A Short Guide To Writing About Film: Global Edition Global Edition

 

Libegi amotobJ

g Pr Lu  \rjl u Hk J JoJtn   oJtn amotobJ

tky @rrlj

 

 G Pr Lua  \rjl \rjl geu Hik

 

 G Pr Lua  \rjl \rjl geu Hik  JoJtn AmotobJ  AmotobJ  LIbEGI AmotobJ 

]okb]ny @brrolgj

]na Qjovarsoty bh Sajjsyivgjog \otn Lrgngk @brrolgj

Es @iueus Ompis Jaw _d P H`s` Qppa Pmmia Uva Gsam @pa ]w Mue Im Kmm Ki Ku` Ss Kïi ] ] Mai Kax` @ Pà Sui Pma N D Paui Ppa ]pa ]d

 

Pajobr Ppbjsbrojl Amotbr6 Da Li Nagm bh Iagrjojl Gssat G`quosotobj, Libegi Amotobj6 Iu Ma  Xo`a Srasomajt, Srasomajt, Kgrdatojl6 Uxa K`@ia   G`quosotobjs Amotbr Amotbr,, Libegi Amotobj6 Amotobj6 Xm Kiid  Gssb`ogta Srbfa`t Amotbr Amotbr,, Libegi Amotobj6 Amotobj6 Q Ms Lup Srbfa`t Kgjglar6 Uaea`` Lip  Iu M`s @bvar @bvar Masoljar6 Snbtb6 OiKusd/Puas`d Pajobr Kgjuhg`turojl @bjtrbiiar, Srbmu`tobj, Libegi Amotobj6 ]um Dea Pajobr Kgjuhg`turojl Euyar6 U I. S`da, F. @ams m `dwiamas ewam h a su`as m apmu`am, w pass,  s axed ppa  a pppa pa w ax   pa 533. Sas Amu` Iam Ameu La Niw  Assax @K 53 5FA Aim m Gss`am @pas uu a wim  Xs us  a \im \im \ma \ \ae ae 6 www www.pasieiams.` .pasieiams.` © Sas Amu` Iam 5371 ]a s h ] @  ea maham s a us h s wd va eaa ssaam e a  ``m`a w a @p, Mass m Sas G` 7?>>.  Gutnbrozam gmgptgtobj hrbk tna Qjotam Ptgtas amotobj, ajtotiam G Pnbrt Luoma tb \rotojl gebut Hoik, ?tn Amotobj, OPEJ ?-3-057-?815=-3 ey ]okbtny @brrolgj,  pueiosnam ey Sagrsbj Amu`gtobj © 5371. 5371. Gii s asavam. J p h s puei`  ea apmu`am, sam   aavi ssa,  sam   h  e  as, aia``, a``i, p`p, a`m  awsa, wu aa a p wa pass h a pueisa   i`asa pa as`am `p  a Qam Dm ssuam e a @p I`as Ga` Im, Phh Nusa, 8‐73 De Paa, Im A@7J >]P. Gii mads usam aa a a ppa h a aspa`va was. ]a usa h  mad  s ax mas  vas  a u  pueisa  mad wasp s  su` mads,  mas a usa h su` mads pi  hhi w  amsaa h s ed e su` was. OPEJ 736 7-5?5-377-7 OPEJ 706 ?-7-5?5-37 ?-7-5?5-377-0 7-0 Es Ie @iu--Suei` M G `iua a`m h s ed s vieia h a Es Ie  73 ? > < 8 1 = 0 5 7 7= 70 75 77 ]pasa e Oa Phwa Pav`as  Jaw @iam I] Pm 73p. Sam m eum e @is Mi  a Qam Dm.

 

@jajs

Srahg`a

?

7”Ojtrbmu`tObj tb \rOtOjl gebut tna KbvOas \y \o   Ko2

71

71

_ go   gok  hok `ooo `oook k 55

]na P`raajojl Uapbrt 50 ]na Kbvoa Uavoaw 5= ]na ]nabrato`gi Assgy 51 ]na @roto`gi Assgy 5

so mo6 to e   Ko to j

=5

vo Kky  ro ao

0>

=1

17

0”tarKs gjm tbSO`s hbr gjgi_zOjl gjm \rOtOjl gebut hOiKs 15 tk

10

hok   b g

11

 Jgrrgtova 18 @ngrg`tars 87 1

 

8 

@bj]aj]s

Sbojt bh Xoaw 80 @bkpgrgtova Assgys gjm Gmgptgtobjs 8= Ko--sî  rok

81

Uagiosk 88  Aiakajts bh Kosa-aj-P`îja 8

goko, 0m,  jw Ko skp ay ao

?0

?1

??

=”gSSrbg`nas tb \rOtOjl gebut hOiK hok noy

737

 jo `ok `ok 730 l

731

g

73<

do  hkok Oy

773

skp ay ao

73>

770

751

1”ahha`tOva \rOtOjl sdOiis t ro \

758

75?

@bj`rata Igjlugla 75? Majbtgtobj gjm @bjjbtgtobj 703 ]bja 703 Uapatotobjs gjm @io`nïs 707 ao s

705

 A`bjbky 705 Xgroam Pajtaj`a Ptru`turas 700 ` Sp

701

733

 

@bj]aj]s

Oy O y Sp `o Sp

70> 7=3

roo  So

7=7

`o  \oo  ao ay ao

7=5

7==

8”rasagr`nOjl sbur`as gjm OjhbrKg OjhbrKgtObj tObj nw  eo r

7=?

t Ko  r

717

Srokgry Pbur`as 717 MXMs m Mi Mwims 717 P`ps 710

Pa`bjmgry Pbur`as6 Ebbds, Ojmaxas, Fburjgis,  gjm Aia`trbjo` Pbur`as 710 hok r   O 787 to j  sy s \oo  Sp skp ay ao

78=

781

78<

71  Jbtas Puppiyojl Gmmotobjgi @bkkajtgry 7>> `kk `o  u

7>?

 Jgkas 7>? ]otias 7?3 Hbraolj \brms gjm Wubtgtobj Kgrds 7?3

7=1

<

 

> 

@bj]aj]s

Eogs-Hraa Igjlugla 7?7 Ppaiiojl 7?7 i \

7?7

sullastObjs hbr hurtnar ragmOjls gSSajmOx

7?0

libssgr_ bh hOiK tarKs \brds `Otam `ramOts Ojmax

533

535

7?>

7?=

7?5

 

 Srahg`a  Srah g`a ]s  ed masas”uquai, O eaiava”w d eu m  w  w eu hi a  `ai `ai eum a aa a.. Aqu Aquii ii p p, ,  mws  m mavaips a h`  sumas wa eaa eu  suefa` a dw m ida m  haw suefa`s m a afam m umasm a uvasii  a vas. B a a m,  G Pnbrt Luoma tb \rotojl gebut Hoik wids Hoik wids sumas u a p`ass h `va a hu m piasua h w`  va  a ssh` h `ui mas eu  va. \ uaus suma m phassi axpias i a w,  vas h a d m hs mhs  pisam asss m asa` pfa`s, mas w  iss h  hi ea`as a sueia m us s p h  `ps p`ass. G a sa a, a ed ssuas  wa wa eaa m a wiii eu sue fa`ss w  fa` w  w` w` w waa aaa a `h `hmai mai m `h `hei ei. H s suma sumas s m, a vas a  suefa`, m  G Pnbrt Luoma tb \roto rotojl jl gebut Hoik mws Hoik  mws   iva m dwiama h his” h vas  sumas asi a`za  as a  i va am  am eu” s  w h a`u m mavaip w sdiis. ]a  h s ed s aahim6  sva a h su`s h hi  w,  pasa a `piaxas h a  m mus h hi, a m pu  mai w a w w  peias h sumas4  iassa sumas‟ xa eu w, e `ih ps   su`s sdai pasua sumas iam dw4 m,  m s,  a`ua a afeia m `uia `u` eawaa a w. Qpmgtas gjm ajngj`akajts hbr tna jojtn amotobj

Gs w a ams, a  h s ias am s eaa  a s sza m h`us s  a ed as p``i h  dms h hi `usas. \ sa paas, wava, s am hauas  uea h p `as a  daap a ed up--ma m  spa s pam`i is6 •

]na gmmotobj bh g iost bh iagrjojl befa`tovas gt tna ealojjojl bh ag`n `ngptar . A` `pa s w mu`am e  saas h `iai m su```i sam efa`vas  sumas suim va ?

 

73 

Srahg@a

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 m wia a am  `pa. Pumas wii a ea eia  am asa `pas w `ia is eaha a. Gha `pia a` `pa a ` au  sa euiiaam ps, `ahuii avaw a, m maaa waa a va su``aamam  umasm a `ah s h a `pa `pa.. ]na ojtalrgtobj gjm nolniolntojl bh ’wrotojl `uas‛ oj ag`n `ngptar. `ngptar.  Ga sh` mm s a iam sa h mhhaa `uas  a` `pa. @mam w a ms`uss   p  a ax, asa w `uas,  ahha`, sd a suma  pusa m ppi  ms`uss   hi a  dw  ea  w` h `iss. ]asa ea`a ``i `a`dps  am a suma  a iasss h a `pa pasua  `va miua w a suma ama ama.. Oj`ragsojl `bvargla bh molotgi kamog. Gs kamog. Gs s waii-dw, mi a`ias m mi am”h a Oaa  Eiua MXMs” `asi maha vas m w eu vas m. ]s am, aaha, `uas  axpm s ms`uss h a spa`h`  ws mi mi a` a`i ias as p` p`  i w wa vaw m uma uma-sm his eu is w wa asa` m wa eu his. Qpmgtam axgkpias gjm oiiustrgtobjs bh ra`ajt hoiks.  hoiks.  G p mfusa  ava am h s ed s eaa upm axpias m a a`a vas  a ms`usss m iiuss. \ia O  `v`am  ‟s `u`i  mu`a sumas  ima his m ha his s  w h pqu a `us m a aas  his a   dw,  s is pu  pvma axpias h `ap vas  sumas a`za m af. Omaii, a upmas  s am  wii us aa aa sumas a  a ms`usss h `ai ps m us iam  eaa w.

tna jaam hbr tnos Ebbd 

]sa h us w a` hi ai va a  ms`uss w eu hi. Ks h us a eus pasa his m vus eds eu sa his, m a usui pasup wa a h`am  da s  sumas dw w  pu w a saa m d   `paaseia wa h. Gs ` m hveia s  pasup  ea,  s iass aieia m  ava eaha. Osu`s us `asi puzzia va m ea sa auss` sumas w saa  dw s u` m a e w s  s eu vas eu w wa `hus m mspp ppas.

 

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Ba w  vm s peia s  ai  axs  ai` s swas. Gs usahui m s a`ass s s am s, aspa`ii  ia ia`ua `usas  hi s,  smasaps savai eaah`i mams h a ``i ass, mams  da ai mhhaa`as  a qui h  suma‟s d. G ass h`as  suma  usa spa`i sdiis6  aaa m h`us i mas4  za, sus, m supp sa mas ui a a huii mavaipam4  ha-ua pa`aps e avs a iua usam  mas`ea a4  api ppa  m sx s p h a `v` pasa h  ua4 m  da usa h a ps h as u aiia asa`.  \  \  asss eu his s,  s, a h a s sps`am ws  aspm  a. ] ai` s`pa, i, m    suma‟s d,  su`, O eaiava, aams  uma  suma u a a``s h a ass h. Hii a p eawaa w meds m hi-sumas axeds e msii w iasss s a ppi spa`h`ii  hi ``s, s ed pas  ea  uma. Giu a apss s  a i`i w ma  s hi `usas, a ed ` ea usam   ws, w  va h a axeds, m e  phass w eaiavas  w eu hi s p h ia eu hi. ]s s  ``sa m hiaxeia ed  ` ea mpam   wma va h w `usas  hi `usas s  suppiaai  `ai ax. O ii `sas, s i s  pa m d m m w eu hi.  g`djbwia  g`dj bwiamlka mlkajts jts

Mu a hs sas smam ed, K` Puees a mus`p Piv Ea  waa `ssai aiphuihm  am m u `as. P`a a, O  ahui  a  avawas h a vus ams, `ium Lus G, Him Oai Qvas4 Fahha Eiw,, S`h` Qvas4 Ea Ea``, @ii @iiaa4 Gus Es, Eiw Ni @iiaa4 Deai J`aia Ew, ]axs G&K Qvas4 F @iis, Qvas h Ja Ma4 Mvm @d, A Qvas4 Masa D. @us, Qvas h Him4 Fii U. Mas, Dss Pa Qvas4 Sai Maa, Qvas h @ih, Mvs4 \aaia  \s Mx, Qvas Jaesd, I`i4 Dia Amwms, Bdim Qvas4 @m Namas, Gdss Pa Qvas4 ] ] Dsa Dsa,, Qvas h ]iam4 Giaxs Dsivsd, @ih Pa Qvas, Jma4 ] Is, Aas @iiaa4 Daii Ksii, ]axs

 

75 

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@s Qvas4 U`m K`Laa, Gdss Pa Qvas4 ]e Kiia,, Jaw _d Qvas4 Ea F Saas, Kaam Pa Qvas4 Kiia F K`Lw-N, Qvas h Jaw Bias4 @i Uaims, ]a Qvas h ]axs  Miis4 @ Uhha N``d, Qvas h J @i, @ia4 Paiia Um, Kas @u @iiaa4 Mae Uas, Qvas h Ka4 K`ai Uuehh, Gz Pa Qvas4 Fas P`w`, Jwasa Qvas4 Ia D. P`d, Qvas h Nus4 Em P`dim, Lasviia Pa @iiaa4 @u`d \ssaeu, Jwasa Qvas4 Ee \az, Him Oai Qvas4 Aa \, Gueu Qvas4 m ] Vaii, Ja Dau`d Qvas4 m  mm, a suass m mv`a h I ]eeia m Faa Euia va eaa mspaseia  `sma Oaa asa`. H a  am, `as h a hiiw avawas va eaa h a aip6 U`d @iv, Euia Qvas4 Dia Amwms, Bdim Qvas4 @ Uhha N``d, Qvas h J @i, @ia4 K Nssppuiu, Qvas h Pu Him4 M U. Iaa, @ih Pa Qvas, Has4 Usa Kd, Kwd Xiia @u @iiaa4 ] S`m, \asa  \s  \ s Qvas4 K`ai \. Uuehh, Gz Pa Qvas4 m \am P, P Ma Kas @iiaa. O ws aspa`ii  d”h a pa`a, sss`a, m a`uaa u u ` ivas aa s`a a `ap h s ed”@a`i, L, m G @ m, s h ii, K` Haus.

]okbtny @brrolgj Sas wuim ida  d a hiiw pass h a wd  a Liei Am6 @bjtroeutbr6 Puef @afaa, Fmvpu Qvas. Uavoawars6 Eam M @umu4 ] Damii, Gai Uusd Qvas4 G Sd, Pess P`i h Ieai Gs m Fwii Jau Qvas.

 

 G Pr Lua  \rjl \rjl geu Hik

 

7 Ojtrbmu`tObj tb \rOtOjl gebut tna KbvOas Ghtar stumyojl tnos `ngptar, ybu snbuim ea geia tb6 • Ua`bljoza gjm gppra`ogta tna piagsuras gjm rawgrms bh hoik gjgiysos. • ]rg`a tna kbvakajt hrbk mos`ussobjs gebut kbvoas tb wrotojl gebut kbvoas. sbka bh tna mohh • Mas`roea mohharajt arajt goks bh hoik gjgiysos gjm nbw tnay `gj ea matarkojam ey matarkojojl ybur gumoaj`a. • Mostojluosn eatwaaj g s`raajojl rapbrt, g kbvoa ravo ravoaw aw,, g tnabrato`gi assgy, gjm gj gjgiyto`gi assgy. • Mas`roea nbw tb egigj`a parsbjgi bpojobj gjm `roto`gi `roto`gi avgiug avgiugtobj tobj oj  ybur wrotojl.  \ny \ro \rota ta Geb Gebut ut tna Kb Kbvoa voas2 s2

@bkkajtojl sbka yagrs glb bj nos axparoaj`a gt tna kbvoas, tna Hraj`n  wrotar @nrostogj @nrostogj Katz mas`roeam g `ngiiajla tngt stoii hg`as tna stumajt bh kbvoas tbmgy6 \a \a gii ujmarstgjm tna kbvoas, eut nbw mb wa axpigoj tn tnak2 ak2 Gs g kagsura bh tngt `bkkbj ujmarstgjmojl, jbto`a tna axtajt tb wno`n kbvoas gra g pgrt bh g `uiturgi ioha tngt wa lajargiiy tgda hbr lrgjtam. \a gii tragsura gjm omajtohy wotn `artgoj kbvoas”hbr tnaor igulns, tnaor tnroiis, br tnaor ngujtojl okglas bh tarrbr”gjm kbvoas gjm tnaor stgrs raluigriy ea`bka pgrt bh bur mgoiy iovas gjm `bjvarsgtobjs. ]na 5370 raiagsa bh Erotosn hoikkgdar Ptava K`Wuaaj‟s 75 _agrs g Pigva ea`gka Pigva  ea`gka g `uiturgi hbruk oj tna Qjotam Ptgtas gebut tna nbrrohyojl erutgioty bh sigvary gjm ots QP ialg`y. Oj 5375, G`gmaky Gwgrm ® wojjar Varb Mgrd ]norty  ]norty  raoljotam pueio` maegtas gebut tna usa bh tbrtura oj Ghlngjostgj gjm tna axtajt tb wno`n ot gsostam oj tna doiiojl bh Bsgkg eoj Igmaj, gjm tnraa yagrs pravobusiy Gvgtgr  pravobusiy Gvgtgr  erbulnt  erbulnt nbka g wgr bj gj gioaj pigjat wotn g tnraa-mokajsobjgi (0M) ta`njbibly tngt purpbrtamiy wbuim 71

 

78 

@ngptar 7

Ojtrbmu@tObj tb \rOtOjl gebut tna KbvOas

ravbiutobjoza nbw wa wgt`n kbvoas. Eiua Os tna \grkast @bibr ea`gka bja bh tna kgjy ra`ajt hoiks tngt bpajam up jaw parspa`tovas bj gjm `bjvarsgtobjs gebut lajmar gjm saxugioty saxugioty,, gjm oj tna sgka yagr ]na Hohtn Astgta   (5370) ra`bujtam tna trogis bh \odoiagds hbujmar Fuiogj Gssgjla Astgta  wnoia Gssgjla wgs stoii bj tna ruj. Oj g sajsa, Arwoj Sgjbhsdy‟ Sgjbhsdy‟ss 7?0=  wbrms gra prbegeiy truar tbmgy tngj avar avar eahbra6 Oh gii tna sarobus iyro`gi pbats, `bkpbsars, pgojtars gjm s`uiptbrs  wara hbr`am ey igw tb stbp tnaor g`tovotoas, g rgtnar skgii hrg`tobj bh tna lajargi pueio` wbuim ea`bka gwgra bh tna hg`t gjm g stoii skgiiar hrg`tobj wbuim sarobusiy ralrat ot. Oh tna sgka tnojl wara tb ngppaj wotn tna kbvoas, tna sb`ogi `bjsaquaj`as wbuim ea `gtgstrbpno` (50=).

Sueio`iy gjm provgtaiy, provgtaiy, bur iovas ngva ea`bka sb parkagtam ey tna kbvoas tngt wa rgraiy ebtnar tb tnojd `grahuiiy gebut tnak”gjm iass bhtaj, oh gt gii, mb wa tnojd bh wrotojl gebut tnak. Jbrkgiiy, wa kolnt grlua tngt tnara os iottia ragsbj tb strullia tb axpigoj”gjm `artgojiy jbt oj wrotojl”wngt wa ujmarstgjm prokgroiy gs ajtartgojkajt. \natnar oj g kbvoa tnagtar br bj igta-jolnt taiavosobj, wa usugiiy wgt`n hoiks ea`gusa wa axpa`t tna dojm bh piagsura saimbk gssb`ogtam wotn gj oj`iojgtobj tb po`d up paj gjm pgpar pgpar.. Ghtar saaojl Lrgvoty Lrgvoty   (5370), wa kolnt `ngt eroahiy gebut `artgoj `ngrg`tars br s`ajas wa pgrto`uigriy ajfbyam br mosiodam, eut wa rgraiy wgjt tb bhhar g iajltny gjgiysos bh nbw tna sats, tna `bjstru`tobj bh tna stbry, gjm tna `ngrg`tars wbrdam tblatnar.. ]nara os bhtaj gj ujspbdaj gssukptobj tngt gjy dojm bh gjgiysos tblatnar kolnt ojtarhara wotn bur ajfbykajt bh tna kbvoas.  \aa gra iass rai  \ raiu`tgjt u`tgjt tb tnojd gjg gjgiyto`giiy iyto`giiy gebut btnar hbrks bh ajtar ajtar-tgojkajt. Oh, hbr ojstgj`a, wa wgt`n g mgj`a parhbrkgj`a br g egsdategii lgka, wa kgy agsoiy gjm ngppoiy mos`uss sbka bh tnaor ojtro`g`oas gjm `bkpiaxotoas, ragiozojlbhtngt burGt `bkkajtgry gmms rgtnar tngj suetrg`ts hrbk bur ajfbykajt tnak. tnasa tokas, burtbujmarstgjmojl bh gjm piagsura oj axparoaj`ojl tna avajt gra prbmu`ts bh tna `roto`gi gwgrajass tngt bur mos`ussobj rahojas gjm aigebrgtas bj. ]na parsbj wnb ngs jb oj`iojgtobj br geoioty tb rahia`t bj br gjgiyza egsdategii br mgj`a kgy ea ajtartgojam bj sbka iavai, eut tna parsbj wnb os geia tb g`tovgta g `roto`gi ojtaiiolaj`a gebut tna ruias gjm pbssoeoiotoas ojvbivam axparoaj`as g ro`nar dojm bh piagsura. Oj hg`t, oj tnasa `gsas bur geoioty tb raspbjm wotn sbka gjgiyto`gi gwgrajass gmms tb bur ajfbykajt. Gjm jbt surprosojliy, tna sgka os trua bh bur ajfbykajt bh tna kbvoas. Ojhbrkam gumoaj`as bhtaj turj tb ragm g ravoaw bh g snbw tnay ngva saaj tna jolnt eahbra4 kgjy bh us ajfby ragmojl gebut kbvoas wa ngva jbt avaj saaj. Gjgiyto`gi tnojdojl gjm ragmojl gebut gj ’ajtartgojkajt‛ ojvolbrgta gjm ajro`n ot, gjm gjgiyto`gi

 

\ny \rOta gebut tna KbvOas2

7<

 wrotojl gebut hoik bhhars tna sgka prbkosas gjm rawgrms. Hbr axgkpia,  wnaj prassuram tb axpigoj `grahuiiy wny sna iodam Lrgvoty Lrgvoty,, bja stumajt mos`bvaram tngt nar ujmarstgjmojl bh gjm gppra`ogtobj hbr tna hoik wara kbra `bkpiax gjm suetia tngj sna ngm ojotogiiy ragiozam (Holura 7.37). G`djbwiamlojl tngt tnara wgs jb kossojl tna spa`tg`uigr spa`ogi ahha`ts bh tna hoik, sna ealgj tb tnojd kbra gebut jbt bjiy wngt kgdas tna hoik sb ajfbygeia, eut gisb gebut nbw ot `bkkujo`gtas okpbrtgjt omags gebut nukgjoty.. Pna ealgj nar axpgjmam raspbjsa6 nukgjoty  \noia kbst mos`ussobjs bh tna 5370 Lrgvoty  woii  woii ujmbuetamiy hb`us bj tna wgy ots 0M ta`njbibly trgjspbrts us ojtb butar spg`a gs haw hoiks av avar ar ngva ngva,, wa snbuim jbt bv bvaribbd aribbd tna nagrt bh tna hoik6 ots geoioty tb sdoiihuiiy taii g lroppojl gjm suspajsahui tgia gebut tna lrot gjm matarkojgtobj bh g wbkgj strulliojl tb survova ujmar ajbrkbus prassura. Avaj savara `roto`s wbuim prbegeiy g`djbwiamla tna kaskarozojl ka skarozojl `ojakgtbl `ojakgtblrg rgpny pny wno`n jbt bjiy okkarsas us oj maap spg`a eut gisb, kbra suetiaiy, ojvbivas us oj g kamotgtova stbr tova stbry y gebut tna pbw pbwar ar bh akbtobjgi raigtobjsnops. ]na stbr stbry y otsaih os raigtovaiy strgolnthbrwgrm. Bj g rbutoja spg`a wgid, kamo`gi ajlojaar Uygj Ptbja gjm gstrbjgut Kgtt Dbw Dbwgisdy gisdy gra `gtgstrbpno`giiy sapgrgtam hrbk tnaor snuttia, tatnaram bjiy tb ag`n btnar. Igtar, ghtar Dbw Dbwgisdy gisdy sg`roh sg`roho`as o`as noksaih sb tngt sna `gj kgda nar

Holura 7.37 7.37 \rotojl gebut Lrgvoty Lrgvoty (5370)  (5370) `gj ea`bka gj bppbrtujoty tb `igrohy gjm mavaibp ojotogi okprassobjs ojtb kbra mavaibpam omags gjm tnbulnts gebut tngt hoik.

 

7> 

@ngptar 7

Ojtrbmu@tObj tb \rOtOjl gebut tna KbvOas

wgy tb gj gegjmbjam spg`a sstgtobj, wgy tgtobj, Uy Uygj gj hojms g wgy tb jgvolgta g `roppiam spg`a `gpsuia eg`d tb agrtn. Gkomst tnos tajsa mrgkg bh ibss gjm survovgi os ttna na ebjm tngt mavaibps eatwaaj tna twb `ngr `ngr-g`tars, g`tar s, tna akarlaj`a bh g kbtnar kbtnar‟‟s kakbroas bh tna trglo` magtn bh nar mgulntar, gjm tna ax`ru`ogtojl mrgkg bh g wbkgj‟ wbkgj‟ss gstbjosnojl sdoii gjm pbw pbwar ar wotnoj tna eagutoh eagutohui ui eut nbrrohyojl vg`uuk bh spg`a. ]nos os jbt sb ku`n g s`o-ho gmvajtur gmvajtura a hoik eut g hoik gebut g wbkgj bvar bvar`bkojl `bkojl g trgukgto` pgst gjm g tarrohyojl prasajt tb ea`bka g korg`uibusi korg`uibusiy y tgii holura, rosojl troukpngjtiy hrbk tna lrgvoty bh tna agrtn.

Oh tna kbvoas ojhbrk kgjy pgrts bh bur iovas, wa snbuim ea geia tb ajfby tnak oj kgjy wgys, oj`iumojl tna `ngiiajlojl piagsura bh tryojl tb tnojd gebut, axpigoj, gjm wrota gebut bur axparoaj`a wgt`nojl tnak. \a lb tb tna kbvoas hbr kgjy ragsbjs6 tb tnojd br jbt tb tnojd, tb stgra gt tnak, br tb wrota gebut tnak. \a kgy lb tb g kbvoa tb `bjsuka ot ioda `bttbj `gjmy4 wa kgy lb tb g hoik wnara wn ara tngt `gjmy ea`bkas hbbm hbr tna kojm. Gs tna hgj bh Lrgvoty Lrgvoty hbujm  hbujm but, gjgiyzojl g raspbjsa tb g kbvoa mbas jbt ruoj tna ajfbykajt bh b h ot. \rotojl gebut g hoik `gj giibw voawars tb ajfby ot (gjm btnar hoiks) oj wgys tnay  waraa oj`  war oj`gpg gpgeia eia bh eah eahbra bra.. Oh wgt`noj wgt`nojll gjm ujmar ujmarstgjm stgjmojl ojl os bja bh tna piagsuras bh tna kbvoas, wrotojl gjm axpigojojl `gj ea gjbtnar ax`otojl piagsura. Iat us daap oj kojm tngt wrotojl gebut tna kbvoas os jbt sb s b hgr hrbk  wngt kbst bh us mb giragmy giragmy66 \naj wa iagva g kbvoa tnagta tnagtarr ghtar twb nburs bh ajhbr`am soiaj`a, kbst bh us mos`uss br grlua gebut tna hoik. Gitnbuln tna mohharaj`a eatwaaj tgidojl gjm wrotojl gebut g suefa`t os g `ru`ogi bja, wrotojl gebut g hoik os, oj bja sajsa, sokpiy g kbra rahojam gjm`gj kagsuram dojm `bkkujo`gtobj, wotntna g ragmar. Bur `bkkajts ea gebut tnabhparhbrkgj`a bh gjeut g`tbr, ax`otakajt aio`otam ey spa`oho` s`ajas, br fust `bkkbj quastobjs gebut wngt ngppajam, wny ot ngppajam, br wny tna hoik kgma tna gjswars tb tnasa quastobjs uj`iagr uj`iagr.. Hraquajtiy, tnasa `bjvarsgtobjs avbiva hrbk sagr`nojl hbr tna rolnt  wbrm br hojmojl g sgtoshg`tbry mas`roptobj bh nbw g saquaj`a mavaibps6 ’O prahar Dagtbj tb @ngpioj ea`gusa Dagtbj‟s hujjoar. \aii, O kagj, na taiis hujjoar, kbra `bkpio`gtam stbroas‛4 ’O ngtam”jb, O hbujm ku`n tbb pramo`tgeia”tna ajmojl bh Hiolnt Hiolnt (5375).‛  (5375).‛ \noia tgidojl gebut kbvoas, avaj `gsugiiy, wa sagr`n hbr wbrms tb kgt`n wngt wa sgw gjm nbw wa rag`tam tb ot. \rotojl gebut hoik os g `grahui gjm kbra `gi`uigtam stap eaybjm tnos horst okpuisa tb mos`uss wngt wa ngva saaj. Lovaj tnos jbrkgi okpuisa, wa `gj avaj ajfby tgidojl gjm wrotojl wr otojl gebut g kbvoa tngt wa mom

 

\ny \rOta gebut tna KbvOas2

7?

jbt ioda. G hroajm bh tna wrotar wnb prgosam Lrgvoty Lrgvoty tnus  tnus ealojs nos assgy kbra jalgtovaiy tngj tna stumajt qubtam pravobusiy6  \noia tna 0M ta`njbib ta`njbibly ly bh Lrgvoty  (5370)  (5370) `ragtas g mragky gjm bhtaj hgs`ojgtojl axparoaj`a bh butar spg`a, ot gisb makbjstrgtas”bj`a glgoj”nbw tngt ta`njbibly ngs usurpam tna `bkpiaxoty usugiiy usugiiy hbujm oj lbbm stbroas wotn lbbm `ngrg`tars.. Pgjmrg Euiib`d gjm Labrla @ibbjay pbr tars pbrtrg trgy y tna bjiy twb `ngrg`tars oj tna hoik, kamo`gi ajlojaar Uygj Ptbja gjm gstrbjgut Kgtt Dbwgisdy, eut maspota tnos pbtajtogiiy ro`n gjm myjgko` aj`bujtar eatwaaj twb kalgstgrs, tna hoik iats tnak iotargiiy mroht oj gjm but bh igka `bjvarsgtobjs gjm soiiy quops. Agriy oj tna hoik @ibbjay/Dbwgisdo os `ut ibbsa tb mroht gwgy ojtb tna vbom bh spg`a (ragppagrojl igtar oj Euiib`d/Ptbja‟s eroah ngiiu`ojgtobj), eut tna kgfbroty bh tna hoik `bj`ajtrgtas bj Ptbja‟s waolntiass strullias wotn aquopkajt gjm g erbdaj spg`a `rght. ]nara os, oj hg`t, iottia stbry br pibt oj tnos kbvoa btnar tngj tna ka`ngjo`gi mrgkg bh raturjojl tb agrtn, gjm avaj gmmojl tna kakbry bh Ptbja‟s `noim gjm nar trglo` magtn `gjjbt ramaak tna suparho`ogioty bh `ngrg`tars wnb saak tb ea tnara kgojiy tb ajngj`a tna vosugi g`rbegto`s bh tna hoik. Lrgvoty  bhhars  bhhars eagutohui eagutoh ui btnar btnar-wbrimiy -wbrimiy okglas gjm sbkatokas suspajsahui kbvakajts, eut wotnbut jugj`am `ngrg`tarss gjm g huiiy m `ngrg`tar mav avaibpam aibpam stbr stbry y, ot rakgojs bjiy g piags piagsgjt gjt roma tnrbuln tna mgrd.

Gs tnasa twb hroajms mos`bvaram, wnaj wa par`aova tna sgka kbvoa mohharajtiy, tryojl tb axpigoj tngt ujmarstgjmojl `gj ea `ngrlam wotn gii tna ajarly bh g lbbm `bjvarsgtobj. Sarngps kbra tngj kbst btnar grts gjm ajtartgojkajts, tna kbvoas hraquajtiy aio`ot g strbjl akbtobjgi br ojtaiia`tugi rag`tobj. Bhtaj, nbwavar, tna ragsbj hbr bur pgrto`uigr rag`tobj tb g kbvoa rakgojs uj`iagr ujtoi wa ngva ngm tna bppbrtujoty tb tnojd `grahuiiy gebut gjm grto`uigta  wngt stokuigtam ot. Kaat Fbnj Mba (7?=7) Mba (7?=7) kolnt aio`ot g lommy jbstgilog romo`uibusiy but bh stap wotn tbmgy‟s pbioto`gi `bkpiaxotoas4 sbka voawars bh O Ibva _bu Snoiiop Kbrros  Kbrros  (533?) kgy hojm tnaksaivas gttrg`tam ey tna nbjast mapo`tobj bh g lgy raigtobjsnop wotn maptn gjm pgssobj eut ea put bhh ey Fok @grray‟s typo`giiy axgllargtam gjto`s4 kbst gumoaj`as bh Haiiojo‟s > 7/5  7/5  (7?80) woii prbegeiy ra`bljoza tna okpbrtgj`a bh tna bpajojl saquaj`a, oj wno`n g kgj hibgts hrbk nos `gr gebva g trghho` fgk, eut tnay kgytngt ea ngrm-prassam tb axpigoj quo`diy wngt ot kagjs oj tarks bh tna stbry hbiibws. Gjgiyzojl bur rag`tobjs tb tnakas, `ngrg`tars, br okglas ioda tnasa `gj ea g wgy jbt bjiy bh ujmarstgjmojl g kbvoa

 

53 

@ngptar 7

Ojtrbmu@tObj tb \rOtOjl gebut tna KbvOas

eattar, eut gisb bh ujmarstgjmojl eattar nbw wa voaw tna wbrim gjm tna `uituras wa iova oj. Oj tna hbiibwojl tnraa pgrglrgpns, wa `gj saa nbw Labhhray Jbwaii-Pkotn turjam nos ojotogi ax`otakajt gebut g s`aja oj g Ko`naigjlaib Gjtbjobjo hoik ojtb gj axpibrgtobj bh tngt pgrto`uigr s`aja gjm, okpio`otiy, okpio`otiy, ojtb g mos`ussobj bh nos gmkorgtobj bh tna nukgj `bkpiaxoty oj Gjtbjobjo‟s hoiks6 ]nara os bja eroah s`aja oj  I‟Gvvajturg  I‟Gvvajturg,, jbt bj tna hg`a bh ot g vary okpbrtgjt bja, wno`n saaks tb ka tb apotbkoza parha`tiy avarytnojl tngt os kbst vgiom gjm brolojgi gebut Gjtbjobjo‟s hbrk bh `ojakg. Ot os tna s`aja wnara Pgjmrb gjm @igumog grrova ey `ngj`a gt g skgii voiigla sbkawnara oj tna ojtarobr bh Po`oiy. ]na voiigla os strgjlaiy quoat. ]nay  wgid grbujm hbr g eot, `gii but. but. Jb rapiy rapiy,, jbtnojl. Lrgmugiiy ot mgwjs bbj j tnak tngt tna voiigla os uttariy masartam, ujojngeotam, parngps javar  wgs ojngeotam. ]nara os jb bja oj tna wnbia voiigla eut tnaksaivas, tblatnar gjm gibja. Mostuream, tnay stgrt tb kbva gwgy. Hbr g kbkajt tna hoik nbvars6 tna wbrim os, sb tb spagd, suspajmam hbr twb sa`bjms, parngps kbra. ]naj summajiy tna hoik piujlas, gjm wa `ut tb g `ibsaup bh Pgjmrb gjm @igumog kgdojl ibva oj g hoaim”bja bh tna kbst a`stgto` kbkajts oj tna nostbry bh tna `ojakg, gjm bja hbr wno`n tnara ngs eaaj gppgrajtiy jb hbrkgi prapgrgtobj wngtavar. \ngt axg`tiy ngs ngppajam2 Ot os jbt tna `gsa tngt Pgjmrb gjm @igumog ngva summajiy hgiiaj oj ibva, br summajiy mos`bvaram gt tngt kbkajt tngt tnay ngva eaaj oj ibva gii gibjl. Jbr, gt tna btnar axtraka, os tnaors g pgjo` rag`tobj tb g summaj hagr bh masbigtobj gjm ibjaiojass. Jbr glgoj os ot g quastobj bh tna kgj prbhotojl hrbk g kbkajt bh naipiassjass bj tna pgrt bh tna  wbkgj oj brmar tb samu`a nar nar.. Ag`n bh tnasa axpigjgtobjs `bjtgojs gj gspa`t bh tna trutn, eut tna wnbia trutn os kbra `bkpio`gtam gjm uitokgtaiy as`gpas gjgiysos. \ngt pra`osaiy ngppajam oj tngt kbkajt tna spa`tgtbr woii javar djbw, gjm ot os mbuethui oh tna `ngrg`tars ragiiy djbw hbr tnaksaivas. @igumog djbws tngt Pgjmrb os ojtarastam oj nar. Ey `bkojl wotn nok tb tna voiigla sna ngs giragmy kbra br iass `bkkottam narsaih, eut tna g`tugi hgtgi ma`osobj os jaotnar nars jbr nos. Ot `bkas, wnaj ot `bkas, okpuisovaiy6 gjm ots okkamogta `gusa, tna stokuius wno`n prbvbdas tna raspbjsa, os tna haaiojl bh akptojass gjm jaam `ragtam ey tna solnt bh tna masartam voiigla. Fust gs nar haaiojls (gjm nos tbb hbr tngt kgttar) gra jaotnar puraiy rbkgjto` jbr puraiy pnyso`gi, sb nar `nbo`a, Gjtbjobjo os sgyojl, os jaotnar puraiy matarmatarkojam jbr as`gpas puraiy hraa. Pna oj `nbbsas, eut tna soljoho`gj`a bh nar `nbo`a nar, gjm g sajsa`artgojiy, gisb sna `buim ngrmiy ngva g`tam btnarwosa. . . .

 

\ny \rOta gebut tna KbvOas2

57

 \nar a oj tnos bppra  \nara bpprassova ssova pnyso pnyso`gi `gi gjm sb`ogi ajvor ajvorbjkaj bjkajtt mb tna `ngrg`tars hojm gjy as`gpa2 Nbw `gj tnay eragd but bh tna igeyrojtn  wno`n jgtu jgtura ra gj gjm m bt btnar nar k kaj aj gj gjm m tn tnaor aor bbwj wj sa sajsoe jsoeoioto oiotoas as ngva ng va eu euoit oit up grbujm tnak2 Srbpariy spagdojl tnara os jb as`gpa, jbr snbuim tnara ea. Kgj os mbbkam tb iovojl oj tna wbrim”tnos os tb sgy jb kbra tngj tngt na os mbbkam tb axost. Eut tna sotugtobj os jbt nbpaiass. ]nara gra kbkajts bh ngppojass oj tna t na hoiks, wno`n `bka, wnaj tnay `bka, hrbk eaojl gt pag`a wotn tna pnyso`gi ajvorbjkajt, br wotn btnars, jbt oj wotnmrgwojl hrbk tnak. @igumog oj I oj  I‟Gvvajt ‟Gvvajturg urg,, bj tna yg`nt gjm tnaj bj tna osigjm, os `ut bhh, kajtgiiy, hrbk tna btnar pabpia tnara, gjm lovas narsaih bvar tb ujmoiutam ajfbykajt bh nar pnyso`gi surrbujmojls, ujtoi wotn Gjjg‟s mosgppagrgj`a avaj tnasa surrbujmojls saak tb turj glgojst nar gjm gllrgvgta rgtnar tngj giiavogta nar pgoj. Oj ]na A`iopsa  A`iopsa  Xottbrog‟s ngppoast kbkajt os murojl tngt korg`uibus s`aja gt Xarbjg wnaj nar summaj `bjtajtkajt saaks tb ea mostoiiam but bh tna sokpia solnts gjm sbujms bh tna gorpbrt6 suj, tna wojm oj tna lrgss, tna mrbja bh gj garbpigja, g fuda-ebx. Gt su`n kbkajts btnar pabpia gra bjiy g mrgl”gjm yat tna jaam hbr tnak axosts. ]na masora tb lat gwgy hrbk bjasaih, gwgy hrbk btnar pabpia, gjm tna sgtoshg`tobj tnos lovas, grosa bjiy hrbk tna prg`to`gi ja`assoty hbr kbst bh tna toka bh eaojl gwgra bh bjasaih gjm bh hbrkojl `gsugi br murgeia raigtobjsnops wotn btnar pabpia. Gjm tna raigtobjsnops tbb `gj ea g sbur`a bh huihoiikajt. Jb sojlia trota br gestrg`t hbrkuigtobj `gj `gt`n tna iovojl assaj`a bh Gjtbjobjo‟ Gjt bjobjo‟ss varsobj bh tna nukgj `bkamy (011, 080).

Oj tnos axgkpia, g sojlia s`aja ea`bkas tna stokuius hbr tna assgy. ]na gutnbr prbeas gjm quastobjs tnos s`aja6 \ngt axg`tiy ngs ngppajam, gjm wngt mbas ot kagj2 Nos bevobus sgtoshg`tobj gs g wrotar `bkas hrbk gjgiyzojl tnos s`aja gs oh ot wara g kystary tb ea sbivam. Oj tna prb`ass bh nos gjgiysos, nos brolojgi `urobsoty iagms tb erbgmar ragmojls bh btnar Gjtbjobjo kbvoas gjm, hojgiiy, tb nos mos`bvary bh g `bjsbigtobj oj tna mostureojl pramo`gkajt tngt horst `gulnt nos aya. Hbr tnos wrotar, tna piagsura bh hbiibwojl nos `urobsoty iagms tb tna igrlar piagsura bh ujmarstgjmojl kbra gebut ioha gjm ngppojass oj kbmarj tokas.  \oojl @u

Omajtohy g s`aja oj g hoik ybu‟va ra`ajtiy saaj tngt kbst ghha`tam ybu br kbst `bjhusam Oj bjahrbk br twb try tb ybur axpigoj wny. Ea sura tb usa spa`oho`ybu. avomaj`a tnapgrglrgpns hoik tb suppbrt gjswar.

 

55 

@ngptar 7

Ojtrbmu@tObj tb \rOtOjl gebut tna KbvOas

 ybur  ybu r G Gumo umoaj@ aj@a aG Gjm jm tna GoK GoKs s bh hoiK @roto@osK

 \rotojl gebut hoik `gj sarva bja bh savargi huj`tobjs. Ot `gj naip ybu mb  \rotojl tna hbiibwojl6 • Qjmarstgjm ybur bwj raspbjsa tb g kbvoa eattar eattar.. • @bjvoj`a btnars wny ybu io ioda da br mosioda g ho hoik. ik. • Axpigoj br ojtrbmu`a sbkatnojl gebut g kbvoa, g hoikkgdar hoikkgdar,, br g lrbup bh kbvoas tngt ybur ragmars kgy jbt djbw djbw.. • Kgda `bkpg `bkpgrosbjs rosbjs gjm `bjtrgsts eatwaaj bja kbvoa gjm btnars gs g wgy bh ujmarstgjmojl tnak eattar eattar.. • Kgda `bjja` `bjja`tobjs tobjs eatwaaj g kbvoa gjm btnar grags bh `uitura tb oiiukojgta ebtn tna `uitura gjm tna kbvoas ot prbmu`as. ]na purpbsas tngt ea`bka pgrt bh br `ajtrgi tb ybur wrotojl woii sbkatokas mapajm ajtoraiy bj ybur gumoaj`a6 Gj assgy ojtrbmu`ojl g jaw kbvoa, hbr axgkpia, os usugiiy wrottaj hbr gj gumoaj`a tngt ngs jbt saaj tna hoik. Nbwavar, avaj wnaj tngt purpbsa os ma`omam bj ojmapajmajtiy”parngps but bh g parsbjgi ojtarast oj tna raigtobj eatwaaj Ppgjosn hoiks gjm Ppgjosn `uitura”wngt ybu sgy woii giwgys ea sngpam ey ybur jbtobj bh ybur gumoaj`a gjm aspa`ogiiy ey wngt ybu prasuka tnbsa ragmars djbw br wgjt tb djbw. djbw. Oh ybu tnojd bh wrotojl gs, oj sbka wgys, rasakeiojl `bjvarsgtobj,  ybu woii saa nbw tna jbto jbtobj bj bh gj gumo gumoaj`a aj`a naip naipss sngpa sngp a wngt ybu sgy. Oh, hbr axgkpia, ybu gra mos`ussojl g QP kbvoa, su`n gs ]na Eiojm Poma  Poma  (533?), wotn g jbj-Gkaro`gj, ebtn tna wgy ybu kgda ybur pbojt gebut tna hoik gjm, parngps, tna pbojt otsaih woii ea matarkojam ey wngt ybu eaioava tngt ojmovomugi djbws gjm wgjts tb djbw gebut QP `uitura gjm gebut tna kbvoa. (G jbj-Gkaro`gj, hbr axgkpia, kgy jaam kbra ojhbrkgtobj gebut QP hbbtegii gjm `biiala ra`ruotkajt bh noln-s`nbbi pigyars, wnarags gj Gkaro`gj woii jaam vary iottia ojhbrkgtobj.) Pokoigriy, oj mos`ussojl g hoik wotn sbkabja wnb kgy jbt ngva saaj ot, O wbuim prbegeiy horst mas`roea tngt hoik wotn g lajargi bvarvoaw, sukkgrozojl tna pibt gjm tnakas gs g wgy tb `bjvoj`a tngt parsbj tb saa tna hoik br jbt tb saa ot. Oh, bj tna btnar ngjm, O gk tgidojl gebut g kbvoa tngt g hroajm gjm O ngva ebtn saaj savargi tokas, su`n gs Varb Mgrd ]norty, ]norty, O mb jbt ngva tb rakojm tngt parsbj bh tna pibt br bh tna kgoj `ngrg`tars. Fust gs bur `bjvarsgtobjs gebut kbvoas mohhar g``brmojl tb tna ojmovomugis wa gra spagdojl wotn, tnamapajmojl wgy wa wrota gebut hoik gjm tna `roto`gi pbsotobj wa `nbbsa vgry bj tna gumoaj`a waavaj gra  wrotojl  wrot ojl hbr.

 

ybur gumOaj@a gjm tna gOKs bh hOiK @rOtO@OsK

50

Bja s`nakgto` gjm trgmotobjgi wgy tb ojmo`gta tna mohharajt gumoaj`as g wrotar kolnt ajvosobj os tb mostojluosn gkbjl tna hbiibwojl6 • • • •

G s`raajojl rapbrt. G kbvoa ravoaw. G tnabra tnabrato`gi to`gi assgy. G `roto`gi assgy.

G lragt magi bh wrotojl gebut hoik tbmgy jbw gppagrs bj tna Ojtarjat, gjm tnos dojm bh bpaj hbruk mbas tajm tb eiur tnasa mostoj`tobjs, fust gs ot eiurs g `iagr sajsa bh tna ojtajmam gumoaj`a hbr mohharajt dojms bh wrotojl. Gitnbuln tnasa hbur kbmas bh wrotojl gra ngrmiy axngustova br `bkpiataiy mostoj`t, tnay snbuim ojmo`gta tna okpbrtgj`a bh daapojl ybur gumoaj`a oj kojm gs g wgy bh matarkojojl ybur styia gjm lbgis.

tn s`jojl rp G s`raajojl os g snbrt bh wrotojl Srokgroiy tngt g`ts gs g prapgrgtobj hbr `igssrapbrt mos`ussobjs gjmpoa`a axgkojgtobjs. g mas`roptova gssoljkajt tngt brlgjozas jbtas bj g hoik (saa pp. 0>‐=1), 0>‐=1) , tna rapbrt snbuim `bjtgoj gebut tnraa br hbur pgrglrgpns (gebut bja tb twb pglas) hb`usam bj twb tb hbur pbojts raigtam tb tna tbpo`s bh tna `bursa br tb spa`oho` quastobjs prbvomam ey tna ojstru`tbr (ybur tgrlat gumoaj`a hbr tnos dojm bh wrotojl). Qjioda g ravoaw br `roto`gi assgy, g s`raajojl rapbrt gvboms strbjl bpojobjs br g pgrto`uigr grlukajt. Ojstagm, ot goks tb ea gs befa`tova gjm `bj`rata gs pbssoeia, oj`iumojl gumob gjm  vosugi  vosu gi m matgoi atgoi wnar wnaravar avar pbss pbssoeia oeia.. Hbr g `ig `igss ss bbj j tn tnaa rb rbgm gm k kbvoa bvoa,, bj bjaa st stuumajt ealojs nos s`raajojl rapbrt bh ] ]arraj`a arraj`a Kgio`d‟ Kgio`d‟ss Egmigjms Egmigjms (7?3. Sgla 70>6 Oj tna igta 7?03s, pueio` m mos`ussobj os`ussobj . . . pbwar tb `ragta tna jgtobj‟s kytns gjm mragks. mragks.   Kbvoa-Kgma Gkaro`g6 G @uiturgi Nostbry bh Gkaro`gj Kbvoas ey Kbvoas ey Ubegrt Pdigr. Xojtgla Ebbds, 7?