A Ontologia Na Obra de Platão

K BJUB@BLDK JK BAQK EM S@KUÉB K`amrtdjb Ymrvu`b Akrabsk em Ybusk Ebutbrkjeb mf Hd`bsbhdk-]HI k`amrtdjbsmrvu`bCk`u.uhi.ar 

QMY]FB> B prbpùsdtb emssk pmsqudsk ä kprmsmjtkr b kspmitb ek hd`bsbhdk p`ktõjdik qum pbem ikrkitmrdzkr ufk bjtb`bldk. B banmtdvb lmrk` ä kprmsmjtkr b ibjimdtb em bjtb`bldk  mf S`ktéb k pkrtdr ek bark emsdljkek em  Edë`blb Skrfîjdems. Mspmidhdikfmjtm b banmtdvb ä fbstrkr bs prdjidpkds krlufmjtbs irætdibs ibjtrk b ibjimdtb em bjtb`bldk mf S`ktéb m k irætdik qum sm hkz k mssm ibjimdtb jks aksms mf qum S`ktéb k emhmjem, vdem k gdpùtmsm. Jbssk fmtbeb`bldk em djvmstdlkìéb ä k pkrtdr ek  prùprdk bark eb hd`ùsbhb. Mssk bpìéb em hbjtm sm emvm kb hktb em ibjsdemrkrfbs mssk fmtbeb`bldk em kibreb ibf bs prmimdtbs ätdibs m em rdlbr mf rm`kìéb kb pmjskfmjtb eb kutbr djvmstdlkeb. K gdpùtmsm qum sm sustmjtk jk `mdturk ` mdturk dfkjmjtm ebs mjskdbs p`ktõjdibs ä k emhmsk ek mxdstîjidk ek demdk ibfb banmtb, b qum sdljdhdik edzmr qum mstm ibjimdtb ä k tmjtktdvk em fbstrkr ufk hujekfmjtkìéb ek rmk`dekem qum sm kprmsmjtk. Mssk djvmstdlkìéb tmf ibfb pbjtb em pkrtdek k emhdjdìéb em bjtb`bldk  ibfb smjeb b ibjgmidfmjtb eb  smr mjqukjtb  smr-mf-sd. B  smr-mf-sd kqud djedikeb ä b hujekfmjtb, k ikusk þ`tdfk m prdfmdrk em tueb qum sm kprmsmjtk jk jkturmzk. Sbr dssb, k msib`gk eb  Edë`blb Skrfîjdems , bark p`ktõjdik qum trktk eb emaktm mjtrm Yùirktms m Skrfîjdems sbarm k tmbrdk eks demdks. Skrfîjdems ä ibjsdemrkeb ibfb smjeb b vmrekemdrb hujekebr ek bjtb`bldk, fmsfb kprmsmjtkjeb uf fbjdsfb tmùrdib. B prba`mfk ä k qumstéb ek hujekfmjtkìéb ek rmk`dekem. Bs prdfmdrbs hd`ùsbhbs prbiurkf mxp`dikr ibfb surlm m emskpkrmim k rmk`dekem qum sm kprmsmjtk. K ikusk ek rmk`dekem ä þjdik bu ä fþ`tdp`k2 Ym hbr þjdik ibfb surlm ã edhmrmjìk2 Ym hbr fþ`tdp`k ibfb surlm ã demjtdekem2 Ym hbr þjdik ibfb mxp`dikr k mvkjmsiîjidk2 Ym hbr fþ`tdp`k ibfb mxp`dikr k pmrfkjîjidk2 Mstk  pmsqudsk tmf suk rm`mvájidk, eb pbjtb em vdstk tmùrdib, kssmjtkek sbarm b prbpùsdtb em ikrkitmrdzkr k bjtb`bldk p`ktõjdik. Jk mshmrk prëtdik k rm`mvájidk emssk pmsqudsk rmpbusk sbarm k demdk em qum k bjtb`bldk ä b hujekfmjtb em ufk ätdik sbidk` qum ä djedspmjsëvm` djedspmjsëvm` jk hbrfkìéb m prmsmrvkìéb em ufk sbidmekem gufkjk. K`äf edssb, kb sm rmhmrmjidkr jb edë`blb Skrfîjdems , m`k kprmsmjtk k prdjidpk` edsiusséb qum ktrkvmssk k gdstùrdk ek hd`bsbhdk, qum ä b emaktm sbarm k rm`kìéb mjtrm ‚ smr  ‚ smr ‒ m ‚jéb‚jéb- smr—   smr— .

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IKSÆU]@B ;  ’  K  K BJUB@BLDK MF S@KUÉB B hd`ùsbhb Fkjhrmeb B`dvmdrk, sbarm b prba`mfk ek hujekfmjtkìéb, ibfmjtk qum S`ktéb ä b prdfmdrb k mxpbr k edstdjìéb mjtrm b qum fbemrjkfmjtm sm igkfk bjtb`bldk m ljbsdb`bldk, b qum fkrik, smlujeb m`m, k vmrekemdrk tkrmhk ek hd`bsbhdk m b fätbeb qum emvm smr mfprmlkeb pkrk sm igmlkr kb  smr djibjedidbjk` . Skrk B`dvmdrk, S`ktéb edstdjlum mjtrm ibjgmidfmjtb eb mjtmjedfmjtb m b ibjgmidfmjtb ek edk`ätdik. B prdfmdrb sm ikrkitmrdzkjeb ibfb tmjeb uf pbjtb em pkrtdek ibjedidbjk` qum ä ibjsdemrkeb mrrbjmkfmjtm mvdemjtm ;. M b smlujeb ibfb smjeb b pkrkedlfk ek ktdvdekem hd`bsùhdik, pbds sbfmjtm ktrkväs em`m sm igmlk kb  smr djibjedidbjk` ,

mjtmjedeb ibfb smjeb kqum`m hujekfmjtb qum jéb tmf

jmjguf prmssupbstb, pbrqum m`m ä b prmssupbstb em tueb. 1 Sbrtkjtb k pkrtdr emssm ibfmjtërdb pbemfbs mstkam`mimr b qum smnk k bjtb`bldk mf S`ktéb m edzmr qum ä mssm b kspmitb qum k ikrkitmrdzk jk bark emssm pmjskebr. B qum ikrkitmrdzk k bjtb`bldk ä k ujdvmrsk`dekem. M k lrkjem edsiusséb qum mjvb`vm bs bjtù`blbs, ä sbarm sm ks ibdsks séb bu jéb séb djstájidks purks. K bjtb`bldk p`ktõjdik emhmjem k mxdstîjidk em trîs iktmlbrdks, bjem ks demdks, djstájidks ujdvmrskds, séb ks ikusks em tbebs bs smrms m bs prdjiæpdbs eb vmrekemdrb ibjgmidfmjtb. Skrk ibjgmimrfbs bs banmtbs ä prmidsb em ufk demdk ujdvmrsk`, jéb gë ibjgmidfmjtb smf b ujdvmrsk`. Skrk ibjgmimr b djedvdeub ä prmidsb em kjtmféb ek demdk eb djedvdeub? pbds mstm ä djmhëvm`, sbfmjtm ä mstkam`mideb k pkrtdr em suk  prmedikìéb.

;

  B mxmfp`b em ibjgmidfmjtb eb mjtmjedfmjtb ibjsdemrkeb jk bark p`ktõjdik ä b ibjgmidfmjtb fktmfëtdib. Igmlk k smr surprmmjemjtm mssks ibjsdemrkìýms em S`ktéb sbarm b kspmitb jéb mvdemjtm emssm ibjgmidfmjtb, ufk vmz qum b ibjgmidfmjtb fktmfëtdib ä ibjsdemrkeb b ak`ukrtm em ibjgmidfmjtb

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IKSÆU]@B 1  ’  K  K IQÆUDIK K BJUB@BLDK S@KUÕJDIK  Jéb sm pbem emdxkr em fmjidbjkr qum k irætdik qum sm hkz k bjtb`bldk  p`ktõjdik pkrtm eb prdjidpdb em qum S`ktéb emhmjem ufk supbstk tmbrdk ebs ebds fujebs 9.

Mssk basmrvkìéb ä dfpbrtkjtm pkrk kqum`ms qum rmp`dikf ks

irætdiks qum pksskrmfbs k mxpbr kedkjtm. 5

1.; B KQL]FMJUB EB UMQIMDQB GBFMF B krlufmjtb eb tmrimdrb gbfmf =  ä prmtmjskfmjtm ktrdauæeb, pbr k`lujs, kb hd`ùsbhb Krdstùtm`ms (975k.I  ’  911k.I)   911k.I) m ibjsdstm jb krlufmjtb qum irdtdik k tmbrdk ek pkrtdidpkìéb eks demdks eb hd`ùsbhb S`ktéb. Urktk-sm em ufk irætdik supmrmstdfkek ibjtrk k bjtb`bldk p`ktõjdik. B krlufmjtb fbstrk qum k tmbrdk ek pkrtdidpkìéb eks demdks ibjeuz k uf dfpkssm `ùldib emsdljkeb em rmlrmssus ke djhdjdtuf? qum smlujeb mssk 9

 Umbrdk qum emhmjem jéb sbfmjtm ufk edhmrmjidkìéb mjtrm fujeb smjsævm` m fujeb suprk-smjsævm`, fks ufk edhmrmjidkìéb rkedik` mjtrm kfabs. Sbemfbs ibjsdemrkr, smf vdb`kr b pmjskfmjtb p`ktõjdib, qum gë sdf ufk emhmsk mf prb` em ufk tmbrdk eks demdks jb djtmrdbr em smus msirdtbs. Sbds, ä fudtb hëid` vmrdhdikr qum mxdstmf jbs msirdtbs p`ktõjdibs vërdks rmhmrîjidks ibf khdrfkìýms iktmlùrdiks em qum mxdstmf ks hbrfks djtm`dlævmds. B emaktm sbarm k qumstéb? ‚b qum ä uf sdstmfk hd`bsùhdib2‒ jéb tmf jkek k vmr ibf k

emhdjdìéb eb qum sm ibjsdemrk jmstk mxpbsdìéb ibfb tmbrdk? ufk vmz qum jk `djluklmf mssm tmrfb ä  pb`dssîfdib. Fudtb sm hk`k eb sdstmfk sdstmfk hd`bsùhdib, pbräf kpmjks jb jævm` rkstmdrb ek djhbrfkìéb m rkrkfmjtm eb ibjimdtb bu em suk sdljdhdikìéb hd`bsùhdik. Ubekvdk, pkrk ufk edsiusséb k mssm rmspmdtb djedikfbs bs ibfmjtërdbs em Fkjhrmeb B`dvmdrk qum kss mvmrk qum ‐jks brdlmjs em jbssk trkedìéb em  pmjskfmjtb sm pým mxprmsskfmjtm k qumstéb ek hujekfmjtkìéb jb mshbrìb sdstmfëtdib em S`ktéb pbr mstkam`mimr mstkam`mimr k tkrmhk tkrm hk prùprdk ek hd`bsbhdk, jufk pkssklmf hkfbsk ek  Sb`dtädk, mf `dlkìéb ibf k k`mlbrdk ek `djgk (=34 a m YY.).‖ Kemfkds, B`dvmdrk mf jbtk khdrfk> ‐X. Gøs`m, Gøs`m, rmsufdjeb ks ibji`usýms ktukds sbarm k ebutrdjk jéb-msirdtk em S`ktéb (sbarmtueb ks pmsqudsks em Oråfmr m Lkdsmr, k kssdf igkfkek Msib`k em Uðadjlmj), khdrfk smr S`ktéb uf bjtù`blb rkedik`, iunk hbrfk em krlufmjtkr sm rkedik jufk bpìéb bjtb`ùldik m uf pmjskebr sdstmfëtdib em prdfmdrb jævm` mf iunb prbnmtb bjtb`ùldib tbebs bs ikfpbs ek rmk`dekem séb pmjskebs pmjskebs mf suk ujdekem.‖ ujdekem.‖ (Dj. B@DXMDQK, Fkjhrmeb. Ybarm k hujekfmjtkìéb . 1ªme. Sbrtb K`mlrm> MEDS]IQY, ;44 K bjtb`bldk p`ktõjdik emhmjem k mxdstîjidk em trîs iktmlbrdks bjtb`ùldiks> demdks, banmtbs djedvdeukds m k`fks djedvdeukds. Ks demdks jk tmb rdk p`ktõjdik séb ks ikusks eb rmstb ebs smrms m tkfaäf bs prdjiæpdbs eb ibjgmimr. Bu smnk, jk bjtb`bldk p`ktõjdik ks demdks tîf pkpm` imjtrk`. B krlufmjtb eb tmrimdrb gbfmf edz rmspmdtb kb prdjiæpdb eb ibjgmidfmjtb. Skrk ibjgmimrfbs euks ibdsks ä jmimssërdk ufk tmrimdrk ibdsk, b tmrimdrb ek ibfpkrkìéb. Mf sæjtmsm, k jbssk rm`kìéb eb ibjgmidfmjtb ebs banmtbs djedik ufk `dlkìéb ibf uf tmrimdrb. Sbds, ibfb b djedvdeub ä

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irætdik bibrrm emvdeb ã dfpbssdad`dekem ek pkrtdidpkìéb eks demdks jks ibdsks smjsævmds ibfb prmtmjem k tmbrdk p`ktõjdik. K räp`dik ibjtrk mssm krlufmjtb sm djsurlm ibjtrk k kssmrtdvk em qum m`m rmhutk k tmbrdk ek pkrtdidpkìéb. Jk vmrekem m`m fkds ibrrbabrk eb qum emshkz ek tmsm. Sbds, m`m jéb rmhutk em fbeb kasb`utb k tmbrdk ek pkrtdidpkìéb eks demdks, pbrqum sm trktk, ibfb sm edz jk `ùldik, em uf pkrkebxb `ùldib. Bu smnk, pbr uf `keb m`m rmhutk k tmbrdk ek pkrtdidpkìéb, pbräf kpmjks pkridk`fmjtm, qukjeb kpm`k pkrk k qukjtdekem djhdjdtk ebs  pkrtdiu`krms. M pbr butrb `keb, m`m emfbjstrk emfbjstrk k tmbrdk ek pkrtdidpkìéb, kdjek qum smnk jb áfadtb ebs pkrtdiu`krms, em fbeb pkridk`. B krlufmjtb eb tmrimdrb gbfmf jéb rmhutk k tmbrdk ek pkrtdidpkìéb eks demdks em fbeb kasb`utb, pbrqum prmidsk emfbjstrkr qum mf tbebs bs pkrtdiu`krms k  pkrtdidpkìéb jéb bibrrm, b qum jéb ä pbssævm`, pbssævm`, pbds bs pkrtdiu`krms séb djhdjdtbs. Sbrtkjtb, b krlufmjtb eb tmrimdrb gbfmf qum tmf b prbpùsdtb em rmhutkr k bjtb`bldk p`ktõjdik, fbstrkjeb k djsuhdidîjidk `ùldik ek tmbrdk ek  pkrtdidpkìéb eks demdks, kpmjks kpbjtk pkrk ufk irætdik k pkrtdidpkìéb eks demdks, irætdik djsuhdidmjtm, krlufmjtb jéb ibji`usdvb, pbds jéb sm trktk em ufk rmhutkìéb kasb`utk m sdf ufk rmhutkìéb pkridk`. Em hktb, pbemfbs khdrfkr qum b krlufmjtb eb tmrimdrb gbfmf ä eb  prùprdb hd`ùsbhb S`ktéb. K rmhmrîjidk qum ibjhdrfk jbssk kssmrtdvk ä b hkfbsb edë`blb Skrfîjdems , dstb ä, k prùprdk bark qum utd`dzkfbs pkrk fbstrkr b kspmitb bjtb`ùldib eb pmjskfmjtb p`ktõjdib, tkfaäf kprmsmjtk uf emaktm sbarm ks rmssk`vks ã pbssdad`dekem emssk bjtb`bldk. SKQF ÎJD EMY  IKSÆU]@B 9  ’  B  B EMAKUM JB ED Ë@BLB SKQF

K mstruturk eb edë`blb Skrfîjdems   pbem smr vdstk kssdf? S`ktéb mjvb`vm b kibjtmidfmjtb jufk trdp`k jkrrktdvk. Bs hd`ùsbhbs Skrfîjdems 8 m ^mjéb ‐sm bs mjtms séb fþ`tdp`bs, mjtéb tîf em

smr smfm`gkjtms m emssmfm`gkjtms? emssmfm`gkjtms? b qum ä dfpbssævm`2 _Sbr quî2V Sbrqum ks ibdsks emssmfm`gkjtms jéb pbemf smr smfm`gkjtms, jmf ks smfm`gkjtms  pbemf smr emssmfm`gkjtms.‖

7

Yùirktms ibjtrk krlufmjtk qum, ‐sm ä

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dfpbssævm` qum ks ibdsks emssmfm`gkjtms smnkf smfm`gkjtms, m qum ks ibdsks smfm`gkjtms smnkf emssmfm`gkjtms, mjtéb ä dfpbssævm` qum gknk fudtks ibdsks? pbds, sm gbuvmssm fudtks ibdsks, mjibjtrkr-sm-dkf jufk sdtukìéb dfpbssævm`.‖4

Yùirktms khdrfk qum b krlufmjtb em ^mjéb ä jk vmrekem ufk emhmsk ‚ Ubeb ä ]jb‒? ]jb ‒? b qum em hktb ^mjéb ek tmsm em Skrfîjdems qum sustmjtk qum b ‚Ubeb

ibjhdrfk, ibjsdemrkjeb qum smus msirdtbs prmtmjemf dr kb mjibjtrb eb krlufmjtb em Skrfîjdems ibjtrk ks irætdiks qum hkzmf k mstm, qum khdrfkf qum ek tmsm ‚sbfmjtm b ]jb ä—

emibrrm fudtks ibjtrkedìýms. ^mjéb khdrfk

qum smu banmtdvb ä fbstrkr qum ä ek gdpùtmsm emhmjedek pbr mssk irætdik, k qum ibjsdemrk qum, ‚sbfmjtm b Fþ`tdp`b b  Fþ`tdp`b ä‒, ä ‒, qum emibrrmf vërdks m djsb`þvmds

ibjtrkedìýms.;3 9.;.1  K UMBQDK EKY HBQF KY M K U MBQD MBQD K EK SKQUD IDSKÌÉ IDSKÌÉ B

Yùirktms kprmsmjtk b krlufmjtb aksmkeb jk tmbrdk eks hbrfks . M`m ibjsdemrk qum mxdstm ufk hbrfk mf sd m pbr sd ek smfm`gkjìk, m butrk qum ä b ibjtrërdb emstk, m qum ä k hbrfk mf sd m pbr sd ek emssmfm`gkjìk. Mf smludek m`m djtrbeuz k tmbrdk ek pkrtdidpkìéb ? mxp`dikjeb qum ks ibdsks qum ibjimamfbs ibfb fþ`tdp`ks pkrtdidpkf tkjtb ek hbrfk ek smfm`gkjìk, qukjtb ek hbrfk ek emssmfm`gkjìk. M khdrfk qum jéb gë prba`mfk mf ibjsdemrkr qum ks ibdsks smjsævmds pkrtdidpkf em kfaks ks hbrfks ibjtrërdks, m sm, pbr vdk ek pkrtdidpkìéb mf kfaks ks hbrfks, ks ibdsks smjsævmds hbrmf, k uf sù tmfpb, smfm`gkjtms m emssmfm`gkjtms, jkek gë em ibjtrkedtùrdb jdstb. Ibjtrkedtùrdb, khdrfk Yùirktms, smrdk sm ks prùprdks ibdsks smfm`gkjtms sm tbrjkssmf emssmfm`gkjtms bu qum ks ibdsks emssmfm`gkjtms sm tbrjkssmf smfm`gkjtms. Sbräf, jéb ä mstm b iksb, pbds b qum Yùirktms ausik prbvkr ä qum ktrkväs ek pkrtdidpkìéb mf kfaks ks hbrfks djtm`dlævmds, ks ibdsks smjsævmds séb khmtkeks. Mf sufk, pkrk Yùirktms b prba`mfk ek rm`kìéb mjtrm smfm`gkjtms, jmf ks smfm`gkjtms pbemf smr emssmfm`gkjtms.‖ , rmkhdrfk ibf Skrfîjdems k mxdstîjidk þjdik eb ujb.

^mjéb rmhutk k mxdstîjidk eb fþ`tdp`b m

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k hbrfk mf sd m pbr sd m ks ibdsks smjsævmds ä sm k jéb ibjsdemrkrfbs pbr fmdb ek pkrtdidpkìéb. Sbds, ks hbrfks mf sd m pbr sd, ibfb k smfm`gkjìk m k emssmfm`gkjìk, k p`urk`dekem m k ujdekem, b rmpbusb m b fbvdfmjtb m tbeks mstks hbrfks, jéb pbemf mf sd prùprdks, smr khmtkeks pbr mssms mstkebs ibjtrërdbs. Sbrtkjtb, Yùirktms fbstrk qum pbr fmdb ek tmbrdk ek pkrtdidpkìéb ks ibdsks smjsævmds séb banmtbs em prmedikìéb ibjtrkedtùrdk. M rmhutk k tmsm  pkrfmjdedkjk em qum b ‚Ubeb ä ]jb‒ ]jb‒ pbr fmdb ek tmbrdk eks hbrfks

djtm`dlævmds.;;

9.1 B EMAKUM MJUQM SKQFÎJDEMY M YÙIQKUMY Skrfîjdems, b ‐pkd ek bjtb`bldk‖, djtmrväf jb emaktm mjtrm smu

 pupd`b ^mjéb m b krquätdpb em S`ktéb? m kprmsmjtk krlufmjtbs qum, mf  prdfmdrb `ulkr pým mf xmqum k tmbrdk eks hbrfks m b krlufmjtb ek  pkrtdidpkìéb eks ibdsks ibdsks smjsævmds smjsævmds jks hbrfks djtm`dlævmds. 9.1.;  SKQFÎJD EMY A]YIK A]YIK IBJH D QF KQ QMK@F MJUM K UMBQDK EKY H BQ BQF F KY

YM YM

YÙIQKUMY

EMHM JEM

Skrfîjdems djtmrväf jb emaktm mjtrm ^mjéb m Yùirktms, bjem mstm þ`tdfb ibjsmlum emfbjstrkr qum b krlufmjtb eb prdfmdrb, sbarm k dfpbssdad`dekem em prmedikìéb ibjtrkedtùrdk ebs banmtbs smjsævmds, ä mqudvbikeb. Mf suk prdfmdrk mxpbsdìéb, Skrfîjdems djeklk k Yùirktms, pbds rmqumr emstm k ibjhdrfkìéb, em qum mstm rmk`fmjtm mstë emhmjemjeb ufk smpkrkìéb mjtrm k smfm`gkjìk mf sd m k smfm`gkjìk ebs banmtbs, ufk smpkrkìéb mjtrm b ujb m b fþ`tdp`b. Mf sæjtmsm, ufk smpkrkìéb mjtrm ufk

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