A report on Civil Engineering Internship at Advance Development Technology Ltd.(ADTL) BY MIST,CE-12

MILITARY INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

REPORT ON CIVIL ENGINEERING STUDENT’S INTERNSHIP PROGRAMME

2012

SUBMITTED BY MAHMUD AHMED

SUBMITTED TO Lt. Col NASIRUDDIN

201011037

LEC. FUAD YASIN HUDA

CE-12

SUMISSION DATE: 30 DEC 2012 1

Group: 08 Supervisors:  Lt Col Nasiruddin  Lec Fuad Yasin Huda

Group members:  Major Mohammad Zahidul Karim Student ID: 201011010  Major Mohammad Arifuzzaman Student ID: 201011011  Mahmud Ahmed Student ID: 201011037  Nabeela Nusrat Nasim Student ID: 201011038  Noman Sabid Student ID: 201011050

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PREFACE The Civil Engineering Students‟ Internship Programme (CESIP) was arranged by MIST to give us an opportunity to gain practical knowledge of a construction project. The main goals of CESIP was to develop practical working skill and compare the field work with theoretical knowledge, that we have learned and deviation of practical from theoretical specification. This purpose of this report is to delineate the overall knowledge earned by us during the attachment with ADVANCED DEVELOPMENT TECHNOLOGIES Ltd. from 2nd

December to 27th December. In our

internship programme we visited 6 projects. This report will include the field experience which we have gathered in the last 28 days as well as the relevant construction works.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT All praises and profound gratitude to the Almighty Allah who is the most beneficent and the most merciful for allowing great opportunity and ability to bring this effort to fruition safely and peacefully. I would like to express my deepest gratitude, sincere appreciation and indebtedness to the Chief supervisor Col ASM Mahmood Hasan,psc , Supervisor Lt.Col. Nasiruddin , Lec Fuad Yasin Huda and Course Coordinator Maj M R K Sanaur Rahman Rashidi of Military Institute of Science and Technology, Mirpur Cantonment, Dhaka for their kind supervision, constant encouragement, valuable guidance, generous help and invaluable suggestions during the course of the internship. Also I would like to acknowledge the help and sincerity of all the staffs in the office and site, especially Engr SM Anwar Hossain(Chairman) , Mr. Khalequzzaman Khan(General Manager) , SM Akram Hossain (Executive Director), Engr Omar Faruque Ahmed (Executive Director - technical), Major(retd) Md. Alamgir Siddiquee (Chief Engr of Construction) ,Shabana Ashraf Khan ( Chief Architect) , Engr. Munir Ahmed, Engr(Director RMC) Md. Shamsur Rahman(Asst Chief engr of RMC) , Engr Robin Mollick (Sr. Site Engr),Engr S.M Musa, Engr Md. Golam Samdani, Engr. Sharif(Asst Chief Engr) , Engr. Zia , Engr. Shamol , Engr. Rezaul Karim. The overall environment of learning was very friendly and adoptive. We sincerely express all my gratitude to “ADVANCED DEVELOPMENT & TECHNOLOGIES Ltd” to let us have this great opportunity of internship.

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OBJECTIVES OF CESIP 1. To orient students with the practical civil engineering works. 2. To allow students to apply their theoretical knowledge into practical fields. 3. To allow the students gathering practical experiences. To allow the students understand planning, design, drawing of construction project works, concern companies‟ legal matters of office work as well as site management

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INTRODUCTION Engineering is the professional art of applying science to the optimum conversion of the resources of nature to benefit man. New design philosophy, concepts, theories and applications in Civil Engineering are brought to limelight by researchers. Civil Engineering concerns the design, manufacture, maintenance and management of infrastructure such as roads, bridges and buildings. It is about the creation, improvement and protection of a sustainable physical and natural built environment. It is a great art on which a civilized society depends. And to give general knowledge about practical works those we, the students learned and still learning, internship programme is very important. It makes a bridge between theoretical knowledge and practical consideration, difficulties obtained during work, having knowledge about legal agreements between the clients and the organization that are directly in contact with the construction activities. CESIP (Civil Engineering Students Internship Programme) an initiative taken by MIST to provide career oriented applied education and bridge the gap between theory and practice, and provide us with practical, field-based, real-world experiences.

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AIM 1.

To know how to apply the engineering knowledge in construction

sites taught in the class rooms. 2.

To gain engineering experience and knowledge which is required

in practical engineering life, where these are not taught in the lecture rooms. 3.

To point out the difference between theoretical and practical

approach and the reason behind it. 4.

To understand the planning, design, drawing and execution of

any civil engineering project. 5.

To get a feel of the work environment.

6.

Know about engineer’s responsibilities and ethics.

7.

To gain knowledge of office management & site management.

8.

To face different problems in practical works and learn to

overcome them. 9.

To know the mode of conduct with client, labors & others as an

engineer.

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ATTACHED WITH

Advanced development technologies Ltd (ADTL) Chairman: Engineer SM Anwar Hossain Co-ordinator: Mr. Khalequzzaman Khan, GM, Corporate Affairs

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COMPANY OVER VIEW AND PROJECT Advanced Development Technologies Ltd (ADTL) 1.

One of the leading real estate companies in Bangladesh

2.

Specializes in developing luxury apartment complexes in prime

locations of the city 3.

The overseas Corporate & Liaison Office in Bangladesh of

Bangladesh-British Chamber of Commerce (BBCC)-UK was established in 2001 at the Corporate Head Office

building of Advanced

Development Technologies at Dhaka 4.

Advanced is now known as Chamber's Regional Head quarter in

Bangladesh 5.

Chairman has been appointed the First ever Regional President

Bangladesh 6.

An active member of Real Estate & Housing Association of

Bangladesh (REHAB).

Various Departments Of The Company The company is well organized and running successfully through the following efficient departments. 1.

Administration & Logistic

2.

Accounts & Finance

3.

Engineering & Design

4.

Marketing & Customer Service

5.

Planning & Procurement

6.

HR & Corporate 9

Advanced Sister Concerns 1.

Advanced Ready mix concrete industry

2.

Advanced EPS (expanded polystyrene) industry

3.

Advanced BP(brick plant) industry

4.

Advanced kitchen solutions

THE PROJECTS OF THE COMPANY At present, ADTL has Thirty three (33) apartment building projects at hand in the most prestigious areas of the city such as Gulshan, Banani, Baridhara, Dhanmondi and Uttara. Sixty four (64) completed apartment buildings have already been handed over to its clients. Another Twenty (20) apartment buildings will be handed over very soon. Ongoing Projects 

Advanced noorani tower Plot: Banani



Advanced monjulica Plot:269 , road:15A , Dhanmondi , Dhaka Apartment size:1560-2200 sft



Eskaton Fantasia Opposite to JONOKONTHO BHABON, Eskaton



Rose Marinus Plot: Siddik bazaar



Advanced Melinda Plot: Malibagh



Baridhara Crown Plot: J block Baridhara

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Mega Projects 

Advanced Police Town Location –Savar

Completed Projects Gulshan: 

The Reeve Plot: 11, road: 33, Gulshan, Dhaka-1212. Apartment size: 1870-2200 sft.



Palma vista Plot: 01, road: 95, Gulshan, Dhaka-1212. Apartment size: 2000-3270 sft.



Salton Myers Plot: 02, road: 34, Gulshan, Dhaka-1213. Apartment size: 3050 sft.



Park Avilya Plot: 07, road: 86, Gulshan, Dhaka-1212. Apartment size: 1600-2110 sft.

Banani: 

Le Mont Plot: 30, road: 16, Banani , Dhaka-1213. Apartment size: 1600-2000 sft.



Suns Pree Plot: 06, Kamal Attaturk Avenue, Banani , Dhaka-1213 Commercial complex

Baridhara: 

Elizabeth House Plot: 23, road: 06, Baridhara , Dhaka. Apartment size: 2350 sft.

Uttara: 

Celosia 11

Plot: 12, road: 04, sector-3, Uttara Model Town, Dhaka-1230. Apartment size: 1525-1535 sft. 

Park Fiona Plot: 12, road: 03, sector-7, Uttara Model Town, Dhaka-1230. Apartment size: 1335 sft.



Angelica Plot: 82, sector-11, Sonargaon janapath,Uttara Model Town , Dhaka1230. Apartment size: 1330 sft



Montieliier Plot: 03, road: 14/c, sector-4, Uttara Model Town, Dhaka-1230. Apartment size: 1250-1550 sft.

Mirpur: 

Silverweed Plot: 19, road: 02, section-12, Pallabi, Mirpur, Dhaka. Apartment size: 1000-1050 sft.

Midtown: 



 





Baily Ritz 1, New Baily Road, Dhaka. Apartment size: 910-2070 sft Baily Fiesta 1/2, New Baily Road, Dhaka. Apartment size: 1190-2250 sft Shop size: 83-494 sft Baily Ballerina 144, New Baily Road, Dhaka. Lauren Vista 169, Elephant Road, Dhaka. Apartment size: 1165-1790 sft Shop size: 95-390 sft Roslyn Vista 109, Siddique Bazar, Dhaka. Apartment size: 1000-1440 sft Shop size: 63-192 sft Gloriana Plot-16, Purana paltana,Dhaka. 12

Training Program Covers The Following Sites Advanced Police Town Location: Kornopara, Savar Advanced Police Town- key plan

Police town is divided into three groups 1. Police town (consisting of six 11-storied building) 2. Block-a (consisting of five 11-storied building ) 3. Block-b (consisting of seventeen 8-11-storied building)

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Eskaton Fantasia Location: New Eskaton road

It is a commercial cum Residential building.

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Advanced Melinda Location: Malibagh Up to 2nd floor the building will be used for commercial purpose. Rests of the floors are constructed as apartments.

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Baridhara Crown Location: J Block Baridhara There are three multistoried residential building. For pilling pre-cast piles are used.

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ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT Construction Management Construction management or construction project management (CPM) is the overall planning, coordination, and control of a project from inception to completion aimed at meeting a client‟s requirements in order to produce a functionally and financially viable project. Functions The functions of construction project management typically include the following: 1.

Specifying project objectives and plans including delineation of

scope, budgeting, scheduling, setting performance requirements, and selecting project participants. 2.

Maximizing resource efficiency through procurement of labor,

materials and equipment. 3.

Implementing various operations through proper coordination

and control of planning, design, estimating, contracting and construction in the entire process. 4.

Developing effective communications and mechanisms for

resolving conflicts

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Project Implementation

Chairman Executive Director AGM/Chief Engineer Project Manager Project In charge Site Engineer/ Store Assistant Contractor Forman Labour

Approach To A Project 1.

Land

2.

Preliminary Analysis of Project

3.

Design

4.

Manpower and Equipment

5.

Construction

6.

Legal Aspects

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Steps Analyzing Land 1.

Area where it is situated

2.

Nature of the surroundings

3.

Total amount of the area

4.

Existing condition of the site

5.

Land acquiring policy (purchase or contract with owner)

Preliminary Analysis of Project 1.

Analysis of current market trade

2.

Comparison of possible construction cost & market price

3.

Analysis of company’s policy, standard in the proposed project

site

Design: Architectural 1.

To maximize & properly utilize the proposed site area

2.

Depends on company’s policy & choice

3.

Aesthetic view is the vital part

4.

Architect visits the site also to ensure proper design

Design: Structural 1.

Structural design are done based on architectural drawing &

other input (Soil test) 2.

The layouts & dimensions are kept as per the architectural

drawing unless serious structural change is needed

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Design: Building Service 1.

Consist of Electrical & Plumbing design

2.

Optimum use of components is a must

3.

Aesthetic view is also a important factor

Mobilizing Manpower and Equipment 1.

Assigning project- in charge.

2.

Recruiting contractor and labor.

3.

Selecting material and equipment.

4.

Preparing project work schedule and time frame.

Legal Aspects Permission from 11 agencies must be obtained before commencing any project. Agencies are as follow: 1.

Civil aviation

2.

DESA/DESCO

3.

WASA

4.

Titas Gas

5.

City Corporation

6.

Ward Commissioner

7.

Fire Service and Civil Defence

8.

Dhaka Transport Coordination Board

9.

Traffic Police

10.

RAJUK

11.

Environment Department

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EXPERIENCE OF THE WORK Site preparation 1.

Material storage

Fig: Stacking of Brick 2.

Transport facility

3.

Worker accommodation

4.

Ensuring utility service:

Fig: Coarse Aggregates

a. Electricity b. Water supply c. Gas 5.

Site exploration(Fixing the datum of the according to FGL )

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Soil test & analysis 1.

Samples in the disturbed and undisturbed state were taken to the

laboratory for necessary tests. The following tests were performed: a) Grain size analysis b) Moisture content c) Specific Gravity d) Atterberg Limit e) Density f) Unconfined Compression 2.

For Police Town: Soil test report suggested depth of foundation is

3.5m below EGL. Recommended allowable bearing capacity is 14 ton/m2 at this depth. Alternatively piled foundation may be considered. They preferred bored cast-in-situ RCC pile. Such a pile of diameter 450 mm having tip level at a depth of 15.0 m below EGL is expected to carry around 50 tons per pile in compression which should be confirmed by load test results. 3.

For Baridhara Crown: Soil test couldn‟t be done for adequate

location. They use pre cast pile of 55-60 ft length having crushing strength of 4740 psi and site engineer couldn‟t show the soil report. There are three buildings of 8-13 storied.

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Building construction Pile A pile is a slender structural member made of steel, concrete or wood. A pile is either driven into the soil or formed in-situ by excavating a hole and filling it with concrete. It is used to strengthen the soil so that the ground able to support the load of the building.

Machine 1.

Chisel

2.

Cutting Edge

3.

Casing

4.

Winch Machine

5.

Drilling Rod

6.

Trim Pipe

Cast In Situ Pile Water house Temporary water house for supplying water during boring.

Fig: Water house

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Centering Centering is the determination of Centre point of the pile. It needs high precision to align the Centre of the pile. Accurate placement of piles depends on the centering. Set up the rig stand and centering the chisel with pile point by dropping water. In practical ground piles are centered by dropping water .If water from sizzle drop exactly on top of pile pointing ,then centering is okay, if not then moving the tripod and adjust the pile centering.

Boring Boring started by dropping chisel. After boring 5‟ to 6‟ (depending on soil) then remove it & insert the caging pipe (12‟ to 15‟ length) into the soil. After pushing the caging pipe then again boring started & continued up to desired depth. Water inserted into the caging by hose pipe & subsequently mud is out flowing through the caging.

Fig:Boring

Washing Washing is done to clear the inside of borehole. Washing is done by pure water. Duration of washing continues till the washed water is clean Washing up to get the without or with less muddy or sandy water

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(normally 20 to 30 minutes).To resist caving during wash boring some material chlorine, vent urine, Potash alum etc.

Reinforcement Placing Reinforcement cage is placed inside the borehole with help of rig. A definite clear cover should be kept all around the cage. To maintained the clear cover chair is welded with sides of reinforce bar or place a round concrete block. Maintained the clear cover at side is 3” and bottom is 1‟ and no spiral tie provided up to 2‟ from EGL.

Fig: Placing of Ring

Fig: Spiral Tie

Fig: Clear cover with sperical block

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Fig: Reinforcement Caging

Casting Casting was done with the help of a funnel and trim pipe. Funnel helps to pour the mixture and trim pipe is connected with the funnel. Casting is started from the bottom of pile to avoid segregation. During making mixture special attention should be paid to ensure the mixing ratio. After casting the cage is mildly vibrated to fill the void areas.

Pre Cast Pile Why precast pile is used 1.

Pile driving procedure is Easy.

2.

Quality control can be ensured.

3.

There wasn‟t any structure surrounding the site which can be

harmed due to vibration during Pile driving. 4.

Precast Pile Driving is relatively quicker than cast-in-situ.

Casting of precast pile 1.

For casting of Precast Pile a pile bed is constructed.

2.

The Pile bed constructed by leveling the ground, then laying a

layer of brick flat soling & above that a layer of CC is provided. 3.

After drying of CC layer sand is scattered all over the place.

4.

Usually a pile bed has a length of 50 feet

5.

Formwork of pile is installed for alternative pile.

6.

Re-bar cage is installed in the formwork

7.

Then Concreting is done

8.

Curing is done.

9.

After 28 days Formworks are removed.

10.

Then in the free space left behind previously, Re-bar cage is

installed.

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11.

Before casting them casted piles must protect by polythene or

Lime to prevent adhesion of two piles. 12.

Then Casting & curing of the new Pile is done.

Pile driving procedure 1.

At first The Pile Rig is centered at the correct position

2.

The points of piling were marked before

3.

Each pile is dragged to the rig by Hydraulic jack

4.

Then installed with pile driving head & Cushion

5.

In our site, Piles were driven By Diesel Hammer

6.

To avoid damage by bending, the piles were driven from a fixed

frame having sufficient rigidity to ensure accuracy of driving 7.

Each Designed Pile Length was 55-60 feet

Fig:

Diesel Hammer

Fig: Centering of Precast Pile

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Fig: Storage of Pile

Fig: Driving of Pile

Pile Cap A mass of reinforced concrete cast around the head of a group of piles to ensure that they act as a unit to support the imposed load. Construction of pile caps starts after piling has been performed 1.

Excavator dig hole to level of pile cap base Manual digging and

leveling using hoe Lean concrete about 50 mm for easy work area Cutting-off pile tops up to Cut-off level 2.

The level where pile caps are constructed is known as Cut off

level. 3.

Install pile cap formwork

4.

Install pile cap reinforcement

5.

Install pile stump reinforcement

6.

Alignment

and

strengthening

Reinforcements 7.

Concreting Pile cap

8.

Stump formwork

9.

Concreting

10.

Remove formworks

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of

pile

cap

formwork

and

Fig:

Breaking of Pile Cap

Fig:

Casting of Pile Cap

Fig:

Pile Cap Reinforcement

Fig: Casting of Pile Cap

Fig: Curing of Pile Cap 29

Column 1.

The vertical support which is free from all sides taking the load of

beam slab etc. and transfers the load to the earth independently is called column. 2.

Column is constructed with the help of steel bars and cement

concrete. In case of multi storey and frame structure building constructions, the entire load is born by columns and the floor area/ internal space of building is freely adjusted according to the requirement. 3.

The size, cement concrete ratio and numbers of steel bars with

their diameter are available in structural drawings which are designed according to the load born by the column and factor of safety.

Column after Casting

Column before Casting

Fig: Column

Provision for Columns 1.

Size: a. Each side of column should be at least 12 in. b. Shorter to longer side ratio ≥ 0.4

2.

Lap splices a. Within the middle half of column length. b. Tie spacing at lap splice is d/4 or 4 in., whichever is less; where d is effective depth along least dimension of col. c. According to BNBC the lapping length of compressive member of a structure is 50 times the diameter of the main bar and lapping length of tensile member is 40 times the diameter of the main bar. But practically column is designed considering lapping length 40 times the diameter of main bar. d. In a cross section, the lapping should not be given more than 50% of the total reinforcement.

3.

Clear cover: Clear cover of column should be: a. 1.5 in. (all side) for superstructures. b. Minimum 2.5 in. for substructure.

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Sylhet sand

Ferra

Coarse aggregate (Stone chips)

Fig: Mixing Material

Fig: Mixing Machine

Fig: Ferra

32

Fig: Hoist Machine and concrete work

Steel Shuttering Steel prop Wooden Shuttering

Turn Bolt

Fig: Column Shuttering

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Fig: Shutter Clip

Mixings of concrete: The ingredients of concrete (cement, sand, aggregate, water etc.) can be mixed by two processes. 1.

By weight

2.

By volume

The standard method of preparing concrete by weight basis. But at most of the sites concrete is prepared measuring the ingredients by volume.

Column Casting Procedure After the construction of foundation and pedestal the construction of column is started. The process of construction is following.

34

Fig: Column

Reinforcement 1.

Tie of all rings around and into vertical steel bars according to

design. 2.

Fixing form work of required size with vertical steel bars.

3.

Laying of cement concrete is done in 3 steps:

Step 01: Column Kicker: Before making a column a special type of concrete arrangement is made which is named as kicker. The thickness of kicker is generally 6”-9”. It is given: a. To make proper alignment of the shuttering and the proposed column. b. To make the column as per the grid line. c. To make the column bar straight when the column bar buckles after completing the casting of the slab.

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Kicker

Fig: Column Kicker

Step 02: After casting column kicker 50% of total length of column is casted.

Step 03: Then remaining 50% is casted. Step 02 and 03 are done separately to avoid segregation.

Fig: Column Casting

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At last ensuring proper curing of RCC column.

Fig: Curing

The things a site engineer should observe: 1.

Before column casting: a. Number of bar & diameter of bar as per design. b. Length of lapping of two bars and position of lapping. c. Number of tie bar. d. Angle of tie that is important for earthquake resistance. e. Providing seismic hook to make the structure earthquake resistance. f. Vertical level check of column shutter. g. Maintain the clear cover. h. Gap of shutter blocked by steel sheet. 37

2.

During Column Casting: a. Proportion of mixing of materials of concrete. b. Maintenance of water/cement ratio. c. Testing of consistency by slump test. d. Proper use of vibrator. e. Prohibition of segregation on concrete. f. Surface condition of the aggregate. g. Placement of aggregate before use.

3.

After column casting: (Curing of concrete column) a. 10 days required to gain the strength. b. Curing is needed for 21 days after casting. c. Jute or foam sheet is provided the moisture cannot be evaporated.

Site observation: Location: Police Town (Savar) 1.

Clear cover of column is very important part of column. A

concrete block is used to maintain clear cover. In site it cannot be maintained properly because: 2.

As the block which is used to maintain clear cover sometimes falls

while using vibrator for column casting. So clear cover is not always uniform. 3.

Due to the congested placement of rod. Sometimes eccentricity

occurs which causes deviations. 4.

Lapping of column is another important factor. Lapping length

and placement were done properly as per design except some columns.

38

Lapping

Fig: Lapping Of Column

a.

According to BNBC at

lapping tie should be spaced at d/4. But tie was spaced all through at same distance.

Fig: Column tie at same spacing

39

5.

At police town they provided seismic hook in every column to

make the structure earthquake resistant. The bending of seismic hook is 6db; where db is the diameter of the main bar.

Column Lapping

Seismic Hook Cross tie

Fig: Seismic hook

6 db

Fig: Seismic Hook Detailing. 40

6.

These bricks are used to make the column vertical.

Brick

Fig: Vertical of column

7.

Sometimes number and placement of the bars is not proper. But

we observed that the number and placing of bar was proper.

Fig: Good column reinforcement. 41

8.

To resist the shear stress there should not be any tie bar at the top

of the shuttering. But in some columns at the top of the shuttering we saw tie bars. This was one of the deviations.

Tie Bar

Fig: Tie just below the shuttering

9.

Steel shuttering was used but due to leakage honeycomb

occurred in some places.

Fig: Honeycomb 42

10. For last column at roof the development length (12d b) was maintained properly. But sometimes it is extended up to 2.5 ft. 11. Jute or foam tape is provided so that moisture cannot be absorbed.

Fig: Jute Tape

12. Void was caused during lapping of column.

Fig: Void due to lapping (Location: Baridhara Crown; Baridhara)

43

Beam: 1.

A beam is a structural element that is capable of withstanding

load primarily by resisting bending. 2.

Beams generally carry vertical gravitational forces but can also

be used to carry horizontal loads (i.e., loads due to an earthquake or wind). The loads carried by a beam are transferred to columns, walls, or girders,

which

then

transfer

the

force

to

structural compression members.

Beam

Fig: Beam

44

adjacent

Provision for Frame Beams: 1.

Width-to-depth ratio ≥ 0.3.

2.

Beam Width ≥ 10 in.

3.

Clear cover of beam: 1.5 in.

4.

Lapping of Bar: L/2 (for extra top bar) L/3 (for bottom bar); where L is the beam span.

5.

Transverse reinforcement:

a. The first hoops must be located not more than 2 in from the face of the supporting member. b. hoops as per calculation but spacing not to exceed d/2. Equipment and Materials used: 1.

Ready Mix concrete (RMC)

2.

Reinforcement

3.

Vibrator

4.

Shuttering (steel or timber)

Fig: Vibrator

Fig: Shuttering of beam

45

Beam Casting:

Fig: Beam is monolithically casted with slab.

The things a site engineer observes for beam casting: 1.

Checking the layout according to drawing.

2.

Check the beam dimensions.

3.

Check the shutter of beam.

4.

Check the spacing, alignment, no. of main rod, binder & crank.

5.

Check the bend of top bar with a support (mattum check).

6.

Check the blocks that are provided for maintain the clear cover.

7.

Check the lapping of beam.

8.

Dimensions of extra top if mentioned in design.

46

Site Observation: Location: police town(Savar) 1.

Clear cover was maintained by concrete block.

Fig: Concrete block to maintain clear cover

2.

It is difficult to maintain clear cover where one beam overlaps

with another. So beam is designed considering clear cover 2.5 in.

47

3.

Reinforcement of discontinuous beam was at the top of

continuous beam. If both beams are continuous then shorter length is placed before long beam.

Fig: Beam –Beam Joint

4. For the development length of beam bar is bent before the tie of column.

Fig: Beam rod is bent before tie of column 48

a.

If there was 2 layer of reinforcement at top or bottom

separator bar was used between layers to avoid friction. There is no specification of the spacing. Normally they place the bars after 4-5 ft.

Fig: Separator bar

b.

At beam section mid bar was used as per design to resist

twisting moment. c.

Overall lapping of beam was maintained.

d.

Placement of shuttering was done properly. But most of the

time timber shuttering was used instead of steel so there was possibility of leakage. e.

Vibrator was not always used vertically so it may cause

some of the deviations.

Fig: Using of vibrator (not vertical) 49

Beam-Column Joint: It is the most critical point of a structure. At the beam column joint due to smaller column section the beam reinforcements got congested. It creates a problem while casting as the aggregates will not be able to pass though.

Fig: Beam-Column Joint

During the placement of bar, the bars of beam pass between the reinforcement of column so that column bar can hold the beam.

Fig: Beam reinforcement passing through column reinforcement. 50

Grade Beam:

Grade Beam

Fig: Grade Beam

A reinforced concrete beam placed directly on the ground to provide the foundation for the superstructure 1.

The beam is always constructed up to EGL.

2.

The first beam of structure that jointed with column to column.

3.

Provided to reduce the slenderness effect of ground floor column.

4.

Have an advantage to hold the columns together during

earthquake. 5.

If basement is provided then grade beam act as ground floor

slab beam. 6.

From pile cap to PL the land is filled & compacted with sand.

7.

Transmit the wall load at ground floor to the nearest column &

reduces the possibility of local settlement of wall at ground floor.

51

Site Observation: Location: Baridhara Crown 1. Clear cover was not maintained properly. (Clear cover should be 2.5-3 in.)

Fig: Grade beam (no concrete block to maintain clear cover)

2.

Shuttering was not used properly.

Fig: Timber shuttering

52

Stair Stairway, staircase, stairwell, flight of stairs, or simply stairs are names for a construction designed to bridge a large vertical distance by dividing it into smaller vertical distances, called steps.

Fig: Stair Components

Casting Of Stairs: The observation during construction includes: 1.

Proper leveling.

2.

Proper placement of reinforcement.

3.

Arrangement of reinforcement.

4.

Size of rise and tread.

5.

Number of rise.

6.

Understanding the drawing.

53

Site observation: location: police town (Savar) 1.

Mixing ratio is 1 : 2 : 4

2.

Used 12 mm diameter bar at 4in. spacing.

3.

For binder use 10 mm diameter bar

4.

Maintain ¾ inch clear cover

5.

Waist slab thickness 8”

6.

Tread is 10” & rise is 6”

7.

Stair was constructed with two flights.

8.

Chair was used to distinguish between two layers of

reinforcement.

Fig: Chair

54

Shear wall: 1.

A vertical lateral-force-resisting element in a structure assigned to

resist wind or earthquake generated lateral forces. Depending on detailing and transfer mechanisms, a shear wall can be load-bearing. 2.

In general, these walls are continuous throughout the building

height. 3.

However, some walls are discontinued at the street front or

basement level to allow for commercial or parking spaces. Usually the wall layout is symmetrical with respect to at least one axis of symmetry. Generally construct for: 1.

Staircase wall

2.

Lift pit walls

3.

Underground water tank

4.

Overhanging tank shear wall is used.

Fig: Lift Core (Police town, Savar) 55

Shear Wall

Fig: Overhead Water tank (Eskaton Fantasia, Eskaton)

Fig: Underground water tank (Location: Police Town, Savar)

Fig: Lift Core (Location: Police Town; Savar) 56

SLAB

1.

Slab is one of the most important structural elements in reinforced

concrete construction. 2.

Structural concrete slabs are constructed to provide flat surfaces,

usually horizontal in building floors, roofs, bridges and other types of structures.

Slab Casting Following things must be checked by Project engineer: Before slab casting: 1.

Checking the layout according to drawing.

2.

Check the beam dimensions.

3.

Check the shutter of beam. 57

4.

Check the sheet which is provided below the reinforcement.

5.

Check the spacing, alignment, no. Of main rod, binder & crank.

6.

Check the bend of top bar with a support.

7.

Check the blocks that are provided for maintain the clear cover.

8.

Check the lapping of column.

9.

Dimensions of extra top & corner reinforcement if mentioned in

design. 10.

Check the electric conduit layout on slab.

11.

Clear the dust on slab before casting.

During slab casting: 1.

Check the leveling of slab

2.

Casting the beam first

3.

Using vibrator properly

4.

Alignment of reinforcement

5.

Dust on sheet must be cleaned

6.

Repair the irregular shaped sheet

After Slab Casting: 1.

10 days required to gain the strength

2.

Elevated boundary provided around the periphery of slab to hold

the curing water 3.

Curing is needed for 21 days after casting 58

Site Experience Types of slab In our project site all slab are supported by reinforcement concrete beam and two way both is used. Shuttering 1.

Shuttering of slab should be done properly before placement of

the reinforcement. 2.

Steel and wooden shutters are mostly used for casting.

3.

The shutters are fixed with steel hooks and foams are placed in

the gaps. So that the bleeding of concrete may be prevented. 4.

Steel props and bamboos both are used.

5.

The shutters should be hooked tightly and vertical.

Channel

Bamboo

Steel props Not vertical & Not maintain spacing

Fig: Shuttering 59

Layout of reinforcement 1.

Detailing of reinforcement: In which direction moment is more

place reinforce at first than other direction reinforcement. 2.

Cranked bar: Ratio of cranked bar slope is 1:6.

3.

Lapping: Where moment is less lapping is provided.

4.

Bind the all joints must

5.

Spacing: Spacing should provide as per design.

Cranked bar

Extra top

Fig: Layout of reinforcement

60

Thickness & Clear cover 1.

According to BNBC minimum slab thickness t>4.5 inch.

2.

Due to irregular shaped sheet slab thickness reduced in many

places.

Fig: Irregular shaped sheet

Slab thickness increase due to reduce of the wood which is used as shattering materials. 3.

Fig: Reduce wood thickness

61

4.

Clear cover maintained by concrete block. But shape of

concrete block not maintain properly. Sometimes concrete block not placed properly or it may displace.

Fig: Block thickness

5.

Fig: Displacement of concrete blocks

Clear cover bottom ¾ inch and top 1 inch.

Casting of slab 1.

In our site for slab and beam casting they use ready mix

concrete. Required concrete strength is 3500 psi and they use in site 3500+500 psi strength concrete.

Fig: Casting of Slab

62

2.

The nozzle of the vibrator should be almost vertical with the

surface. But vibrator not properly moved. So there was a chance of having voids between the particles. 3.

Then level the slab surface.

Corner reinforcement 1.

Providing that corner with diagonally with column where no

cantilever portion exists with main frame. 2.

Provided to resist the torsional moment.

Fig: Corner reinforcement

Duct 1.

Duct system is a rectangular spiral seamed duct set into the

structural concrete floors of buildings. 2.

This duct system is used primarily to exhaust air from bathroom

fans, range hoods and clothes dryers.

63

3.

In which direction reinforcement cut off, 50% reinforcement

provided perpendicular in that direction.

Fig: Duct

Electrical layout 1.

Electric layout pipe of the slab were denser.

2.

Placement of electric pipes is not straight due to avoid crack.

Fig: Electric layout pipe.

64

Field test 1.

Slum test.

2.

Ratio by washing.

In our site they use their own ready mix plant concrete so there is no field test for test concrete strength.

Emergency Fire Exit An emergency fire exit in a structure is a special exit for emergencies such as a fire: the combined use of regular and special exits allows for faster evacuation, while it also provides an alternative if the route to the regular exit is blocked by fire, etc. For every two flat one stair is provided.

Fig: Emergency Fire Exit

65

Interior & Exterior Finishing Work Steps 1.

Partition walls

2.

Lintel.

3.

False slab

4.

Electric work

5.

Plumbing work

6.

Parapet

7.

Sun shed

8.

Door & windows

9.

Plastering& Tiles work

10.

Painting

Partition Wall 1.

At first according to room layout the brick line is arranged.

2.

Before starting brick work it should be approved the layout by

landowners or clients. 3.

During brick placement normally use English bond. But it was not

always used .Bond is essential because it imparts strength to the brick wall.

66

Fig: Brick works (English bond)

4.

Used first class brick in partition wall.

5.

Before starting brick work the bricks are soaked in water at 24 hr.

Sometimes this time period was not maintained.

Fig: Soaking of Brick

6.

Then drying them before use.

7.

Brick work is done with mortar with ratio of cement: sand is1:6. 67

Fig: Mixing of mortar

8.

Cheek brick wall alignment.

9.

Groove should be cut on wall for electric and others pipe setting.

10.

In column and Brick wall joint chipping and grouting in done to

make the bonding good. 11.

Curing for brick wall is 7 days.

Lintel 1.

Lintels are provided to support the load above the opening of a

door, window or cupboard etc. 2.

It acts like a beam and transfers the load vertically to the

supporting walls. 3.

Width of lintel is equal to the width of the wall.

Fig: Lintel 68

False Slab 1.

To cover the sanitary pipe joints in toilet.

2.

To provide a space to accommodate future sanitary problems.

3.

Thickness of false slab 3 inch.

Fig: False slab

Electric work 1.

The sub-station receives electricity supply from DESCO/REB.

2.

In the sub-station the main distribution board has 3kW power,

which is supplied to the sub-distribution board with 300rm cables. 3.

Then electricity of 220V is supplied to the individual buildings.

4.

Generator is also available in the Sub-station which serves in the

absence of DESCO/REB electricity supply. 5.

PVC pipe lines are laid before casting.

6.

The vertical conduits are placed when the brick work is done up

to 7‟. 7.

In case of electric wiring switchboard is placed at a height of 4‟-

6” from the floor. Desk telephone line is placed at a height of 9‟.

69

Fig: Electric line lay out

Fig: Electric lay out in slab

Fig: SDB Board

Plumbing Work Plumbing services broadly include the following: 1.

Entire system of water supply and distribution pipes, including

fittings and fixtures like taps, valves, tanks etc used in connection with water supply. 2.

Entire system of sanitary drainage including fittings and fixtures like

wash basins, sinks, water closets, urinals, traps, soil pipes, waste pipes, vent pipes, sewers, septic tanks etc. 3.

Entire system of storm water management including collection

and carrying of rain water (from roofs, paved areas, ground surface) to a public storm water drain or to a pond or river. 70

Water supply 1.

Water supplies of whole building are indirect system, overhead

storage tank provided at roof of the building from where the water is supplied to different floors by gravity. 2.

Pipes of Various diameters are used for plumbing purpose.

3.

From upper to lower floor the pipe dia gradually decreases.

4.

In case of overhead tank water is at first taken from the ground to

the overhead tank by a PPR pipe of 1.5” dia. 5.

From the overhead reservoir water is distributed in each floor by

distribution lines provided according to the plumbing drawing. 6.

For high rise building for every 3 or 4 stories there should be a

direct pipe line from water tank.

Fig: Water supply from overhead water tank

71

Fig: water supply line at Bathroom

Fig: water supply line at Kitchen

Sanitary drainage 1.

All the pipes used in a sewerage system can be passed through a

hollow maintained at each floor top to bottom 2.

Sometimes these pipe lines laid into a duct

3.

In case of sewerage system inspection pits are provided & these

all discharge in a master pit 4.

The discharge from the master pit passed through the septic tank

Fig: Sewerage pipe

Fig: Rain water pipe

72

Fig: Vent and waste water pipe

Fig: Sewerage pipe before entering to septic tank

Parapet wall

Fig: Parapet wall

73

Sunshade Sunshade is an extension part of a lintel provided at outer wall on window to protect entering sun-rays, to obstacle the rain effect from affecting interior.

Fig: Sunshade

Door & windows 1.

For doors & windows at 7‟ height from the floor a lintel is provided.

2.

Door frame is provided 1” wider than the wall thickness to adjust

with plaster. 3.

Before plastering the door frames & grill should be sealed with

wall & their alignment should be checked. 4.

Thai aluminum window to be placed in a groove of wall in order

to avoid rain leakage.

Fig: Door frame fitting

Fig: Groove for aluminum window frame 74

Plastering 1.

Plaster is done after finishing the plumbing & electric works.

2.

Plastering is done with mortar of mix ratio cement : sand is 1: 6.

3.

The thickness of plaster a. for outside wall : ½ inch b. for inside wall : ¾ inch c. for ceiling : ½ inch

4.

Steps of plastering: a. Chipping& Cleaning surface: Chipped with pointed hammer (byesla).Wash the surface with clean water. b. Grouting:Applying cement grouting on RCC surface.

Fig: Chipping

Fig: Grouting

c. Throwing Mortar: d. Leveling:

Throw the mortar on the surface level.

Leveling the surface by plaster gauge.

75

Fig: Throwing mortar

e. Checking:

Fig: Leveling

After plastering, angular check (90 degree) is

done by using tri- square at the corner of plaster.

Fig: Checking diagonal corner

f. Curing: After plastering it should be cured properly, otherwise hairline crack may arise at surface. Curing time is 7 to 28 days. Tiles work 1.

Before tiles work tiles are soaked in water.

2.

Leveling is done by water level.

3.

Mortar used for tiles same as plaster work. 76

4.

Void left in tiles checked by knocking at four corners & middle of

tiles.

Fig: Storage of Tiles

Fig: Exterior tiles work

Painting 1.

Before starting painting the surface is made smooth with

abrading stone ( carborandum stone ). 2.

Then one coat of lime called white wash is provided.

3.

With a coating of paint a coat of putting is provided to make the

surface smoother. 4.

The putting is made of white cement & water.

5.

At least three coatings of paint are provided.

Fig: White wash

77

READY MIX CONCRETE (RMC) RMC is a specialized material in which the cement aggregates and other ingredients are weigh-batched at a plant in a central mixer or truck mixer, before delivery to the construction site in a condition ready for placing by the builder. Thus, `fresh' concrete is manufactured in a plant away from the construction site and transported within the requisite journey time. The RMC supplier provides two services, firstly one of processing the materials for making fresh concrete and secondly, of transporting a product within a short time.

Fig: RMC Plant (ADTL)

ADTL has recently promulgated its maiden progressive and pioneering industrial venture with the launching of 3 units most modern Concrete Batching Plant at Ashulia, Dhaka, Bangladesh, equipped with latest concreting technology of the year 2000 from United Kingdom & 78

Germany. Of them, 2 Units of tiger brand, each having capacity to produce up to 30 cum per hour while Germanys Liebherr one can produce up to 60 cum per hour. Yet another insertion of a proven method of producing high strength and quick setting ready mix concrete marks the latest stage of the ongoing development of infrastructure in Bangladesh. Advantages and Disadvantages of ready mix concrete Advantages 1.

A centralized concrete batching plant can serve a wide area.

2.

The plants are located in areas zoned for industrial use, and yet

the delivery trucks can service residential districts or inner cities. 3.

Better quality concrete is produced.

4.

Elimination of storage space for basic materials at site.

5.

Elimination of procurement / hiring of plant and machinery

6.

Wastage of basic materials is avoided.

7.

Labor associated with production of concrete is eliminated.

8.

Time required is greatly reduced.

9.

Noise and dust pollution at site is reduced.

10.

Reduces cost.

Disadvantages 1.

The materials are batched at a central plant, and the mixing

begins at that plant, so the traveling time from the plant to the site is critical over longer distances. Some sites are just too far away, though this is usually a commercial rather than technical issue. 2.

Generation of additional road traffic; furthermore, access roads,

and site access have to be able to carry the weight of the truck and 79

load. Concrete is approx. 2.5tonne per m³. This problem can be overcome by utilizing so-called 'mini mix' companies, using smaller 4m³ capacity mixers able to access more restricted sites. 3.

Concrete's limited time span between mixing and going-off

means that ready mix should be placed within 120 minutes of batching at the plant. 4.

It is cost effective. Modern additives modify precisely that time span however, the amount of additive added to the mix is

very important. Main Components of ready mix Concrete Ready mix concrete is made from a mix of cement, aggregates and water. Aggregates make up the majority of the concrete‟s volume and the cement provides resistance. Additives are incorporated into the mix to ensure particular properties such as improved durability or shortened hardening times. During the mixing phase, we control every step to ensure quality and uniformity. a. Aggregates 20mm and 10mm aggregate used in RMC

Fig: Aggregate used in RMC 80

b. c.

Cement: Portland composite cement. Admixtures

FIG: Admixture Advantage of admixture: 1.

To delay the initial Setting time.

2.

ADTL uses BASF.

3.

It is a super plasticizer.

4.

It also works as a water proof coating.

5.

It maintains the water-cement ratio without decreasing the

workability. 6.

Increases the strength.

81

Admixture used in ADTL: 1.

Reobuild 1125

2.

Reobuild 623

3.

Rust Converters

4.

Color Hardeners

5.

Accelerators & Retarders

6.

Integral Waterproofing compounds (IWC)

7.

Air entraining Agents & Foaming Agents

8.

Admixtures for Concrete Pavers Block Industry

9.

Release agents for decorative Concrete

Procedure 1.

Raw materials, such as sand, gravel, and cement, are transported

to the concrete plant by truck. 2.

Certain materials, such as inert aggregates, are typically stored

outdoors in stockpiles. 3.

Cement stored in air tight container called „Silos‟. There two

cement silos. 4.

Then all the aggregates are stored in the Wing Hooper from

where needed amount is taken. 5.

As the materials are needed, they are transported by conveyor to

large storage bins at the top of the block plant. 6.

At the start of production, dry materials from the upper storage

bins are discharged into the plant's stationary central mixer. 7.

The proportion of materials in the mix is custom-designed to meet

the specifications for each project. Proportioning is controlled by computer to ensure quality control.

82

8.

After mixing is complete, the mixture is discharged into a truck-

mounted, rotating drum mixer. Transportation

Transport of concrete must be rapid so that the concrete does not dry out or lose its workability or plasticity in the process. The homogeneity of the concrete obtained at the time of mixing should be maintained while transporting it to the final place of deposition. That‟s why the company‟s transports concrete from its Ready Mix Concrete plants to the site through transit mixers. Further the concrete is pumped to the actual point of concreting through high efficiency concrete pumps. Rotating-drum truck mixers typically have a capacity of 6-7 cubic meters and discharge the concrete from the rear. Because slump loss can occur during transit, it is required that the concrete be discharged on the job site within 90 minutes or before 300 revolutions after the addition of water to the cement. 83

Concrete Test

1.

100mmdiameter & 200 mm height of cylindrical mold is used.

2. Concrete by weight is the actual method which is followed here to gain the proper strength. 3.

Sample of concrete is tested both in BUET and RMC‟s Laboratory.

4.

Users do their test from working site.

ECONOMIZING THE PROJECT 1.

Designing the reinforcement economically.

2.

Reuse of shuttering materials.

3.

Efficient& skilled labors.

4.

Earlier structure design done by WSD method considering more

safety factor but now USD method followed so that reduce factor of safety. 5.

Proper site management and good storage facility.

6.

Duration and bank loan. 84

SAFETY

Fig: Falling of reinforcement bar from 8th floor due to lack of proper fastening

When employees are exposed to a hazard of falling 10 feet or more to a lower level, the employer must ensure that fall protection systems are provided, installed, and implemented. 1.

Each employee on walking/working surfaces must be protected

from falling through holes (including skylights) more than six feet above lower levels. Each employee on a walking/working surface must be protected from objects falling through holes (including skylights) and from tripping in or stepping into holes (including skylights) by covers. 2.

Each employee working on, at, above, or near wall openings

(including those with chutes attached) where the outside bottom edge of the wall opening is six feet or more above lower levels and the inside

85

bottom edge of the wall opening is less than 39 inches above the walking/working surface, must be protected from falling. 3.

Each employee on established floors, balconies, and walkways,

with an unprotected side or edge six feet or more above a lower level, must be protected from falling. 4.

Each employee at the edge of an excavation six feet or more

depth must be protected from falling when the excavations are not readily seen because of plant growth or other visual barrier. Each employee at the edge of a well, pit, shaft, and similar excavation six feet or more in depth must be protected from falling. 5.

Safe welding and cutting practices include ventilation, guards

(screens and covers), and personal protective equipment (gloves, hood/helmet, eye and face protection, and respirators). Each employee must be protected from falls into or onto dangerous equipment, regardless of the fall distance. When an employee is exposed to falling objects, the employer must have each employee wear a hard hat and must implement an additional measure of protection such as erecting toe boards, screens, or guardrail systems or barricade the area and prohibit employees from entering the barricaded area.

Housekeeping 1.

During the construction, alteration, or repair work, forms and

scrap lumber with protruding nails and all other debris must be cleared from work areas, passageways, and stairs in and around buildings or other structures. 86

2.

Debris must be removed at regular intervals during the course of

construction. A safe means must be provided for removal. 3.

Containers must be provided for the collection and separation of

waste, trash, oily and used rags, and other refuse. Containers used for garbage and other oily, flammable, or hazardous wastes, such as caustics, acids, harmful dusts, etc., must be equipped with covers. Garbage and other waste must be disposed of at frequent, regular intervals. Helmet:

Every workers and visitor must have helmet while in project

site.

Fig: Workers very near to pile driver without helmet

Safety shade & net:

Safety shed and net should be provided around

the building during construction. Fencing:

There should be proper fencing in the project area.

Safety line: During construction of multistoried building worker must put on safety line.

87

Fig: Fixing Boring pipe without any safety line

Earthing:

Proper earthing arrangement should be provided.

Medical services and first aid a. The employer must ensure the availability of medical personnel for advice and consultation on matters of occupational health. b. Provisions must be made for prompt medical attention in case of serious injury before commencement of a project. c. In the absence of an infirmary, clinic, hospital, or physician reasonably accessible to the worksite, a person who has a valid certificate in first-aid training must be available at the site to render first aid.

88

d. First-aid supplies must be easily accessible when required. The contents of the first-aid kit must be placed in a weatherproof container with individual sealed packages for each type of item, and must be checked by the employer before being sent out on each job and at least weekly on each job to ensure that the expended items are replaced.

Horizontal structure 1. Staff Road Over Pass: We visited Staff Road over pass on 13 Dec 2012. 2. Mirpur-Banani-Airport Flyover. We visited this flyover on 18 Dec 2012.

89

NEW OR INNOVATIVE INFORMATION / KNOWLEDGE GATHERED EPS(Expanded Polystyrene) FACTORY: Advanced EPS Technologies Ltd is a sister concern of Advanced Group. It‟s a new dynamic company based into Bangladesh that manufactures Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) for construction and packaging industry for the first time in the Bangladesh foam industry. The company formed in the year of 2007. It is the third biggest sister concern of Advanced Group and First ever EPS manufacturer of Bangladesh. By having the technologies from Holland and machineries from the pioneer EPS manufacturing company Hirsch, Italy, the company is able to produce high quality EPS blocks. Among the machines, our company currently has Pre-expender of various densities, Block molding machine for making the desired strength blocks and also electronic cutting machines in order to cut the EPS sheets according to the preferred size and thickness. The raw materials commonly known as “Styropor” are coming from BASF, Malaysia.

EPS (Expanded Polystyrene) in Construction: Expanded polystyrene (EPS) is an innovative building material that lends to the design and structural integrity of many building projects. Since the 1950s, EPS has been recognized as a mainstream insulation material, however over the past decade, new applications have rapidly developed. Now, EPS is a powerful design element and an ideal choice for green building design, offering tangible environmental advantages that can maximize energy efficiency, providing improved 90

indoor environmental quality and enhancing durability. EPS has compression strength between 10 to 60 psi (depending on various densities) for most applications and can be molded to meet specific requirements. EPS is used widely in the building and construction industry. EPS is an inert material that does not rot and provides no nutritional benefits to vermin therefore does not attract pests such as rats or termites. Its strength, durability and lightweight nature makes it a versatile and popular building product. Applications include insulated panel systems for walls, roofs and floors as well as facades for both domestic and commercial buildings. It is also used as a void-forming fill material in civil engineering projects, as a lightweight fill in road and railway construction, and as floatation material in the construction of pontoons and marinas.

Fig: EPS factory

91

Advanced EPS Sandwich Panels EPS sandwich panel are usually singular piece, modular factory engineered units comprising two metal faces and a fully insulating core i.e. EPS. The metal facing are fully bonded to the core (EPS) so that the panel acts compositely when under load, in most cases, providing free standing panels. Facing used for insulated panels are predominantly steel which can be of any color according to the consumers need. The insulating core is typically bonded to the facing using a conventional adhesive bond. The panels are typically manufactured on a continuous production line. EPS sandwich panel is a proven construction material well-suited to the extremes. It is a cost effective, lightweight construction material with excellent insulation properties

Fig: Mobile House

Usage & Opportunities of the Sandwich Panel For several decades, sandwich panels with Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) have been used successfully in fast track construction, conferring numerous advantages compared to „build on site‟ systems:

92

1.

Ideal for temporary shed or site office.

2.

Fast installation and ease of handling.

3.

Crane assembly therefore no scaffolding required.

4.

No thermal bridges and good thermal insulation properties.

5.

Design flexibility with choice of color finishes.

6.

Panels can be installed horizontally or vertically.

7.

Reliable robust mechanical performance.

8.

Outstanding non combustible and acoustic performance.

Architectural products Advanced EPS Technologies Ltd can fabricate a wide variety of custom foam shapes for use as architectural enhancements. Popular custom foam shapes include round and fluted columns, cornices, archways, quoins, parapet caps and decorative bans. Custom foam shapes are commonly used as design elements on buildings and signage. EPS shapes have proven very economical in comparison to wood or concrete products, often providing a 50 to 75 percent cost savings. They can also be manufactured quickly, reducing lead times and avoiding long delays.

Fig: Architectural Shapes 93

Advanced Brick plant: Natural sandstone has been used as a masonry unit since ages. Sand and lime, from which it was created by nature, have been applied in mortars as from the earliest times of ancient history. KS bricks is one of the modern bricks used for masonry work in the developed countries and many developing countries as tested, qualified, specified, conforming all of the specifications in U.S.A., Canada all European countries, Japan, partly in China, partly in South East Asia, Australia, part of Africa, the then USSR (CIS countries) and in all modern societies. Calcium silicate units are produced by mixing sand, lime and water. This mixture of natural ingredients is molded into shape by mechanical or hydraulic presses. Calcium Silicate bricks are accurate in size, ensuring ease of placement resulting in a reduction in workload for the bricklayer. Offering durability, strength and performance, at a cost lower than similar building materials having the following advantages: 1.

Low cost, accuracy and uniformity of shape which makes laying

and bonding easy. 2.

Smooth surface and light color makes them suitable for internal

walls without plaster i.e.; factory units, sheds etc. 3.

Invariably free from efflorescence.

4.

Unaffected by repeated freezing or thawing.

5.

Resistance to fire and the transfer of heat and sound is similar to

that of clay bricks. 6.

Its manufacture uses reusable energy and biogas.

7.

No harmful residues or emissions are produced. 94

At Ashulia beside the R.M.C plant a Brick Plant is under construction. It is a mat foundation. 1.

It is a steel structure of 120ft high.

2.

Ht of mat foundation is 4ft 2 inch.

Fig : RMC Unit

Fig: Brick Stack 95

CHALLENGES AND DIFFICULTIES FACED Generally we got full assistance from the members of ADTL. Even though few aspects of difficulties related to engineering construction and personal administration are stated below:

1.

Sometimes there are some mismanagement in administrative side

which may hinder progress of the work. 2.

Few design part could not be explain by the site engineers.

3.

Most often we didn‟t get the full soil test report on site offices.

4.

Some time we got few changes in drawing but not executed on

ground. 5.

On few sites construction progress were slow due to rescission.

6.

Service facilities like gas and current line are not available so

company couldn‟t finish all the work within time frame. 7.

Most of the working sites are in around Dhaka city and the main

project in which we worked is in Savar. So transport problems and maintaining time was difficult due to political movement. 8.

Most of the buildings we visited were multistoried, so every day

climbing 8 -14 floors was laborious as no buildings having construction lift.

9.

Duration of the project is one of the most important challenges for

civil engineers.

10.

Handling with labor and employment of skilled labors are another

major challenge for site engineers.

96

RECOMMENDATIONS 1.

All the departments of a construction company should run

smoothly

for

proper

execution

of

various

administration

and

operational job. 2.

Presently USD methods used in all design purpose which

minimized the construction cost. 3.

Aggregates used in construction should be free from deleterious

materials and of good quality. 4.

Quality and quantity should be ensured by proper and constant

supervision. 5.

Construction lift should be use in every multistoried building which

will facilitate transporting of building materials and will encourage site engineers to supervise building construction repeatedly. 6.

Flow of fund is important to run a project freely and smoothly.

7.

Chief Engineers should visit site frequently to ensure proper

execution of critical design part. 8.

Proper safety measures should be used and installed in

appropriated manners. 9.

Steel props should be used instead of bamboo shuttering

materials. 10.

Wiring and binding of reinforcement should be appropriate.

11.

All the departments of an construction company should run

smoothly

for

proper

execution

of

various

operational job.

CONCLUSIONS 97

administration

and

The aim of a civil engineer is to plan and design various types of structures. This will not be possible unless he involves himself in ground oriented

tasks.

A

project

engineer

is

mostly

responsible

for

implementing the structural design on ground. He needs to have depth of knowledge and foresightness, so that his project does not stuck up for material scarcity, manpower, any special equipment or any other project related problem like requirement of dewatering in an excavation pit. This should be also theoretically covered along with practical orientation. So CESIP has helped us immensely in gathering knowledge of project management.

REFERENCES  All the departments of the Advanced Development & Technologies Ltd.  Theoretical and practical experience of the engineers whom we concerned  BANGLADESH NATIONAL BUILDING CODE(1993) for knowing various specification  ACI codes  Design of Concrete Structure-14th edn By Arthur H. Nilson, David Darwin & Charles W. Dolan

98