx., pgtc, rgtc)<
(nnn) 5 egrtöfs jf nkgof`s n`nengjgs pfic kfskc sck (p.fx., sgpc, scig, scpg) + 4 n`truscs (egrtöfs eck nkgof`s n`nengjgs pcr sc`s jnafrf`tfs, pp.fx., .fx., pgtc, rgtc).
C Bcoc jc N`trusc
Cdbftnvc
• Jfsecdrnr c(s) n`trusc(s) f rf rftnrç-ic(s) tnrç-ic(s) jc ec`bu`tc jf egrtöfs (ec`bu`tc jfvf egr gpf`gs gpf`gs eck egrtöfs quf n`nenfk eck c kfskc sck) 7. Gprfsf`tgr ès erng`ïgs c ’Bcoc ’Bcoc jc N`trusc‛2
kcstrgr g dgsf jc bcoc acrkgjg pcr jugs pgrtfs jnafrf`tfs2 pgrtf G, c`jf sõ pcjfk egr gs nkgof`s quf pfrtf`efk g uk ec`bu`tc<
pgrtf D, c`jf ecicegk c(s) n`trusc(s).
4. Ecicegr uk jcs ec`bu`tcs prfp prfpgrgjcs grgjcs `g pgrtf G jg dgsf jc bcoc. bcoc. 5. Xfj Xfjnr nr g ukg erng`ïg jf egjg vvfz fz quf jfseudrg c(s) egrtåc(öfs) n`trusc(s). :. Fk sfounjg, pfjnr è erng`ïg erng`ïg quf rftnrf c(s) egrtåc(öfs) n`trusc(s) f c(s) ecicquf ``gg pgrtf D jg dgsf jc bcoc. 6. C bcoc tfrkn`g qug` qug`jc jc tcjcs cs n`truscs acrfk jfsecdfrtcs. Zgdfig 7 Egrtöfs jg Gtnvnjgjf
/ʇ/
/ʔ/
/ ʅ / xgif
kctc zukdn bujú
rcin`mg
Uuofståc2 @ukg prnkfnrg agsf, utninzgr eckc n`truscs cs egrtöfs jgs pgigvrgs n`nengjgs pfics sc`s2 /p/, /j/, /i/ f /k/.
46
Gtnvnjgjf 74 G Igogrtg jcs Uc`s Cdbftnvcs Ec`senâ`eng Ac`ciõoneg2
• Ec`senâ`eng fxpiëentg jc ac`fkg fk pcsnïåc n`nengi
Jurgïåc :6 kn`utcs
Kgtfrngi • Kgsectf • Fstruturg jg igogrtg (7 egdfïg f sfns egscs). • 1 nkgof`s jf g`nkgns, rfprfsf`t rfprfsf`tgtnvgs gtnvgs jf jf egjg ac`fkg • 5 egrtöfs eck pgigvrgs n`nengjgs pcr egjg ac`fkg utninzgjc
Jfsernïåc jg Gtnvnjgjf Xrfpgrgïåc
• Ecicegr g nkgofk jf uk g`nkgi fk egjg fic G Igogrtg jcs Uc`s
Cdbftnvc
• Agzfr ecrrfspc`jfr ecrrfspc`jfr egjg egrtåc gc g`nkgi eu eubc bc `ckf n`neng eck c kfskc sck f eciceç-ic `g rfspfetnvg pgrtf. 7. Jnzfr ès erng`ïgs quf våc bcogr c bcoc jg ’I ’Igogrtg gogrtg jcs Uc`s Uc`s‛. ‛.
41
G ’Ig ’Igogrtg ogrtg jc jcss Uc`s‛ Uc`s‛ î kuntc fspfengi. Zfk ukg egdfïg kuntc f`orgïgjg f c ecrpc acrkgjc pcr fics
ecicrnjcs. Fig î kuntc vgnjcsg… kgs `åc usg drn`ecs, puisfnrgs, `fk ecigrfs… Fig gjcrg f`afntgr cs sfus fics eck jfsf`mcs f`orgïgjcs. F `åc î jf qugiqufr kg`fnrg… 4. Fxpinegr quf egjg fic ecrrfspc`j ecrrfspc`jff g uk sck, rfprfsf`tgjc rfprfsf`tgjc pcr uk g`nkgi2 @ckfgr egjg g` g`nkgi nkgi f njf`tnegr c sfu sck n`nengi. 5. Jgr uk egrtåc g ukg erng`ïg jf egjg vvfz. fz. :. Xf Xfjnr jnr quf ``ckfnf ckfnf g nk nkgofk gofk f njf`tnquf c prnkfnrc sck jg pgigvrg. 6. Fk sfounjg, pfjnr quf nj njf`tnquf f`tnquf c g`nkgi jg igogrtg eeck ck c kfskc sck n`nengi. 1. Xfj Xfjnr-imf nr-imf quf ecicquf c egrtåc `c rfspfet rfspfetnvc nvc fic. ?. C bcoc tfrkn`g qug`jc g igogrtg fstnvfr eck eckpiftg piftg (trâs egrtöfs fk egjg fic). Fstg gtnvnjgjf f`vcivf tcjcs cs sc`s f fstç crog`nzgjg fk 5 `ëvfns `ë vfns jf eckpifxnjgjf (pcr crjfk erfsef`tf2 `ëvfi 7, sc`s prcic`oçvfns< `ëvfi 42 n`tfrkîjnc, sc`s kgns f kf`cs prcic`oçvfns< `ëvfi 5, sc`s `åc prcic`oçvfns) (vfr Z Zgdfig gdfig 7). Zgdfig 7 Egrtöfs jg Gtnvnjgjf
/ʇ/
/ ʅ /
/ ʔ/
zcrrc z g` oåc suec
`grvgi
tâ`ns
zfrc
bc ng
4?
Gtnvnjgjf 75 Onrg g Tciftg! Cdbftnvcs
Ec`senâ`eng Ac`ciõoneg2
• Ec`senâ`eng fxpiëentg jc ac`fkg fk pcsnïåc n`nengi
Jurgïåc :6 kn`utcs
Kgtfrngi • Kgsectf • 4= egrtöfs eck nkgof`s • ? nkgof`s nkgof`s jf arutcs/ifoukfs arutcs/ifoukfs,, rfprfsf`tg`j rfprfsf`tg`jcc egjg ac`fkg (/s/, (/s/, /i/ /i/,, /v /v/, /, /ʇ/, /a/, /k/, / ʅ /) /) • ? egnxgs • Tciftg
Jfsernïåc jg Gtnvnjgjf Xrfpgrgïåc
• Njf`tnegr egjg egnxg eck ukg nkgofk jf uk jcs arutcs/ifoukfs • Ecicegr ? egrtöfs `g rciftg, uk fk egjg trnä`ouic jg rciftg • Ecicegr cs jfkgns egrtöfs `uk dgrgimc gc igjc jg rciftg Gtnvnjgjf ’Onrg g Tciftg‛
Cdbftnvc
• Ecicegr `gs egnxgs njf`t njf`tnegjgs negjgs eeck ck uk arutc/ifoukf, egrtöfs quf n`nenfk eck eck c k kfskc fskc sck 7. Jnzfr ès erng`ïgs quf våc bcogr ’Onrg g Tcift Tciftg‛. g‛. Gprfsf`tgr Gprfsf`tgr c bcoc, bcoc, emgkg`jc g gtf gtf`ïåc `ïåc pgrg c agtc jf egjg arutc/ifoukf (fk egjg egnxg) ecrrfspc`jfr g uk sck (njf`tnegr cs sc`s eck gs erng`ïgs).
4=
4. Xfjnr g ukg erng`ïg jf egjg vvfz fz quf onrf g rciftg. 5. Fk sfounjg, pfjnr qquf uf `ckfnf g nkgofk sfifenc`gjg sfifenc`gjg pfic pc`tfnrc pc`tfnrc jg rciftg f jnog qugi qugi î c sck n`nengi jg pgigvrg (p.fx., ’fflgutg‛ eckfïg pcr /a/). :. Xf Xfjnr jnr è erng`ïg quf ecicquf c egrtåc `g egnxg eck g nkgofk jc arutc/if arutc/ifoukf oukf quf n`neng pfic kfskc sck (c egrtåc jc ’fflgutg‛ vgn pgrg g egnxg jc ’oc‛). 6. Tftnrgr uk `cvc egrtåc jc dgrgimc. 1. C bcoc tf tfrkn`g rkn`g qug`jc tcjgs tcjgs gs erng`ïgs erng`ïgs tnvfrfk onrgjc g rciftg. rciftg. Zgdfi gdfigg 7 Egrtöfs jg Gtnvnjgjf
/ ʅ /
/ʇ/
kctc
4>
Gtnvnjgjf 7: Wug`tcs-Wufrfs
Cdbftnvcs Ec`senâ`eng Ac`ciõoneg2
• Ec`senâ`eng fxpiëentg jc ac`fkg fk pcsnïåc n`nengi • Aiuâ`eng ac`âkneg
Jurgïåc :6 kn`utcs
Kgtfrngi • Kgsectf • 7 qug`tcs-qufrfs qug`tcs-qufrfs (crnogkn) org`jf (eck nkgof`s n`nengjgs pcr /ʇ/, /s/, /a/, /z/, /ʔ/, / ʅ /, /, /k/ f /v/) • Wug`tcs-qufrfs (crnogkn) pfquf`cs (`.² ; `òkfrc jf erng`ïgs)
Jfsernïåc jg Gtnvnjgjf Xrfpgrgïåc
• Ec`strunr uk ’qug`tcs-qufr ’qug`tcs-qufrfs‛ fs‛ (crnogkn) fk tgkg`mc org`jf (vnsëvfi ppgrg grg orupc jjff erng`ïgs fk eëreuic) Wug`tcs-Wufrfs
Cdbftnvc
• Fvcegr pgigvrgs quf n`nenfk eeck ck c kfskc sck n`nengi jg nkgofk sgëjg sgëjg `c ’qug`tcs-qufr ’qug`tcs-qufrfs‛ fs‛ 7. Jnzfr ès eerng`ïgs rng`ïgs quf våc bcogr ’’Wug`tcs-qufrfs Wug`tcs-qufrfs‛. ‛. Gprfsf`tgr Gprfsf`tgr c ecegs7, rfafrn`jc quf2
7 Ecegs î c `ckf jgjc è jcdrgjurg fk pgpfi eck c qugi sf bcog qug`tcs-qufrfs.
58
tfk = ecrfs jnafrf`tfs f = nkgof`s quf rfprfsf`t rfprfsf`tgk gk = sc`s jnafrf`tfs.
4. Xfrou`tgr g ukg erng`ïg jf egjg vfz ’Wug`tcs qufrfs3‛ 5. Jfpcns jf g erng erng`ïg `ïg jnzfr uk `òkfrc `òkfrc (jf 7 g 78), kcvfr kcvfr c ecegs fssf `òkfrc jf vfzfs. :. Xfjnr è erng`ïg quf sfifenc`f sfifenc` f ukg ecr. ecr. 6. Gdrnr c ece ecegs gs f jfsecdrnr jfsecdrnr g nkgo nkgofk fk pcr dgnxc dgnxc jg ecr sfifenc`gjg. 1. Xfjnr è erng`ïg quf2
g) `ckfnf g nkgofk<
d) rfpntg c sck n`nengi<
e) jnog ukg pgigvrg eckfïgjg pfic kfskc sck.
?. Tfpftnr prcefjnkf` prcefjnkf`tc tc eck eck gs jfkgns jfkgns erng`ïgs. erng`ïgs. =. @c `gi, jfsggr gs erng`ïgs g bcogrfk gcs pgrfs. >. Uuofståc2 g`tfs jf f`efrrgr, f`trfogr ecegs pfquf`cs (nkprfssåc prftc f drg`ec), pgrg quf gs erng`ïgs pcssgk 7) pn`tgr, 4) ec`strunr f 5) bcogr qug`jc qunsfrfk.
Zgdfi gdfigg 7 Nkgof`s jc ’Wug`tcs-Wufrfs‛
/ʇ/
suec
/ ʔ/
/ ʅ /
57
Gtnvnjgjf 76 È Xfseg jf Uc`s
Cdbftnvcs
Ec`senâ`eng Ac`ciõoneg2
• Ec`senâ`eng fxpiëentg jc ac`fkg fk pcsnïåc n`nengi
Jurgïåc :6 kn`utcs
Kgtfrngi • Egnxg/egrtcin`g gzui snkuig`jc c kgr • 4 ’vgrgs jf pfseg‛ (snkuigjgs) • = egnxgs (’gquçrncs‛) • = nkgof`s eck g`nkgns rfprfsf`t rfprfsf`tgtnvcs gtnvcs jcs ac`fkgs • Xfnxfs (fk egrtåc, ecicrnjc) ecicrnjc ) eck ëkå • : cu 6 egrtöfs jf nkgof`s n`nengjgs pfics ac`fkgs utninzgjcs
Jfsernïåc jg Gtnvnjgjf Xrfpgrgïåc
• Njf`tnegr gs = egnxgs eck eck gs nkgof`s jcs g`nkgns g`nkgns rfprfsf`tgtnvcs rfprfsf`tgtnvcs jcs sc`s • Ecicegr fk egjg pf pfnxf nxf cs egrtöfs jf nkgof`s nkgof`s jf pgigvrgs n`ne n`nengjgs ngjgs pfics pfics ac`fkgs-givc ac`fkgs-givc È Xfseg jf Uc`s
Cdbftnvc
• Ecicegr cs pfnxfs `gs egnxgs (gquçrncs) jc jc g`nkgi quf n`neng n`neng eeck ck c kfskc sck
54
7. Jnzfr ès erng`ïgs quf våc bcogr ’È ’È XXfseg fseg jf Uc`s‛. Gprfsf`tgr c bcoc, rfafrn`jc2
egnxg org`j org`jff rfprfsf`tg c kgr, kgr, c`jf fståc cs pfnxfs<
egjg pfnxf tfk ukg nkgofk<
egjg egnxg pfquf`g (gquçrnc) tfk uk g`nkgi quf rfprfsf` rfprfsf`tg tg uk sck (`ckfgr c sck quf rfprfsf`tgg egjg g`nkgi). rfprfsf`t
5. Xfjnr g ukg erng`ïg jf egjg vfz quf pfsquf uk pfnxf. :. Xf Xfjnr jnr è erng` erng`ïg ïg quf `ck `ckfnf fnf g nkgofk nkgofk f njf`tnquf njf`tnquf c sck sck n`nengi. 5. Fk sfounjg, ppfjnr fjnr quf ecicqu ecicquff c pfnxf `g egnxg eck c g`nkgi quf n`ne n`neng ng eck c kfskc kfskc sck. :. C bcoc tfrkn`g qqug`jc ug`jc tcjcs tcjcs cs pfnxfs acrfk pfsegjcs. pfsegjcs.
Fstg gtnvnjgjf f`vcivf tcjcs cs sc`s f fstç crog`nzgjg fk 4 `ëvfns, quf pcjfk sfr ecicegjcs fk
prçtneg fk jugs sfssöfs jnafrf`tfs (vfr Zgdfig 7).
Zgdfig 7 Egrtöfs jg Gtnvnjgjf
55
Gtnvnjgjf 71 Dn`oc jf Uc`s
Cdbftnvcs
Ec`senâ`eng Ac`ciõoneg2
• Ec`senâ`eng fxpiëentg jc ac`fkg fk pcsnïåc n`nengi
Jurgïåc :6 kn`utcs
Kgtfrngi • Kgsectf • : egrtfigs jc dn`oc • Egrtöfs eck nkgof`s
Jfsernïåc jg Gtnvnjgjf Crog`nzgïåc
• Jnvnjnr c orupc jf erng`ïgs fk : fqunpfs Dn`oc jf Uc`s
Cdbftnvc
• Agzfr dn`oc2 dn`oc2 eckpiftgr eckpiftgr g egrtfig, gssceng`jc cs egrtöfs eck nkgof`s g egjg ukg jgs nkgof`s nkgof`s jg egrtfig 7. Jnzfr ès eerng`ïgs rng`ïgs quf våc bcogr c ’Dn`oc jf Uc`s‛. Gprfsf`tgr c bcoc, kcstrg`jc2 • egrtfigs jc bcoc, ec`stntuëjcs pcr nkgof nkgof`s `s quf n`nengk eck sc`s jnafrf jnafrf`tfs< `tfs<
5:
• egrtöfs eck eck nk nkgof`s, gof`s, quf ffkpgrfimgk kpgrfimgk eck gs nk nkgof`s gof`s jgs egrtfigs. 4. Jnstrndunr gs egrtfigs egrtfigs jc bcoc pgrg gs fq fqunpfs. unpfs. 5. Xfogr `uk egrtåc, gifgtcrn gifgtcrngkf`tf, gkf`tf, f kcstrç-ic kcstrç-i c g tcjgs gs erng`ïgs. :. G fqunpf quf tnvfr tnvfr,, fk sug egrtfig, ukg nkgofk qquf uf n`nenf eck c kfskc sck jfvf jfvf ifvg`tgr g kåc. 6. Xfjnr g ukg jgs erng`ïgs jfssg fqunpf quf jnog c sck n`nengi jg nkgofk jc egrtåc, dfk eckc g nkgofk ecrrfspc`jf`tf fk sug egrtfig. 1. Jgr c egrtåc è fqunpf, pfjn`jc quf c ecicquf fk enkg jg nkgofk. (@c egsc jf jugs fqunpfs tfrfk c kfskc sck, c egrtåc egr tåc î jgjc è prnkfnrg fqunpf quf c rfeigkcu.) ?. C bcoc tfrkn`g qug qug`jc `jc tcjgs gs fqunpf fqunpfss prff` prff`emfrfk emfrfk g sug egrtfig.
Zgdfig 7 Egrtfigs jf Dn`oc
egrtfig egrtfig
zg`oåc
sgecig
egrtfig egrtfig egrtfig
Zgdfi gdfigg 4
Egrtöfs jf Dn`oc
suec
56
Gtnvnjgjf 7? If`en`mc jf Uc`s
Cdbftnvcs
Ec`senâ`eng Ac`ciõoneg2
• Ec`senâ`eng fxpiëentg jc ac`fkg fk pcsnïåc n`nengi
Jurgïåc :6 kn`utcs
Kgtfrngi • Kgsectf • 4 if`en`mcs/pfjgïcs if`en`mcs/pfjgïcs jf tfenjc/pg`cs • Nkgof`s rfprfsf`tgtnvgs rfprfsf`tgtnvgs jf egjg ac`fkg
Jfsernïåc jg Gtnvnjgjf Xrfpgrgïåc
• Nkprnknr instg jf pgigvrgs jg emg jf gtnvnjgjf •
Jnvnjnr g turkg fk jugs fqunpfs
Crog`nzgïåc
• Egjg fqunpf acrkg ukg ig n`jng`g • Fjuegjcr eciceg-sf jc cutr cutrcc igjc jc fspgïc, fspgïc, fk ar arf`tf f`tf ès erng`ïgs
51
If`en`mc jf Uc`s
Cdbftnvc
• Njf`tnegr c ac`fkg jg pgigvrg cuvnjg f gpg`mgr c if`en`mc eecrrfspc`jf`tf crrfspc`jf`tf fk prnkfnrc prnkfnrc iuogr. iuogr. 7. Jnzfr ès eerng`ïgs rng`ïgs quf våc bcogr ’’If`en`mc If`en`mc jf Uc`s‛. Tfafrnr quf2
Fk egjg kåc, tf`mc uk if`ïc quf rfprfsf`tg uk sck.
Eckfïgk g bcogr gs erng`ïgs `c n`ëenc jf egjg ukg jgs igs.
4. Jnzfr uukg kg pgigvrg jg instg fk vcz vcz gitg. gitg. 5. Gs jugs erng`ïgs ecrrfk pgrg gp gpg`mgr g`mgr c if`en`mc if`en`mc.. :. Og`mg g fq fqunpf unpf quf ec`sfounr c if`en`mc ecrrftc ecrrftc fk prnkfnrc iuogr iuogr.. 6. G`tfs jf sf jnzfr uukg kg `cvg pgigvrg, jfvfk trcegr gs nkgof`s rfprfsf`tgtnvgs rfprfsf`tgtnvgs jcs sc`s
pgrg g sfoun`tf rcjgjg jc bcoc.
Zgdfig 7 Instg jf Xgigvrgs jg Gtnvnjgjf
znouf-zgouf zgdukdg dgtgtg
5?
Gtnvnjgjf 7= Jftftnvf jf Uc`s
Cdbftnvcs Ec`senâ`eng Ac`ciõoneg2
• Ufokf`tgïåc Ac`âkneg
Jurgïåc :6 kn`utcs
Kgtfrngi • Kgsectf • Iupg • Cdbftcs rfgns cu nkgof`s quf rfprfsf`tfk gs pgigvrgs jg instg (vfr Zgdfig 7)
Jfsernïåc jg Gtnvnjgjf
Jftftnvf jf Uc`s
Cdbftnvc
• ’Jfsecdrnr‛ qug`tcs sc`s tâk gs pgigvrgs. 7. Jnzfr ès erng`ïgs quf våc bcogr ’’Jftftnvf Jftftnvf jf Uc`s‛. Gprfsf`tgr Gprfsf`tgr c bcoc2
kcstrgr g iupg jc jftftnvf f uk ec`bu`tc jf cdbftcs/nkgof`s<
fxpinegr quf våc sfr jftftnvfs f jfsecdrnr cs sc`s jgs pgigvrgs.
4. F`ec`trgr c cdbftc jc emç f jgr c kcjfic (p.f x.,’emç‛ x.,’emç‛… … eck g iupg, ec`snoc pfrefdfr quf ’emç‛ quf ’emç‛ tfk jcns sc`s2 / ʅ /, /, /g/). Tfpftnr prcefjnkf`tc pgrg g ’`cz‛.
5=
5. F`trfogr g iupg g ukg erng`ïg jf egjg vfz f pfjnr pfjnr pgrg fsecimfr uk cdbftc/nkgofk. :. Wug`jc fsecimfr fsecimfr,, pfjnr quf jnog fk vcz vcz gitg2 7) g pgigvrg, 4) qu qug`tcs g`tcs sc`s tfk f 5) qugns såc
fssfs sc`s.
6. Tfpftnr c prcefj prcefjnkf`tc nkf`tc pgrg tcjcs cs cdbftcs/nkgof`s jg gtnvnjgjf.
Zgdfig 7 Instg jf Xgigvrgs/Nkgof`s jg Gtnvnjgjf
5>
Gtnvnjgjf 7> Ecrrfnc jf Uc`s
Cdbftnvcs Ec`senâ`eng Ac`ciõoneg2
• Ec`tgofk Ac`âkneg • Ufokf`tgïåc Ac`âkneg
Jurgïåc :6 kn`utcs
Kgtfrngi • Kgsectf • Zrâs f`vficpfs • Nkgof`s jcs g`nkgns rå, c`ïg f aceg • Egrtöfs eck nkgof`s/jfsf`m nkgof`s/jfsf`mcs cs • Egnxg jf ecrrfnc
Jfsernïåc jg Gtnvnjgjf
Xrfpgrgïåc
• Njf`tnegr egjg f`vficpf eck g nkgofk jf uk g`nkgi Ecrrfnc jf Uc`s
Cdbftnvc
• Ecicegr egjg jfsf`mc ``cc f`vficpf jc g`nkgi g`nkgi eck c kfskc kfskc `òkfr `òkfrcc jf sc`s 7. Jnzfr ès erng`ïgs quf våc bcogr ’’Ecrrfnc Ecrrfnc jcs Uc`s Uc`s‛. ‛. Gprfsf`tgr c bcoc, bcoc, fxpineg`jc2 Gs gknogs rå, c`ïg f aceg våc rfefdfr egrtgs jg Kgsectf pfic ecrrfnc. ecrrfnc.
:8
Kgs, g`tfs jf gs ecicegr `c ecrrfnc, î prfensc fsecimfr quf jfsf`mcs f`vngr pgrg egjg ukg jfigs.
@cs f`vficpfs jf egjg g`nkgi, sõ pcjfk sfr ecicegjcs jfsf`mcs quf tf`mgk c kfskc `òkfrc jf sc`s jc sfu `ckf. Gssnk2
Tå sõ pcjf pcjf rfefdfr jfsf`mcs jfsf`mcs eck 4 sc`s, eckc g pgigvrg ’Xç ’Xç‛2 ‛2 Xppp Xppp f Çççç< Çççç<
C`ïg sõ ppcjf cjf rfefdfr jfsf`mcs jfsf`mcs eck 5 sc`s, eckc g pgigvrg ’@cz‛2 @```, Cccc, Usss< Aceg sõ pcjf rfefdfr rfefdf r jfsf`mcs eck : sc`s, eckc g pgigvrg ’Ogtc‛2 ’Ogtc‛2 Oooo, Gggg, Zttt, Zttt, Vuu.
4. Xfjnr g ukg eerng`ïg rng`ïg jf egjg vfz quf pfo pfouf uf `uk jfsf`mc f jfseudrg c `òkfrc jf sc`s quf ec`stntufk g pgigvrg. 5. Fk sfounjg, pfj pfjnr nr è erng`ïg quf ecicquf c jfsf`m jfsf`mcc `c f`vficpf jc g`nkgi quf tfk c kfskc `òkfrc `òkfrc jf sc`s. :. C bcoc ttfrkn`g frkn`g qug`jc ttcjcs cjcs cs jfsf`mcs fstnvfrfk `cs f`vficpfs jcs rfspfetnvcs g`nkgns. g`nkgns. 6. Ecicegr cs f`vficpfs `g egnxg jf ecrrfnc pgrg sfrfk ’f`vngjcs‛.
Zgdfig 7 Egrtöfs jf Jfsf`mcs jg Gtnvnjgjf
`cz
:7
Gtnvnjgjf 48 Wufdrg-egdfïg jf Uc`s
Cdbftnvcs Ec`senâ`eng Ac`ciõoneg2
• Ec`tgofk ac`âkneg • Ausåc ac`âkneg
Jurgïåc :6 kn`utcs
Kgtfrngi • Kgsectf • Xfïgs jf qufdrg-eg qufdrg-egdfïg dfïg eck ecrfs jnafrf`tfs jnafrf`tf s • Orgvgjcr/Efiuigr
Jfsernïåc jg Gtnvnjgjf
Xrfpgrgïåc
• Xrfpgrgr pfïgs jf qufdrg-egdfïg ecicrnjgs fk egrtåc. Wufdrg-egdfïg jf Uc`s
Cdbftnvc
• F`egnxgr gs pfïgs jf qufdrg-egdfïg, sck g sck, acrkg`jc uk ukgg pgigvrg. 7. Jnzfr ès erng`ïgs quf våc bcogr ’Wufdrg-egdfïg jf Uc`s‛. Uc`s‛. Gprfsf`tgr c bcoc, bcoc, fxpineg`jc2
Mç kuntcs sc`s fspgimgjcs pfig sgig.
Zfkcs jf fstgr kuntc gtf`tcs pgrg cs cuvnr.
Jfpcns jf cs cuvnr, vgkcs orgvç-ics `fstgs pfïgs (kcstrgr gs pfïgs jf qufdrg-egdfïg).
:4
G sfounr sfounr,, bu`tgkcs cs sc`s gtî jfsecdrnrkcs g pgigvrg quf acrkgk.
4. Jgr c kcjfic2 jjnzfr nzfr ès erng`ïgs quf quf `uk `ukgg pfïg fstç orgvgjc c sck /ʇ/ f `g cutrg c sck /Å/. Tfpftnr c sck /ʇ/ f jfpcns /Å/. Jnzfr cs jcns sc`s egjg vfz eck kf`cs fspgïc jf n`tfrvgic gtî quf ’qugsf‛ sf cuïg /TÅ/, geckpg`mg`jc eck c f`egnxf jgs pfïgs jf qufdrg-egdfïg. 5. Jnstrndunr jjugs ugs pfïgs jf qu qufdrg-egdfïg fdrg-egdfïg g ukg eerng`ïg rng`ïg jf egjg vfz. vfz. :. F`qug`tc g erng`ïg enreuig pfig sgig, jnzfr jcns sc`s. 6. Xfjnr è erng`ïg quf (n) rf rfpntg pntg cs sc`s quf cuvnu f (nn) orgvf egjg sck `ukg pfïg jf qufdrg-egdfïg, pfig crjfk fk quf cuvnu (vfr Zgdfig 7). 1. Jfpcns jf ’orgvgr‛, pfjnr è erng`ïg quf rfpntg rfpntg cs sc`s jf egjg ukg jgs jugs pfïgs, egjg vfz kgns rçpnjc, gtî jfsecdrnr g pgigvrg. ?. C bcoc ttfrkn`g frkn`g qug`jc ttcjgs cjgs gs erng erng`ïgs `ïgs tnvfrfk tnjc cpcrtu`njgjf jf bcogr bcogr..
Zgdfig 7 Instg jf Kc`cssëigdcs jg Gtnvnjgjf
n õ
:5
Gtnvnjgjf 47 Ecrrfnc jf Uc`s 4 Cdbftnvcs
Ec`senâ`eng Ac`ciõoneg2
• Njf`tnegïåc ac`âkneg • Ausåc ac`âkneg
Jurgïåc :6 kn`utcs
Kgtfrngi • Kgsectf • 74 f`vficpfs • 74 nkgof`s nkgof`s jjcs cs trâ trâss g`nkgns2 rå (4 nkgof`s)< c`ïg (6 nkgof`s)< aceg (6 nkgof`s) • Xgigvrgs fserntgs fk eõjnoc gtrgvîs jcs gitc-agig`tfs
Jfsernïåc jg Gtnvnjgjf
Xrfpgrgïåc
• Ecicegr ukg pgigvrg fk egjg f`vficpf • Njf`tnegr egjg egjg f`vficpf eck uk g`nkgi (p (p.fx., .fx., `c f`vficpf f`vficpf eck ukg pgigvrg jjff 5 sc`s, ecicegr g nkgofk jg c`ïg)
::
Ecrrfnc jf Uc`s 4 Cdbftnvc
• Jfsecdrnr g(s) ppgigvrg(s) gigvrg(s) fk eõjnoc f`vngjg(s) pcr egjg g`nkgi 7. Jnzfr ès erng`ïgs quf våc bcogr ’Ecrrfnc jf Uc`s 4‛. Fxpineg`jc2 Gs trâs gknogs rfspc`jfrgk rfspc`jfrgk ès egrtgs f`vngjgs g`tfrncrkf`tf.
Kgs… egjg g`nkgi f`vncu pgigvrgs pgigvrgs fk eõjnoc (rå ― ppgigvrgs gigvrgs eck 4 sc`s, c`ïg ― 5 sc` sc`s, s, aceg ― : sc`s). Xgrg jfsecdrnr fssgs pgigvrgs, tâk jf bu`tgr cs sc`s quf fståc jf`trc jf egjg f`vficpf.
4. Xf Xfjnr jnr g ukg eerng`ïg rng`ïg jf egjg vfz vfz quf gdrg uk f`vficpf f njf`t njf`tnquf nquf c sck quf egjg uk jcs
gitc-agig`tfs rfprfsf`tg.
5. Fk sfounjg, pf pfjnr jnr è erng`ïg qquf uf bu`tf cs sc`s f jfseudrg g pgigvrg (p.fx., (p.fx., `c f`vficpf jg rå, cs sc`s /k/ f /g/acrkgk g pgigvrg ’kç‛). :. C bcoc tfrkn`g qug`jc tcjgs gs pgigvrgs acrfk jfsecdfrtgs.
Zgdfig 7
Xgigvrgs Xgrg Ecicegr `cs F`vficpfs fk Eõjnoc (Egjg sck ; 7 Gitc-agig`tf)
Gitc-agig`tfs
Gitc-agig`tfs
Gitc-a gig`tfs
Cvfimg
ursc
sgpc
sgpc
ecpc
Eåc+cvfimg+ pgtc+ursc
:6
Gtnvnjgjf 44 Ecrrnjg jf Uc`s
Cdbftnvcs
Ec`senâ`eng Ac`ciõoneg2
• Ufokf`tgïåc ac`âkneg • Ausåc ac`âkneg
Jurgïåc :6 kn`utcs
Kgtfrngi • Kgsectf • 1 egrrcs • 76 nkgof`s jf gitc-agig`tfs • 76 Nkgof`s Nkgof`s jf g`nkgn g`nkgnss rfprfsf`tgtnvcs rfprfsf`tgtnvcs jf sc`s2 sc`s2 çoung, gdfimg, gdfimg, dgifng, eåc, jc`n`mg, îoug, îoug, noug`g, kgegec, creg, pgtc, sgpc, rgtc, tgrtgruog, ursc, zfdrg.
Jfsernïåc jg Gtnvnjgjf
Crog`nzgïåc
• Crog`nzgr gs erng`ïgs fk orupcs (5 g : erng`ïgs pcr orupc) Xrfpgrgïåc
• Xrfpgrgr ukg pnstg jf ecrrnjgs `ukg supfraëenf • Ecicegr fk egjg git gitc-agig`tf c-agig`tf ukg nkgofk jf uk g`nkgi quf rrfprfsf`tg fprfsf`tg uk sck 5 7 (p.fx., rgtc ‚ sck /ʇ/)
5 Xcjfk rfecrrfr gcs gitc-agig`tfs jg gtnvnjgjf Ecrrfnc jf Uc`s 4 .
:1
• Njf`tnegr 1 egrrcs eck nkgof`s jf gitc-agig`tfs2 • Xgigvrgs jf 5 sc`s2 5 gitc-agig`tfs jf sc`s quf acrkgk g pg pgigvrg igvrg + 5 jnstrgtcrfs jnstrgtcrfs (vfr Zgdfig 7) • Xgigvrgs jf : sc`s2 : gitc-agig`tfs jf sc`s quf acrkgk g pg pgigvrg igvrg + 4 jnstrgtcrfs jnstrgtcrfs (vfr Zgdfig 7) Ecrrnjg jf Uc`s
Cdbftnvc
• Njf`tnegr cs egrrcs quf pgrtnenpgk pgrtnenpgk fk egjg egjg ecrrnjg f quf acrkgk ukg pgigvrg, agzf`jc-cs emfogr è kftg pfig crjfk ecrrftg 7. Jnzfr ès eerng`ïgs rng`ïgs quf våc bcogr ’’Ecrrnjg Ecrrnjg jf Uc`s Uc`s‛, ‛, fxpineg`jc2 fxpineg`jc2
Egjg egrrc tfk uk gitc-agig`tf eck uk g`nkgi quf rfprfsf`tg uk sck.
Fk egjg ecrrnjg, våc fstgr prfpgrgjcs 1 egrrcs, kgs `fk tcjcs pgrtnenpgk. Wug`jc cuvnrfk ukg pgigvrg, våc tfr jf fsecimfr cs egrrcs eck cs sc sc`s `s jfssg pgigvrg.
G tgrfag jg erng`ïg ec`snstf fk agzfr emfogr è kftg, pfig crjfk efrtg, egjg egrrc.
4. Jgr c kcjfic, fxpineg`j fxpineg`jc2 c2 Xgrg g prnkfnrg ecrrnjg, fståc prfpgrgjcs pgrg f`trgr cs egrrcs eck cs sc`s2 ’j‛, ’î‛, ’ç‛, ’em‛, ’s‛, f ’t‛
G pgigvrg î ’JFR‛. Fsecimfr c egrrc eck ’j‛ f ifvç-ic gtî è pnstg< g sfounr, c ’î‛ f, pcr òitnkc, c ’s‛.
Wug`jc cs 5 egrrcs fstnvfrfk `g kftg, jnzfr `cvgkf`tf g pgigvrg ’JFR‛.
5. Jnzfr g egjg orupc uukg kg pgigvrg pgrg egjg ecrrnjg. :. Xf Xfjnr jnr quf ukg erng` erng`ïg ïg njf`tnquf cs eg egrrcs/sc`s rrcs/sc`s quf nråc f`t f`trgr rgr `g ecrrnjg f cs ecicq ecicquf uf `g pnstg. 6. Xfjnr pgrg cs agzfrfk emfogr è kftg pfig crjfk ecrrftg. 1. C bcoc tf tfrkn`g rkn`g qug`jc egjg egjg orupc jfsecdrnr jfsecdrnr cs egrrcs g pgrtnenpgr fk egjg ecrrnjg.
:?
Zgdfig 7
Fxfkpics jf Xgigvrgs g Vtninzgr fk Egjg Ecrrnjg
Gitc-agig`tfs
Gitc-agig`tf
sgpc creg
ursc
suec
eåc creg
ursc
:=
Gtnvnjgjf 45 Cpfrgïåc Qnrtugi Cdbftnvcs
Ec`senâ`eng Ac`ciõoneg2
• Njf`tnegïåc ac`âkneg • Ufokf`tgïåc ac`âkneg
Jurgïåc :6 kn`utcs
Kgtfrngi • Gprfsf`tgïåc XcwfrXcn`t XcwfrXcn`t eck eck nkgof`s (vfr Zgdfig 7) • Eciu`gs jf sck • Eckputgjcr • Xrcbftcr
Jfsernïåc jg Gtnvnjgjf
Xrfpgrgïåc
• Xrfpgrgr ukg gprfsf`tgïåc gprfsf`tgïåc eeck ck nkgof`s nkgof`s jg tgdfig 7 jnvnjnjgs fk pgrtfs2 agzf`jc ecrrfspc`jfr c `òkfrc jf pgrtfs gc `òkfrc jf ac`fkgs quf acrkgk g pgigvrg (p ( p.fx., nkgofk Tgtc fk : pgrtfs) • Jfpcns jf egjg sinjf sinjf eck eck egjg pgrtf jg nkgofk, uk òitnkc sinjf sinjf eck eck g nkgofk eckpiftg. Cpfrgïåc Qnrtugi
Cdbftnvc
• Xrc`u`engr cs ac`fkg ac`fkgss quf eckpöfk g pgigvrg (niustrgjg pfig nkgofk)
:>
7. Jnzfr ès erng`ïgs qquf uf våc bcogr ’Cpfrgïåc ’Cpfrgïåc Qnrtugi‛, fxpineg`jc2
Qåc gpgrfefr nkgof`s nkgof`s jnvnjnjgs fk jugs cu fk qugtrc pgrtfs
Egjg pgrtf ecrrfspc`jf g uk sck.
Zâk jf jfsecdrnr c sck jf egjg pgrtf quf acrkg g pgigvrg.
Wug`jc jfsecdrnrfk, cs sc`s bu`tgk-sf f acrkgk g nkgofk eckpiftg.
4. Xfjnr g ukg erng`ïg jf egjg vvfz fz quf njf`tnquf c sck quf ecrrfspc`j ecrrfspc`jff g egjg pgrtf jg
nkgofk (p.fx., kcstrgr g nkgofk ’pç‛ jnvnj jnvnjnjg njg fk jugs pgrtfs2 7.ª pgrtf, sck ’p‛< 4.ª pgrtf, sck ’g‛).
5. Wug`jc njf`t njf`tnegrfk negrfk cs sc`s jf eg egjg jg pgrtf ecrrftgkf`tf, ecrrftgkf`tf, kcstrgr g nkgofk eeckpiftg. ckpiftg. :. C bcoc tfrkn`g qu qug`jc g`jc tcjgs gs erng`ïgs erng`ïgs njf`tnegr njf`tnegrfk fk cs sc`s ec`s ec`stntun`tfs tntun`tfs jgs nkgof`s. nkgof`s.
Zgdfi gdfigg 7
Nkgof`s jg Gprfsf`tgïåc
68
Gtnvnjgjf 4: Kgns uk Uck Cdbftnvcs
Ec`senâ`eng Ac`ciõoneg2
• Njf`tnegïåc ac`âkneg • Gjnïåc ac`âkneg (k jg pgigvrg)
Jurgïåc :6 kn`utcs
Kgtfrngi • Kgsectf • Invrc jf nkgof`s (vfr Zgdfig 7) • Nkgof`s rfprfsf`tgtnvgs rfprfsf`tgtnvgs jf sci (/s/) f gr (/ʇ/)
Jfsernïåc jg Gtnvnjgjf
Xrfpgrgïåc
• Xrfpgrgr uk ’invrc‛ eeck ck gs nkgof`s jg Zgdfig 7 Kgns uk Uck
Cdbftnvc
• Gjnenc`gr uk sck `c `g `gii jf ukg pgigvrg pgigvrg f jfsecdrnr g pgigvrg acrkgjg 7. Jnzfr ès erng`ïgs quf våc bcogr ’Kgns uk Uck‛, Uck‛, quf fstç jf`t jf`trc rc jf uk invrc jf mnstõrngs. mnstõrngs. Gprfsf`tgr c bcoc, fxpineg`jc2
Fk egjg acimg jc invrc, vgn gpgrfefr ukg nkgofk.
F ccss jcns jcns sc`s (s, r) eck eckcc såc kuntc nrrfqunftcs f drn`egimöfs, drn`egimöfs, qufrfk bu`tgrbu`tgr-sf sf g fssgs
67
nkgof`s, kfskc `c `gi. Eckc tgkdîk sckcs drn`egimöfs, vgkcs jfsecdrnr eckc egk gs pgigvrgs eck cs `cvcs sc`s3 4. Acimfgr c invrc f sfifenc`gr nkgofk. 5. Xfjnr g ukg erng`ïg quf jnog cs sc`s jg pgigvrg (p (p.fx., .fx., ’pç‛ - /p/, /ç/). :. Jnzfr quf uk sck (rfprf (rfprfsf`tgjc sf`tgjc pcr ukg jgs nkgof`s2 sci cu gr) vgn bu`tgr-sf g fssg pgigvrg. 6. Ecicegr ffssf ssf sck `c ` `gi gi jg nkgofk/pgigvrg. 1. Xfjnr è erng`ïg quf jnog quf pgigvrg acrkg acrk g jfpcns jf bu`tgr c sck (p.fx., ’pç ’pç‛, ‛, eck c /s/ jf sci eg ’pgz‛). ?. C bcoc tfrkn`g qug qug`jc `jc tcjgs gs `cv `cvgs gs pgigvrgs acrfk jfsecdfrtgs. jfsecdfrtgs.
Zgdfi gdfigg 7 Fxfkpics jf Xgigvrgs g Vtninzgr `g Gtnvnjgjf
64
Gtnvnjgjf 46 Xng`c jf Uc`s Cdbftnvcs
Ec`senâ`eng Ac`ciõoneg2
• Uudstntunïåc ac`âkneg
Jurgïåc :6 kn`utcs
Kgtfrngi • Kgsectf • Xng`c (cu xnicac`f) • Nkgof`s jf g`nkgns • Xgrtnturg
Jfsernïåc jg Gtnvnjgjf
Xrfpgrgïåc
• Njf`tnegr gs tfeigs tfeigs eck nkgof`s jf gg`nkgns `nkgns rfprfsf`tgtnvgs rfprfsf`tgtnvgs jf sc`s • Ecicegr, fk egjg pçon`g jg pgutg, g rfprfsf`tgïåc jf ukg pgigvrg (p.fx., (p.fx., pgrg g pgigvrg ’igr‛ ecicegr c ’ifåc‛, g ’çoung‛ f gs ’c`jgs‛ jc kgr) Xng`c jf Uc`s
Cdbftnvc
• Jfsecdrnr gs ppgigvrgs gigvrgs tcegjgs `c png`c gpõs trceg jf tfeigs
65
7. Jnzfr ès eerng`ïgs rng`ïgs quf våc bcogr ’’Xng`c Xng`c jf Uc` Uc`s‛. s‛. FFxpinegr xpinegr quf2
C png`c tfk tfeigs, fk egjg tfeig tceg uk sck (rfprfsf`tgjc pcr uk g`nkgi).
@g pgrtnturg fståc pgigvrgs, quf våc sfr tcegjgs `c png`c.
4. Xf Xfjnr jnr g ukg erng erng`ïg `ïg quf ’tcquf ’tcquf‛‛ g prnkfnrg pgigvrg pgigvrg jg pgrtnturg. 5. Jnzfr è erng`ïg quf g prnkfnrg tfeig fstç fst fstrgogjg rgogjg f quf ttfk fk jf sfr rrftnrgjg. ftnrgjg. :. Jgr ukg `cvg tfeig è erng`ïg f pfjnr quf njf`tnquf c sck rfprfsf`tgjc. 6. Xf Xfjnr jnr pgrg ecicegr g `cvg tfe tfeig ig f pfrou`tgr qugi g pgigvrg acrkgjg eck eck fssf sck.
p.fx., ’kgr‛.
G erng`ïg tfk jf tcegr `gs tfeigs2 kgegec /k/, çoung /g/ f cc`jgs `jgs jc kgr / ʇʇ //
Znrgr c /k/.
Jgr g tfeig jg jc`n`mg /j/.
Acrkg g pgigvrg /jgr/.
1. Tfpftnr c kfskc prcefjnkf`tc pgrg cutrgs pgigvrgs (vfr Zgdfig 7). ?. C bcoc tfrkn`g qu qug`jc g`jc tcjgs gs erng`ïgs erng`ïgs trcegr trcegrfk fk uk sck f ’tcegrfk ’tcegrfk‛‛ ukg pgigvrg `cvg `c png`c. Zgdfig 7
Fxfkpics jf Xgigvrgs g Vtninzgr `g Gtnvnjgjf
6:
Xgrtf 4 Xrcorgkg jf Xrckcïåc Xrfecef Xrfecef `gs Eckpftâ`engs jf Ifnturg G`g Uuef`g • G`g Aninpg Univg • Kgrng Bcsî Kgtg • Ernstn`g Ogrrnjc
66
Gtnvnjgjf 7 Gprfsf`tgïåc jg Kgsectf Cdbftnvcs
Xrgokçtneg2
• Njf`tnegr f gjctgr gjctgr eckpcrtgkf`t eckpcrtgkf`tcs cs pgrg ’kfimcr cuvnr f kfimcr kfimcr ggprf`jfr‛ prf`jfr‛ • Eckprff`jfr f usgr gs ec`vf`ïöfs scengns gefreg jg ec`vfrsgïå ec`vfrsgïåc/ecku`negï c/ecku`negïåc åc (eukprnkf`t (eukprnkf`tgr gr,, gorgjfefr, pfjnr jfseuipg f jfspfjnr-sf)
Ec`senâ`eng ac`ciõoneg2
• Ufokf`tgïåc sniçdneg • Uf`sndninjgjf pgrg c ac`fkg fk pcsnïåc n`nengi Jurgïåc :6 kn`utcs
76„2 Gprfsf`tgïåc jg Kgsectf (mnstõrng) 58„2 Drn`egjfnrgs eck cs `ckfs jcs giu`cs ( bcocs f`vcivf`jc kg`npuigïåc jf sëigdgs f jf ac`fkg fk pcsnïåc n`nengi)
Kgtfrngi
• Kgsectf • Mnstõrng jg Kgsectf
Jfsernïåc jg Gtnvnjgjf Gprfsf`tgïåc jg Kgsectf (Mnstõrng)
Ec`tgr g mnstõrng/gprf mnstõrng/gprfsf`tgïåc sf`tgïåc2
61
Mnstõrng jg Kgsectf
Wufk scu fu, qufk fu scu3 Ucu c tfu gknoc quf gqun emfocu! C kfu `ckf eckfïg eck Usss f rnkg eck ’nec‛. Fu scu c tfu gknoc… EnnIgrnec! Ucu c EnnIgrnec, scu afinz g agigr a gigr.. Wufk qunsfr bu`tgr-sf g knk, eck cs sc`s pcjf drn`egr! ENi ENi-IG ENi-IG-TN ENi-IG-TN-EC Zf`mc jugs g`tf`gs, pgrg cs sc`s cuvnr dfk. Vkg dceg fu tf`mc, pgrg cs jnzfr tgkdîk! Zcjcs egk gjknrgjcs eck fstf kfu bfntc jf agigr. Zcjcs gemgk kuntg orgïg, pcrquf agic g rnkgr! Anegk jfsjf bç ec`vnjgjcs, pgrg `fstf bcoc f`trgr. Qgn sfr kuntc jnvfrtnjc eck gs pgigvrgs drn`egr!
6?
• Ec`vnjgr c EnnIgrnec EnnIgrnec g jnzfr qug`tgs sëigdgs tfk c sfu `ckf.
Enn-ig-rn-ec
: sëigdgs. Enn-ig-rn-ec Enn-ig-rn-ec!! (f`qug`tc dgtf : pgikgs jf acrkg rëtkneg) Drn`egjfnrgs eck c @ckf jcs Giu`cs
7. Xf Xfrou`tgr rou`tgr pgrg uk giu`c (uk g uk) qug`tgs sëigdgs ttfk fk c sfu `ckf. 4. Fk ec`bu`t ec`bu`tc, c, c orupc agz ecrrf ecrrfspc`jfr spc`jfr c `òkfr `òkfrcc jf pgikgs gc `òkfrc jf sëigdgs. sëigdgs. Eck gs pgikgs pcjf sfr gsscengjc uk rntkc/kcvnkf`tc rntkc/kcvnkf`tc pgrg egjg `ckf. 5. Ec`vnjgr c EnnIgrnec g jfsecdrnr c sck n`nengi jc sfu `ckf `ckf (prcic`ogr c sck Usss Usss f
gsscengr c ofstc jg sfrpf`tf).
:. Jfsggr cs ggiu`cs iu`cs g jfse jfsecdrnr cdrnr c sck n`nengi jc sf sfuu `ckf. 6. N`vf`tgr, pgrg egjg sck n`nengi, uk ofstc. 1. Zfrkn`gr c bcoc jnzf`jc gifgtcrngkf`tf uk jcs `ckfs jcs giu`cs jf egjg vfz, f pfjnr quf jnogk c sck f c ofstc quf erngrgk.
6=
Gtnvnjgjf 4 Ucu uk Uck! Cdbftnvcs
Ec`senâ`eng ac`ciõoneg2
• Njf`tnegïåc jc ac`fkg n`nengi Tfigïöfs iftrg-sck
Jurgïåc :6 kn`utcs
Kgtfrngi • Kgsectf • 4: egrtöfs eck nkgof`s • : egrtöfs/egrtgs eck cs orgafkgs2 rr,, s, a, z • 7 sgec
Jfsernïåc jg Gtnvnjgjf
Xrfpgrgïåc
•
Ecicegr cs 4: egrtöfs `uk sgec
Crog`nzgïåc
• Jnvnjnr c orupc jf giu`cs fk : fqunpfs
Cdbftnvc
Ucu uk Uck!
• Gsscengr gs nkgof`s/pgigvrgs gc sfu orgafkg n`nengi
6>
7. Jnzfr gcs giu`cs quf våc `c bcoc ’Ucu uk Uck!‛2 Uck!‛2
Qåc sfr rftnrgjcs egrtöfs jf uk sgec.
Vk giu`c jnz g nkgofk quf fstç `c egrtåc.
G fq fqunpf unpf quf ttnvfr nvfr g iftrg n`nengi jfssg pgigvrg pgigvrg tfk jf jjnzfr nzfr ’Uck…‛ f eg eg eck c egrtåc egrtåc..
4. Gtrndunr uk jcs qqugtrc ugtrc orgafkgs g egjg ffqunpf. qunpf. 5. Tftnrgr uk egrtåc egrtåc jc sgec f jnzfr g pgigvrg. :. Xf Xfjnr jnr ès fqunpfs qu quff vfrnqufk sf g pgigvrg n`neng pfig iftrg quf imfs acn gtrnduëjg. 6. Ucinentgr è fqunpf qu quff ifvg`tf g kåc f jnog c ’Uck…‛ ’Uck…‛.. 1. C bcoc tfrkn` tfrkn`gg qug`jc ttcjgs cjgs gs nkgof`s/pgigvrgs nkgof`s/pgigvrgs acrf acrfk k gsscengjgs gc sfu orgafkg n`nengi. n`nengi. Zgdfig 7
Egrtöfs jg Gtnvnjgjf
ʇ
/ /
zukdn
18
Gtnvnjgjf 5 Uck g Uck! Cdbftnvcs
Ufokf`tgïåc f ausåc ac`âknegs pgrg prckcvfr g fserntg
Jurgïåc
46 kn`utcs ― vfrsåc 7 48 kn`utcs ― vfrsåc 4
Kgtfrngi • Kgsectf
Jfsernïåc jg Gtnvnjgjf Xrfpgrgïåc • Nkprnknr gs pgigvrgs jg Zgdfig 7 fk egrtöfs n`jnvnjugns
Uck g Uck
Cdbftnvc
• Uciftrgr (sck/iftrg), fk vcz gitg, gs pgigvrgs 7. Jnzfr gcs giu`cs quf våc bcogr ’Uck g Uck‛.
4. Jnzfr g uk giu`c2
Qfrsåc 7 (Ufokf`tgïåc)
’Jnz, sck g sck, g pgigvrg…‛ (sfounjg jf ukg pgigvrg)
17
5. Fspfrgr quf c giu`c jnog jnog cs sc`s jg pgigvrg. p.fx., ’Jnz, sck g sck, g pgigvrg… DCIG‛.
C giu`c tfrç jf jnzfr2 ’/d/, /c/, /i/, /g/‛.
Qfrsåc 4 (Ausåc)
4. Jnzfr g uk giu`c2
’Jnz qugi î g pgigvrg…‛ (sfounj (sfounjgg jcs sc`s jf ukg pgigvrg)
5. Fspfrgr quf c giu` giu`cc jfse jfseudrg udrg qugi g pgigvrg. pgigvrg.
p.fx., ’Jnz qugi î g pgigvrg /p/, /g/, /n/.‛
C giu`c tfrç jf jnzfr2 ’/p/, /g/, /n/ eg XGN‛.
:. C bcoc tfrkn`g qu qug`jc g`jc tcjcs cs giu`cs tnvfrfk bco bcogjc. gjc.
Zgdfi gdfigg 7
Fxfkpics jf Xgigvrgs g Vtninzgr `g Gtnvnjgjf
14
Gtnvnjgjf :
Mcrg jc Ig`emf ‚ Ac`fkg
Cdbftnvcs
Ec`senâ`eng ac`ciõoneg2
• Ufokf`tgïåc ac`âkneg • Ec`tgofk ac`âkneg Jurgïåc :6 kn`utcs
Kgtfrngi • Kgsectf • 5 egnxgs/prgtcs • Nkgof`s jf 5 g`nkgns2 rå, c`ïg f aceg • 47 egrtöfs eck nkgof`s • 7 sgec
Jfsernïåc jg Gtnvnjgjf
Xrfpgrgïåc
• Njf`tnegr egjg egnxg/prgtc eck g nk nkgofk gofk jf uuk k jjcs cs g`nk g`nkgns gns • Ecicegr cs 47 egrtöfs `uk sgec
Cdbftnvc
Mcrg jc Ig`emf ‚ Ac`fkg
• Gsscengr ginkf`tcs gcs g`nkgns, g`nkgns, agzf`jc eecrrfspc`jfr crrfspc`jfr c `òk `òkfrc frc jf ac`fkgs
15
7. Jnzfr gcs ggiu`cs iu`cs quf vvåc åc bcogr ’Mcrg ’Mcrg jc Ig`e Ig`emf‛. mf‛. Gprfsf`tgr Gprfsf`tgr c bcoc2 G rå, g c`ïg c` ïg f g aaceg ceg våc ig`e i g`emgr. mgr.
Kgs egj egjgg ukg tfk ukg jnftg fspfeëeg2 egjg ukg ukg sõ eckf ginkf`tcs ginkf`tcs quf ttâk âk c kfskc
`òkfrc jf sc`s jc sfu `ckf.
G rå sõ pcjf p cjf eckf eckfrr gi ginkf` nkf`tcs tcs eck 4 sc`s. sc `s. G c`ïg sõ pcjf eckfr ginkf`tcs eck 5 sc`s.
G aceg sõ pcjf eckfr ginkf`tcs eck : sc`s.
4. Xf Xfjnr jnr g uk giu`c jjff egjg vfz quf2 quf2 7) rftnr rftnrff uk egrtåc, egrtåc, 4) `ckfnf g nk nkgofk gofk f 5) njf`tnquf njf`tnquf c `òkfrc jf sc`s jg pgigvrg. 5. Fk sfounjg, ppfjnr fjnr gc giu`c quf njf`tnquf c g`nkgi g`nkgi quf tfk c kfskc `òkfr `òkfrcc jf sc`s f ecicquf c egrtåc jf`trc jg egnxg/prgtc jc g`nkgi (p.fx., (p.fx., egrtåc ’rnc‛ (5 sc`s) vgn pgrg g ’c`ïg‛ (5 sc`s)). :. C bcoc tfrkn`g qug`jc acrfk gss gsscengjcs cengjcs tcjcs cs egrtöfs gcs g`nkgns ecrrfspc`jf`tfs. ecrrfspc`jf`tfs. Zgdfig 7
Egrtöfs jg Gtnvnjgjf
oc
rnc
pfrg
1:
Gtnvnjgjf 6 Qgrgi jf Iftrgs Cdbftnvcs
Ec`senâ`eng ac`ciõoneg2
• Ec`senâ`eng jc ac`fkg fk pcsnïåc n`nengi • Aiuâ`eng ac`âkneg
Tfigïöfs Tfig ïöfs iftrg-sck
Jurgïåc :6 kn`utcs
Kgtfrngi • Kgsectf • 74 egrtöfs eck iftrgs • Ecrjgs/cs • 74 prf`jfjcrfs jf rcupg • Jgjc
Jfsernïåc jg Gtnvnjgjf
Xrfpgrgïåc
• Fserfvfr ukg iftrg fk egjg egrtåc • Ecicegr gs ecrjgs/ ecrjgs/cs cs jf jf acrkg g ec`strunr jcns vgrgns • Xf Xf`jurgr `jurgr sfns egrtöfs fk egjg vgrgi
16
Crog`nzgïåc
• Jnvnjnr cs giu`cs fk jugs fqunpfs Qgrgi jf Iftrgs Cdbftnvc • Njf`tnegr g iftrg/sck iftrg/sck f jnzfr jnzfr pgigvrgs eckfïgjgs eckfïgjgs pcr ffssg ssg iftrg/sck iftrg/sck
7. Jnzfr gcs giu`cs quf våc bcogr ’Qgrgi ’Qgrgi jf Iftrgs‛. Gprfsf`tgr Gprfsf`tg r c bcoc, fxpineg`jc2 fxpineg`j c2
Fk egjg vgrgi fståc iftrgs.
Egjg fqunpf tfk uk jcs vgrgns. È vfz, vf z, vå våcc ig`ïgr ig` ïgr c jg jgjc< jc< c `òkfrc `ò kfrc jf dcin` d cin`mgs mgs ecrrfs ecr rfspc`j pc`jff g ukg iftrg jc vgrgi vg rgi
(p.fx., sf sgnu c `.² 6, vâ qugi î g iftrg quf fstç fk qun`tc iuogr). Jnzfk g iftrg/sck iftrg/sck quf sgnu f ukg pgigvrg quf eckfef eck fssf sck.
4. Xfjnr g egjg fqunpf quf fsecimg uk jcs vgrgns. 5. Xfjnr g uk giu`c pcr vfz quf ig`ef c jgjc f prceurf `c sfu vgrgi g iftrg ecrrfspc`jf`tf ecrrfspc `jf`tf gc `òkfrc quf sgnu. :. Njf`tnegr g iftrg quf sgnu. 6. Ucinentgr gcs giu`cs quf jnogk ukg pgigvrg n`nengjg pcr fssf sck.
11
Gtnvnjgjf 1 Dn`oc Cdbftnvcs Xrckcïåc jf eckpftâ`engs jf ifnturg ‚ gjgptçvfi gjgptçvfi gc `ëvfi ifntcr jg erng`ïg Tfigïöfs Tfig ïöfs iftrg-sck (dn`oc eck iftrgs) Jfecjnegïåc2 • •
Giagdîtneg (dn`oc eck sëigdgs cu eck pgigvrgs snkpifs) Crtcorçeg (dn`oc eck pgigvrgs eckpifxgs)
Jurgïåc :6 kn`utcs
Kgtfrngi • Kgsectf • Egrtfig jf dn`oc • Egrtöfs eck gs iftrgs/sëigdgs/pgigvrgs iftrgs/sëigdgs/pgigvrgs prfsf`tfs `g egrtfig • Wugjrgjcs jf pgpfi/piçstne pgpfi/piçstnecc ecicrnjcs
Jfsernïåc jg Gtnvnjgjf
Xrfpgrgïåc
• @òkfrc jf egrtfig egrtfigss jf bcoc eecrrfspc`jf`tf crrfspc`jf`tf gc `òkfrc `òkfrc jf giu`cs jc orupc • Fkdgrgimgr f ecicegr cs egrtöfs eck eck gs iftrgs/sëigdgs/pgigvrgs iftrgs/sëigdgs/pgigvrgs `uk dgrgimc, dgrgimc, vnrgjgs pgrg dgnxc dgnxc
1?
Dn`oc
Cdbftnvc
• Ifr g iftrg/sëigdg/pgigvrg iftrg/sëigdg/pgigvrg f njf`tneç-ig fk sug egrtfig, ecice eciceg`jc g`jc pcr enkg uk qugjrgjc jf geftgtc 7. Jnzfr ggcs cs giu`cs quf vvåc åc bcogr ’Dn`oc‛. ’Dn`oc‛. 4. Jgr g egrtfig jf dn`o dn`occ gcs giu`cs f pfjnr-imfs pgrg ifr gs iftrgs/sëigdgs/pgigvrgs iftrgs/sëigdgs/pgigvrgs prfsf`tfs prfsf`tfs `g sug egrtfig. 5. Xf Xfjnr jnr g uk giu`c ppcr cr vfz quf tnrf tnrf uk egrtåc jc jc kc`tf f ifr g iftrg/sëigdg/pg iftrg/sëigdg/pgigvrg. igvrg. :. Egjg giu`c vf vfrneg rneg sf tfk g iftrg/sëigdg/pgi iftrg/sëigdg/pgigvrg gvrg `c sfu tgduifnrc tgduifnrc jf bcoc bcoc.. 6. Cs giu`cs eck fssg ift iftrg/sëigdg/pgigvrg rg/sëigdg/pgigvrg `c sf sfuu tgduifnrc eecicegk cicegk uk qugjrgjc jf geftgtc pcr enkg. 1. Wug`jc prff`emfr c sfu tgduifnrc, c giu`c jnz ’Dn`oc‛. ?. C bcoc tfrkn`g qu qug`jc g`jc tcjcs cs giu`cs prff`emfrfk prff`emfrfk c sfu tgduifnrc tgduifnrc.. Zgdfi gdfigg 7 Fxfkpic g utninzgr `c dn`oc jf rfigïöfs iftrg-sck
Zgdfig 4 Fxfkpics jf psfujcpgigvrgs (fstruturg EQ) g utninzgr `c dn`oc jf jfecjnegïåc giagdîtneg
1=
Zgdfig 5 Fxfkpics jf pgigvrgs g utninzgr `c dn`oc jf jfecjnegïåc giagdîtneg
Zgdfig :
Fxfkpics jf pgigvrgs g utninzgr `c dn`oc jf jfecjnegïåc crtcorçeg
1>
Gtnvnjgjf ? Jckn`õ jf Xgigvrgs Cdbftnvcs Xrckcïåc jg jfecjnegïåc ‚ gjgptçvfi gc `ëvfi ifntcr jc giu`c Jfecjnegïåc2 •
Giagdîtneg2 jckn`õ eck pgigvrgs snkpifs
•
Crtcorçeg2 jckn`õ eck pgigvrgs eckpifxgs
Jurgïåc :6 kn`utcs
Kgtfrngi • Kgsectf • Jckn`õ jf pgigvrgs
Jfsernïåc jg Gtnvnjgjf
Xrfpgrgïåc
• Jnvnjnr gs pfïgs jf gecrjc eck c `òkfrc jf giu`cs Jckn`õ jf Xgigvrgs
Cdbftnvc
• Fkpgrfimgr g pgigvrg eck g nkgofk ecrrfspc`jf`t ecrrfspc`jf`tff
?8
7. Jnzfr gcs giu`cs quf våc bcogr c ’Jckn`õ jf Xgigvrgs‛. Xgigvrgs‛. Gprfsf`tgr c bcoc, bcoc, fxpineg`jc2
Egjg pfïg jc jckn`õ tfk ukg nkgofk f ukg pgigvrg. G pgigvr pg igvrgg jf ukg pfïg ecrrfs ecr rfspc`j pc`jff è nkgofk jf ccutrg utrg pfïg pfïg..
Jfpcns jf ifr egjg pgigvrg, våc, prceurgr `gs vcssgs pfïgs g nkgofk ecrrfspc`jf`tf. C prnkfnrc g bcogr î qufk tnvfr g pfïg eck g Kgsectf.
4. Jnstrndunr gs pfïgs pfïgs jc jckn`õ pgrg cs giu giu`cs. `cs. 5. C giu`c eck g prnkfnrg pfïg (pfïg eck g Kgse Kgsectf ctf jc igjc jnrfntc) jnrfntc) n`neng c bcoc. bcoc. :. Xf Xfjnr jnr g fssf giu`c quf ecicquf c egrtåc `g kfsg kfsg f ifng g pgigvrg. 6. Eciceg g pfïg sfoun`tf qufk qufk tnvfr g nkgofk ecrrfspc`jf`tf. ecrrfspc`jf`tf. Xfjnr Xfjnr g fssf giu`c quf bcouf g ppfïg fïg f ifng g pgigvrg. 1. C bcoc tfrkn`g qqug`jc ug`jc c jckn`õ fstnvfr fstnvfr eckpiftc. eckpiftc. Zgdfi gdfigg 7
Fxfkpics jf pgigvrgs g utninzgr `c jckn`õ jf jfecjnegïåc giagdîtneg
?7
Zgdfi gdfigg 4
Fxfkpics jf pgigvrgs g utninzgr `c jckn`õ jf jfecjnegïåc crtcor crtcorçeg çeg
?4
Gtnvnjgjf = Zrceg Uëi Uëigdgs gdgs Cdbftnvcs
Jfecjnegïåc giagdîtneg2
• Ifnturg jf pgigvrg pgigvrgss f psfujcpgi psfujcpgigvrgs gvrgs (EQ.EQ (EQ.EQ f EQ.EQ EQ.EQ.EQ) .EQ)
Jurgïåc :6 kn`utcs
Kgtfrngi • Kgsectf • Tcics jf pgpfi • Uupcrtf (p.fx. (p.fx.,, kgregjcr/v kgregjcr/vgrftg/tnrg grftg/tnrg jf egrtåc…) • Zfscurg
Jfsernïåc jg Gtnvnjgjf
Xrfpgrgïåc
• Fserfvfr ukg pgigvrg fk egjg rcic jf pgpfi • Ecrtgr egjg rcic fk trâs grocigs Zrceg Uëigdgs
Cdbftnvc
• Tftnrgr/trcegr Tftnrgr/trcegr gs grocigs pgrg acrkgr `cvgs pgigvrgs • Ifr gs pgigvrgs/psfujcpgigvrgs pgigvrgs/psfujcpgigvrgs
?5
7. Jnzfr gcs giu`cs quf våc bcogr ’Zrceg ’Zrceg Uëigdgs‛. Gprfsf`tg Gprfsf`tgrr c bcoc, fxpineg`j fxpineg`jc2 c2
Egjg grocig ecrrfspc`jf g ukg sëigdg.
@c supcrtf, våc sfr ecicegjgs pgigvrgs eck jugs cu trâs grocigs.
Qåc sfr trcegjgs cu rftnrgjgs grocigs/sëigd grocigs/sëigdgs. gs.
C jfsgc î ifr gs `cvgs pgigvrgs. X.fx., kgegec.
Tftnrgr ’ec‛ ; ’kgeg‛.
Zrcegr crjfk ; ’egkg‛.
4. Ecicegr `c supcrtf jugs cu trâs gro grocigs cigs eck gs sëigdgs quf acrkgk ukg pgigvrg (Zgdfig (Zgdfig 7). 5. Xfjnr g uk giu`c pcr vfz quf tnrf tnrf cu trcquf ukg jgs grocigs grocigs f ifng g pgigvrg quf sf acrkcu. :. C bcoc tfrkn`g qqug`jc ug`jc tcjcs cs giu`cs tnvfrfk bcogjc bcogjc..
Zgdfig 7
Fxfkpics jf pgigvrgs jg gtnvnjgjf
?:
Gtnvnjgj Gtn vnjgjff > Tciftg jf Xgigvrgs Cdbftnvcs Xrckcïåc jg jfecjnegïåc ‚ gjgptçvfi gc `ëvfi ifntcr jc giu`c Jfecjnegïåc2 • Giagdîtneg • Crtcorçeg
Jurgïåc :6 kn`utcs
Kgtfrngi • Kgsectf • Xgpîns pfquf`cs/pcst-nts pfquf`cs/ pcst-nts • Eg`ftg • Ogrrgag cu rciftg jnvnjnjg fk = pgrtfs
Jfsernïåc jg Gtnvnjgjf
Xrfpgrgïåc
• = pgpîns pfquf`cs/pcst-nts pfquf`cs/pcst-nts ‚ ‚ fk egjg uk, fserfvfr ukg pgigvrg (ea. Zgdfigs 7 f 4) • Ecicegr egjg pgpfi pfquf`c/pcst-nt pfquf`c/pcst-nt fk fk egjg jnvnsåc jn vnsåc jg rciftg cu jnstrnduëjcs fk eëreuic pfig kfsg • @g cpïåc eck g ogrrgag, eciceç-ig gc ef`trc
?6
Tciftg jf Xgigvrgs
Cdbftnvc
• Ifr f fserfvfr pgigvrg pgigvrgss quf eckfïgk pfig kfskg iftrg 7. Jnzfr gcs giu`cs quf våc bcogr ’Tciftg jf Xgigvrgs‛. Xgigvrgs‛. Gprfsf`tgr c bcoc, bcoc, fxpineg`jc2
G rciftg fstç jnvnjnjg fk = pgrtfs.
Fk egjg pgrtf fstç ukg pgigvrg quf eckfïg pcr ukg iftrg jnafrf`tf.
Wug`jc c pc`tfnrc/ogrrgag pc`tfnrc/ogrrgag ppgrgr grgr `ukg jgs pgigvrgs, våc ifr fssg pgigvrg pgigvrg f fserf fserfvfr vfr cutrg quf eckfef pfig kfskg iftrg.
Ecicegk g `cvg pgigvrg `g rciftg/kfsg.
4. Egjg giu`c, è vfz, vfz, agz onrgr g rrciftg/ogrrgag. ciftg/ogrrgag. 5. Xf Xfjnr jnr quf c giu`c ifng g pgigvrg c`jf c pc`tfnrc jg rciftg/ogrrgag rciftg/ogrrgag pgrcu. :. Fk sfo sfounjg, unjg, ppfjnr fjnr quf c giu`c fserfvg `uk pcst-nt pcst-nt cutrg cutrg pgigvrg quf eckfef eck g kfskg iftrg. 6. Ecicegr fssg pg pgigvrg igvrg `g rcif rciftg, tg, bu`tc jg pgigvrg n`nengjg n`nengjg pfig kfskg iftrg. iftrg. 1. C bcoc tfrkn` tfrkn`gg qug`jc ttcjcs cjcs cs giu`cs tnvfrfk cpcrtu cpcrtu`njgjf `njgjf jf bcogr. bcogr. Zgdfig 7 Xgigvrgs g utninzgr `g rciftg jf jfecjnegïåc giagdîtneg
Zgdfig 4 Xgigvrgs g utninzgr `g rciftg jf jfecjnegïåc crtcorçeg
?1
Gtnvnjgjf 78 C Bgrjnk jc @M-IM Cdbftnvcs
Jfecjnegïåc crtcorçeg2
• Ifnturg f fse fserntg rntg jf pgigvrgs pgigvrgs eeck ck cs orgafkgs eckpifxcs eckpifxcs ’`m‛ ’`m‛ f ’im‛
Jurgïåc :6 kn`utcs
Kgtfrngi • Kgsectf • Anemgs jf supcrtf ( bgrjnk eck nkgof`s f bgrjnk eck pgigvrgs) • Acimgs jf pgpfi/egjfr`cs (` ; `.² giu`cs) • Nkgof`s jf ukg ukg ggdfimg dfimg f jf ukg bcg`n`mg (` ; `.² ggiu`cs) iu`cs) • Içpns f dcrrgemg
Jfsernïåc jg Gtnvnjgjf
Xrfpgrgïåc
• Gefssgr f nkprnknr gs emgs jf supcrtf eck pgigvrgs (7/giu`c) (7/giu`c) f eck nk nkgof`s gof`s (7/ (7/giu`c) giu`c) • Vtninzgr c egjfr`c/ukg egjfr`c/ukg acimg jf pgpfi f jnvnjnr jnvnjnr fk jugs eciu`gs • Ecicegr nkgofk nkgofk jg gdfimg (f c orgafkg eckpifx eckpifxcc ’IM‛) ’IM‛) `ukg jgs eciu`gs eciu`gs • Ecicegr nkgofk nkgofk jg bcg`n`mg (f c orgafkg eckpifx eckpifxcc ’@M‛) ’@M‛) `g cutrg eciu`g
Bgrjnk Bgrjn k jjcc @ @M-I M-IM M
Cdbftnvc
Njf`tnegr gs nkgof`s nkgof`s cu gs pgigvrgs c`jf g gdfimg f g bcg`n`mg pcjfk pcusgr
??
• Fserfvfr gs pgigvrgs eck IM/@M IM/@M `c egjfr`c egjfr`c,, `g eciu`g jg gdfi gdfimg/bcg`n`mg mg/bcg`n`mg 7. Jnzfr gcs ggiu`cs iu`cs quf vvåc åc bcogr ’Bgrjnk ’Bgrjnk jc @M @M-IM‛, -IM‛, fxpineg` fxpineg`jc2 jc2
Fxnstf uk bgrjnk eck fflcrfs. Egjg fflcr tfk ukg nkgofk/p nkgofk/pgigvrg. gigvrg.
Vkg gdfimg f ukg bcg`n`mg våc vcgr jf fflcr fk fflcr, kgs… G gdfimg sõ pcjf pcusgr `gs nkgof`s/pgigvrgs nkgof`s/pgigvrgs eck c sck ’IM‛. G bcg`n` bc g`n`mg mg sõ s õ pc pcjf jf ppcusg cusgrr `g `gss nk nkgof`s gof`s/pgig /pgigvrgs vrgs eck c sc sck k ’@ ’@M‛. M‛. Xgrtf 7 ‚ bgrjnk eck nkgof`s
4. Jgr ukg emg jc ’bgrjnk eck nkgof`s‛ pgrg egjg giu`c. 5. Xfjnr pgrg uk giu`c quf njf`tnquf g prnkfnrg nkgofk/fflcr c`jf g gdfimg pcjf pcusgr. :. G sfounr, pfjnr pgrg cs cutrcs giu`cs njf`tnegrfk, è vfz, gs nkgof`s sfoun`tfs. 6. Fserfvfr gs pgigvrgs `c egjfr`c, `g eciu`g jg gdfimg. 1. Agzfr c kfskc prcefjnkf`tc pgrg gs nkgof`s c`jf g bcg`n`mg pcjf pcusgr. ?. C bcoc tfrkn`g qug` qug`jc jc c pfreursc sf sfounjc ounjc pfig gdfimg f pfig bcg`n`mg eg egrr rfonstrgjc `c egjfr`c. egjfr`c. Xgrtf 4 ‚ bgrjnk eck pgigvrgs =. Jgr ukg emg jc bgrjnk bgrjnk eck pgigvrgs pgrg egjg giu`c. >. Xfjnr g uk giu`c pcr vvfz fz quf ifng ukg pgigvrg pgigvrg f njf`tnquf njf`tnquf qugi jcs g`nkgns (gdfimg/bcg`n`mg) iç pcjf pcusgr. 78. Fserfvfr gs pgigvrgs `c egj egjfr`c fr`c jf gecrjc eck c orgafkg (pgigvrgs eck ’IM‛ ’IM‛ `g eciu`g
jg gdfimg< pgigvrgs eck ’@M‛ `g eciu`g jg bcg`n`mg).
77. C bcoc tfrkn`g qug`jc tcjgs gs pgi pgigvrgs gvrgs injgs fstnvfrfk fserntgs fserntgs `g rfspfetnvg eciu`g. Zgdfig 7
Instg jf Xgigvrgs Vtninzgjgs `g Gtnvnjgjf
?=
Gtnvnjgjf 77 Kgsectf pfic Ku`jc Cdbftnvcs
Jfecjnegïåc crtcorçeg2
• Ifnturg jf pgigvrgs eck orgafkgs eeckpifxcs ckpifxcs ’rr‛, ’ss‛, ’em‛
Jurgïåc :6 kn`utcs
Kgtfrngi • Kgsectf • Egrtöfs/kgpg2 rfprfsf`t rfprfsf`tgïåc gïåc jcs jcs sfoun`tfs sfoun`tfs pgësfs2 Tòssng, Emn`g f Kgrr Kgrrcecs cecs • Ftnquftgs eck pgigvrg pgigvrgss (Z (Zgdfig gdfig 7)
Jfsernïåc jg Gtnvnjgjf Kgsectf pfic Ku`jc
Cdbftnvc
• Ifr gs pgigvrgs f agzfr ecrrfsp ecrrfspc`jfr c`jfr gs ftnquftgs eck pgigvrgs g uk jcs jcs pgësfs (Tòssng, Emn`g cu Kgrrcecs) 7. Jnzfr gcs ggiu`cs iu`cs quf vvåc åc bcogr ’Kg ’Kgsectf sectf pfic Ku`jc‛, fxpineg`jc2
G Kgsectf afz ukg vngofk g trâs pgësfs (gprfsf`tgr cs egrtöfs quf rfprfsf`tgk egjg pgës).
Zrcuxf, jf egjg pgës, ifkdrg`ïgs eck gs iftrgs fspfengns fspfeng ns jc sfu `ckf… jg Tòssng ifkdrg`ïgs eck ’ss‛<
jg Emn`g ifkdrg`ïgs eck em <
?>
f jf Kgrrcecs ifkdrg`ïgs eck ’rr‛.
Fserfvfu c `ckf jgs ifkdrg`ïgs fk ftnquftgs ftnquftgs..
Jfpcns jf ifr egjg pgigvrg jgs ftnquftgs, ftnquftgs, vceâs våc jfsecdrnr jf quf pgës vfnc g ifkdrg`ïg. 4 Ecicegr cs trâs egrtöfs/kgpgs `uk qugjrc/sup qugjrc/supfraëenf. fraëenf. 5. È vfz, jgr ukg ftnquftg g uk giu`c. :. Xf Xfjnr jnr quf ifng g ppgigvrg gigvrg f njf`tnqu njf`tnquff c pgës jf c`jf vfnc g ifkdrg ifkdrg`ïg. `ïg. 6. Ecicegr g ftnq ftnquftg/pgigvrg uftg/pgigvrg `c egrtåc/kgpg jc pgës ecrrfspc`jf`tf. ecrrfspc`jf`tf. 1. C bcoc tfrkn`g qug`jc tcjgs gs ft ftnquftgs nquftgs fstnvfrfk eecicegjgs cicegjgs `c rfspftnvc pgës.
Zgdfig 7
Instg jf Xgigvrgs Vtninzgjgs `g Gtnvnjgjf
tcssf
dòsscig scssfoc kussf
dcigemg pgssgjc
=8
Gtnvnjgjf 74 C Dgò jf Xgigvrgs Cdbftnvcs
Jfecjnegïåc crtcorçeg2
•
Ifnturg jf pgigvrgs eck orgafkgs ’s‛ f ’r‛ fk pcsnïåc n`tfrvceçineg
Jurgïåc :6 kn`utcs
Kgtfrngi • Kgsectf • 4 dgòs • Zgkpgs jf ogrrga ogrrgags gs eck pgigvrg pgigvrgss (Z (Zgdfig gdfig 7)2 kcfjgs
Jfsernïåc jg Gtnvnjgjf
Xrfpgrgïåc
•
Fserfvfr pgigvrgs fk tgkpgs jf ogrrgags (vfr Zgdfig 7) C Dgò jf Xgigvrgs
Cdbftnvc
•
Ifr egjg egjg pgigvrg (kcfjg) f agzfr g ecrrfspc`jâ`eng gc dgò rfspfetnvc rfspfetnvc
7. Ec`tgr gcs giu`cs qquf uf våc bcogr c bco bcocc ’C Dgò jf XXgigvrgs‛. gigvrgs‛. Gpr Gprfsf`tgr fsf`tgr c bcoc, bcoc, fxpineg`jc2
@ukg nimg, Kgrg f Bcsî f`ec`trgrgk kuntgs kcfjgs. Kgrg tfk jf ougrjgr `c sfu dgò kcfjgs eck pgigvrgs eck c ’r‛ f`trf vcogns.
F Bcsî, kcfjgs eck s f`trf vcogns.
=7
Qgkcs gbujç-ics3 Jfpcns jf ifrfk g pgigvrg jg kcfjg, våc eciceç-ig jf`trc jf uk jcs dgòs. 4. Jgr g uk giu`c jf egjg vfz uk ukgg kcfjg. 5. Xfjnr quf ifng g pgigvrg f njf`tnquf fk qugi jcs dgòs jfvf ecicegr. :. Ougrjgr g kcfjg `c dgò. 6. C bcoc tf tfrkn`g rkn`g qug`jc tcjgs tcjgs gs kcfjgs kcfjgs fstnvfrfk ougrjgjgs `cs dgòs.
Zgdfi gdfigg 7
Inst Instgg jf Xgigvrgs Vtninzgjgs `g Gtnvnjgjf
ogscsg
bgegrî purâ
=4
Gtnvnjgjf 75 On`çsnc jf Xgigvrgs (rr f r) Cdbftnvcs
Jfecjnegïåc crtcorçeg2
• Ifnturg f fs fserntg erntg jf pgigvrgs eck eck ’’rr‛ rr‛ f ’r‛ fk fk pcsnïåc pcsnïåc n`t n`tfrvceçineg frvceçineg Jurgïåc
:6 kn`utcs
Kgtfrngi • Kgsectf • Mgitfrf eck uk pfsc, ’r‛ • Mgitfrf eck jcns pfscs, ’rr‛ • Xgigvrgs fk egrtöfs (Z (Zgdfig gdfig 7)
Jfsernïåc jg Gtnvnjgjf On`çsnc jf Xgigvrgs
Cdbftnvc
• Eckpiftgr f ifr pgigvrgs eck ’r‛ f ’rr‛, trfn`g`jc trfn`g`jc eck g Kgrg f eck g Eurr n 7. Jnzfr ès erng`ïgs qquf uf våc bcogr ’On`çsnc jf XXgigvrgs‛. gigvrgs‛. Gprfsf`tgr c bcoc, bcoc, fxpineg`j fxpineg`jc2 c2
G Kgrg Kg rg f g E Eurr urrnn vå våcc gc on`çsnc, on`ç snc, f eg egjg jg ukg u kg tfk tf k uk trfn trfn`c `c fspfe f spfeëec ëec22 G Kgrg Kg rg tfk tf k `c sfu pig`c trf trfn`gr n`gr c sck sc k dr drg`jc g`jc ’r‛ ’r‛,, qu quff sf cuvf qug qug`jc `jc g ift iftrg rg ’f ’frr rrf‛ f‛ fst fstçç
f`trf vcogns.
=5
GE Eurrn urrn vgn trfn`gr c sck acrtf jc ’T‛, qug`jc sf bbu`tgk u`tgk jcns ’frrfs‛ f`trf vc vcogns. ogns.
Gefntgk c jfsgc jf trfn`gr eck figs3
Gs pgigvrgs quf fståc fserntgs `fstfs egrtöfs fståc n`eckpiftgs. n`eckpiftgs.
Qgkcs ifr gs pgi pgigvrgs gvrgs f jfsecdrnr g qugi jcs pig`cs jf trfn trfn`c `c ppfrtf`efk frtf`efk (Kgrg cu Eurrn).
Uf pfrtf`efr gc pig`c jg Kgrg, ifvg`tg-sf ifvg`tg-sf c mgitfrf eck uk pfsc, ’r‛. Uf pfrtf`efr gc pig`c jg Eurrn, ifvg`tgifvg`tg-sf sf c mgitfrf eck jcns pfscs, ’rr‛.
4. Ecicegr uk egrtåc jf egjg vfz, vfz, `uk qugjrc/pg qugjrc/pgrfjf. rfjf. 5. Xf Xfjnr jnr g ukg erng`ïg quf ifng g pgigvrg f fsecimg fsecimg uk jcs mgitfrfs (’r‛ cu ’rr‛) pgrg g eckpiftgr eckpiftgr.. :. Xf Xfjnr jnr è erng` erng`ïg ïg quf ifvg`tf ifvg`tf c mgitf mgitfrf rf f ifng ifng g pgigvrg acrkgjg. 6. Gtrndunr g pgigvrg g uk jcs pig`cs jf trfn`c (Kg (Kgrg rg cu Eurrn). 1. C bcoc tfrkn`g qu qug`jc g`jc cs pig`cs jf trfn`c trfn`c jg Kgrg f jg Eurrn fstnvfrfk eckpiftcs.
Zgdfig 7 Instg jf Xgigvrgs Vtninzgjgs pgrg Eckpiftgr f Ifr
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