A Proverb in Mind Mieder
April 27, 2017 | Author: leppardqueen30 | Category: N/A
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c cc A PROVERB IN MIND c The Cognitive Science of Proverbial Wit and Wisdom c cc cx c c
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c!c& - c & c& c))c& ! c c c& !& cc$ , (!c+!cc *)&* !cc ACKNOW¦EDGMENTS c "c,*)!c+ c&!c(
c$ !!() cc !$ ))"c& c& c+"c%*& c!&* &!c c, c c&c+ c*%c& c)!&c6c" !c&c& c, !&"c -c&c &))"c))c -c+"c!*!! !c( *&c$ , (!c$!" ) %"cc %&, c! c, c ( c&c& ! c!&* &!cc, c) c+ c- +c& ! c!*!! !c&c& "c))c , c
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cc c B *!c,*)!c&c& c, !&"c -c&c$ , c !!"c $"%c& # c )("c) !cc & c!*$$ &c! , !c) "c? 3! "cc"cA !c c% *!c c& ! c -- &!cc c!&--c&c c)(*+c!! & !c!c( c**)"c$& &cc&%c- cc -! c$ *&c- +c+ cc c!$ )c& !c& c>*!& !c & c *c+! )c- c c - )"cc$ - !! )c! $ %c -c&!c, )*+ c& *%c& c +$) & cc- c c ++ &!c c& c+*!$&c!c ))cc 9))"cc *)c) c& c& c+"c- c c- c$*&&%c*$c&c+"c !!&c !*!! !cc) %c *!c&c& c +$*& cc #3#cc c
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1 Views of the Proverb c c !&c*)&!c c! + c$ , (!c , (!c cc&*&, c!$ &c -c& c+ &)c c -*& %c&c!c) !!c&*&, c!c c$ , (!c c*! cc* !&
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c$ % !!c!c( c+ c*!c %&, c! c$ , !c *c( !&c$ !$ &c- c , )%c& c! &!c -c& c$ , (cc ORGANIZATION AND GOA¦S c !c, )*+ c!c! , c$& !cc&!c-!&c$& c! , c% )c, !c -c& c$ , (c c ) & c& c&&c, c, c! &-c% )!cc- *c&&c c &c c- *!c!c
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^ ccc c c cc cc c S Æ c cc cccc c c c ccc c c cc! c "c c c#c$ c c c c c #c%&c c'c())*cc% c.cc c cc
cc ! )c$ , (c-- c&c! *)c &c( c!*$!%c&&c))c -c&!c& !&c cc !*)&%c,!&c)& &* c c& c$ , (c!c" ) c-- &c% )!c$ !$ &, !c !!*+$& !c+ & ) % !c-%!cc& &)c )*! !cc c !*)&c!c&&c& c!c c , %c& "c -c$ , (!c!& c-- &c, !c , c + % c , c ! ()"c!&%*!() c, !c %%c& c$ , (c 3!&* cc$ !&, c& c &(*& c& c *c ) % c -c & c$ , (c(*&c& "c c &c &(*& c >*))"c& c *c* !&%c -c$ , (c %& c c$ ! )c )% *!c)& "cc$&)c, !c )"c, c! &-c % )!c c- +)c*)&*)cc %&, c, !c c(*&c-- cc% )!c!!*+$& !c
+ & !cc& &)c$ *&!c c!c( c !!#- &)@& c( & c))c -c& c ! ))"c, !c 3 $&c- c& c %&, c, cc!c + c )&, )"c! )& c - +c& c & !ccc)% c!) c %&, c! &-c& !&cc ! c c& c $ , (c!c)%% c( c&&c -c& c %&, c! &-c, !cc& c!c( c )&&) c$$ + &c( & c& c& cc+; c% )c -c&!c!&*"c!c& c( %c& c + "c & ! c - !cc #5#cc c
^ ccc c c cc cc c S Æ c cc cccc c c c ccc c c cc! c "c c c#c$ c c c c c #c%&c c'c())*cc% c/cc c cc c! , c, !c c c !( cc &)c *! c& c- +)c*)&*)cc %&, c , !c$)"cc+*c)% c ) cc )*&%c$ , (c %& c& ! c, !c c+ c )( & c c% )c -c&!c , c!c& c$ , c& c-), c -c c, c& c&cc !&& # -#& #&c& &+ &cc& c c&!c("c!+$)%c !cc ! c&&c, c-) c - +c c, cc
The Personal View c c$ ! )c, c+%&c)! c( c)) c& c$ + ) %)c!*(; &, c c- ) c, c !&c$ $) cc))c*)&* !c, c ) % c -c! + c$ , (!c) %c&c, *!c $ ),& !c&&&* !cc&(&!c -c- +& c( *&c& +c!c&c$*!c& c c $ , (c) , !c& !cc$& &!cc c$ ! )c, c!cc+ !&c !$ &!cc % &cc ! &-c, c , c& *%c &c , !c- +c!$ -c*)&*)c 3$ c&c$ , (!cc+"c &)c! &-))"c c ,)c !c&c!cc!&&%c$ &c- cc! &-c, c(*&c&c! + &+ !c+ , !c --cc c &! &-c & !cc c&!c 3& + c- +c& c$ ! )c, c !! &))"c& !c& c$ !& c&&c$ ! )c >*& c&c$ , (!c - !cc +$) & c ) % c -c& c&* cc-*& c &c!c-c cc &-"cc*! c&c& c*)&* c ! !c& c( c$ , (!c& c c C !c( *&Cc$ , (!c c ))"c!!*+$& c!c&&c& c!c &c+*c+ c& c( c ) c( *&c& +c!c!c c& c( ) ,%c&&c( *! c cc 3$ cc& c & c *&c& c -- &!c -c%,&"c& c c !c( *&c%,&"cc c) , )c!*c !! & !c c&* c(*&c& "c c! &-))"c >*& c)& *%c$ ! )c & !c& c $ , (!cc! + &+ !c( c>*& c$ !&, c& "c)! cc( c %&, c + c -c& c)&& c c$ ! & cc& c- )) %c!*!! c&&c+ , !c- +c& c) !!c& c& c+ c ! $!&& c (; & !cc$ , !cc & c& c& +cc The Romantic Objection c
âÝ ! " âc !c!cc ##& #!c (; & c + & ))"c(! cc)"c &c (&%c $!c& c (; & c& ))!c*!c! + &%c( *&c& c$ $) c c+ c&c,*)!c c , c&!c (; & c+"( c *)c&c! + c -- &c( c+ c& c$ , (c) , !cc #:#cc c
^ ccc c c cc cc c S Æ c cc cccc c c c ccc c c cc! c "c c c#c$ c c c c c #c%&c c'c())*cc% c0cc c cc
, c& c c! , )c%
c ! !c"c$ $) c+"c& c$ , (!c , (!c $ cc$ $) c!) c( %c$ c& c)! c$ , (!c c &c!"c"&%c -*+ &))"c cc (; & c!*!! cc& c! & c c + & cc$& ccc The Aesthetic Objection c â Ý Ý # $ %âc !c- >* &c (; & c -*! !c !& &!c&c! &-c+$ & c c *)c;*!&c!c ))c%* c&&c +!c!)%cc & c )&, )"c- @ c- +!c -c)%*% c! *)c)! c % c*!&* c( *! c& "c! +c&& c!c ))c , c+ ,%c *&c -c& c)%*% c )+c"c- +c -c&& !!c! *)c( c) -&c*& * c %c& c&!c& c )*%c% !&* !c) &%c(&!c+*!cc , c)- !&") !c-c *! c c c c The "Sayings" Objection c âS & ' %âc !c (; & c!c!+)c& c& c&& !!c (; & c&!c$ $ &!c+"c &c, c ! c & c& c+-& !c -c$ , (!c c& c)% c!!* c -c)%*% c c*! !c &cc"c!c- c&& !!c&c , )
!c& c$ & &)c+$ & c -c-+)c , &!c c &&&* c , " c+"c!"c+ c( *&c! + =!c, c -c& c$ &!cc*& &"c -%* !cc% )c&c( *&c"&%c )! c$ , (!c)* cc c) , )cC %"c!c & c!+ c!c+!!Cc!cc!"%c(*&c&c!c% &c& &)cc$&)c$*cc The Utilitarian Objection c
â' %( âc c&! c)+ &c&!c (; & c !*+()"cA % c )c!c;*!&c %c % %c c c!"!& +&))"c (! , c& c& !&!c -c& c ++ c$ cc (cc ##cc c
^ ccc c c cc cc c S Æ c cc cccc c c c ccc c c cc! c "c c c#c$ c c c c c #c%&c c'c())*cc% c*cc c cc
)& c!c!&%c c&+ c) c& "%c&c& c% &c$ $ & !c -c c c &
c$ , (!c c, c$&)c,)* cc, &!%c$!" & $"cc & c!$ &!c -c , ""c)- c7! c c&)cB c! & c)& 8cc !& c *& !c$ , (!c c ) !!c !& + c&c& "c cc! + c # !& c *& !c c& "c! , c+$ &&c ! )cc- +)#) %)!&c-*& !cc The Phenomenological Objection c âÝÝ Ý& 9" ) Ý Ý " Ý * Ý9" *Ý" âc !c (; & c)& *%c&c &!c! + c& !&%c (! ,& !cc!*%% !&!cc *() c-+ c -c+c)! c!!*+ !c! + c-)! c$ +! !c)& *%c&c+ !&c$ $) c ))c$ , (!c$ (()"c cc) %#& +c+ + "cc( c !! c$)"cc, c c + %!c&&cc( c>* )"c!! +() c c -c& ! c!! & !c , c c&* c%* c c %!&c& c +$) 3&"c -c$ , (c$ !!%cc& c c- cc! &-c)"!!c + ) %"c+"c& ))c*!c&&c! + c+ &)c , &!c$$ c>* )"cc -- &) !!)"c(*&c &!c!c)+& c( %c c& c +$) 3&"c -c& ! c , &!c9*& + c %&, c ! &!&!c, c! , c&&c;*!&c& ! c !c -c+ &)c$ !! !c&&c *c>* )"c c -- &) !!)"c7 %c %@%c$&& !c&) %c$)"%c& c$ c &8c, c( c , "c !!&&c& c!+*)& c("c +$*& cc The Frequency Objection c âS '
âc -c&!c c -c (; & c c&* cc& c c& c+"c$ + c *)c , c( c , !&%& c)*%c& c+% &c+ $ ) c, *!c ,"c& +c ) + &!c c ! ! !c &c- +!c -c+ &)c && c)*%c&&c -c!,&!cc! c c"c
&! )-c- >* "c -c * c!cc,)c& c- c %c & c& c, !&%& c "&%c c$&*)!c -c& c (; & c c (& () c!c ))c( *! c c *)c, c & c! &&) c cc #4#cc c
^ ccc c c cc cc c S Æ c cc cccc c c c ccc c c cc! c "c c c#c$ c c c c c #c%&c c'c())*cc% c1cc c cc
&cc$ , (c!cc&c!&c *)c( c*! c& c c&!c )&, c- >* "cc The Ambiguity Objection c â!
+â#< c(, c !
- cc ))%c!& c%& !c c+ !!c
&
$c !c (; & c--+!c&&c$ , (!cc( c+(%* *!c(*&c& c% !c c& c+$)"c&&c ) c&& !!c+$&)&"cc&"c+(%*&"c (,& !c& c! &-c!&*"c c& c &"c+(%*&"c!c$&c -c& c-!& c -c$ , (!c , c !$& c& c +(%*&"c &cc))c$ , (!c!cc !! &))"c))c)%*% c& c!c$ (()"c ! + &%c ! +()%cc!&c +&, c& $ && c , c c*-+)c c $ , (!c c$ ! & c& *&c & 3&cc% )c -c *! c+(%*&"c !c &c() c ! * !c! ))c&c!c-c c c& c&cc !*% c+ , cc!)$ )c *cc& c(c& *&c$$ &%c& c 3$ &! c( c& c &c $!c& c$ () +c!c&&c)%*% c!c!*cc&!c$&c -c*+&"c&&c&c!c c& c& c& c(=!c$ !$ &, cc$$ & c& c 3$ &! c, ), cc The ¦inguistic Reductionism Objection c âS & # $ " # +$âc !c! $!&& c (; & c *)c( c&* c(*&c&c$ ! &c c!*c )*! cc( c c c!c%
c ! c& c( ) , c&&cc #.#cc c
^ ccc c c cc cc c
S Æ c cc cccc c c c ccc c c cc! c "c c c#c$ c c c c c #c%&c c'c())*cc% c(2cc c cc
$ , (!c c &c+ &$ !c9 c 3+$) c$ , (!c c+ c) )"c&c+ &$ !c& c&c !c!*++"c , !c *c&c& c c -c! *! c( c*! c("c$ $) cc*& &"c( c , !& ))"c ,&cc( c + +( cc% )c& c!cc) c c& c+ c - #% c!&& !c+ %c& c, *!c& $ !c7 !c -c-%*&, c)%*% 8cc &c !+$)"c)*+$c& +c& % & c!c+ &$ !c) c!+*)& *!)"cc& *&c && c )%c& c$ !& c&&c& c!+ c% )c$$) !c$$)"c& c& c $ !!%cc*! c7$& c6c!*!! !c& ! c+&& !cc! + c &)8cc ))c -c& c$ %c 3$ !! !c -c& c$ ! )c, c+ *&c& c$ !!+!&ccc! + c ! !c()&&)"c&! &-c&&&* !c( *&c$ , (!c)& *%c& c$ ! )c, cc - !& c!*c&&&* !c&c c &c c$ ! )c, cc( cc!$%( c- cc! c -c $ , (!c c&c!c( c)+ c&&c$ , (!c&c!c& !c&&c, *!c , !&%& !c, c7* ! *!)"8c! *%&c& c, -"c("c +$)c+ !c9 c 3+$) c $ , (!c!*c!cÆ .
.cc c, c( c -+ c("c +$)c c c&&&, !!c &()&"cc$ ! )c$ - c !$ &, )"cc &!&c ! + c$ , (!c! +%)"c, c( c-)!- c!*c!cÝ .* !& c&&c))c$ , (!c 3(&c %*)& !c c c c+ c -c& ! cc ##cc c
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( c*! cc c!&*& !c c-+)cc$ , (c( + !cc+ &)c + cc 9))"c( *! c*& c!cc$ (()!&c$ !!c$ , (!c, cc*c -c * &&"cc&!c %c ! #c7c448c!&& c&&cc"$ & !!cc, c c % )@& cc c & 3&ccc-- &c% )@& cc & c*!c$ , (!c c $$ 3+& c-&!c& c!&*& !c!c!c( *! c& c)& )c+ %c!cc$ (()!&c $&* c -c& c$+)c 3$ c& "c+$cc) %))"c,() c"!c & c& $!cc & c*! c!c!*(; &c& cc, &"c -c- )&"c & !c c)- c") c -cc$ , (c!c $*&*& c("c* &&"c- +c( %%c& c cc #6#cc c
^ ccc c c cc cc c S Æ c cc cccc c c c ccc c c cc! c "c c c#c$ c c c c c #c%&c c'c())*cc% c),cc c cc
Intention and Conceptual Motivation c , (!c c*! c& c&&c! + c% )c "c cc- +c -c! *!c& )) &*)c c &c ) c&c&c&c!c&!c cc cc$ , (!c$ - +c&Hc&c c$ $) =!c & & !cc*!%c$ , (!Hcc c! c& c& ! c>* !& !c $ !c c =!c, c -c& & c& c 3$ !!, c$ c
-c)%*% cc& c !c -c !&&!c&&c $ & c c$ , (!cc C( *& !!Cc!c& c!&*--c -c& & !cc >* && =!c7c/8c !cC %c& c & & )!+c))c& *%&!c c & c& cc& c (; &c c (; &!c*&c& "c +"c( c & cc-- &c"!##("c( ) ,%c $%c- %c !%c *(&%c c %c! + &%c( *&cc& c (; &Cc7$c:8c !*+()"c& & !cc( c ( *&c"&%c)*%c+%"c&%!c"cc!& %c& & )!&c!& c$ , (c $ c+"c( c*>* c& c( ) %)c+!cc$() c -c 3!&%cc ( ) %)c !c c c !*c!c +$*& !cc &c& & !c c 3$ !!() c& *%c)%*% Hc %c& c& c*c "&%c&&cc( c& *%&cc( c 3$ !! c)%*!&))"c c!& %c- +c -c&!c & !!c!c$ (()"c*&* c $ %c -c *! c c =!c $& c -c& *%&c"c %&, c! &!&!c( ) , c&&c+*c+ &)c&,&"c!c )&, )"c !!() c& c ! *! !!c!c )*! c + !c- +cc*+( c -c! * !c9 c 3+$) c$ $) c *() c& c ))c c %@ cc$&*)c c7 %c+ *&8c, c( c() c& c!*$$)"c &!c- +& c c$ +$& c&c-%+ &"c* !c!*c!c) && c-%+ &!c7 %c + TT&T8c $) cc)! c( c$+ c& *&c( %c c&&c& c$+%c!ccc -- &c c& c+ + "c7c& c48cc! c & c + &!c c+$ , + &!c c ))c& *&c %c&c&c!c( *&c& c+& )!c& "c c ))%c&&c $ * c& ! c -- &!c7c !c?) @+cDc%% + c:8c-c *! c c &c >*& c& & c&c ! *! !!c!c!c& !&%c( *! c-c& & !c c &c, c
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-c %c+ + "c >* c("c)%*% c$ !!%cc c!c & c!$ &c& c& c )& !$c( & c)%*% c& *%&cc$ , (!cc &&c!c& c +$&c- +c -c& c$ , (c , (!c$*&cc% &c )c -c $&*)c$ cc c!+))c ! c$ % c c"c& c !!c&!c$ $ &"c!cc& +!c -c+ &)c +"c , (c +$& !!c!c !!& &c&cc+ &)c)c -c) !&c -- &cc& c , ()c )+c& c& "c& c( ,&"c!c*(>*& *!cc)* !c& c- ! & %c
-c+ !c "+!c& c%c- >* "c -c! &c !c7L$-=!c8cc& c*! c -c + & "+"c c$ , (c!&!cc- cc*+( c -c-- &c(*&c )& c 3$ !c !& c -c&&)%c --cc) %c! !c -c 3+$) !c&&c c!+)c& cc- )c , &cc& cc #4#cc c
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^ ccc c c cc cc c S Æ c cc cccc c c c ccc c c cc! c "c c c#c$ c c c c c #c%&c c'c())*cc% c))cc c cc
+% "c, )"c, c !c &c! +c !$ ))"c+"!& *!c&c!c& c c) c )# )c(!#) , )c7c !c48c+$$%!cc - &!c- c *!cc, (!c!c ! +!c& c !( c+"c ++ c$ , (!c!*c!c9 Ec*& c+ &)c+ )c9 c 3+$) c- c 9 c& c+$)&c) %c!c&&c& c %!!c c&!c! c!c) !!c% cc! c) !!c,)*() c9 c* c7 %c3 8cc )*! cc +$) & c)& )c+ &)c+ )c!c ) )"c& c &cc& %& c+*)&$) 3c -c, c- +& cc &cc( c!c -c-%*&, c+ %Hc!c+ %c &c( c& c- +& c & cc& c)& )c+ &)c+ )c&c!c!+$)"c &c& c%&c c -c- +& c c+*!&c( c(!&&c% )c$ ! cc" &c &c& c! +&c) %c -c& c)& )c + )c c& ! c$ $ & !c c(! &c& c$ , (c) !c% )c$$)()&"cc & c+ &)c!&*&* c&&c! +!c& c, c& ! c$ $ & !c!c& c$ $ !& c c $ () +c , c!c&&c$ $ !& !c c +$ ! c -c $&!c! c&&c *c! cc #..#cc c
^ ccc c c cc cc c S Æ c cc cccc c c c ccc c c cc! c "c c c#c$ c c c c c #c%&c c'c())*cc% c(22cc c cc !c$*! c & c!& $c"c- &*& )"c& c!c c& "c -c $&!c&&c!$ - !c & c & &c -c& c $&!c c c $&!c c& c( c +( c c c& - c) -&cc & c! + &c*!, "c$ !& c -c %c& c -- &!c -cc-%*&, c $ ! && c(*&c )&&) c( *&c&!c & &c9*& + cc))c&!c& c!cc$ 3c&&cc %))"c & c!&& + &cc("c( %c$%+&))"c ,&c$*!c& c+c& c & cc $ ! && c&&c!c(!&&cc $&*))"c$ -*)cc
!c $ ! && c &c( c;*!&c"&%c , c- c! , )c ! !c c))c *&, c) %c$ , (c) %c!c !& c("c$ c ) % cc & 3&c)"c c-*)c -c& c$ !!() c- !c cc$ , (c))c , c( cc , c-c& c c %&, c )!c"$ & !!c7! c$& c/8c!c c& c%&c& c7 c&&cc% c )c c +c c!&c* ) !c$ , (!8c& c&!c )c))c&%&)"c !&c c& c $ , (c))c( c& $ & cc $ ! & cc , (!c )"c *ccc & 3&c!c+ !c&&c& , c $ ! && !c , ) $c - cc$ , (c& "c+"c( c +( ccc+ c%) ()c! *! c $ ! && c!c $$) !c+ !&c (, *!)"c& c-%*&, c+ %c $ ! && !c)*%c& , c $%+&c$ &!c+"c&&c& c&!c+ %cc Categorization c
, (!c!c , " c !c$$)"c& c&%!c c "c& c$$)& c!c& % @& c , c( *! c$ , (!c *)c &c! , c & c-*& !c-c& "cc &c-!&c & % @ cc-& c c!"!c*)& !* !& cC c ))"
c+ , !c &c ! %HCc+%&c( c*! c& c&*c cc -- c& c! cc+ , c& c cc% )c $ cc #.#cc c
^ ccc c c cc cc c S Æ c cc cccc c c c ccc c c cc! c "c c c#c$ c c c c c #c%&c c'c())*cc% c(2*cc c cc
( *&c+ c+ , !c c& c!*%% !&cc-- &c+*&*)c&,&"c , c!c$ ( c c)! c7c4:8c!&& cC c!+ c! & c*! c& c 3$ !!c& c!+ c& *%&c+"c ! + &+ !c( c*! c& c$ ! &c&!c& *%&c!c&* c! + &+ !c& c!*%% !&c&&c&c!c &c ! + &+ !c& c c & c&c!c&* c! + &+ !c& c! c& c c& c+ c&c&* cc ! c Cc7$c.8cc% )c"c& c -c& c c-& !c c"c%, c ! c))c &c +&c*$c +$) & )"c&c!c"c ++*& c!cc ))c -c& c c* !!-*)c ++*& c , c! +!c& c( c& c*) c& c&c& c 3 $& cc!cc &(*& c& c& c +$*&& )c$ !c -c& c*+c+cc c$ () +!c$ ! & c("c& c!*(!&&, c) , )c -c ++*& c, c%, c! c& cc , &"c -c& &)c! )*& !c c% )c$$ c!c$%+&!c& "cc !!*+ !c&&c$ $) c c&"%c& c c&%!c&c !cc&&c& "c c! c("c (! ,%c (!c , !& )c*) !c!c$$ cc!c( c!*!! c$ , *!)"c&"$))"c + !cc!&& c( & c& c&%!c$ $) c& c&c& "c!"cc& c -- &c -c& c !"%c c& c+ %!c! & c+ %!cc*&& c7)!& 8c+ %!c !$ &, )"c ! c+ %!c+"c &c+&c*$cc -- &c!$ c&c& "c$*&!c& c , cc& c$ !& c -c+c cc)) !c& c! c& c( c &cc) c c c , *!)"c *( *&c $) c -& c& & ))"c!"c+$ &&c&%!ccc &c"c c &!+c!!+c$ "c%!cc+) &c -c))c! &!c -& c& cc &c- +c !+cc$ "c +c&c7 %cC ! c+ c& % !c& "c!* c c, cc !& %c& !&cc( %c%++&)C8c cc+c&c-&c$! c("c*!%c;*!&c& c %&c +(& !c -c !c7 %cC c!%c&&c )c! %c( *&-*))"c , "c & c!c %c*& c) !%c & c&% &C8c"c& c$%+&!c+ )c& - c)%*% c!cc&
)c &&cc( c*! ccc + *!c, &"c -c"!c& c&&cc% )c*c( ) %"c !&!c & c"c cc$*&c !c& % & c(*&c&c& c!+ c&+ c&c)) !c*!c& c*! c))c -c *c +c& c% &c)%*% c& c c&c c&c&c& c cc c$ () +!c$ ! c("c!*(!&&, c ++*&, c-& !c c$-*))"c , &c c $ , (!c c ! c ! c-& !c)* c& c! +&c & &c -c& c$ , (c7 c )& )c+ %8c& c+ %c -c& c$ , (c& $c& c$ , (=!c-%*&, c+ %cc $ $ !& )c&&&* !c7 c $ !c, !c( ) -!8c , " c("c& c$ , (c c!c & c c-& * !cc- "c& c *c 3&c& $cc #.#cc c
^ ccc c c cc cc c S Æ c cc cccc c c c ccc c c cc! c "c c c#c$ c c c c c #c%&c c'c())*cc% c(2)cc c cc
Reasoning c -c& c!c ) &"cc!*(!&&, c ) + &!c -c ++*& c c+%&c& "c( c + c) c+& c*$c c & ! c& %& Hc c&& )c! c!c&&c - &)c$ !! !c$)"c&!c ) c*&, c- c!c( c!*!! c) "cc c - +)c) %c& c & c+; c- +c -c- c!c *&, c- cc c& cc!+$) c 3+$) c -c *& c-c! + c!"!cC +c &c& c& c+ , !Cc& c c+%&c- c! , )c&%!*,) &c& c& c)!c -c& %c& c! # )) c c7c ! c448c !&c+ c! )!c *)c ! c&!c>* !& cc& c %&, c(*&c& ! c c c +$*&& ))"c+ c *)c $ (()"cc&&c& c+c , & ) !!c $ & !c("c +$) 3c) % +& +&)c - +*) c"c! !c -c ! %c *)c& - c( cc- & c) %)c& *%c$ $!c &c) %)cc& c *&, c) %c! ! cc c- +)c *&, c) %c c( %!c&c$ +! !c& c*! !c 3$)&c*) !c- c % &%c-*& c$ !c -c- +& c!*c!cc )*! c-c& c$ +! !c c&* c c& c*) !c c- )) c$ ! )"c& c& c )"c% & c- +& c!c%*& c & c( c&* c? *&, c ! %c !c &c" )c"c c- +& c( *! c& c )*! c!+$)"c+ !c 3$)&c&c!c) "c$ ! &c+$)&)"cc& c$ +! !c 70 ) c448c*&c *&, c ! %c!c$ -*)c & ) !!c9 c 3+$) c c *)c%* c&!c"* )"c , ) c*!cc+ c& c!+$) !&c $ () +!c*+% () c7c *&c46c$ , cc%)"c () c!*!! c -c& ! c +&& !cc1 +c) ,cDc, ! "c46c%, cc& )c$ ! && 8cc &c )& !$c 3!&!c( & c$ , (!cc ! %Hcc*+( c -c! )!c, c & c& c & c + c, c) c$ , (!c& c) !c!*c!cC&c!c " !cc &c! Hcc$ && Cc?* !c7c58c%* c- c 3+$) c&&c)& *%c& c& $c -cc $ , (c!c! c("c!$ cc , cc& c! c -c& c) c&c!c& c( c-%* c
*&c-c *! c& c& $c -cc$ , (c+%&c &c)"!c( c! c( *! c& c*! c+"c
c! + c ! !c, c& c)-"c& c& $c&!c!%- cc , c c& c$ , (c )& !c& c&c7c%%!c458c$& cc! c&&c$ , (!c)! c! c &c- &* !c &cL c !cc c & *!c- c( %c& c+c& c$ * cc $ c- c
!%&c c-+ *!cC&c!c& c! *c -c cc)$$%HCcc !)"c( c+ c $ , ()c("c&*%c&c& cc!! & ##C&c!c& c! *c -c cc)$$%C## )& *%c , c& c %)c>* !& c- +c *)c( c*! ccc$ , ()c"cc !c- c))c)%*% c* !&%c$ , (!c )"c c& c)!& c& c-))cc& c%$!c!c !*c$ , (!c, c &"+ +c>*)& !c7cA cDc $ )) c4:8c ))"c &"+ + !cc #0#cc c
^ ccc c c cc cc c S Æ c cc cccc c c c ccc c c cc! c "c c c#c$ c c c c c #c%&c c'c())*cc% c((-cc c cc
c +$) & c!")) %!+!cc&&c& c!cc+!!%c$ +! c )*! c c( &c9 c 3+$) c& c!"cC &&c!cc-
&())c$)" Cc!c& c+$)"c&&c &&c!c(%% c&c& c +)c$ ! c c+!!%c$ +! c!c&&c-
&())c$)" !c c(%% c&c& c +c + &+ !c&!c c -c$%+&c+$)& c!c)) cc$)*!() c- c( *! c&c!c $ (() c& *%c &c ,&() c&&c &&c!c(%% c&c, % c !!c -& c& c - c!c !!"cc) %)c!cc& ! c!&& + &!*& c)& )cc! + &+ !c ! !)c c !"&c ;+c & @ c&&c$ , (!c c(*)&c *&c -c!"+( )!c&&c -) &c , ""c (; &!cc , &!c c&&c& ! c!"+( )!c +( c&c$ & !cc& $ && c >* c&&c& c $ ! c% &cc)& )c+ %c !"+( )@ c& c!"+( )!c% &cc% )c+ %cc& c !c& c ! c +!c$$)"c& c% )c+ %c , c c &)!c -c c&!c $$ !c c$ , c("c ;+cc c
c& c)& c:.!c & )c7c:8c +$!@ c& c ) c -c) %"cc$ , (c* !&%c c$ , (c!c & c&cc - &cc& +!c -c& c!&c* !& c c! !c&c!c&c 3&)"c&&c&!c$ ! c!c* !&
c %%c& c ! c$*&!Hc &%c!c ) c c *&$*&c7 c& c! !8c$!! !c& c*%c !&c7+ c-& c)c*%cc!%)c-%* cc& c )"c&-)c& ))% c + , + &8c( *! c&c &c( c!+& c- +c& c *&$*&c -c&, c ! c
!$ !c*&c& c$ ! c ))"c !c &c* !&c"&%c & c&c c& c*! c*) !c & c )& c!"+( )!c c!c!"&3c(*&c c! +&!c ) c7c4.8c)+ c&&c +$*& !c c &c, c& c*!)c$ !c&&c(!c c&c!c& c!c! + &%c *>* c( *&c( ) %)c!"!& +!ccc&!c! ! c +$*& !c$ , cc$
c+ )c- c 3$)%c*+c+ &)c&,&"c!c%*+ &c! cc!& +c -c$ & !&c- +c& c &-)c& ))% c ++*&"c c&c-!&c$$ cc! + cc&!c ++*&"c ; &c&c)& % & cc c +$*&& )c!!*+$& c( c& c- +& #$ !!%c, c!c( c && c- c & c ! !c!c ))c"c& !c)+c&&c +$*& !c c&
c-) 3() c *) #( *c! )cc 3&%cc&&c-c c!$ &c -cc$ !!c% !c" c c ! !() c *&$*&c!c$ !!() cc & , c&!c( !c& c- +& #$ !!%c, c$ , !cc*! -*)c$$ c& c * !&%c$ , (c+ %& c&c$)"!cc "c ) cc c -c& c& !c c c ! cc #6#cc c
^ ccc c c cc cc c S Æ c cc cccc c c c ccc c c cc! c "c c c#c$ c c c c c #c%&c c'c())*cc% c(,*cc c cc
CURRENT THEORIES c * &)"c& c c& c& !c -c$ , (c %& c&&c-&c&c& c %&, c, c c& c! ! c&&c& "c, c&& +$& c& c 3$)& c$ , (c$ !!%c("c+ !c -cc! &c
-c& )& c+ ) , )c$ !! !c c& !c c78c& c* c78cc*$& c -c& c $&*)c(! c& "cc&!c c, ! c& c 3& c $&*)c(! c& "#6Ec7(8c& c c7A8Ec78c& c c7?8c ! c& !c +$!@ c +$ ! c& c&c $ *& c)& *%c#6c&& +$&!c& c 3$)cc c% c -c$ , (c$ + cc The Extended Conceptual Base Theory c c
c cc7c cDc +$) c/8cc!cc 3& ! c -c& c $&*)c(! c & "c7c c &c)c4.8c$) c$ , (c* !&%c!>* )"c&cc$ () +# ! ),%c-+ cc$ () +c 3!&!c , c& c!cc! $"c( & cc* &c !&& ccc% )c!&& c , (c* !&%c, ), !cc*+( c -c!+))c% )!c)% )"c ))# - c&&c+*!&c( c c- c +$) & c* !&%c& c& c$) cc c"c ++*& c!&*& c)%*% c*! cc)%*% c& $ & c! c &c ( % *c & !c"c( % *c & !cc+ c$ &!c -c- +& c!*c!c *)&* c)%*% c& $ ! )c ) % cc ) % c( *&c& c* &c& $c -c ++*& c$ ( cc)! c7c4:8c)) c&!c! c- +& ccC %&, c
, + &Cc c& c 3& &c&&c&!c , + &c!c &c! c ++*& c))c( c + c--*)&cc 9!&c ! c c& cc) !c$ , (c +$ ! cc ) ,&c & 3&c !&*& !cc& ! c!&*& !cc$ , (c!c , cC *&c -c& c()* Cc& *&c"c !*$$ &%c & 3&cc& *&cc& $c c& "c!!*+ !c$ c$ ( cc)! =!c7c 4:8c)"!!c&&c))c ++*& c + !c&cc+$)&c%*& c&&c& c ++*& c!c& %c! + &%cc&&c&c!c ) ,&c& c& c!&*& c cc+c &&c$ , (!c c ++*& ))"c(@ cc& c! ! c&&c& "c+ & c&%!c&&c c &c$&c -c& c %&, c , + &c , c c& c$ , (c!cc) c - &c-cc !&% c) !c*$c& c*!c c& c!& &cc!"!c &c , "c "!& c &!cc$ )c c c cc #64#cc c
^ ccc c c cc cc c S Æ c cc cccc c c c ccc c c cc! c "c c c#c$ c c c c c #c%&c c'c())*cc% c(,1cc c cc
!$ Hc9!&c c(*)cc cc&!c! c&c!c$ (()"cc!+$) c !)"c !! c+ )c ,%c% && c&!c+ )c c c% c&Hc!c& c!&% c;*!&cc )&&) c c c$ $!c&"%c& c& ))c*!c&&c c c! c;*!&c$ c*$c *c$*! c c)) &c c- *c &%c &c& %Hc&c!c &c!c-c& "c!c! + &%c) cC c"c HCc
cC& !c c-*!&&%RCc*c ++ &!c! +c ) ,&c c "!& c*&& c !c &c*&c c$ (()"c))c &c, c"c--*)&"c* !&%c& c*&& c!cc)& )c !! & cc *!c& c c&c!cc& c+% c c&!c$! c *)c( c("$!! c , c( *! c& c*&& c!c c++ & c - &cc( *! c&c!c!&& ccc % +c $!&c& ! c"c c !*)&!c c+%&c& - c( c & +$& c& c& c( *&c&c(*&c c$ (()"c))c c! + c+ &,& c!c!c!*$$) c c ("cc
c&&c, ), !c! &&%cc& c- c %c c & cc*&& c!c &"c -c-*& c& *%&c c,() !c$)"cc ) c c9!&cc %&, c -- "c,() c &)!c;*%%c & c& c*&& c!c"&%c,)*() c *%c& c , cc& "c& c) !&c+ &)c -- &c cc! )c$" --c ,() c )!c&&c c$ $) c!"c! + &%c& c*!c c! *)c !$ c( *! c&c *)c( c+$ )& c ! %c*& ))% &c c , c% *!c &c& cc % & c& c)%*!&c- +c -c& c$ , (cc& c$$!)c-& c$*!c& c , c --c & c)& )c) , )c& cc))# - c! + &%c )! c!c!c& c c c)%*!&c- +cc(!c ++*& c+ !c! +c& c+ c& c , c !"cC + &%c !c& c( c c&c&!c*&& c(*&c&Hcc c &c c&!c $ ! cc"c!c c c! c&) %c( *&c "!& !cc$ )!Hc c c c "!& !cc $ )!c *c c &c c&!c!& &c("c"c+ !c! c+"( c& "c+ c! + &%c
)! Cc!c!c& c( %%c -c $ c* !&%c -c *! c( *! c c& c , c c*! c& , c)* !c c&cc& c% &c& c cc c+ c$ - c+ %cc *&c& c , =!c+; c)* c!c& c*&& c&! )-c+ c$ ! )"c& , c)& )c + %c+ )c& c , c!c , ) $ c- c&c&c!c& c , c!cc*c&&c & c*&& c!c( *&c&! )-c &c& c+ )c- c&c$ c! c(*&c&c&c+%&c+ c c & c) , )c cc c$ !&*)& !c&&c$ $) c- )) ccc #6#cc c
^ ccc c c cc cc c S Æ c cc cccc c c c ccc c c cc! c "c c c#c$ c c c c c #c%&c c'c())*cc% c(,)cc c cc
* cc )!c&&cc+ %c! *)c( c , ) $ c&&c !c% )c *%c& c!&&& c"&%c&&c& c)& )c+ %c+ )c *)c$ !!()"c( c ( *&c)*%c&! )-c&c$ , (!c c! )-#!&&&%c+ !c& +c *!, c ! %cC!&% c)
$!Cc7! c$& c58c)& *%c& c c$ - c+ %c! *)c !&&& c& c)& )c+ )c&c!c)! c !& c("c&c*&c&c!c &c & + c("c&c ( *! c c- +& c+*!&c( c% && c- +& c&&c!c *&! c& c)& )c+ )c A &&%c&!c- +& c))c >* c- !c!! & !cc )( & cc% )c !&c$ $) c) "c c( *&c "!& !cc$ )!c&&c "!& !c+ c$ )!cc&&c $ )!c c,)*() c&c!c$&c -c& c$ c -c$ , (!*)&"c -c "!& !c!cc&%c&&c+ !c! + &%c -c,)* c!c - +& cc( c!"& !@ ccc c+ %*& ( !c! + &+ !c-)CEc cC) &c &c!c *c + & !$c(*&c&cc% &c!&"c&c&+ !Cc)+ !&c"c +c -c )&"ccc
+))"c$ *&, c$ #cc #0.#cc c
^ ccc c c cc cc c S Æ c cc cccc c c c ccc c c cc! c "c c c#c$ c c c c c #c%&c c'c())*cc% c(-2cc c cc
!! !c-)c& c ), c( + !cc& c- c$$)& c -c& c "!& c$ , (c , c c$$)& c -c& c$ , (c))c* *(& )"c% c&!c-%*&, c+ %c& c! + c 3& &c! c& c!&&& c$! c *)c)! c( c)) c& c c &c$$ !c-c& c! c- c$$)& c -c& cc!c% c- +cc ) ,&c & 3&c!&*& c& cc ) ,&c & 3&c!&*& Hcc& c)&& c& c$ , (c7!c, ) 8c!c c) c - &c c& $c))c -c& c+ !+!c&&c $ & cc& c& $) !!c!&*& c
$ & c c!c ))c , c& c+; c!*($ () +c!c &c & c& c*&& c! *)c ( c$ !! c-*& c c&c+%&c+ &,& c& c , c& c+ , c- +c& c)& )c) , )c (*&c c& c &c& c*&& c&c& c& $c))c&!c& c c&c!cc & % @& c$ () +cc&&c& c& $cc& , c!&& c -c* !&%c!c !&&& c("c& c*&& c c& c& $c!c+*&*))"c* !&
c& c$ , (c *&& c! , !c& c& % @ c&c! c -c& c$ , (c%) !! !c!cC!c!c!*cc!*cc
c -c!&*& Ccc&"$))"c$ , !c!$ c&c- +& c( *&c&c!c ))c c & c& $c!c &c ))c* !&
c& c$ , (c! , !c( &c& c)-"c&!c+ %c!c ))c!c & c& % @ cc ++ &c c&c , (!c c+ !&c )%& %c c*! cc&!c -! c)& *%c&c+ !c& c , =!c&! c+*c+ c +$)& cc))c! !c -c c c $ , (c$$)& c , c& cc!!*+ !c&&cc) %)c$ !!c!c&c c c+ *&!c& c!"%c&&c& c-%*&, c+ %cc( c*! c!cc c -c%c&&cc ( c+& c*$c&c& c& $c , (c*!% c!cc%
c 3+$) c -c$&& c+&%c cc $&*)c) , )cc &))"cc*+( c -c !&&!c $ & c& c -- &cc+&c- +& c( *&c& c !&*& c& c& $c& c)& )c+ %c+ )c& c-%*&, c+ %c!c* &)"c , ) $ cc ! )c&!c- +c& c$ , (c*! c))c+*!&c( c$ !! c& c &c $ , (cc& $c , cc & c!c+ c&c+*!&c( c(!&&c( *! c)& *%c & c$ , (cc& $c+&c & ))"c& "c c &c+&c$ $&*))"c&c!c$&c -c & c&%* c -c$ , (!c( *! c& "c- c$ $) c& c!"& !@ c- +& c&cc%c ) , )ccc& &))"c(!&&c+ *+c!c+ *+c!c( c& + cc cc c& c+ c -c& c& "c&c+*!&c( c +$!@ c&&c& c & c -cc $&*)c(! c !c )"cc)+c&&c& c $ ! && )c- +&c- c& c-%*&, cc #0#cc c
^ ccc c c cc cc c S Æ c cc cccc c c c ccc c c cc! c "c
c c#c$ c c c c c #c%&c c'c())*cc% c(-(cc c cc
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c FIG.4.1. Diagram of the extended conceptual base theory. c
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c& c$ () +c -c! &&%c& c$ $ c ) + &!c & c !$ cc( c& )!c-c c, c& c% & c *c c 3+$) !c -c&cc $ , (c+ !c&c( + !c) c c! &"c& c$ !!cc( + c9))"c$*&&%c $ , (c+ %!c& c !cc( c !$ ))"c--*)&c $) c -& c! c , c&&c & "c* !&cc$ , (c(*&c c*() c& c&*)& c&&c+ %c!&!-& )"c!c &!)& c$ !!c!c;*!&c& c)!&ccc! !c -c$ !! !c&&c( !$ !c* &&"cc >* !c$ () +c! ),%cc #0:#cc c
^ ccc c c cc cc c S Æ c cc cccc c c c ccc c c cc! c "c c c#c$ c c c c c #c%&c c'c())*cc% c(-0cc c cc
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& cc& cC Cc$ , (c c% c )!c c *() c*&"c("c$ ,%c& c c & ) c- c 3 && cc& c!$ -c- +c -c 3 && c!c ))c cC Cc $ , (c!cc )c! -+%c$ , (c! c&c& ))!c*!c &c& c!$))c c*&c&c *)c &c , c&!c$&*)c- c& *&c&!c$$ )c& cc$ &@& c -c,)* !cc!+$) c& +!c & c$ , (c!"!cC9, c& c( && c&%!c! c =&c) ! c& +Cc& ("c -) &%cc + &,& c&&c) %&+@ !cc$&*)c 3 && cc c!*++@ c& c)+!c -c& c %&, c )!c"$ & !!c c&&c78c% c )!c !( cc+ &))"c & c!&& c -c$ - & Ec7(8c% c )!c c*, !)cc ++ c& c+ !&c*)&* !Ec78c% c )!cc( c!&&& cc-- &c"!c&c& c % c) , )Ec78c% c )!c+ &,& cc !&c!$ -c )!c& *&c
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