A Simplified Grammar of the Jappanese Language

TRUBNER'S COLLECTION OF SIMPLIFIED GRAMMARS

THE JAPANESE LANGUAGE B. H.

CHAMBERLAIN

PL

QJorttcU Utiioetsitg Sitbrary

Date Due nrp 514-"*^'^

Cornell University Library

The tine

original of

tliis

book

is in

Cornell University Library.

There are no known copyright

restrictions in

the United States on the use of the

text.

http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924026913859

IN THE PRESS,

BY THE SAME AUTHOR

ROMANIZED JAPANESE READER, Paet I.— JAPANESE

TEXT.

Part II.— ENGLISH

TRANSLATION.

Paet III.— NOTES. 8 Volumes,

Demy

IGmo.

LONDON TEUBNER & Co. YOKOHAMA: KELLY & WALSH, :

Limited.

TEUBNEK'S COLLECTION SIMPLIFIED

GRAMMARS

OF THE PRINCIPAL

ASIATIC AND EUEOPEAN LANGUAGES. EDITED BY

EEINHOLD ROST,

L.L.D., Ph. D.

XV.

JAPANESE. BY BASIL HALL

OHAMBEEiAlN,

YOKOHAMA

:

FEINTED AT THE "JAPAN GAZETTE" OEFICE, NO.

70,

MAIN STREET.

A

GRAMMAR

SIMPLIFIED

OF THE.

JAPANESE LANGUAGE. (MODERN WEITTEN STYLE)

BY

BASIL HALL CHAMBEELAIN.

AUTHOE OP 'THE CLASSICAL POETRY OF THE JAPANESE, Etc.

London

TEUBNEE

& CO., 57 &

:

59,

LUDGATE

YOKOHAMA KELLY AND WALSH, :

No^ 28,

1886; I All

Hghts

reisened.'}

HILL>

MAIN STREET.

PEEFACE. In Japan, as in other Eastern countries, two dialects are used simultaneously, one for speaking, the other for writing pur-

The spoken

poses.

or

colloquial

dialect

is

that

to

which

and others who are brought

consuls, merchants, missionaries,

must devote

into daily relations with the Japanese,

their first

Their next step should be to acquire the written

efforts.

language, without a knowledge of which every book, every

newspaper, every post-card, every advertisement, every notice in a railway-station or on board a steamer remains a mystery,

even when transliterated into the differences affect

Eoman

Some

characters.

recurring difficulties are rather in the grammar, and

mastered in a few weeks by those to

of

But the constantly

the vocabulary.

whom

may

the colloquial

familiar.

The

any book

specially devoted to the elucidation of the

be is

great obstacle hitherto has been the absence of

form of the written language.

Mr. Aston's admirable

modern treatise

much wider field. Previous writers had left Japanese grammar a chaos. Mr. Aston brought light and order into its covers a

every part.

But most persons have neither time nor

tion to investigate every part.

Their concern

is,

inclina-

not with

the Japanese classics and philological research, but with the

language as commonly written

now

;

and they weary

of

searching through the pages of a learned work for the every-day forms,

present a

which alone little

manner

book

is

to

them

are useful.

The

object of the

to put before such persons, in as simple

as possible, just so

much

as will enable

them

to read

PREFACE.

YI

contemporary literature and correspondence.

All forms that

are obsolete or purely classical have been omitted.

Theoretical

discussions have been dispensed with, save in a few instances (notably the passive verb), where a knowledge of theory is, for a foreigner, the only road to correct practice.

A word

as to the history, affinities,

The

the Japanese language. the mainland of Asia

is

and written system

of

nearest of kin to Japanese on

Korean, the structural resemblance

between the two tongues reaching down even to minutire of The hkeness of the vocabulary is much fainter, but idiom. still

Whether both Japanese and Korean are to be with the Altaic tongues, must depend on the exact

real.

classed

sense given to the word " Altaic."

good a right

Manchu.

or

and

of syntax

of view

general

Judged from the point

have

they

structure,

as

be included in the Altaic group as Mongol

to

Traces of the law of "attraction," by which

the vowels of successive syllables tend to uniformity, as in ototosJii, for atotosJii,

" the year before last," point in the

same

direction. If the ese,

term " Altaic " be held

to include

Korean and Japan-

then Japanese assumes prime importance as being by far

the oldest living representative of that great linguistic group, its literature

antedating by

many

centuries the

most ancient

productions of the Manchus, Mongols, Turks, Hungarians, or Finns.

Its

earliest

extant documents go back

in their

present shape to the beginning of the eighth century of our era,

and

its literature

time downward.

has flourished uninterruptedly from that

Japanese as written

now

differs,

however,

considerably from the language of the eighth century.

the meagre native vocabulary lias been enriched

While

by thou-

sands of words and phrases borrowed from the more expressive Chinese,

many

of the old native terminations

have

One consequence

fallen into disuse.

career of the Japanese language

day of a number of

is

of this long

and varied

the existence at the present

distmguished by strongly marked

styles

Leaving aside poetry and a certain ornamental

peculiarities.

kind of prose cultivated chiefly by a few Shinto scholars, there are four categories of style in

The Semi-Classical

I.

for old native

New

Testament

The Semi-Colloquial

grammar

largely,

and

modern

colloquial dialect.

its

The Chinese

is

preference

The standard

which the lower Its

fall.

It is

which

of the

is

replete

founded on the hteral

which were formerly the

This style

text-books in every school.

class

phraseology savours

Style, or Sinico- Japanese,

translations of the Chinese classics,

contemporary

its

slightly, of the peculiarities

with Chinese words and idioms.

of

by

in this style.

Style, into

newspaper writers occasionally

III.

use, viz.

words and grammatical forms.

translation of the II.

common

Style, distinguished

is

the ordinary vehicle

literature.

IV. The Epistolary Style.

Almost exclusively Chinese in

phraseology, this style has grammatical peculiarities which are so

marked

as to necessitate treatment in a separate chapter.

The system of writing, that has hitherto been in use in Japan, is

an extremely complicated one, semi-ideographic and semi-

syllabic,

founded on the ideographic writing of the Chinese.

But the language may

Koman characters. Eoman alphabet is

easily be written with

Indeed the general introduction of the the question of the day.

A

society entitled the " Roinaji Kai,"-

or " Eomanization Society," has been formed, and includes

among politics.

its

members most

A purely

adopted, and has

and

foreigners.

of the leaders in science

and in

phonetic system of transliteration has been

met with acceptance both among natives

To

this system, as being that

which

is likely

PREFACE.

VIII

to supersede all others, the spelling of the following pages

conforms.

In conclusion,

it

is

my

pleasing duty to acknowledge

my

obligations to Mr. J. C. Hall, Acting Japanese Secretary to

H. B. M. Legation, Tokyo, and more particularly

to

Mr. Ernest

Satow, C.M.G., H. B. M. Minister Eesident at Bangkok, for

a number of valuable suggestions. to Lieutenant difficulties

M. Takata,

I. J.

My thanks

are hkewise due

N., for smoothing

away

certain

with regard to the publication of the book in Japan. Basil Hall Chambeblain.

Impeeial Naval Depaetment, Tokyo. February, 1886.

EEE AT A p.

3, line

18

;

after h insert

"and

g."

„ 52, the brace should unite, not yukazu and yuka~aru, but yuhazaru and yukanu.

„ 69,

line Sfi'om

„ 70, line 14; for

bottom; for "Section 6" read "Section 3." beski read beshi.

—

JAPANESE GEAMMAE. CHAPTEE

I.

THE PHONETIC SYSTEM. ALPHABET AND PRONUNCIATION.

SEC. 1.

Japanese,

when

written with the

Eoman

alphabet, requires

the same letters as English, with the exception of

The

letter

c

I,

q,

v

and x.

occurs only in the combination ch, which

sounded nearly

like

is

English ch in " church."

The vowels are sounded as in Italian but are always short marked with the sign of long quantity, when care must be taken to pronounce them long, thus ;

unless

:

do,

" a degree "

toru,

" to take "

JcuU, " a stem "

;

" a hall."

do,

;

tdru, " to pass fal/ra,

;

through."

" the air."

The only long vowels of common occurrence are o and u. They are found chiefly in words of Chinese origin, where they represent such Chinese diphthongs and nasal sounds as ao, ou, ang, ung,

When

etc.

preceded by another vowel or by n,

nearly like

ye,

i

like yi,

shio are respectively

The vowels

and

o like wo.

sounds very

e

Thus

ue, lion-in

and

pronounced uye, Imn-yin, and shiwo.

and u are sometimes inaudible or nearly so in the mouths of Tokyo speakers, as shite, " having done," pronounced

i

shte; jinriM3ha,-pi-onounced.jinriksha;

moon," pronounced

tski; takiisan,

tsuki,

"much," pronounced

watakusU, " I," pronounced watofeAi.

Initial

it

"the

taxan;'

is silent,

and

—

—

;

JAPANESE GRAMMAE. the following

uma,

m

doubled in the pronunciation of the four words

"tasty"; umarurii, "to be born";

"horse"; mimki,

ume, "plum-tree," pronounced mma, minahi, minaruru, inme.

But these deviations are

and unimportant.

slight

above words will be miderstood

The diphthongs, such

as ao, au,

ei, ii,

comment, as each vowel

retains its

own

The consonants

All the

pronounced as written.

if

ou, call for

no

special

proper sound.

are pronomiced approximately as in English,

subject to the following remarks

:

/is a true labial/, not the English labio-dental.

At the beginning of a word

g never has the somid oij. is

pronounced hard,

word

it

Kiga, the

the g in give.

like

has the sound of English

name of a

place,

Thus

in "longing."

rhymes almost exactly with "singer"

The words

(not with " finger").

7ig

it

Li the middle of a

ga, "of,"

and gotoU, "

like,"

also take the ng sound.

h before

i

sounds nearly

like the

sometimes passes almost into

n

at the

end of a word

ch in

"mich," and

pronounced half-way between a

is

n and the French nasal

true

German

sJi.

n.

Nomis having a

final

n are

mostly of Chinese origin.

y

is

Thus the

always a consonant.

"the pulse,"

is

English

word

confound

it

pronounced as one

mga

in myaku,

syllable, like

mia in the

syllable

"amiable." Care must be taken not to with the dissyllable in such words as miyako, " a

capital city."

« has almost the sound of dz

thus miut, " water,"

is

Double consonants must be thus

when preceding

the vowel

distinctly somided, as in Italian,

:

kite,

" having come "

koka, "

u

pronounced almost miihn.

;

kitte,

an ancient poem "

;

" a ticket." kokka, " hearth

and home."

— PHONETIO SYBIEM.

8

Generally speaking, the Japanese pronunciation both of

vowels and of consonants current

broad and heavy than that

less

is

European

most

in

and

languages,

especially

This remark applies more particularly to the

English.

and

ch, j, r, sh,

Tones, such as those of the Chinese, are

ts.

There

entirely absent.

is

of a

word and

or

little

a very slight rhetorical accent syllables

in

letters

no tonic accent, and only

that

;

is

to say, that all the

the words of a sentence are

all

pronounced equally, or nearly

so.

Students must beware of

importing into Japanese the strong and constantly recurring stress

by which we in English single out one

syllable in every

word, and the chief words in every sentence. All Japanese

consonant excepting

ts

words end

There

n.

either

and double

some very

a vowel

the

or in

of consonants

and the double consonants already mentioned,

among which must be counted sh

in

no combinations

are

ch, as in kesshin,

careful speakers a

ssh

iv is

words taken from the Chinese.

and

m most

;

standing for double zetcho,

pronounced

" peak."

after k in

Thus kwannin, " an

By many

official

"

;

But the pronunciation

Owaimusho, "the Foreign Office." cm'rent in Tokyo and

tch,

" resolve "

parts of the country

is

simply

kannin, Gaimushd, etc.

1.

— " Nigori,"

SEC. 2. i.e.

LETTEE-CHANGES.

" muddling,"

is

the

name

given by the

Japanese to the substitution of sonants for surds.* consonants affected are

The

:

ch

which change into j. sh ~

In contradistinction to the sonant

letters, the surd letters are "clear." The two categories together are termed sei-daku, sei being the Chinese equivalent for " clear," and

said

to

be sumi,

i.e.

daku for "muddled,"

—

— JAPANESE GEAMMAE,

/

which change into

b.

h „

changes

„

o-

„

change

„

z.

„

changes

k

ts ] t

N.B.—jF and

,,

d.

h also often change into p, especially in This

Chinese compounds.

is

called " han-niffori,"

i.e.

"half

muddling."

The

regarding

rule

the

nigoji,

member

when

the word

compound, thus

of a

is

that

is

changes into the

the initial surd of an independent word

corresponding sonant

broadly,

stated

used as the second

:

" throughout the land," from kimi and chu. " a practical joke," waniki and share,

ku7ii-ju,

ivaru-jare,

fune-bune, " all sorts of vessels,"

mushiba,

" a carious tooth,"

fune repeated. musid and ha.

Jwngokii,

" native country,"

hon and koku.

ronzuru,

" to discuss,"

ran

kanzume,

"tinned,"

kan and tsume.

kondate,

" a

kon and taU\

The above

bill of fare,"

rule is

and sum.

by no means an absolute one, euphony,

and sometimes the varying caprice of individuals, deciding in each case whether the change shall or shall not take place.

F and

however, always change either into

member

first

thus

2.

h,

of the

compomid ends

in the

p

if

the

consonant

n,

b or into

:

mimpTi,

" the south wind," from win and^M.

sfiiR-licn,

" three times,"

— As shown

before a labial.

,,

xkw and

in the preceding examples,

7(rti.

n changes into

m

— PHONETIC SYSTEM. 3.

—The

number

following

category

of

changea

affects

a large

and notably

of compound words of Chinese origin, the numerals as combined with the " auxiliary numerals "

ch

:

—

—

—

—

JAPANESE GBAMMAB.

for

IS-SO,

,,

sanso,

„

hachiso,

"eight."

jis-so,

„

juso,

"ten."

sen-zo,

„

sefi so,

"thousand."

,,

ichi shu,

"one."

,,

hachi shu,

"eight."

sh

-shu,

has-shu, jis-shu, t

Similarly,

—The

laws

:

aU

it-tsu,

,,

ichi tsu,

" one."

hat-tsu

,,

hachi

" eight."

„

jutsU,

"ten."

"tyranny."

z

tsu,

as-sei,

„

atsu

lutlc-ko,

„

hatsuJco,

Jcessuru,

,,

Jcetsii

sei,

"to resolve."

d, j,

and

z are correlated in

only before

a,

all

e,

e,

and o,

o

u.

Lidefinite

Attributive

Form.

Present,

;

such wise that d stands only j only before a,

i,

o,

and u

many

verbs, thus

:

ide,

izuni,

" to go forth."

dji,

oxuru,

" to correspond."

and h are similarly

he,

correlated,

/standing only before

sh are correlated, sh standing only before

]c(ist(,

«,

:

"to pass."

furu,

only before the other four vowels, thus hashi,

;

Apparent irregularities are

and h only before the other four vowels, thus

S and

their consonants

This leads to the following euphonic

hereby caused in the conjugation of

i*"

"issuing."

suru,

Japanese cannot pronounce their vowels.

before the three vowels a,

and

" ten."

ju shu,

,,

jit-tsu

4.

" one." "three."

has-so,

sanzo,

before

ichi so,

:

"to lend."

i,

and

s

—

——

—

— 7

PAETS OP SPEKOH. T, ;

ts

and ch are

ts,

only before

correlated,

u ; and

standing only before

t

ch only before a,

i, o,

Indef.

Attrib.

Negative.

Causat'we.

tachi,

tatsu,

tatazu,

tatashimuru,

W

5.

inserted before a

is

another vowel precedes, thus

Y disappears

6.

before

—A

:

" to stand."

when

" to laugh."

i,

thus

:

" to melt."

few monosyllables and dissyllables of pure native

origin ending in

member

and u, thus

warawashimimi,

Uyuru,

hie,

7.

and

e,

in verbal terminations

and

e

a,

:

warawazu,

warau,

warai;

;

e

change the

compound, thus

of a

e

into a

when used

as the first

:

from hatw and gu.

hanco-gu,

" metal work,"

ta-mahura,

" the arm used as a pillow,"

uwa-zutsimi, " an outer wrapper,"

CHAPTER

,,

,,

te

and vwhura.

ueainditsutsimii.*

II.

THE PARTS OF SPEECH. The words fall into

The

of

which the Japanese language

miinfieeted words are

:

numeral, and

many words

postposition,

composed

inflected.

I the nomi, which, besides the

substantive properly so-called,

II the

is

two great groups, the uninfleeted and the includes the

pronoun,

the

corresponding to English adjectives

corresponding for the most part to the

English preposition. " In reality kana,

become softened

ta,

into kane,

etc., te,

are the

etc.,

original forms, which have except in compounds.

— JAPANESE GKAMMAE.

8

The

words are

inflected

:

I

the adjective

II

;

the verb

(including participles).

This division

is

not an

convenience, but has

its

artificial

one made

for the sake of

foundation in the nature and history

In the following chapters the two groups

of the language.

of words are treated of in the order here indicated.

What we term

adverbs in

EngUsh

are replaced partly by

the

nouns, partly by one of the inflections of

Conjunctions postpositions,

under

included

and partly expressed by certain

isolated

of

inflections of the ;

but, being

words without grammatical connection with the

sentence, they call for

has no

adjective.

heading

the

Interjections exist, as in other languages

verb.

mere

partly

are

no remark.

The Japanese language

article.

From

one part of speech another

adding certain terminations. adjectives

Thus,

may

often be formed

rashijd

by

serves to form

expressive of similarity, and vmhoshiU adjectives

expressive of desire,

while more

expressive of action, as

rarely

mm

forms

verbs

:

otoho,

"man";

otohorasMM,

"manly."

tomo,

"company";

tomonau,

" to accompany."

yuku,

" to go "

yuMma/wshiki,

" desirous of going."

;

—

—

9

[

]

UNINFLECTED WOEDS. CHAPTEE

III.

THE NOUN. THE SUBSTANTPPE PEOPEELY SO-CALLED,

SEO. 1. 1.

— The substantive

and gender being

indeclinable, distinctions of

is

number

be gathered from the context, and

left to

case relations being, as in English, indicated by independent

words. Thus, the substantive itsJd signifies "bull," "ox," "cow," "bulls," "oxen," "cows," "cattle," according to circumstances.

ride

In such a phrase as ushi wo hau

" to keep cattle."

signifies

on a bull"

bulls"

if

signifies

if

mU

In

one rider

is

ni noru

alluded

several persons are spoken

" to eat beef."

and "

to,

of.

In ushi wo chichi

generally

it

signifies

it

"to

to ride

In ushi wo huu it signifies

on it

" cows'

milk."

In

the extremely rare cases in which

it

is

absolutely

indispensable to mention the sex of an animal, this can be

done by prefixing some independent word, such as o, " male " me, " female." Thus o-ushi " a bull " me-ushi, " a cow."

;

:

What we

call

;

the singular

by the use of the word " one year " Plurality

;

is

number

tciTna hitotsu,

occasionally indicated

is

ichi or hitotsu,

" one."

Thus

occasionally indicated by doubling the

(the second half of the

compound thus obtained

the "nigori," see page

3),

hobo,

"

ichi-nen,

" one ball."

a,ll

thus

word

usually taking

:

sides," " everywhere," from

ho,

" side."

huni-guni, " various countries," from huni, " country."

—— JAPANESE GEAMMAE.

10

Or by

some word conveying the idea

prefixing or suffixing

number.

Thus

han-Tiolu,

"all countries,"

of

:

"international";

from hem,

"myriad," and hohu, " country." sJw-kun,

"gentlemen"

;

fr'om sho, "all,"

and kim, "gentle-

man." su-nen,

"many

years"; fr'om

and

"number,"

su,

nen,

"year." " disciples"; from deshi, " a disciple," and tachi,

desJii-tachi,

a word expressive of plurality.

"women"; from

onna-domo,

"woman," and

onna,

tomo,

"companion." shin-ra, "subjects," "

word expressive

we"; from

shin,

But such locutions are somewhat of number not being dwelt as they are 2.

upon

exceptional, distinctions

turn by the Japanese

at every

by the Aryan mind.

— Compounds

will.

"subject," and ra, a

of vagueness.

are very

As in English, the

common, and can be formed at member of the compound

first

generally defines the second, as will be seen by the

examples throughout this grammar.

members

are

co-ordinated,

as

This co-ordination sometimes

numerous

Occasionally the two

kin-gin,

"gold and

(in imitation of

silver."

Chinese idiom)

assumes a peculiar form, which has been termed the " synthesis of contradictories," e.g. cho-tan,

kan-dan, " hot or cold," or

woman,"

i.e.

" sex "

i.e. ;

"long or short,"

"temperature";

yoshi-ashi,

i.e.

"length";

ntin-mjo,

" good or bad,"

"mskn

i.e.

" the

moral character " of an action; ani-nasld, "there being or not being,"

Two

i.e.

"the question

of the existence of

a thing."

contraries thus combined do duty for a single English

abstract word, thus

:

Inin

after-before) of a passage."

no ato-saki, "the context

(lit.

the

——

'

— 11

NOUNS.

When other,

one member of the compound

comes second

it

if

the word

a verb governing the

is

of Japanese origin,

is

and

Chinese origin. Thus ftma-oivshi, " a launch " " hami-Jiasami, hair-cutting " (Jap.) but U-hyo, " returning

first if it is of

;

;

to the capital "

" building a ship,"

«o-sew,

;

"shipbuilding"

(Chinese).

Hyphens

are used in

Eomanized Japanese

of clearness in very long compounds,

member ends

for the sake

and in those whose

first

n while the second commences with a vowel

in

or with y, as gen-an, " the draft " of a document, not to be

common man."

confounded with genan, " a

work they are used a and derivation

of

words.

number

of cases uses

land

' '

tei-hohu,

" emperor " It-ten,

"an ;

"Buddha"

Butsu,

and ji, " a temple."

;

' '

person.

Ei,

Eng;

hoku,

'

imperial country,"

"an empire"; from

fe»,

and kohu, " country."

" rainy weather "

;

from

u, " rain"

yoho-moji, " European writing "

and

:

"an Englishman"; from

and jin,

;

do

:

"a Buddhist temple"; from

Ei-hohu-jin, '

viz.

As member of a compound, thus

or " Buddhism "

and in

A noun may

say " a gold watch," " a Turhey carpet."

Butsu-ji,

'

adjectives,

nouns instead, just as in English

duty for an adjective in three ways, I.

In the present

freely to illustrate the sense

—Japanese has comparatively few true

a great

we

many

more

NOUNS USED AS ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS.

SEC. 2. 1.

little

;

and ten, " sky." from yoko, " crosswise " ;

;

moji, " a written character."

II.

Followed by the Postposition no, "

gaihohu no

hosai,

of," thus

" foreign intercourse "

pf foreign countries."

;

lit,

:

" intercourse

—

— 12

JAFAITBSB GBAMMAfi.

horimono no tsuhue,

" a carved table "

lit.

;

" a table of

carvings."

Followed by the attributive form of one of the tenses of na7-ii, " to be," thus

III.

the verb

:

kenso imru michi, " a steep road

;

a

lit."

steepness-being

road; nodolca rmru tenU, "genial weather," lit. "genialitybeing weather " shimetsu narishi Jiito, " a kind person," lit. ;

" kindness having-been person." 2. if

—Words

of this third class correspond to English adverbs,

the postposition ni (more rarely

verb

?2arM,

thus

—Many

words corresponding to English

formed by reduplicating nomrs, " a

taU,

Many

time."

Thus gasa-gasa

mell, etc. ;

tobo-toho,

are

words

"ding-dong,"

are

"peU-

or goso-goso, representing a rustling

descriptive of the tottering steps of

an old

Occasionally they are derived from adjective stems, as

crone.

siigo-sugo, descriptive of 4,

redupHcated

English

adverbs

"often," from

as taU-taU,

such

onomatopes, similar to the

sound

substituted for the

" naturally."

sJiizen to

3.

is

to)

henso ni, "steeply"; nodohconi, "genially;

:

low

spirits,

from

sugoJd,

" Ul at ease."

—All Chinese words are treated as nouns by the Japanese,

being used either jitsu,

"truth";

"invention,"

;

I.

as substantives proper, e.g. kin " gold ";

ketsu,

"decision";

Jiatsumei,

"discovery,"

or II. adjectively, according to one or other of

the three methods just mentioned, e.g.jitm-butsit, " a genuine article "

;

jitsu

adverbially, as verbs,

naru

osJde,

by suffixing ni or

by suffixing sum, "

" a true doctrine " to,

e.g. jitsu ni

to do," e.g. kes-suru,

Jiatsumei

sum, "to discover"; "to uavent,"

forbid";

or

V.

as

onomatopes,

e.g.

represent the voice of the nightingale

kai-kai, ;

;

or

III,

" truly "; or IV.

"to decide"; Mnzuru, "to supposed

to

yu-yu, descriptive of

the calm appearance of the distant heavens.

;

;;

;

;

;

PRONOUNS.

CHAPTEE

13

IV.

THE PEONOUN. SEC. 1.

PEKSONAL PEONOUNS.

The Japanese words corresponding of

significations are in

indeed to

still

most cases

whose

perfectly clear,

often used with those significations.

such English

(meaning "I"). to

to the personal pronouns

European languages are simply nouns

represent

expressions

and which are

They answer

"your humble

as

original

servant"

Self-depreciatory terms are naturally used

what we should

the

call

first

person,

and

complimentary terms to represent the second person, thus: hoTiU,

"servant" \

" the awkward person "

ses-sha,

shin, "

subject"

sho-sei,

" small born," " young "

soregashi,

" a certain person "

ware, (original

>l.

meaning uncertain)

watahusM, " selfishness " yo,

;

;

;

(etymology uncertain) etc.

etc.

Hd-ka,

" beneath the

subject does not

the sovereign

of the

steps

throne" (the idea being

that

^

a

dare to address

directly,

but

prostrates his petition at the

X

only

Your Majesty,

Im-

perial Feet) /

Kah-ha, " beneath the council-cham-

ber";

Your Excellenoyi

— —

—

—

;

;

JAPANESE GBAMMAE.

14

Ki-ka, " beneath augustness "

Kimi, " prince "

;

have originally

(believed to

Tianji,

meant " renowned " soh-ha,

" beneath the

etc.

N.B.

feet "

;

etc.

— Some

of these are also used as titles suffixed to other

Thus

Tennd Heiha, " His Majesty the Emperor."

nouns.

:

Postpositions can be suffixed to

Thus:

other nouns.

waga

(for

The

ware go)

in

is

plural suffixes

personal

Thus

soregasJii no,

common are

above,

as

any

to

my;"

soregashi

use.

more

often used with

than with any other

pronouns

the quasi-

class

nouns.

of

sessha-domo, shin-ra, ware-ra (or ware-ware), watakicshi-

:

domo (sometimes also used

"we;"

for the singular), yo-ra,

Jdnii-tachi, soTcka-tacJii, nanji ra, is

the

" of me," "

Instead oi icare no, "of me," " my," the form

"me.'

wo,

Vyou.

)

" you." In some cases plurality

otherwise expressed, e.g. by the term waga hai,

company," the usual equivalent

for

the

EngUsh

lit.

" our

editorial

" we."

The only word third person

closely corresponding to our

kare,

is

" that person "

(i.e.

" that."

pronouns of the

Periphrases, such as kano

as are also the honorific designations mentioned

equivalents for the second person.

which properly

The word

The

;

but

above as

Very often the word

means "that" (French

"his," "her," "its," thus:

person

Jdto,

" he " or " she"), are sometimes employed,

sono haha,

ce), is

sono,

used to signify

"his mother."

may be of any most commonly met with in the sense of " I."

onore (plural- onore-ra), "self,"

it is

quasi-personal

pronouns

are

information they might supply being

very

left to

little

used,

the

be gathered from

—— PBONOUNS.

15

the context in ninety-nine cases out of a hundred in which personal pronouns would be used by the speakers of European tongues.

EEFLEXrVB PEONOUNS.

SEC. 2.

The nouns corresponding to our "self"; owo^a,

jishin, onore,

reflexive

"own";

pronouns are jibun,

wa^'a, properly

"my,"

but also used more generally in the sense of " own," " one's

They

own."

are comparatively

little

used.

DEMONSTEATIVB AND INTEREOGATIVE PEONOUNS,

SEC. 3.

The words answering pronouns are

to our demonstrative

and interrogative

:

kore, " this "

(Latin

hie,

French

iste,

„

celui-ci, celle-ci, ceci.)

sore,

"that"

to-e,

"that"," "he," "she," "it," (Latin

,,

(

celid-la, celle-la, cela.) ille,

French,

celui-la, celle-la, cela.)

nani,

who ? " "what?"

izure,

" which

tare,

The

"

?

"

foregoing are the substantive forms, before leaving

which the student should note the plurals fceux-ci,

The

adjective forms,

nouns, are

and

sore-ra

celles-ci),

i.e.

hare-ra

those that are employed

kono, " this " (Latin Mc,

French

celles-la).

to define

ce).

"that"

(

,,

iste,

„

ce).

Jtfflwo,

" that "

(

,,

ille,

„

ce).

The forms ;

and kano also do duty for kore wo, no and kare no, "of that," of which they are

kono, sono,

sore

contractions.

Thus kono

"for the sake of

"her,"

(ceux-la,

" these "

:

sono,

" of this "

Tcore-ra,

"its,"

this."

The

kuni, " this country "

;

kono tame ni,

Sono also frequently means " his,"

old forms soga

and taga occasionally

——

—

JAPAmSE GBAMMAIt.

16

Tare

replace sono and tare no.

used of persons only, nani of

is

two compounds such as nani-Uto ovnam-pito, "what person?"), feww of both persons and things. Before words of Chinese origin, "this" and "that" are (save in one or

"things only

frequently expressed by

Thus

to.

" this time," " that

-.—tdji,

time," " at the time in question."

"

What

kind of

"

?

ing adverb ika ni meaning "

Note also

which are

how ?"

"where?," words nouns, though corresponding to Enghsh

"when?" and

iisM,

really

tions to modify their sense, thus

itm no hoto ncinsU ? "

"

lit.

" when did

" to where ? "

izuko yori,

lit.

" from where

no," which

indefinite

?

"

?

?

"anyone,"

izure mo, " either,"

i.e.

" whence

?

"

INDEFINITE PEONOtTNS.

manner

tare,

nani,

" both "; "

tare ;

nani

Jca, lea,

all"; izureha,

"someone." "something."

"one or other."

EELATIVE PEONOUNS.

The Japanese language has no relative pronouns or The way in which their absence

words of any kind.

will be understood

Uto, " the person

and

:

"everyone";

SEC. 5.

yuUsM

i.e.

"

nani mo, "anything," "everything"

V^ood

"

" whither ? "

pronouns are formed from

inure in the following tare mo,

i.e.

?

"

"whose?" "what?"

SEC. 4.

The

was a thing of when

happen

it

lit.

izure

:

it

izuko ye,

nani no,

izwTco,

Like other nouns, they take postposi-

interrogative adverbs.

tare no,

nam, the correspond-

expressed by ika

is

from the following examples

who went "

(ht.

relative is

made

:

" the went person");

— BEIjATIVES,

Usu-heU •'

17

" a thing which should be kept secret "

koto,

(lit.

a should-keep-seoret thing ").

As

seen by these examples, the verb or adjective of the

relative clause

must be put

in the attributive form.

If there

are several relative clauses, then only the verb or adjective of

the last clause takes the attributive form,

all

the preceding

clauses having the verb or adjective in the indefinite form,*

Thus :— EohorozcisJii tesseU too

idaU, gi

wo mo on no tame ni

saishi

wa

sdsetsu

enri shi, Msshi

wo

ymhi

shi-ju-sJdcM nin, " Forty-seven heroes,

tion

was as

difficulty,

iron,

who

whose devotion was not

for

their

lord's

mother, wife and children, and

wo azmnuU, issen ni

whose determina-

who had

damped by

to be

had

sake

fiibo

Tdwmneshi

left

father

and

resolved to sacrifice

their lives in the attempt."

Here

iclald,

ammuTd and

shi are the indefinite

verbs idaku, azamuku and suru, while tive

form of the

first

Idiccniieshi is

forms of the the attribu-

past tense of kkvamuru.

Occasionally the Japanese equivalents of English relative

Thus:

clauses appear ambiguous.

person,"

person

may

whom

send place,"

I (you, he, etc.)

may

saw

" ;

"the saw

who saw,"

idasu tokoro,

or " the

lit.

" the

be either " the place whence something

sent, or " the place to which

at the

inisid hito, lit.

signify either " the person

something

is sent.

is

But a glance

context generally leaves no doubt as to the meaning.

For instance, sa omoishi

loake,

cannot

mean

" the reason which

thought so," as such a collocation of words would have no sense.

whichl only

It

can only be interpreted to signify " the reason for

(he, etc.),

mean

thought

so.

" the time when

I,

Similarly, shuttatsu seshi toki (he, etc.) started "

can

As seen by the

* For an explanation and illustrations of these very important technical terms see chap. VII. and beginning of chap. VIII,

—

— 18

JAPANESE GEAMMAE.

above examples, the prepositions which often aeeompany an

EngHsh

relative

expressed in Japanese.*

pronoun are not

Note too that the English passive in such contexts

is

almost

invariably replaced by a Japanese active locution.

/

Not infrequently the words

tokoro no (more rarely mo alone)

are inserted between the attributive tokoro

710

saw " it

;

sitde

hito,

" the

mislii

man

I

ni nareru no noclii, for sude ni nareni nochi, " after

had already been done."

to the sense.

and the noun, as

the shorter mhlii

hito instead of

These circumlocutions add nothing

Their use originated in the imitation of Chinese

idiom.

Sometimes, however, iw legitimately represents the

English

relative,

onJumasJdno henkm, "the various

thus:

you "

matters mentioned by

" the

(lit.

matter-matter of

the honourable speaking"); go zoyo no Uhin, "the charming

present you have sent

me"

(lit.

" the beautiful articles of the

august sending").

CHAPTEE

V.

THE NUMERAL. THE CAEDINAL NIJMBEBS.

SEO. 1.

There are two

sets of

of Chinese origin.

the

first

numerals, one of native and the other

The

native set

is

now

ten numbers, which are as follows

obsolete except for :

2. futatsu,

8. viitsu.

4. yotsu.

5. itmtsu.

6.

7. nanatsu,

8. yatsu.

9. kohonotsu.

10.

1.

Idtotsu.

* Compare

imitsii. to.

English expressions as " dining-room," signifying " " shaving-brush," signifying, " a, brush with which you help yourself to shave," etc. ''

a

room

sucli

in v>lucli people dine

;

— MUMEBALS,

may

These numerals or

compounded with

may

they

— l9

either be used as independent words,

substantives.

When

used independently,

either stand quite alone, or follow or (very rarely)

precede a substantive, or stand in an attributive relation to the substantive by

means

Thus

of the postposition mo.

futatsu ari, " there are two "

;

:

When

— first

nine drop the syllable

properly a sufiSx, and long

The

"two months"

set of

;

to

to-tsuU,

1.

20. ni-jv.

2.

m.

21. ni-ju-icJd.

30.

5. go.

roku (or rihu).

8. JiacJd.

is

:

saii-ju,

40. shi-ju. etc. etc.

100. hyciku, or ip-pyaJcu

(lit.

" one

[hundred").

(or kyu).

200. ni-hyaku.

10. ju, 11. ju-ichi. 12. jii-ni.

etc. etc.

1,000. sen, ov is-sen

(lit.

"onethou-

13. ju-san.

[sand").

14. ju-shi.

10,000. man, or ban, or icld-'man

etc.,

is :

etc. etc.

4. shi.

ku

Thus

22. ni-ju-ni.

3. san,

9.

which

to.

"ten months."

ichi (or itsu).

6.

tsu,

becomes short

numerals borrowed from the Chinese

7. shield.

etc.

(lit.

[" one myriad").

These numerals cannot be used independently, but must always precede a noun, forming a sort of compound with the latter.

point."

\

-^

compounded, they invariably precede the substantive.

futa-tsuU,

[

no Jmko,

Jiaho futatsu, or futatsu

" two boxes."

In this case the

)

—

Thus ic7»-miw, "one person";

it-ten (iovicJd'ten),

"one

As seen by these examples, the nouns with which

the Chinese numerals combine are almost always of Chinese

— JAPANESE GEAMMAE.

20

Similarly, Japanese

origin.

used together.

and Chinese numerals cannot be

Shi, "four," is

however often

reijlaced

by

yo,

the native Japanese word, as in ju-yo-nin, " fourteen persons"; ni-ju-yohka, " the 24th day of the SEC. 2.

" Auxiliary numeral " of

month."

AUXttlAEY NUMEBAIS. is

the

name

given to a certain class

nouns with which the Chinese numerals constantly com-

They have English analogues in such expressions as "a hundred head of cattle," "so many panes of glass " but are much more extensively used. Thus " one war-vessel " is gunlean is-so; "one soldier" is heishi ichi-mei [oi icJd-nin); "one bine.

;

pen "

is fiule

hdshi, etc.).

numerals

ip-pon (less frequently issd no gunkin, ichi-nin no

The

following are the most important auxiliary

:

cho, for various things

with handles, such as

tools,

muskets,

and jinrikishas. fu, for letters.

fuku, for Jiai,

hiki, for

birds

scrolls, sips of tea,

for cupfuls

;

most

and

and whiffs

of tobacco.

glassfals.

living creatures except

also for certain quantities of cloth,

human

hon, for cylindrical things, such as sticks, trees,

ka or

fco,

for things generally, that

specially appropriated to them. ken,

mai,

for

buildings. flat

things generally.

human beings. human beings. volumes. ships.

documents. bil:dst

beings and

and sums of money. and

fans.

have no auxiliary numeral

—

;

:

NUMERALS.

N.B.

— For

21

changes which these auxihary

the euphonic

numerals undergo in composition with the numerals proper, see pages 5

and

Wa suffers the following irregular

6.

changes

sani-ba (3), rop-pa {&),jip-pa (10), hyap-pa (100), sem-ha (1,000).

By

names

the Japanese themselves the

and

of weights

measures, such as hin, " a pound", are included in the same

Thus: ik-Mn, "one pound"; hyah-Mn, "a hundred

category.

pounds."

Formerly there existed many native Japanese auxiliary numerals, which were used in combination with the native

The only words

numerals proper.

common

remained in

soroe, for, sets of

use are

things

„ rope-like things

tomai,

,,

"godowns"

futari,

mu-tomai,

(e.g. dozo

isolated expressions hitori,

"two persons";

have

class that

;

suji,

downs"); and the

of this

:

and

mud

go-

"one person";

"four persons," which

&iai yottari,

often replace ichi-nin, ni-nin,

"six

yo-nin.

Thus

:

suifu futari,

" two seamen."

The

native auxiliary numerals suffer no euphonic changes. SEC. 3. ORDINAL NUMBEBS, ETC.

Japanese has no separate forms

thus:

Meiji jti-Jcu-mti,

1886." or

for

what we term the

Sometimes the cardinal numbers do duty

ordinals.

other times the word

At

bamme suf&xed,

ichi bamnie,

" the nineteenth yearof Meiji,

" the

san-do,

dai,

to the cardinal

first."

" series,"

is

numbers, as

Observe such locutions as

" thrice."

san-do me,

" the third time."

san-cho me,

" third street."

satl-nin mae,

" portions for three."

for

them,

i.e.

A.D.

prefixed,

dai-ichi or

— JAPANESE GKAMMAIt.

22 sam-bu no

" one-third."

ichi,

" three per cent."

sam-bu

" thirty per cent."

san icari '

initsu

sam-mai sam-bon

„

,.

,, " three at a time ,

y zutsu,

;

etc.

and similarly with the other numerals.

CHAPTEE

VI.

THE POSTPOSITION. SEC.

1.

THE SIMPLE POSTPOSITION.

Japanese postpositions correspond for the most part to

English prepositions.

But some words which we should

adverbs and conjunctions, and others for which

no equivalents are included in

this category,

call

EngUsh has

When

suffixed

a verb or adjective, postpositions require such verb or

to

adjective to be in one of the attributive forms, a general rule

which

is

subject to exceptions mentioned in the course of the

present chapter. Postpositions are of two kinds, simple and

The

chief

simple

significations, are

postpositions,

Ga, I "of," or the possessive ease:

is

most usual

:

" Oishi's revenge; '\..ga tame

Ga

compound.

with their

ni,

OisJd ga fuJcushyu,

"for the sake of."

also used, especially in low-class writings

II.

whose phrase-

— 23

SIMPLE POSTPOSITIONS.

ology approximates to that of the colloquial, as a sign of what

we should juyo

call the

nominative case

wo

Siigiura SJii ga shdhai

:

" Mr. Sugiura distributed the prizes."

su,

III.

When

form of a verb at the end of a clause, has an adversative force generally best rendered by " yet,"

suffixed to the attributive it

"but,"

"still"

or

wo, which

(See

prefixed to the following clause.

preferred by good writers to ga in such contexts.)

is

Ea, an interrogative

particle, generally corresponding to

our

point of interrogation, but sometimes only to an expression of

uncertainty: Aruka, "Is there?";

Naniha, "Something or

other"; Sono so-dan no matomarisJd toTcanite, hondo

"An

agreement having, as

they are

"

now

"either

to

—When

or."

it

suffixed as

only so?"

it

i.e.,

Followed by mi at the end " Of course

occasionally

the gerundial termination

i«

tohoro

Thus

regulations, as

may

a

—When

"doubtless because,"

Sdfu mo hoko

:

ante ha, Jwnjitsu no hanrei rannai ni "

having certain views on

.of

Sldha nomi

not only so."

it is

to signify

shimari-hisohu wo moheraretari, less

:

a gerund, ha combines with

is to

" probably on account of."

at,

repeated-, Tea usually corresponds

sentence, ha expresses a merely rhetorical question

ha wa, "Is

,

would seem, been arrived

it

The

the

be seen in the

ni mini

am gotohu

tori-

government too, doubt-

subject, official

has drawn up

column

of our to-

day's issue."

Kara, "from," "since": horehara, "henceforward."

emphatic

Koso, a highly

corresponding to

particle,

an

unusually strong emphasis in English, or to an inversion

which puts

word

to

at the beginning of the

which the writer

desires

English sentence the

to

draw

attention.

In

Japanese each of the indicative tenses of verbs and adjectives has a special form in e, called by Mr. Aston the classical

" perfect," which

is

used instead pf the conclusive or indefinite

24 form at the end

JAPANESE GEAMMAE. of

— 25

SIMPLE POSTPOSITIONS.

means "

Mo

to arrive at a place one is going to ").

serves to form

the hypothetical concessive

mo

mo repeated

mood

" both "

signifies

:

likewise

of verbs.

mo

Mulcashi

ima mo, " Both in ancient and modern times." Motte, " thereby," "

and thus."

See wo motte, page 37.

Nagara, suffixed to nouns, signifies "just as it is," " without change," "tel quel," thus: Mendd tuigara, " Tedious as it is," " though a bore."

More

often

follows verbs (always in the

it

indefinite, not in the attributive form),

of " while," " during," thus

Ni,

"in,"

"into,"

idiomatic uses,

of

Ni has a

"to."

number

great

in

a sentence

marked by

often

English

is

called

the

of

subject

by wa or

ni followed

This gives the expression an honorific tinge, which ly

of

which the following are the most note-

worthy:—I. What is

and then has the sense

yuM-nagara, " while going."

:

oite.

general-

is

emphasized by putting the verb in the potential form,

it

being considered more polite to say that such and such a thing

is

happen in a person, than bluntly to assert that

able to

the person did

Mkyo

Thus

it.

seraretari, " the

the 3rd instant."

performed III.

:

Zoku

With a

Eaigmikyo ni wa sannuru mikha

Minister of Marine returned to Toky5 on

With a

II.

to " by," denoting as

:

passive verb, ni corresponds

does the person by

it

ni ohiyahasaruru, "

causative verb,

ni

caused to perform the action, thus "

To be

whom

the action

denotes the person :

is

scared by thieves."

who

is

lin ni hoto wo gisesMmuru,

To cause the committee to deliberate upon a matter,"

i.e.

leave a matter to the committee to deliberate upon."

" To IV.

Following the attributive form of a verb at the end of a clause, ni

serves

to

consecutive

indicate

actions

a contrast or difference between two or

states.

prefixed to the following

rendering, thus

:

"Whereupon"

clause, is the

most

or

literal

"on," English

Suiren no tassha wo shite saguraseshi ni, ni-nan

— JAPANESE GBAMMAE.

26 no shikahane

iohi-jo

ivo JiiU-agetari,

made by competent

divers,

" Tliey caused search to be

whereupon the bodies

of

two men

and one woman were recovered." But more frequently ni in such contexts

must be rendered by "but," there being hardly any

difference

between

it

and wo similarly

"

kotenki nite,

were rainy

placed, thus

nomi

oyobi yokujitsu kou narishi ni, kono hi

u-a kinrai

Zenjitsu

:

mare

Both the day before and the day and

late,

V. Xi suffixed

".

so

nouns sometimes means "and besides," "and."

sometimes

after

but on this day only was the weather finer than

;

almost any we have had of to

nam

follows

a

word which

according

Hito ni au, " To

ideas should be in the accusative case, as:

meet a person."

VII.

VI. Ni

English

to

Suffixed to the indefinite form of the

verb, ni signifies " in order to"

"

"to

Tori ni yuku, "

:

To go

to fetch."

Nite (sometimes corrupted into de)

"with": Kore

nite

sJiiru-besJd,

"in," "at": Osaka

II.

N.B.

— The

" It

nite, ".at

1.

" by

may

means

of,"

" by,"

be hereby known."

Osaka."

must not be confounded with

postposition nite

the indefinite form of the verb luiru, which signifies

7iite,

" being."

No

" of,"

or the possessive case, thus

"the inhabitants

Tokyo no jvmin,

:

of Tokyo"; bokii no znnjiyori,

opinion"; kimi wo osamuru no konnan,

"the

"my

humble

difficulty of

governing the country"; kishu no tsuko sum,, " the passing of the train," " the train passing." In examples Hke the last,

to

the word followed by

almost comes to correspond

9io

our nominative or accusative rather than to our geni-

tive

case,

and the noun

to

which

it

is

suffixed

must

often

be turned into the subject of a clause in English.

Thus

Waga

" It

hcd no

thing which

tsxinc

we

ni

ikan

to

sum

constantly regret."

tokoro Totsu;:en

nari,

:

is

a

dempo no Utaru

—

—

—

SIMPLE POSTPOSITIONS. ari,

"

A

telegram suddenly came "

the coming of a telegram"). "

To hear

its

Hito no onore wo

:

:

—

I.

II.

the other postpositions,

suffixed to,

used in two other

is

it

:

Kono ura

pond

at

(lit.

kymokujo, " "

if

relation between

A

There

is

resting-place /or the officials

no

ike,

to

after ari,

The

;

Hokkin yon

the other postpositions;

to cliihyu to

" the relations between the sun and the earth."

when

"

Ean-in no

:

Ei-Ro no kankei, England and Kussia." In the following

is suffixed to

in the sense of " that " or of inverted

followed, not

no kan-

Similarly

commas

ia

by a verb, but by a noun, no must be inserted

Hyaku-him ik-ken ni it. Thus "There is a golden saying to the

shikazu

:

hundred times

is

relative pronouns,

35

um

Similarly

no dempo, " a telegram from Peking"; taiyo kei,

two

a pond at the back of this."

the back of this."

&fifo()e«re

or

Thus a Japanese

the verb be omitted, say Eono

of)

The relations

instances wo

ni ike ari, "

before of,

being a rule that none

them except no and ga can show the

says

The day

Either in lieu

nouns without the intervention of a verb.

But he must,

suru wo kiku,

Between two nouns in

Issaku ju-ni-nicJd no nichiyObi," "

yesterday Sunday the twelfth."

of

liyo

While always retainingX

proper meaning of " of," no

noteworthy idiomatic manners apposition

" Suddenly there was

(lit.

others talk about oneself."

a trace of

2?

to

no kakugen

effect that

not so good as seeing once."

hearing a (See also

page 18, and compound postpositions, page

etseq).

To,

I.

"that" (the conjunction), or inverted commas, or

" to " followed by the infinitive.

think that there are none."

word " that," be omitted nari

to ii-tsutau,

Yorimasa "

(lit.

" It

is

Thus

:

Nashi

in such contexts.)

autograph of Yorimasa').

omou, " I

Yorimasa no jihitsu

traditionally said to be

[they]

to

[To can never, like the English

hand down the

an autograph of

saying

'

it

Ichi-daitai to sUruseru hata, "

is

an

A flag

— ^8

JAPANESE GKAMMAlt.

with the inscription style,

"it

'

Mku

omou, or

Eegiment end

'

being understood after

etc., it.

verbal forms in ahu, as iwahu, " said" is

placed at the

".

In the semi- Chinese

of a sentence in the sense of

"he thought,"

said that,"

is

First

often found at the

to is

commencement

some such verb

as iM,

Sometimes one

of the

omoerahu, "thought,"

;

which ends

of the sentence

Thus the above example might be abbreviated to Torimasa wo ji-hitsu nan to. For the sake of emphasis,

with

to

to.

in this

emphatic

particle

sense, is usually preceded,

first

its

by the

followed

occasionally

is

To,

zo.

not by an

but by a conclusive verb or adjective, as seen in

attributive,

the above example

{nari,

or sentence complete in

the preceding word.

The reason is that, as it commas placed after a clause

not naru).

simply corresponds to inverted itself,

If that

it

does not in any

word

is,

as

it

way govern must be,

generally

a verb or adjective in the conokisive form, that form remains unaffected by the presence of

to.

But the

fact

that the

postpositions generally are preceded by an attributive verb or

has influenced the grammar of

adjective,

to

in such wise that

many

writers substitute the attributive for the conclusive form

when

to

the

This happens especially in the case of

follows.

whose attributive termination

past,

first

replaces the conclusive hi before seshi

to

sldki)

(for

Kobe."

II.

must

iu,

to

Though

"It

is

retaining

to.

Thus

:

shi

constantly

Kobe ni tdchahu

said that they have arrived at

somewhat

of its force of " that,"

often be otherwise rendered (e.g.

by "to," "into,"

"with"), or altogether dropped in English, thus: Aware naru arisama

imreii,

to

Jdtoshiku,

"

"

He

alighting "). Miisume III. " and."

fell

into a pitiful plight."

As soon as we alighted" (more to ni-nin,

In this sense

"

it is,

Two

lit.

counting

like the

to

my daughter."

Latin

repeated after each of the words enumerated.

Oruru

" together with

que, generally

29

SIMPLE POSTPOSITIONS.

oompoimd

a

Tote,

the gerund, so that

of

" that,", and

to,

it literally

used as an equivalent of

"thinking that";

to

wo

He

"

iu,

It is

omoite,

to

;

Furmato

:

ni haeran

wakare

tote,

bade adieu, saying that he was going home."

Very frequently It

ing that."

" asking whether," and of similar

toite,

Thus

gerundial phrases.

the termination of

"saying that"

Hie,

to

te,

"

signifies

tote

"because

mood.

follows a verb in the conditional

and the conditional termination said (thought,

eha then together signify

believed, etc.) to be,"

"on

the strength of (something said done or imagined"), thus

Hito

shite

to

Kono

ni arazu.

"It

mizukara

not a

is

koto

i-sJioku-ju

wo naseba

wo kyu suru wa

aete hokorn-beki ni

tote,

human

thing for a

difficult

to be

arazu,

being to provide

He must

himself with clothing, food, and shelter.

:

kataki koto

not dare

proud on the strength of his doing so."

Wa,

originally

I.

a

noun

signifying

or they who,"

"he, she,

is

now

"thing"

;

"that which,"

used

chiefly

as

II.

an

emphatic or separative particle corresponding to the French quant

or,

a,

when

men and

repeated, to the Greek

regard to," "so far as

concerned," are

is

But

English equivalents.

its

de.

" With

most

explicit

force is generally sufficiently

its

indicated in an English translation by an emphasis on the

word

to

which

it is

suffixed,

and by the placing

at or

"

He

answered,"

Examples

" the

(lit.

of II. Nishi

wa

thing he

Fuji,

kita

jiken

matter

I

wa

betsu

ni go hodo

answered,

itasazu,

send no special information."

sJiukusho seimei wo

kagiri shitatamu-beshi, "

of I

:

word Te ni

Kotae-keru wa,

wa Tsukuba

the west stands Fusiyama, to the north

Kono

of that

Examples

near the beginning tazmoni wa, " The thing he holds in his hand." of the sentence.

[was] "). " To

nari,

Mount Tsukuba." " Concerning this

Kono

On

liyomen ni

this side

must be written but the name and address,"

wa

nothing

Saran

to

suru

JAPANESE GKAMMAE.

30

about to depart." Sorw jin-in wa nen-nen han lore wo sadamu, " The number is fixed each year

toU wa, " ni oite

When

by the authorities" the it

"as

(lit.

[they] fix

officials,

it

"

as a nominative in English

but

;

yearly

in

example,

last

noun followed by wa

the

often convenient to render

is

that number,

for

As shown in the

).

never a nomina-

is

it

tive properly so-called in the Japanese construction.

It is

simply a word isolated and generally placed at the head of the

True nominatives or subjects

clause for the sake of emphasis. are

Japanese,

rare in

(See Syntax, par.

Wo.

A

I.

sign

of

the wind," suffixed

i.e.

:

what

is

shinzuru,

" to wait

till

the end of a clause,

u-o

"

To beheve

To await the

"or

" but "

It

had been intended but

style,

has

it

ing instead." to a

now been

" and."

the use of

[the

palace]

in

ni.

European

decided to erect a Japanese build-

of dissimilarity

this

is

to sadamerai'U,

is

softened

between two successive

and then wo must be rendered by " and

But

at

Sdyd-zuhuii no

Occasionally the adversative force

mere intimation

states or actions,

or

to build

When

which

force, :

mikomi narishi wo, kondo aratamete Nihon-zukuri "

II.

of a verb or adjective

has an adversative

generally best rendered by " yet

[in]

getting calm of

the wind goes down."

the attributive form

to

subjectless.

European languages named

in

Kami wo

tuigu u'o matsu, "

Kaze no

being

sentences

2).

the accusative case

God."

most

shade

is

Inferior writers,

so,"

more often mdicated by foUowing the usage

of the

colloquial, use eithei ga or no ni for uv in all the cases included

under

II.

The connection between the two

chief uses of

wo

is

found in the fact that this postposition was originally nothing

more than an sentence, it

was

interjection serving, as

it

were, to interrupt the

and draw particular attention to the word to which

suffixed.

For the same reason,

it

is

not attached to

81

SIMPLE POSTPOSITIONS.

every noun which, according to European ideas of grammar, is

in

the accusative case, "

eating rice,"

"to do,"

make

when

a translation," " to translate."

Tenno Hciha wo

are

Here the

"respectfully

His

placing

rendering would be

Majesty the Emperor

Wabohu wo

as

ri

we should

mm

to

at

omoeba "

Here the

" thinking

really

be

will

it

Wabohu

''

literal [of]

therefore

is

an accusative, though rendered in English by a nomi-

native.

3.

subject of

The use

Oshima."

struction

of

wo

after

what corresponds

Thus

an English passive verb.

shima wo Oshima called

advantageous.'

the

" Think-

,

is

construction

:

call accusative.

rendering of the Japanese '

as

Imperial

ing that peace would be advantageous

peace,

"To

classed

Such phrases

From His

literal

a construction which

Such phrases

may be

I

by which the student 1.

"

hajime-tateviatsuri,

Majesty downwards."

2.

Under

of wo,

They

often greatly perplexed.

beginning,"

When

"

told,

Before the verb suru,

taking a meal."

some apparently anomalous uses is

Meshi huu

:

generally absent, thus: Hon-yciku suru,

is

it

tlius

is

really

to

in,

In

Minami

ni

the

miyuru

" The island visible to the south

all

is

such sentences the Japanese con-

an active one, the present example signifying

" [People]

literally,

:

to

the island lying

call

the

to

south

remarks on the nature of the Japanese 4. Wo at the end of a passive verb. Chap. VIII, Sect. 5).

Oshima." (See

also the

In such cases there

sentence.

is

an inversion of the usual

construction, the verb being placed at the beginning of the

clause instead of at the end, for the sake of emphasis and in

imitation of Chinese idiom.

Thus

:

Kou yoyahu

no shoTnimU

u'a

dai-shihyu go Tcamei aran koto uv (for Yoyahu no

wo

hou),

nam€S

"We to

the

trust that list

phrases as Kampisei

of subscribers."

uv

mekeraretmi,

"

5.

lit.

hoto

to

add their

Such

elliptical

gentlemen will hasten

" [They]

have

32

JAPANESE GRAMMAE.

been commanded

official

expense students,"

" They have

i. e.

been commanded to become students at government expense," or

more

" They have been notified that the expenses

freely,

of their education will be defrayed

Ya, I.

by the government."

a particle of interrogation,

As a

doubt,

exclamation.

or

directly interrogative particle, its use is chiefly con-

some other

sentences which contain

fined to

interrogative

word, and to those in which the question asked rhetorical one,

order to

Thus

information.

elicit

Nikon no jimmin

raiment

?

"

7nono narazti

7ii

whether

true."

Jiakaru-belcarazu,

Karada wa horomo

yori

is

is

a dubitative

as

"If perchance."

to iu ga,

but we

,

know

not

iw aida ni ai-miru ni itaru ya mo

"Who

knows? perhaps we may encounter III. At the end of a sometimes a mere exclamation Mnkoto nnru field of battle."

:

"Oh! how

kana kono koto ya, is

how

"

ya? "Is not the body more than

ya,

Udba

each other on the sentence ya

?

waga

told ni atatte,

" In such a case

ya, " It is ssbid that

sono jitsu ika it is

a purely

?

more frequent use

Its

II.

Thus: Mosld

particle.

Kono

:

ihaga su-hehi ya

loa

would our Japanese compatriots act

mo WMsareru

is

not a question properly so-caUed, asked in

i.e.

true these words are!" {kana

another exclamation or interjection, generally best rendered,

as here, by "

how

!

IV. Good writers sometimes (in imita-

").

tion of Chinese idiom) use ya in a half emphatic half exclama-

Thus

tory manner. iu-beshi,

character

may

" !

How "

(more

say that

such cases ya force.

it

is

taru ya, kare

lit.

may

" This phrase,

n-o

hyd shi-etari

—how

exactly !

equivalent to

But sometimes

it

ya,

icn,

to

be said to paint his [one]

has been able to paint his character ")

"now"; kanarazu sents

Kono ku

:

exactly the phrase

In

plus a certain exclamatory

sinks into a

mere

"positively."

— The

expletive, as inia ya,

syntax of ya pre-

some anomalies, ya being occasionally preceded by the

SIMPLE POSTPOSITIONS.

33

conclusive instead of by the attributive form of the verb or adjective, especially in the case of the present tense of adjectives, of the present tense of the verb m-u,

and of the present tense

ari),

and adjectives in general. question asked

the

" to be " (conclusive

of the negative voice of verbs

This happens chiefly when the

a rhetorical one, as in the example from

is

New Testament on

the previous page (concl. narazu for

The

final verb or adjective of a sentence

attrib. narazaru).

containing ya

also often put in the conclusive, contrary to

is

the general rule whereby interrogative words govern the final

verb or adjective in the attributive form.

more apparent than cases where ya

The

exception

is

occurs almost exclusively in

real, as it

not properly interrogative, but has one of

is

the meanings given above under headings II. and III., where

an example

will

be found (concl. hekarazu

In IV the Conclusive

^aru).

"to,"

I'e,

ye kuru, " to arrive at

less often

come

;

Yokohama."

America."

Sakujitsu'yori, " since yesterday."

utsukushild loa naM, nan,

than the

moon and

when

is

it

" There

suffixed

to

Jiachi-ji

yori kaijo," i.e.

"

lit.

To open

Un-im

often usfe

"

From

thus

:

in,"

Gozen

forenoon eight o'clock open

at 8 o'clock " the idea being that the till

some other hour not

NdsJw-mushd yori tasseraretari, "

such a thing has been notified by of Agriculture

means " since"

all prepositions,

place will be open from 8 o'clock

mentioned.

nothing more beautiful

The Japanese

a gerund.

"from

yori,

Tsukihana yori

from" where English idiom uses "

"at," "on," or "by," or drops

place,"

is

Yori always

the flowers."

yori in the sense of "

ment

Bdkoku

"from," "since," "than":

Yori,

for attrib. hekara-

always. used.

"towards," sometimes "at": Tokyo Yokohama ye tochaku sum, " to

Tokyo "

to

is

(lit.

Such and

" from ") the Depart-

and Commerce." Preceded by a negative,

JAPANESE GEAMMAE.

84

" -without " sometimes means "unless," " except by,"

yori

KenshiU aru ni arazaru

yori wa, Icesshite

mitomuru wo ezaru-heU ni

to

a state that

itareri,

"

They

them the remains

in

:

iseld

are reduced to such

would be quite impossible, except

it

recognize

to

taiko Tcekkyo no

an expert,

for

of very ancient

cave-

When thus used, j/on is almost always strengthened

dwellings."

by the addition of

iva.

Zo, an emphatic

less intense

pai-ticle

than

but best

hoso,

rendered in English by either of the means mentioned mider

teo, page 28. In classical Japanese, the final verb or adjective of

any clause or sentence in which

zo occurs is

butive instead of in the conclusive form.

style,

no

thus

Kore zo jitsu ni

:

which

this

science in

honniclii

really the

is

Europe

ToropjM ni

—Many

cause of

made, "

till

woba, and

combmed,

of the postpositions can be

" ;

is

yori wo, " even than."

sliogai

YoU

:

hito

ga tanin

all

to u-o

wo hakarite sum

for the act of a

own "

man is

ni,

in order to

" until," for

changed into

iva is

my

life

tasulciini

koto ni

wa

no

must be supphed, [koto]

aratani,

good man's helping others,

own

In such com-

long."

nan,

it is

interest,"

tea,

kesshite lit.

" As

certainly not

i.e.

" "When a

helps others, he never does so out of regard to his

interest."

What

TTo

wa, an ellipsis

a thing he does calculating his

good

made

Tdnu woba mi ni matou-maji, " In sUk

myself

binations as no wa, no ni,

toaga tame

is

of

used to denote a particularly emphatic accusative,

Ware mo

:

" It

THE COMPOUND POSTPOSITION.

will I too never array

thus

gahwnwn

oite

the great progress

particularize or emphasize the sense, as

thus

written

at the present day."

SEC. 2. I.

modem

ni shimpo seru yuen naru (for the conclusive nan),

6i

attri-

of this

met with in the

construction are occasionally

put in the

Examples

Ten

to

[iumono]

tva,

"

What is

meant by the term heaven,"

called heaven,"

——

COMPOUND POSTPOSITIONS. II-

—There

a large class of compound postpositions form-

is

m

ed from nouns by prefixing

Thus

suffixing ni.

no kage

" in the shadow of"). "in return for," " as compensa-

(lit.

" instead of,"

ni,

tion for," "

MO tame

and generally

(less often ga),

:

" behind "

ni,

no kawari

33

'

on the other hand."

" for the sake of," "by."

ni,

"above"

noueni,

(lit.

"on

the top of"), " on,"

"_Jb,e"'

sides," " after," " in relation to."

ga ue

" over and above," " besides."

ni,

Examples

:

Iwa no kage

tame ni keraruru, "

(ni),

" Behind the rocks."

To be kicked by a

no ue, " After a short rest."

another," " Ever more and more."

member

of these

compound

order to III.

or wo

hand

it

down

:

"

On

the top of one

After verbs,

the chief

sometimes used

is

Eien ni tsutoru tame, " In

for ever."

is a class of compound postpositions formed by ni and a verb, the verb generally appearing as a gerund

There

or else in the indefinite form. tions of this class are

ni

ni,

postpositions

alone, without either no or ni, as

Zanji kyusoku

horse."

lya ga ue

TJma no

oite,

"in," "on," "at."

often serves to denote

sentence (conf.

postposi-

:

This compound postposition

what we should

Ni

ni).

event of," "if," thus ni oite wa,

The most important

:

oite tea

call the subject of the

signifies " in

sometimes

Shina Seifuni

the

wo shdclaku sezaru

oite kore

" In the event of the Chinese government not

consenting, " If the Chinese government should not consent." (In this sentence the

first

ni oite serves to

mark the word

which corresponds to the English nominative, while the second

means "if").

Ni

oite

wo ya at the of a sentence has a very

strong exclamatory force.

It is generally

preceded by iioan ya

at the beginning of the sentence or clause, and should be

"

:

JAPANESE OBAMMAE.

86

how much more

rendered, according to circumstances, by "

"how much

or

"Even

ya!

Thus:

less.''

Jiji

im kafaru mo nao katsu

hombun ni arazu; iwan yajiji

gakiisha no

occupation of a scholar passing events

;

how much

okonau ni

ivo

on passing events

to discourse

is

oite

wo

not the proper

him

less is it for

to tlirect

!

ni okeru, "in," "position in," "relations with,"

Ei no Inch

with":

"

ni okeru ga gotokii,

"compared

"Like England's

position in India."

"being," "as," " in the capacity of "

ni shite,

jin ni

"As

shite,

where

it

a foreigner."

used

It is also

:

Gaikoku-

m many contexts

must be translated by an adverb or adverbial phrase

Saiwai ni

shite,

"fortunately";

zanji ni shite,

" After a

:

little

while."

"with reference to" "owing to":

ni tsuki,

"

tsuki,

With

"owing

niyori

i

ni yotte

J

dent," "as usual." to shite, tt'o

mo Jte,

to,"

'"according to "

"as": (lit.

Zbre

Sliarei

wi

"because :

wo gi ni

"

reference to the matter of of,"

"by means

of,"

Reiniyori, " According to precei/oiie,

to shite,

"

On

account of this."

" As a token of gratitude."

" having held ") "through," "by," "with,"

"by means of," "owing to" "because"; Tegami wo motte, "by letter." Sikunen no henran okorishi ivo mvtte, "Owing to the occurrence of disturbances last year."

motte sinks into being a

accusative case,

Daishi

Envoy

to

nashi

as

:

,

mere sign

Sometimes wo

what we should term the Inoue Haku wo motte Tokulm Zenken of

"Appointing Count Inoue as Special

Plenipotentiary."

Motte without wo generally signifies

" and thereby," " and thus."

But both

often be neglected in translating,

ico

motte

and motte may

though some trace of

their

proper meaning generally lingers in the origiualJapanese, thud

Gundan wo

moke, motte kokku uv hoyo su, " \\e raise troops to

COMPOUND POSTPOSITIONS. [thereby]

protect our native land."

midari ni

We

87

wo

taitd

tsugi

Chin yojahu wo motte " Succeeding, young and feeble as

,

are, to the great inheritance of Our Ancestors."

Uanahada "now," "down to .the present." Wo watte sjH'it, properly means " to use," but it can often be dropped in translating Waga hai no mini tohoro wo motte suru ni, "Looking at it from our point of view" (lit. "Using the seeing

"very"; Ima

motte,

fnotte,

.

:

company

place of our of."

Wo shite,

who

is

Wo

").

means " it

motte nari

Thus

caused to perform the action.

kimi-tarii michi ivo

to

because

Chin wo

shite

ushinawashimuru n/jnd tiarazu, shitagatte

resso

no tenka wo usJdnawasJdmuru wtri, " This

Us untrue

is

with a causative verb, serves to denote the person

Our duty

is

as Sovereign, but to

:

not only to

make Us

make

lose the

Empire handed down by Our ancestors." Occasionally the noun corresponding to the English nominative addition of

ico shite

:

is

marked by the

Moshi hairiku un-yu no arisama wo

haku no gotokufukanzen nam

koto

shite,

nakumba, " If the state of com-

munications by sea and land were not so imperfect as they are."

wo ya, a strong exclamation, nearly answering to the English colloquial

"why!"

imada Naikakii wo hatsugen shitaru

made

shi,

"why?"):

wa Burisson

shi

soshiki sezaru m,ae ni oite slide ni wagi

wo

(not

Futsutei kore ni

"

wo ya!

overtures

Why

!

ojite

Shintei

kowa no yoyaku wo

kettei

the Chinese government had already

and the French government had

of peace,

signed a preliminary treaty of friendship before Monsieur

Brisson formed his cabinet

with the more usual ni

!

' '

oite

(Do not confound this wo ya).

Note also the following compound postpositions ya mo, "whether

ya mo shiru-hekarazu,

"We

:

(might) not":

cannot

tell

ya

whether

niitaru it

may

not

"

result in

ya wo

may

ivo

;

in this combination ya has

its

original interrogative

JAPANESE GBAMMAR.

38

and wo serves to show that the whole clause preceding

sense,

the object of the following verb

it is

ya wo jinkyu suru

zarishi

thing

"

On

:]

ni,

because of what did

Nani ga yue

:

ht. "

it

On

ni furuwa-

investigating

not exercise influence

enquiring into the reasons of

its

want

?

[this

"

i.e.

of success."'

—

N.B. The general rule, according to which postpositions must be preceded by the attributive form of the verb or adjective,

admits of a few exceptions in special locutions, besides

those noticed above under ka, (for ni),

sede,

aru mama), "just as " without

;

"

it

is,"

ni,

to,

Thus an no mama

etc.

(" tel quel ")

nashi ni [{oinaU

;

and such idioms as furi mo

"not raining;"' kuwashiku wa

zonzezu,

exactly," where the indefinite form precedes

fun iva know not

sede or

"[I]

mo and

wa.

—

89

INFLECTED WOEDS. CHAPTEE

VII.

THE AJDECTIVE. SEO. 1.

The

inflections of

PEIMAEY ADJECTIVE FOEMS.

Japanese adjectives do not, like the

inflec-

tions of English adjectives, serve to distinguish the degrees of

Neither do they, as in French, indicate number

comparison. or gender.

As has been

which the Japanese gram-

ber and gender are considerations to

matical system pays inflections of

or

little

no heed.

The

Japanese adjectives (and verbs)

show whether the

num-

stated in the chapter on nouns,

is

of the

object

primarily

:

to

force of the adjective (or verb) is attributive

or predicative, indefinite or conclusive distinctions of tense

and mood.

verb " to be " implicitly.

Thus

;

and secondly

to

:

mark

All adjectives contain the :

Umifukashi, " the sea

[is]

deep."

In

its

simple state, a Japanese adjective has four forms,

viz.: I.

The Stem which

sionally nagaki,

is

used only in compounds and occa-

in exclamations,

"narrow-long,"

" hard-wood

as kata-gi,

i.e.

slender

;

yo-suguru,

" ;

hoso-

" to be too

good." II.

The

Indefinite or Adverbial

adding hu to the stem. 1,

To

It is

Form, which

is

obtained by

used in two distinct manners,

qualify a verb as; Haya](u hui-u,

"To come

viz.

quickly,"

—— 40

—

JAPANESE GBAMMAE.

In this case

it

corresponds to the English adverb in

But

ly.

the Japanese use this form even before such verbs as "to be," and " to become," where

Thus

corresponding adjective.

2.

Betsu

As

-Thus

last.

Yama

:

jinlta suhimashi,

"

The mountains

high,

is

cold,

climate

mini ga

tco

verb in every clause of a

itself a predicative

sentence except the

its

requires the

kuni

tio

" It must be like finding oneself in another

r/otohu naru-beshi.

country."

Enghsh idiom

:

kiko smnuku,

tctkciku,

a certain country] are

[of

and human dwellings few."

cases each Japanese adjective in

lai

In such

must be rendered by the

corresponding English adjective preceded by some tense of the verb

"to be."

indefinite

form

is

to

know by what

it

is

The

that

no tense

of

is

it

tense or

mood

Sometimes

form.

it

which

or

mood.

to translate

necessary to ascertain the tense or

or verb nearest after

of

characteristic

essential

mood

it

the

In order

into

EngHsh,

of the adjective

not also in the same indefinite

is

this will be the last adjective or verb of

the whole sentence, sometimes only the adjective or verb of the last of a set of similar clauses.

Thus

above

in the

example, takahi. and scmmku must be translated by the English present indicative, because the final adjective sukunaslii makes

a general assertion, and the present tense.

may

karada mo sukoyaka narrha,

and robust, he

therefore be considered to be in

Again, take the example

will do for the

of the verb nureha

Toshi wakahu,

:

ni teli su-hcsld,

i/H

" Being young

Here the intervention

work."

in the conditional

mood

end

at the

of the

succeeding clause shows that wakaku also must be construed as a conditional little

hito

even

if

rhythm

we had

The construction

(=w/ikiiki'rfha).

more complicated. am mo kikui nasld,

Thus

"We

the men,

of the sentence

:

Func aredumo

have

ships,

but no

we have no machinery."

shows that we must go

is

often a

Idto

naku,

men

;

and

Here the

to the

end of

— —

:

ADJECTIVES.

the clause Mto

am mo

nasU

to find the adjective (verb)

The aru

of the second clause has

Tdhai

corresponding to nahu.

41

to be passed over.

The

III.

M

Form, which is obtained by adding used only as a predicatve at the end of a

Conclusive

to the stem.

It is

sentence, as in the case of sukunashi in the first example given in the preceding paragraph, or as in the following example

Omou

cMko

ni

hi asciku, naiji no koto

m-held mono sukunasJd

to sezu,

"On

the interval since the restoration

masa ni shinsaku kocho

reflection is

short,

it is

seen that

and that not a

remains to be originated or reorganized in the internal

little

(In this example all three inflections of the

administration." adjective

are

sukunashi

is

the words

to

seen,

asakii,

beki,

sukunashi.

Note too that

end of a sentence grammatically speaking,

at the sezu,

" do not consider that," being another

lit.

short sentence serving to introduce the first after the

manner

of a quotation.)

N.B.

— Those adjectives

add another

shi to

held to suffice. " strange "

;

Thus

;

:

aru-majiku,

This exception

be."

writers

whose stem ends in

is

mezurashiku,

conclusive aru-maji,

do not being

" should not

sometimes disregarded by ignorant

" bad," are therefore occasionally

as (ishishi (for ashi),

met with.

IV. The Attributive Foi-m, which It is

shi

conclusive mezurashi,

and such ungrammatical forms

to the stem.

shi or ji

form the conclusive, the one

is

M

obtained by adding

used in three distinct manners,

viz.

1.

To

A good method " Aru-majiki A thmg that ought not to be " (lit. " an ought-not-to-be thing.") 2. * When the adjective is followed by a postposition, thus Ho no yoroshiki ni yori (coUoq. shikata get yoroshii qualify a noun, as Yoroshiki ho, "

koto,

;

"

:

kara), "

Owing to the

excellence of the method."

* For exceptions see chapter VI.

San-itsu naki

—

,

JAPANESE aHAMMAB.

42 WO

"None must be

yosu,

ha

held

"He

to ton,,

when thus used, tive,

"[the

(lit.

Vn-im nasu-

asked whether he should do so and so."

be noticed that the attributive form of the adjective,

It will

ideas,

allowed to get lost"

require the absence of losing").

authorities]

ceases to be an adjective according to

and corresponds rather

by the verb "

or to an adjective preceded

abstract substantives in sa, so

European

an English abstract substan-

to

common

The

to be."

in the colloquial, are

almost always replaced in the written language by the attribu-

"the

tive adjective form, as s«.?»Mfci for samusa,

when one

the end of a clause or sentence,

words of the clause or sentence emphatic particle oMte aijume

Thy

say.

iu

to

thus

zo,

:

is

rarely

an interrogative or the " Whether

iziire lea yasulei?

to,

;

At

8.

precedmg

Ximji no tsumi yurusaru

sins be forgiven thee

This use

is

cold."

of the

or to say Else

is it

iu

to

to,

easier to

up and walk ? "

met with in modern books, except in the

semi-classical style.

N.B. here

— Originally there was a

(for hio

under heading

koso,

The paradigm follows

fifth

form, obtained by adding

Thus

the stem.

are) to

hayahere,

See

hehere.

page 23.

of the

primary forms of adjectives

is

as

;

STEM.

INDEFINITE CONCLUSIVE ATTRIBUTIVE FORM. FOKM. FORM.

"early"

fJiaya

Tiayaku gotolcu

liayashi gotoshi

hayaki

goto

,

hem

i

i ,.

1

naliu

nasM

nati

?

\

The maiority j * < i Jof adjectives.

6e

,

,.•

besTii

"like."

gotoki

" ... able." i IVIXiiaiOd

•aOIOA aAlLLYHHM^V

•saAMoarav ^o KOKtvava

j3

JJ

:

O

CO

S S S ^ B H ^ri ^o3 r^rt ^^ ^3 rt rf rf ri c3 ^ CO

iu

^ hS J3 /= -a J3 ^^"^^3 j3 -= ^ ja ^

j<

45

t-^

—

—

JAPANESE GRAMMAK.

46 " from

Thus

").

yori (wa) Fuji

high";

Fuji

:

wa

takashi,

i.e.

Asama

lit.

" as for Fuji, than Asama,

high

is

Asamayama."

yori

Asama,

were spoken

of,

the superlative,

Here

is

nam

tea

this "

Fusiyama."

than

high

" world's

(lit.

thing is-not

When

is

is

more mountains

in English

is

termed

remaining the same.

no

misfortune

greater

misfortunes,

this

simply

implied,

expressed

comparative and superlative

or

may

than,

oi

than

great-being

"extremely"; is

" a

6i

also

by

yori,

"

still

more

"

itatte

;

"greatly"; sukoburu, "very."

ni,

the

be indicated by prefixing to

the positive some such word as nao,

sem-ban,

as

Asama

").

not

superlative

yoii

high

Tenka no wazcnvai kore yon

:

" There

naslii,

"

i.e.

If three or

Japanese idiom

another example

from the

not

is

it

we should have what the

it is

Asama wa Fuji

:

considered from the standpoint of Fuji," less

or

takasJii,

considered

as

Again

" as for

tahakarazu,

Iwdo)

Asama

ica

" Fusiyama

standpoint of (or

—

The

sometimes indicated by suffixing the word

thousand myriads " ;

thus

;

Kinodoku semban,

"Inexpressibly sorry."

Excess of a quality

is,

like the

comparative and superlative,

generally denoted by the adjective in its simple form. Thus, " This is too high " will be in Japanese simply " This is high "

{Eore be.

im

takashi), viz.,

by implication, higher than

The expression may be rendered more

explicit

it

by

ought

to

suffixing

the verb suguru, to the adjective stem, as taka-sur/unt, Ht. " to go past in height." The word amari, " excessive ," may also be used, prefixed to the simple adjective, thus

" Altogether too high

N.B.

obhged

—Eemember to render in

;

" but this

that vast

English

nouns, as explained on page

H.

is

:

Amari

takashi,

rare.

numbers

of the

words we are

by adjectives are in

reality

—

— 47

CHAPTEE

VIII.

THE VERB. SEC.

The

INTBODUCTOEY EEMAEKS.

1.

fanctions of the Japanese verb differ in

from those of the

respects

Distinctions of person

On

attributive

and a conclusive,

some important

European languages. utterly foreign to

two forms,

of the tenses have

—while there

form which does duty for ADJECTIVE

of

and number are

many

the other hand,

verbs

all

is

a general indefinite

The veeb and

the tenses.*

THUS CLOSELY EESEMBLE EACH OIHEE

IMPOSSIBLE TO tJNDEESTAND THE

it.

—an

;

AND

IT

IS

GEAMMAE OF THE VEBB, UNLESS

THE CONSIDEEATIONS ADVANCED IN THE CHAPTER ON ADJECTIVES HAVE BEEN THOKOUGHLY MASTERED.

To

recapitulate briefly

The

I.

indefinite

what has there been

form stands

at the

a set of clauses excepting the final

set forth

:

end of each member of

member

;

and the tense

mood by which it should be rendered can only be known when the verb or adjective of that final clause is reached. or

Thus

:

goes."

Natsu

kitari,

Here the

Jwru yuku, "

indefinite

Summer comes and

the present, because the final verb yukii

The

indefinite

form of verbs

is

spring

form kitan must be rendered by is

in the present.

likewise used to form

compounds

' Many grammarians give the name of root to tbe indefinite form of the verb. As, however, the latter is but one of several inflections, theory and practice are ahke confused by such a misnomer. It is convenient to use the word " stem " to designate that part of the verb (or adjective) which sufEers no alteration, and to which all the terminations are suffixed. Sometimes this stem coincides with the More often real root, as sam, the stem of samuru, " to grow cool." it

is

cool,"

a lengthened form, as samas, the stem of samasu, "to

make

—

— :

48

JAPANESE ORAMMAB.

stem that performs "to come and ask." *

(in adjectives it is the

Mtari-tou,

The

n.

forms

conclusive

stand

this function), as

only at the end of a

Hito Idtareri, " The people have come." Thus III. The attributive forms serve to quahfy nouns, herein resembling the participles of European languages. Thus sentence,

:

:

Kitareru

" the have-come people," i.e. "the people

hito, lit,

who have come."

They

stantively, followed

are moreover themselves used sub-

by postpositions, and also instead of the

corresponding conclusive forms at the end of sentences

an interrogative word or the postposition Hito no kitareru people,"

i.e.

ivo mite,

N.B.

—Verbs,

" Seeing the having come of wa,

li-lceru

".

like adjectives, originally

as yuhe, homure,

when

precedes, thus

"seeing that people had come."

" What he said [was]

e,

lit.

zo

sure,

used

only

had other forms in

after Jcoso.

See

hoso,

p. 23.

What

obscures this threefold distinction and thereby per-

plexes the beginner,

is

the fact that some of the tenses which

are capable of being used both as conelusives tives

have but one

inflection to

and as

attribu-

perform the two functions.

Furthermore, the modern colloquial of Tokyo has dropped

all

distinctively conclusive forms, thereby introducing a second

element of confusion for those before

commencing the study

who

acquire the colloquial

of the written language.

The

student acquainted with the colloquial should specially note that the written language has no such forms in the present tense of verbs of the

second

and third

conjugations

as

*" Many nouns coincide with the indefinite form of verbs, as tanoshimi, "gladness" (tanoshimi, u, "to rejoice"); mi-harashi, "a view " {mi-harashi, u, " to view from a distance "). They are however, so far as modern usage is concerned, true substantives, felt to

be distinct words from the like sounding verbal indefinite forms.

VEEBS.

homeru, ireru, or

49

These are replaced, according

siigint.

to

circumstances, by iru,

When such as

I

Conclusive

there are two Verbs derived from the

"to go in" and iriim (Colloquial

iru,

one belonging to the

in,"

to the

may

Thus

and

iru,

iruru,

is

end of a sen-

at the

signify either " goes in " or " puts in,"

according

In the case of the attributive form there

no ambiguity, as

tion,

" to put

second, the conclusive form of the present tense

to circumstances. is

same stem,

iirni),

conjugation, and the other

first

therefore identical in both. tence,

Attributive.

ii-iini,

;

"goes in," in the

it is iru,

first

conjuga-

"puts in," in the second.

Note also from the above example of hitareru and from the examples given on pages 16 and 17, attributive

form of verbs (and

how

the existence of the

adjectives) supplies the absence

of relative pronouns.

The regular conjugations SBC. 2.

are four in

number.

CONJUGATION OF VEBBS.

All the inflections are added to the stem, invariable.

Some

which

is

itself

of the inflections consist of a single vowel,

whose original meaning

is

obscure, as

]iuTd,

yuku,

yuJce.

But

by far the greater number are obtained by agglutinating fragments of old auxiliary verbs, postpositions

thus that to

;

and

adjectives,

to

and in some few cases the

yuh'M, yuMsM, yuhi-besJd, yukeba.

grammarians have given

one or two others the

of the verbal forms in

Note that mo

may

single

to the simple

name of common

vowel

It is for this

" Bases ".

forms,

reason

vowel forms and

The paradigms

vreitten use are as follows.

be omitted from the terminations of the

yaripus concessive fprms, thus

:

yukcdo, for yiikedomo.

.

.

50

VEEBS.

REGULAR

FIRST Yuku, "

Form

Indefinite

for

all

Tenses

yuku yuku

Conclusive

'Present

-I'Attributive (

Conclusive Attributive

f

ionclusive Co

(

Perfect First Past •

G oecond1 T) rusti

(

I

,

1.

(

< (

yukitari

)

yukitaru

j ... )

fyukan,

Conclusive i Attributive

Future

yukinan, or j'uku

<

naran

m O o o

yukishikaba...

go. as, since, or when [I, ^

went, have etc.] gone or had gone. '1

yukinaba

< (

yuku

when

or

since

[I, etc.]

1 yukitareba

...

[-if [I, etc.] J-i

go.

naraba.. J

5 yukitaraba I

O

J

Tyukaba y ukaba Present Hypothetical.

Past Hypothetical

p M

bably go.

I as

r

J

pro-

shall

etc.]

[I,

J

,(yukeba

Past Conditional.

oj-

1

J(^

Present Conditional

it,

have had gone. [I, etc.] went, have gone, or had gone. [I, etc.] went, have gone or liad gone. [I, etc.] went, have gone, or had gone away. gone,

|

yukinu yukinuru

Conclusive . .^ , . Attributive

she,

Avent,

etc.]

[I,

}

j'ukitarishi El

he,

gone, or had gone.

)

yukiki yukishi

,

you

H

yukitariki

iu T> Fourth Past

Yiik.)

we, you, they] gn.

j

yiikeri

Conclusive . -v Attributive ,

(Stem

go."

[I,

)

yukeru

Attributive jAt -^

To

lyuki

Oi^ative

...lif [I, etc.] had yukishi naraba | gone. yukabaya oh that I could go !

Present Actual Concessive Present Hypothetical Concessive

f

yukedonio

\ (

yuku to iedonio yuku mo ... )

(

yukite

mo

...) j

though [I, etc.] do actually go.

even

if

[I, etc.]

go.

...

'yukishikado-

mo yukitaredomi) yukitari to

_Past Concessive

donio yukishi to

ie-

though went,

[ I,

etc. ]

have

gone.

or liad gone. iii-

doniii

.yukishi

Imperative

Gerund

,..

.

yuke yulce yukite ^

mo

...

go

!

[by] having gone, I [by] going. (

.

.

51

VEBBS.

CONJUGATION. Affirmative Voice.

Form,

'Indefinite

yuku-beku '\

.

Present "3

I

Past

yuku

...

-

bekere-

ba

(yuku

Form

(

Conditional

I

[I, etc.,

etc.] go.

)

J

j^

,

should,

j

I'

etc.,

«'°^ J

go.

yu^-t^-shi ...Kr etc.] want to go. yuki-taki ... ] L^^' yuki-takariki 1 [I, etc.] wanted to yuki-takarishi yuki - takerejre- ) as, since, or when [I,

ba

want

etc.]

....jf

'^"'^

Hypothetical

| ^ba'"*''™^"'^" } ( yuki - takere - \ '

Concessive concessive

'

should,,

go.

yuki-taku

'-'°"'''"^'^'^'

i | ^tti.ibut;i^,e ( Conclusive. I Attributive

Past

etc.]

\

mo t«7"

I

Indefinite

[I

etc., go,

(though

iedomo

j yuku-beku •'

sive

1

etc.]

[I,

etc.,

\ yuku-beshi to T should, (

Hypothetical Conces-

-

since,

should,

j

domo

)

as,

beku-)i£

( yuku-bekere ...

1 )

(m)ba

\

Actual Concessive

would, should, may, T might, can, could, must, or ouglit to go. )

... (

i

(

Ilypotlietioal

'

shall,

yuku-bekariki i ^t ^ i 1 i yuku-bekari-U?''*°']'''°"''^''*°-' have gone. glii j X

Past

will,

Conclusive. I Attributive

'Conditional

Present i resent

etc.]

yuku-beshi ynku-beki

f

,

[I,

Conclusive. I Attributive (

^°^°

to r

'''°* ^°

go^'

(though

lyuki-tashi ( iedomo

[I, etc.]

want

to go.

J

etc.] went, have gone, or had gone,

ynki-keri

f Conclusive I Attributive

'

to go.

[I,

yuki-keru

when [I, weent, have

1 as, since, or

Conditional.

•

jy« ki-kereba

...

>

gone. gone, or had hi lOugh [I, etc.] went, :o-|« have gone, or had gone. i

J

! Concessive

.

)

mo

etc. ]

J

--

.

VEEES.

62

FIRST (yukazu

Present

O

you, he, she, it, we, you, they] do w yukanu J not go. ., ri, etc.l did not go, yukazariki ... (Lj^^^^^ not gone, or yukazanshi...J i,^,i ^ot gone.

Q H P

I

f

Past.

...

I Attributive... V

Future...

Conclusive

Conclusive

(

yukazaran or

}

yukazaran

1

Attributive...

Present Conditional

Past Conditional.

Present Hypothetical. ai 02

Q O o

Past Hypothetical

(

^

^"^^^'

i

or

f

yukaji

not ° go.

3

yukazareba ... I as, since, or vehen I yukaneba ... C [I, etc.] do not go. C yukazarishi - "^ as, since, or wlien [I, etc.] did not go, kaba ) ( yukazarishi ni f have not gone, or J yotte 3 had not gone. (^ if [I, etc.] do not go. i yukazu(m)ba. yuKazui^m^oa. Tyukazariseba..^ if [I etc.] had not -! y ukazarislii gone. naraba ( J >-

yukazaredomo

yukanedomo

Present Actual Concessive

1

..

I

yukazu to iedo-

mo Present Hypothetical Con-

[

though

[I,

etc.]

do

[I,

etc.]

do

not go.

J )

yukaazaru mo.

even

if

not go.

^

o

[I, etc.l shall '' -

f

f

c M

1

.

...

-<

I

V,

....

,

^

[I,

l

Conclusive ... lyukazaru (Attributive... (

..

REGULAR (Stem Tuk)

Yuhi, " To go."

yukazarishika-'"

domo though

[I, etc.] did not go, have not gone, or had not

yukazarishi to

Past Concessive

iedomo yukazarishi

naredomo

ffone.

....

yukazarishi

mo "yukazare

yuku Imperative

,

nakare...

yuku-na

j-go not,

yuku koto nakaie

(Jerund

yukazu yukazu yukazu i yukade

do not go

!

i

J ni

...

shite ,

[by] not having gone, [by] not going.

53

VEEBS,

CONJUGATION. Negative Voice. 'Indefinite

Form

yuku-bekarazu

(Conclusive

[I,

yulcti-bekara-

etc.]

will,

shall,

would, should, may, might, can, could, must, or ought not

zu (Attribufve" yuku-bekarazuru

Present

<

to, go.

r Conclusive T yuku-bekara-

Past

O

...-<

zariki

J

( Attributive

(^

.„

,.^.

(

,

rConditional

„ Hypothetical ii

i-

1

[I, etc.]

yuku-bekara-

j

etc.,

zarishi

yiiku-bekarazareba

I

fyuku-bekara-

I

I

\

|%.u(m)ba

...

[

(yuku-bekarazaredomo ... yuku-bekarazu to iedomo Hypothetical Conces- ( yuku-bekarasive Indefinite

Present

Past

I

zaru

mo

riki

-1

yuku-majika

-

rishi

§ ^-i Hlypothetioal

'yuku-mtijikereba yuku-.majiku-

L Concessive

yuku-raajike-

Conditional

...

I

S

(m)ba ...

redomo Conclusive I Attributive

yukazari-keri

(

Past

, '

though

'

yukazari-keru

[etc.]

[I etc.]

should

not, etc., go.

even I

Conclusive. 'yuku-maji .... yulra-majiki... \ Attributive yuku-inajika f Conclusive.

I

should not, etc., go. if [I, etc.] should not, etc., go.

if

[I,

etc.]

should, etc., not go.

(

( Attributive

f

as or since

yuku-majiku

Form

should not,

have gone.

en

!

"

54

VEBBS,

SECOND REGULAR To

Ilomiirii,

Indefinite

Form

for

Tenses Present.,

a O O

First Past...

Second Past

o M R

Fourth Past ,

Future

?

hoinu

\

homuru

..

.

.

(lioineki houieslii

( (

(

hometari

| ...

1

i-

"

have or had praised.

homennru ... | hoiiien, home-

)

pt

^

in

^

,

prof

shall

etc.l

\1, j nan, or liomu- [> LI bably praise. ru naran jas, since, or .

or when praised, have or had praised. since,

as,

homeshikaba..

[ I,

1 hometareba...

ihomeba

when

praise.

[I, etc.]

l

etc. ]

.

homenaba homuru n;

Present Hypothetical

praised,

etc. ]

I,

have or had praised.

homureba )

praised,

etc. ]

I,

[

j

'

) •;

praised,

have or had praised.

|[

Present Conditional

'

etc.]

I,

[

f

(homenu

"{

Past Conditional

have or had praised.

)

f

•

jii-u

praised,

etc, ] etc. _

I,

[

j hoiiietariki ... ( honietarishi...

I

n Conclusive Attributi

)

) y

-

!

you, he, she, it, we, you, they] praise.

[I,

)

)

(

1 honietaru

-

r •r,

horn).

\

Conclusive Attributive (Conclusive I Attributive ( Conclusive ( Attributive \ Conclusive I Attributive (Conclusive I Attributive !

1

Third Past..

(Stem

iiriiise."

K ^^^^

all

>if [I, etc.] praise.

ba

rhometar iraba... homesili nara-

Past Hypothetical

\

I

ba

[I.

Present Actual Concessive

homu

<

praised. r

i

oh that I could praise

though

to iedo

Con-

"

homuru mo...

even

homete mo ... 'homeshikado-

cessive

[I,

etc.]

do

actually praise.

mo Pi'esent Hypothetical

had

etc. ]

>-

homebaya homuredomo

Optative

.„

)

if

[ I,

etc. J

praise.

mo hometaredorao .Past Concessive

{

horaetari to ie-

though J-

domn

[

I,

etc.

]

praised, have praised, or had praised.

I

I

houioslii to ie-

(lomn I

Lhomeshi mo...

Gerund

J

homeyo

Imperalive ..,

homete

praise! | (

[by] having praised, [by] praising.

.

VEEES.

55

CONJUGATION. Affirmative Voice.

Form.

"Indefinite

homu-beku etc.]

[I,

Conclusive

8

Present

{

liomu-beki

Attributive

p

,

homu-bekariki bomu - beka -

Conclusive I Attributive 1

[I, etc.]

homu-bekere ba ( homu - beku

5

- )

I

)

Hypothetical

{homu Actual Concessive

.

homu

Con-

oessivo

Present

Past.

-

(

-I ^

-

PI

Hypothetical

iedomo .. - beku

I 1

I

mo

3

even

if

should,

etc. ] [ I, etc., praise.

home-taku home-tashi ...HI, etc. home-taki ... J praise. ) home-takariki 1 n,

home j i (

\

-

takari

-

home -

i

^

want

]

")

ba

home

taku-

(m)ba

since,

as,

-\

etc.]

[I,

or

when

want

to

praise.

) if

etc.]

[I,

want

to

praise.

J 'J

hhough

domo home-tashi to

L

iedomo < Past

o

Conditional

>

S O

<

I

Concessive I.

\ /

home-kereba

[

etc. J

I,

praised,

have praised, or had praised. etc.]

,

hnmp keredo )( 'ifJ^e-keredo"'°

want

)

home-keri home-keru

Conclusive (Attributive (

[I, etc.]

to praise,

("

as, since, 'or

H

j.

^^"^^^^ ^°

J takere-

j

^

,

?*«•] praise.

to

{home - takere-

p

Hi

etc. ]

I,

should, etc., praise.

J

« M 02

[

though

homu

Conclusive Attributive Conclusive Attributive

Conditional

etc., praise.

beshi

Shi '

or since [I, etc.] should, etc., praise. if [I, etc.] should, as,

j

beke

(

Form

Indefinite

-

)

etc.,

-

redomo ..,

to

Hypothetical

-

(m)ba

I

should,

have praised.

(

rishi

Conditional

shall,

praise.

L

'^''^^"

will,

would, should, may, might, can, could, must, or ought to

liomu-besiii...

)

when

praised,

or had praised. tho"gh [ I, etc. .^^^^ j^^^^ ^^

praised.

[I,

have ]

j^_^^j

VERBS,

56

SECOND REGULAR "

Homuni,

R o o

^<

Past

f

I

EH

O tH

honiezaru

(

homenu

honiezaru homeji

<

or

J

([I,

homezaran or C

I Attributive

!2;

.

homezarishi.

( Conclusive

Future

ft

....

homezariki

Conclusive Attributive

you, he, she, it, we, you, they] do not praise. [I, etc.] did not praise, have not praised, or had not praised, [I,

")

(

...| Attributive

homeji f

Present Conditional I

(Stem Horn).

praise.''

homezu

r Conclusive

Present

To

}

homezareba...

) as,

homeneba

j

homezarishi

,.,

-

kaba

since,

[I, etc.]

( [I,

,

—

-' yotte J

homezu(m)ba

...

or

homezaredo

not praised, or

,

]

praise.

though

homenedomo..

homezu

had not

-

mo Present Actual Concessive

wlien

etc.] did not praise,

'homezariseba if [I, etc.] homezarishi f praised, ''^f"'""' naraba J ^

Past Hypothetical

when

had not praised. do not if [I, etc.]

3 J '

Present Hypothetical

or

do not praise.

since,

1 as,

! homezarishi ni Thave

Past Conditional

not

shall

etc.]

praise.

etc.]

[I,

do

not Draise.

to ie-

domo Present Hypothetical Concessive

even

honiezaru mo..

if

etc.]

[I,

do

not praise.

homezarishika ]

domo I

homezarishi to I

J ledomo .

Past Concessive

.

i

V

homezarishi na-

homezare

frerund

homezu 1 homezu [homede f

'

]

liomuru-na ... homuru koto nakare J

.

,

homezarishi mo,

homuru nakare Imperil tive

ri, etc.] did not praise, have not _,...^ u.j _.* praised, or had not

praised.

redomo _

though

ni;;;::

shite.,

praise

not,

do not

praise.

nothavlngprais1 t^j] ?'^'

f J

'°S'

^^y^ "°* F'"^"

(

VEEBS.

57

CONJUGATION. Negative Voice. 'Indefinite

Form

r Conclusive

Present

< I

Attributive

liomu-bekarazu [I,

liomu-bekarazu honiu-bekarazarn

will,

etc.]

shall,

would, should, may, might, can, could, must, or ought not to, praise.

rConclu

homu-bekara-

(Attributive

homu-bekara-

.Past,

'\

zariki

( [I,

zarishi

'Conditional

-

1 as or since,

etc., praise.

7 if [I, etc.]

should not,

homu-bekara-

Actual Concessive

zu(m)ba ... | etc., praise. homu-bekara - ^ zaredomo ... ( though [I,etc.] should homu-bekara - C not, etc., praise. zutoiedomo. 3

sive

1,

I, homu-bekara1

zarumo

) I J-

f

J

r—

<

[I, etc.]

should not,

j

Hypothetical

Hypothetical Conces-

O

should not,

have praised.

3

homu-bekara zareba

m

etc.]

etc.,

f

even

if ,,

,

should, •

praise.

'

[ I,

etc.,

etc. ]

not

..

.

.

58

VEEBS.

THIRD REGULAR "To

Suguru, Indefinite

Form

for

all

sugi

Tensea

O o ;> &^

O M P

sugu suguru

{Conclusive

Present

(

Attributive Conclusive

(

Attributi-'e

First Past...

Future '

'Present Conditional

sugislii

..

sugitari

.

sugitaru

..

or had passed. passed, have or had passed. [I, etc.] passed, have or had passed. [I, etc.] passed, have or

..

r sugin, sugi < nan, or sugu- > naran. ru naran (_ J j

had passed away.

bably pass. or

since,

[I, etc.]

J

pro-

shall

etc.]

[I,

as

sugureba sugishikaba sugitareba

Past Conditional

when

pass.

since,

or

when

etc.]

pass,

have

or had passed. ]

sugiba 1 >if [I, etc.] pass. suginaba suguru naraba J sugitaraba ... | if [I, etc.] had passsugishi naraba I ed. oh that I could pass sugibay a

Present Hypothetical

Past Hypothetical Optative

!

suguredonio..-)^j^^^^g^^

M W o

it,

[I, etc.]

sugitarishi

suginu suginuru

]

you, he, she,

we, you, they] pass. [I, etc.] passed, have

sugitariki

'

Conclusive \ Attributive

[I,

sugiki

Conclusive Second Past i Attributive ( Conclusive Third Past \ Attributive Conclusive ^^"''hP^^ti Attributive (

pass."

sugu to iedo-

Present Actual Concessive i

Present Hypothetical Con-

mo suguru

mo

...

sugi te mo sugishikado-

cessive

[I,

etc.]

do

actually pass.

-even

if [I, etc.] pass.

mo sugitaredomo, sugitari to

Past Concessive

ie-

domo sugishi to

though [I, etc.] passed, have or had passed.

ie

domo sugishi

..

sugiyo.

Imperative

Gemnd

mo

,

,

sugite

.

1 [by] having passed, [by] passing.

1

f

59

VERBS.

CONJUGATION. (Stem Sug.)

Affirmative Voice.

'Indefinite t'orm

sugu-beku [I,

r Conclusive

Present ! (Attributive

o

(

Past,

(

'

sugu-beki

Conclusive Attributive

sugu-bekariki "j sugu - bekari - v sla

sugu

-Conditional

...

domo

J j

p p ^^

,,

Hypothetical

ft

M

sugi-taki sugi-tariki sugi-tarishi

} '

p

T •

Concessive

]

i.

... ) ...

[1,

i as,

-1

mo

etc. ]

e etc. ]

want

to

etc.]

wanted to

}

smce, sii

etc.]

P'

.".'!.: [

'

or

when

want

to

^^'^ "^""^ *° '

pa£.

'\

(though -

[ I,

pass.

J

sugi-takeredo-

sugi

if

should, etc., pass.

-HI,

'bf *.'.'^.'!?.-I: }

I

even

)

sugi-tashi

r

etc.

j

sugi-taku

]

[ I,

should, etc., pass. l

^^

^

Form

Conditional

though

iedomo

(

(

etc., pass.

|

Conclusive =1 Attributive f Conclusive I Attributive

,

O

I

Con-

cessive

'Indefinite

Of since [I, etc.] should, etc., pass. should, if [I, etc.] as.

sugu-beslii to

(^

«3

bekere-

-

"

Actual Concessive Hypothetical

have passed.

{ ^'Jg^ba'!'^ } C sugu - bekere- "J

Ph

should, etc.

[I, etc.]

3

|

Hypothetical

H o

shall,

will,

etc.]

would, should, may, might, can, could, must, or ought to

sugu-beshi

tashi to [

[I, etc.]

want

to pass,

I

iedomo

p

,

Conclusive 1 vjuui-iuo.Yo ( (Attributive

r Conditional

1

LO

( Concessive

)

passed, have or had passed. ^ as, ssince, or when sugi-kereba [I, etc. ] passed, have or had passed. J hav though [I, etc.] passTmie-i keredo ) ^d, have or had pass' mo •) ed. sugi-keri

)

sugi-keru

)

\

V

[I, etc.]

,

VEEBS,

CO

THIRD REGULAR Suguru " To r Conclusive

ft

o o

Present..

;

1 Attributive

I

[I,

siiginu ...

Past.

[

li

T,

,

sugu

...

.

bo

etc. ]

notpass.

-

bS)

S S

^

CO

majike-

g

reba

g.

o

1 [I, etc.] did not pass,

have not or had not J.

j

Concessive

[ I,

etc.,

.

.'d

sngizari-kere-

Hi

if

should,

majika-

sugizari-keru

^°'^^- I Attributive

>

etc.,

m -

sugizari-keri

5 Conclusive

Conditional

etc. ]

isugu-majiku(m) ba - majike[ sugu redomo [

Hypothetical

i'ii

even

)

I

rishi

'Conditional...

etc.]

pass.

I

riki

...

[I,

not, etc., pass.

j

sugu-majiku.. 1 sugu-maji .... sugu-majiki .. sugu - majika-

"Indefinite Form....^.. P'-«s'^°t

zu(m)ba ... sugu - bekara-

I

sive

,

or since

- bekara- I not, etc., > should zareba J pass. sugu - bekara- )if [I, etc.] should

zaredomo.... .

I

T,

as,

sugu

as,

or when did notpass,

since,

[I, etc.]

I

I

(H EH

etc.]

seen, or

1 as, '

ii

etc.]

) [I,

fmi-takeredo Concessive

if

should,

I

3

o

etc. ]

[ I,

etc., see.

mi-taku mi-tashi mi-taki mi-tariki mi-tarishi

Hypothetical

P M CO

etc., see.

besbi f should,

t>

E-i

or since [I, etc] | should, etc., see. 1 if [I, etc.] should, ) as,

rmi(ru) -beke-") redomo or (though )

-!

etc.,

J

reba

Hypothetical

J

-

riki

(Attributive

shall,

see.

J P5

will,

would, should, may, might, can, could, must, or ought to,

|

since,

[I, etc.]

saw,

had

have

seen.

or when saw, have

J seen, or had seen. ^ though [I, etc.] saw, f

Concessive

mi-keredomo > have J

seen.

seen,

or had

.

(

04

VERBS.

FOURTH REGULAR "To

Miru,

Q O O

niizu

r Conclusive

mizaru

'Present

1 Attributive <

Past.

Q I—

[Future

ininu

miznriki mizarisbi

{Conclusive Attributive r Conclusive

mizaran

( Atti'ibutive

mizaran

miji

.

.

.... -

fi |Z5

miji (

Present Conditional

'

I

.

mizareba

I

mineba

j

mizarisbikaba ni < mizarisbi

Present Hypothetical..

,

)

,

Present

Actual

sive

or

since,

or

since

as,

when

do not

[I, etc.]

see.

when

did not

[I, etc.]

-?

mizarisbi

see,

if

etc.]

[I,

na-

naraba

Tmizaredomo .. Conces -J minedomo ... (though [I, not see. ] mizu to iedo- C

etc.]

do

etc.]

do

.

Hi

o

as,

have not seen, or I had not seen, ) mizu(m)ba... if [I, etc.] do not see. fmizariseba ... had not (^

M

f

I

Past Hypotlietioal

shall not see.

etc]

[

yotte

P O o

[I,

....

I

Past Conditional

see.''

you, he, she, it, tlieyl do we. you, tbey] > we, not see. [I, etc.] did not see, have not seen, or had not seen.

) [I,

(

Present Hypothetical Conj

cessive

mo mo

mizaru

i

...

\

pmiz.irishika-

though to

niiz;irishi

!

iedomo

Past Concessive

if

na-

etc.]

have or bad

did not not

seen.

redomo iiiizarislii

[I,

not see, seen,

mizarisbi

[I,

not see.

1

donio I

even

mo

luizaiu

miru nakare Imperative

,

..

see not, do not see

{ niiru-na

!

miru koto naL

kare

Tmizu Gerund

J (

3 mizu ni "j

mizu

("li^'^-'

shite

•

...

[by] not having seen, f [by] not seeing,

J

65

VERBS.

CONJUGATION. (Stem Mi.)

Negative Voice.

Form

'Indefinite (

mi(ru)-bekarazu

Present < (_

[I,

mi(ru)-bekarazu mi(ru)-beka-

Conclusive Attributive

-

razaru

will,

etc.]

shall,

would, should, may, might, can, could, must, or ought not to, see.

mi(ru)-beka-

C Conclusive

'J

LPast

o

razariki

...^ (_

( [I,

mi(ru)*beka

Attributive

razarishi

EH

Hypothetical

|Zi

EH

O

have seen.

...

mi(ru)-bekarazareba mi(ru)-bekarazu(m)ba...

Conditional

M

should not,

etc.]

etc.,

(

as,

or since, [I, etc.]

should not, if

not

etc., see.

etc. ]

[ I,

etc.,

should

see.

|'mi(ru)-beka-

Ph

razaredomo mi(ru) - beka.

I

Actual Concessive

.

-j

though

[I,

should

not,

etc. ] etc.,

razu to iedo

mo Hypothetical

T,

,

'^''''^®"'

(

mi(ru)

Form Conclusive

j Attributive Conclusive I

beka-

-

mo

razaru

cessive "Indefinite

r

Con-

...

( Attributive

mi(ru)-majiku^ mi(ru)-maji mi(ru)-majiki mi(ru) - majimi(ru)

-

maji•r;

karislii

Conditional

mi (ru)

Hypothetical

mi(ru)-maji-

-

maji-

kereba

S

'^

ku(m)ba

LConcessive

mi(ru)

•-

'

g

-)

mizari-keri -keru..

-

maji-

keredomo '

"^ J

...

I

(

Past

...

-j

Conclusive Attributive

...

if

should,

kariki

Past ...\

;f'.|

even

bo

[ I,

etc.,

etc. J see.

not

—

—

JAPANESE GRAMMAE.

66 SEO, 3.

EEMAEKS ON THE PABADIGMS.

The 1st, 2nd, and 3rd, conjugations include verbs of any number of syllables, as korosu, "to kill," 1st conjugation; aratamuru, "to rectify," 2nd conjugation; Jwroburu, "to I.

The 4th conjugation

perish," 3rd conjugation.

following ten dissyllabic verbs only

consists of the

:

hiru,

" to dry in the sun."

hiru,

" to winnow."

hiru,

" to sneeze."

iru,

" to shoot with a

iru,

" to fuse or cast metal."

bow and arrow."

iru,

" to dwell."

kiru,

" to wear," " to put on," " to have on."

miru,

" to look," " to see."

nirii,

" to resemble."

niru,

" to boil."

Kaerimiru, " to look back," " to consider," follows

N.B.

mine from which hohoromiru),

it

is

compounded.

" to test,"

though

Eokoroniuru (colloquial

from

derived

also

ndru,

follows the 3rd conjugation. II.

Japanese verbs have no infinitive properly so-called.

The present

tense and such expressions as yuhu

act of going";

supply III.

its

ynkishi

koto,

Tcoto,

"the

"the act of having gone,"

absence.

The use

of

the

indefinite

forms

is

Li the negative voice the germid

page 47.

explained on supplies

the

absence of an indefinite form. IV. The fundamental distinction between the indicative

and the oblique moods contains sentences,

a

conclusive

and an

is

that each tense

form

attributive

which

is

of. the

used to

form which

is

indicative

terminate

used like

an

VERBS.

adjective prefixed to

nouns

mood can end

sentence,

In

fact

a

page 48), whereas no oblique

(see

or

obhque moods

the

67

be

are

prefixed

verbs

noun.

a

to

and simple,

pure

whereas the tenses of the indicative mood are of the nature

The gerund,

of participles.

only

;

and the name of past

grammarians

like the oblique

moods,

participle applied to

is

verbal

by some

it

a misnomer.

is

V. The Japanese use the present tense more commonly

than we do. tions,

Not only do they employ

but they frequently denote by

fact of such events being past

is

it

for general asser-

past events, unless the

it

the most noteworthy thing

Future events are also sometimes indicated by

about them.

the present tense,

there

if

no doubt as to the certainty of

is

their occurrence.

VI.

The

first

expressing, as pasts,

means tion

when

it

Thus

survives.

sign of the

and nothing more.

present, thus

this

other

:

ari,

significalit.

"

is

Both these are generally

perfect,

Chichi ni nitari, "

He

but sometimes by the is

like his

father."—

use the attributive for the conclusive yuhishi at the end of a sentence, where requires yukiki.

tense,

grammar

yuUte

the same as yukitari, with the

past tense added.

ittari

a'pt to

e.g.

f Do not confound such as

is

by the English

Ignorant writers are

form of

tense,'''

The

whose proper

yukitaii is for

Yukitariki

first

best rendered

in tari,

the original and true past

of auxiliary verbs, a trace of

still

correct

is

analysed, are fomid to be compounds formed by

having gone."+

**

past

does, past tinie

it

Mtari

with the colloquial frequentative forms ; or with tari, taru, tareba, etc., contrac-

The most to aru, to areba, etc., suffixed to nouns. rendering of these latter forms is the verb "to be "; but they Thus Oikai are often best omitted from an English translation. taran mono, " Those who may constitute {lit. be) the assembly," i.e. " The members in the f ature." Chichi chichi tarazu to iu to mo, ko motfe ko tarammba aru-beharam, " Even if a father does not act ia a fatherly manner, his child must not fail to act ia k> filial manner." tions of to ari,

literal

:

68

JAPANESE GEAMMAK.

Inu and inuru, the terminations of the fourth past, are themselves the present of

The use

an old verb signifying "to go away."

of the fourth past therefore indicates that the action

and done with. Thus sugimeans "it has passed away." The only verbs of the

of the verb is completely finished nurii,

fourth conjiigation which

"to

wear";

Some tions

nirit,

possess the fourth past are

"to boil";

and

nuru

others by

;

means

of tsu,

A

seen by reference to the paradigms. set of terminations indifferently,

"

means

verbs form the fourth past by nu,

[I]

have praised.

termination of

—Do

the

thus

:

and the other

of the terminatsuru,

with

past,

the

conclusive

the attributive

mi,

The one being

attributive, they

same place in the sentence.

as will be

Iwmenuru or honietswu,

not confound nu,

fourth

Iciru,

resemble."

few verbs take either

termination of the negative present. clusive

"to

niru,

con-

can never occupy the

In the

conjugation the

first

two are further distinguished by the preceding vowel, which is i in the fourth past and a in the negative, thus yukinu, :

" went away

";

exists only

in

verbs of

irregular verb suru,

times the present, VII.

The

" do

yukanu,

the

not go." first

The

past,

the action mentioned

so-called future indicates, not so

as uncertainty,

which

conjugation and in the

"to do," replaces the

when

perfect,

is

and some-

a specific one.

much

futurity,

and may therefore be used in speaking even

of present or past events if they are doubtful,

thus Ju-hakku-nen mae no koto naran, " It must have been some eighteen or nineteen years ago. VIII.

The

conditional

:

and hypothetical, which are con-

founded together in the modern colloquial dialect of Tokyo, are sharply distinguished in the written language.

conditional phrase

means " As he

ia

Karada sukoyaka

Thus the

nareba, yo ni teki su-heslii

robust, be will dp for the

work

";

whereas

:

69

VEEBS.

the hypothetical Karacla sukoyaka naraha, yd ni teki su-beshi

means "If he hypothetical

The

sometimes emphasized by the use of

if

percliance," placed at the

Into

for

IX. The concessive

the clause.

mono

saiwai nari:

loa

of is

sono

Blessed are the merciful

because) they shall obtain mercy."

use of the word

mood

is

sometimes emphasized by the

" even though," at the beginning of

tatoi,

Occasionally the concessive words

used in the sense of " even to

am

u-heltereha nari, "

wa awaremi wo (Jit. it is

begimimg means "it

conditional followed by ncai

Thus: Awaremi

because."

The

do for the work."

will

is

the word moshi, "

the clause.

he

robust,

is

mood

if,"

" even in," thus

to

iedoma are

Bummeikohu

:

iedomo, imada sono gai wo tiianitkaruru atawazu,

"

Even

in

[people] cannot escape its ravages."

civilized countries,

X. The potential and prohibitive forms commonly replace the future and the imperative.

Thus

yuku-beshi, " I

:

"you

go," rather than yukan; yuku-bekarazu, or yuku-maji,

must not go," rather than XI. The different

desiderative

to

yukazare, " go not."

forms

used

are

in

two

slightly

Thus, while yuhi-taku means " I want to

ways.-

go," on ide nasaretaku suffixed

will

means "

I

want you

to go."

When

an honorific verb, the termination taku always

refers to the writer, while the verb itself refers to the person

addressed.

compound

When refers

to

suffixed

to

the writer.

a humble verb,

the entire

In other cases a glance at

the context generally shows whether taku should be referred to

the subject

aritaku

or

to

the

Thus

object.

machi-tatematsuri-sdro,

"I am

wishing for your august approach,"

come."

i.e.

See also Chapter IX, Section

XII. The

illative tenses

:

Qo

rairin

kore

waiting respectfully, " I hope you will

6.

have been so designated because

their distinctive termination keri

was

originally the perfect of

:

JAPANESE GEAMMAB.

70 the irregular verb therefore {je viens

Icuru,

" to come."

and corresponds exactly to the colloquial

de voir),

The forms

mite Umashita.

in keri

sidered to be equivalents of the

and

Such a word as mi-keri

"I have come having seen"

signifies

literally

may

practically be con-

first past,

past conditional,

past concessive respectively.

XIII. Besides the more usual verbal forms given in the

paradigms, there

may sometimes

be met with

:

Archaic verbal forms in aJm, which are used to introduce quotations. Thus iivaku " [he] says " (sometimes better :

rendered by " namely ") ierahu, " [he] said," both from iu, " to say "; omoeraltu, " [I] thought," from omou, " to think." ;

Ahit indicates the present, erahu the past. Potential forms such as arinu-besTd, okarinu-besJii derived

from a fourth differ

in

which

past,

is

not

They do not

in use.

itself

meaning from the ordinary potentials "

"must be

;

okarii-besJd,

"must be numerous,"

aru-beshi,

etc.

Futures formed by adding rmi to the attributive present, as miruran " shall see." aruran, " shall be " ;

A

sort of periphrastic future denoting intention or

the point of performing an action,

words

to

sum,

"to make

Thus

to the future proper.

to go,"

about to go"; sen

may

seshi,

" was about to do," yukan

etc.

Occasionally this periphrastic future

be inflected through most of

is

yukan

:

to

swu,

"to be on the point of going," "to be to sum, "to be about to do." Suru, thus

used,

one word, and

being on

formed by sufSxing the

its

to shite,

tenses, as

yukan

to

" being about to do," is

corrupted into

then easily mistaken for a negative, thus

yukcinzu or yu,kazu

(for

yukan

to

suru).

Still

forms pf the same are yukozu and yukozuru.

more corrupt

They occur only

in the semi-colloquial style.

Forms

indicating simultaneity, by

means

of tsutsu suffixed

;

lEEEGULAR VEEBS. to the indefinite form, as yuMtsutsu,

71

" while going

'" ;

mitsutsu,

" while looking."

Frequentatives in mi, thus

now

:

naJdmi waraimi, "

Now

crying,

laughing."

Forms

in taran derived from the

second past, and nearly

corresponding to the English future past, thus " will probably have gone."

Such compound expressions

as

yukan naredomo,

yukitarm,

:

for

yuku mo,

the hypothetical concessive.

Such negative "

potential expressions as yuhazaru-beshi, for

more to the sense of not go " than to the other senses of the potential.

yuku-bekarazu.

may

Yukazaru-beshi leans

Such expressions go," "

as yukaziimba aru-bekarazu,

must go," used

SEO. 4. I.

Apparent

" camiot but

to convey the sense of necessity.

lEREGULAE VEEBS.

irregularities are caused in large

numbers

of

verbs by the inability of the Japanese to pronounce certain

consonants before certain vowels, and by the euphonic changes Thus from the stem tat, " to

resulting from this inability.

stand,"

we have

tatsu, tacJii,

instead of tatu,

For a

tati.

list

of these important euphonic changes, see page 6. II.

Such verbs

of the

2nd conjugation

answer "; otoroyuru, " to decay," mostly tributive present

into

kotdru,

otordrw,

as kotayuru,

contract

and

the

"to

this

at-

conclusive

present into koto, otoru.

in. Verbs of the such as

iiokosu,

1st

conjugation whose stem ends in

x,

" to leave "; tsuMwasu, " to send," are some-

times conjugated in certain

pounds of the irregular verb

tenses as

if

suru, " to do."

they were com-

Thus we come

across such forms as nokosesld for nokoshisJd.

IV. Colloquial contractions, such as

atte for mite, "

being "

;

JAPANESE GEAMMAE.

72

"buy-

kaute or hote, the Kyoto colloquial corruption oihaite,

ing," etc., are sometimes

met with.

" to be satiated "; Uru, "to borrow"; shimu, " to penetrate "; and torw, " to suf&ce," belong in the written language to the 1st conjugation, not, as in the

V. The verbs

afo«,

—

{aUru, htriru,

colloquial, to the 3rd,

Tokyo

Thus: SUnzumni

tariru).

sJdmiru,

and

"It

not

tarazu, (not tarizu),

is

worthy of credence." VI. The only genuinely irregular verbs in modern written use are the following

:

mi

Aru, "to be," conclusive present

No

indefinite form), instead of aru.

regularly

conjugated

stem

according

Otherwise

perfect tense.

to

with the

(identical

from

conjugation

1st

ar.

Eeru, to kick, conclusive and attributive present both keru

replaced by sive

and

of ku

(instead

kei-edomo,

e,

thus

conditional kereba, conces-

:

from stem

k,

first

form of

first

past kisJd or koshi

and second past not in use

conditional kisMkaha or kosliikaba optative fcoinyn

;

imperative koyo.

down

Affirmative

;

;

;

conclusive

future kon

present hypothetical

past

;

A-o6«

;

past concessive Mshikadomo or kislnkadomo of

Irregularities

to first

negative voice

form of imperative have

thus kozu, kozaru, konu, illative

stem.

except in the following tenses.

attributive

forms of

tenses

its

"to come," conjugated according to 8rd conjugation

Kuril,

:

keru

regularly according to 2nd

conjugation with the single letter k as

voice

imperative

negative

potential ke-leku,

Otherwise conjugated

nahare.

u

in

Iniiections

respectively).

kuj-u

inflections in

forms also have

frequently supplanted by

etc.

o for

;

:

all

the

o instead of

i,

fourth imperative iorra ku-na; i,

kitiini,

as ko:ari-ker>, etc.

Kiiru

is

properly the second past of

kuru, but used as an independent verb of the 1st conjugation,

;

lEEEOULAE VERBS.

and

inflected

thus

7S

moods and

regularly through all the

Nam, "to

be," indefinite form and gerund nite; present

No

conclusive nari (instead of naru).

wise

conjugated

regularly

to

be," with naru,

" to become," which latter

naru " to be

!'

positions ni

and

is

so preceded, thus

Hanjo

nam

pers town,"

Hanjo

easily

is

a regular verb

distingushed, as

whereas naru, " to become,"

is

always

:

" a prosperous town

more

";

" a town which prospers."

(This

is

the

to be.'')

" a town which

ni naru tofu,

" a pros-

lit.

becoming prosper-

is

(Attributive form oimiru, " to become.")

ous."

Tofu hanjo

nari,

" the town

is

prosperous."

(Conclusive

of nuvu, " to be.")

Tofu

hanjCi ni

(Conclusive form

nam, "the town is becoming prosperous." oinam, " to become.")

" to be thus."

iS/iikaru, is

to,

tofu,

i.e.

are

never preceded by one or other of the post-

form of naru, "

attributive

it

They

1st conjugation.

conjugation

1st

the irregular verb miru, " to

Do not confound

of the

Other-

perfect tense.

according

from stem imr.

form

tenses,

Utareri, UtariM, Jdtaritari, etc., etc.

:

Being a contraction of

conjugated like am.

scold,"

is

sJiika aru,

The like-sounding shiknm, "to

a regular verb of the 1st conjugation.

Shiniiru, " to die," present attributive

shinum

(for

shinu).

Otherwise conjugated regularly according to 1st conjugation

from stem shi xufu

shin'.

not

It is

much

used, the Chinese equivalent

being preferred.

Sard, see Chapter X. Sitru,

"to do," conjugated according

except in the following tenses seii

;

attributive

future sen

;

past

perfect

seru

to the 3rd conjugation,

Affirmative

:

:

conclusive

conditional seshihaha

or

:

conclusive perfect first

past

shitareha

;

seshi

present

—— ;;

'

JAPANESE GEAMMAB.

74

hypothetical sei« or senaba; optative sebaya sesJiikcidomo, seshi to iedomo,

the tenses

all

of

i,

thus

illative

down

forms also have

compomids suru s

is

is

changed into

senu, for

e

;

z,

and

conclusive present ronzu

etc. ?',

;

fom-th imperative

as sezaii-heri, etc.

:

instead

e

su-iui

—In

many

;

throughout the whole

sh into j

"to discuss";

indefinite roiiji

and ronzeru,

perfect ronzeri

etc.

not confound the irregular verb swu, " to do," with suru,

" to rub," which

a regular verb of the 1st conjugation.

is

Uru, " to get " (colloquial em). it

Negative

niyori'ed (see page 3), that is to say that

conjugation, thus: ronzuru,

Do

past concessive

form of imperative have

to first

sezaru,

sezu,

etc.

;

imperative seyo.

has

(in

the single letter

which has vanished.

y,

mere terminations

paradigm

of the

given on pages 54 to 57, thus tense

Its sole irregularity is that

appearance at least) no stem, the real stem being

u and

uru, etc.

" to sell," which

is

It

uryd-beku, etc. of the

;

a regular verb of the

it is

;

present

urn;

oi

itree ;

uru,

conjugation. attribu-

potential tenses

urc.

PASSIVE AND POTENTIAL \TERBS.

The Japanese language has no All

e

conjugated regularly as a verb

2nd conjugation from the stem

passive voice.

first

conclusive present uryo

Otherwise

SBC. 5.

form

indefinite

:

of the

2nd conjugation

must not be confounded with

Urydru, " to grieve," indefinite form tive present urydru

It consists

of the

so-called

second active conjugation,

paradigm given on pages 54

special

passive

and are to 57.

conjugation for the verbs

inflected

belong to the according to the

They are derived from the

corresponding active verbs according to the following rule

In verbs of the 1st conjugation add

arum,

in the

:

2nd

conjugation emruru, in the Srd intruru, and in the 4th rururu, to the stem,

Thus

in the 1st conjugation

;

JAPANESE GEAMMAE.

76 seems

uv with these

too the frequent use of the postposition

Thus

called passive verbs.

" Their

idmwarete,

:

Shin-Futsu jiken ni tmnashii

"Having

got

literally

In this and

contexts where passive verbs are used,

what

The sentence may, Generally,

expressed.

may

or

here,

as

not, it

similar

all

the subject

is

Japanese

of the true English passive is the object of the

have another not, few

has

Japanese sentences of any sort having subjects properly called.

The

thus

ni,

dog,''

more

literally,

"

To

"To

be

get one's leg

by a dog."

m

the origin of the passive verb

an active form can

be traced the alternative use of the passive as a

likewise

Take

potential.

This form

is

which are

:

for instance miraruru,

see."

to

irregular verb

a doing,"

it

lit.

" to get a seeing."

naturally susceptible of two shades of meaning, either I " to get a seeing

"to get seen"; or able

Inu ni ashi wo hui-tsukaruru,

:

by a

bitten in the leg

To

so-

(See Syntax, sect. 6 and also page 31). word " by " in English passive phrases is expressed in

Japanese by

bitten

u-o

the

their whole spirit absorbed, etc."

subject

so-

whole attention being absorbed by

Franco-Chinese comphcation," more

quasi-passive.

Hence

be " to be died by one's child.")

at first sight to

H

Similarly

may mean

else," i.e.

i.e.

"to be

with seraruru, the passive of the

"to do."

sMi-M,

from someone

"to get a seemg oneself,"

Signifying originally " to get

either " to have something done to

one," or "to be able to do."

From honorific

its is

use as a potential the use of the passive as an

but a step,

polite to intimate that

it

being naturally considered more

an exalted personage

is able

a certain action, than bluntly to assert that he does

This honorific use consideration.

it

himself.

the commonest use of the forms under

is

Thus

to perform

;

Warja seifu

«•«

kanarazu SIdna seifu ni

77

INTRANSITIVE VEEES.

tsuite

wo

Tiore

yoTtyu

serarum

" There

(for suru) ni soi nasJii,

demand

not the slightest doubt but that our government will this of the Chinese

government."

methods

Alternative

forms of

able."

Thus:

times uru

"We

is

mj-m,

e

expressing

of

prefixing the indefinite flected

potentiality

the

form, or suffixing

by

are

various in-

"to get," used in the sense of "to be

"I cannot

iwazu, or ii-ezu,

used quite independently, as

cannot but

is

astonished"

feel

wondermg ") ...yamu The Verb atoM, "to be ;

(lit.

wo en ya,

koto

able,"

ivo

ezu,

"We

do not get not

"Can

one help...?"

suffixed to the

is

Some-

say."

Eanzezaru

:

present of other verbs to express potentiality,

attributive

in

(or,

its

negative voice, impossibility) as yicku atawazu, " cannot go."

The verb hanuru, " form

to

be unable,"

to express impossibility, as

SEO. 6.

There

is

is

suffixed to the indefinite

yuU-kanuru, " cannot go."

:

ON OEETAIN INTRANSITIVE VEEBS.

a large class of verbs

which

it

generally con-

is

venient to translate by English passive or potential idioms,

but which are properly intransitive in Japanese, and must be carefully distinguished

English, "

we

The gold

from passives or

feel a difference

is

melting in the furnace," and " The gold

In the

melted in the furnace."

sented as a spontaneous one the

work

;

of the

derived larly

latter

from

the

first case,

the

to

The verb

tokuric,

tok'n'uru

transitive

intransitives

the action

in the second case,

some outer agent.

of

corresponds to the Japanese that

Even

potentials.

in

between two such assertions as

toku,

repre-

exphcitly

of the

former

melt, (intransitive)

to

(passive

wdyuru,

it is

being

is

is

" to

" to

"to

be

;

get melted,"

melt.") visible,"

Simi»

and

obiyuru," " to start with fright," correspond very nearly, but

not quite, to the passive-potentials miraruni,

"to get seen"

JAPANESE GEAMMAE.

78 or

"to be able

(by

to see,"

some one.") Such SEO. 7.

and

obiijahasaruru,

"to get frightened

intransitives are never used honorifically.

ON TBANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE PAIRS OF VERBS.

In English the same word commonly does duty both as a and as an intransitive verb. Thus "to melt,"

transitive

"to burn," "

to stand,"

may

be either transitive or intransi-

In Japanese the two meanings

tive according to the context.

expressed

are

by

from

verbs derived

different

the

same

root, thus: Intransitive.

hiru

f4th conj.),

narabu

(1st

ohiyuru oruru

(2nd conj.),

sadawaru

(1st

sazukaru

(1st

conj.),

" to dry " (intrans.). " to be in a row." " to be frightened." " to descend." " to be fixed." " to receive."

tatsu

(1st

conj.i

" to stand " (intrans.).

ur/ohu

(1st

conj.),

y'akuru

(2nd conj,),

hosu

(1st

narahuru

(2nd conj.)

obiyakasu

(1st

conj.),

orom sadamuru

(1st

conj.),

conj.),

(8rd conj.), conj.),

•'

to

move

" (intrans.).

" to burn "

(intrans.).

Transitive.

tatsuru

(2nd conj.) (2nd conj.), (2nd conj.),

wjokasu

(1st

conj.),

yaku

(1st

conj.),

sazukuni

The

,v.

;

;

" to

fix."

"togive." " to

set up." " to move (trans.). " to burn " (trans.). "

Many Japanese

ji«atmswio, " to

tent oneself."

same

root

but the stem of the transitive frequently intransitive verbs

lated by English reflective verbs, seli"

" to frighten." " to lower."

derivation of these pairs of verbs from the

follows no fixed rule

ends iu

" to dry " (trans.). " to put in a row."

conj.),

kill

must be

trans-

"to amuse onemanzoku sum, "to con-

&s asobu,

oneself "

;

The Japanese language has no

reflective verbs.

:

—

. ,

CAUSATIVE VEEBS.

SEC. 8.

79

CAUSATIVE VEEBS.

Causative verbs are derived from transitive or intransitive verbs according to the following rule

:

In verbs of the 1st conj. add ashimuru, in the 2nd conj. eshimuru, in the 3rd ishiinuru,

and

in the 4th seshimuru to the

stem, thus tsukurashimuru,

"to cause) .

to make,' '

niotomeshimuru,

to

.

M^sShcTS:" C(colloq. tsukiru)

I

"to come to an

tsukuru, .A

I

an end," J f"to cause)

Tdseshimuru,

AU

j

" to make."

...

cause]

to come to

tsuMshimuru,

—

cause \

to seek," 'to

from tsukuru,

end."

i

" to wear."

kiru,

to wear,"]

causatives are conjugated according to the paradigm of

the 2nd conjugation, and are, like other verbs, susceptible of the passive inflections,

as tnotomeslmneraruru, " to be caus-

ed to seek."

There

an alternative way of forming the causative, of

is

which the following are examples tsukisasicru,

Msasiiru.

:

tsukurasuru, motomesasurii,

These alternative forms

are

chiefly

used in the passive, not as causatives proper, but as honorific substitutes for the simple intransitive or transitive verbs from

which they are

derived, e.g. araseraruru for aru,

tazunesaserarwu for tazunuru, " to enquire,"

The

"to be";

etc.

causatives of kiiru, shinuru, and suru are kosashimuru

(or hosasuni),

sliinasliimuru (or shinasuru),

and

seaJiimuru (or

sasuru) respectively.

Causative verbs

are

formed from

adjectives

by adding

arashimuru to the stem, as hay akar ashimuru, " to cause to be early," from hayaki, " early."

Causatives are formed from negative verbs and adjectives

:

JAPANESE GEAMMAB.

80

letter z in the

by adding arashimuru to the

termination of

the present tense, as motomezarasJuinwru, " to cause not to

seek not"; hayaharazarasMmuru, " to cause not to be early," from Jiayaharazu, " not early."

seek," from niotomezu, "[I]

Such forms obtained from negatives as motomezarasliimuru, to seek," must be distinguished from the

"to cause not

negative of the causative, as motomesMmezu,

In causative constructions the

made wo

to perform the action

shite

(very rarely

7ii

person or thing the action

Thus

wo.

:

Hei

ivo shite

is

:

or

ivo)

;

performed upon

The

who

is

postposition

and the name of the is

hydhehi wo MzuJcashimu,

the soldiers build a parapet."

would be

of the person

marked by the

is

sliite

name

" not to cause to

marked by "

He made

passive converse of this

But

Kyoheld wa hei no tame ni Jdzuhashimerani.

such passive-causative constructions are scarcely ever used.

In general the Japanese are in

distinguishing the

less scrupulous

causative from

the

than we are

ordinary

active

Even in English, however, we often say that, for instance, we are building a house, when what we really mean is that we are having one built. idiom.

Notice too that the causative verbs include

meaning.

by "

to cause to

make," sometimes by "

or " to let make."

The fundamental

that, while the action is actually

the question as to whether

some way

or

Himitsu-joyahu no

we cause

it

other decided

times the causation

finally

many

shades of

Thus tsukurashimuru must be rendered sometimes

is

Jcoto

make," is

performed by one person,

shall be

by

to allow to

idea of the causative

performed at

another

all

merely hypothetical, not

real,

hatasliite shin narashimebii,

is

in

Some-

person.

thus

lit.

to be true the existence of a secret treaty,"

" If i.e.

" If we decide to believe in the existence of a secret treaty."

OBNAMENTAL VERES.

Ima it

81

yori san-ju nen zen ni arashimweba,

to be thirty years before

now,"

" If one caused

lit.

"Supposing

i.e.

it

had

happened thirty years ago."

Such "to

set

transitive verbs as ohiyakasu, " to frighten "

up,"

etc.,

mentioned in Sec.

founded with the corresponding causatives

muru, " to cause to stand up," ivo shite,

SEC. 9.

Many complex verbs,

which correspond

transitives do not honorifically.

COMPOUND VERBS.

made by means

compound

of

either to the prepositional to

whole phrases, thus

more "to look through,"... °

mi-trjsu,'

The

etc.

and are never used

assertions are

European languages, or

synonymous

almost

" to cause to take fright "; tatashi-

obiesJiimuru,

take the postposition

and

lit.

'

V'^°

put through (by)

seeing.

I

|

^'''^

"to thrust through,"

„

„

tsiiJci-horosii,

" to thrust to death,"

„

„

M-saru,

" to fly away,"

„

„ {"'^'JfP^^'

As seen by these examples, the indefinite form,

''

^'J.P^ttiS"^'' ^

„

.

-j

first

verbs of

:

t.Jci-t6s.,...

...

tatsiirii,

;

must not be con-

7,

verb

is

•'^

^^^^ ^^-

put in the

and generally stands in an adverbial relation to

the second, which alone

is inflected.

Very rarely the two are

otherwise related, as Imi-inodosu, " to buy and give back,"

i.e.

" to return (a thing) after buying it"; yuM-hwnt, " to go and

come back." Some compound verbs consist of more than two members, as tohi-agari-saru, "to fly away in an upward direction "; inoshi-age-tatematsuri-sord,

SEC. 10.

Many

" I have the honour to state."

ORNAMENTAL VERBS.

verbs are used ornamentally, that

is

to say without

:

JAPANESE GEAMMAE.

82

regard to their proper signification, and as mere embellish-

ments of

Thus iwhi-emu, ai-sumu, and mahari-tjuku

style.

the simple verbs emu, " to smile "; simm, " to come to a conclusion "; and yuku, " to go," the prefixes

mean no more than

being meaningless in modern usage.

ornamental verb itasu,

is suffixed,

"to do";

as in itasld-oru, or itashi-soro, for

imshi-age-mairase-sdro,

The verb tammi, properly "

to give to

"to inform."

inferior," imparts

an

an honorific tinge to the preceding verb, thus tamau,

mesu, " to

hr

Mikado. of. the

is

used

The verb

honorifically.)

tntemaUuru, properly " to give to a superior," respectful suffix, especially in letters, offer

my humble

thus

:

stitute

for

it

gasJii-tatenuttsuri-

congratulations." is

the most

being considered elegant to sub-

conclusive forms of verbs

the

used as a

is

Nari (the conclusive present oiiuuu, " to be ") usual ornamental verb,

of the

the indefinite form of the potential

causative of mesu,

beg to

mesaserare-

:

summon," used when speaking

[Mesasi'inre

sord, " I

["I have

for niosu,

shirase-niosii, ioi shirasuru,

the honour] to say";

when an

Similarly

and adjectives a

periphrasis consisting of the corresponding attributive forms

followed by nari,

e. g.

aru nan,

for

hehifiiztiyu nari, mi.slii

7iam

J>cl;ara~n.

nari,

miki.

nam.

nari,

sorU nari,

Sard.

sum

su.

nari,

tatsu imri,

Thus

:

tatm. (1st conj.l

tatsuru. nari,

tatm (2nd conj.

yold

yoslii.

ii/iri,

Banxei chUsIiin no kagarni

bo termed a mirror of loyalty

much more

to iu-heki miri,

for all ages."

"

They may

{Bcki nari

is

elegant than the plain conclusive Leshi would be.)

—

03

SDESTANTIVE VERES. SEC.

THE VARIOUS SUBSTANTIVE VERBS.

11.

The following

is

a

of the Japanese verbs in

list

English " to be

vpritten use corresponding to the

"to be" when

.Jnt signifies

it

modem

":

forms part of an adjective, as

meeurasJdkariJd, " was strange "; mezurasJdkeredomo, "though it is

The

strange."

occasionally

written

separately,

In almost

mezurashiku aredomo.

responds to

"there

thus: Ni-shii

ari,

and the verb aru are

adjective proper

thus all

wezurasJdhu

:

other

cases

ariki,

aru cor-

"there are," "there were,"

is,"

"There

are

two kinds";

— an

etc.,

assertion to

be scrupulously distinguished h'om Xi-shu nari, " They are

two

by the negative adjective «fls/ii)

ever, replaced is

Similarly urazu (generally, how-

different) kinds."

(i.e.

not," while ««»««» signifies "

" there

signifies

not."

(it) is

the potential-causative form of aru,

Araseraruru,

and

honorifically both for aru,

for yuku,

" to go,"

is

used

when

the

actions of exalted personages are mentioned.

same as

Goza

SOTO, the

Iru,

" to dwell,"

living);

human beings.

Thus

[dwelling] in

Naru Jaku no

:

12),

(p.

82).

is

It

Yokohama

nihil,

and

nite

the sense of

may often

be omitted

when trans-

ni iru ijaikoku-jin, " the foreigners

va kyo no shoku nun, " The It is

flesh of the

weak

:

is

used to turn nouns into adjectives

also very frequently as

an "ornamental verb "

Occasionally the circumlocution ni aru or nite aru

(for

cases ni

(in

Yokohama."

used instead of naru.

arazu

" to be "

the usual equivalent of the copula. " to be," thus

is

food for the strong." (p.

but more honorific.

hence only used when speaking of living creatures,

especially lating.

soro,

" to live,"

is

nara^u), " It

is

Thus

:

Toki imada ogon no toki ni

not yet the golden age."

not properly the postposition

ni,

In such

but an old indefi-

form oinaru, " to be," now almost disused.

Nite

is

the

JAPANESE GEAMMAE.

84

,

I

In some cases naru stands for nl

gerund oinaru, "to be." (the postposition " in ")

by "in"

and am, and must

Thus:

"at."

or

Osaka

'rmru

be rendered

tlien

am) Dai Bank

ni

(for

Ju-sJdchi Eokiiritsu Ginku, " the Seventeenth National

[which

is]

Osaka."

at

Nakit, nashi, naki (sometimes called the "negative adjective

" there

'")

nashi, " there

same

Orii,

when used

Soro (see Chapter X),

More frequently it

and

Oto sum, " There lit.

i.e.

" It

is

is

may

be talked

ho-behc

talk,

of,

but

shite,

of these instances, expletive.

it is

Xihonjin ni

may

not do,"

it

cannot be done."

Yiikazii

most convenient shite,

okonait-hekamzu,

and that one

yukazu, " [being] not going."

shite, for

equivalent to

is

an ornamental suf&x

sometimes means "to be," as in

a noise."

that one

may

alone,

to adjectives.

Smi'm, properly " to do,"

"Being

Soi

:

int..

both n?7cand naru. to other verbs

thus

etc.,

no doubt."

is

as

" there was not,"

not,"

is

Often, as in the last to look

on

" Being a Japanese."

it

as on

Most

fre-

quently suru simply serves to verbalize nouns, as ai

sum,

...

" to love

from

";

fli,

...

"love."

shisuru,... " to die ";

,,

shi,...

kaika suru, " to be civilized ";

,,

kaika, "civilization."

The

resulting verb, as seen by these instances,

active,

valent for the active verb

it

be about to," as

;

means "

Sen

to

shall be.

"to

causative form kaihi scshiinum.

it

is

sometimes neuter, sometimes passive,

deciding in each case which

times

"death."

civilize,"

alone

obtain an equi-

we must use the means "to

— Sum sometimes

suru, " 1

to consider," as

consider important."

To

sometimes

usage

:

am

about to do."

Kin-yd

nan

to

Some*

suru, "

To

"

VERBS USED EXCEPTIONALLY. VERBS USED AS OTHER PARTS OF SPEECH.

SEC. 12.

Some few

85

verbs (mostly in the gerundial form) are used as

Thus:

postpositions.

"in"

[ni] oite,

gerund of ote, " to place"); (motte stands for mochite,

[too]

stands for oUte,

[oite

"by means of"

motte,

gerund oimotsu, "to hold.")

Others

correspond to English adverbs, adverbial phrases, junctions, thus

.

first

n

,

und

time";

"

j

(

>,

"on purpose'

motomete,

con-

:

"for the

hajimete,

or

fi-erund

|6

;

""•g^^^ly";

hajimuru,

of

to beein."

n

motomuru.

of

'

(.^ ggg]j_.>

{^''"ToVesi"

nohorazu,

"without exception,"

sareha,

"that being

so shite,

" having done so," "and";-<

so,"

''

all;-?

then

-

'''""'

remain"

^'to

^«™'

{ '

Borrowud from the Chinese,

:

EPISTOLABY STYLE. as literally as

i.e.,

it

may

On

his saying "

do,

having buried our

be

While ever

so piteous a thing,

wife,

heart, ha... not

had not;

filial

(i.e.

used, the tetwe camiot be

to ivhich it is

as

hut, as

is

form

the indefmite

until the verb of the next clause,

reached) the slightest

is

they, having followed this plan with

dug a

together

" ii'hereupon"

;

nourish-

she too was a person of

nmmmnticalli/ subordinated,

intention of refusing tears,

hnown

how would

make my mother's

child, to

ment comfortable?", the

is

96

whereupon

hole,

word rendered

(the

in the original the particle ga attached to the

preceding clause in such wise as

subordinate

to

ivhat follows)

it to

they obtained by digging a golden pot."

Grammatical chiefly

between

interpendence

clauses

secured

is

by the application of rule 8 of syntax, by the incorpo-

ration of quotations as in

above example,

the

by the use

and concessive moods, and by the use of

of the conditional

the correlating particles ga,

and

ni,

suffixed

too

to

verbs.

In translating a Japanese sentence into idiomatic English, it is

generally necessary to break

as they

may

it

at several of these hinges,

perhaps be termed.

CHAPTEK

X.

THE EPISTOLARY STYLE. The

epistolary

style,

as

its

name

ployed in letters and despatches. limited to

these.

It

is

indicates,

use

Its

is

is

that em-

not, however,

frequently inet with in notices and

advertisements, and occasionally in books and newspapers.

In the for

latter

it

chiefly appears as a conventional substitute

the colloquial, that

is

to

say that

desired to re]produee, as exactly as

spoken by some person quoted.

may

To

it

be,

is

used when

it is

the actual words

give these words in the

)

;

JAPANESE GEAMMAE.

ae

would be considered an infringement of the dignity

colloquial

of written speech.

The

peculiarities distinguishing the epistolary

style

from

the ordinary written style, treated of in the preceding pages, are very marked.

They

fall

into

two

categories, viz.

A PECULIAE CONJUGATION OF VEEBS AND ADJECTIVES.

SEC. 1.

Almost every verb

is

turned into a compound by means of

which

the irregular verb soro,

is

suffixed to the indefinite

Originally an independent verb signifying

form.

attendance on "

(conf.

now

lord"), aOro

used alone, and verbs.

:

is

"to be

in

samurai, " an attendant on a feudal

signifies

nothing more than "to be" when

a meaningless sufBs

Its conjugation is irregular

and

when added

to other

defective, the follow-

ing being the only tenses in ordinary modern use

:

Present (also used for the past, and without"! any distinction of conclusive and attributive I soro. form s

j

Future

sorawan.

Conditional Hypothetical Actual Concessive Hypothetical Concessive

soraeha. sdratvuha.

soraedomo. sorote

Gerund

mo.

surute.

Soro having no indefinite form, the indefinite form of the plain verb

verb

is

used instead to mark the end of a subordinate

is

The gerund

clause.

also

or the

indefinite

future svrawtin

is rare,

The

hi'lcu

soro.

The

conditional

not infrequently used for the hj'pothetioal sorau-aha.

In the negative voice soro plain verb.

Li adjectives

The ordinary conjugation is

of the plain

being almost always replaced by the

(properly potential) termination sorachii is

form

generally preferred to the gerund sdrutr.

therefore as follows

is

it

is

of

suffixed to

the gerund of the

suf&xed to the indefinite form. a verb in the epistolary style

:

:

EPISTOLARY STYLE.

97

EPISTOLARY CONJUGATION. Itaau, "

'Indefinite Form Present or Past Future or Potential

itashi-soro

Hypothetical

^

^Lo.Vo Gerund .

do.''

[I] do, or did.

itasu-beku soi'o itashi-soraeba itashi-sorawaba

Conditional

Actual Concessive

To

itaBhi

[I] shall do. as [I] do.

...

if [I] do.

itashi-soraedomo

...

...

*''°"/'^ tl] ...

°' Mtashi-sorote mo...

even

if I do.

having done, doing.

itashite

Desiderative

actually

{

itashi-taku soro

[I]

...

want

to do.

°°*^'^'"s } j^^^^^" } "IJn'?' Present or Past itasazusoro [I] do not do. Future itasu-majiku soro.. [I] shall not do. Conditional itasazu-soraeba ... as [I] do not do. Hypothetical if [I] do not do. itasazu-sorawaba... Actual Concessive.... itasazu-soraedomo. though [I] do not do.

Gerunf '..!°™::::::

"

cessive

Of the conjugation

may

even

do not do.

if I

of adjectives, the following examples

suffice

Present

ybroshihu soro,

:

Concessive Soro

and

^'^sazu sorote mo. I

is

[it]

good.

is

yoroskiku soraedomo, though

good.

[it] is

often dropped after adjectives, especially after tahu

beJcu.

[soro]

:

Thus

ni tsuTd,

:

Shosei slmttatsu

"As

am

I

mae

baihyaJeu

desirous of selling

it

itashi-tahu

before

my

departure."

The Chinese nouns, which

are verbalized by

means

of sim-u

in the ordinary

style of

books and newspapers, are in the

epistolary style

mostly

verbalized by

or

of the

more

and kudasare-soro Toehaku other

means

of itashi-sord,

polite tsiikamatsuri-sdro for the first person,

or

nasare-soro

for

the second.

itasld-soro, or tocliaku tsukamatsuri-soro,

humble person) have

arrived ";

Oo

Thus

" I (or some

tdchahu kudasare-

JAPANESE GBAMMAE,

98 soro,

"

You

some other honourable person) have arrived."

(or

Conf. Honorifics, page 92.

Sometimes

soro

is

suffixed directly to nouns, without the

intervention of itasu or sum, as Kikan haidoku soro, " I have

had the honour

A PECTJLIAE PHEASEOLOGY.

SEC. 2.

Besides a

number

its

actual conjugational forms, soro combines with

of

nomis

others, such as hore list

your letter."

to peruse

form peculiar idioms. These and Tcore nahit, will be found in the

to

mi and

end of the present author's " Eoma-

of idioms given at the

nized Japanese Eeader," under the headings of aida, dan,

and

goza, jo, hata, hore, koto,

gi,

Politeness also reqmres

tokoro.

the constant repetition of honorifics and of ornamental verbs. Letters always open with

wo matte

by letter";

tsukamatsuii-soro, "

Then

etc., etc.

polite

or,

phrase as Shokan

respectful stroke of the

On

in replies.

Your honourable letter

Jiaiten [tsukamatsuii-soro]

in

"one

iijpitsu keijo,

" I beg to state";

liaikei,

some such

" I have the honour to address you

keijo itashi-soro,

I

,

is

hand

have opened your flowery

(at least in private letters)

which the correspondent

to

is

—

this, despite of

no information on the tokoro,

masu-masu

cjo

";

kakan

epistle ";

comes a sentence

congratulated on the good health

which he enjoys notwithstanding the adverse weather,

pen";

tec/ami rakiishu

state of the

the fact that the writer probably has

subject.

Thus

:

Reiki ai-tsunon-sdro

seifuku kciga tatcmatsuri-soro, " I beg to

congratulate you on the perfect

way

in

which you keep your

health, notwithstanding the increasing coldness of the season."

The

real subject of the letter

clnn

wa

or sJdkareba, for

referred to.

is

then introduced by the words

which see the

list

of idioms already

Sometimes, especially in post-cards, the intro-

ductory compliments are superseded by some such apologetic

EPISTOLARY STYLE.

phrase as pliments

Zmryahu;

go kaiyo hmlasaru-beku soro, " I omit com-

pray excuse

;

me

for so doing."

by some such phrase as Kono dan taku, to

99

Letters are closed

kii e-talcu,

or Migi nidsJd-age-

kaku no gotoku goza-soro nari, " I beg to bring the above "; On kotae katagata kii e-sdro, " I take

your favourable notice

the occasion of this reply to bring the above to your favourable

To

notice."

my

head";

these

some such expression

kotsu-kotsu,

" I

as tonshu,

"carelessly written

";

bow

/m^m, "insuf-

ficient," is usually added.

In

official

despatches,

shikareba or chin

wa

down

the introductory phrases,

inclusive,

may

be freely rendered by

have the honour to inform you that...,"

or,

to

"I

in the case of

answers, by " I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your

communication of the

reply that..."

words

may

Kono dan

. .

.th

and to

instant,

Such English paraphrases

state in

opening

of the

also be held to include the resumptive final phrase kii e-taku,

while tonshu, kotsu-kotsu,

may

etc.,

paraphrased by " I have the honour to be, etc."

be

With

obvious slight changes, the same remarks apply to the translation of private letters.

Some

of the

difficulties

prominent in the epistolary

of parsing, style,

which are

wUl be found

on page 89.

PRINTED AT THE "JAPAN GAZETTE" OFFICE, YOKOHAMA, JAPAN.

specially

explained

INDEX PACJE.

Abstract Nouns

Accent

-

... -

-

.

-

-

..

-

Adjectives Adjectives in s/^j and Ji Adjectives (Nouns used as) Adverbial Form

Adverbs Ai

10 3

39 41,42

11^

11 8, 12, -

•

Aku (Terrain.). Aku (Verb) Alphabet

1

Altaic

Pref.

Araseraruru Arinu-beshi Articles

-

Aru

-

.

Atau Atawazu

39 85 82 70 72

83 70

-

... ... -

-

Bases Beku, beki, beshi Causatives Chinese Words

-

Concessive Mood Conclusive Form Conditional Mood Conjugations Conjunctions Construction

VI 20 49

43, 69 -

-

-

-

Demonstrative Pronouns

79 12 -43, 48, 67, 71, 72 4, 10, 11, 19 81 69 41, 48, 86 68

49

-

...

Forms

Pref.

8 83 77 77

41, 48, 85 5,

Colloquialisms

Compounds Compound Verbs

Desiderative

72,

-

Attraction Attributive Form Auxiliary Numerals

VI

-

-

8

-

86,

94 15 69

103

INDEX. PAOE.

Domo

-

-

-

-

-

10,

Double Negatives

E E

(Potential) (Letter)

Ellipsis

1

93 77 95 70 77

-

En ya Epistolary Style

Braku Ezu -

-

-

First Conjugation

50, 66, 71, 72 62, 66 71, 67 68^ 69

Fourth Conjugation Frequentatives

Future

Ga

.

22, 35

-

Gender Gerund Goza soro

9 67 83 13, 91, 92 76 13, 91, 92 66,

Honorifics Honorific Potentials Humble Expressions

Hyphens

-

Hypothetical leraku Illative

-

-

-

-

H

-

Mood

68 70

.

-

Forms

Imperative Indefinite Form indefinite Pronouns Infinitive Interjections -

.39, 47^ 66, 86,

66,

Interrogative Words Intransitive Verbs Irregular Verbs-

-

15 16 '77'

-

-

Iwaku Iwan ya

71

.

66,83 70 89 35 23

-

gj 77

-

.

Ka

-

-

.

Kanarazu

-

-

-

-

-

.

.

23

J^a''^

Karu Keri,

...

Keru

-

(Suffix) Keiu, " to kick.

Kitaru

69 69 87 16 85 g 86 73

'

I™,-

Kanuru Kara

14 71 77

.

--.-.,,

Kokoromuru Kono

14,

15 72 69 72 72 66 15

INDEX,

103 PAGE.

Kprean Koso Koto

-

Kuru Kyoto

.

.

-

.

.

Made

.

.

.

.

.

-

-

-

.

.

.

Si Ni aru Ni oite Ni okeru Ni shite Ni tsuki Ni yori Ni yotte

-

Nigori Nite Nite aru

-

.

.

.

.

.

g §2

.

Nu Nu-beshi

Number Numerals Nuru

Nzu

-

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

-

-

.

.

-

-

... .

-

. . .

-

.

. . .

-

.

-

-

... ...

-

.

.

Oblique Moods

-

-

Ono ga

.

-

-

Onomatopes Onore

.

..-..".

No Nomi Nouns

.

,

-

-

VI 24

.

-

-

.

-

-

Nari Naru, "to be" Naru, "to become'' -

.

Pref.

72 3

.

...

-

Motte Nagara Naku, naki, nashi

Negatives

'

-

.

Mono

Naredomo-

'

.

-

yi

23 85 72 75 79

.

Mo

Nan

.

-

Mahoshiki Makari

Mi

pj-gf.

.

-

Colloquial

Letter Changes Literature

.

.

71

49 85 25 25 83 84

24,

71 73 82

12,73^83 73 8 99 25,35,76 83 35 33 35,80

3g 33 33 3 26, 73, 83 83 11, 18, 26, 35 93 9

68 .

7Q

.

.

.

.

.

,

I8 68 7Q 66 15 12 14 I5

9

... .... .

104

Ornamental Verbs

Oru Participles

Parts of Speech Passives Past Tenses Perfect Perfect in e Personal Pronouns Personification

Phonetic System Plural Postpositions Potential Forms Potential Verbs Preserit

Tense

Prohibitive

Forms

Pronouns Pronunciation Quotation

Ea Ran Rashiki Reflective Verbs Reflexive Pronouns Relative Pronouns

Romanization Roots Second Conjugation Seraruru Seshimuru Shi mo Shikaru

Shimu Shinuru Singular Sinico-Japanese

Soga Sono Soro

Stem Styles

Subject Substantives Substantive Verbs Buru

81

INDEX.

lOS PAGE.

Syntax

-

-

Synthesis of Contradictories

Taohi

-

.

.

.

Taga

.

-

-

.

taki, tashi

-

Taku,

Tamau

-

Taran

-

.

... .

....

... -

...

Tari

.

.

Taru (Suffix.) Taru (Verb) Tatematsuru

.

-

-

-

Third Conjugation

To

-

iu

-

shite

-

suru

-

27

.

Uryoru Verbs -

-

Waga

-

Wo-

-

Woba

-

Wo Wo Wo

shite

-

.

ya

-

-

-

-

-

-

_ '

3 .

.

-

-

.

. -

-

-

.

-

-

-

-

-

.

Zumba aru-bekarazu

. -

.

.

Zaru-beshi -

-

-

...

47 88

14,

15

30,35,76 34 36 37, 80 37 Pref.

-

-

29,

-

-

Written Characters

-

68 68 70 82 9 74 74

.

.

.

29 78

_

Words

-

Ya Ya mo Ya wo Ye Zo Zu

-

motte-

Yori.

.

.

... ... -

89 36 70 18

-

.......

Uru

Wa

16

-

Tokoro no • Tones Tote Transitive Verbs Tsu Tsuru Tsutsu Uchi Uninfleoted

15 89 82 71 67 67 72 82 58, 72 69,

-

To, "this"

To To To

10,

86 10 14

*

-

-

-

-

-

-

.

32 37 38 33 33

-

71 34

.

70

..... -

VII

71

.

mm ++

^^ HI

A

m A

^

+ B m.

^

% B

:^

+ /%

m

T g

+

1^

*

M ;i^

T +

V

)tS

It

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