Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hung. Volume 64 (3), 357 – 362 (2011) DOI: 10.1556/AOrient.64.2011.3.7
A WORDPLAY BETWEEN THE EGYPTIAN WORDS WBN ‘ARISE’ AND NBW ‘GOLD’? STEFAN BOJOWALD Ägyptologisches Seminar der Universität Bonn Regina Pacis-Weg 7, 53113 Bonn, Germany e-mail:
[email protected]
In this short paper the possibility of a wordplay between the Egyptian words wbn ‘arise’, on the one hand, and nbw ‘gold’, on the other, is examined. Finally, a few wordplays based on multiple metatheses are investigated. Key words: Egyptian philology, Egyptian language, etymology, wordplay, wbn ‘arise’, nbw ‘gold’.
Among the Egyptian verbs with meaning related to the course of the sun, wbn ‘arise’ may well have a paradigmatic character. Beyond the content of WB (WB vol. I, pp. 292, 9–293, 6),1 the use of wbn in a solar context becomes transparent in such places as wbn Sw (Erman 1905, p. 108) ‘someone’s sun arises’, wbn Sw (Gardiner 1935, pp. 58–60; Borghouts 1980, p. 35; Guglielmi 1994, p. 56) ‘Sw arises’, wbn itn (KRI vol. I, p. 207, 16; KRI vol. III, p. 174, 2; Herbin 2003, p. 108) ‘itn arises’, wbn (m) itn (KRI vol. VII, p. 122, 4; Fischer-Elfert 1997, p. 67; Jansen-Winkeln 2007, p. 427) ‘arise as itn’, wbn Ra n mAA=X (Jansen-Winkeln 2006, p. 236) ‘sun arises in the view of’, wbn mAw.wt Ra Hr XA.t (Goyon 1999, p. 61) ‘rays of Ra arise on corpse’, wbn pA Sw Hr pA Dw (Hovestreydt 1997, p. 108) ‘the light arises over the mountain’, and wbn itn m c.t Dr.ti (Jansen-Winkeln 2001, p. 133) ‘sun arises by the work of the hands’. What is enunciated in the following lines is a facet of wbn, which, to the best of my knowledge, has not been discussed in the past decades. Here, the crucial point is that wbn ‘arise’ apparently builds wordplays with nbw ‘gold’.2 The emergence of the wordplay involves two metatheses.
1 The meaning of wbn ‘arise’ as an action of the sun has independently been emphasised by Lacau (1971, pp. 1 ff.) and Cauville (2004, pp. 98 – 99). 2 For another wordplay with wbn ‘arise’ and bnw ‘Phoenix’ see Guglielmi, LÄ VI, p. 1290. However, the example just mentioned is not the only wordplay constructed with bnw ‘Phoenix’, the
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The phenomenon can be illustrated in wbn m nbw (KRI vol. III, p. 560, 3) ‘arise in gold (about Amun in his role as sungod)’,3 wbn m nbw (Vandier n. d., p. 116; Faulkner 1933, p. 38) ‘arise in gold (about Hathor in her role as sungoddess)’, wbn m nbw (Stewart 1967, p. 36) ‘arise in gold (about Re in his role as sungod)’, wbn m nbw (Simpson 1963, p. 33) ‘arise in gold (about Horus)’, wbn m nbw (Bierbrier 1982, Pl. 5) ‘arise in gold (about Re-Harakhty in his role as sungod)’ and wbn in (=m)4 nbw (Stewart 1971, p. 92) ‘arise in gold (about Mut in her role as sungoddess)’, where it can already be reconstructed sporadically. The first cycle of this formula, including that wordplay, seems to be extracted from the epigraphical material of sepulchral architecture with Theban provenance. While the agens can vary between the sungod or other gods with sungodlike aspects, the phrase wbn m nbw ‘arise in gold’ is engraved relatively often by the local honoratories of this city in their tombs (WB vol. I, p. 293, 6; Garris Davies 1913, Pl. XIX; Assmann 1983, pp. 131, 144, 176, 177, 299)5. The phrase wbn m nbw ‘arise in gold (about Amun Ra-Horakhty in his role as sungod)’ can also be found on a stela (Urk. IV, p. 937, 14) and a memorial-stone (Urk. IV, p. 1466, 6) from two further private Theban tombs. The vast majority of examples for the wordplay between wbn ‘arise’ and nbw ‘gold’ can be gained from temple-inscriptions of Greco-Roman times. In this late period the idiomatic expression wbn m nbw ‘arise in gold’ was used in connection with a great variety of gods. As for these gods, one should differentiate between Api (Kurth 1998, p. 80), Isis (Junker 1958, p. 4; Junker–Winter 1965, p. 361), Harsomtus (Lepsius 1904, p. 225), Hathor (Junker – Winter 1965, p. 223; Waitkus 1997, pp. 115, 143; Cauville 2004, p. 98), and other ones (Chassinat 1984, p. 41; 1928, pp. 67, 164, 189, 200; 1933, p. 42; 1987, p. 463). My concluding remarks are devoted to the fact that wordplays based on multiple metatheses were used more extensively than hitherto thought of. In addition to the case discussed above, a few more can be enumerated. In the following I intend to mention a couple of these examples. First, we have the wordplay between Hapi ‘Hapi’ and baH ‘flood’ in Hapi baH tA m nfr.w=f (Junker 1965, p. 191)6 ‘Hapi floods the land with his beauty’ and ii.n Hapi r baH tA.wi (Jansen-Winkeln 2007, p. 299) ‘Hapi has come to flood the two lands’. Although in a syntactically different function, Hapi is also used in the sentences ii Hapi, baH.n=f Ax.t (Zivie-Coche 2004, p. 264) ‘Hapi has come, which floods the field’ and cti Hapi Hr baH Ax.t (Junker 1965, p. 333) ‘pour out Hapi and flood the field’ right ———— wordplay between bnw ‘Phoenix’ and bnn ‘jump’ in Goyon (1999, p. 86, col. 42 12/42 14), and the wordplay between bnw ‘Phoenix’ and bAn ‘sleep’ in Assmann (2008, p. 378) being further ones. 3 For ‘gold’ as colour of the sunlight, see WB vol. II, p. 239, 9–11; Grapow (1924, p. 58); Gardiner (1935, p. 96); Assmann (1969, pp. 248, 328; 1983, p. 343); Edel (1987, p. 129). 4 For in as a writing of “m” in other situations, see Macadam (1949, p. 53 8/54 20). 5 The parallel to Assmann (1983, p. 177) is due to Dziobek (1994, pp. 66, 67). 6 Writing Hp instead of Hapi attested according to WB vol. III, p. 42, for the Old Kingdom is, by the way, also confirmed in the 25th dynasty according to Gunn – Engelbach (1931, p. 812). What should be pointed out, is, that Hapi ‘Nil’ builds a further wordplay with Abi ‘long for’ in Posener (1976, p. 41). Acta Orient. Hung. 64, 2011
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next to baH. As for the wordplay between Hapi and baH, the loss of “i” as weak consonant at the end of the word is a plausible explanation. Secondly, the wordplay between mrii.t ‘shore’ and Imr ‘(the land of) Amurru’ in mrii.t m pA tA n pA imr (Gardiner 1947, p. 188*)7 ‘shore in the land of Amurru’ even goes one step further since all three radicals change position. The third example is the wordplay between fAi ‘carry’ and ATpw ‘load’ in fAi Atpw (Helck 1995, p. 1) ‘carry the load (of the washerman)’, which also fits in here. Disregarding the exceptionally common “Lautwandel” of “f” to “p”, it is clear, that the wordplay is first and foremost influenced by the “Lautwandel” “i” to “T” (and vice versa). As for this “Lautwandel” “i” to “T” (and vice versa) one should mention that it occurs in several other cases as well.8 The fourth example regards the wordplay between wDA ‘pectoral’ and sAw ‘protection’ in wDA n sAw ‘wDA – pectoral of protection’ (Favard-Meeks 1991, p. 107), which essentially draws profit from the “Lautwandel” “D” to “s”. The interchange between “s” and dentals is common in other cases,9 too. The fifth example is the wordplay between aHA ‘fight; contest’ and Hna ‘with/together with’ in aHA Hna ‘fight with (Fischer 1964, p. 70; Borghouts 1979, p. 18) /contest with (Goedicke 1962, p. 32x) /fight together with’ (Anthes 1964, p. 37), which includes the known “Lautwandel” “A” to “n”. Evidently, all three radicals are rotated. The wordplay between SiA ‘Sia’ and nic ‘call’ in nic in SiA ‘to be called by Sia’ (Urk. IV, p. 498, 4; Assmann 2005, p. 238), as the sixth example, is also founded on the “Lautwandel” “A” to “n”. The seventh example is the wordplay between Hna ‘together with’ und dnH ‘wing’, in DADA Hna dnH.wi (Wreszinski 1912, p. 37) ‘head (of the scarab) together with the wings’, which is influenced by the “Lautwandel” “a” to “d”/”d” to “a”. The 7 The meaning of mrii.t n Imr ‘shore of Amor’ denoting the Mediterranean coast of Southern Lebanon has been noticed correctly already by Breasted (1962, p. 139 n. i.). Writings of ‘Amor’ in the Egyptian language cover a spectrum reaching from Im(a)r(w) in Gardiner (1947, p. 187*), through Im(a)r in Gardiner (1947, p. 140*); and Im(aw)r in Gardiner (1947, pp. 179*, 188*, 189*); to Imrv (?) in Smith – Tait (1983, p. 120). From this, the name of the the city Amwr in Sethe (1920, p. 201), is certainly to be distinguished.The commonly used emendation of irm in pAnast. III, rs 5, 5 in Imr as the name of the region of “Amor” has been refuted by Edel – Görg (2005, p. 123), who prefer to read irm ‘Aramean’. In a different context, the word Imr ‘Amor’ may have suggested a wordplay with irp ‘wine’. The likelihood for this to be a wordplay would be significantly increased if Gardiner (1947, p. 187*), is right with his conjecture that the “Krugdeterminativ” following Imr was taken over from irp directly before. Regarding the Krugdeterminativ, however, also an influence from iinr ‘bowl’ in Caminos (1954, p. 119), is conceivable. The third and at the same time most speculative option would be a connection with semitic xmr/Hmr ‘wine’; for Ugaritic xmr, see Gordon (1965, p. 402); for Hebraic Hmr, see Gesenius (1962, p. 242). – The word Iimwarw in the execration texts was combined by Quack (1992, pp. 75 ff.), with ‘Yamkhad’ as name for the kingdom of Aleppo. 8 The best known case of a change from “i” to “T” is probably the wordplay between rmi/rmi.t ‘cry/ tear’ and rmT ‘human being’ in Otto (1964, p. 58); Zandee (1992), p. 73); Assmann (1983, pp. 217, 229, 230); Klotz (2006, p. 143). Writing rmi ‘cry’ could not be more different between rrm in Gardiner (1932, p. 48a); Koenig (1997, Pl. 95 – H 185, 1), rmAm in Posener (1938, Pl. 4 – oDeM 1006, 4), ArmA in Thissen (1984, p. 41), and Tm in Gardiner (1932, p. 45a); Caminos (1977, p. 63). 9 For the change “s” to “d”, see Fecht (1981, p. 149).
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