AAS Essentials
August 30, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
6 ‚Autcbnso, t`n Autcbnso jcmc, Autcbnso Abvaken Utnnj arn rnmgstnrnb trabnlaros cr
trabnlaros ci Autcbnso, Gke., akb/cr gts sufsgbgargns akb/cr aiigjgatns gk t`n ^UA akb/cr ct`nr ecuktrgns. Ajj ct`nr frakb kalns, prcbuet kalns, cr trabnlaros fnjckm tc t`ngr rnspnetgvn `cjbnrs. Autcbnso rnsnrvns t`n rgm`t tc ajtnr prcbuet akb snrvgens ciinrgkms, akb spnegigeatgcks akb prgegkm at aky tgln wgt`cut kctgen, akb gs kct rnspcksgfjn icr typcmrap`geaj cr mrap`geaj nrrcrs t`at lay appnar gk t`gs bceulnkt.© 641= Autcbnso, Gke. Ajj rgm`ts rnsnrvnb.“ Autcbnso akb Autcbnso Abvaken Utnnj arn rnmgstnrnb
trabnlaros cr trabnlaros ci Autcbnso, Gke, akb/cr gts sufsgbgargns akb/cr aiigjgatns gk t`n ^UA akb/cr ct`nr ecuktrgns Autcbnso sernnk s`cts rnprgktnb wgt` t`n pnrlgssgck ci Autcbnso, Gke. "Autcbnso sernnk s`cts rnprgktnb ecurtnsy ci Autcbnso, Gke."
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
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Gktrcbuíåc Nstn latnrgaj tnl pcr cfhntgvc c aprnkbgzabc n c aprciukbalnktc ka tçekgea bn bnsnk`c n lcbnjamnl utgjgzakbc c scitwarn Autcbnso Abvaken Utnnj vnrsåc 6464. C pcktc gkgegaj n lcja prcpujscra bc bnsnkvcjvglnktc bnstn trafaj`c icg a nseassnz bn latnrgaj rnjaegckabc ac scitwarn nl jìkmua pcrtumunsa há qun nxgstnl lugtcs autcrns n nstubgcscs nl jìkmua gkmjnsa.
Tara qunl ç bnstgkabc nstn latnrgaj3 Nstn latnrgaj snrvn fasgealnktn para cs alaktns bn bntaj`alnktc n lcbnjalnktc bn nstruturas lntájgeas qun nståc kc kìvnj fásgec, snl bngxar bn snr øtgj para aqunjns qun há pratgeal c scitwarn Autcbnso Abvaken Utnnj.
C autcr Aktckgc Vckajbc E. Bgas ç nkmnk`ngrc lneækgec mrabuabc ka ^KNUT (^kgvnrsgbabn Nstabuaj Taujgsta) ealpus bn Gj`a Ucjtngra. Ç nspnegajgsta nl inrralnktas ba Autcbnso snkbc Nxpnrt Njgtn ba Autcbnso.
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
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Bnbgeatõrga Trglngralnktn a Bnus pnja cpcrtukgbabn bn eclpartgj`ar lnu eck`neglnktc. A lnus pags grlåcs n ecjnmas qun snlprn ln gkenktgvaral n a lgk`a nspcsa n eclpak`ngra n cs lnus igj`cs.
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
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Trniáegc Autcbnso Abvaken Utnnj gs a purpcsn-fugjt scitwarn icr stnnj bntagjgkm gkbustry. ]gt` ecuktry-fasnb stakbarbs akb tccjs icr pjaegkm stnnj snetgcks akb mnknratgkm bceulnktatgck, t`gs prcmral gs fneclgkm a prninrrnb prcbuet icr t`n stnnj bntagjgkm gkbustry arcukb t`n wcrjb. R`nrn gs ajsc a `gm` jnvnj ci gktnrcpnrafgjgty fntwnnk Autcbnso Abvaken Utnnj akb Autcbnso Vnvgt, w`ge` ajjcws t`n Utrueturaj Nkmgknnrs tc ernatn t`n lcbnj gk Vnvgt akb ak b t`nk pass gt ck tc tt`n `n Utnnj Bntagjnrs w`c eak frgkm gt gk Abvaken Utnnj tc ernatn iafrgeatgck brawgkms akb FCLs. R`gs gktnrcpnrafgjgty ajsc ajjcws t`n Nkmgknnrs akb Bntagjnrs tc syke`rckgzn aky e`akmns fntwnnk t`ngr lcbnjs. Bnnpao Lagkg Aut`cr ci ^p akb Vukkgkm wgt` Autcbnso Kavgswcros ^p akb Vukkgkm wgt` Autcbnso Abvaken Utnnj
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
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U^LÁVGC Eapìtujc 1 ― Gkgeg G kgegakbc akbc ul prchnt prchntc c ......................................................................... .........................................................................16 1.1 Rnlpjatn bn arqugvc ............................................................. 15 1.6 Ergakbc ul kcvc Rnlpjatn ................................................... 12 1.5 Babcs bc prchntc .................................................................. ................................................................ .. 1> 1.2 Nstrutura bn arqugvcs ........................................................... ............................................................. 1> 1.> Ergakbc ul arqugvc bn prchntc .............................................. 1> Eapìtujc 6 ― Rrafaj R rafaj`akb `akbc c eecl cl EAB 5B ..............................................................1= 6.1 Eclakbcs ecluks bc AutcEAB ............................................ 10 6.6 Eclakbcs para 5B kc lcusn ............................................... 10 6.5 CUKAT tnlpcrárgc ................................................................ 10 6.2 Eclakbc CVR@C .................................................................. ................................................................ .. 10 6.> Tcktcs bn vgsta ..................................................................... 17 6.9 Nstgjcs vgsuags ....................................................................... 64 Eapìtujc 5 ― Gkt Gktnriae nriaen n bc usuárgc usu árgc ........................................................................... ...........................................................................61 5.1 Unjnegckakbc cfhntcs ............................................................ 66 5.6 Atrgfutcs .............................................................................. 65 5.5 Trcprgnbabns ....................................................... ........................................................ 62 5.2 Trcprgnbabns avakíabas bas ecknxþns .................................................... 69 5.> Eagxa bn hukíåc .................................................................... 69 5.9 Nxejusåc bn cfhntcs .............................................................. ............................................................. . 6= 5.= Bnsiaznr ........................................................ ............................................................................... ....................... 6= 5.0 Ukaps bn cfhntc .................................................................... ........................................................ ............ 60 5.7 UKAT 6B n 5B ....................................................................... ........................................................... ............ 67 Eapìtujc 2 ― Ugst Ugstnla nla bn eccrbn eccrbnkaba kabass ............................................................. .................................................................. .....54 2.1 Eccrbnkabas 5B ................................................................... 51 2.6 ]EU n ^EU ............................................................................ 51 2.5 ^EU ...................................................................................... 51 2.5.1 Lcvnkbc a ^EU ..................................................................... ......................................................... ............ 56 2.5.6 Mgrakbc a ^ ^EU EU ....................................................................... ........................................................... ............ 56 2.5.5 Tcsgegckakbc a ^EU ^ EU kc cfhntc ............................................... 55 2.5.2 ^EU ka tnja ........................................................................... 55 Eapìtujc > ― Mrg Mrgbs bs ......................................................................................... ............................................................................................................ ...................52 >.1 Ergakbc ula Mrgb.................................................................. ................................................................ .. 5> >.1.1 Ngxc økgec ............................................................................. ................................................................ ............. 5> >.1.6 Mrgb ecl 2 ngxcs................................................................... ngxcs................................................................... 59 >.1.5 Mrgb ecl mrupcs ....................................................... ................................................................... ............ 59 >.1.2 Mrgb eurva ............................................................................. ................................................................ ............. 5= >.6 Lcbgigeakbc Mrgbs ................................................................. ................................................................ . 50 >.5 Uìlfcjcs bn kìvnj .................................................................. ................................................................ .. 50 Eapìtujc 9 ― Nstruturas fásgeas............................................................................... 57 9.1 9.1.1 9.1.6
Quabrcs nstruturags .............................................................. 24 Tõrtgec .................................................................................. ........................................................... ....................... 24 Quabrc Mafjn........................................................................ ............................................................ ............ 26
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
= 9.1.5 9.6 9.6.1 9.6.6 9.6.5 9.6.2 9.6.>
Quabrc Lckc-Tgte` ............................................................... 25 Ecjceaíåc bn vgmas ............................................................... 22 Ygma økgea ................................................................ ............................................................................. ............. 22 Ygma ecktìkua ........................................................................ ............................................................ ............ 2> Ygma eurva ................................................................ ............................................................................. ............. 29 Ygma ecl fasn nl ula jgk`a ................................................. 2= Ygma ecl fasn nl ula pcjgjgk`a ........................................... 2=
9.6.9 Ygmas eclpcstas n bn sníåc vargávnj ..................................... 20 9.5 Trcprgnbabns bas vgmas......................................................... ........................................................... >1 Eapìtujc = ― N Nbgíåc bgíåc bn njnl njnlnktc nktcss ..................................................................... .......................................................................... .....>> =.1 Ygsåc mnraj ................................................................ ............................................................................ ............ >9 =.1.1 Ecpgar njnlnktcs .................................................................. ................................................................ .. >= =.1.6 Ecpgar n rctaegckar 6B .......................................................... ......................................................... . >= =.1.5 Ecpgar n rctaegckar 5B .......................................................... ......................................................... . >= =.1.2 Ecpgar n ns nspnj`ar pnj`ar 6B............................................................. ............................................................ . >= =.1.> Ecpgar n ns nspnj`ar pnj`ar 5B............................................................. ............................................................ . >= =.1.9 Eõpga ecl ahustn .................................................................. >0 =.1.= Latrgz pcjar n rntakmujar ....................................................... >0 =.6 Mnrnkegalnktc bas b as Jaynrs Ja ynrs ..................................................... >7
Rraksicrlaíåc njnlnktcs ............................................ ................................................ .... 94 Eõpga avakíababn ..................................................................... ......................................................... ............ Aparar n nstnkbnr ................................................................. 96
=.5 =.5.1 =.2 Eapìtujc 0 ― Nbgtakbc earaetnrìstgeas earaetnrìst geas bas vgmas ...... ............ ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... .......... .....95 0.1 Gktrcbuíåc ................................................................ ............................................................................ ............ 92 0.6 Nkeurtakbc n e`akirakbc vgmas.............................................. vgmas.............................................. 92 0.5 Nkeurtakbc ka ^ ^EU EU................................................................ ............................................................... . 9> 0.2 Ecrtn bn vgmas kc cfhntc ....................................................... 99 0.> Vnecrtn ................................................................................. .......................................................... ....................... 9= 0.9 Vnecrtn nkvgnsabc ................................................................. ................................................................ . 90 0.= Vnecrtn paralçtrgec ............................................................. ............................................................... 97 0.=.1 Ecktcrkc bc njnlnktc ― Vnmra .............................................. =4 0.0 Icjma ba vgma (Ejnarnken)....................................................... =6 0.7 Ecktcrkc nl vgmas ................................................................ ............................................................... . =5 0.7.1 Ecktcrkc rntakmujar kc enktrc .............................................. =5 0.7.6 Ecktcrkc rntakmujar ecl bcgs b cgs pcktcs ................................... =2 0.7.5 Ecktcrkc egreujar kc enktrc .................................................. =2 0.7.2 Ecktcrkc egreujar bcgs pcktcs ............................................... =2 0.7.> Ecktcrkc pcjgmckaj pcjgmck aj ............................................................... .............................................................. . => 0.7.9 Ecktcrkc bc njnlnktc .......................................................... => 0.14 Vneurscs bn nbgíåc ............................................................... == 0.14.1 Ygsuajgzaíþns rápgbas ............................................................ ........................................................... . =0 0.11 Hukta e`akiraba (Lgtnr) .......................................................... ......................................................... . =7 0.16 Bgvgbgkbc n ukgkbc vgmas ....................................................... 04 Eapìtujc 7 ― Tjae Tjaeas as ............................... ..................................................................................................... ........................................................................... .....01 7.1 7.1.1 7.1.6
Tjaeas pjakas ........................................................................ 06 Tjaea rntakmujar rnt akmujar kc enktrc ..................................................... 06 Tjaea rntakmujar ecl bcgs pcktcs .......................................... 06
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
0 7.1.5 7.1.2 7.1.> 7.1.9 7.6 7.5 7.5.1
Tjaea rntakmujar ecl 5 pcktcs .............................................. 06 Tjaea pcjgmckaj ...................................................................... .......................................................... ............ 06 Tjaea nl ula pcjgjgk`a ......................................................... 05 Tjaea egreujar......................................................................... 05 Trcprgnbabns ba pjaea .......................................................... ............................................................ 02 Tjaeas bcfrabas .................................................................... 0> Tjaea bcfraba snl c ahustn bn pcsgíåc .................................. 0>
7.5.6 Tjaea bcfraba ecl ahustn bn pcsgíåc .................................... 09 7.5.5 Tjaea bcfraba eòkgea............................................................. 0= 7.5.2 Tjaea bcfraba bc fraba tcregba ............................................................ ........................................................... . 00 7.5.> Ynrgigeakbc c bnsbcfralnktc................................................ 07 7.2 Mrnj`as ................................................................................. .......................................................... ....................... 71 7.2.1 Mrnj`a pabråc ....................................................................... ........................................................... ............ 71 7.2.6 Mrnj`a bn farra ..................................................................... ......................................................... ............ 76 7.2.5 Mrnj`a rntakmujar rnta kmujar ................................................................ .................................................................. .. 75 Eapìtujc 14 ― Tj Tjaeas aeas earaetnr eara etnrìstg ìstgeas eas ..................................................................... .....................................................................72 14.1 Ecktcrkc nl pjaeas .............................................................. ............................................................. . 7> 14.1.1 Ecktcrkc rntakmujar ^EU....................................................... 7> 14.1.6 Ecktcrkc rntakmujar ecl bcgs b cgs pcktcs ^EU ............................ 79 14.1.5 14.1.2 14.1.> 14.6 14.5 14.2 14.2.1 14.2.6 14.> 14.>.1
Ecktcrkc pcjgmckaj egreujar kc^EU enktrc ^EU ............................................ 79 ....................................................... ........................................................ Njnlnktc bn ecktcrkc ........................................................... .......................................................... . 79 Trcprgnbabns bc prcenssalnktc bn ecktcrkc ........................ 7= Ecktcrkc nl pjaeas snl a ^EU ............................................. 7= E`akircs n igjntns ................................................................ .................................................................. .. 70 Ecrtn bn eaktc eakt c ...................................................................... .......................................................... ............ 70 Ecrtn bc e`akirc ................................................................... ....................................................... ............ 70 Bgvgbgkbc n huktakbc hukta kbc pjaeas ................................................ 144 Bgvgsåc ba pjaea nl bcgs pcktcs ......................................... 144
Eapìtujc 11 ― Ecknx Ecknxåc åc bn njnl njnlnktcs nktcs ................................................................ ................................................................ 141 11.1 Taraiuscs ....................................................... ............................................................................ ..................... 146 1 46 11.1.1 Vntækmujc pcr bcgs pcktcs .................................................. 146 11.1.6 Vntækmujc vçrtgen ................................................................ 145 11.1.5 Vntækmujc pcktc enktraj ...................................................... 145 11.1.2 Egreujar pcktc enktraj ......................................................... 145 11.1.> Ajtnrkar paraiuscs parai uscs n iurcs ................................................... 145 11.6 Trcprgnbabn bcs paraiuscs .................................................. 142 11.5 Ækecras .............................................................................. ......................................................... ..................... 14> 11.2 Ucjbas ............................................................ ................................................................................. ..................... 14> 11.2.1 Tcktc bn scjba .................................................................... .......................................................... .......... 14> 11.> Nbgtakbc cfhntcs ä ecknxåc ................................................ 14= 11.>.1 Abgegckakbc cfhntcs c fhntcs ä ecknxåc ........................................... 14= 11.>.6 Vnlcvnr cfhntcs ä ecknxåc................................................. 14= Eapìtujc 15 ― Ecknxþns pnrsckajgzabas ......................................................... 140 15.1 15.6 15.5
Gktrcbuíåc ................................................................ .......................................................................... .......... 147 Lcbnjamnl ba ecknxåc pnrsckajgzaba pnrsck ajgzaba ................................ 147 Fjcecs bn iinrralnktas nrralnktas ......................................................... 147
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
7 15.2 Ergakbc ul lcbnjc bn ecknxåc .......................................... 111 15.> Gksnrgkbc ul lcbnjc bn ecknxåc ........................................ 115 Eapìtujc 12 ― Nxpjcrabcr bn prchntc ................................................................. 112 12.1 Gktrcbuíåc ................................................................ .......................................................................... .......... 11> 12.6 Kìvngs ................................................................................. 11> 12.6.1 Ergakbc ul kìvnj kì vnj................................................................. ....................................................... .......... 119 12.6.6 119 12.6.5 Nxgfgkbc Atgvgbabncs bnkìvngs kìvngs............................................................... .............................................................. 11= 12.5 Tjakcs bn trafaj`c .............................................................. 110 12.2 Ygstas bc lcbnjc ................................................................ 117 12.2.1 ^l pcktc ka ^EU ................................................................ 117 12.2.6 Bcgs pcktcs ka ^EU............................................................. 164 12.2.5 Ka jgk`a nl ul sgstnla bn ngxcs ........................................ 164 12.2.2 Ka farra bn ecknxåc ........................................................... 164 12.2.> Ka fcx hcgkt .............................................................. ........................................................................ .......... 164 12.2.9 Nbgtakbc a vgsta vgst a bc lcbnjc ................................................. 164 12.> Tnsqugsas (Qunrgns) ............................................................. 164 12.9 Ergakbc mrupcs ................................................................... ......................................................... .......... 161 Eapìtujc 1> ― Yajgb Y ajgbaíåc aíåc ba nstr nstrutur utura a................................................................ ................................................................ 166 1>.1 Bntneíåc bn gktnrinrèkega .................................................... 1 165 65 1>.1.1 Ynrgigear rnsujtabcs bn b n gktnrinrèkega .................................... 162 1>.6 Lareaíåc bc cfhntc............................................................. 162 1>.6.1 Trceurakbc cfhntcs lareabcs ............................................. 16> 1>.6.6 Xccl para c cfhntc lareabc .............................................. 16> 1>.6.5 Jglpar cfhntcs lareabcs .................................................... 16> 1>.5 Ynrgigeaíåc tçekgea bc lcbnjc ............................................. 16> 1>.5.1 Larear cfhntc ..................................................................... 16> 1>.2 Trchntc ba hukta .................................................................. 169 Eapìtujc 19 ― Kul Kulnraíåc nraíåc ......................................................................................... .........................................................................................16= 19.1 Vnmra bc lcbnjc (Lcbnj rcjn) ............................................. 160 19.1.1 Igjtrc bn pnsqugsa ............................................................... 160 19.1.6 Nxpjcrabcr bn prchntc ......................................................... 167 19.6 Kulnraíåc ......................................................................... 167 19.6.1 Afa nspnegaj ....................................................................... 154 19.6.6 Rgpc bn pnía ............................................................. ....................................................................... .......... 154 19.6.5 Lçtcbc põs kulnraíåc ....................................................... 154 19.6.2 Vnkulnraíåc ............................................................ ...................................................................... .......... 156 Eapìtujc 1= ― Mnraíåc bn bnsnk`cs .................................................................. 155 1=.1 Tajntas bn bceulnktcs rápgba ............................................. 152 1=.6 Nstgjcs bn bnsnk`c .............................................................. 152 1=.6.1 Ergar ecl as eckigmuraíþns pabråc...................................... 15> 1=.6.6 Lcbgigear as eckigmuraíþns .................................................. 159 1 59 1=.6.5 Yargaíþns bc prcenbglnktc ................................................. 159 1=.6.2 Lareabcrns Tgeofcx............................................................................... .......................................................... ..................... 15= 1=.6.> ......................................................................... ............................................................... .......... 15= 1=.6.9 Tnías snjnegckabas .............................................................. 15= C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
14 1=.6.= Jalgkabcs a qunktn qunkt n cu a irgc i rgc .............................................. 150 1=.6.0 Ajmuks nxnlpjcs ................................................................ 150 1=.6.7 Trctõtgpc cu tnlpjatn ......................................................... 157 1=.6.14 Ergakbc ul prctõtgpc cu tnlpjatn ...................................... 157 1=.5 Trcensscs bn bnsnk`c ......................................................... 126 1=.5.1 Quakbc utgjgzar cs prcensscs bn bnsnk`c3 .......................... 126 1=.5.6 Bnsnk`cs tìpgecs cftgbcs kcs prcensscs bn bns bnsnk`c nk`c ........... 125 1=.5.5 Trcensscs bn bnsnk`c ecl eælnras .................................... 122 1=.5.2 Ergakbc ula eælnra ........................................................... 122 1=.5.> Trcprgnbabns ba eælnra ...................................................... 122 1=.5.9 Fcx bn bntaj`alnktc .......................................................... 122 1=.5.= Nbgíåc bn eælnra ................................................................ 12> 1=.5.0 Ergakbc bntaj`alnktc ecl eælnras .................................... 12> 1=.5.7 Eælnra n nstgjcs bn bnsnk`c ............................................... 129 1=.2 Crgnktaíåc bc bnsnk`c b bnn bntaj`alnktc ............................. 12= 1=.2.1 Bnsnk`cs bn nseabas n ecrrglåcs ....................................... 12= 1=.> Eckigmuraíåc ba pajnta bn bceulnktcs bc eulnktcs ............................... 12= 1=.>.1 Mnrnkegabcr bn nstgjcs bn bnsnk`c ...................................... 12= Eapìtujc 10 ― N Nbgíåc bgíåc bn bnsnk bnsnk`cs `cs .................................................................... ........................................................................ 1>4
10.1 10.1.1 10.1.6 10.6 10.6.1 10.6.6 10.6.5 10.6.2 10.6.> 10.6.9 10.6.=
Mnrnkegabcr bn bceulnktcs ................................................ 1>1 Atuajgzar c bnsnk`c apõs a nbgíåc ...................................... 1>6 Ugstnla bn rnvgsåc bn bceulnktcs ...................................... 1>5 Lakgpujakbc bnsnk`cs ....................................................... 1>5 Atuajgzaíåc bn bnsnk`c ...................................................... 1>5 Atuajgzaíåc bn jgstas FCL ................................................... 1>2 Vncrmakgzakbc cs bntaj`ns bc bnsnk`c ............................... 1>> Vncrmakgzakbc vgstas bn ul bntaj`n ................................... 1>> Ajtnrakbc c bntaj`n............................................................. 1>> Ecrtn bn sníþns .................................................................. 1>= Lubakía bas ecrns bc bnsnk`c ........................................... 1>0
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
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Ygsåc Mnraj Nstn latnrgaj icg utgjgzabc pnja Autcbnso nl snus enktrcs bn trngkalnktc ARE (Autcbnso Rragkgkm Enktnr).
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
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Eapìtujc 1 ― Gkgegakbc ul prchntc Cfhntgvcs bnstn eapìtujc
Aprnsnktar c tnlpjatn bn arqugvc Gksnrgr cs babcs bn prchntc
Ergagr ula nstrutura bc arqugvc
Ergar ul arqugvc bn prchntc
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
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1.1 Rnlpjatn bn arqugvc Ka lagcrga bcs prcmralas, quakbc sn gkgega ul kcvc kc vc prchntc, bnvnsn gkgegar nsecj`nkbc ul lcbnjc bn prchntc, e`alabc bn Rnlpjatn pnjc Autcbnso Abvaken Utnnj 6464 (AAU 6464). Ecksgbnrakbc ula gkstajaíåc pabråc, c AAU 6464 jceajgza autclatgealnktn ka pasta bn arlaznkalnktc bn lcbnjcs bn prchntc quakbc sn ejgea nl KCYC ka farra bn inrralnktas eclc lcstra a Igmura 1 a snmugr.
Igmura 1 A haknja afnrta jgsta autclatgealnktn cs lcbnjcs bgspckìvngs (bn aecrbc ecl c gbgcla snjnegckabc quakbc c scitwarn icg gkstajabc). Tara a lcbnjamnl nl ukgbabns lçtrgeas snjnegckn AURnlpjatn.bwt Tara a lcbnjamnl nl ukgbabns gkmjnsas snjnegckn gke`SAURnlpjatn.bwt As jgstas bn lcbnjcs pabrþns talfçl sn nkecktral bgspckìvngs ka ecjuka Mnt Utartnb eclc lcstra a Igmura 6.
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
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Igmura 6
1.6 Ergakbc ul kcvc Rnlpjatn ^l tnlpjatn (pabråc) ç lugtc øtgj pcrqun iaegjgta a afnrtura bn ul bceulnktc nl frakec ecl as suas prõprgas nspnegigeaíþns bn Jaynrs, Ygsgfgjgbabn nte. Ac rnajgzar tcbas as ajtnraíþns pcbn-sn sajvar c arqugvc eclc lcstra a Igmura 5.
Igmura 5 C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
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1.5 Babcs bc prchntc Ç glpcrtaktn gkgegar snu prchntc gksnrgkbc cs babcs pnrtgknktns ä jceajgbabn, kcln n ul eõbgmc eclc lcstra a igmura 2.
Igmura 2 Ejgqun ka afa @cln n ka sníåc bn eckigmuraíþns (Unttgkms). As gkicrlaíþns prnnke`gbas knsta haknja snrvgråc para prnnke`glnktc bcs fjcecs bcs bnsnk`cs mnrabcs.
1.2 Nstrutura bn arqugvcs Ç glpcrtaktn qun c prchntgsta tnk`a pastas n sufpastas para arlaznkar cs arqugvcs. Bnssa icrla, laktçl-sn crmakgzabcs crmakgzabc s cs arqugvcs sajvcs. Rcba vnz qun c AAU 6464 sajva saj va c arqugvc prgkegpaj nl ula pasta, njn erga cutrcs arqugvcs n sufpastas ka lnsla pasta. Uåc ergabas jgstas bn latnrgags FCL, arqugvcs KE n eájeujcs rnajgzabcs pnjc AAU 6464.
1.> Ergakbc ul arqugvc bn prchntc Ergn ul kcvc arqugvc bn prchntc ecl as snmugktns gkicrlaíþns8 C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
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Trchntc < Rrngkalnktc AAU 6464
Kølnrc bc prchntc < RAAU 6464
Ejgnktn < AELN
Bnsgmknr < Unu kcln
Ecktrataktn < Autcbnso
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
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Eapìtujc 6 ― Rrafaj`akbc ecl EAB 5B Cfhntgvcs bnstn eapìtujc
Nxpjcrar cs eclakbcs lags ecluks bc AutcEAB Nxpjcrar cs eclakbcs lags ecluks bc lcusn para c alfgnktn 5B
Nxpjcrar cs pcktcs bn vgsta
Nxpjcrar cs nstgjcs vgsuags (Ygsuaj Utyjns)
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
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6.1 Eclakbcs ecluks bc AutcEAB Atç nstn pcktc supþns qun vceè há nstnha ialgjgargzabc ecl cs eclakbcs bc AutcEAB. C Autcbnso Abvaken Utnnj 6464 pcssug bgvnrsas snlnj`akías ecl cutrcs sgstnlas EAB. Cs eclakbcs lags utgjgzabcs snråc8 jgk`a (jgkn), arec (are), rntækmujc (rnetakmjn), eìreujc (egrejn), pcjgjgk`a (pcjyjgkn) n agkba skaps bn cfhntc (cfhnet skaps).
6.6 Eclakbcs para 5B kc lcusn Ac lakgpujar cfhntcs, ç gktnrnssaktn qun vceè rneck`nía cs ataj`cs kc lcusn para ecksnmugr lakgpujar a vgsuajgzaíåc ba nstrutura nl 5B. Xccl (Uercjj bc lcusn). Alpjgn cu rnbuza a glamnl mgrakbc c sercjj.
b nsnk`c ejgeakbc kc sercjj bc lcusn. Tak (Uercjj bc lcusn). Arrastn c bnsnk`c
Crfgt (Uercjj bc lcusn). Unmurn U@GIR n c sercjj bc lcusn, n
lcvglnktn-c para mgrar c cfhntc nl 5B. Xccl Nxtnkts (Uercjj bc lcusn). Ejgqun buas vnzns.
6.5 CUKAT tnlpcrárgc
C CUKAT tnlpcrárgc ç ul nxenjnktn rneursc para eapturar pcktcs bn rninrèkega quakbc sn nxneuta ul eclakbc lcvnr cu ecpgar. Lugtcs eclakbc nxgmnl qun sn tnk`a ul pcktc bn rninrèkega, bnssa icrla ecksnmun-sn nxatgbåc ka lcbnjamnl.
6.2 Eclakbc CVR@C C eclakbc CVR@C (I0) pcbn auxgjgar ka ergaíåc bn njnlnktcs mnclçtrgecs tags eclc jgk`as bn rninrèkega, fastakbc bgmgtar apnkas a bgstækega a snr ajeakíaba. C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
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6.> Tcktcs bn vgsta Kc eaktc supnrgcr nsqunrbc bc lcbnjc vceè pcbn bnsjcear a sua vgsåc snjnegckakbc a vgsta bnsnhaba. Ac ejgear ka ragz bcs tgpcs bn pcktc bn vgsta vceè tnl as cpíþns bas vgstas gsclçtrgeas, vgsta Fcttcl, vgsta Rcp, vgsta Jnit, vgsta rgm`t, vgsta Irckt n Faeo. Agkba `á a cpíåc bn mnrnkegar as vgstas ka haknja Ygnw Lakamnr eclc lcstra a igmura 5 a snmugr.
Igmura >
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
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6.9 Nstgjcs vgsuags Ka afa Ygnw ka sníåc Ygsuaj Utyjns pcbn-sn ajtnrar eclc c lcbnjc ç nxgfgbc. Eaba ula bas lakngras eclc ç nxgfgbc ç e`alaba bn Nstgjcs Ygsuags cu Ygsuaj Utyjns kc AAU 6464. Cfsnrvn a pcssgfgjgbabn bn snjníåc ka igmura 9.
Igmura 9 Jnlfrn-sn qun utgjgzakbc ul nstgjc vgsuaj ecl a lcbnjamnl sõjgba (eckenptuaj) n (rnajgstge), nxgmgrá eaba vnz lags bn snu eclputabcr. ^tgjgzar a vgsåc nl nstrutura bn araln ç ul fcl rneursc para ajgvgar a earma mráigea ba lnlõrga bc eclputabcr, las sn tcrka eckiusc nl nstruturas lugtc eclpjnxas. C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
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Eapìtujc 5 ― Gktnriaen bc usuárgc Cfhntgvcs bnstn eapìtujc
Unjnegckakbc cfhntcs Trcprgnbabns bc AAU 6464
Eagxas eckhuktas
Nxejugkbc cfhntcs
Ukaps bn cfhntc
Cskap 6B n 5B
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
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5.1 Unjnegckakbc cfhntcs Ajmuks lçtcbcs ecluks bn snjníåc bn cfhntcs. Yceè pcbn utgjgzar cs lçtcbcs bn snjníåc bn cfhntcs ka tnja cu utgjgzakbc haknjas bn snjníåc. Kc lnku Qugeo Unjnet lcstrabc ka igmura a snmugr, vceè tnl a cpíåc bn snjnegckar quajqunr cfhntc atravçs bn snu kcln bn eclakbc
Igmura = Yceè pcbn nsecj`nr c lcbc eclc cecrrnrá a snjníåc. Tnja ecr, pnja ealaba (Jaynr), pnjc tgpc bn jgk`a (Jgkntypn) nte. Kc lnku Cfhnet typn vceè pcbn nsecj`nr c tgpc bn cfhntc a snr snjnegckabc. Nstas iukíþns såc nxtrnlalnktn glpcrtaktns quakbc c lcbnjc nstruturaj ç lugtc mrakbn, ecl ula quaktgbabn nkcrln bn pnías.
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
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Igmura 0 Quakbc sn tnl ul lcbnjc lugtc mrakbn ç bgiìegj snjnegckar cfhntcs nspneìigecs bnktrc bn ul nspaíc bn lcbnjc ecl lgj`arns bn eclpcknktns. Tcr gssc ç rneclnkbávnj ergar ul ‚Atrgfutc“ bn icrla qun iaegjgtn a jceajgzaíåc bc njnlnktc.
5.6 Atrgfutcs Atrgfutcs såc bnsergíþns nspneìigeas para qun vceè jceajgzn cu gksgra gkicrlaíåc kc lcbnjc bn icrla nigegnktn. Tcr nxnlpjc, ac ecjcear ul atrgfutc ‚Tjaea nxpakbgba“ nl ul njnlnktc, quakbc tgvnr a knenssgbabn bn jceajgzá-jc snrá atravçs bnssn atrgfutc, gstc ç, atravçs bnssa bnsergíåc.
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
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5.5 Trcprgnbabns avakíabas Cs cfhntcs mnrabcs pnjc AAU 6464 pcssunl prcprgnbabns avakíabas (Abvakenb Trcpnrtgns ) qun pcbnl snr nbgtabas atravçs bn ul ejgqun ecl c fctåc bgrngtc bc lcusn. Easc kåc afra a haknja bn prcprgnbabns, enrtgigqun-sn qun knk`ul eclakbc sn nkecktra nl akbalnktc prnssgckakbc-sn a tneja NUE buas vnzns.
Igmura 7 C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
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Igmura 14
Apõs ejgqun bupjc nl ul lcbnjc bn ecrrglåc, a haknja bn prcprgnbabns ç aprnsnktaba. Cutra lakngra bn snjnegckar c cfhntc bnsnhabc ç atravçs ba pajnta bn inrralnktas avakíaba ( Abvakenb Rccj Tajnttn) eclc lcstra a igmura 11.
Igmura 11 C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
69 Ac rnajgzar as ajtnraíþns kåc `á ` á knenssgbabn bn ejgear nl ul fctåc bn eckigrlar, fasta snjnegckar cutrc ealpc cu prnssgckar a tneja NKRNV.
5.2 Trcprgnbabns bas ecknxþns Tcbn-sn ajtnrar as prcprgnbabns bas ecknxþns, quakbc nxgstnktns, ejgeakbc ka nstrutura bn araln ( Hcgktfcx Hcgktfcx ) ac rnbcr ba ecknxåc. Unjnegckakbc c lnku bn ecktnxtc.
5.> Eagxa bn hukíåc Rcba vnz qun ula laerc autclátgea ç nxneutaba, gstc ç, ula cpnraíåc autclátgea, ula eagxa bn hukíåc ç ergaba. Easc qungra nbgtar cs cfhntcs bnktrc ba eagxa, fasta ejgear buas vnzns para nxgfgr a tnja bn prcprgnbabns. Quakbc sn nxejug a eagxa bn hukíåc, cs cfhntcs bnktrc bnja sn tcrkal gkbnpnkbnktns n pcbnl snr nbgtabcs snparabalnktn. A eagxa bn hukíåc pcssug ul jgko gktnjgmnktn nktrn cs cfhntcs ergabcs kc lcbnjc. Ç lugtc glpcrtaktn para jglpar a snjníåc bn cfhntcs kc igkaj bc eclakbc. Un gssc kåc icr ingtc as eagxas eckhuktas pnrlaknenr snjnegckaba lnslc qun njns nståc nseckbgbcs. Gssc pcbn eausar prcfjnlas. Tcr nxnlpjc, sn vceè nxejugu ul cfhntc eclc sua prõxgla aíåc snrga bn nxejugr eaba eagxa eckhukta nl snu lcbnjc, rnlcvnkbc a gktnjgmèkega bn eaba hukta kc prchntc. KCRA8 ^la laerc ç ula rctgka bc Abvaken Utnnj qun erga n nbgta njnlnktcs nstruturags fásgecs eclc nseabas, ecrrglåcs, parnbns nktrn cutrcs. As laercs pnrlgtnl a nbgíåc bn bgvnrsas prcprgnbabns iaegjgtakbc a lcbnjamnl.
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
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5.9 Nxejusåc bn cfhntcs Tara apamar cu nxejugr cfhntcs kc AAU 6464 pcbn-sn rnajgzar bcgs prcenbglnktcs. Atravçs ba snjníåc bn cfhntcs Unjnegckar cs gtnks qun bnsnha nxejugr
Trnssgckar BNJNRN
Atravçs ba jgk`a bn eclakbc Bgmgtar N ka jgk`a bn eclakbc
Trnssgckar NKRNV
Un cecrrnr bn apamar tcbcs cs njnlnktcs, gstc cecrrnu pcrqun c cfhntc pnrtnken a ul mrupc bn cfhntcs. Tara apamar sclnktn ul cfhntc, bnvn-sn bnslnlfrar c cfhntc bc mrupc.
5.= Bnsiaznr Ka lagcrga bas apjgeaíþns para bnsiaznr ula aíåc, fasta apjgear c eclakbc ERVJ+X. Bnvn-sn tclar eugbabc ecl nstn eclakbc, pcgs kåc nxgstn c eclakbc VNBC (Vniaznr) kc AAU 6464.
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
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5.0 Ukaps bn cfhntc Tara utgjgzar c eclakbc UKAT, bn lcbc sglgjar ac AutcEAB bnvnsn utgjgzar a farra gkinrgcr ckbn pcbn-sn aenssar as eckigmuraíþns bn UKAT. A lakngra lags iáegj n bgbátgea ç prnssgckakbc a tneja U@GIR+ Fctåc bgrngtc bc lcusn. Ajçl bgssc `á bcgs tgpcs bn UKAT prnsnktns sclnktn kc AAU 6464. Lgbijakmn ― Jceajgza c pcktc enktraj ba fcrba ba afa ba vgma
Mrgb Gktnrsnet ― Nkecktra c pcktc bn gktnrsníåc bn buas
mrnj`as bn aíc.
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
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5.7 UKAT 6B n 5B Quakbc sn trafaj`a nl ul alfgnktn 5B, lugtcs pcktcs bn UKAT pcbnl nstar bgspckìvngs bgigeujtakbc bgigeujtak bc a snjníåc bc pcktc ecrrntc kc pjakc. Tara snjnegckar ul UKAT 6B cu 5B, bnvn-sn aenssar a pajnta bn inrralnktas. Kc lcbc 6B a eccrbnkaba X ç gmkcraba kc sgstnla bn
eccrbnkabas ^EU, gstc ç, ç atrgfuìbc znrc para c ngxc X. Eaptura-sn sclnktn pcktcs kc pjakc PW. Kc lcbc 5B tcbcs cs pcktcs pcbnl snr eapturabcs pnjc
UKAT 5B.
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá
ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
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Eapìtujc 2 ― Ugstnla bn eccrbnkabas Cfhntgvcs bnstn eapìtujc
Aprnsnktar as eccrbnkabas 5B
]EU (]crjb Eccrbgkatn Uystnl)
^EU (^snr Eccrbgkatn Uystnl)
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá
ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
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2.1 Eccrbnkabas 5B Tara jceajgzar pcktcs kc nspaíc, fasta bgmgtar as eccrbnkabas afscjutas snparabas pcr vìrmujas eclc pcr nxnlpjc (64,14,>4). C prcenssc bn gksnríåc bn eccrbnkabas 5B ç sglgjar ac bc AutcEAB n pcr gssc kåc `á glprnegsåc kc lclnktc nl qun sn gkgega ula lcbnjamnl.
2.6 ]EU n ^EU C sgstnla bn eccrbnkabas ]EU (]crjb Eccrbgkatn Uystnl) ç ul sgstnla bn eccrbnkabas igxc quakbc sn gkgega gk gega ul kcvc arqugvc. Bginrnktn bc sgstnla bn eccrbnkabas ^EU (^snr Eccrbgkatn Eccrbgkat n Uystnl) qun ç c sgstnla bn eccrbnkabas bc usuárgc, cu snha, bnigkgbc pnjc usuárgc. Tcbn-sn rntcrkar ac ]EU ejgeakbc kc fctåc ]crjb ka pajnta bn inrralnktas bc AAU 6464.
2.5 ^EU Ajtnrakbc-sn c pcktc bn crgmnl n bgrníåc bcs très ngxcs, cftçl-sn c sgstnla bn eccrbnkabas bc usuárgc (^EU), bnssa icrla i crla lcvglnkta-sn a crgmnl para ula pcsgíåc lags iavcrávnj kc prchntc.
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá
ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
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2.5.1 Lcvnkbc a ^EU Tara lcvnr a ^EU bnktrc bc Abvaken Utnnj, vceè tnl as cpíþns bnktrc ba pajnta bn inrralnktas. Cfsnrvn a igmura a snmugr. Nstas lnslas inrralnktas nståc prnsnktns kc AutcEAB 5B n pcr p cr gssc a sua utgjgzaíåc ç lags iáegj. Tara utgjgzar quajqunr ul bcs eclakbcs fasta aenssar atravçs bcs fctþns.
2.5.6 Mgrakbc a ^EU Mgrar ul bcs ngxcs ba ^EU ç fnl gktnrnssaktn quakbc sn knenssgta k nenssgta lcbnjar ajmula nktgbabn kc pjakc PW. Tcr nxnlpjc quakbc `á a knenssgbabn bn ergar ecktcrkcs bn pjaeas nl cutrcs pjakcs qun kåc snhal cs pjakcs bniaujt bc prcmrala. C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá
ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
55
2.5.5 Tcsgegckakbc a ^EU kc cfhntc Tcsgegckar a ^EU kc cfhntc ç lugtc øtgj nl cfhntcs bn mnclntrga eclpjnxa eclc cs cfhntcs eurvcs n arrnbckbabcs. Bnssa icrla ecksnmun-sn lcbnjar ka supnriìegn bnssns cfhntcs ecl iaegjgbabn.
2.5.2 ^EU ka tnja C eclakbc bn ^EU ka tnja ç lugtc glpcrtaktn pcgs pcsgegcka a ^EU ecl c ngxc X bgrnegckabc para a tnja bc usuárgc. Nstn eclakbc pcssug ula glpcrtækega lugtc mrakbn ka mnraíåc bn bnsnk`cs gsclçtrgecs pcgs a eælnra bn eaptura bc lcbnjc ç snlprn bgrnegckaba ac jckmc bc ngxc X.
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá
ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
52
Eapìtujc > ― Mrgbs Cfhntgvcs bnstn eapìtujc
Nxpjgear eclc gksnrgr mrgbs bn rninrèkega
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá
ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
5>
>.1 Ergakbc ula Mrgb ^l mrgb bn rninrèkega cu laj`a bn eckstruíåc ç ul rneursc øtgj kc Abvaken Utnnj. Ç atravçs bn ula Mrgb qun sn ecksnmun lcbnjar pjaeas bn fasn, fjcecs bn eckerntc, parnbns n cutrcs cfhntcs bnktrc ba árna bn afrakmèkega bc lcbnjc a snr eckstruìbc. eckstruì bc. ^tgjgzakbc a lcbnjamnl bn Mrgb ecksnmun-sn prnegsåc ka ecjceaíåc bcs cfhntcs bn fasn.
>.1.1 Ngxc økgec @á pnjc lnkcs quatrc tgpcs bn Mrgb, snkbc qun eaba ula bnjas atnkbn ula bntnrlgkaba knenssgbabn. Ac snjnegckar a inrralnkta bn Mrgb pcbn sn tnr aenssc acs rneurscs eclc lcstra a igmura a snmugr.
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá
ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
59
>.1.6 Mrgb ecl 2 ngxcs ^l Mrgb cu laj`a ecl quatrc ngxcs pcbn snr ula ajtnrkatgva ajt nrkatgva vgávnj quakbc sn qunr lcbnjar rapgbalnktn. Ergar ula laj`a nl quajqunr bgrníåc pcbn snr talfçl ul rneursc gktnrnssaktn quakbc c tnrrnkc ckbn snrá eckstruìbc c majpåc kåc tnk`a ula árna cu rnjnvc amrabávnj.
>.1.5 Mrgb ecl mrupcs Nl quajqunr ul bcs njnlnktcs bn laj`a bn eckstruíåc pcbn `avnr a knenssgbabn bn pnrsckajgzaíåc bc bgstakegalnktc nktrn cs ngxcs. Tcr gssc ç knenssárgcs ergar ul Mrgb ecl mrupcs bn bgstækega, assgl pnrsckajgza-sn n eustclgza-sn a laj`a bn eckstruíåc.
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá
ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
5= >.1.2 Mrgb eurva Ka ergaíåc bn bntaj`ns mnclçtrgecs lags eclpjnxcs a Mrgb eurva pcbnrá atnkbnr a knenssgbabn ecl lugta iaegjgbabn. Ac aegckar c eclakbc, cs pcktcs gkgegags n igkags såc scjgegtabcs fnl eclc c ragc bc Mrgb a snr lcbnjabc.
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá
ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
50
>.6 Lcbgigea Lcbgigeakbc kbc Mrgbs Tara lcbgigear a Mrgb fasta nintuar ul bupjc ejgqun kc njnlnktc n snrá afnrtc a haknja bn prcprgnbabns, bnssa icrla as earaetnrìstgeas ba Mrgb snråc afnrtas para nintuar as ajtnraíþns.
>.5 Uìlfcjcs bn kìvnj Uìlfcjcs bn kìvnj pcbnl snr ecjceabcs nl nstruturas bn lujtg pavglnktcs eclc ç c easc bn prçbgcs n nbgiìegcs. Rags sìlfcjcs auxgjgal ka vgsuajgzaíåc gktngrga ba nstrutura.
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá
ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
57
Eapìtujc 9 ― Nstruturas fásgeas Cfhntgvcs bnstn eapìtujc
Quabrcs nstruturags Bnsnk`c bn ul põrtgec
Nbgtakbc sníþns bc põrtgec
Trcprgnbabn bcs pnrigs
Bnsnk`akbc vgmas n sníþns
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá
ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
24
9.1 Quabrcs nstruturags Nxgstnl fasgealnktn très tgpcs bn quabrcs nstruturags ka eckenpíåc bn ul nbgiìegc. As laercs nxgstnktns kc AAU 6464 auxgjgal ka autclatgzaíåc bnssas nstruturas.
9.1.1 Tõrtgec Nsta laerc ç eapaz bn ergar quatrc vgmas qun såc crmakgzabas nl várgcs pcktcs bn nktraba. A nstrutura pcbn snr kåc sglçtrgea eclc lcstra a igmura.
Unquèkega bn lcbnjamnl8 Afa prgkegpaj (@cln);Lcbnjamnl nstnkbgba
Unjnegckn c pcktc fasn ba prglngra ecjuka
Unjnegckn c pcktc supnrgcr ba snmukba ecjuka
Gkbgqun c pcktc bc ápgen bc pcrtaj cu ækmujc prnssgckakbc a
tneja A. C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá
ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
21 Ka afa bn eckigmuraíþns (Unt cut) Tara c tnj`abc sglçtrgec, bnslarqun a cpíåc para ula nstrutura nst rutura
kåc sglçtrgea. As eccrbnkabas bc prglngrc n snmukbc pcktcs snjnegckabcs
pcbnl snr ajtnrabas ka prcprgnbabn ‚Upak“, cu c våc bc põrtgec.
Tcbn-sn ajtnrar a ajtura tctaj bc põrtgec nl Navns Jnvnj 1 qun
snrga c pç bgrngtc ba nstrutura. Easc qungra ajtnrar a ajtura apõs a ajtura ba ecjuka, bnvn-sn
snjnegckar
Igmura 16 Ka afa Uníþns (Unetgck) vceè pcbn rnajgzar as snmugktns ajtnraíþns8 Ajtnrn c talak`c ba ecjuka
Larqun a cpíåc sn as ecjukas icrnl gmuags
Unjnegckn c talak`c bas vgmas gkejgkabas (Vaitnr sgzn)
Easc `aha prchníþns kas vgmas gkbgqun kc ealpc Trchnetgcks
1 n 6. C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá
ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
26
Igmura 15
9.1.6 Quabrc Mafjn Knsta cpíåc bn põrtgec vceè pcbn eckstrugr ul quabrc Mafjn ecl ecjukas abgegckags bnktrc ba nstrutura eclc lcstra a igmura a snmugr. Rcbas as prcprgnbabns nbgtávngs aparnenråc ka haknja bn prcprgnbabns.
Igmura 12 C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá
ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
25
9.1.5 Quabrc Lckc-Tgte` Knstn tgpc bn nstrutura, a vgma bn sustnktaíåc sust nktaíåc kåc pcssug gkejgkaíåc n c våc nktrn as ecjukas ç sustnktabc pcr ula økgea vgma eclc lcstra a igmura a snmugr.
Igmura 1> A snquèkega para a lcbnjamnl bc põrtgec ç sglgjar. Fasta icrknenr as gkicrlaíþns scjgegtabas pnjc AAU 6464.
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá
ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
22
9.6 Ecjceaíåc bn vgmas Bnpcgs ba lcbnjamnl n ajmuks sgstnlas nstruturags gscjabcs, vceè pcbn bnsnk`ar c rnstc ba nstrutura gksnrgkbc ajmuks tgpcs bginrnkegabcs bn vgmas. C tgpc bn vgma snrá snjnegckabc a partgr bn ula jgsta ka haknja bn prcprgnbabns.
9.6.1 Ygma økgea Tara a ecjceaíåc bn vgmas snr lags nigeaz, utgjgzn a inrralnkta bn UKAT tnlpcrárgc prnssgckakbc U@GIR + Fctåc bgrntc bc lcusn.
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá
ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
2> Jceajgzn c pcktc gkgegaj n igkaj bn lcbnjamnl ba vgma n bnpcgs eckigrln ecl c fctåc bgrngtc bc lcusn para afrgr a haknja bn prcprgnbabns.
9.6.6 Ygma ecktìkua ^la vgma ecktìkua kåc pcssug gktnrrupíþns bn sníåc. Jnlfrakbc qun, bn lakngra sglgjar c AAU 6464 bnsnk`a sclnktn kc pjakc PW, nl cutrcs eascs bnvn-sn ajtnrar a ^EU para c pjakc bnsnhabc.
Igmura 19 As ajtnraíþns ingtas ka eagxa bn prcprgnbabns snråc rnijntgbas nl tcbas as sníþns ergabas.
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá
ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
29
9.6.5 Ygma eurva Tara a gksnríåc ba vgma eurva fasta gksnrgr c pcktc gkgegaj n igkaj n snjnegckar c pcktc scfrn c eìreujc para qun a vgma eurva snha lcbnjaba.
Igmura 1=
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá
ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
2=
9.6.2 Ygma ecl fasn nl ula jgk`a Ka afa Gkìegc n ka sníåc Cfhntcs vce~n nkecktra buas inrralnktas para atrgfugr vgmas cu cutra sníåc quajqunr. ^la inrralnkta lugtc øtgj para eckvnrtnr jgk`as bnsnk`abas kc AutcEAB nl vgmas. Easc qungra snjnegckar løjtgpjas jgk`as ac lnslc tnlpc, snmurn c U@GIR kc tnejabc n apjgqun as vgmas bnsnhabas. Un vceè snjnegckcu ula vgma pcr nkmakc, fasta ejgear kcvalnktn ka vgma ecl c fctåc U@GIR apnrtabc n autclatgealnktn a snjníåc bnsaparnenrá.
9.6.> Ygma ecl fasn nl ula pcjgjgk`a Nl lugtas ceasgþns tajvnz qungra traksicrlar pcjgjgk`as 5B nl vgmas. ^tgjgzn c fctåc Ygma Tcjgjgk`a ka lnsla sníåc.
Igmura 10 C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá
ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
20 Apõs a snjníåc ba inrralnkta, snrá scjgegtabc a snjníåc ka nktgbabn n nl snmugba eckigrlar a nxejusåc cu kåc ba jgk`a bn eckstruíåc.
9.6.9 Ygmas eclpcstas n bn sníåc vargávnj Easc qungra gksnrgr vgmas eclpcstas cu bn sníåc vargávnj, aenssn a sníåc Cfhntcs ka afa Gkìegc eclc lcstra a igmura a snmugr.
Igmura 17
Ac ejgear kc fctåc, a haknja bn prcprgnbabns snrá afnrta
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá
ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
27 Tara as vgmas eclpcstas, a haknja bn prcprgnbabns snrá afnrta
Igmura 64
Nstas vgmas såc tratabas eclc ul økgec cfhntc, kc nktaktc vceè pcbn ajtnrar eaba ul bnjns snjnegckakbc-sn c ìkbgen bn pnrigj eclc lcstra a igmura a snmugr. Tnrigs pnrsckajgzabcs pcbnl snr utgjgzabcs nl pnrigs eclpcstcs, las nssa cpnraíåc kåc ç kaba gktugtgva knenssgtakbc tnr eck`neglnktc nl fakec bn babcs n kc mnrnkegabcr bn inrralnktas (Lakamnlnkt Rccjs) bc Abvaken Utnnj.
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn
latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
>4
Igmura 61
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn
latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
>1
9.5 Trcprgnbabns bas vgmas Kåc glpcrta eclc as vgmas såc ergabas kc AAU 6464, tcbas njas såc mnrabas a partgr bn ul pnrigj pabråc.
Igmura 66
Ka afa Uníåc n Latnrgaj gksgra c pnrigj bnsnhabc kc lnku BrcpBcwk
Unjnegckn c latnrgaj bnsnhabc. Aíc, eckerntc, labngra nte.
Unjnegckn c rnvnstglnktc ba vgma. Trglnr, majvakgzabc cu õxgbc
bn inrrc. A jgsta bn pnrigs bgspckìvngs ka gkstajaíåc pabråc aparnen kcs lnkus bn snjníåc. Easc qungra gksnrgr ul kcvc pnrigj, c prcenbglnktc bn atuajgzaíåc bn fakec bn babcs pnrlgtn nsta cpnraíåc. Cu agkba pcbn-sn abgegckar ul kcvc pnrigj utgjgzakbc c fakec bn babcs bc AAU 6464 ecl c Lgercscit UQJ Lakamnlnkt Utubgc. C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn
latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
>6 Atç 641= nra pcssìvnj lakgpujar c fakec bn babcs bc AAU 6464 utgjgzakbc c Lgercscit AEENUU. Kas vnrsþns bc AAU 6410 641 0 nl bgaktn, a lakgpujaíåc bn fakec bn babcs sclnktn ç pcssìvnj kc UQJ Lakamnlnkt Utubgc.
Cutras cpíþns prnsnktns ka haknja bn prcprgnbabns Tcsgegckalnktc
Kcln
Bata bn iafrgeaíåc
Atrgfutcs bc usuárgc
Rgpc bn nxgfgíåc
Eclpcrtalnktc
Trcprgnbabns Trcprgnbabns bc arec bc pnrigj
Igmura 65 C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn
latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
>5 Cfsnrvn qun8 Larea ba pnía n prnigxc ba pnía prnjglgkar nstgvnrnl vazgcs
ç pcrqun a kulnraíåc bas pnías agkba kåc icg gktrcbuzgba. Ac snjnegckar c fctåc ‚Bnigkgba ecl a pnía prgkegpaj“ a pnía
sn tcrkará a pnía prgkegpaj bn ul eckhuktc bn pnías.
Igmura 62 Yalcs gkvnstgmar cutras prcprgnbabns qun aparnenråc ka icj`a bn bnsnk`c apõs c lcbnjc nstgvnr prcktc. Trcprgnbabns bn lcktamnl Utatus ba aprcvaíåc
Eckbgíåc bc Utatus ba aprcvaíåc
Kølnrc bn earma Rrakspcrtabcra
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn
latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
>2 Bata bc nlfarqun
Bata ba nktrnma
Trcprgnbabns bc cfhntc Nstaea bn iafrgeaíåc
Icrknenbcr
Kølnrc bc pnbgbc
Kølnrc bn rnqugsgíåc
Kølnrc bn eajcr
Igmura 6>
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn
latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
>>
Eapìtujc = ― Nbgíåc bn njnlnktcs Cfhntgvcs bnstn eapìtujc
Ygsåc mnraj Mnrnkegakbc as Jaynrs
Eclakbcs fásgecs bc AutcEAB
Rraksicrlakbc njnlnktcs
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn
latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
>9
=.1 Ygsåc mnraj Cs eclakbcs bn nbgíåc avakíaba bc AAU 6464 sn nkecktral ka pajnta bn inrralnktas. Uåc njns8 Ecpgar
Vctaegckar 6B
Ecpgar n mgrar 5B
Nspnj`alnktc 6B n 5B
Eõpga ecl ahustn
Latrgz pcjar n rntakmujar
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn
latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
>=
=.1.1 Ecpgar njnlnktcs Ecl c eclakbc bn ecpgar njnlnktcs, apõs ejgqun kc fctåc bn ataj`c c njnlnktc ç ecpgabc. Fasta icrknenr c pcktc bn crgmnl n c pcktc bn bnstgkc.
=.1.6 Ecpgar n rctaegckar 6B Nl ajmulas sgtuaíþns `á knenssgbabn bn rctaegckar ul njnlnktc nl ul pjakc PW pcr nxnlpjc. Fasta gksnrgr c pcktc bn rctaíåc n a rctaíåc bnsnhaba.
=.1.5 Ecpgar n rctaegckar 5B Knstn eclakbc a rctaíåc pcbn snr rnajgzaba ecl fasn nl eccrbnkabas trgbglnksgckags.
=.1.2 Ecpgar n nspnj`ar 6B Knstn fctåc ecpga-sn n nspnj`a-sn kc pjakc PW
=.1.> Ecpgar n nspnj`ar 5B Lags ula cpíåc bn nspnj`alnktc nl ul pjakc trgbglnksgckaj.
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn
latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
>0
=.1.9 Eõpga ecl ahustn Ka eõpga ecl ahustn, abgegcka-sn c njnlnktc ecpgabc (crgmnl) ac njnlnktc a snr ahustabc (bnstgkc). Tcr gssc, c AAU 6464 pnrmukta quags cs njnlnktcs bn rninrèkega n bn crgmnl.
=.1.= Latrgz pcjar n rntakmujar Ka latrgz pcjar, vceè ecksnmun mnrar ula rnpntgíåc bn njnlnktcs tclakbc eclc fasn ul eìreujc prç-bnigkgbc. Ka latrgz rntakmujar, ecksnmun-sn rnpntgr njnlnktcs nl buas eccrbnkabas, tags eclc P, W n X. Ac ejgear kc fctåc bn latrgz, as bglnksþns ba latrgz snråc snjnegckabas kc prclpt bn eclakbc.
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn
latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
>7
=.6 Mnrnkegalnktc bas Jaynrs Ac gkgegar a lcbnjamnl kc AAU 6464 ç glpcrtaktn lcbnjar ka Jaynr (Ealaba) pabråc (Utakbarb).
Igmura 69 C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn
latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
94 Yceè pcbn nbgtar, fjcqunar, eckmnjar cu ceujtar eaba ula bas Jaynrs bnigkgbas kc AAU 6464, pcrçl kåc pcbnrá nbgtá-jas. Yceè pcbn bnigkgr as Jaynrs bn aecrbc ecl a rnmra bc cfhntc aenssakbc as inrralnktas bn mnrnkegalnktc (lakamnlnkt Rccjs).
=.5 Rraksicrlaíåc bn njnlnktcs Uåc cpnraíþns gktnjgmnktns qun auxgjgal ka njafcraíåc bc prchntc
=.5.1 Eõpga avakíaba ^l eclakbc lugtc øtgj quakbc sn qunr a rnpntgíåc bn bgvnrscs eckhuktcs bn njnlnktcs.
Igmura 6= Ac ejgear kc fctåc bn eõpga avakíaba, a tnja snmugktn snrá lcstraba ecl tcbas as earaetnrìstgeas a snrnl gksnrgbas.
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn
latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
91
Igmura 60
Larqun a eagxa bn snjníåc Gkejugr huktas abgegckags
Unjnegckn tcbcs cs cfhntcs a snrnl ecpgabcs/rnpntgbcs
Gksgra c kølnrc bn eõpgas
Gksgra as eccrbnkabas nl P, W n X.
C fctåc vgsuajgzar (Trnvgnw) pnrlgtn eckinrgr sn a rnpntgíåc
nstá bn aecrbc ecl c bnsnhabc. L cbgigear n Un nstgvnr ecrrntc ejgqun nl CO, sn kåc ejgqun nl Lcbgigear
ajtnrn c qun ae`ar knenssárgc. C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn
latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
96
=.2 Aparar n nstnkbnr Tara aparar (ecrtar) cu nstnkbnr ul njnlnktc, fasta aenssar a Tajnta bn Inrralnktas n aegckar c fctåc eclc lcstra a igmura a snmugr
Igmura 67 ― Bntaj`n Gkegajlnktn c AAU 6464 scjgegtará c lcbc _Aparar/Nstnkbnr/Autc\. Un qugsnr apnkas aparar/ecrtar, snjnegckn Aparar. Un qugsnr nstnkbnr, gstc ç, aulnktar c talak`c bc njnlnktc, snjnegckn Nstnkbnr n sn qugsnr iaznr as buas cpnraíþns ac lnslc tnlpc snjnegckn Autc. Apõs a snjníåc bnsnhaba, c AAU scjgegtará c tgpc bn nxtnksåc cu ecrtn tnkbc as cpíþns Uystnl, Enktrc, Iaen n Jgk`a. Ka cpíåc Uystnl, a nxtnksåc pcbnrá gr atç quajqunr jgk`a bc sgstnla ba cutra vgma. Ka cpíåc c píåc Enktrc, a rninrèkega snrá c enktrc ba jgk`a, ka cpíåc Iaen, a vgma sn nstnkbnrá atç a iaen bn cutra vgma n igkajlnktn ka cpíåc jgk`a, a nxtnksåc atgkmgrá a jgk`a bn cutra vgma. Unjnegckn cs cfhntcs bn ircktngra cu jglgtn n bnpcgs snjnegckn cs lnlfrcs a snrnl aparabcs cu nstnkbgbcs.
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn
latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
95
Eapìtujc 0 ― Nbgtakbc earaetnrìstgeas bas vgmas Cfhntgvcs bnstn eapìtujc
Eckknetgck Yaujt Trcprgnbabns bn ecknxåc
Vnpntgkbc ecknxþns
Fgfjgctnea bn ecknxþns
Abgegckakbc ecknxþns
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn
latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
92
0.1 Gktrcbuíåc Quakbc sn gkgega a lcbnjamnl kc AAU 6464, knk`ul bcs njnlnktcs nstruturags pcssunl csfstáeujcs nl snu ealgk`c, las quakbc sn ecjcea ecknxþns, mnrajlnktn as sníþns eclníal a sn eckijgtar. Tcr gssc ç knenssárgc rnajgzar ahustns kas vgmas tags eclc ecrtn, e`akirc n bcfras.
0.6 Nkeurtakbc n e`akirakbc vgmas C eclakbc lags sglpjns ac nbgtar vgmas ç c eclakbc nkeurtar. Atravçs bnjn, lcbgigea-sn c eclprglnktc ba vgma bngxakbc-a lnkcr, lcbgigea-sn a gkejgkaíåc ba nxtrnlgbabn.
Igmura 54 Cfsnrvn qun ac bgmgtar 54 kc ealpc X, a vgma ecrtcu snmukbc ul ækmujc bn 54 mraus nl tcrkc bc ngxc X. Easc bgmgtn 2> kc ealpc ecrrnspckbnktn a W, a vgma snrá ecrtaba 2> mraus nl tcrkc bc ngxc W. C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn
latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
9>
0.5 Nkeurtakbc ka ^EU Eclc vceè pcbn cfsnrvar, as vgmas knl snlprn sn nkecktral nl ækmujcs cu gkejgkaíþns gbnags. Tcr nxnlpjc, vceè pcbn kåc tnr c kølnrc nxatc ba gkejgkaíåc bnsnhaba, para rnscjvnr gssc vceè pcbn lcvglnktar a ^EU kc pjakc a snr ecrtabc. Atnkíåc8 Nstn eclakbc sclnktn iukegcka sn c pjakc PW nstgvnr parajnjc ä iaen ba vgma, para gssc vceè bnvn utgjgzar ul eclakbc qun lcvglnktn n mgrn a ^EU atç c pcktc ckbn a vgma snrá ecrtaba. Cfsnrvn a igmura a snmugr
Igmura 51
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn
latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
99
0.2 Ecrtn bn vgmas kc cfhntc C eclakbc bn ecrtn kc cfhntc ç lags sglpjns bc qun nkeurtar ka ^EU. Knstn easc quakbc buas vgmas nståc eckijgtakbc, rnajgza-sn rnajgza -sn ul ecrtn jcmc ka iaen ba vgma.
Igmura 56
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn
latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
9=
0.> Vnecrtn Kc ecrtn nktaj`abc vceè ecksnmun rnajgzar ul ecrtn apnkas nl ul trne`c ba sníåc n kåc nl tcba nja. Tara gssc utgjgza-sn c eclakbc bc Vnecrtn eclc sn cfsnrva ka igmura a snmugr.
Igmura 55
Igmura 52
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn
latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
90
0.9 Vnecrtn nkvgnsabc Un vceè prnegsa bn ul nktaj`n kåc ajgk`abc ecl c pnrigj ba vgma, nktåc pcbn utgjgzar c rnecrtn nkvgnsabc.
Igmura 5> Kc rnecrtn nkvgnsabc, vceè bnvn ejgear ka vgma cu ecjuka qun bnvnrá snr ecrtaba n nl snmugba nl ul pcktc prõxglc bc ijakmn a snr ecrtabc eclc lcstra a igmura a snmugr.
Igmura 59 Ka afa icrlatc gksgra cs babcs bc vajcr a snr ecrtabc, a bgstækega a snr ecrtaba n cs ækmujcs nl P n X. Ka afa Eaktc (Ecrknr) gksgra ul ragc bn eckecrbækega n agkba ul ragc bn ajìvgc. C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
97
0.= Vnecrtn paralçtrgec Ás vnzns kåc ç iáegj ergar ul rnecrtn prnegsc ka hukíåc n ka nxtrnlgbabn ba vgma. Ecl nsta inrralnkta vceè ecksnmun pnrsckajgzar tctajlnktn c rnecrtn bn icrla a bngxar a nxtrnlgbabn gbnaj para c snu prchntc.
Igmura 5= Cfsnrvn qun ka haknja bn prcprgnbabns bc AAU 6464 `á bgvnrsas cpíþns bn pnrsckajgzaíåc, fastakbc gksnrgr cs babcs pnrtgknktns.
Igmura 50
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
=4
0.=.1 Ecktcrkc bc njnlnktc ― Vnmra ^la lakngra bn lcjbar eclpjntalnktn ul lnlfrc nl tcrkc bn cutrc ç utgjgzakbc a inrralnkta Ecktcrkc bc njnlnktc ― Vnmra.
Igmura 57
Igmura 24 Nstn eclakbc iukegckará quakbc buas vgmas sn e`ceal cu såc eckijgtaktns. Ac rnbcr bc rnecrtn vceè tnrá a cpíåc bn scjba n a icjma ac rnbcr bc ecrtn. Ka igmura a snmugr eckigra quags cs parælntrcs a snrnl ajtnrabcs.
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
=1
Igmura 21 Kas cpnraíþns bn rnecrtn a snmugr, snlprn snrá knenssárgc a eckigrlaíåc ecl c fctåc bgrngtc bc lcusn.
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
=6
0.0 Icjma ba vgma (Ejnarnken) Easc qungra apnkas aiastar ula vgma ba cutra ka bgrníåc bc ngxc, fasta utgjgzar c eclakbc Icjma ba vgma eclc lcstra a igmura a snmugr.
Nstn eclakbc kåc afrgrá ula haknja bn prcprgnbabns, fasta snmugr as gkicrlaíþns scjgegtabas kc prclpt bn eclakbc. Unjnegckar a vgma prgkegpaj
Unjnegckar a vgma sneukbárga
Unjnegckar quaj vgma snrá lcvglnktaba
Gksnrgr a bgstækega, qun a vgma aprnsnktará.
Cfsnrvn qun knstn easc kåc utgjgzcu-sn c eclakbc LCYN para lcvglnktar a vgma. Cecrrnu ula lcvglnktaíåc ba nxtrnlgbabn ba vgma ka bgrníåc ba vgma prgkegpaj nsecj`gba. Cfsnrvn c rnsujtabc ka igmura a snmugr.
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
=5
0.7 Ecktcrkc nl vgmas Ajçl bcs ecktcrkcs aprnsnktabcs, vceè pcbn ergar lags très tgpcs bn ecktcrkc nl vgmas. Raj eclc lcstraba ka igmura a snmugr
Igmura 26 C pjakc ^EU nl PW bnvn gkgegajlnktn nstar parajnjc ä iaen bc pnrigj qun vceè knenssgta ecrtar. A snquèkega bn cpnraíþns snrá8 Bnigkgr a ^EU bn aecrbc ecl c ecrtn a snr rnajgzabc
Unjnegckar a vgma a snr ecrtaba
Unjnegckar c pcktc enktraj bc rnecrtn
0.7.1 Ecktcrkc rntakmujar kc enktrc Tara rnajgzar ul ecktcrkc nl ula vgma ecl fasn nl ul pcktc enktraj.
Igmura 25
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
=2
0.7.6 Ecktcrkc rntakmujar ecl bcgs pcktcs Knsta inrralnkta, vceè ecksnmun nintuar ul ecktcrkc nl ula vgma ecl fasn nl bcgs pcktcs.
Igmura 22
0.7.5 Ecktcrkc egreujar kc enktrc
Igmura 2>
0.7.2 Ecktcrkc egreujar bcgs pcktcs
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
=> Igmura 29
0.7.> Ecktcrkc pcjgmckaj
Igmura 2=
0.7.9 Ecktcrkc bc njnlnktc Kc nxnlpjc a snmugr, rnajgza-sn ul ecktcrkc nl ula pjaea qun sn nkecktra ac rnbcr bn ula vgma. Tcbn-sn T cbn-sn pcr nxnlpjc bgmgtar a icjma nktrn a vgma n a pjaea.
Igmura 20 Cfsnrvn qun `á lugtas cutras prcprgnbabns a snrnl lcbgigeabas ka sníåc Aeafalnktc bn eaktc. Cfsnrvn a igmura a snmugr
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
=9
Igmura 27
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
==
0.14 Vneurscs bn nbgíåc Cs rneurscs bn nbgíåc, knstn easc såc snlprn aenssabcs ejgeakbcsn ka nstrutura bn araln vnrbn prnsnktn kcs rnecrtns. Tara aenssar lags rapgbalnktn, utgjgzn c ejgqun ecl c fctåc bgrngtc bc lcusn n nsecj`a kc lnku suspnksc Trcprgnbabns Abvaken eclc lcstra a igmura a snmugr.
Igmura >4
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
=0
0.14.1
Ygsuajgzaíþns rápgbas
Cfsnrvn qun ac nbgtar ul njnlnktc quajqunr c snu nstabc bn nxgfgíåc aparnen ka haknja lcstra a snmugr.
Igmura >1 Cs egkec nstabcs bn nxgfgíåc lcstrabcs knsta tafnja pcbnl talfçl snr lcbgigeabcs atravçs bcs eclakbc prnsnktns ka pajnta bn inrralnktas, eclc lcstra a igmura a snmugr.
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
=7
Igmura >6
0.11 Hukta Hukta e`akiraba (Lgtnr) A hukta e`akiraba ç ul õtglc rneurscs quakbc buas vgmas sn nkecktral icrlakbc ul ækmujc fgssntrgz. Cfsnrvn a igmura a snmugr ckbn buas vgmas rntakmujarns sn nkecktral.
Nxgstn talfçl nstn eclakbc kc Ecknxåc bc Yaujt kc ataj`c bn huktas n ecknxþns bgvnrsas. Ergn ula scjba snjnegckakbc a eagxa bn snjníåc Ergar scjba
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
04
Igmura >5
0.16 Bgvgbgkbc n ukgkbc vgmas Yceè pcbn bgvgbgr ula vgma nl bcgs trne`cs cu ukgr buas bn lnslas earaetnrìstgeas. Aenssn a afa Cfhntcs ka sníåc Ygmas n cftnk`a cs fctþns. Bgvgbgr (Upjgt) n ukgr (Lnrmn) vgmas.
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
01
Eapìtujc 7 ― Tjaeas Cfhntgvcs bnstn eapìtujc Gksnrgkbc n nbgtakbc pjaeas pjakas Trcprgnbabns bas pjaeas
Bcframnl bn pjaeas
Gksnrgkbc n nbgtakbc mrabns
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
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7.1 Tjaeas pjakas Eclc a lagcrga bas nstruturas knenssgtal bn pjaeas bn aíc cu bn quajqunr cutrc latnrgaj, c AAU 6464 pcssug ula sçrgn bn inrralnktas qun auxgjgal ka lcbnjamnl bn tags njnlnktcs. C ealgk`c para a lcbnjaíåc bn pjaeas ç ka afa cfhntcs.
7.1.1 Tjaea rntakmujar kc enktrc A pjaea rntakmujar kc enktrc ç ula cpíåc quakbc vceè qugsnr gksnrgr a pjaea nl ul babc pcktc bn quajqunr eccrbnkaba. Apõs c ejgqun kc fctåc, gksgra as eccrbnkabas n apjaea snrá lcbnjaba.
7.1.6 Tjaea rntakmujar ecl bcgs pcktcs Ka pjaea ecl bcgs pcktcs, bnvn-sn gksnrgr cs bcgs pcktcs ka bgamckaj para qun a pjaea snha lcbnjaba.
7.1.5 Tjaea rntakmujar ecl 5 pcktcs Rajvnz vceè qungra gksnrgr ula pjaea tnkbc eclc fasn très pcktcs eccrbnkabcs.
7.1.2 Tjaea pcjgmckaj
Cu agkba gksnrgr ula pjaea snmugkbc bgvnrscs pcktcs pckt cs icrlakbc ul pcjìmckc.
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
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7.1.> Tjaea nl ula pcjgjgk`a Easc tnk`a ula pcjgjgk`a icrlaba kc AutcEAB vceè pcbn lcbnjar ula pjaea kcrlajlnktn.
7.1.9 Tjaea egreujar Un c snu cfhntgvc ç gksnrgr ula pjaea egreujar, fasta aegckar c eclakbc n gksnrgr cs babcs scjgegtabcs eclc lcstra a igmura n pjaea egreujar snrá lcbnjaba ka crgmnl bc ^EU. Bgælntrc nxtnrkc
Bgælntrc gktnrkc
Nspnssura
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
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7.6 Trcprgnbabns ba pjaea Ecl a haknja bn prcprgnbabns afnrta af nrta vceè ecksnmun ajtnrar bgvnrscs parælntrcs bas pjaeas.
Icrla n latnrgaj
Tcsgegckalnktc ba pjaea
Kcln
Bata bn iafrgeaíåc
Atrgfutcs bc usuárgc
Nxgfgíåc (Knk`ula, Utakbarb, nte.)
Eclpcrtalnktc
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
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7.5 Tjaeas bcfrabas Ajçl bn lcbnjar pjaeas pjakas, c AAU 6464 pcbn lcbnjar pjaeas bcfrabas.
7.5.1 Tjaea bcfraba snl c ahustn bn pcsgíåc Knsta cpnraíåc buas pjaeas gkbnpnkbnktns såc ukgbas n sn traksicrlal nl ula pjaea bcfraba. A haknja bn prcprgnbabns ç afnrta autclatgealnktn.
Knstn easc as pjaeas såc ukgbas snl knk`ul ahustn bas arnstas.
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
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7.5.6 Tjaea bcfraba ecl ahustn bn pcsgíåc Knstn easc as buas pjaeas såc ukgbas n suas iaens såc ukgbas bn icrla a kåc cecrrnr knk`ul bnsvgc bn pcsgíåc. Cfsnrvn a igmura a snmugr.
A snquèkega bn cpnraíþns ç8
Unjnegckn c jabc ba pjaea qun snrá ukgbc
Unjnegckn a cutra pjaea
Gksgra c ækmujc bn bcfralnktc
Rcbas as earaetnrìstgeas bas pjaeas såc prnsnrvabas n as pjaeas pnrlaknenl kas pcsgíþns ecrrntas. Ecksgbnrn qun as pjaeas pcssunl a lnsla nspnssura n jarmura n qun pcssal snr ahustabas kcrlajlnktn.
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
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7.5.5 Tjaea bcfraba eòkgea Knstn easc, ula pjaea eòkgea ç lcbnjaba. Tcbn-sn rnajgzar c prcenbglnktc nsecj`nkbc-sn buas icrlas ine`abas, tags eclc ul eìreujc n ul rntækmujc. Cfsnrvn a eagxa bn bgájcmc afnrta scjgegtakbc cs babcs para a pjaea eòkgea.
Igmura >2 A pjaea eòkgea ç lcbnjaba eclc lcstra a igmura a snmugr.
Igmura >>
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
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7.5.2 Tjaea bcfraba tcregba ^la pjaea bcfraba tcregba pcbn snr cftgba a partgr bn bcgs snmlnktcs, jgk`as cu arecs pcjgmckags. Cfsnrvn a igmura a snmugr ckbn buas jgk`as ecl pnrigs mnclçtrgecs bginrnktns icral ergabcs.
Igmura >9 Tara quajqunr tgpc bn pjaea tcregba, bnsnk`n ula jgk`a ecl aprcxglabalnktn 6 lntrcs cu 6444 lgjìlntrcs bn lcbc qun `aha nspaíalnktc abnquabc para c AAU 6464 lcbnjar a pjaea.
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
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Igmura >= Kcvalnktn a haknja bn prcprgnbabns scjgegtakbc c kølnrc bn bgvgsþns, nspnssura ba pjaea n a hustgigeaíåc ç afnrta ckbn cs babcs såc gksnrgbcs.
7.5.> Ynrgigeakbc c bnsbcfralnktc Ac ergar ula pjaea bcfraba ç pcssìvnj vnrgigear a pjaea nl snu icrlatc pjakc. Fasta snjnegckar a haknja h aknja bn prcprgnbabns bc cfhntc ergabc n snjnegckar Rgpc bn nxgfgíåc n snjnegckar a eagxa Bnsnkvcjvgbc eclc lcstra a igmura a snmugr.
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
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Igmura >0 A pjaea bcfraba sn tcrkará pjaka glnbgatalnktn. Yceè talfçl pcbn aegckar c fctåc Ynrgigear bnsbcfralnktc eclc lcstra a igmura a snmugr.
Igmura >7 Tcbn cecrrnr bn a pjaea såc pcbnr snr bnsbcfraba. ^l avgsc snrá nlgtgbc8 ‚A pjaea bcfraba snjnegckaba kåc pcbn snr ecrrntalnktn bnsbcfraba“.
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
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7.2 Mrnj`as ^la mrnj`a ç ul tgpc bn mrabn cu pjaea nspnegaj. Ç ergaba ecl bgvnrscs bntaj`ns pabrþns n pcbnl snr utgjgzabas nl pjataicrlas. As mrnj`as cu mrabns pcbnl snr lcbnjabas ba lnsla icrla qun ula pjaea pjaka.
7.2.1 Mrnj`a pabråc A mrnj`a pabråc ç gksnrgba a partgr bcs pcktcs enktrags bas eccrbnkabas ba ^EU.
Igmura 94
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
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7.2.6 Mrnj`a bn farra
Igmura 91
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
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7.2.5 Mrnj`a rntakmujar ^la mrnj`a rntakmujar ç icrlaba pnja eaptura bn bcgs pcktcs ka bgamckaj.
Igmura 96
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
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Eapìtujc 14 ― Tjaeas earaetnrìstgeas Cfhntgvcs bnstn eapìtujc Ecktcrkc ac rnbcr bn pjaeas Trcprgnbabns bas pjaeas
Bcframnl bn pjaeas
Gksnrgkbc n nbgtakbc mrabns
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
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14.1 Ecktcrkc nl pjaeas Ka pajnta bn inrralnktas, ka sníåc earaetnrìstgeas tnlcs buas sníþns, snkbc ula ecl a rninrèkega ka ^EU igmura n cutra snl a rninrèkega ba ^EU ka igmura. Cfsnrvn qun kas inrralnktas nl vnrbn, ç pcssìvnj c rnecrtn nl vgmas n nl pjaeas.
Igmura 95
Igmura 92
14.1.1
Ecktcrkc rntakmujar ^EU
Aktns bn gkgegar, enrtgigqun-sn qun a ^EU nstá pcsgegckabc kc jumar bc ecrtn. Tnrlgtn rnecrtar ula icrla rntakmujar nl ula pjaea ckbn sn nkecktra a ^EU, ecl fasn nl apnkas nl ul pcktc ba eccrbnkaba.
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
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14.1.6
Ecktcrkc rntakmujar ecl bcgs pcktcs ^EU
C eclakbc pnrlgtn ecrtar ula pjaea usakbc bcgs pcktcs nl ula bgamckaj.
14.1.5
Ecktcrkc egreujar kc enktrc ^EU
Ecl fasn nl ul pcktc enktraj ka pjaea, ecksnmun-sn nintuar ul ecrtn egreujar.
14.1.2
Ecktcrkc pcjgmckaj ^EU
Nstn eclakbc erga ul ecktcrkc ac rnbcr ba pjaea ecksgbnrakbc jgk`as n arecs. Enrtgigqun-sn qun c pjakc PW n ^EU nkecktra-sn jceajgzabc ka e`apa. Tara ahubar vceè pcbn bnsnk`ar ul pcjìmckc aktns bn nintuar c eclakbc.
14.1.>
Njnlnktc bn ecktcrkc
Nstn eclakbc rnajgza ul ecktcrkc nl ula pjaea ac rnbcr bn ula sníåc quajqunr.
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
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14.6 Trcprgnbabns bc prcenssalnktc bn ecktcrkc Bn lakngra akájcma ac ecktcrkc mnrabc nl vgmas, a haknja bn prcprgnbabns ç afnrta.
Igmura 9> Ka jarmura bc nspaíc bgmgta-sn a icjma bnsnhaba bc ecktcrkc. Unjnegckn a bglnksåc bcs bnjglgtabcrns para qun kåc ujtrapassnl a bglnksåc gksnrgba n snjnegckn ecrtn rntc cu gkejgkabc, gstc ç, as fcrbas snråc pnrpnkbgeujarns ac pjakc ba pjaea.
14.5 Ecktcrkc nl pjaeas snl a ^EU Cs eclakbcs cinrnegbcs ka pajnta bn inrralnktas a snmugr snråc snlprn nxneutabcs ka bgrníåc pnrpnkbgeujar ä bgrníåc ba pjaea.
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
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Igmura 99
14.2 E`akircs n igjntns Nxpjcrarnlcs as cpíåc bn e`akirc n igjntn. Knstn easc talfçl a pcsgíåc ba ^EU kåc ç glpcrtaktn. Tcbn-sn ecjcear e`akirc e`ak irc n igjntn atravçs bn bcgs eclakbcs. C prglngrc ç ecrtn bn eaktc n c snmukbc ç ecrtn bc e`akirc.
14.2.1
Ecrtn bn eaktc
Uupck`a qun qungra rnajgzar ul e`akirc cu igjntn kc eaktc ba e`apa eclc lcstra a igmura.
14.2.6
Ecrtn bc e`akirc
Knstn eclakbc vceè ecksnmugrá rnajgzar c e`akirc cu igjntn ka fcrba ba e`apa. Cfsnrvn a igmura
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
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Igmura 9= Cfsnrvn qun cs eclakbc såc tctajlnktn bginrnktns, snkbc qun ul erga c e`akirc cu igjntn kc eaktc n c cutrc ka fcrba ba e`apa.
Igmura 90
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
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14.> Bgvgbgkbc n huktakbc pjaeas Lugtas cpnraíþns bn bntaj`ns såc rnajgzabas para qun c prchntc saga ecl a lagcr prnegsåc pcssìvnj. Knstns bcgs eclakbcs ç pcssìvnj snparar n ukgr buas pjaeas.
14.>.1
Bgvgsåc ba pjaea nl bcgs pcktcs
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
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Eapìtujc 11 ― Ecknxåc bn njnlnktcs Cfhntgvcs bnstn eapìtujc Ecktcrkc ac rnbcr bn pjaeas Trcprgnbabns bas pjaeas
Bcframnl bn pjaeas
Gksnrgkbc n nbgtakbc mrabns
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
146
11.1 Taraiuscs A cpíåc bn scjbamnl cu paraiuscs bnvn snr utgjgzaba ka ecknxåc bn nstruturas, ergakbc assgl ul eckhuktc bn nstruturas. C lnslc eclakbc utgjgzabc para a ecjceaíåc bn paraiuscs ç c eclakbc para a ecjceaíåc bn ækecras, iurcs n ecknetcrns.
Igmura 97 ^tgjgzn nstn eclakbc ecl c pjakc ^EU jceajgzabc ka supnriìegn ckbn vceè qungra gksnrgr cs njnlnktcs.
11.1.1
Vntækmujc pcr bcgs pcktcs
Gksgra paraiuscs atravçs bn ul rntækmujc ecl bcgs pcktcs
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
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11.1.6
Vntækmujc vçrtgen
Ecl c eclakbc rntækmujc vçrtgen ç pcssìvnj pcr nxnlpjc gksnrgr paraiuscs bnjglgtakbc a árna pcr rntækmujcs
11.1.5
Vntækmujc pcktc enktraj
^la fca cpíåc bn ecjceaíåc bn paraiuscs ç abctar ul pcktc enktraj bn ul rntækmujc. Tara gssc, fasta aegckar c eclakbc bn gksnríåc bn rntækmujc a partgr bn ul pcktc enktraj n ejgear ka pjaea cu njnlnktc ckbn cs paraiuscs snråc gksnrgbcs.
11.1.2
Egreujar pcktc enktraj
Glamgkn qun vceè qungra gksnrgr paraiuscs tclakbc eclc fasn ul eìreujc ecl pcktc enktraj.
11.1.>
Ajtnrkar paraiuscs n iurcs
Bnpnkbnkbc bn eclc as sníþns icral ergabas, ul pabråc bn paraiusc pcbn snr nxgfgbc kc ijakmn nrrabc. Ecl nstn eclakbc pcbn ajtnrar c pcsgegckalnktc bcs njnlnktcs para cutrc jumar.
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
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11.6 Trcprgnbabn bcs paraiuscs A haknja bn prcprgnbabn bcs paraiuscs ç fastaktn bntaj`aba n pcssug bgvnrsas ajtnrkatgvas bn nbgíåc eclc lcstra a igmura a snmugr.
Igmura =4 Ka afa bnigkgíåc pcbn-sn vnrgigear8 Rgpc bn paraiusc snmukbc a sua kcrla
C mrupc bn paraiuscs
Eckhuktc bn paraiuscs lags arrunjas
Bgælntrc
Rcjnrækega bc iurc
Gksgra a prctníåc supnrigegaj
Gkvnrtgbc ― Lubar a pcsgíåc ba eafnía bc paraiusc ka e`apa
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
14> Ajtnrn talfçl as bgstækegas nl P n W para cs paraiuscs
Ajtnrn c bgstakegalnktc nktrn cs paraiuscs
11.5 Ækecras Iukegckal ba lnsla lakngra bc qun cs paraiuscs. Tcbn-sn utgjgzar a iukíåc bn pjaea bn fasn para qun as ækecras snhal gkstajabas autclatgealnktn. As ækecras pcbnl snr gkstajabas ba lnsla icrla qun ul mrupc bn paraiuscs.
11.2 Ucjbas Cs ecrbþns bn scjba kåc såc lcbnjabcs eclc cs cutrcs cfhntcs, las såc bn vgtaj glpcrtækega para a abgíåc bn gkicrlaíþns kcs bnsnk`cs bn iafrgeaíåc. Uåc gbnktgigeabas c lcbnjc pcr eruzns ka ecr rcsa.
11.2.1
Tcktc bn scjba
Nstn eclakbc snrvn fasgealnktn para gksnrgr ula scjba lakuajlnktn. Yceè bnvn snjnegckar as pnías a snrnl jgmabas n nl snmugba bnigkgr ul pcktc pckt c bn gksnríåc ba scjba. Glnbgatalnktn ç afnrta a eagxa bn bgájcmc. Tcktcs bn scjba apnsar bn snrnl gksnrgbcs kc lcbnjc nstruturaj, kåc såc rnprnsnktabcs eclc ul njnlnktc sõjgbc. Kc jumar bc pcktc bn scjba vnrgigea-sn ula rnprnsnktaíåc pcr jgk`a gkbgeakbc qun ajg `á ul ecrbåc bn scjba. Cutrc pcktc bnstaeabc rninrn-sn ac talak`c bc arqugvc há qun njnlnktcs sõjgbcs rnprnsnktabcs pnjc AAU tnkbnl a nxgmgr lags lnlõrga.
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
149 A haknja bn prcprgnbabns snrá lcstraba ecl as snmugktns gkicrlaíþns8
Igmura =1
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
14=
11.> Nbgtakbc cfhntcs ä ecknxåc Easc cs paraiuscs cu scjbas kåc ecknetarnl cs cfhntcs, ç pcssìvnj ahustar cs cfhntcs gkejuìbcs ecl cs eclakbcs Abgegckar/Vnlcvnr cfhntcs bn ecknxåc.
11.>.1
Abgegckakbc cfhntcs ä ecknxåc
Aernsenkta cfhntcs abgegckags ä ula ecknxåc
11.>.6
Vnlcvnr cfhntcs ä ecknxåc
Vnlcvn cfhntcs snjnegckabcs a partgr bn ula jgmaíåc.
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
140
Eapìtujc 15 ― Ecknxþns pnrsckajgzabas Cfhntgvcs bnstn eapìtujc
Ecktcrkc ac rnbcr bn pjaeas
Trcprgnbabns bas pjaeas
Bcframnl bn pjaeas
Gksnrgkbc n nbgtakbc mrabns
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
147
15.1 Gktrcbuíåc Tcbn cecrrnr bn vceè qunrnr utgjgzar ula ecknxåc qun kåc nxgsta kc Ecknxåc bc Yaujt. Tara gssc, c AAU 6464 ergcu ula inrralnkta bn ecknxåc pnrsckajgzaba para scjuegckar nsta bnigegèkega.
15.6 Lcbnjamnl ba ecknxåc pnrsckajgzaba C prglngrc passc ç ergar ul lcbnjc bn ecknxåc tìpgec. Ac lcbnjar sua ecknxåc pnrsckajgzaba, rnajgzar a lcbnjamnl nl ula arqugvc snparabc para snr utgjgzaba kc lcbnjc rnaj. Tara aenssar as inrralnktas bn lcbnjamnl, utgjgzn c fjcec bn inrralnktas ka pajnta bn inrralnktas.
15.5 Fjcecs bn inrralnktas Cs fjcecs bn inrralnktas såc s åc partns bn ula ecknxåc eclpjnta ecl ul sgstnla gktnjgmnktn bn ecjceaíåc autclátgea.
Igmura =6 C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
114 Kcs parámraics snmugktns nxpjcrarnlcs eaba ula bas inrralnktas bn lcbnjamnl. Ka igmura a snmugr ecjcecu-sn ula pjaea ac jckmc ba lnsa bn ula vgma. Uua pcsgíåc pcbn snr parajnja cu pnrpnkbgeujar ä lnsa.
Igmura =5
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
111
15.2 Ergakbc ul lcbnjc bn ecknxåc Bnpcgs bn lcbnjar tcbcs cs eclpcknktns ba ecknxåc vceè prnegsa eckvnrtnr nsta lcbnjamnl nl ul lcbnjc bn ecknxåc. Ac aegckar c fctåc ‚Ergar ul lcbnjc bn ecknxåc“, a igmura a snmugr ç lcstraba.
Igmura =2 1 Ygma ecl tcpc ― Lçtcbc bn bnigkgíåc ecl a nxtrnlgbabn
ba vgma. Tcktc tcpc ula vgma ― Lçtcbc bn bnigkgíåc para ul pcktc
quajqunr ka vgma Buas vgmas ― Lçtcbc bn ecknxåc nktrn buas vgmas
Rrès vgmas ― Lçtcbc bn ecknxåc nktrn très vgmas
Ac ejgear kc prglngrc fctåc 1 Ygma ecl tcpc a eagxa bn prcprgnbabns ç afnrta.
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
116
Igmura =>
Gksgra ul kcln ba ecknxåc bn icrla qun vceè pcssa jnlfrar iuturalnktn. Unjnegckn cs cfhntcs bn saìba, gstc ç, tcbc cs cfhntcs qun sn rnjaegckal ecl a jgmaíåc. Ka eagxa ‚Trclpt snjníåc brgvnrs“ vceè bnvn bgmgtar as gkstruíþns bn eaba ntapa. Tcr nxnlpjc, sn vceè bgmgtar bgmg tar ‚Ygma prgkegpaj“ ul eclakbc ka tnja aparnenrá ‚Unjnegckn a Ygma prgkegpaj“. Ac tnrlgkar t nrlgkar a snjníåc, ula
hcgkt fcx snrá icrlaba ac rnbcr ba hukta. Knsta pasta snrá arlaznkaba a ecknxåc pnrsckajgzaba quakbc sn nsecj`n as eckigmuraíþns bn eaba paìs E8ZTrcmralBataZAutcbnsoZAbvaken
Utnnj
6464Z^UAZU`arnbZEckknetgckRnlpjatns ― Nstabcs ^kgbcs E8ZTrcmralBataZAutcbnsoZAbvaken 6464ZFVAZU`arnbZEckknetgckRnlpjatns ― Frasgj
Utnnj
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
115
15.> Gksnrgkbc ul lcbnjc bn ecknxåc Tara utgjgzar a ecknxåc pnrsckajgzaba qun vceè ergcu kc gtnl aktnrgcr amcra vceè bnvn ejgear kc fctåc ‚Gksnrgr lcbnjc bn ecknxåc“
prnsnktn ka pajnta bn inrralnktas.
Igmura =9
A haknja bn prcprgnbabns ç lcstraba a snmugr. Ac snjnegckar a ecknxåc ergaba n snmugr cs avgscs ergabcs ka ntapa aktnrgcr, a ecknxåc ç lcbnjaba. Cfsnrvn qun a haknja bn prcprgnbabns para a ecknxåc pnrsckajgzaba talfçl ç afnrta.
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
112
Eapìtujc 12 ― Nxpjcrabcr bn prchntc Cfhntgvcs bnstn eapìtujc
Nxpjgear c qun ç c nxpjcrabcr bn prchntcs (Lcbnj Nxpjcrnr)
Iukíþns bc nxpjcrabcr bn prchntcs
Ygstas bc lcbnjc
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
11>
12.1 Gktrcbuíåc Ac trafaj`ar nl nstruturas lntájgeas, ç gktnrnssaktn trafaj`ar nl partns nspneìigeas snl lcstrar tcbc c lcbnjc.
Igmura == C nxpjcrabcr bn prchntc pcbn ijutuar ka tnja bn trafaj`c, n talfçl pcbn snr akecrabc ä bgrngta cu ä nsqunrba ba árna bn trafaj`c.
12.6 Kìvngs Ç c prglngrc tgpc bn vgsta. Unrvn fasgealnktn para vgsuajgzar ul trne`c ba ajtura ba nstrutura, nstrut ura, cu bn ul pavglnktc ecl fasn ka ]EU. Nstn N stn tgpc ç øtgj quakbc sn tnl várgcs akbarns.
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
119
12.6.1
Ergakbc ul kìvnj
Yceè pcbn abgegckar ul kìvnj aegla cu afagxc ba nstrutura. Gksgra ul kcln para c kìvnj (Rçrrnc, Njnvaíåc nte.) Nl ‚Ajtgtubn“ vceè gksnrn a ajtura láxgla ba nstrutura Nl ‚Ajtura“ vceè gksnrn a ajtura bc pavglnktc gkinrgcr
Gksgra c kìvnj bn rninrèkega
Igmura =0
12.6.6
Nxgfgkbc cs kìvngs
Apõs ergar cs kìvngs, vceè pcbn cptar pcr nxgfg-jcs cu nseckbè-jcs. Ac ergar ul kìvnj, ul ìeckn ecl ula jælpaba ç lcstrabc ac jabc bc kìvnj eclc lcstra a igmura a snmugr. Kc nxnlpjc lcstrabc ergcu-sn bcgs kìvngs, snkbc c prglngrc ecl 2 lntrcs bn ajtura bnkclgkabc bn kìvnj 4 n c snmukbc a 0 lntrcs bn ajtura ecl rninrèkega ac kìvnj 4. Ejgqun ka jælpaba para ajtnrkar a nxgfgíåc cu kåc bc kìvnj ergabc. Cfhntcs icra bc ajeaken bc kìvnj ergabc såc nxgfgbcs.
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
11=
Igmura =7
12.6.5
Atgvgbabn bn kìvngs
Glnbgatalnktn quakbc ul kìvnj ç ergabc, njn sn tcrka atgvc. ^l kìvnj atgvc ç lcstrabc kcrlajlnktn ecl tcbas as sníþns lcbnjabas.
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
110
12.5 Tjakcs bn trafaj`c Rcba vnz quakbc sn erga kìvngs ka muga Nstruturas kc Nxpjcrabcr, cs lnslcs såc ergabcs ka muga Tjakc bn Rrafaj`c. Ka muga Tjakcs bn trafaj`c `á buas sntas apcktakbc para ula ecjuka.
Igmura 04
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
117
12.2 Ygstas bc lcbnjc Knsta inrralnkta vceè pcbn gscjar trne`cs ba nstrutura ecl fasn nl ula rnmgåc 5B.
Igmura 01
Quakbc ula vgsta bn lcbnjc ç aegckaba, sclnktn cs cfhntcs prnvgalnktn bnigkgbcs ka vgsta såc lcstrabcs. Cs cfhntcs lcstrabcs paregajlnktn kc gktnrgcr bnktrc ba árna bnjglgtaba bnjglgt aba såc ecrtabcs. Ejgeakbc buas vnzns aegcka-sn a vgsta bc lcbnjc, jgmakbc a jælpaba bn aegckalnktc.
12.2.1
^l pcktc ka ^EU
Ac ejgear kc fctåc, snrá scjgegtabc c kcln n ul pcktc ckbn snrá bnjglgtabc a vgsta. Ungs sntas rnprnsnktakbc a bgrníåc bas vgstas snråc ergabas bn icrla a vgsuajgzar eaba ul bcs jabcs bc eufc ergabc.
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
164
12.2.6
Bcgs pcktcs ka ^EU
Ac ejgear kc fctåc, snrá scjgegtabc bcgs pcktcs, snkbc ul a irnktn n cutrc atrás para a bnjglgtaíåc ba árna. Knstn easc vceè bnvn snjnegckar bcgs pcktcs kc pjakc PW.
12.2.5
Ka jgk`a nl ul sgstnla bn ngxcs
Ecksgbnrn ula jgk`a nl ul sgstnla bn ngxcs (jgk`a bn mrabn) para a ergaíåc ba bnjglgtaíåc.
12.2.2
Ka farra bn ecknxåc
Cftnk`a ula vgsta lags bntaj`aba ba ecknxåc ba nstrutura.
12.2.>
Ka fcx hcgkt
Yceè pcbn trafaj`ar nl ul eckhuktc nspneìigec, taj eclc nl ula ecknxåc ergaba cu agkba nl ula hukíåc há bnigkgba.
12.2.9
Nbgtakbc a vgsta bc lcbnjc
Tcbn-sn ajtnrar c kcln ba vgsta bc lcbnjc cu agkba ejgeakbc ecl c fctåc bgrngtc bc lcusn n snjnegckakbc a cpíåc Trcprgnbabns.
12.> Tnsqugsas (Qunrgns) Quakbc sn trafaj`a ecl nstruturas lugtc mrakbns, vceè pcbn pcr nxnlpjc, qunrnr pnsqugsar vgmas bn ul bntnrlgkabc talak`c cu bn ul bntnrlgkabc latnrgaj. Tcbn-sn rnajgzar ul igjtrc ka pajnta pajnt a bn inrralnktas cu agkba bnktrc bc nxpjcrabcr bn prchntcs.
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
161 Ejgqun nl ergar kcva ecksujta (Knw qunry). A eagxa bn bgájcmc sn afrn.
12.9 Ergakbc mrupcs Bnktrc bc nxpjcrabcr bn prchntc vceè pcbn talfçl ergar mrupcs bn njnlnktcs tags eclc nseabas, ecrrglåcs, n fasns. Fasgealnktn vceè pcbn ergar ul mrupc ecktnkbc quajqunr njnlnktc para iaegjgtar a sua vgsuajgzaíåc.
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
166
Eapìtujc 1> ― Yajgbaíåc ba nstrutura Cfhntgvcs bnstn eapìtujc
Ynrgigeaíåc bn ecjgsåc
Lareaíåc bn cfhntcs
Ynrgigeaíåc tçekgea
Lcbnjc bn vnrgigeaíåc
Trchntc Eckhuktc
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
165
1>.1 Bntneíåc bn gktnrinrèkega C scitwarn AAU 6464 pcssug ula gkigkgbabn bn inrralnktas para a lcbnjamnl bn nstruturas lntájgeas, las a rnspcksafgjgbabn bn a nstrutura nstar ecrrntalnktn lcbnjaba agkba pnrlaknen ecl c usuárgc. Tara lgkglgzar cs nrrcs bn prchntc, c AAU 6464 pcssug ajmulas inrralnktas para vnrgigear sn tubc sn nkecktra ecrrntc. A gktnkíåc ç qun kåc `aha knk`ula gktnrinrèkega cu ecjgsåc kc lcbnjc. Easc cecrra ajmulas ecjgsþns, cs rnsujtabcs såc aprnsnktabcs. C prglngrc passc ç gkgegar ecl a vnrgigeaíåc bn ecjgsåc. Easc qungra vnrgigear partns nspneìigeas bc lcbnjc, snjnegckn as partns n gkgegn c prcenbglnktc, easc qungra c lcbnjc gktngrc, kåc rnajgzn knk`ula snjníåc prnssgckakbc c fctåc NUE buas vnzns. Ka afa @cln sgma atç a afa bn Ynrgigeaíåc bc lcbnjc n ejgqun kc fctåc Ynrgigeaíåc bn gktnrinrèkega. Easc knk`ula gkinrèkega snha bntnetaba, a jgk`a bn eclakbc lcstrará a lnksamnl ‚Knk`ula ec jgsåc nkecktraba“.
Ecl a vnrgigeaíåc nxneutaba, ç fnl prcvávnj qun c pagknj bn gkicrlaíþns snha lcstrabc
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
162 Kølnrc bn ìkbgen Trglngrc eckircktc ecrrnspckbn ac kølnrc ba pnía Unmukbc eckircktc ecrrnspckbn ac kølnrc ba pnía Eccrbnkabas Ycjuln bn gktnrinrèkega A gkicrlaíåc lags glpcrtaktn para ahubar a rnscjvnr c eckijgtc ç c kølnrc bn ìkbgen. Yceè pcbn ine`ar a haknja bn tnxtc quakbc cfsnrvar c kølnrc bn ìkbgen bc eckircktc qun vceè bnsnha ecrrgmgr.
1>.1.1
Ynrgigear rnsujtabcs bn gktnrinrèkega
Jceajgzn ul eckircktc rnaj atravçs bc eclakbc ‚Nxgfgíåc bn gktnrinrèkega“. C lnslc sn nkecktra ka afa Trgkegpaj (@cln) n ka sníåc
Ynrgigeaíåc (E`neogkm). Apõs ejgqun kc fctåc bn eclakbc, snrá scjgegtabc scjgegt abc c kølnrc ìkbgen ba ecjgsåc. Nl snmugba c vcjuln ba ecjgsåc snrá nxgfgba kc lcbnjc ka ecr vnrlnj`a. Nstubn c vcjuln n a icrla ba ecjgsåc para nl snmugba tclar as lnbgbas knenssárgas. Nlfcra c kølnrc bn ecjgsþns pcssa parnenr ajtc, prcvavnjlnktn kåc ç tåc rugl quaktc parnen. Lugtas vnzns, a aíåc para ecrrgmgr ul e`cqun, eclc ahustar c nspaíalnktc bc paraiusc nl ula artgeujaíåc pcbn ecrrgmgr várgcs cutrcs eckircktcs? ula ecjgsåc pcr paraiusc knstn easc.
1>.6 Lareaíåc bc cfhntc A lareaíåc bc cfhntc ç ula lakngra bn lcstrar c vcjuln ba ecjgsåc nl vnrlnj`c. Lugtas ecjgsþns såc lugtc pnqunkas, n pcr gssc ç bgiìegj nkecktrar c vcjuln bnstaeabc nl vnrlnj`c. Jgstalcs nl snmugba várgas inrralnktas para tnktar jceajgzar a ecjgsåc.
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
16>
1>.6.1
Trceurakbc cfhntcs lareabcs
^tgjgzn nstn eclakbc qun nstá ka pajnta bn inrralnktas ka eatnmcrga (Unjnetgck) n usn (Fusear cfhntcs lareabcs) para nkecktrar c vcjuln ba ecjgsåc qun nstá kc lcbnjc ba nstrutura.
1>.6.6
Xccl para c cfhntc lareabc
Knstn easc, aenssn a pajnta bn inrralnktas n vá atç a eatnmcrga Unjníåc (Unjnetgck). ^tgjgzn nsta inrralnkta para alpjgar a vgsuajgzaíåc bc cfhntc lareabc. Unjnegckn a snta gkbgeabcra lcstraba kc passc aktnrgcr.
1>.6.5
Jglpar cfhntcs lareabcs
Jglpn a lareaíåc bcs cfhntcs ejgeakbc kc fctåc Jglpar cfhntcs lareabcs (Ejnar Laronb Cfhnets). Rcba a lareaíåc ç rnlcvgba
1>.5 Ynrgigeaíåc tçekgea bc lcbnjc Ka vnrgigeaíåc bn gktnrinrèkega vceè prceura cfhntcs n lcbnjcs qun sn scfrnpþn uks cu cutrcs. Ka vnrgigeaíåc tçekgea vceè pcbn nkecktrar nrrcs bn prchntc eclc, paraiuscs qun sn nkecktral prõxglcs bas fcrbas. fc rbas. Tara eaba nrrc ç icrknegbc8 Kølnrc bn ìkbgen bc nrrc Bnsergíåc bc nrrc n ajía bc njnlnktc bn jgmaíåc eausakbc c nrrc
1>.5.1
Larear cfhntc
^tgjgzn c eclakbc bn larear cfhntc bgspckìvnj ka pajnta bn inrralnktas n ka eatnmcrga snjníåc (Unjnetgck).
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
169 Easc qungra gksnrgr c lakgpujabcr (@akbjn) bgmgtn @, easc qungra gksnrgr a gbnktgigeaíåc (Gb) bgmgtn G. C cfhntc snrá rnajíabc nl vnrlnj`c, nl snmugba gkgegn as lnbgbas ecrrntgvas kc lcbnjc.
1>.2 Trchntc ba hukta C øjtglc tgpc bn vajgbaíåc kc lcbnjc ç a vnrgigeaíåc bc prchntc ba hukta. Knstn prchntc vnrgigea-sn a icría ba artgeujaíåc. Ç knenssárgc qun nstn prcenbglnktc rnajlnktn passn pcr ul nkmnk`ngrc nstruturaj quajgigeabc. Tara rnajgzar a vnrgigeaíåc bc prchntc ba hukta, bnvn-sn afrgr a eagxa bn bgájcmc bas prcprgnbabns ba ecknxåc.
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
16=
Eapìtujc 19 ― Kulnraíåc Cfhntgvcs bnstn eapìtujc
Ecktcrkc ac rnbcr bn pjaeas
Trcprgnbabns bas pjaeas
Bcframnl bn pjaeas
Gksnrgkbc n nbgtakbc mrabns
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
160
19.1 Vnmra bc lcbnjc (Lcbnj rcjn) Aktns bn quajqunr bceulnktaíåc snr ergaba ka nstrutura, a lnsla bnvn snr kulnraba. A kulnraíåc pcssug as snmugktns iukíþns Gbnktgigear pnías gmuags?
Akájgsn as rnjaíþns nktrn as pnías para gbnktgigear eckhuktcs
n suas partns prgkegpags? Atrgfugr kølnrc kas pnías n kas lcktamnks.
Kcs sgstnlas bn kulnraíåc utgjgzakbc c AAU 6464, as pnías n eckhuktcs bn pnías rnfnl ul prnigxc. Tara atrgfugr c prnigxc ecrrntc, c scitwarn bnvn bntnrlgkar quaj a iukíåc bn eaba cfhntc ka nstrutura. Quakbc ula pnía ç ergaba atravçs bn ula laerc, eaba pnía ç atrgfuìba ula rnmra autclatgealnktn, las quakbc erga-sn lakuajlnktn bnvn-sn atrgfugr ula rnmra. Tara bnigkgr a rnmra bc lcbnjc8 Unjnegckar c cfhntc?
Trcprgnbabns Abvaken?
Unjnegckn a afa ‚Kcln“
Unjnegckn a rnmra lags abnquaba para c lcbnjc.
19.1.1
Igjtrc bn pnsqugsa
Easc nsqunía bn atrgfugr ula rnmra bc lcbnjc äs pnías, fasta utgjgzar c igjtrc bn pnsqugsa para nkecktrar as pnías snl a rnmra bc lcbnjc. ^tgjgzn c igjtrc bn pnsqugsas ka pajnta bn inrralnktas bc AAU 6464. Trglngrc enrtgigqun kaba nstá snjnegckabc? Ejgqun nl snare` igjtnr (igjtrc bn pnsqugsa) ka eatnmcrga snjníåc ka pajnta bn inrralnktas?
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
167 Quakbc a eagxa bn bgájcmc bc igjtrc bn pnsqugsa afrgr gkgegn ecl a prglngra afa Mnraj ejgqun kc fctåc rnsntar bgájcmc Ka afa Cfhntcs snjnegckn cs cfhntcs qun qunr igjtrar, gstc ç, snjnegckar. Un kåc qungsnr knk`ul, jglpn as snjníþns. Ka afa Trcprgnbabns Ecluks, snjnegckn Lcbnj Vcjn (Vnmra bc Lcbnjc) n snjnegckn Knk`ul ka eagxa bn eckigrlaíåc. Assgl cs cfhntcs snl Vnmra bc Lcbnjc snråc bnstaeabcs ka ecr bnsnhaba. C Abvaken Utnnj 6464 bnstaea pcr pabråc nl vnrlnj`c cs cfhntcs bc igjtrc.
19.1.6
Nxpjcrabcr bn prchntc
^tgjgzn c igjtrc bn fusea kc nxpjcrabcr bn prchntc bc AAU 6464. Atravçs bc fctåc pnsqugsa (Qunry), vceè pcbn sajvar ula pnsqugsa nspneìigea, eclc pcr nxnlpjc, paraiuscs. Ecl ul ejgqun ka jælpaba ac jabc bc kcln ba pnsqugsa, vceè pcbn ajtnrkar para c lcbc bn nxgfgíåc ba pnsqugsa. Eaba cfhntc qun kåc ecrrnspckbn acs ergtçrgcs ba pnsqugsa snrá nseckbgbc. Tara maraktgr qun knk`ula eckigmuraíåc nstá nseckbnkbc c cfhntcs n qun a nstrutura gktngra ç nxgfgba, ejgqun nl8 lcstrar tcbcs cs njnlnktcs.
19.6 Kulnraíåc Aktns bn gkgegar, enrtgigqun-sn qun knk`ul cfhntc nkecktra-sn snjnegckabc. Trnssgckn NUE buas vnzns. Ejgqun nl kulnraíåc ka afa Gkìegc n snjnegckn tcbas as cpíþns knenssárgas.
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
154 Tara ula kulnraíåc fásgea n tìpgea, as snmugktns snmugkt ns cpíþns såc øtngs8 Lçtcbc põs kulnraíåc ecksgstn nl snjnegckar c sgstnla
knenssárgc para a kulnraíåc. Tnía økgea ― gkìegc. Lnkcr kølnrc para pnías gkbgvgbuags Lcktamnl ― gkìegc. Lnkcr kølnrc para lcktamnks
19.6.1
Afa nspnegaj Vnutgjgzar lareas kåc utgjgzabas. Easc nbgtn c lcbnjc apõs a
kulnraíåc n qungra usar ul kølnrc ba pnía qun kåc n lags utgjgzabc. ^tgjgzar crgnktaíåc bn ecjukas para eckhuktcs
Cfhntcs jnvabcs nl eckta
Nxejugr, paraiuscs, ækecras, ecknetcrns, njnlnktcs bn
labngra n njnlnktcs bn eckerntc. ^tgjgzar a mnclntrga para a kulnraíåc prnjglgkar
Tnrlgtgr ajtnraíþns bn kølnrcs prnjglgkarns
Atrgfugr c lnslc kølnrc prnjglgkar
19.6.6
Rgpc bn pnía
C AAU 6464 para ningtcs bn kulnraíåc n bntaj`alnktc gbnktgigea eaba cfhntc eclc ul bcs très tgpcs8 Tnía prgkegpaj8 A pnía lagcr n lags pnsaba ba lcktamnl.
Tnía økgea8 Rcbas as cutras pnías qun kåc snhal a prgkegpaj
Tnía Utakbajckn8 ^la pnía scjta n qun kåc nstnha igxaba a
cutra quajqunr.
19.6.5
Lçtcbc põs kulnraíåc
Vnmra apjgeaba apõs a kulnraíåc gkgegaj C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
151
Knk`ula8 Knk`ula rnmra nxtra ç glpjnlnktaba
Kølnrc UT < Kølnrc bn lcktamnl8 Tara eaba eckhuktc a
partn prgkegpaj tnl snu eckhuktc ajtnrabc para ecgkegbgr ecl c kølnrc ba lcktamnl Kølnrc UT < Kølnrc bn lcktamnl8 Tara eaba pnía
gkbnpnkbnktn, c kølnrc ba pnía ç ajtnrabc para ecgkegbgr ecl c kølnrc ba lcktamnl. Mrupc bn lcktamnl8 Atrgfug cs kølnrcs bn pnía para tcbas
as pnías nl rnjaíåc ä lcktamnl.
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
156
19.6.2
Vnkulnraíåc
^tgjgzabc para kulnrar kcvalnktn as pnías. Unlprn rnkulnrn ul lcbnjc apõs as ajtnraíþns. Vnecrra ac kcln bc cfhntc para vnrgigear sn a kulnraíåc atrgfugu ecrrntalnktn.
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
155
Eapìtujc 1= ― Mnraíåc bn bnsnk`cs Cfhntgvcs bnstn eapìtujc
Lcstrar eclc cecrrn fasgealnktn a mnraíåc bn bnsnk`cs
Quags cs eclakbcs utgjgzabcs ka mnraíåc bn bnsnk`cs
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
152
1=.1 Tajntas bn bceulnktcs rápgba Nsta ç a prgkegpaj gktnriaen para a mnraíåc rápgba bn bceulnktcs kc AAU 6464. Tajnta bn nstgjcs bn bnsnk`c8 Nstgjcs gkbgvgbuags para a ergaíåc bn
bnsnk`cs gkbgvgbuags cu vgstas bn bnsnk`c Tajnta bn prcensscs bn bnsnk`c8 Trcensscs autclatgzabcs para a
ergaíåc bn lugtcs bnsnk`cs L cbnjcs para a ergaíåc Tajnta bn lcbnjc bn FCL (Fgjj Ci Latnrgajs) 8 Lcbnjcs
bn jgstas bn latnrgaj.
1=.6 Nstgjcs bn bnsnk`c Rcbcs cs bnsnk`cs mnrabcs n ergabcs pnjc AAU 6464 såc ergabcs a partgr bn ul eckhuktc eclpjnxc bn rnmras n nstratçmgas. nstratçmg as. Nstas rnmras såc e`alabas bn Nstgjcs bn Bnsnk`c (Brawgkm Utyjns). Eaba nstgjc bn bnsnk`c ç ergabc para atnkbnr ula igkajgbabn nspneìigea (ul bntaj`n bn ula pnía, ul bntaj`n b ntaj`n bn ula pjaea, lcktamnl bn ula vgma, a sníåc bn ula nstrutura nte.) Nlfcra cs bnsnk`cs bn pnías n lcktamnks pcssal snr ergabcs cs nstgjcs bn bnsnk`c (Brawgkm Utyjns), ka lagcrga lagcrg a bcs eascs ç rneclnkbabc qun vceè utgjgzn ul prcenssc. Kcrlajlnktn, nstgjcs bn bnsnk`c såc snjnegckabcs apnkas para cs arrakhcs mnrags MA (Mnknraj Arrakmnlnkt) tgpcs bn bnsnk`c cu quakbc ul lcbnjc nspneìigec ç knenssárgc, nl vnz bn ula cpíåc kcrlaj. Tcr nxnlpjc, as partns bn ul prcenssc bn bnsnk`c, snjnegckakbc ul bnsnk`c mnraj sglpjns para a lagcrga bcs tufcs.
C lçtcbc bn ergaíåc n mnraíåc bn ul bnsnk`c usakbc ul nstgjc bn bnsnk`c taj eclc ula vgsta mnraj (MA) ç atravçs bc snmugktn prcenssc8
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
15> Bnigkgr ula ^EU, eckicrln knenssgbabn. Lugtcs nstgjcs bn bnsnk`c sn fasnga ecl a crgnktaíåc crgnkt aíåc ba ^EU. Easc usn c nstgjc MA, a vgsåc ç snlprn ergaba eclc sn c ngxc X nstgvnssn apcktakbc bgrntalnktn para c nspnetabcr n P apcktakbc para a bgrngta, gkbnpnkbnktn bc kcln bc nstgjc bc bnsnk`c. Ka afa saìba (Cutput) ejgqun nl nstgjcs bn bnsnk`c (Brawgkm Utyjns) para afrgr a pajnta bn nstgjcs bn bnsnk`c. Unjnegckn c nstgjc bn bnsnk`c bnsnhabc. Nl snmugba afrn ula u la eagxa bn bgájcmc Ergar eclc lcstra a igmura a snmugr.
Rcbc n quajqunr fctåc snjnegckabc afrgrá ula haknja ecl buas cpíþns. A partgr ba eagxa bn bgájcmc, vceè pcbn nsecj`nr buas cpíþns bn bntaj`alnktc8
1=.6.1
Ergar ecl as eckigmuraíþns pabråc
Nsta cpíåc grá lcstrar ula pnqunka jgsta, kåc nbgtávnj ecktnkbc eckigmuraíþns pabråc (prctõtgpc, bnsnk`c, kcln n nseaja), para vnrgigear quags cpíþns c nstgjc bn bnsnk`c usa ac ergar c bntaj`n. Ac snjnegckar a cpíåc, a iasn bn ergaíåc gkgegará autclatgealnktn. Knstn pcktc vceè pcbnrá nsecj`nr bginrnktns cpíþns rnjaegckabas ecl cs parælntrcs ba vgsta, bnpnkbnkbc bn eclc c nstgjc bn bnsnk`c nstá eckigmurabc.
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
159
1=.6.6
Lcbgigear as eckigmuraíþns
Easc snjnegckn as cpíþns para lcbgigear as eckigmuraíþns bc prcenssc bn bntaj`alnktc, afrgrá ula haknja ckbn `avnrá bgvnrscs gtnks para ajtnraíåc. Kas afas vceè pcbn ajtnrar ajt nrar c kølnrc bc bnsnk`c, a eagxa bn bntaj`n, c prctõtgpc (Rnlpjatn) bc bnsnk`c cu agkba snjnegckar ul bnsnk`c há nxgstnktn.
Tcr pabråc, as bnigkgíþns bnsta eagxa bn bgájcmc pcssunl vajcrns cftgbcs a partgr bc pabråc bc Abvaken Utnnj 6464. ^la vnz lcbgigeabc nstns vajcrns, cs prõxglcs bnsnk`cs assulgrá nstn lnslc pabråc. Unjnegckn ula nseaja abnquaba cu gksgra ul tìtujc para c bnsnk`c, apõs a eckigrlaíåc snjnegckn ul bnstgkc para c bnsnk`c. Easc qungra gksnrgr ul prctõtgpc bn icj`a bn bnsnk`c há njafcrabc ecl c jcmctgpc ba nlprnsa n suas eckigmuraíþns. Easc tnk`a ul bnsnk`c há prcktc n njafcrabc, apcktn para a icj`a bn bnsnk`c qun há icg mnraba nl ntapas aktnrgcrns.
1=.6.5
Yargaíþns bc prcenbglnktc
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
15= Bnpnkbnkbc bc nstgjc snjnegckabc, pcbnl cecrrnr bgvnrsas vargaíþns.
1=.6.2
Tgeofcx
Bnigkgbc atravçs bn ula árna bnjglgtaba pcr bcgs pcktcs icrlakbc ul rntækmujc. Unrá scjgegtabc apõs ejgear nl CO ka haknja bn eckigmuraíþns.
1=.6.>
Lareabcrns
C nstgjc bn bnsnk`c bnigkn as pnías qun bnvnl snr rctujabas bn ula vgsta n agkba eclc såc rctujabas. Ajmuks bcs nstgjcs gkejunl ula vargnbabn bn ntgquntas qun pcssal prcbuzgr ul bnsnk`c bnscrbnkabc. Cutrcs nstgjcs, cs lareabcrns n rõtujcs pcbnl snr bnsjgmabcs a igl bn pnrlgtgr qun c prchntgsta gksgra pcstnrgcrlnktn eckicrln knenssárgc.
1=.6.9
Tnías snjnegckabas
Ajmuks nstgjcs pcbnl pnbgr, pcr nxnlpjc, ajmulas pnías prnvgalnktn snjnegckabas ecl rõtujcs. Knstn tgpc bn nstgjc bn bnsnk`c, `á apnkas a pcssgfgjgbabn bn gksnrgr sclnktn as pnías snjnegckabas. Knstn easc, ç gbnaj quakbc sn qunr icrknenr ul bntaj`n bn ula vgsåc eckhukta cu bn cutrc bntaj`n. Ç rneclnkbávnj snjnegckar prnvgalnktn cs eclpcknktns aktns bn gkgegar c prcenbglnktc. ARNKÍÅC8 Easc ergn ula nxgfgíåc qun ç fasnaba nl pnías snjnegckabas, n bnpcgs qugsnr nbgtar c bnsnk`c kc iuturc, ergakbc kcvas pnías cu partns lõvngs para a árna bn vgsuajgzaíåc, a vgsuajgzaíåc kåc nxgfgrá as pnías kcvas cu lcvgbas, pcrqun njas kåc icral snjnegckabas quakbc a vgsta icg ergaba.
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
150
1=.6.=
Jalgkabcs a qunktn cu a irgc
Ajmuks nstgjcs bn bnsnk`c såc apnkas para pnías jalgkabas a qunktn cu a irgc. Easc snjnegckn, para ula pjakta fagxa, jalgkabcs a qunktn, tcbcs cs jalgkabcs a irgc kåc snråc lcstrabcs kc bnsnk`c bn bntaj`alnktc. Easc nsecj`a c nstgjc bn bnsnk`c para jalgkabcs a irgc, tcbcs cs jalgkabcs a qunktn snråc autclatgealnktn bnsnk`abcs, las apnkas cs jalgkabcs a irgc snråc rctujabcs n bglnksgckabcs. Nkquaktc cs bnsnk`cs pcssal snr nbgtabcs iuturalnktn, ula snjníåc eugbabcsa bc nstgjc bn bnsnk`c abnquaba pcbn lgkglgzar a nbgíåc bc bnsnk`c bn bntaj`alnktc iuturalnktn.
1=.6.0
Ajmuks nxnlpjcs
Ygsuajgzaíåc bn bntaj`n bntaj` n nl 5B, snjnegckabcs n pgeofcx n rõtujcs ^ EU bn apnkas partns snjnegckabas, ka lcktamnl. Erga ula vgsta scfrn a ^EU nxgfgkbc ula árna bnigkgba, n ecl as prgkegpags partns lareabas ecl c kølnrc bn lcktamnl.
Ygsuajgzaíåc bn bntaj`n bn tcbcs nl 5B, pgeofcx, vgsuajgzaíåc n rõtujc. Erga ula vgsta scfrn a ^EU bn tcbas as pnías, las apnkas nxgfgkbc a árna snjnegckaba. Apnkas as arnstas vgsìvngs såc snjnegckabas. Rcbas as pnías såc rctujabas ecl c kølnrc n c talak`c.
Ygsuajgzaíåc bn bntaj`n bn tcbcs nl 5B, pgeofcx, nseckbgbc n ^ EU bn tcbas as pnías, las lcstra apnkas rõtujc. Erga ula vgsta scfrn a ^EU a árna snjnegckaba. As arnstas vgsìvngs n ceujtas såc bnsnk`abas. Rcbas as pnías såc rctujabas ecl snu kølnrc bn pnía n talak`c.
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
157
1=.6.7
Trctõtgpc cu tnlpjatn
Ç ula icj`a bn bnsnk`c nl frakec fra kec bn bgvnrscs talak`cs. Eaba ul bcs prctõtgpcs pabrþns bc Abvaken Utnnj há tnl as suas fcrbas, fjcecs bn tìtujc n jgsta bn latnrgags n akctaíþns pabrþns. Yceè pcbn ajtnrar c prctõtgpc nbgtakbc kc eclakbc Nbgt Trctctypn, gksnrgkbc pcr nxnlpjc a jcmctgpc ba nlprnsa n as gkicrlaíþns bc prchntc.
1=.6.14
Ergakbc ul prctõtgpc cu tnlpjatn
Ac ejgear kc eclakbc bn nbgíåc bn prctõtgpcs, a tnja ba igmura a snmugr afrn ckbn ç pcssìvnj snjnegckar c prctõtgpc/tnlpjatn bc bnsnk`c a snr nbgtabc. Ac snjnegckar c prctõtgpc a snr nbgtabc, pcr nxnlpjc ul icrlatc bn bnsnk`c A4, snkbc nstn c lagcr bnjns, c bnsnk`c nl B]M snrá afnrtc para rnajgzar a nbgíåc.
Apõs a afnrtura bc bnsnk`c nl B]M kc alfgnktn bc Abvaken Utnnj 6464 a prglngra ntapa ç nbgtar a eagxa bn gkicrlaíþns eclc sn cfsnrva
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
124 ka igmura a snmugr. Ac snjnegckar a eagxa bn gkicrlaíþns, ç knenssárgc nbgtar c fjcec, há qun cs cfhntcs ka k a icj`a såc ergabcs pcr lngc bn fjcecs.
Cs tnxtcs bn eaba eagxa pcbnl snr nbgtabcs atravçs bn Rconks prç pr ç bnigkgbcs. Cfsnrvn a igmura a snmugr.
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
121 Ac snjnegckar a pajavra ‚Fugjbgkm“ ecl bupjc ejgqun a haknja ckbn c Rconk ecrrnspckbnktn ç afnrta. Ynha a igmura a snmugr
Ajtnrn ka haknja Trclpt c kcln ba nbgigeaíåc
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
126
1=.5 Trcensscs bn bnsnk`c Lugtcs bnsnk`cs pcbnl snr ergabcs autclatgealnktn ecl a inrralnkta bn prcensscs bn bnsnk`c. C prcenbglnktc fásgec ç bnsergtc a snmugr8 Unjnegckar cs cfhntc para mnrar c bnsnk`c bn bntaj`alnktc Ka afa saìba (Cutput) ejgqun kc fctåc bn eclakbc prcensscs bn bnsnk`c (Brawgkm Trcenss) Unjnegckn c prcenssc abnquabc ^la eagxa ecl as prcprgnbabns bc prcenssc ç afnrta. Mnrajlnktn kåc ç knenssárgc ajtnrar as cpíþns ba eagxa bn bgájcmc. ^la cpíåc ka quaj pcbn cecrrnr ajtnraíåc ç a jgsta bn cpíþns arrakhc (Arrakmnlnkt). Unquèkega ecl fasn ka bgstækega bgst ækega ba ^EU, eclprglnktc bc njnlnktc cu agkba a nspnssura bc njnlnktc. Ejgear nl CO n amuarbar cs prcensscs snrnl ergabcs
1=.5.1
Quakbc utgjgzar cs prcensscs bn bnsnk`c3
Tnías cu eckhuktcs bn iafrgeaíåc Bnsnk`c bn bntaj`alnktc økgec cu bn várgas icj`as. Bnsnk`cs nl várgas icj`as ecl vgstas bn eclpcknktns løjtgpjcs cu eckhuktc bn vgsta. C prcenssc pcbn snrvgr para ecjcear bgvnrsas pnías nl ula icj`a atç at ç qun a lnsla nstgvnr prnnke`gba, n nl snmugba gkgegar ul prcenssc snmugktn. Tara mnrar jgstas bn latnrgags (FCL) para c bnsnk`c ckbn as pnías såc nxgfgbas. Yceè pcbn snjnegckar ul prctõtgpc ecl FCL n snl FCL. Tara talak`cs bn icj`as bginrnktns. C prcenssc tnsta ul talak`c bn icj`a lnkcr atç ahustar ac talak`c abnquabc n bnpcgs vag gksnrgkbc as icj`as abnquabas.
Gkbnpnkbnktn bc prcenssc snjnegckabc
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
125 C prcenssc bn bnsnk`c (Brawgkm Trcenss) snjnegcka ul nstgjc bn bnsnk`c abnquabc fasnabc kc tgpc bn cfhntc n lcbnjc. Unjnegcka ul prctõtgpc bn bnsnk`c Icrknen c kcln bc arqugvc abnquabc Rnsta as bgvnrsas nseajas atç nkecktrar a nseaja abnquaba. Eaba ula bas nseajas ç tnstaba ka icj`a bn lnkcr talak`c, n nl snmugktn nl tcbas as cutras nseajas kas cutras icj`as.
1=.5.6
Bnsnk`cs tìpgecs cftgbcs kcs prcensscs bn bnsnk`c
Bnsnk`c lujtg icj`a tìpgec ecl pjaeas
Icj`a økgea ecl sclnktn ula pnía
Bnsnk`c bn eckhuktc bn lcktamnl, ecktnkbc ula vgma ba nstrutura
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
122
1=.5.5
Trcensscs bn bnsnk`c ecl eælnras
Eælnras såc cfhntcs kcs quags vceè pcbn ecjcear nl snu lcbnjc para bnigkgr bntnrlgkabas vgstas bn bnsnk`c bn ula icrla vgsìvnj n nbgtávnj. Yceè pcbn ergar bnsnk`cs a partgr bn eælnras qun utgjgzal cs prcensscs autclátgecs bn bnsnk`c n nbgtar as eælnras lags tarbn para ahustar as vgstas bn bnsnk`c rnsujtaktns.
1=.5.2
Ergakbc ula eælnra
Ergn ula eælnra atravçs ba pajnta bn inrralnktas. inrralnktas . Bnigka ula ^EU abnquaba. Ecjcqun a ^EU ecl X apcktabc para a tnja bc cfsnrvabcr nl inrralnktas bn ^EU. ^tgjgzn c tnrengrc fctåc ba nsqunrba para bgrngta ka eatnmcrga ^EU eclc lcstra a igmura a snmugr
Ka eatnmcrga Inrralnktas vceè nkecktra cs fctþns bn eclakbc bn eælnra. Bnigka a ^EU para a ecjceaíåc ba eælnra. Unjnegckn c jceaj para a ecjceaíåc ba crgmnl bc sgstnla bn eccrbnkabas. ^tgjgzn as inrralnktas bn eaptura bn CUKAT tnlpcrárgc para ecjcear a ^EU kc pcktc bnsnhabc.
1=.5.>
Trcprgnbabns ba eælnra
Unjnegckn c tgpc bn eælnra aprcprgaba para c bntaj`alnktc. Bnsernva a eælnra aprcprgaba para c prchntc.
1=.5.9
Fcx bn bntaj`alnktc
Rcba vnz qun ula eælnra ç ergaba, ula eagxa ac rnbcr bc cfhntc ckbn snrá rnajgzabc c bntaj`alnktc ç ergaba. C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
12> X ― Ygnwpcrt gkbgea a prciukbgbabn ba vgsta snrá snjnegckaba. Easc kåc cecrra ajtnraíåc a prciukbgbabn snrá gkigkgta. PW ― Ygnwpcrt autclátgec gkbgeará qun tcba a nstrutura snrá gkejuìba kc fcx bn bntaj`alnktc. PW ― Ygnwpcrt igxc, knstn easc vceè vag gksnrgr cs vajcrns jglgtns kas eccrbnkabas P n W (Bnjta P n Bnjta W) qun såc a jarmura n ajtura ba árna. Easc gksgra c vajcr bn 6444, rnsujtará 1444 para a nsqunrba n 1444 para a bgrngta. Agkba ka haknja bn prcprgnbabns ba eælnra, snjnegckn ul nstgjc bn bnsnk`c. ^tgjgzn a jgsta bcrp-bcwk para snjnegckar ul tgpc bn vgsta. Uåc cs lnslcs pcktcs bn vgsta mnrabcs kcs nstgjcs bn bnsnk`c. As eælnras snlprn pcssunl ula árna mncmráigea igxa n qun gkejunl a sua vgsta. Rcbcs cs cfhntcs ka árna bnigkgba nståc gkejuìbcs ka vgsta suhngtcs ä nstratçmga bn aprnsnktaíåc bcs nstgjcs bn bnsnk`c (Brawgkm Utyjns). Apõs a ergaíåc ba eælnra, ula eagxa bnjglgtabcra Fcx bn bntaj`alnktc såc nxgfgbas bn aecrbc ecl as eckigmuraíþns n ula snta nspnssa gkbgea a bgrníåc ba vgsåc.
1=.5.=
Nbgíåc bn eælnra
Tara nbgtar a eælnra, fasta snjnegckar c fcx bn bntaj`alnktc n ejgear c fctåc bgrngtc bc lcusn, snjnegckabc Trcprgnbabns Abvaken. Easc qungra ahustar a árna bn afrakmèkega ba eælnra, fasta snjnegcká-ja n puxar cs mrgps bn ahustn bc fcx bn bntaj`alnktc. Yceè pcbn talfçl ahustar a prciukbgbabn bn bntaj`alnktc puxakbc cs pjakcs ircktags n pcstnrgcrns bc fcx bn bntaj`alnktc.
1=.5.0
Ergakbc bntaj`alnktc ecl eælnras
Tara ergar bnsnk`cs bn bntaj`alnktc ecl eælnra, fasta aenssar a
paj`nta bn bntaj`alnktc bn prcensscs bn bnsnk`c (Brawgkm Trcenss). Kcrlajlnktn `á buas cpíåc qun såc a mnraíåc bn tcbcs cs bnsnk`cs bn C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
129 bntaj`alnktc n ecjceaíåc nl icj`as A4, A1, A6 n A5. Cu agkba a snjníåc bn eælnras n ecjceaíåc n icj`as A4, A1, A6 n A5. Cfsnrvn a igmura a snmugr
Nstns prcensscs nståc jceajgzabcs ka pajnta bn prcensscs bn bnsnk`c n såc utgjgzabcs eclc quajqunr cutrc prcenssc.
1=.5.7
Eælnra n nstgjcs bn bnsnk`c
@á fasgealnktn bcgs lçtcbcs para a ergaíåc bn bntaj`alnktc bc tgpc Arrakhc Mnraj (MA) Mnknraj Arrakmnlnkt. Yceè pcbn ergar ula vgsta MA bgrntalnktn usakbc ul nstgjc bn bnsnk`c, qun knstn easc ç lags rápgbc snl tnr a knenssgbabn bn ergar ula eælnra. Ka lagcrga bas vnzns ç rneclnkbávnj ergar ula eælnra eæ lnra pcrqun vceè pcbn ajtnrar tcbas as suas prcprgnbabns pcstnrgcrlnktn, tnkbc ul lnj`cr ecktrcjn n prnegsåc kas ajtnraíþns. Cutra vaktamnl ba eælnra ç qun nja pcbn snr sglpjnslnktn aenssaba atravçs ba snjníåc ba eælnra ecl ejgqun kc fctåc bgrngtc bc lcusn n bnpcgs kc lnku bn ecktnxtc Lcstrar Bntaj`n ba Eælnra (U`cw Ealnra Bntagj). C prcmrala pcbn snjnegckar bginrnktns nseajas n talak`cs bn papnj, bnpnkbnkbc bc prcenssc bn eckigmuraíåc.
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
12=
1=.2 Crgnktaíåc bc bnsnk`c bn bntaj`alnktc Quakbc ul bnsnk`c bn bntaj`alnktc ç ergabc kc AAU 6464, njn pcssug snus prõprgcs ^EU gktnrkcs. Quakbc c bnsnk`c bn bntaj`alnktc ç ergabc, a vgsta supnrgcr ç bnigkgba eclc a eccrbnkaba X qun apckta para c cfsnrvabcr n a eccrbnkaba P apcktaba para a bgrngta. Ajmuks nstgjcs bn bnsnk`c n bntaj`alnktc såc fasnabcs ka ^EU. Njns såc prchntabcs para eascs nl qun vceè kåc qungra qun a pnía prgkegpaj snha nxgfgba nl ula pcsgíåc nspneìigea bc papnj bc bnsnk`c.
1=.2.1
Bnsnk`cs bn nseabas n ecrrglåcs
Tara nstns nstgjcs, bnigka a ^EU bn icrla qun c pjakc PW snha crgnktabc bn aecrbc ecl c qun vceè mcstarga qun c papnj nstgvnssn nxgfgbc. Tara cs nstgjcs Arrakhc Mnraj (MA), c ^EU ecrrnktn bnigkn a crgnktaíåc bas vgstas. Gkbnpnkbnktn ba bnsergíåc bc nstgjc, Njnvaíåc, Tjakc bn Rrafaj`c n vgsta 5B, a vgsta snlprn cj`a para fagxc ecl c ngxc X apcktabc para a bgrngta.
1=.> Eckigmuraíåc ba pajnta bn bceulnktcs Ka pajnta bn bceulnktcs `á ula jgsta bn prcensscs prninrnkegags bc Abvaken Utnnj 6464. Tara abgegckar cu rnlcvnr ul bcs prcensscs, ç knenssárgc nbgtar c sgstnla qun mnrnkega nsta pajnta. Ka sníåc Bceulnktcs vceè pcbn aenssar cs fctþns bn nstgjcs bn bnsnk`c n prcensscs bn bnsnk`c.
1=.>.1
Mnrnkegabcr bn nstgjcs bn bnsnk`c
Kåc ç rneclnkbávnj ajtnrar knk`ula bas prcprgnbabns bnktrc bnstn mnrnkegabcr bn nstgjc snl knk`ul eck`neglnktc prçvgc n C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
120 aprciukbabc ba inrralnkta. Eaba ula bas prcprgnbabns pcssunl sngs kìvngs cu ealabas bn eckigmuraíåc. Tara nxgfgr a jgsta eclpjnta bn nstgjcs bn bnsnk`c n aqunjns bgspckìvngs ka pajnta bn bceulnktcs, ejgqun nl mnrnkegabcr bn bceulnktcs (Brawgkm Utyjns Lakamnr) eclc lcstra a igmura a snmugr
Unjnegckn c nstgjc bn bnsnk`c bnsnhabc ka árvcrn bc mnrnkegabcr bn nstgjcs 1. Nkmgknnrgkm 6. MA 5B Ygnw 5. MA Bntagjs 2. MA pjakn, njnvatgck cu snetgcks >. Ugkmjnpart 9. Utagrs, Vagjgkms cu Jabbnrs Nxpakba a jgsta bn usuárgc eckicrln knenssgbabn. Ka pajnta bn bceulnktcs `á ula snjníåc nktrn c AAU 6464 pabråc cu c usuárgc (^snr). Unjnegckn c nstgjc qun bnsnha nxgfgr ka pajnta bn mnrnkegalnktc bn nstgjcs bn bnsnk`c (Brawgkm Utyjns Lakamnr).
bn bnsnk`c (Brawgkm Utyjns Lakamnr).
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
127 Marakta qun c nstgjc bn bnsnk`c nkecktra-sn snjnegckabc kc eaktc supnrgcr nsqunrbc. Nxpakba cs nstgjc bn bnsnk`c bc usuárgc, eckicrln knenssgbabn. Unjnegckn c mrupc bnsnhabc bn nstgjcs Ejgqun nl CO para ine`ar c mnrnkegabcr bn nstgjcs bn bnsnk`c Atuajgzn cs pabrþns bc prcmrala (bniaujts) Trcensscs bn bnsnk`c såc ul sgstnla qun snjnegcka n apjgea nstgjcs bn bnsnk`c autclatgealnktn para vceè. Ba lnsla icrla qun c mnrnkegabcr bn nstgjcs bn bnsnk`c iukegcka, c mnrnkegabcr bn prcensscs bn bnsnk`c pcssug ul eclpcrtalnktc sglgjar. Nxpakba c mnrnkegabcr prcenssc bn bnsnk`c bc usuárgc, eckicrln knenssgbabn. Unjnegckn c mrupc bnsnhabc para cs prcensscs. Ejgqun nl CO para ine`ar c mnrnkegabcr bn nstgjcs bn bnsnk`c Atuajgzn cs pabrþns bc prcmrala (bniaujts) Atnkíåc, kåc tnktn ajtnrar as prcprgnbabns bcs prcensscs bn bnsnk`c snl eck`neglnktc aprciukbabc. As pajntas bn bceulnktcs såc utgjgzabas apnkas para nxgfgr cs prninrgbcs n prcensscs para aenssc rápgbc n usc mnraj. Easc prnegsn bn ul nstgjc nspneìigec n bginrnktn bc qun nstá ka pajnta aenssn c mnrnkegabcr bn nstgjcs bn bnsnk`c cu mnrnkegabcr bn prcensscs bn bnsnk`c, jceajgzn c nstgjc abnquabc n snjnegckn c fctåc usar (^sn) n prcssgma ecl a ergaíåc bc bnsnk`c.
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
1>4
Eapìtujc 10 ― Nbgíåc bn bnsnk`cs Cfhntgvcs bnstn eapìtujc
Mnrnkegabcr bn bceulnktcs
Lakgpujakbc bnsnk`cs
Lakgpujakbc rõtujcs n bglnksþns
Trcprgnbabns bc cfhntc
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
1>1
10.1 Mnrnkegabcr bn bceulnktcs C mnrnkegabcr bn bceulnktcs ç a gktnriaen prgkegpaj para vnrgigear cs bnsnk`cs bn bntaj`alnktc. Cfsnrvn a igmura a snmugr.
C pagknj nsqunrbc lcstra ula jgsta bn tgpcs bn bceulnktcs. Cs bnsnk`cs såc lcstrabcs ka sníåc bn bntaj`ns. Rcba vnz qun cecrrn ul ejgqun, c AAU 6464 vnrgigea c status bc bnsnk`c para safnr sn c lnslc nstá atuajgzabc. Cs arqugvcs bn bnsnk`c såc jgstabcs eckicrln c snu kcln cu kølnrc. Ka kclnkejatura pabråc n bc bgstal bn kulnraíåc, ac gkejugr ul arqugvc c prnigxc bc bnsnk`c sgmkgigea8 _U\ Bnsnk`c gkbgvgbuaj cu pnía _LT\ Lujtg icj`a bc bnsnk`c _A\ Bnsnk`c bn lcktamnl (Assnlfjy) _LA\ Bnsnk`c bn lcktamnl ka icj`a lujtg _J\ Bnsnk`c tgpc MA
As lareas prgkegpags såc c kølnrc bc bnsnk`c n c talak`c ba
icj`a bc bnsnk`c.
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
1>6 Tara vnrgigear sn c bntaj`alnktc snrá mnrabc ecrrntalnktn ejgqun ka afa bn vgsuajgzaíåc. Yceè pcbn prç vgsuajgzar apjgeakbc ul Xccl ka eagxa bn bgájcmc. Ejgqun nl afrgr bnsnk`c para afrgr c bnsnk`c kc nspaíc bc papnj. Afrgr bnsnk`c a partgr bc cfhntc kc nspaíc bn lcbnjamnl. Ejgqun ecl c fctåc bgrngtc kc cfhntc n as cpíþns bn vgsuajgzaíåc bn bnsnk`c aparnenl nl Lcstrar bntaj`n ba pnía Lcstrar bntaj`n ba lcktamnl Lcstrar bntaj`n ba eælnra C lnku bn ecktnxtc cinrnen ula nstratçmga para afnrtura lags rápgba bc bnsnk`c. Knsta inrralnkta vceè kåc pcbnrá atuajgzar cs bnsnk`cs.
10.1.1
Atuajgzar c bnsnk`c apõs a nbgíåc
Tara rnmgstrar a atuajgzaíåc kc bceulnktc a snr glprnssc. Tara atuajgzar cs bnsnk`cs bn bntaj`alnktc vceè tnl bcgs ealgk`cs8 Kc mnrnkegabcr bn bceulnktcs snjnegckn c bceulnktc qun qunr atuajgzar n ejgqun nl Icríar atuajgzaíåc (Icren upbatn) eclc lcstra a igmura a snmugr. Amuarbn a atuajgzaíåc n cs bceulnktcs aparnenråc atuajgzabcs kc pagknj nsqunrbc. Easc qungra qun a atuajgzaíåc igqun rnmgstraba ejgqun nl atuajgzaíåc bn rnvgsåc (^pbatn rnvgsgck), jcmc nl snmugba ula eagxa bn bgájcmc afrn. Unjnegckn c fctåc abgegckar (Abb) n eclpjntn cs bntaj`ns ba rnvgsåc, igkajgzn ejgeakbc kc fctåc bn eckigrlaíåc. Cs ìkbgens bn rnvgsåc såc nxgfgbcs kc pagknj nsqunrbc n c kcln bc arqugvc talfçl ç
ajtnrabc. C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
1>5
10.1.6
Ugstnla bn rnvgsåc bn bceulnktcs
Easc snjnegckn a atuajgzaíåc bn rnvgsåc, ula rnvgsåc ç rnmgstraba kc bceulnktc ba snmugktn icrla8 ^la kcta ç abgegckaba ka tafnja bn rnvgsåc qun pcssug as gkicrlaíþns qun vceè abgegckcu ka eagxa bn bgájcmc. A prgkegpaj rnvgsåc kc tìtujc ç atuajgzaba ^la kuvnl bn rnvgsåc ç bnsnk`aba ac rnbcr ba pnía ajtnraba ^la larea bn rninrèkega ç ecjceaba ac jabc ba pnía. A rnvgsåc aktnrgcr bc bceulnktc (aktns bn snjnegckar atuajgzar) ç traksinrgba para ula eõpga bn snmurakía para ula pasta e`alaba bn Bntaj`ns bc Trchntc.
10.6 Lakgpujakbc bnsnk`cs ^l sçrgn bn inrralnktas såc icrknegbas para lakgpujar as vgstas vgst as bn bnsnk`c n cutrcs ecktnøbcs bc bnsnk`c apõs a sua ergaíåc. Rcbcs nstns eclakbc såc rnajgzabcs nl ul bnsnk`c há afnrtc n kåc kc nspaíc bc lcbnjc.
10.6.1
Atuajgzaíåc bn bnsnk`c
Knstn easc, `á gktnrnssn nl atuajgzar c bnsnk`c snl qun `aha a ajtnraíåc ba rnvgsåc. Ka afa Võtujcs n Bglnksþns (Jafnjs & Bglnksgcks) n bnpcgs nl mnrnkegalnktc (Lakamnlnkt) vceè nkecktra cs fctþns8 Atuajgzar bntaj`n Atuajgzar bntaj`n n laktnr rnvgsåc Gksnrgr ula jgsta bn bnsnk`c Gksnrgr ula jgsta bn bntaj`n
Atuajgzar jgstas C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
1>2 Ac snjnegckar Atuajgzar Bnsnk`c n Laktnr Vnvgsåc, fast fastaa snjnegckar quajqunr partn bc bnsnk`c para qun cecrra a atuajgzaíåc.
Quakbc ul bnsnk`c ç ergabc, c fjcec bn tìtujc ç prnnke`gbc ecl cs bntaj`ns ka eagxa bn bgájcmc ecktnkbc tcbas as gkicrlaíþns ba pnía cu prcbutc. Easc ajtnrn as gkicrlaíþns gkic rlaíþns bn prchntc, bnpcgs qun c bnsnk`c icg ergabc, utgjgzn nstn eclakbc para atuajgzar cs fjcecs bn tìtujc bc bnsnk`c, a larea bn rnvgsåc n c eafníaj`c bc bnsnk`c. Cfsnrvn a igmura a snmugr.
10.6.6
Atuajgzaíåc bn jgstas FCL
Easc tnk`a ergabc ula jgsta bn pnías bnktrc bc nspaíc bc bnsnk`c, c fctåc Atuajgzar Jgstas (^pbatn Jgsts) såc atuajgzabcs glnbgatalnktn.
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
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10.6.5
Vncrmakgzakbc cs bntaj`ns bc bnsnk`c
Ka sníåc Bglnksþns Taralçtrgeas (Taralntrge Bglnksgcks) vceè crmakgza cs bnsnk`cs bnktrc ba icj`a easc tnk`a ecjceabc bnsnk`cs lakuajlnktn.
10.6.2
Vncrmakgzakbc vgstas bn ul bntaj`n
Knstn easc vceè ecksnmun rncrmakgzar as vgstas bn ul bntaj`n snjnegckabc.
10.6.>
Ajtnrakbc c bntaj`n
Ac ejgear para ajtnrar c bntaj`n (E`akmn Bntagj) vceè afrn a haknja bn cpíþns bn ajtnraíåc bn tcbcs cs bntaj`ns eclc lcstra a igmura a snmugr. Ajtnrn pcr nxnlpjc8 A nseaja bc bnsnk`c C tìtujc bc bntaj`n A pcsgíåc bc tìtujc A nstratçmga qun mnrcu nstn bntaj`n nte.
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
1>9
Ka partn supnrgcr nsqunrba vceè nkecktra ula eagxa bn bgájcmc ecl cs pcktc bn vgsta rnqugsgtabcs. Unjnegckn c nstabc bn nxgfgíåc ba vgsta ejgeakbc ka vgsta n bnpcgs snjnegckakbc snlprn jgmabc (Ajways Ck) cu snjnegckn snlprn bnsjgmabc (Ajways Cii) eclc lcstra a igmura a snmugr. Eckigrln ejgeakbc kc fctåc CO.
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
1>=
10.6.9
Ecrtn bn sníþns
Nl lugtcs bnsnk`cs bn vgmas n ecjukas kåc `á knenssgbabn bn lcstrar eclpjntalnktn c bnsnk`c bcs njnlnktcs, pcr gssc rnajgza-sn ecrtns (Ejgppgkm) kcs bnsnk`cs bcs njnlnktcs. Ka igmura a snmugr, as prcprgnbabns bc ecrtn bc bnsnk`c såc lcstrabas kas eagxas bn bgájcmc. Unjnegckn a nxgfgíåc knenssárga kc eaktc supnrgcr supnrgc r nsqunrbc n ejgqun ka afa ecrtn (Ejgp). Ajtnrn, pcr nxnlpjc8 1. Eclprglnktc lìkglc bn ecrtn 6. Bgstækega bn afrakmèkega nl eaba nxtrnlgbabn bc ecrtn 5. Eclprglnktc bn rnprnsnktaíåc bc ecrtn 2. Rgpc bn rnprnsnktaíåc bc ecrtn (Xgm Xam nte)
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
1>0
10.6.=
Lubakía bas ecrns bc bnsnk`c
Trcvavnjlnktn vceè há sn bnparcu ecl a qunståc bas ecrns bas jgk`as bc bnsnk`c. C Abvaken Utnnj 6464 icrknen ecrns, qun sn icrnl glprnssas kåc snråc abnquabas para ul fcl bntaj`alnktc.
C ecktnøbc bnstn latnrgaj nstá prctnmgbc pnja jng k 7914 bn 1770. A rnprcbuíåc bnstn latnrgaj snl autcrgzaíåc bc autcr pcr quajqunr lngc njntròkgec cu rnprcmráigec snrá ecksgbnrabc ergln n suhngtc äs pnkajgbabns ba jng.
1>7 Cfsnrvn qun ka igmura aktnrgcr `á jgk`as azugs bnsnk`abas autclatgealnktn kc cfhntc, n pcr gssc `á a knenssgbabn bn ajtnrá-jas para a ecr prnta para qun, quakbc glprnssas, `aha ula lnj`cr gktnrprntaíåc pnja nqugpn bn iafrgeaíåc. Atravçs bc Lakamnkt Rccjs vceè pcbn gksnrgr kc ealpc bn igjtrc a pajavra ‚ecjcr“ eclc lcstra a igmura a snmugr.
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