A study on Employee health and safety

A Study on health and safety measures in Neycer India Ltd

2015

Chapter – I INTRODUCTION

Due to rapid industrialization, industrial workers are exposed to several types of hazards and accidents. Every year lakhs of workers are injured due to mechanical, chemical, electrical and radiation hazards and it leads to partial or total disablement. So in recent years, greater attention is given to health and safety due to pressure from government, trade unions, labour laws and awareness of employers.

The efficiency of workers depends to a great extends on the environment in which the work. Work environment consists of all the factors, which act and react on the body and mind of an employee. The primary aim is to create an environment, which ensures the greatest ease of work and removes all causes of worries.

Occupational health and safety is a discipline with a broad scope involving many specialized fields. In its broadest sense, it should aim at:

a)

The promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations.

b)

The prevention among workers of adverse effects on health caused by their working conditions.

c)

The protection of workers in their employment from risks resulting from factors adverse to health.

d)

The placing and maintenance of workers in an occupational environment adapted to physical and mental needs.

e)

The adaptation of work to humans.

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Successful occupational health and safety practice requires the collaboration and participation of both employers and workers in health and safety programmes, and involves the consideration of issues relating to occupational medicine, industrial hygiene, toxicology, education, engineering safety, ergonomics, psychology, etc.

Occupational health issues

are

often

given

less

attention

than

occupational safety issues because the former are generally more difficult to confront. However, when health is addressed, so is safety, because a healthy workplace is by definition also a safe workplace. The converse, though, may not be true - a so-called safe workplace is not necessarily also a healthy workplace. The important point is that issues of both health and safety must be addressed in every workplace.

Work plays a central role in people's lives, since most workers spend at least eight hours a day in the workplace, whether it is on a plantation, in an office, factory, etc. Therefore, work environments should be safe and healthy. Unfortunately some employers assume little responsibility for the protection of workers' health and safety. In fact, some employers do not even know that they have the moral and often legal responsibility to protect workers. Health of the workers: Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of diseases. It‟s a positive and dynamic concept which means something more than the absence of illness. Safety of the workers: Safety is a measures or techniques implemented to reduce the risk of injury, loss and danger to persons, property or the environment in any facility or place involving the manufacturing, producing and processing of goods or merchandise.

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1.1 About the project The survey has been conducted from employees in order to find out satisfactory level of the employees towards health and safety of Neycer India Limited at Vadalur.

The area selected for this study is Neycer India Limited; the sample size chosen for the study was 100 employees.

The important factors considered for the analysis are health and safety measure in the Transport, Canteen performance, welfare facilities, working condition and safety programmes.

The collect data were poled out and analyzed by applying suitable statistical tools.

The findings and suggestions are given for further development and maintain health and safety of the organization.

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1.2 PROFILE OF THE COMPANY:

Neycer India limited is formally known as Neyveli Ceramics & Refractory‟s Limited, was promoted by South Madras. Industrial Development Company Private Limited. An affiliate of Seshasyee brothers (Pvt) Limited. The company was incorporated on 12th may1960.The project was established with a licensed capacity to manufacture 1800tonnes of sanitary ware per annum.The technical collaboration for his venture was provided by M/s Elemental Baykeramik vestries GMBH (KERAMAG) OF West Germany. The project was completed and the commercial production commenced in October 1965. The production plant was steadily increased and the rated capacity of 1800 tones per annum was reached in 1967. GROWTH AND EXPANSION: The company after availing the technical services from M/s Bombay Potteries and Tiles Limited, Bombay, increased its installed capacity from 1800 tonnes to 3000 tonnes. In the year 1974-75, the installed was further increased from 3000 tonnes to 4200 tonnes per annum at a further outlay. In april 1977,the agreement with M/s Bombay potteries and tiles limited was terminated has the company had acquired the required skill and experience from running the plant on their own strength. In April 1979, the company further increase the capacity from 4200 tonnes per annum to 4800 tonnes involving the extension of casting shop introduction of the humidity control system in one of the casting, shops, installation of a twin tunnel ories, construction of the new work building was provided. In 1987,the plant had increased the capacity from 7500 tonnes to 9000 tonnes. DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

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NEYCER BRAND NAME: Due to the long existence of the company and manufacturing and marketing the product with consistent quality, the “NEYCER” brand name has become to hold name in our country. NEW DESIGN: Neycer has the capability to develop new patterns, products as per the exclusive requirement of customers and has skilled man power developed over a period of more than 4 decades. Neycer products

are famous for the range of patterns and glossy colours with

different sizes in each under regular manufacture. It has been continuously updating its manufacturing techniques to product of superior quality. Some of the recently developed products won prized in exhibitions conducted in eighties. NEYECR TILES: With the setting up of Neycer Ceramic Tiles plat at Pondicherry in 1986, the customer has got the advantage of getting both Neycer Sanitary ware and tiles from one source of their according to choice. SPARTEK TAKE OVER: During 1988, the Neycer management came under Spartek Group, the pioneers in ceramic tiles manufacturing in India .After this, the company has made headway in: 1.Reduction of excess man power. 2.Elimination of wasteful and unwanted practices in operations. 3.Modernizing the plant and machinery. 4.Developing new designs and colours.

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5.Improving the process methods and technology up gradation. There are various ambitious programmes contemplated to modernize the plant to achieve better productivity and the best quality to meet the market requirements. In 1989 – 1998, the Neycer further make improvements in their products, and also improve the market at large. By producing the capacity of the product up to 12000 tonnes to 14500 tonnes. In 1999 – 2002 the capacity of the Neycer had increased the installed capacity up to 15000 tonnes to 25000 tonnes per annum. From 2003 – 2005 the capacity was further from 25000 tonnes to 30000 tonnes per annum,Due to the more in improvements of the marketing activities. From 2006 – 2009 the market has become very large then the capacity was further increased from 30000 tonnes to 45000 tonnes per annum. ABOUT THE PRODUCT The Neycer is making a wide range of sanitary ware in 20 colours, The product range include various types of wash closets, urinals, pans and toilet accessories. The plant has got the production capacity if 12000 M.T.per annum. We are having 2 Tunnels Kilns, one Push Bat Kiln and Shuttle Kiln. The various production stages are briefly explained below.

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1. RAW MATERIALS: S.NO

RAW MATERIALS

1.

Ball Clay

2.

China Clay

3.

Feldspar

4.

Quartz

5.

Wollastonitc

6.

Calcitc

7.

Zircon

8.

Zinc Oxide

9.

CMC

10.

Chemicals

11.

Colour Staains

DRY GRINDING PLANT: Feldspar , Quartz and Pitcher which we are getting in lumps from are being ground in the dry grinding plant. the fire powder from DG plant will pass through a magnetic drum from removal of iron contamination and finally enter the storage silo. From the silo the powder is collected, packed in gunny bags and sent to the production department for body glaze preparation. DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

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SLIP HOUSE-BODY PREPRATION: In slip house, separate storage bins are available for keeping all the raw materials. From the storage bins, the raw materials are transported to high speed bungers, where the ball clay, china clay, feldspar powder, green ware rejects and pre-ground silica sand slurry are mixed with water and electrolytes. Then the study is sieved and pumped to the mixing tank. From the ;mixing tank, the slip is pumped to the second stage sieving arrangement through magnets and the final slip, it is supplied from the storage tanks to the Casting Department by pumps through pipe lines. GLAZE PREPARATION: The glazes raw materials are loaded in porcelain lined Ball Mill with water and are ground to form a fine glaze slip. The grinding media is dressed flint pebbles. The ground glaze slips sieved and passed through powerful magnets for complete cllamination o9f iron contamination.The processed glaze is stored in underground tanks with mixing arrangements. After confirming the quality standards, the glaze is supplied to glazing department for spraying operation. They are a number of Ball Mills for making different type of color glazes as per production programme. MOULDING: Here the moulds required for casting department is made Moulds are made of Plaster of Paris and water. First the model will be developed according to the requirement. Then the mother mould will be taken from the model. From the mother mould, then Block and case will be taken and from Block Case, working moulds will be made and sent for casting department after drying.

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MOULD MADING PROCESS: After arranging the block and case with liquid soap application, plaster of Paris and water are mixed in a stirrer to form slurry. Then the slurry is poured into the block and case and allowed to set and released from the block and case. The released mould finished for removal of soap and sent for drying in the; mould drying chamber for a maximum period of one week. After drying, the moulds are finished with fine sand papers and checked for quality aspects. After quality confirmation, the moulds are supplied to the casting debarment for casting. Apart from plaster of Paris block and cases, we are making resin block and case moulds-an improved technology of block making. CASTING DEPARTMENT: Here the moulds are arranged in the wooden benches according to the production programmers. First the moulds are cleaned and steatite powder, Slurry water is applied on the moulds, where ever necessary. Then the body slip coming through the pipe lines from the Slip House storage tank is filled in the moulds. After getting the required thickness, the excess slip is drained out and sent to slip house for re-cycling. After sufficient drying, de-molding is done and the ware is taken out from the mould and kept in the storage rack for two days for air drying. Then the dried wares are finished, inspected and sent for further drying in drying chamber. DRYING CHAMBER: From the Casting Shop the wares are coming out with high moisture content. In the chamber dryer, the wares are allowed to stand for 16 to 20 hours. Waste heat coming out from the Tunnel Kiln issued for drying wares. Then the dried wares are glazing. DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

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NEW CDS DRYER: On 2000, we have installed and commissioned one modern dryer of ceramic drying systems UK. Here, the wares are dried. GLAZING: There are number of spray booths with conveyer arrangement. First the inspected ware is subjected to perfect air blow for dust removal and the same is thoroughly water sponged. Then the glaze is applied on the ware with the help of spray gun. Then the trade name stamp, ISI Stamp, date stamp and sprayers inspectors, spongers and loaders code numbers are put on the war in respective places with screen and rubber stamp. Then the glaze at the unwanted portion is removed and the wares are sent for loading department. SHUTTLE KILN: This is new advanced type open firing kiln. This is imported from UK. Fuel is gas. It is used normally for the re-firing. This can also be used for first firing. LOADING: Here the cars are kept with refractory setters according to the production pattern. A thin coating of alumina wash is given on the setters to avoid sticking of wares on the setters. Thermo Cole pieces are used for cushioning effect. The wars are loaded on the setters and after inspection and air blowing the car with wares are pushed inside the Tunnels Kiln for firing.

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TUNNEL KILNS 1&2: It is a continuous type of kiln. Fuel is natural gas. The ears loaded with the wars are pushed into the kiln as per scheduled time with the help of hydraulic pushing machine and fired around at 1200 approximately during the firing cycle. Centralized panel board is available for controlling the temperature and draught. After completion of the firing and cooling, the cars are taken out from the exit of the kiln and sent to the unloading and sorting department. PUSH BAT KILN: This is also converted in to gas firing. Here mainly Indian pan and Orissa pan are fired. UNLOADING & SORTING DEPARTMENT: The wares coming out from the kiln is unloaded here and classified as follows according to Neycer specification which is more stringent than ISI norms. Standard

:

A Class

Commercial

:

B Class

Faulty

:

Refire class-which is Refired in Shuttle Kiln

After classification, suitable markings are given on the wares and sent to the packing yard for sales. A flush testing room is provided with all fitting facilities to check up the flushing performance of the daily products.

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1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

To know the satisfactory level of employees health & safety.

To study the employee awareness about the health and safety provisions.

To study the effectiveness of the health and safety measures provides by the company.

To study the employees towards various health and safety measures.

To find the satisfactory level of employees with regard to welfare provisions that binds the health and safety.

To know the medical availability in the company.

To know the ambulance and other emergency facilities available in the company.

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1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

To-day employee welfare programmers are become important because it is spent as good investment by the Employers.

From the investment, employer is benefited by increased production or better quality of work. Study of welfare measures.

1.

It help to win over employees loyalty and increase their morale.

2.

This will help to build-up stable force to reduce labour turnover and absenteeism.

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1.5 IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY

If there is no safety and Health measure, there is no organization. The importance of this study is as follows,  Employee safety and Health measures are the important factors of an organization to maintain quality of work life of the employee.

 It develops both efficiency and productivity among the workers.

 This study will helpful to create a good relationship between employees as well as the employer.

 This study is help to the organization while analyze the problems facing by an employee’s regarding this measures. And take necessary steps for the purpose of satisfy the needs of an employee etc..,

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1.6 NEED OF THE STUDY  Safety and health measure are the important factor for an organization to maintain quality of work life of the employee.  Safety and health facilities may patronage the employee to work better and it will lead to increase in output.  In every organization, an employee‟s safety and welfare measure plays a vital role. Hence I conducted research on this topic  To identify the employees response among various benefits regarding safety and health measures in Neycer India Limited,Abathanapuram,Vadalur , Cuddalore District  To provide some suggestions for the purpose of improving the employee’s safety and health measures in in Neycer India Limited

 It helps to improve employee‟s productivity or efficiency by increasing their physical and mental health.

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CHAPTER - II REVIEW OF LITERATURE Workplace health and safety is protecting the safety, health and overall welfare of employees at a particular company or institution. The goal of most workplace health and safety programs is to promote a safer work environment for employees.

Health and safety

According to the International Labour Organization (ILO) and the World Health Organization (WHO), health and safety at work is aimed at the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations; the prevention among workers of leaving work due to health problems caused by their working conditions; the protection of workers in their employment from risks resulting from factors adverse to health; the placing and maintenance of the worker in an occupational environment adapted to his or her physiological and psychological capabilities; and, to summarise, the adaptation of work to the person and of each person to their job.

Occupational safety and health (OSH) is a cross-disciplinary area concerned with protecting the safety, health and welfare of people engaged in work or employment. The goals of occupational safety and health programs include to foster a safe and healthy work environment‟s may also protect co-workers, family members, employers, customers, and many others who might be affected by the workplace environment.

Occupational safety and health can be important for moral, legal, and financial reasons. All organizations have a duty of care to ensure that employees and any other person who may be affected by the companies undertaking remain safe at all times. DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

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Moral obligations would involve the protection of employee's lives and health. Legal reasons for OSH practices relate to the preventative, punitive and compensatory effects of laws that protect worker's safety and health. OSH can also reduce employee injury and illness related costs, including medical care, sick leave and disability benefit costs. OSH may involve interactions among many subject areas, including occupational medicine, occupational hygiene, public health, safety engineering, industrial engineering, chemistry, health physics, ergonomics and occupational health psychology.

Health of the workers: Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of diseases. It‟s a positive and dynamic concept which means something more than the absence of illness.

Statutory provisions: According to factories Act, 1948, the statutory provisions regarding the health of the workers are stated in the sections 11 to 20. They are Cleanliness (sec 11): Every factory shall be kept clean by daily sweeping or washing the floors and workrooms and by using disinfectants where every necessary. Walls, doors and windows shall be repainted or varnished at least once in every 5 years. DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

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Disposal of wastes and effluents (sec 12): The waste materials produced from the manufacturing process must be effectively disposed of wastes.

Ventilation and temperature (sec 13): There must be provision for adequate ventilation for the circulation of fresh air. The temperature must be kept at a comfortable level. Hot parts of machines must be separated and insulated. The State Government may make rules for the keeping of thermometers in specified places and the adoption of methods which will keep the temperature low.

Removal of Dust and fumes (sec 14): If the manufacturing process used gives off injurious or offensive dust and steps must be taken so that they are not inhaled or accumulated. The exhaust fumes of internal combustion engines must be conducted outside the factory.

Artificial humidification (sec 15): The water used for this purpose must be pure. The State Government can frame rules regarding the process of humidification etc. The water used for humidification shall be taken from a public supply or other source of drinking water and must be effectively purified before use. Overcrowding (sec 16): There must be no overcrowding in a factory. In factories existing before the commencement of the Act there must be at least 9.9 cubic meters of space per worker. For factories built afterwards, there must be at least 4.2 cubic meters of space. The chief inspector of factories can also prescribe the maximum number of workers who can work in each work room. Lighting (sec 17): Factories must be well lighted. Effective measures must be adopted to prevent glare or formation of shadows which might cause eye strain.

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Drinking water (sec 18): Arrangements must be made to provide a sufficient supply of wholesome drinking water. All supply points of such water must be marked “drinking water”. No such points shall be within 20 ft. (or 7.5 meters) of any latrine, washing place etc. Factories employing more than 250 workers must cool the water during the hot weather.

Toilet facilities (sec 19): Every factory must provide sufficient number of latrines and urinals. There must be separate provisions for male and female workers. Latrines and urinals must be kept in a clean and sanitary condition. In factories employing more than 250 workers, they shall be of prescribed sanitary types.

Spittoons (sec 20): A sufficient number of spittoons must be provided at convenient places, in a clean and hygienic condition. The State Government may take rules regarding their number, location and maintenance. Safety of the workers: Safety is a measures or techniques implemented to reduce the risk of injury, loss and danger to persons, property or the environment in any facility or place involving the manufacturing, producing and processing of goods or merchandise.

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Statutory provisions: According to factories Act, 1948, the statutory provisions regarding the safety of the workers are stated in the sections 21 to 41. They are

Fencing of machinery (Sec 21): In every factory, every dangerous part of any machinery, every moving part of a prime mover and every flywheel connected to prime mover the head-race and tail-race of every water wheel and water turbine, and every part of an electric generator, motor or rotary converter, every part of transmission machinery, must be securely fenced by safeguards of substantial construction.

Work on or near machinery in motion (Sec 22): It is necessary to examine any part of the machinery while it is motion. The examination and lubrication of the machinery, while in motion, should be carried out only by a specially-trained adult worker wearing tight-fitting clothing.

Employment of young persons on Dangerous machines (Sec 23): A young person should not be allowed to work at dangerous machines unless, has been sufficiently instructed and received sufficient training.

Striking gear and devices for cutting off power (Sec 24): In every factory, suitable striking gear or other efficient mechanical appliance has to be provided, maintained and used to move driving belts.

Self-acting machines (Sec 25): No travelling part of a self-acting machine in any factory and no material carried thereon shall be allowed to run on its outward or inward traverse within a distance of 18 inches from any fixed structure which is not a part of the machine, if a person is liable to pass over the space over which it runs.

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Casing of new machinery (Sec 26): All machinery driven by power, every set-screw, bolt or key or any revolving shaft, spindle, wheel or pinion, spur, worm and other toothed or friction-gearing has to be properly encased or guarded in order to prevent danger to the workmen.

Prohibition of employment of women and children near cotton openers (Sec 27): Women and child workers are prohibited to be employed in any part of a factory for pressing cotton in which a cotton opener is at work.

Hoists, lifts, lifting machines (Sec 28&29): Lifting machines, chains, ropes and lifting tackles must be of good mechanical construction, sound material and adequate strength and free from defects. They are to be properly maintained and thoroughly examined by a competent person at least once in every 6 months.

Revolving machinery (Sec 30): The maximum safe working peripheral speed of every grindstone or abrasive wheel shall be permanently affixed. Safe working peripheral speed of every revolving vessel, cage, basket, flywheel, pulley or disc has also to be ensured.

Pressure plant (Sec 31): In any factory operation is carried on at a pressure above the atmospheric pressure, effective arrangements shall be taken to ensure that the safe working pressure is not exceeded.

Floors, stairs and means of access (Sec 32): In every factory all floors, steps, stairs, passages and gangways shall be of sound construction and properly kept and maintained.

Pits, sumps, openings in floors (Sec 33): Every fixed vessel, sump, tank, pit or opening in the ground or in a floor, which may be a source of danger shall be either securely covered or securely fenced.

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Excessive weights (Sec 34): No person is to be employed in any factory to lift, carry or move any load so heavy as is likely to cause him injury.

Protection of eyes (Sec 35): The state government may require the provision of effective screens or suitable goggles if the risk of injury to the eyes is caused from particles or fragments thrown off in the manufacturing process or from exposure to excessive light.

Precautions against dangerous fumes (Sec 36): In any factory, no person shall be allowed to enter any chamber, tank, vat, pipe, flue or other confined space in which dangerous fumes are likely to be present to an extent involving risks to persons.

Explosive or inflammable dust, gas (Sec 37): All practicable measures have to be taken to prevent explosion by, effective enclosure of plant and machinery, removal or prevention of the accumulation of dust, gas etc and exclusion or effective enclosure of all possible sources of ignition.

Precaution in case of fire (Sec 38): Every factory has to be provided with adequate means of escape in case of fire. Effective and clearly audible means of giving warning in the case of fire have to be provided. A free passage-way giving access to each means of escape in case of fire has to be maintained.

Power to require specifications of defective parts or tests of stability (Sec 39): The factory inspector to serve on the manager of a factory to furnish specifications of defective parts or he may order the manager to carry out tests as he may specify and to inform him of the results.

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Safety of buildings and machinery (Sec 40): Every factory should adopt the measures to ensure the safety of the buildings and machinery. The factory must employ the required safety officers according to the number of workers working in the factory. Power to make rules (Sec 41): The state government has the power to make rules to supplement the provisions relating to safety contained in the act. Occupational accidents/disease:

Work-related accidents or diseases are very costly and can have many serious direct and indirect effects on the lives of workers and their families. For workers some of the direct costs of an injury or illness are: a)

the pain and suffering of the injury or illness;

b)

the loss of income;

c)

the possible loss of a job;

d)

Health-care costs.

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It has been estimated that the indirect costs of an accident or illness can be four to ten times greater than the direct costs, or even more. An occupational illness or accident can have so many indirect costs to workers that it is often difficult to measure them. One of the most obvious indirect costs is the human suffering caused to workers' families, which cannot be compensated with money. Identifying hazards in the workplace:

Use a variety of sources for information about potential or existing hazards in your workplace

Some occupational diseases have been recognized for many years, and affect workers in different ways depending on the nature of the hazard, the route of exposure, the dose, etc. Some well-known occupational diseases include:

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a)

2015

Asbestosis (caused by asbestos, which is common in insulation, automobile brake linings, etc.)

b)

Silicosis (caused by silica, which is common in mining, sandblasting, etc.)

c)

Lead poisoning (caused by lead, which is common in battery plants, paint factories, etc.)

d)

Noise-induced hearing loss (caused by noise, which is common in many workplaces, including airports, and workplaces where noisy machines, such as presses or drills, etc.)

Importance of management commitment on health and safety:

A successful health and safety programme requires strong management commitment and worker participation

In order to develop a successful health and safety programme, it is essential that there be strong management commitment and strong worker participation in the effort to create and maintain a safe and healthy workplace. An effective management addresses all work-related hazards, not only those covered by government standards. DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

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All levels of management must make health and safety a priority. They must communicate this by going out into the worksite to talk with workers about their concerns and to observe work procedures and equipment. In each workplace, the lines of responsibility from top to bottom need to be clear, and workers should know who is responsible for different health and safety issues.

Importance of training:

Effective training is a key component of any health and safety programme

Workers often experience work-related health problems and do not realize that the problems are related to their work, particularly when an occupational disease, for example, is in the early stages. Besides the other more obvious benefits of training, such as skills development, hazard recognition, etc., a comprehensive training programme in each workplace will help workers to:

a)

Recognize early signs/symptoms of any potential occupational diseases before they become permanent conditions.

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b)

Assess their work environment.

c)

Insist that management make changes before hazardous conditions can develop.

Health and safety programmes:

Effective workplace health and safety programmes can help to save the lives of workers by reducing hazards and their consequences. Health and safety programmes also have positive effects on both worker morale and productivity, which are important benefits. At the same time, effective programmes can save employers a great deal of money. For all of the reasons given below, it is crucial that employers, workers and unions are committed to health and safety.

a)

Workplace hazards are controlled - at the source whenever possible.

b)

Records of any exposure are maintained for many years.

c)

Both workers and employers are informed about health and safety risks in the workplace.

d)

There is an active and effective health and safety committee that includes both workers and management.

e)

Worker health and safety efforts are ongoing.

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REVIEW OF LITERATURE FROM JOURNAL AND ARTICLES: 1) Johannson B; Rask K; Stenberg M (2010)1, this study was to carry out a broad survey and analysis of relevant research articles about piece rate wages and their effects on health and safety. A total of 75 research articles were examined extensively and 31 of these were found relevant and had sufficient quality to serve the purpose of this study. The findings of these relevant articles are summarized and analysed in the survey. More recent research shows a clear interest for health, musculoskeletal injuries, physical workload, pains and occupational injuries. The fact that 27 of the 31 studied articles found negative effects of piece rates on different aspects of health and safety does not prove causality, but together they give very strong support that in most situations piece rates have negative effects on health and safety. 2) Tompa, Emile PhD; Dolinschi, Roman MA; de Oliveira (2009)2, we reviewed the occupational health and safety intervention literature to synthesize evidence on financial merits of such interventions. A literature search included journal databases, existing systematic reviews, and studies identified by content experts. We found strong evidence that ergonomic and other musculoskeletal injury prevention intervention in manufacturing and warehousing are worth undertaking in terms of their financial merits. The economic evaluation of interventions in this literature warrants further expansion. The review also provided insights into how the methodological quality of economic evaluations in this literature could be improved. 3) Conor CO Reynolds; M Anne Harris; Peter A Cripton; Meghan Winters (2009)3, Bicycling has the potential to improve fitness. Understanding ways of making bicycling safer is important to improving population health. We reviewed studies of the impact of transportation infrastructure on bicyclist safety. To assess safety, studies examining the following outcomes were included: injuries; injury severity; and crashes. Results to date suggest that sidewalks and multi-use trails pose the highest risk, major roads are more hazardous than minor roads, and the presence of bicycle facilities (e.g. on-road bike routes, on-road marked bike lanes, and off-road bike paths) was associated with the lowest risk. Street lighting, paved surfaces, and low-angled grades are additional factors that appear to improve cyclist safety. DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

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A Study on health and safety measures in Neycer India Ltd

2015

4) Lucia Artazcoz; Imma Cortes; Vincenta Escriba-aguir; Lorena Cascant (2009)4, the objectives of this study was to identify family and job characteristics associated with long work hours. The sample was composed of all salaried workers aged 16–64 years (3950 men and 3153 women) interviewed in the 2006 Catalonian Health Survey. Factors associated with long working hours differed by gender. In men, working 51–60 h a week was consistently associated with poor mental health status, self-reported hypertension, job dissatisfaction, smoking, shortage of sleep. Among women it was only related to smoking and to shortage of sleep. The association of overtime with different health indicators among men and women could be explained by their role as the family breadwinner. 5) Dee W. Edington; Alyssa B. Schultz (2008)5, The aim was to present the literature which provides evidence of the association between health risks and the workplace economic measures of time away from work, reduced productivity at work, health care costs and pharmaceutical costs. A search of PubMed was conducted and high quality studies were selected and combined with studies known to the authors. A strong body of evidence exists which shows that health risks of workers are associated with health care costs and pharmaceutical costs. A growing body of literature also confirms that health risks are associated with the productivity measures. The paper shows that measures of success will continue to be important as the field of worksite health management moves forward. 6) David E. Cantor (2008)6, The purpose of this paper was to review the literature and call for additional research into the human, operational, and regulatory issues that contribute to workplace safety in the supply chain. This paper identifies several potential research opportunities that can increase awareness of the importance of improving a firm's workplace safety practices. This paper identifies 108 articles which informs, how the logistics and transportation safety has evolved. The paper identifies 14 future research opportunities within the workplace safety in the supply chain, that have been identified can have a positive effect on practitioners confronted with safety issues. 7) Lucia Artazcoz; Imma Cortes; Vincenta Escriba-aguir; Lorena Cascant (2007)7, To provide a framework for epidemiological research on work and health that combines classic occupational epidemiology and the consideration of work in a structural perspective focused on gender inequalities in health. Gaps and limitations in classic DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

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A Study on health and safety measures in Neycer India Ltd

2015

occupational epidemiology, when considered from a gender perspective, are described. Classic occupational epidemiology has paid less attention to women‟s problems than men‟s. Research into work related gender inequalities in health has rarely considered either social class or the impact of family demands on men‟s health. The analysis of work and health from a gender perspective should take into account the complex interactions between gender, family roles, employment status and social class. 8) Shouji Nagashima; Yasushi Suwazono; Yasushi Okubo; Mirei Uetani (2007)8, The aim was to clarify the influence of working hours on both mental and physical symptoms of fatigue and use the data obtained to determine permissible working hours. The survey of day-shift male workers, using the Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) and Cumulative Fatigue Symptoms Index (CFSI). A total of 715 workers participated. In the group working 260–279 h/month, the odds ratios for SDS and „irritability‟ and „chronic tiredness‟ of the CFSI were increased. In the group working 280 h/month, the odds ratios on CFSI for „general fatigue‟, „physical disorders‟, „anxiety‟ and „chronic tiredness‟ were likewise increased. The research clarified that working hours should be