A Proverb in Mind Mieder

April 27, 2017 | Author: leppardqueen30 | Category: N/A
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c cc A PROVERB IN MIND c The Cognitive Science of Proverbial Wit and Wisdom c cc  cx     c c

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c!c&  -  c & c& c))c& ! c c c &  !& c c$ , (!c+ !c c *)&* !cc ACKNOW¦EDGMENTS c  "c ,*)!c+ c&!c(

c$ !!() cc !$ ))"c& c& c+ "c%*& c!&* &!c  c, c  c&c+ c* %c& c)!&c6c" !c&c& c , !&"c -c  &c &))"c))c -c+"c!*!! !c( *&c$ , (!c$!" ) %"c c % &, c!  c, c ( c&c& ! c!&* &!cc, c)  c+  c- +c& ! c!*!! !c& c& "c))c , c

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c+c)! c $)"c  (& c& c))c& c$ + ) %!&!c c, c$ , c& c,!&c ! )!$c c& c$ , (c !&c -c& ! c! )!c c *&! c+"c + c c -c $!" ) %"c c&!c!c c $ %c&c& c & !$) "c!$&c -c&!c, )*+ c c&!c ,  cc, c$ -& c- +c& c&>* !c -c! , )c$ $) c c c& c & c+ *!$&c

c$&!c&  -c )-% %c  c$ , c ++ &"c c& c & c, )*+ c c !*%% !& c *+  *!c  %)!#) %*% c -   !c!c ))c ( &c --+ c$ , c  &) c )"! !c -c$& !cc6c c/c!c ))c!c!*%% !& !c- c))*!&&, c+& )c  ++ &!c("cA % c --c c) c, c+$ , c& c$ ! && c -c& cA &c  c &$ c& "c c& c?*)#  %c& "c -c$ , (c +$  ! c  !$ &, )"c c$& c/cc, c)! c( -& c- +c!*!! !c&c c +$) c c -- "c )% c c& c % &, c )!c"$ & !!c9 ))"c ++ &!c("c c "+ *!c  ,  c+ &,& cc&  *%c $" & %c -c& c(

cc c B *!c ,*)!c&c& c , !&"c -c  &c$ , c  !!"c $" %c & # c )("c)  !c c & c!*$$ &c! , !c) "c? 3! "c c "cA !c  c%  *!c  c& ! c -- &!cc  c!&--c&c  c)(*+c!! & !c!c( c* *)"c$& &c c& %c- cc - ! c$ *&c- +c+ cc  c!$ )c& !c& c>*!& !c & c *c+! )c- c c - )"c c$ - !! )c! $  %c -c&!c, )*+ c& *%c& c +$) & c c- c c  ++ &!c c& c+ *!$&c!c ))cc 9 ))"cc *)c) c& c& c+"c- c  c- c$*&& %c*$c&c+"c  !! &c !*!! !c c) %c *!c&c& c +$*& cc #3#cc c

^ ccc c  c cc   cc c S     Æ c cc cccc c c c  ccc c   c cc! c "c   c  c#c$  c c c c   c #c%&c   c'c())*cc% c+cc c cc

1 Views of the Proverb c c  !&c*)&!c c! + c$ , (!c , (!c c c &*&, c!$ &c -c& c+ &)c c -* &  %c&c!c) !!c &*&, c!c c$ , (!c c*! c c*  !&

c!c, )*+ c & !c*$c&!c)) % c&c!c &c c !"c c  , c( *! c$ , (!cc c+ !&c -c

& c+ =!c$  !c  , cc% &c )c -c$ , (c+ c  c c( c +$)! c c c( -c+ + &c*c +$!!c&  -  c!c c& c+ &)c$  !! !c&&c *c c& c &*)c*! c -c$ , (!cc  *! c$ , (!c c +$) 3c c & !$) "c$ !$ &, c!c  c& c 3$) c c $ $) c*! c c*  !& c& +c & c % &, c!  cc!$) c & c& c ! ), %c& c$*@@) c -c& c+ c("c*! %c  $&!c&&c % & c& c$!" ) %"c ) %*!&!c * ) %"c&-)c & ))%  c c& c$) ! $"c -c) %*% c c+ c  c$*@@) c!c &c( c +$) & )"c! ), c(*&c%

c$ % !!c!c( c+ c*!c  % &, c!  c$ , !c *c( !&c$ !$ &c- c , ) %c& c!  &!c -c& c$ , (cc ORGANIZATION AND GOA¦S c !c, )*+ c!c! , c$& !c c&!c-!&c$& c! , c% )c, !c -c& c$ , (c  c ) & c& c&&c, c,  c! &-c% )!c c- *c&&c c &c c- *!c!c

c& c % &, c, c& c) &+ &-c- c& c!&*"c!c$& c)! c! , !c& c>* &c& c   c&c& c$ , (c$& c6c!*!! !c$ , (!c c ;* & c&c-, c & c - +!c -c-%*&, c) %*% c!c )"c!c5...cc c*+  !c*! c % #!$ c !&*+ &!c

c &c)"c& c$ * c* - +c& %cc!c( c& c& c( *&c05..cc&c & c ) !&c7c9% c8c* - +cc* >* c$ &c & $ && !c c& c *+  c) %*% c(*&c& c* - +c!"+( )!c  c(   c("c& c

 c$ $) c  c $) c& c*+  !c c*! c& c  c$ * & c -c& c!"+( )!c   %c& cA  c7c58c& c-!&c* - +c$ , (c )) & !c  c() %*)c 

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! * c -c( *&c//.cc7c !) c.8c& c*! !c c& c ( c c!& c () !c c ))c  cc )& *%c& c!& "c -c$ , (!c& c& c!$  !c!c! &"c&c!c) c&&c& c$ , (c !c-! & c& c)"$ ! c!c ))c!c& c! )c + ) %"c& c!&*"c -c$ , (!c!c $& c("c+ "c--  &c  !c -c$ $) c )* %c*)&*)c & $ ) %!&!c $!" ) %!&!c- ) ) !&!c) %*!&!c!  ) %!&!c *& !c$!"&!&!c!&  !c !&* &!c -c )% c)& &* c(*--!c c , c)" !c, &! %c 3 *&, !c + % + &c !*)& &!cc #/#cc c

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 c c ! )c$ , (c--  c&c! *)c &c( c!*$! %c&&c))c -c&!c &  !&c  c c !*)& %c,!&c)& &* c c& c$ , (c!c" ) c--  &c% )!c$ !$ &, !c !!*+$& !c+ &  ) % !c-  %!c c&  &)c )*! !cc  c !*)&c!c&&c&  c!c c ,  %c& "c -c$ , (!c !& c--  &c, !c , c + % c , c ! ()"c!& %*!() c, !c % %c& c$ , (c 3!&* c c$ !&, c& c &(*& c& c *c ) % c -c & c$ , (c(*&c& "c c &c &(*& c >*))"c& c *c*  !&  %c -c$ , (c  % & c c$ ! )c )% *!c)& "c c$&)c, !c )"c, c! &-c % )!c c- +)c*)&*)c c % &, c, !c c(*&c-- c c% )!c!!*+$& !c

+ & !c c&  &)c$ *&!c  c!c( c !!#- &)@& c( & c))c -c& c ! ))"c, !c 3 $&c- c& c % &, c, cc!c + c )&, )"c! )& c - +c& c & !c cc)% c!) c % &, c! &-c &  !&c c ! c c& c $ , (c!c)%% c(  c&&c -c& c  % &, c! &-c, !c c&  c!c( c )&&) c$$ + &c( & c& c& cc+; c% )c -c&!c!&*"c!c& c( % c& c + "c & ! c -  !cc #5#cc c

^ ccc c  c cc   cc c S     Æ c cc cccc c c c  ccc c   c cc! c "c   c  c#c$  c c c c   c #c%&c   c'c())*cc% c/cc c cc  c! , c, !c c c !( c c &)c *! c& c- +)c*)&*)c c % &, c , !c$)"cc+*c)% c ) c c )*& %c$ , (c % & c& ! c, !c c+  c )( & c c% )c -c&!c  , c!c& c$ , c& c-), c -c c, c& c& cc !&& # -#& #&c& &+ &c c& c c&!c("c!+$) %c !c c ! c&&c, c-)  c - +c c, cc

The Personal View c  c$ ! )c, c+%&c)! c( c)) c& c$ + ) %)c!*(; &, c c- ) c, c  !&c$ $) c c))c*)&* !c, c ) % c -c! + c$ , (!c) %c&c, *!c $ ),& !c&&&* !c c&(&!c -c - +& c( *&c& +c!c&c$* !c&  c c $ , (c) , !c& !c c$& &!cc  c$ ! )c, c!c c+ !&c !$ &!c c %  &c c ! &-c, c , c& *%c &c , !c- +c!$ -c*)&*)c 3$   c&c$ , (!c c+"c &)c! &-))"c c ,)c !c&c!cc!&& %c$  &c- cc! &-c, c(*&c&c! + &+ !c+ , !c --c c c  &! &-c & !cc  c&!c 3& + c- +c& c$ ! )c, c !! &))"c& !c& c$ !& c&&c$ ! )c >* &  c&c$ , (!c - !cc +$) & c ) % c -c& c &* c c-* & c &c!c-c c c &-"c c*! c&c& c*)&* c ! !c& c( c$ , (!c& c c C !c( *&Cc$ , (!c c  ))"c!!*+$& c!c&&c&  c!c &c+*c+  c& c( c )  c( *&c& +c!c!c  c& c( ) , %c&&c( *! c c c 3$   c c& c  & c * &c& c -- &!c -c%,&"c& c c !c( *&c%,&"c c c) , )c!*c !! & !c c&* c(*&c& "c c! &-))"c  >*& c)& *%c$ ! )c & !c& c $ , (!c c! + &+ !c( c>*& c$ !&, c& "c)! c c( c %&, c + c -c& c)&& c  c$ ! & c c& c- ))  %c!*!! c&&c+ , !c- +c& c) !!c& c& c+  c ! $!&& c (; & !c c$ , !cc & c& c& +cc The Romantic Objection c

âÝ  ! "     âc !c!cc # #& #! c (; & c + & ))"c(! c c)"c &c (& %c  $!c& c (; & c& ))!c*!c! + & %c( *&c& c$ $) c c+ c&c ,*)!c c ,  c&!c (; & c+"( c *)c&c! + c -- &c( c+ c & c$ , (c) , !cc #:#cc c

^ ccc c  c cc   cc c S     Æ c cc cccc c c c  ccc c   c cc! c "c   c  c#c$  c c  c c   c #c%&c   c'c())*cc% c0cc c cc

  , c&  c c! , )c%

c ! !c"c$ $) c+"c& c$ , (!c , (!c $ c c$ $) c!) c(  %c$  c& c)! c$ , (!c c &c!"c "& %c -* + &))"c c c (; & c!*!! c c& c! & c c + & c c$& ccc The Aesthetic Objection c â Ý    Ý      #           $         %âc !c- >* &c (; & c -*! !c !& &!c&c! &-c+$ &  c c *)c;*!&c!c  ))c%* c&&c +!c!) %c c & c )&, )"c- @ c- +!c -c) %*% c! *)c)! c % c* !&* c( *! c& "c! +c&& c!c ))c  , c+ , %c *&c -c& c) %*% c  )+c "c- +c -c&& !!c! *)c( c) -&c* & * c  %c& c&!c&  c  )* %c% !&* !c) & %c(&!c+*!c c , c)- !&") !c-c *! c   c  c c The "Sayings" Objection c âS  &      '        %âc !c (; & c!c!+)c& c& c&& !!c (; & c&!c$ $ &!c+"c &c, c  !  c & c& c+-& !c -c$ , (!c c& c)% c!!* c -c) %*% c c*! !c &c c"c!c- c&& !!c&c , )

!c& c$ & &)c+$ &  c -c-+)c , &!c c &&&* c , " c+"c!"c+  c( *&c! + =!c, c -c& c$ &!c c*& &"c -%* !c c% )c& c( *&c "& %c )! c$ , (!c )* c c c) , )cC %"c!c & c!+ c!c+!!Cc!cc!" %c(*&c&c!c% &c&  &)c c$&)c$* cc The Utilitarian Objection c

â'      %(       âc  c &!  c)+ &c&!c (; & c !*+()"cA % c  )c!c;*!&c  %c %  %c c c!"!& +&))"c (! , c& c& !&!c -c& c ++ c$ c c (cc ##cc c

^ ccc c  c cc   cc c S     Æ c cc cccc c c c  ccc c   c cc! c "c   c  c#c$  c c c c   c #c%&c   c'c())*cc% c*cc c cc

) &  c!c!& %c c&+ c) c& " %c&c& c% &c$ $ & !c -c  c c &

c$ , (!c c, c$&)c,)* c c, &! %c$!" & $"c c & c!$ &!c -c , ""c)- c7! c c&)cB c! & c)& 8c c !&  c * & !c$ , (!c c ) !!c !& + c& c& "c c c! + c # !&  c * & !c  c& "c! , c+$ & &c ! )c c- +)#) %)!&c-* & !cc The Phenomenological Objection c âÝÝ      Ý&    9"   )  Ý   Ý "  Ý   *    Ý9"    *Ý"              âc !c (; & c)& *%c&c & !c! + c &  !& %c (! ,& !c c!*%% !&!c c *() c-+ c -c+ c)! c!!*+ !c! + c-)! c$ +! !c)& *%c&c+ !&c$ $) c ))c$ , (!c$ (()"c c c) %#& +c+ + "c c( c !! c$)"c c, c c +   %!c&&c c( c>* )"c!! +() c c -c& ! c!! & !c , c c&* c%* c c % !&c& c +$) 3&"c -c$ , (c$  !! %c c& c c- cc! &-c )"!!c  + ) %"c+"c& ))c*!c&&c! + c+ &)c , &!c$$ c>* )"c c -- &) !!)"c(*&c &!c!c)+& c(  %c c& c +$) 3&"c -c& ! c , &!c9*& +  c % &, c ! &!&!c, c! ,  c&&c;*!&c& ! c  !c -c+ &)c$  !! !c&&c *c>* )"c  c -- &) !!)"c7 %c  % @ %c$&&  !c&)  %c$)" %c& c$ c &8c, c( c , "c !!& &c& c!+*)& c("c +$*& cc The Frequency Objection c âS   '    

       âc -c&!c  c -c (; & c  c&* c c& c c& c+ "c$ + c *)c , c( c  , !&%& c )* %c& c+% &c+ $ ) c, *!c ,"c& +c ) + &!c c ! ! !c & c- +!c -c+ &)c && c )* %c&&c -c!, &!c c! c c"c

&! )-c- >* "c -c *  c!c c ,)c&  c- c  %c & c& c , !&%& c  "& %c c$&*)!c -c& c (; & c c (& () c!c ))c( *! c c *)c, c & c! &&) c cc #4#cc c

^ ccc c  c cc   cc c S     Æ c cc cccc c c c  ccc c   c cc! c "c   c  c#c$  c c c c   c #c%&c   c'c())*cc% c1cc c cc

&cc$ , (c!c c&c!& c *)c( c*! c& c  c&!c )&, c- >* "cc The Ambiguity Objection c â!

    

          +â#<            c(,   c        !        

       -   cc  )) %c!& c%& !c c+ !!c  

       

     &

              $c !c (; & c--+!c&&c$ , (!c c( c+(%* *!c(*&c& c% !c c& c+$)"c&&c ) c&& !!c+$&)&"c c&"c+(%*&"c (,& !c& c! &-c!&*"c c& c  &"c+(%*&"c!c$&c -c& c-! & c -c$ , (!c  , c !$& c& c +(%*&"c   &c c))c$ , (!c!c c !! &))"c))c) %*% c&  c!c$ (()"c ! + & %c ! +() %cc!& c +&, c & $ && c , c c* -+)c c $ , (!c c$ ! & c& *&c & 3&c c% )c -c *! c+(%*&"c !c &c()  c !  * !c! ))c&c!c-c c  c& c&cc !*% c+ , cc!)$ )c * c c& c( c& *&c$$ & %c& c 3$ &! c(  c& c &c $!c& c$ () +c!c&&c) %*% c!c!*c c & !c$&c -c*+ &"c&&c&c!c c& c& c& c(=!c$ !$ &, c c$$ & c& c 3$ &! c , ), cc The ¦inguistic Reductionism Objection c âS  &  #       $        "         # +$âc !c! $!&& c (; & c *)c( c&* c(*&c&c$ ! &c c!*c )*! c c( c  c  c!c%

c ! c& c( ) , c&&cc #.#cc c

^ ccc c  c cc   cc c

S     Æ c cc cccc c c c  ccc c   c cc! c "c   c  c#c$  c c c c   c #c%&c   c'c())*cc% c(2cc c cc

$ , (!c c &c+ &$ !c9 c 3+$) c$ , (!c c+  c) )"c& c+ &$ !c& c&c !c!*++"c , !c *c&c& c c -c! *! c( c*! c("c$ $) c c*& &"c( c  , !& ))"c , &c c( c + +(  c c% )c&  c!cc) c c& c+ c - #% c!& & !c+ %c& c, *!c& $ !c7  !c -c-%*&, c) %*% 8c c &c !+$)"c)*+$c& +c& % & c!c+ &$ !c) c!+*)& *!)"c c& *&c  && c ) %c& c$ !& c&&c& c!+ c% )c$ $) !c$$)"c& c& c $  !! %c c*! c7$& c6c!*!! !c& ! c+&& !c c! + c &)8cc ))c -c& c$   %c 3$ !! !c -c& c$ ! )c, c+ * &c& c$ !!+!&c c c! + c ! !c()& &)"c &! &-c&&&* !c( *&c$ , (!c)& *%c& c$ ! )c, c c - !& c!*c&&&* !c&c c &c c$ ! )c, c c( cc!$ %( c- cc!  c -c $ , (!c  c&c!c( c)+ c&&c$ , (!c&c!c&  !c&&c, *!c  , !&%& !c, c7*  ! *!)"8c! *%&c& c, -"c("c +$)c+  !c9 c 3+$) c $ , (!c!*c!cÆ       . 

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^ ccc c  c cc   cc c S     Æ c cc cccc c c c  ccc c   c cc! c "c   c  c#c$  c c  c c   c #c%&c   c'c())*cc% c((cc c cc

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& c- +!c *!&c& c-), c -c& c!!* c!c$ , c  c&c!c& c*$c% c c$& c6c  c$ , (!c c +$ c& c & c& $ !cc   c!cc,!&c)& &* c&&c&& +$&!c& c)"c( c& c !!  c -c& c$ , (c c!c )"c +   c , , c -c&!c)& &* c& %c7c068c & c&&c& c$ , (c!c%)"c ,)* c+ %c& cA !c c + !c & !c & c&!c( ,&"c$) ! $)c& c  c ++ c*!% c)& c*! c$ , (!c(*&c!& &) c!c+  c )"&)c c$ , c $ $!cc-!&c - & c&&c+ c &>*&"c ! !!c c ! c -c>* && c !! &)c !$ &!c -c& c$ , (c7c& %c068cc  + &c+  c$ ! c - & !c + % c)& c )* %c&&c("c )c$ !& )*!c

-c"@ &*+c c & c c& c5&c &*"c!" %cCc$ , (c!cc!&& + &cc   )!c& c) c c& c* ) c cc& *%c  & c+% !c & !c & )) &*)c   $&!c cc+ !c) c& c&*&c c-*&, c-! Cc7c& %c06c$c648c c &!c!+ c>* & c$ !& )*!c+ & c& c*! c -c& c$ , (c c , ""c!$ c c&!c $$)()&"c& cc % c -c , &!c!c ))c!c&!c*! -*) !!c  ) %c$  !c c c c 3 &&, c*! !c& %c &c c& c& c - & !c -c& c$ , (c& *%c, *!c A + c c %)!c, ! !c )* %c c )"c - & c&&cc$ , (c!cC c )c!c !Cc*! c("cc +!c  c c564c c+ "c)& c %)!c )) & !c -c$ , (!c )! c$ , cc, &"c -c - & !cc  ! c )"c&& +$&!c *)c c *(&c( c & &c )"@ c& c$ , c& c ) + &!c- cc )% c - & c  , c&c!c) )"c&&c& c - & c *)c) ! )"c+&c&&c    c("c  c7c08c c! c, *!c$ $) c& c& c - & !c -c& c $ , (c! %c c )"!!c -c55c - & !c c- +*)& c& c- ))  %c% )c  - & * !c! !&,&"c& c& c!$ c & 3&c& c  )& !$c( & c& c!$  c c  c$$ $& !!c c! c c ! -c!c $ , (!c c ,

c& "c! +c) c$ - +&, !c7c*!& c:68c*&&   !c&&c $ - +c! + c-* & c!*c!c& c+"c$ +! c c  c*&c+c & c&&c&  c  c--   !c!c ))c c&&c$ , (!c(*&c &c$ - +&, !c c( c -  c& c ))$&))"c c)) *& "c, (!c7 %cC  ("C8c c &c))  c) %c&c$ , (c &%!c+c7c/8c%* c&&c& c*)&*)c*& &"c -c& c$ , (c&!c$ !*+$& c -c *)&*)c! +c c&!c )!&c &* c+ c&ccC+ &) %*!&c!$ c&Cc  c& c  ,

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+c7c/8c)! c%* !c&&c& c*!*)c*) !c -c! &  c! + &!c c &c$$)"c& c $ , (!c c& c! ! c&&c--  &c$ , (!c c( c & c && "c c!" "+ *!c 9 c 3+$) c       c c    c c $ $ )"c& & c!c) 3)c!" "+"c*!c$ , (!c$$ c& c-* & c!c!+$) c !! & !c ! c +$)c&*&c,)* c c( c  c(*&c& "c c-&c, c+  c& c -  c -c )"&c7) %))"c  !!"8c&*&!c c ! c- c&!c!c&&c$ , (!c c !!*+ c& c( c&* c c! + c$&*)c & 3&c c& ! c & 3&!c c! *%&c *&c   %c& c+c7c/8cC , (!c c &c*! c& c ! c( *&c& c )c(*&c c *! c!c- +*) c& c+$ ! c& %  !c c+   %c*$ c , &!c c& c , & c  !c& c&&c%) !!* && )c!&&*!c -c& c $ , (c&!c!& & c,!#K#,!c +!c c&!c )"&#) c-  c c) %*!&!c -c& c %*+ &c!c!*!$ &c  , c( *! c&c) !c& c*  *+ & c c$ (()"c-)! c !! & !c7 %c&&c& c$ , (!c( c& & c!c) 3))"c& c& c! & & ))"c !" "+ *!8c c% )c&  c!cc(!c( &c c& c- +)c c*)&*)c, !c7! c)& 8c & c+$*& cc) 3)@ c7 #) 8c!&&*!c& c$ , (!c!c-c c *)c!!*+ c& *&c +$)c *+ && c&&c$ , (c+   %!c c!&  c c+ + "c!c ) !c&&c c !)"c !! cc  c! , )c$$ !c  c7c4c/8c )*& c& c  & !!c -c$ , (!c("c ! && %c& +c c& c & 3&c -c!$ c&c& "c7c*!& c:6Ec ) c:8c c  , !& )c+$)&* c7cA c58c c!$ c&c& "c! + c c!"c

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^ ccc c  c cc   cc c S     Æ c cc cccc c c c  ccc c   c cc! c "c   c  c#c$  c c c c   c #c%&c   c'c())*cc% c(*cc c cc

  HCcc!c)& ))"cc>* !& c(*&c!c& c , " c+   %c -cA % c& )) %c  c&&c c &!c& c!& $c&)  %cc 9 c  c7c/8c$ , (!c cC *()"c  &Cc c&&c& "c&c!c>* & !cc)c+c 7c/8c&&c + c- +c& c)% c*)&* c& c& c& c!$  c c& c+ !!% c!c &c! + $c&c& c)& )c+   %c  c)+ c&&c$ , (!c c*! c& c , c *() c( !c c & $ ! )c!&*& !c( *! c& c$ , (c)) !c& c!$  cC& c !%*! c!c&* c- ) %!c& c) , c+! )-c c !$ c *& c& c -- c!c  c  !c  c& c & c )c c+% c ! !*!Cc7$c/48c  -  c$ , (!c c &*)c   !c- c& c$ ) *& "c&!c -c !&*& %c ! ) %c  %c c& c) c   c)! c%* c&&c!*c -- &!c c & & )c c c, c & c! &#& +c c ) %#& +c -- &!cc  c )*! c)& *%c&& +$&!c& c - c& c$ , (c, c( c &  !& %c c%)"c  - +&, c&  c!c c% ))"c% c*$ c - & cc$ , (c c( c % c!c*$&& c!!*+$& c!c )  %c c) !c& c* - &* & c+$)& !c7 %c&&c$ , (!c &c, %c&!c!&*&* c &*))"c  cc&8c&c&  -  c) !c& c*& +&c +!! c -c %&, c! !Ec&c!c !*(; &, c7!c- ccC )) %c!& Cc 3+$) 8Ec c+ c! %+ &!c &c( c - c c ! )& c- +c& c & c! %+ &!cc ?*  !c7c58c --  c!c  c)!!-& cc!c(! c c& c & c -c! + &c

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& )c c $$ !& )c$ , (!c c- + c )* c        cc! c -c!+$) c %& Ec  "      cc+*&*)c 3)*!,&"Ec c* !& !c -c-& )- c&c!c &c!*$! %c&  -  c&&c )% *!c-%* !c , c*! c$ , (!c& c& c( *&c& ! c!!* !c, "c )% c!c&!c$ , (!c>*!# $ , (!c c!" %!c7+$ c/58cc !*!c*! c( &c& c$ , (c c& c) ! )"c )& c!& "c- +c& c$() c , (!c

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, c& c)- c -c& c ,*)cc% )c&&c!c! + &c!+)c& c& c(())c , & c & c- c c- )) c& c c!cc$  & c- c%&c&  %c c c )"!!c -c+!)c 7$ , (8c$ - +  !c c& c ( c() c9 & c7c4/8c)

c&c) %*!&c - ) )  c c & %$c-& !c+ %c & c& %!c! c )* c&&c& c$ , (c !c -& c*! c& c--*! c& c$ & &)c- c !&)& !c c+(%* *!c!&*& !cc The ¦iterary View c  , (!c c*! c c$ ! c$ &"c c! %c c ! !c,"c&c& c%  c &"c  c! %c& c& c- )) c & c"&+c!&*&* !c! c& c$ &c c()  c!" &&c !&*&* c -c! + c$ , (!c c( c$$ ) %c c& c& "c$ cc% &c )c -cc #6:#cc c

^ ccc c  c cc   cc c S     Æ c cc cccc c c c  ccc c   c cc! c "c   c  c#c$  c c c c   c #c%&c   c'c())*cc% c,0cc c cc

 - +& c & cc! &c!&& + &c c$ &!c c! %c& !c -& c, c, ()c  +"c!cc% )c9 c& !c -c$ ! c c! + c$ &"c& c% )!c+"c( c--  &c &cc!-&c c- *!c& c& c & )c! + &+ !c  &c!& &c!&") c&&c&"$- !c $ , (!c $!c& c-* + &)c ! c"c$ , (!c$$ c c)& "c! * !c!c&&c & "c$ c c + & )c c !& &c$* c7!c!$ &c!c!*!! c c+  c &)c c $& c8c!c -- &c c( c& c &c )"c& c& c- >* &c*! c -c$ &c , !c(*&c & c& c ++ c + & +$ )c7&+ ) !!8c- +c c& c *!)c -c-- &#) c * , !)c !c( *&c*+ c--!cc  $!c& c( !&c  c*! c -c$ , (!c+ %c& c)& &c!c !$  c7 c !*!! c  c!c ,)"c c)! =!c4c!&*"c -c&!c& $8c c& c:&c &*"c c  !&  c* $ c!c!  c c$ , (!cc&& c&&c & * c c & c& c&c  &*"c!cc c (! , c -c)- c !$  c & )"c!c c -c& c+ "c $ , (!c&&c  c(  %c*! c c)! c & c! + c -c!c  * & c c)! c7c48c c& c - &c -c& c %)!c ! ) !c("c& c&-&c -c  c -c* "c -c& c$$   c )"c("c  !$  c c& c1 %c + !c() c7$c//.8cc c )"c$ +!c  c) c&c ++ c$ , (!c!*c!cÆ   c c <      c& c! c$  c c$)" c&c$ , (!c- c 3+$) c c( â â   c c* c( *&c& c$ , (c%  c&&c+ !c - c&!c*! c c)& &* c c"$ & !!c!c&&c$ , (!c c &() c- +c& c % )c  & 3&c -c*! c(*&c , & ) !!c c + cc  c -c& c! )c +!c& "c +( "c7c (+!cDc(  c/8c&c!c& c$ , (c c & c&!c% )c!% -  c c !$& c -c&!c(  %c !&*& c c! + c& 3&c!c"c& c  c c( c) c& c 3$   c ! + c- &!c -c& c % )c! )c & & !c cc$ , (!c-!&c$$  c c (+!c c(  =!c7c/8c& +!* c& c+% & c -c  ,*)!c c*! c& ! c-) c- +!c- c& c  c !cc #64#cc c

^ ccc c  c cc   cc c S     Æ c cc cccc c c c  ccc c   c cc! c "c   c  c#c$  c c c c   c #c%&c   c'c())*cc% c,1cc c cc

The Practical View c  , (!c, c& !&c$ $ & !c&&c+ c& +c*! -*)c- c , ""c$*$ ! !c  "c c )&, )"c! &c$ &c&"$))"c  & c c*! c!c  &c ++ &!c "c , c& c$  c c! +c -c+ "c$ $) c(  c& +c c& "c$ - +c & % @& c c$%+&c-* & !c ! c$ $ & !c!& %)"c!*%% !&c&&c& "c c ( c*! c& c-)&& c+ + "c& c c$ !* c-c *! c& ! c$ $ & !c c $ ! )"c"c+ "c$ , (!c , ) $c c*)&* !c c& c-!&c$) c c$&)c*! !c c c& ! c!+ c-* & !c7c --+ cDc  c4c!*!! c  ) %)c!$ &!c

-c$ , (c*! 8cc  ! c-* & !c c))*!&& c("c& c*! c -c$ , (!c c& &+ &c- c!  $!" ) %)c $ () +!c!*c!c!*(!&  c(*! c7c % !c48c c$!" & $"c7c) "c08c!c & !&!c -c+ &)c!&&*!c7c)) cDc*)( %c4Ec  ! cEcA +c5:c :0Ec  c48c!cc"c -c&  %c) c& c& c+  c(!&&)"c7c9 &)c 448c!c c+% "c+ + c("c& c ) )"c7c&&cDc %( c408c!cc+  !c -c c c !! !! %c  !=c&&&* !c( *&c  c c)- c7c*+%& c568c c , c!c& !&!c

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^ ccc c  c cc   cc c S     Æ c cc cccc c c c  ccc c   c cc! c "c

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& c& +!c-+)c c* -+)c+  c  c c&c&c$  &c c&!c , )*& cc$ , (c (  + !cc$ , (c + cc& c & c&c c & !cc& c( % c*! %c&c  , & ) !!c& c*)&*)c, c! +!c& c*) c *&c* -+)c c & ! c$ ! )c c  !" &c$ , (!cc  c-+)&"c >* + &c!cc!  !c -c & c+$ & &c$!" ) %)c ! >*  !c  c$&*)c&c) !c& c& c!!*+$& c &c )"c&&c& c)& )c- +&c -cc$ , (c+*!&c ( c$ !&  c(*&c&&c& c-%*&, c+   %c!c$ !&  c!c ))c!c) !c& c& c-*& c !!*+$& c&&c$ , (c+   %!c c-3 c c*& +&))"c !! ## c!! +()"c!c  !!"c c&* c&!c& !c& c- !& c& c )*! c&&c$%+&!c& "c!c ) , &c & c$ , (c +$  ! c-c$ , (c+   %c!c;*!&c&  c& %c& c( c !! c c& c $$ $& c & 3&c&c$ !!() c,)&"c *)c&  c( c c, %c& c  c & cc $ , (c!c$$ $& c& c&!c & 3&c c c, %c& c% c& *%cc!  !c -c!& $!c& c -! cc & 3&*))"c$$ $& c+   %Hcc  c(!c$ +! c(  c& c*)&*)c, c!c+$ & &c(*&c  >*& cc c -c&!c  ! >*  !c!c! + c,)&"c(*&c )"c*  c!$ - c & !c  !c, *!c

& c & !c c) -&c *&c*!c&  c!c%

c ! c c ,  c- c* -+)c c $ , (!c$ , (!c&&c c &c- +*)c$ , (!c ! c+   %!c c &c$ !&  c c  c+*!&c( c !&*& c ,*)c c$ ! )c ! !c- c*! %c$ , (!c$ , (!c &&c & cc-%*&, c+   %c&&c!&"!c )&, )"c !& &c !!c & 3&!c$ , (!c &&c c$ * c ! !*)c & $ && !c c& c(!  c -c( % * c & 3&c $ , (!c&&c c$ * c ! !*)c & $ && !c !!c*)&* !c$ , (!c7+ !&c&c ! +!8c&&c*  % cc!  !c -c$! !c c& c c& c +$  ! c c! !c cc $ , (!c$)"cc +  &c ) c c!$ %c& c  c & 3&c% c$ , (!c+*!&c( c  * & c- c*  c))c*+!&  !c &c;*!&c& ! c&&c c! & c("c& c*)&*)c , cc  c*)&*)c, c)! c- *! !c c>* !& !c    %c& c$&*)!c -c$ , (!c&&c

*c cc*)&* * c& c&!c!$ -c & 3&c -c*! Ec cc!&& + &c ( *&c c& c$ , (c$$) !c& c& c$&*)c & 3&cc$ , (c$ - +  c!c &"$))"c  c&cc$ % %)c&& +$&c& c,)& c& c$$)& c -c& c$ , (cc !+  c7c408c c *&cc+ &  ) %))"c!+)c!&*"c&c) c cc !

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^ ccc c  c cc   cc c S     Æ c cc cccc c c c  ccc c   c cc! c "c   c  c#c$  c c c c   c #c%&c   c'c())*cc% c--cc c cc

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)+& c )"c("c$ $) =!c & & !c&c!cc&*!+c&&c$ , (!c c ++ &c c "& %c ("c"c -c 3$ !! %cc;*%+ &c&&&* c c( ) -c( *&c&c c "c , &cc +$) & c & "c -c$ , (c % & c+*!&c& c & c * &c$ $) =!c &  !&!c c+ &,& c c  % &, c )!c"$ & !!c$ ! & c c& c 3&c$& c!c !% c& c c;*!&c&!cc ¦anguage, Thought, and Symbolism c  , )c$ !& !c c$ !!() c % %c& c )& !$c( & c) %*% c& *%&c c !"+( )!+c c  && c-!&c c) %*% c c& *%&c& c!*!!c!"+( )!+cc 9 +cc) %)c!& $  &c&  c c& c$ !!() c )& !$!c( & c) %*% c c & *%&*)-"c!c ))c!c +$*& c&) * !cc +$) & c+ cB *!c+ + "c-* & !c c >* c- c!* !!-*)c$ , (c $ - +  !c *! c$ , (!c &)cc +$) 3c -c & & !c+   %!c c-* & !c c-*))"c $ & )c) %#& +c+ + "c cc%)"c -- &c   %c+ + "c c  >* c %#& +c+ + "c!c! + &+ !c % @ c & c  !c!*c!c $! c ! + &c7% 8c c$  *)c+ + "c7! c*), %c458c3   c c & ! c&&c c$&*)c&+ #& c c$ ! )c!*c!c + +(  %c c , &c- +c )

c c&c cc- c(  -!&c" !& "c(   c!c) !!c$&*)c ) !!c&+ #& c c) !!c$ ! )c c )* !c ) % c -c c+   %!c c , *!c-&!c- c 3+$) c&&c!c!c& c- *&c$) &c- +c& c!* c c&&c+ !&c!  !c  c &c, c@$$ !cc ##cc c

^ ccc c  c cc   cc c S     Æ c cc cccc c c c  ccc c   c cc! c "c   c  c#c$  c c  c c   c #c%&c   c'c())*cc% c)*cc c cc

S   c!c ) % c -c c& c c, *!c& %!c!*c!c $  %cc

c  c  %c&!c& 3&cc c  , (!c*  *(& )"c) c& c))c& c  !c -c+ +  !c *! c$ , (!c+ c c !&*& !c!& c *&c c =!c 3$   c& "c- !& c $! c+ +  !c "c)! cc

c% c+ + "c( *! c& "c >* c&&cc & c( c+ c( & cc$&*)c

!&*& c cc$ c$ , ()c+   %c "c ) + &!c -c!&*& )c c$ , ()c *  !&  %c % & c c! + &c+ + "c +$  ! c -c* c 3& !, c ) % c -c & c$  & !c7c %%!c45EcA

 c68c& "c)! cc c$  *)c+ + "cc 9 ))"c   %c+ + "c!c$&c -c& c % &, c!"!& +c* &)"c&!c+ + "c!c! c !c c&,& c$&"#)+& c$ & c -c) %#& +c+ + "c&&c c & c, *!c

 !c -c - +& c  !c c ) "c c &=!c7c/8c+  )c -c   %c+ + "c &  c!c c 3 *&, c c!&& %!&cc!c  $  &c -c&!c!), c!*(!"!& +!c + )"c  c&*)& "c)

$c cc,!*)#!$&)c! &c$cA, c& c +$) 3&"c -c  ++* & c c& c - +& )c+3c ,

c("c$ , (!c&c!c) c&&c& "c+*!&c (* c   %c+ + "c&c!c &c! c+*c& c(!c) %*!&c - +& c 7$ ) %)c) 3)c!" &&8c&&c!c(* ! + c(*&c$%+&c+   %!c c c & ! c )& c& c& c!&*& c , (c-+)&"c))c * c(*&c &c )+ & c& c (* c c+  c!  *!c$ () +c$&))"c c&  &))"c!c& c !& &c*$& %c

-c   %c+ + "c >* c("c) %*% c$  !! %cc   c!c & c!$ &c& c& c )& !$c( & c) %*% c& *%&c c$ , (!c c &&c!c& c +$&c- +c -c& c$ , (c , (!c$*&cc% &c )c -c  $&*)c$  c c c!+))c  ! c$ % c c"c& c !!c&!c$ $ &"c!c c& +!c -c+ &)c  +"c , (c +$& !!c!c !!& &c&cc+ &)c)c -c) !&c -- &c c& c , ()c )+c& c&  "c& c( ,&"c!c*(>*& *!c c )* !c& c-  ! &  %c

-c + !c "+!c& c%c- >* "c -c! &c !c7L$-=!c8c c& c*! c -c + & "+"c c$ , (c!& !c c- cc *+( c -c--  &c(*&c )& c 3$   !c  !& c -c&&) %c --cc) %c!  !c -c 3+$) !c&&c c!+)c& cc- )c , &c c& cc #4#cc c

^ ccc c  c cc   cc c S     Æ c cc cccc c c c  ccc c   c cc! c "c   c  c#c$  c c c c   c #c%&c   c'c())*cc% c)1cc c cc

3$)  %c c& c 3+$) !c$$)"c& c& c , &cc$ , (c!c*! c c))c -c& c 3+$) !c, c- c- +c+ + "c& c$ , (c + % !c!cc  c -c* c&&c !"+( )@ !c& c$!! %c7c ( !c68c(, *!)"c&!c!c &cc!+$) c! c -c + & "+"c( *! c& c$ , (c+*!&c & c c&!c)& )c! ! c! + c -c& c) %c c-  c

-c& c % )c 3$   !c*&c& c-&c&&c& ! c 3$   !c, c( c   c cc c   ! c!"+( )c- +c!c !!& &c&c& c)% c&  "c& c+ &)c  +"c c !c&  "c!c* c c c!+))c+ !* c& c)+&& !c c! &#& +c+ + "c c && & cc Mental Representation c

c(!c3 +c -c % &, c!  c!c&&c ) % c + !c c % @ c$ % !c c &&c& ! c$ % !c c+ &)c $ ! && !c c-- cB *!c & c- +&!c , c( c$ --  c )* %c+% !c$ $ !& !c! +!c-+ !c!$&!c+ &)c +  )!c c & !c & &))"c&  c c& ! c c ! c& c & c c -c+ &)c  $ ! && c!*c!c$ $ &!c -c& c  ) %)c, c7c  cDc1() c45c !*!!c $ ! && c c-%*&, c) %*% 8cc &c, *!c$  &!c c$ , (c$  !! %c- +c &)c 3$ !* c& c +$) & c*  !&  %c  c*! c--  &c!$ &!c -c$ , (!c c+ &))"c $ ! & c c! + c! !c--  &c  $ ! && !c+"c( c$ ! &c!+*)& *!)"c c & &c c$c *!, c"!cc  , (!c c) "c!*-- &)"c +$) 3c&c& c)& )c) , )c&&c))c! &!c -c - +& c +"c( c$ ! &c )* %c+% !c-) & %c!! & !c! +!c c! c- &c $!c & c & c -cc+ &)c+  )c( !&c$&* !c&c!c+  &c("c)& )c) , )c( *! c &  &))"c+ &)c+  )!c c & c, *!c  !c -c - +& c c( *! c&  c!c  c &  )c) %c& c& +c7c  ! #c408c&c!c& c) %c &c& c$&*)c  c -c  - +& c&&c!c*)c&c& c)& )c) , )c( *! c& c!+ c-%*&, c+   %c c ( c 3$ !! c("c$ , (!c&&c!+$) c--  &c  $&*)c + !cc &c-!&c()*!cc)& )c+ &)c+  )c *)c! +c!&%&- c!c-c)& )c  c !" "+ *!c&c!+$) c9 c 3+$) c+ "c$ , (!c$ $!c& c+ !&c &  !& %c

!c*! c  & c * !c c, (!c&&c c ,

cc% &c )c -c+% "c cc ##cc c

^ ccc c  c cc   cc c S     Æ c cc cccc c c c  ccc c   c cc! c "c   c  c#c$  c c c c   c #c%&c   c'c())*cc% c))cc c cc

+% "c , )"c,  c !c &c! +c !$ ))"c+"!&  *!c&c!c&  c c) c  )# )c(!#) , )c7c !c48c+$$ %!c c -  &!c- c * !c c, (!c!c ! +!c& c !( c+ "c ++ c$ , (!c!*c!c9         Ec*& c+ &)c+  )c9 c 3+$) c- c 9         c& c+$)&c) %c!c&&c& c %!!c c&!c! c!c) !!c% c c! c) !!c,)*() c9 c* c7 %c3       8c c )*! cc +$) & c)& )c+ &)c+  )c!c ) )"c& c & c c & %& c+*)&$) 3c -c, c - +& cc &c c( c!c -c-%*&, c+   %Hc!c+   %c &c( c& c - +& c  & c c& c)& )c+ &)c+  )c&c!c!+$)"c &c& c%&c  c -c - +& c c+*!&c( c(!&&c% )c$ ! c c" &c & c& c! +&c) %c -c& c)& )c +  )c c& ! c$ $ & !c c(! &c& c$ , (c) !c% )c$$)()&"cc  & c+ &)c!&*&* c&&c! +!c& c, c& ! c$ $ & !c!c& c$ $ !& c c $ () +c  , c!c&&c$ $ !& !c c +$ ! c -c  $&!c! c&&c *c! cc #..#cc c

^ ccc c  c cc   cc c S     Æ c cc cccc c c c  ccc c   c cc! c "c   c  c#c$  c c c c   c #c%&c   c'c())*cc% c(22cc c cc !c$*! c & c!& $c"c - &* & )"c&  c!c c& "c -c  $&!c&&c!$ - !c & c & &c -c& c  $&!c c c  $&!c c& c( c +( c c c&  -  c) -&c c & c! + &c* !, "c$ !& c -c  %c& c -- &!c -cc-%*&, c $ ! && c(*&c )&&) c( *&c&!c & &c9*& +  c c))c&!c&  c!cc$ 3c&&c c % ))"c   & c!&& + &c c("c(  %c$%+&))"c , &c$*!c& c+ c& c & cc  $ ! && c&&c!c(!&&c c  $&*))"c$  -*)cc

!c $ ! && c &c( c;*!&c "& %c  , c- c! , )c ! !c c))c  *&, c)   %c$ , (c)   %c!c !& c("c$ c ) % c c & 3&c )"c c -*)c -c& c$ !!() c -   !c cc$ , (c))c , c( c c  , c-c& c c  % &, c )!c"$ & !!c7! c$& c/8c!c c& c%&c& c7 c&&cc% c )c c +c c!& c*  ) !c$ , (!8c& c&!c )c))c&%&)"c !& c c& c $ , (c))c( c & $ & c c $ ! & cc  , (!c  )"c *c cc & 3&c!c+  !c&&c& , c $ ! && !c , ) $c - cc$ , (c& "c+"c( c +(  c cc+  c%) ()c! *! c $ ! && c!c $$) !c+ !&c (, *!)"c& c-%*&, c+   %c $ ! && !c )* %c& , c $%+&c$  &!c+"c&&c& c&!c+   %cc Categorization c

 , (!c!c , " c !c$$)"c& c& %!c c "c& c$$)& c!c& % @& c   , c( *! c$ , (!c *)c &c! , c & c-* & !c-c& "cc &c-!&c & % @ cc-& c c!"!c*)& !* !& cC c ))"

c+ , !c &c !  %HCc+%&c( c*! c& c&* c  c c -- c& c! cc+ , c& c  cc% )c $  cc #.#cc c

^ ccc c  c cc   cc c S     Æ c cc cccc c c c  ccc c   c cc! c "c   c  c#c$  c c c c   c #c%&c   c'c())*cc% c(2*cc c cc

( *&c+   c+ , !c c& c!*%% !&cc--  &c+*&*)c&,&"c  , c!c$ ( c  c)! c7c4:8c!&& cC c!+ c! &  c*! c& c 3$ !!c& c!+ c& *%&c+"c ! + &+ !c( c*! c& c$ ! &c&!c& *%&c!c&* c! + &+ !c& c!*%% !&c&&c&c!c &c ! + &+ !c& c  c & c&c!c&* c! + &+ !c& c! c& c  c& c+ c&c&* c c ! c Cc7$c.8c c% )c "c& c -c& c c-& !c c "c%, c ! c))c &c +&c*$c +$) & )"c&c!c"c ++* & c!cc ))c -c& c c* !!-*)c  ++* & c  , c! +!c& c( c& c*) c& c& c& c 3 $& cc!cc &(*& c& c& c +$*&& )c$  !c -c& c*+ c+ cc  c$ () +!c$ ! & c("c& c!*(!& &, c) , )c -c ++* & c, c%, c! c& cc , &"c -c&  &)c! )*& !c c% )c$$ c!c$%+&!c& "cc !!*+ !c&&c$ $) c c&" %c& c c& %!c&c !c c&&c& "c c! c("c (! , %c (!c , !& )c*) !c!c$$ cc!c( c!*!! c$ , *!)"c&"$))"c + !cc!& & c( & c& c& %!c$ $) c & c&c& "c!"c c& c -- &c -c& c !" %c c &  c+   %!c! &  c+   %!c c*&&   c7)!& 8c+   %!c  !$ &, )"c ! c+   %!c+"c &c+&c*$c c -- &c!$ c&c& "c$*&!c& c   , c c& c$ !& c -c+ c  c c)) !c& c!  c& c( c &c c) c c c , *!)"c * ( *&c $) c -& c & & ))"c!"c+$ & &c& %!c c c  &c"c c &!+c!!+c$ "c%!c c+) &c -c))c! &!c -& c& c c  &c- +c !+c c$ "c + c&c7 %cC ! c+   c& % !c& "c!* c c, cc !& %c &  !&c c(  %c%++&)C8c c c+ c&c- &c$! c("c*! %c;*!&c& c %&c +( & !c -c !c7 %cC c! %c&&c )c! %c( *&-*))"c , "c & c!c %c* & c) ! %c & c&% &C8c"c& c$%+&!c+  )c&  -  c) %*% c!cc&

)c &&c c( c*! c c c + *!c, &"c -c"!c& c&& cc% )c*c( ) %"c !& !c & c"c c c$*&c !c& % & c(*&c&c& c!+ c&+ c&c)) !c*!c& c*! c))c -c *c + c& c% &c) %*% c& c c&c c &c&c& c cc  c$ () +!c$ ! c("c!*(!& &, c ++* &, c-& !c c$ -*))"c , &c c $ , (!c c !  c ! c-& !c )* c& c! + &c & &c -c& c$ , (c7 c )& )c+   %8c& c+   %c -c& c$ , (c& $c& c$ , (=!c-%*&, c+   %c c $ $ !& )c&&&* !c7 c $  !c, !c( ) -!8c , " c("c& c$ , (c  c!c  & c c-& * !cc- "c & c *c 3&c& $cc #.#cc c

^ ccc c  c cc   cc c S     Æ c cc cccc c c c  ccc c   c cc! c "c   c  c#c$  c c c c   c #c%&c   c'c())*cc% c(2)cc c cc

Reasoning c -c&  c!c ) &"c c!*(!& &, c ) + &!c -c ++* & c c+%&c& "c( c + c) c+& c*$c c & ! c & %& Hc c&& )c ! c!c&&c  -  &)c$  !! !c$)"c&!c ) c *&, c -   c!c( c!*!! c) "c c c - +)c) %c& c & c+; c- +c -c -   c!c *&, c -   cc  c& cc!+$) c 3+$) c -c *& c-c! + c!"!cC +c &c& c& c+ , !Cc& c  c+%&c - c! , )c& %!*,) &c& c& c)!c -c&  %c& c! # )) c       c7c  ! c448c !&c+   c! )!c *)c  ! c&!c>* !& c c& c %&, c(*&c& ! c c c +$*&& ))"c+  c *)c $ (()"cc&&c& c+ c , & ) !!c $ & !c("c +$) 3c) % +& +&)c - +*) c "c! !c -c !  %c *)c&  -  c( cc- & c) %)c& *%c$ $!c &c) %)c c& c *&, c) %c! ! cc  c- +)c *&, c) %c c( % !c&c$ +! !c& c*! !c 3$)&c*) !c- c % & %c-*& c$  !c -c - +& c!*c!cc )*! c-c& c$ +! !c c&* c  c& c*) !c c- ))  c$ ! )"c& c& c )"c% & c - +& c!c%* & c & c( c&* c? *&, c !  %c !c &c" )c "c c - +& c( *! c& c  )*! c!+$)"c+ !c 3$)&c&c!c) "c$ ! &c+$)&)"c c& c$ +! !c 70   ) c448c*&c *&, c !  %c!c$  -*)c & ) !!c9 c 3+$) c  c *)c%* c&!c"* )"c , ) c*!c c+ c& c!+$) !&c $ () +!c* + % () c7c * &c46c$ , cc%)"c () c!*!! c -c& ! c +&& !c c1 + c) ,cDc, ! "c46c%, cc&  )c$ ! && 8cc &c )& !$c 3!&!c( & c$ , (!c c !  %Hcc *+( c -c! )!c, c & c& c & c + c, c) c$ , (!c& c) !c!*c!cC&c!c " !c c  &c! Hcc$ && Cc?*  !c7c58c%* c- c 3+$) c&&c)& *%c& c& $c -cc $ , (c!c! c("c!$  c c  , c c& c! c -c& c) c&c!c& c( c-%* c

*&c-c *! c& c& $c -cc$ , (c+%&c &c)"!c( c! c( *! c& c*! c+"c

c! + c ! !c, c& c)-"c& c& $c&!c!% -  c c , c c& c$ , (c  )& !c& c&c7c%%!c458c$& cc!  c&&c$ , (!c)! c! c & c- &* !c &cL c  !cc c &  *!c- c(  %c& c+ c& c$ * cc $ c- c

 !%&c c-+ *!cC&c!c& c! * c -c c c)$$ %HCc c !)"c( c+ c $ , ()c("c&*  %c&c & c c!! & ##C&c!c& c! * c -c c c)$$ %C## )& *%c , c& c % )c>* !& c- +c *)c( c*! c cc$ , ()c"cc !c- c))c) %*% c*  !&  %c$ , (!c )"c c& c)!& c& c-))c c& c%$!c!c !*c$ , (!c, c &"+ +c>*)& !c7cA cDc $ )) c4:8c  ))"c &"+ + !cc #0#cc c

^ ccc c  c cc   cc c S     Æ c cc cccc c c c  ccc c   c cc! c "c   c  c#c$  c c c c   c #c%&c   c'c())*cc% c((-cc c cc

 c  +$) & c!")) %!+!c c&&c&  c!cc+!! %c$ +! c )*! c c( &c9 c 3+$) c& c!"cC &&c!cc-

&())c$)" Cc!c& c+$)"c&&c &&c!c(%% c& c& c +)c$ ! c c+!! %c$ +! c!c&&c-

&())c$)" !c c(%% c& c& c +c  + &+ !c&!c  c -c$%+&c+$)& c!c)) cc$)*!() c -   c( *! c&c!c $ (() c& *%c &c ,&() c&&c &&c!c(%% c& c, % c !!c -& c& c  -   c!c  !!"c c) %)c!c c& ! c!&& + &!*& c)& )c c! + &+ !c ! !)c c !" &c ;+ c & @ c&&c$ , (!c c(*)&c *&c -c!"+( )!c&&c -) &c , ""c (; &!c c , &!c  c&&c& ! c!"+( )!c +( c&c$ & !c c & $ && c >* c&&c& c $ ! c% &cc)& )c+   %c !"+( )@ c& c!"+( )!c% &cc% )c+   %c c& c !c& c ! c + !c$$)"c& c% )c+   %c  , c c &)!c -c c&!c $$ !c  c$ , c("c ;+ cc c

 c& c)& c:.!c & )c7c:8c +$!@ c& c ) c -c ) %"c c$ , (c*  !&  %c c$ , (c!c & c&cc -  &c c& +!c -c& c!& c* !& c c! !c&c!c&c 3&)"c&&c&!c$ ! c!c*  !&

c % %c& c  ! c $*&!Hc & %c!c ) c c *&$*&c7 c& c ! !8c$!! !c& c* %c  !&c7 + c-& c) c* %cc!% )c-%* c c& c )"c&-)c & ))%  c + , + &8c( *! c&c &c( c!+ & c- +c& c *&$*&c -c &, c ! c

!$  !c*&c& c$ ! c ))"c !c &c*  !& c "& %c & c& c c& c*! c*) !c & c )& c!"+( )!c  c!c!" &3c(*&c c! + &!c ) c7c4.8c)+ c&&c  +$*& !c c &c, c& c*!)c$  !c&&c( !c c&c!c&  c!c! + & %c * >* c( *&c( ) %)c!"!& +!c c c&!c! ! c +$*& !c$ , cc$

c+  )c- c 3$)  %c*+ c+ &)c&,&"c!c%*+ &c! cc!& +c -c$ & !&c- +c& c &-)c & ))%  c ++* &"c c&c-!&c$$  c c! + c c&!c ++* &"c  ; &c&c)& % & cc  c +$*&& )c!!*+$& c(  c& c - +& #$  !! %c, c!c( c && c- c & c ! !c!c ))c "c& !c)+c&&c +$*& !c c&

c -) 3() c *) #( * c! )c c 3& %c c&&c-c c!$ &c -cc$  !!c% !c" c c ! !() c *&$*&c!c$ !!() cc & , c&!c( !c& c - +& #$  !! %c, c$ , !cc*! -*)c$$ c& c *  !&  %c$ , (c+  % & c&c$)"!cc "c ) c c c -c& c&  !c c c  ! cc #6#cc c

^ ccc c  c cc   cc c S     Æ c cc cccc c c c  ccc c   c cc! c "c   c  c#c$  c c c c   c #c%&c   c'c())*cc% c(,*cc c cc

CURRENT THEORIES c * &)"c&  c c& c&  !c -c$ , (c % & c&&c-&c& c& c % &, c, c  c& c! ! c&&c& "c, c&& +$& c& c 3$)& c$ , (c$  !! %c("c+  !c -cc! &c

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