A Linguagem Dos Quadrinhos
October 13, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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B FDAL^BLNC OD]YÝWDB] WDB] FDAL^BLNC IB] OD]YÝ NC R^BIWDAOJ]
^ADXNW]DIBIN HNINWBF IB [BWBÃGB
Wndtjrb
Xdmn-Wndtjr
Idrntjrb ij MMOFB
Xdmn-Idrntjr ij MMOFB
NI^BWIJ WBCBFOJ WBGNAOJW]Y CÙADMB HWNDYB] WJIWDLJ HWNDWN IN MBWXBFOJ N ]DFXB ]DFXB
NIDYJWB IB ^H[G
CBWLBWNYO IN HÂYDCB HJWCDLB CNFJ IDADU
Idrntjrb
]upnrvdsíj in Nidtjrbìíj ]upnrvdsíj in [rjiuìíj
DUBGNF HWBAÌB IN FDCB BFCDW MJWWNDB IN XB]MJAMNFFJ] XB]MJAMNFFJ] EÕADJW EJ]Ä B^L^]YJ IJ] ]BAYJ] HDFOJ
MJA]NFOJ NIDYJWDBF
Gbrtjfjcnu Fndtn ib ]dfvb (Hdfjsjdb)
Mbrfb Fyaa Wndmocbaa (Fãalubs Nstrbalndrbs Cjinrabs)
Mbrfb Cbry ib ]dfvb Jfdvndrb (Odstýrdb)
Nfdbab Xbsmjamnfjs ib ]dfvb Nsvbnf (Fãalub [jrtulunsb n Fdaluãstdmb)
Onrcbaj in Hrbaìb Wjirdluns (Fdtnrbturbs in Fãalub [jrtulunsb)
@brdab Modbamb Xnaçamdj Xnaçamdj (Fãalubs Nstrbalndrbs Cjinrabs)
Fõmdb Hâtdcb Hnrabains Ajgrn (Fãalubs Nstrbalndrbs Cjinrabs)
Fuzdbab Wbcbfoj Wdgndrj (]nrvdìj ]jmdbf)
Cbrmnfb Ubcgjad Fumnab (Mdåamdbs ]jmdbds)
Cbrdb [btrãmdb Fjpns Ljfihbrg (Mdåamdbs ]jmdbds)
Ynrnsb Mrdstdab Hurtbij Cbtjs (Mdåamdbs ]jmdbds)
\dffy [brnins ]jbrns (Fntrbs Mfâssdmbs)
Bfgnrtj Wdmbrij [nssjb
B FDAL^BLNC OD]YÝWDB] WDB] FDAL^BLNC IB] OD]YÝ NC R^BIWDAOJ] indadìþns, nfncnatjs n låanrjs
Nidtjrb ib ^H[G Ejíj [nssjb 7;28
Idrndtjs butjrbds 7;28 ” Nidtjrb ib ^H[G
Nhntubij j Inpýsdtj Fnlbf ab Gdgfdjtnmb Abmdjabf, mjahjrcn b Fnd aµ 2;.449, in 29 in inzncgrj in 7;;9.
YJIJ] J] IDWNDYJ] WN]NWXBIJ] Ë NIDYJWB IB ^H[G
Ä prjdgdib b rnprjiuìíj tjtbf ju pbrmdbf, in qubfqunr hjrcb ju pjr qubfqunr cndj. cndj. B vdjfbìíj ijs idrndtjs butjrbds (Fnd aµ 4.82;/244?) ä mrdcn mrdcn nstbgnfnmdij aj brtdlj 2?9 ij Mýidlj [nabf. J mjatnõij instb pugfdmbìíj ä in datndrb rnspjasbgdfdibin ij butjr.
[rjentj Lrâhdmj
Nidtjrbìíj Nfntrùadmb
NIDYJWB IB ^H[G BFDMN GWDYJ
[rjentj in Mbpb BFDMN GWDYJ
Mbtbfjlbìíj ab hjatn5 Gdgfdjtnmb Mnatrbf ib ^advnrsdibin Hninrbf ib [brbãgb
[9f
[nssjb, Bfgnrtj Wdmbrij. Wdmbrij. B fdalublnc ibs odstýrdbs nc qubirdaojs5 indadìþns, nfncnatjs n låanrjs / Bfgnrtj Wdmbrij [nssjb. ” Ejíj [nssjb5 Nidtjrb ib ^H[G, 7;28. Wnmursj idldtbf (7,2 CG) Hjrcbtj5 n[IH Wnqudsdtj ij ]dstncb5 Bijgn Bmrjgbt Wnbinr D]GA 4-7=4.=
NIDYJWB IB ^H[G Nidtjrb hdfdbib ë5
Mdibin ^advnrsdtârdb, Mbcpus D ” s/a Ejíj [nssjb ” [G MN[ >?.;>2-4) mjcnatb qun b uadmdibin natrn bs ORs ä b uadíj natrn tnxtj, dcblnc n abrrbtdvb vdsubf, hjrcbaij uc mjaeuatj õadmj n ucb fdalublnc sjdstdmbib mjc pjssdgdfdibins nxprnssdvbs dfdcdtbibs. [jr dc, Xnrlundrj Xnrlundrj (7;;9, p. =2) bdrcb qun bs odstýrdbs nc qubirdaojs mjastdtunc uc sdstncb abrrbtdvj mjcpjstj pjr ijds mýidljs qun btubc nc mjastbatn datnrbìíj0 j vdsubf n j vnrgbf. Mbib uc inssns jmupb, inatrj ijs qubirdaojs, uc pbpnf nspnmdbf, rnhjrìbaij rnhjrìbaij uc bj jutrj n lbrbatdaij qun b cnasblnc snebnatnaidcnatj, natnaidib ncodstýrdb pfnadtuin. Aj ajssj nc qubirdaojs ä ucb cãidb qun sn mjastdtud ib mjavnrlåamdb ib fdalublnc vnrgbf mjc b vdsubf aj gbfíj ” ãmjan qun idstrdgud j tnxtj n b dcblnc nc ucb snquåamdb n nstbgnfnmn idsmursjs qun sn sjcbc. J idsmursj vnrgbf bmrnsmnatb dahjrcbìþns bj idsmursj vdsubf n vdmn-vnrsb, n euatjs mjastrjnc ucb snquåamdb abrrbtdvb mbpbz in prjvnr, bj rnmnptjr, sugsãidjs anmnssârdjs pbrb mjcprnnasíj ib odstýrdb qun sn pfbscb ajs qubirdaojs.
Mbpb
Wnhnråamdbs
Bfgnrtj Wdmbrij Wdmbrij [ [nssjb nssjb | 2=
Rubaij j fndtjr mjasnlun rnbfdzbr ucb fndturb fudib, b abrrbtdvb ijs qubirdaojs btdaln b sub mjcpfntuin, pjds sn nfdcdabc bs hrjatndrbs natrn b fndturb vnrgbf n b vdsubf, prjmninaij-sn b ucb fndturb õadmb. Nssb fdalublnc ä butùajcb n jhnrnmn bj snu fndtjr ucb
lbcb in nfncnatjs b snrnc jgsnrvbijs snpbrbibcnatn mjcj
tdpjlrbdb, insnaojs, pnrspnmtdvb, jajcbtjpndbs, abrrbtdvb, jrbfdibin n inpnainaij ij låanrj qun nfb sn bprnsnatb, idhnrnatns hjrcbs hjrcbs in fndturb in ucb cnscb odstýrdb. Bs odstýrdbs nc qubirdaojs pjinc snr mrdbibs bpnabs mjc b abrrbtdvb vdsubf aíj vnrgbf. J tnxtj aíj vnrgbf snqunamdbf jhnrnmn bj rnmnptjr sugsãidj pbrb nstbgnfnmnr b fndturb ib odstýrdb nc qubirdaojs. Bs odstýrdbs nc qubirdaojs pjssunc nssb inajcdabìíj bpnabs aj Grbsdf. Aj pbãs bs odstýrdbs nc qubirdaojs tbcgäc síj mjaonmdibs pjr ldgd, ucb bfusíj b ucb rnvdstb ojcùadcb, âfguas, qubirdaojs n ORs (bgrnvdbturb in odstýrdbs nc qubirdaojs). Nc pbãsns in fãalub dalfnsb, rnmngnc b inajcdabìíj in mjcdms, nc ojcnablnc ës prdcndrbs odstýrdbs pugfdmbibs
qun tdaobc mjcj låanrj b mjcäidb. Ab Hrbaìb n ab Gäfldmb, síj mobcbibs in gbain inssdaän (tdrbs insnaobibs). Nc [jrtulbf, in gbaibs insnaobibs. insnaobibs. Ab Dtâfdb in hucn in hucnttd ttd (hucbmdaob ” aucb bfusíj bj gbfíj ib hbfb) n ajs incbds pbãsns suf-bcnrdmbajs síj mjaonmdibs pjr odstjrdntb. Ab Nspbaob síj ajcnbibs tbcgäc in gbaibs insnòbibs n aj Ebpíj bs odstýrdbs nc qubirdaojs síj mjaonmdibs pjr cbalâs.
Mbpb
Wnhnråamdbs
29 | B fdalublnc ibs odstýrdbs nc qubirdaojs
NFNCNAYJ] IB] OD]YÝWDB] NC R^BIWDAOJ]
Ab prjiuìíj ibs odstýrdbs nc qubirdaojs, j butjr ä, cudtbs vnzns, j nsmrdtjr, nsmrdtjr, insnaodstb, brtn dabfdstb n mjfjrdstb. Nc sbfb in bufb, nstn trbgbfoj pjin snr daidvdiubf ju nc lrupj. lrupj. [brb mjcpfntb mjcprnnasíj ibs odstýrdbs nc qubirdaojs ä anmnssârdj natnainr j supjrtn in pugfdmbìíj inssn låanrj, ju sneb, j prjentj nidtjrdbf b qun b odstýrdb sn instdab, sn pbrb bcgdnatn dcprnssj ju pbrb b wng. Nstn mbpãtufj aíj tnc mjcj jgentdvj snr uc ludb in mjcj hbznr odstýrdbs nc qubirdaojs. Mbib butjr sbgn js jgentdvjs jgentdv js qun qunr bbtdaldr tdaldr nc subs odstýrdbs. J qun sn prjmurb bprnsnatbr síj js nfncnatjs huaibcnatbds ib nstruturb ibs odstýrdbs nc qubirdaojs qun dafunamdbc b fndturb n b prjiuìíj instb fdalublnc, cudtbs vnzns insmjasdinrbijs pnfj butjr, pjr aíj tnr ucb hjrcbìíj nspnmãdmb pbrb trbgbfobr mjc nssn mýidlj.
Cudtjs butjrns in odstýrdbs nc qubirdaojs síj
butjidibtbss n snus prjmnssjs in mrdbìíj síj cudtbs vnzns hrutjs butjidibtb
in nxpnrdcnatbìþns snc ucb cntjijfjldb prä-nstbgnfnmdib. [rntnaincjs jhnrnmnr sugsãidjs bjs butjrns pbrb qun nstns pjssbc mjaonmnr bs odstýrdbs nc qubirdaojs ab sub mjcpfntuin n pjinr bpfdmâ-fbs nc subs mrdbìþns. B tdrdaob ä b nstruturb gâsdmb in ucb odstýrdb nc qubirdaojs. J qubirdaoj, nc sub cnajr mäfufb, b tdrb, mjainasb ucb särdn in nfncnatjs ib mnab abrrbtdvb, qun pjr cnsmfbrnc idhnrnatns sdlajs, pjssunc uc bftj lrbu Mbpb
Wnhnråamdbs
Bfgnrtj Wdmbrij Wdmbrij [ [nssjb nssjb | 2>
dahjrcbtdvj, mjastdtudaij uc dastbatn nspnmãdmj ju ucb snquåamdb datnrfdlbib in dastbatns, qun síj nssnamdbds pbrb mjcprnnasíj in ucb intnrcdabib bìíj ju bmjatnmdcnatj. Aj mbsj ibs odstýrdbs nc qubirdaojs b fdalublnc pjin biqudrdr b lrbibìíj in ucb tdrb mùcdmb b ucb odstýrdb snrdbib snc dc, mjc bprjhuaibcnatj ib cnasblnc n snus rnspnmtdvjs cnmbadscjs in rnprnsnatbìíj vnrgbf n vdsubf. Bs odstýrdbs nc qubirdaojs tåc j snu ajcn mjc- mjc- pfntbcnatn vdamufbij ë dcblnc, aj natbatj, aj prjmnssj in mjcuadmbìíj nstíj prnsnatns j tnxtj n j gbfíj. Ab mjastruìíj ibs odstýrdbs nc qubirdaojs, prjcjvnsn b datnrsnmìíj natrn bs iubs hjrcbs in nxprnssíj5 b vnrgbf n b aíj vnrgbf. Rubaij snpbrbcjs js nfncnatjs datnlrbatns ijs qubirdaojs, tncjs ucb datnrprntbìíj idhnrnatn ibqunfb nc qun b fndturb ä hndtb ab mjaeuaìíj ijs nfncnatjs vnrgbds n aíj vnrgbds. [brb dfustrbr nstn ajssj pnasbcnatj, bprnsnatbcjs ucb tdrb in odstýrdbs nc qubirdaojs prjiuzdib pbrb j fdvrj. Nfb snrâ hrblcnatbib nc tnxtj vnrgbf n aíj vnrgbf. ” Anaå, aíj blunatj cbds nssb odstýrdb in pnrinr bs mjdsbs! Wnfýldjs, gfusbs, idaondrj... ]ý aíj pnrin b mbgnìb pjrqun tâ mjfbib aj mjrpj! ” Aíj ä gnc bssdc cbcín!
J tnxtj bprnsnatb uc idâfjlj idrntj, snc mjcnìj ju dc. [brnmn ucb rnmfbcbìíj pnridib natrn ucb mjavnrsb qun mjcnìju pnfb cbadb qun Anaå tnc nc pnrinr subs mjdsbs. Aíj sn sbgn sn b rnspjstb ä in Anaå pbrb Cbcín. [jinrdb snr uc bcdlj, cbrdij, ucb vdzdaob n j prýprdj anaå. Aíj sn sbg sbgn n sn ä uc ajcn prýprdj ju bpnfdij, sn b cufonr nc qunstíj ä rnbfcnatn rnbfcn atn cín in Anaå ju sn b hrbsn ä in Mbpb
Wnhnråamdbs
28 | B fdalublnc ibs odstýrdbs nc qubirdaojs
mbrâtnr drùadmj, bj mobcâ-fb in ‖cbcín–, b pnrsjablnc pjin nstbr mrdtdmbaij b pjsturb ib pnrsjablnc pnrsjablnc qun nstâ rnmfbcbaij mjc nfn. B natjabìíj tbcgäc dmb insmbrbmtnrdzbib aj tnxtj dsjfbij.
Hdl.;2 ” [nssjb (7;29)
B fdalublnc aíj vnrgbf bprnsnatb pbrb snu rnmnptjr ucb sdtubìíj bdaib cnajs mfbrb. Dadmdbfcnatn bpbrnmn ucb cufonr mjc nxprnssíj mjrpjrbf n hbmdbf in dasbtdshbìíj. B mnab sn rnpntn n ab õftdcb snquåamdb nfb sn inpbrb mjc ucb mbgnìb aj moíj. [jr cbds qun j fndtjr tnaob nxpnrdåamdb ab fndturb in tnxtjs aíj vnrgbds, iddmdfcnatn nfn drâ natnainr j qun in hbtj b cnasblnc prntnain cjstrbr. Anssn mbsj, b dcblnc aíj ä sudmdnatn snc j tnxtj, j qun aíj sdladdmb qun sn trbtn in dcblnas rniuaibatns. J tnxtj n b dcblnc ajs qubirdaojs sn namjatrbc natrn b rniuaiçamdb n b mjcpfncnatbrdibin, j qun hbz mjc qun js nfncnatjs vnrgbds n aíj vnrgbds rnsuftnc nc ucb dahjrcbìíj.
[jr dc, b fndturb ib odstýrdb nc qubirdaojs, ab sub mjcpfntuin5
Mbpb
Wnhnråamdbs
Bfgnrtj Wdmbrij Wdmbrij [ [nssjb nssjb | 2), nsmrnvnr qubirdaojs pjin snr indadij mjcj b mjamnpìíj in ucb dindb, idspjsdìíj in nfncnatjs in dcblnc n b mjastruìíj ib snquåamdb ib abrrbìíj n ib mjcpjsdìíj ij idâfjlj. Mbpb
Wnhnråamdbs
2? | B fdalublnc ibs odstýrdbs nc qubirdaojs
Ä, bj cnscj tncpj, ucb pbrtn n j tjij ij vnãmufj. Yrbtb-sn in ucb obgdfdibin nspnmdbf, muejs rnqudsdtjs anc sncprn síj mjcuas b jutrbs hjrcbs in mrdbìíj ‖nsmrdtb–, pjds fdib mjc ucb tnmajfjldb sdalufbr. Rubatj b snus rnqudsdtjs, nfb nstâ cbds prýxdcb ib nsmrdtb tnbtrbf, sý qun j nsmrdtjr, aj mbsj ibs odstýrdbs nc qubirdaojs, lnrbfcnatn ä tbcgäc j prjiutjr in dcblnas. B nsmrdtb ibs odstýrdbs nc qubirdaojs rnqunr ij butjr obgdfdibin pbrb rnidldr gjbs trbcbs n mbpbmdibin in cnsmfbr
nssbs dindbs nc qubirjs mjc tnxtjs vnrgbds n aíj vnrgbds, trbashjrcbaij b insmrdìíj in ucb mnab nc rnprnsnatbìíj dcblätdmb. Bs dindbs invnc ijcdabr j trbgbfoj n intnrcdabr b hjrcb in brtn, ij pjatj in vdstb lrâdmj n fdaluãstdmj. ]ý bssdc nfb pjin lnrbr nxpnrdåamdbs idhnrnatns n mjaqudstbr ajvjs fndtjrns. B odstýrdb ä j lrbain mjcpjanatn mrãtdmj in ucb rnvdstb nc qubirdaojs. Ä bqudfj qun hbz pnrsjablnas, rnvdstbs, prjiutjs n prjdssdjabds pnriurbr pnriurbrnc. nc. Rubaij j daidvãiuj få uc tnxtj, b datnaìíj ä qun nfn sneb mbpbz in mjavnrtnr tnxtj nc dcblnc, snquåamdb, sjas, mondrjs n nstbgnfnìb ucb abrrbtdvb abrrbtdvb nc snu dcbldaârdj. Js qubirdaojs, bj jhnrnmnr bs dcblnas n j tnxtj bj fndtjr,, pjr uc fbij bmnfnrbc b pnrmnpìíj ij rnmnptjr bmnrmb fndtjr ib mjavnrsíj ij tnxtj nc dcblnc, pjr jutrj, nstdcufbc b mrdbìíj in ajvbs snquåamdbs, in sjas pnasbijs pbrb bqunfn intnrcdabij pnrsjablnc insmrdtj pnfj brtdstb pjr cndj in jajcbtjpndbs. [jin-sn mrdbr, mrdbr, b pbrtdr ibã, uc euflbcnatj nstätdmj nc rnfbìíj ë hjrcb mjcj hjd datnrprntbij d atnrprntbij j tnxtj n ucb bvbfdbìíj sjgrn sn b abrrbtdvb mjrrnspjain ë datnasdibin ijs nfncnatjs Mbpb
Wnhnråamdbs
Bfgnrtj Wdmbrij Wdmbrij [ [nssjb nssjb | 24
vnrgbds n vdsubds n sn pjin snr mjasdinrbib uc vnãmufj in dindbs n dahjrcbìíj n aíj bpnabs cãidb in natrntnadcnatj. Js qubirdaojs tåc qun snr trbtbijs mjcj ucb cãidb butùajcb qun sn lnstb b pbrtdr in ucb dindb sýfdib, lnrbijrb in ucb abrrbtdvb qun mjaeulb js nfncnatjs vnrgbds n vdsubds.
YN_YJ XNWGBF ]tjry fdan ä usbij pnfjs rjtndrdstbs qubaij b nsmrdtb in
ucb odstýrdb nc qubirdaoj ju b mrdbìíj in ucb pnrsjablnc nstâ nc snu nstâldj ncgrdjaârdj. tämadmb ncvbd nsmrnvnr in cbandrb b trbcbNssb gâsdmb qun jmjasdstn rjtndrdstb insnavjfvnr insnavjfv nr mjc j sumdatb brtdstb. J stjry fdan mjatäc5 j mnaârdj ju datrjiuìíj, j prj- prj- gfncb, b bìíj qun cjstrb mjcj b pnrsjablnc fdib mjc j prjgfncb, b sjfuìíj n j inshnmoj. Mjc j insnavjfvdcnatj ij stjry fdan, j nsmrdtjr pbssb pbrb j brlucnatj, ucb vnrsíj insmrdtdvb n mjcpfntb ib odstýrdb. Ä anstn cjcnatj qun síj mrdbijs js mjatjs, hjfontdas n js tnxtjs b snrnc blrnlbijs bjs nfncnatjs vdsubds. J brlucnatj ä ucb ntbpb dcpjrtbatn ij prjmnssj in mrdbìíj in odstýrdbs, pjds b rnibìíj prjpdmdb b pjssdgdfdibin in mrdbr snc qun j butjr sn prnjmupn mjc b obgdfdibin in insnaobr, ju in trbiuzdr bs pnrsjablnas, bs hrbsns n mnabs pjr cndj in dcblnas. J rjtndrj ä b pbrtn nstruturbf ib odstýrdb nc qubirdaojs. Nfn indan aõcnrj in pâldabs, insmrdìíj ib mnab, qubatjs qubirjs pjr pâldab, pnrsjablnas, idâfjljs, dlurbs qun snríj insnaobibs, natjabìíj ibs hbfbs, bs rnspnmtdvbs ncjìþns ibs pnrsjablnas, j mnaârdj nc qun b pnrsjablnc Mbpb
Wnhnråamdbs
7; | B fdalublnc ibs odstýrdbs nc qubirdaojs
invn snr dasnrdib n sn oâ anmnssdibin in mjrtn aj brlucnatj, sneb pnfj nxmnssj in dahjrcbìþns ju pjr sn trbtbr in ucb odstýrdb nc qubirdaojs mjc nidìþns snrdbibs, j qun bmbrrntb nc odstýrdbs idvdidibs nc pbrtns. J rjtndrj iâ bj brtdstb ucb vdsíj nxbtb ij qun j nsmrdtjr insneb n mbgn b bcgjs suprdr bs indmdåamdbs qun tbatj b fdalublnc vnrgbf mjcj b vdsubf pjssunc qubaij trbaspjrtbijs trbaspjrtb ijs pbrb bs odstýrdbs nc qubirdaojs, mjcj dcblnas nstâtdmbs, insprjvdibs in sjc ju cjvdcnatj.
ABWWBYDXB Js idsmursjs síj mjasdinrbijs ucb hjrcb in abrrbr ucb odstýrdb, n inatrj ibs odstýrdbs nc qubirdaojs tncjs idvnrsbs idvnrs bs hjrcbs in abrrbìíj. Abrrbìíj sugentdvb ” Yjib b odstýrdb snrâ abrrbib nc prdcndrb pnssjb, lnrbfcnatn pjr ucb pnrsjablnc prjtbljadstb. Nssb abrrbtdvb abrrbtdvb sdcufb bmjatnmnr nc tncpj rnbf
mjc bs bìþns dfustrbibs abs pâldabs ju aj pbssbij. Abrrbìíj jadsmdnatn ” B odstýrdb snrâ mjatbib nc tnrmndrb pnssjb n j abrrbijr tnc mjasmdåamdb in tjijs js nfncnatjs ib
odstýrdb. Nfn sbgn nxbtbcnatn j qun bs pnrsjablnas pnasbc, j qun vbd hbznr n mjcj vbd tnrcdabr b odstýrdb. Abrrbìíj mjcpfncnatbr ” Anstn mbsj b abrrbìíj ä hrblcnatbib pjr idvnrsjs tdpjs in idsmursjs, lnrbfcnatn datnrprntbibs pnfbs pnrsjablnas ib odstýrdb. Ä uc tdpj in odstýrdb cbds mjcpfnxb in snr prjiuzdib, pjds rnqunr ij nsmrdtjr snasj in jrlbadzbìíj, datnrprntbìíj ibs nxprnssþns qun mbib pnrsjablnc drâ usbr n gusmb pnfb
Mbpb
Wnhnråamdbs
Bfgnrtj Wdmbrij Wdmbrij [ [nssjb nssjb | 72
uadibin ib odstýrdb, qun snrâ idãmdf in jgtnr, ucb vnz qun ä ucb odstýrdb rntbfobib, hjrcbib pjr idvnrsjs idsmursjs. Bs odstýrdbs nc qubirdaojs síj uc vnãmufj qun mjatb, intnrcdab n cjstrb ucb sdtubìíj nc ucb särdn in snquåamdbs.
Dstj, pjräc, pjin snr mjasdinrbij uc trbgbfoj aíj btrbnatn sn j qubirdadstb aíj utdfdzbr mjamndtjs in mjcpjsdìíj, insdla,, pnrspnmtdvb n rnhnråamdb ib rnbfdibin ij fndtjr pbrb insdla trbascdtdr b dindb qun prntnain pbssbr. Ab vnribin, pjincjs mjasdinrbr j qubirdaoj mjcj uc pbfmj jain invncjs idspjr js jgentjs n pnrsjablnas nc obrcjadb pbrb btnainr bs anmnssdibins ij fndtjr pbrb mjcprnnainr b odstýrdb (Nx5 fjmbf, tncpj, pnrsjablnas mnatrbds n snmuaiârdjs n ntm.).
GBFÍJ IN YN_YJ B datnrsnmìíj ij tnxtj vnrgbf n aíj vnrgbf sn iâ pjr mjatb ij gbfíj in tnxtj. Mjcj eâ cnamdjabcjs, batns ij gbfíj, bs odstýrdbs nc qubirdaojs nrbc tjibs fnlnaibibs, idcdaudaij b hjrìb ij
idâfjlj idrntj natrn pnrsjablnas n trbashjrcbaij b odstýrdb nc qubirdaojs nc ucb odstýrdb dfustrbib, ju sneb, mjc dcblnas n tnxtjs qun rnmngdbc ucb fndturb idvnrsb instb nc qun nssbs fdalublnas sn jhnrnmnc pbrb snrnc fdibs nc mjaeuaìíj. Nrb mjcuc b dcblnc n tnxtj bprnsnatbrnc rniuaiçamdb, eâ qun b cbdjrdb ijs idâfjljs anssns mbsjs nrb insmrdtdvb n bs mnabs nrbc j rntrbtj inssb insmrdìíj. J gbfíj, qubirjs in tnxtj n js nhndtjs nspnmdbds sdatn- sdatn- tdzbijs pnfbs jajcbtjpndbs prnnamonc nstb fbmuab.
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77 | B fdalublnc ibs odstýrdbs nc qubirdaojs
J fndtjr prnmdsb sbgnr datnrprntbr uc gbfíj pbrb natnainr b natjabìíj ij tnxtj, pjds oâ idvnrsjs tdpjs in gbfþns qun pjinc cuibr mjcpfntbcnatn j sdladdmbij in uc tnxtj. Jutrj pjatj qun cnrnmn b ajssb rnfnxíj ä b datnrsnmìíj natrn j idâfjlj n b nxprnssíj mjrpjrbf. ]n b pnrsjablnc ä uc bairjdin, pjincjs rnbfdzbr uc gbfíj mjc insnaojs cnmçadmjs, ju sn hjr uc daidvãiuj qun pjssud ucb vjz hrbmb, j gbfíj ä rnprnsnatbij mjc fdaobs trbmnebibs. J dcpjrtbatn ä qun j fndtjr namjatrn ab fndturb fndtu rb in snus nfncnatjs vnrgbds n aíj vnrgbds uc nqudfãgrdj. J gbfíj tjrab-sn uc sdlaj tíj dcpjrtbatn pbrb js qubirdaojs qun cudtjs pbãsns bijtbrbc sub sdcgjfjldb mjcj sdaùadcb inssb cãidb, mjcj, pjr nxncpfj, bs odstýrdbs nc qubirdaojs dtbfdbabs, mjaonmdibs mjcj hucnttd (hucbìbs). B dlurb ij nsmrdtjr in odstýrdbs nc qubirdaojs cuib rbidmbfcnatn aj prjmnssj in mrdbìíj. ]n batns nfn tdaob uc mjatj pbrb bibptbr mjc dcblnas nc snquåamdb, bljrb nfn prnmdsb datnlrbr idâfjljs sdatätdmjs aj gbfíj in tnxtj n bdaib rnbfdzbr b rnprnsnatbìíj lnstubf n bcgdnatbf, ibaij butnatdmdibin ë odstýrdb nc qubirdaojs. Odstýrdbs nc qubirdaojs ä, nc nssåamdb, ucb snquåamdb in qubirjs mjc dcblnas n tnxtjs qun sulnrn ucb bìíj ju bmjatnmdcnatj nc cjvdcnatj. Bs odstýrdbs nc qubirdaojs pjssunc j tncpj mjcj nfncnatj huaibcnatbf pbrb intnrcdabr j rdtcj n iurbìíj in ucb odstýrdb. J ijcãadj instb tämadmb ä nssnamdbf pbrb j qubirdadstb, pjds sn trbtb in ucb fndturb idaçcdmb n gbstbatn brrjebib invdij bjs nfncnatjs vdsubds n lrâdmjs anfb mjatdijs.
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Bfgnrtj Wdmbrij Wdmbrij [ [nssjb nssjb | 7=
Ä anmnssârdj qun j butjr in qubirdaojs aíj rnbfdzn ucb qubirdadzbìíj cjaýtjab n mbasbtdvb, surprnnainaij j fndtjr mjc sdtubìþns abrrbtdvbs abrrbtdvbs ju nfncnatjs lrâdmjs dausdtbijs.
J YN_YJ AÍJ XNWGBF B dcblnc, snluaij Nrnadfij Ejíj Mbrfjs n Cbrdb Fõmdb Ljcns ib ]dfvb, ä ucb hjrcb in snr ib fdalublnc ijs qubirdaojs (7;;4, p. 2>). Bcgrjsn n Obrrds (7;;4, p. 22;) mjasdinrbc qun bs dcblnas pjinc snr cbadpufbibs pbrb bftnrbr sub bpbråamdb, nahbtdzbr ju jgsmurnmnr ju dsjfâ-fbs mjcpfntbcnatn pbrb usj nc ucmnrtjs insdlabspnmtjs . Bs tämadmbs in cbadpufbìíj prjiuznc bfluas rnsuftbijs damrãvnds, cnscj mjc cbtärdbs-prdcbs gbstbatn sdcpfns. Anstb äpjmb in tnmajfjldbs idldtbds qubsn dfdcdtbibs, prbtdmbcnatn tjibs bs dcblnas bprnsnatbibs pbrb mjasucj põgfdmj síj bftnrbibs, bcpfdbibs ju ‟cnfojrbibs— in bfluc cjij batns in snrnc dcprnssbs ju pugfdmbibs. B dcblnc idldtbf, anssn bspnmtj, prnmdsb snr trbgbfobib in hjrcb mrdtnrdjsb, ucb vnz qun sub abturnzb datnrcdidâtdmb prjpdmdb b prâtdmb in cbadpufbìíj idldtbf, qun pjin jhnrnmnr nhndtjs surprnnainatns bj rnmnptjr. Ijulfbs @nffnr (bpui ( bpui Mbrfjs Mbrfjs n ]dfvb 7;;4, p. 2>), mjasdinrb qun fnr dcblnc mrdtdmbcnatn dcpfdmb bprnainr mjcj bprnmdbr, inmjiddmbr n datnrprntbr dcblnas, babfdsbaij tbatj b hjrcb mjcj nfbs síj mjastruãibs n jpnrbc nc ajssbs
vdibs, qubatj j mjatnõij qun nfbs mjcuadmbc nc sdtubìþns mjamrntbs.
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79 | B fdalublnc ibs odstýrdbs nc qubirdaojs
Nc ucb sjmdnibin qun mbib vnz cbds rbpdibcnatn tnc qun fdibr mjc idvnrsjs idvnrsjs cndjs in mjcuadmbìíj, trbashjr trbashjrcbìíj cbìíj in fdalublnas, in cãidbs qun síj bssjmdbibs ë idhusíj in dindbs, mjaonmdcnatjj mdnatãdmj, insnej, mjasucj n idvuflbìíj, mjaonmdcnat idvuflbìíj, ä anmnssârdj b btubfdzbìíj in ajvbs hjrcbs in bprnaidzblnc aj datudtj in bfhbgntdzbr j daidvãiuj bj tnxtj aíj vnrgbf n subs datnrsnmìþns mjc j tnxtj vnrgbf. vnrgbf. B mufturb cdidâtdmb bssjmdb b dcblnc bj snu idsmursj rnhjrìbaij mjamndtjs nssnamdbfcnatn pnrsubsdvjs, sjmdbfcnatn bmndtjs n jrdnatbijrns in uc nstdfj in vdib. ]nc prâtdmb in nsmrdtb n fndturb mrãtdmb, j fndtjr pjin sn tjrabr uc snr dinjfjldmbcnatn bfdnabij, dambpbz in qunstdjabr b rnbf dcpjrtçamdb ijs idsmursjs b qun tnc bmnssj. Nstb mjcpntåamdb ä hrnqunatncnatn insmrdtb mjcj hjrcb in bfhbgntdzbìíj n sn inhnain ojen qun, aj cuaij cjinraj, b bfhbgntdzbìíj nc cãidb ä tíj dcpjrtbatn qubatj ä b bfhbgntdzbìíj nc tnxtj dcprnssj. [brb Ndsanr (7;;8. p. 24), ucb ‖dcblnc– ä b cncýrdb in uc jgentj ju nxpnrdåamdb lrbvbib pnfj abrrbijr hbznaij usj in uc cndj cnmçadmj (hjtjlr (hjtjlrbdb) bdb) ju cbaubf (insnaoj). Ajs qubirdaojs, bs dcblnas síj, lnrbfcnatn, dc- dc- prnssdjadstbs, ju sneb, utdfdzb-sn ib sdcpfddmbìíj sdcpfddmbìíj pbrb buxdfdbr b fndturb in intnrcdabib dcblnc ju snquåamdb, idhnrnatncnatn idhnrnatncnatn ib fdtnrbturb qun, pjr tnr busåamdb instbs, anmnssdtb uc tnxtj insmrdtdvj qun mrdn b bcgdnatbìíj pbrb qun j fndtjr, pjr sub vnz, rnmrdn b dcblnc. In bmjrij mjc Mblada, namjatrbcjs abs dcblnas (bpui ]dfvb ]dfvb 7;;7, p. 9>) bs mjrns, abs bcgdåamdbs mrdbibs pnfbs sjcgrbs, ajs naqubirbcnatjs, qun ajs dahjrcbc sjgrn bs mbrbmtnrãstdmbs ibs pnrsjablnas n ij insnavjfvdcnatj ib bìíj.
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Bfgnrtj Wdmbrij Wdmbrij [ [nssjb nssjb | 7>
B mjcprnnasíj ib dcblnc abs odstýrdbs nc qubird- qubird- aojs rnqunr ucb datnrbìíj natrn j brtdstb ib brtn snqunamdbf n j fndtjr, pjds b odstýrdb rntrbtb sdtubìþns mjamrntbs, cnscj quba- ij sn trbtb in tncbs in dmìíj ju hbatbsdb. Mnaârdjs, badcbds, tnmajfjldb, nxprnssþns nxprnssþns hbmdbds síj nfncnatjs nssnamdbds qun prnmdsbc nstbr nc sdatjadb natrn j mrdbijr n j rnmnptjr. Bs odstýrdbs nc qubirdaojs, bssdc mjcj j mdancb, mdancb, síj brtns qun utdfdzbc dcblnas snqunamdbds pbrb b mjatd- mjatd- aubìíj in subs odstýrdbs. Aj natbatj, j mdancb bprnsnatb ucb snquåamdb abs subs dcblnas, cbrmbib pnfj cjvdcnatj, in hjrcb cbds mfbrb qun js qubirdaojs. Bs dcblnas, js idâfjljs, b sulnstíj in cuibaìbs in qubirjs, js snatdijs ijs gbfþns in tnxtjs n bs prýprdbs jajcbtjpndbs sulnrnc uc cjvdcnatj ab odstýrdb nc qubirdaojs. ^tdfdzbaij js rnmursjs vdsubds ibs odstýrdbs nc qubqub- irdaojs mjcj jajcbtjpndbs, js nhndtjs in cjvdcnatj mrdbijs pnfjs brtdstbs mjcj fdaobs ju pjatjs qun bssdabfbc j nspbìj pnrmjrrdij, trbìjs murtjs qun rjindbc ucb pnrsjablnc, daidmbijrns in trncjr, b idblrbcbìíj ib pâldab, tuij dssj pjin sulnrdr j cjvdcnatj ibs bìþns ib pnrsjablnc. Lrbìbs ës dcblnas, j fndtjr sbgn qun ä prnmdsj vdrbr b pâldab, pjr nxncpfj, ju qun uc gbfíj pjin sulnrdr bs hjrcbs in cbadhnstbìíj ib vjz (lrdtj ju sussurrj), n qun nstbs, bssjmdbibs ë pjsturb in ucb pnrsjablnc, pjinc trbascdtdr b dindb in vnfjmdibin n datnasdibin ij cjvdcnatj ib cnscb
ab odstýrdb nc qun nstâ dasnrdib. [brb nxncpfddmbr, jgsnrvbcjs b tdrb b snludr.
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78 | B fdalublnc ibs odstýrdbs nc qubirdaojs
Hdl.;= ” [nssjb (7;29)
Idvnrsjs nfncnatjs aíj vnrgbds dríj sugstdtudr js idâfjljs. B nxprnssíj mjrpjrbf ä b prdcndrb infbs. Aj prdcndrj n tnrmndrj qubirjs js biuftjs sn natrnjfobc b pjatj in snus rjstjs sn namjstbrnc. ]nus sncgfbatns mnrrbijs mjcpfncnatbc b gjmb bgnrtb
nc sdabf in hbfb âspnrb, in idsmussíj. Js sãcgjfjs bmdcb ibs pnrsjablnas síj mbrbmtnrns qun síj usbijs nc sugstdtudìíj sugstdtud ìíj bjs xdalbcnatjs ju pbfbvrbs. Namjatrb-sn anssn rnmursj ucb cbandrb in j fndtjr natnainr, pnfb rnprnsnatbìíj aíj vnrgbf, b hjrcb mjcj b pnrsjablnc sn nxprnssb sugstdtudaij bs pbfbvrbs pjr rnldstrjs aíj inmjiddmâvnds naqubatj tnxtj, prnssupjaij bflj mnasurâvnf. B mrdbaìb dmb aj mnatrj jgsnrvbaij js js biuftjs idsmutdrnc. [jinr-sn-db ncqubirj idvnrsjs cbs jptbcjs pjr bprnsnatbr ajpnasbr snluaij ucidâfjljs, sãcgjfj uadvnrsbf ij bcjr qun ä j mjrbìíj insnaobij in cbandrb nstdfdzbib. Nssn insnaoj ä tíj hjrtn aj dcbldaârdj ij fndtjr qun sn hjssn insnaobij j mjrbìíj in cbandrb rnbfdstb, mjrrdb-sn j rdsmj in j fndtjr aíj rnmjaonmnr ju aíj natnainr snu sdladdmbij ab odstýrdb. Js sdabds in datnrrjlbìíj sjcbijs ë nxprnssíj mjrpjrbf ijs biuftjs prnssupþnc qun nfns nstíj tnatbaij natnainr j
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Bfgnrtj Wdmbrij Wdmbrij [ [nssjb nssjb | 7
Bs cíjs tåc nxtrncb dcpjrtçamdb ab fdalublnc vd- vd- subf. J snr oucbaj prbtdmbcnatn lnstdmufb lnstdmu fb sncprn bj cnscj
tncpj nc qun hbfb. Bs cíjs pjssunc fdalublnc prýprdb, obvnaij, obvnaij, damfu- damfu- sdvn, lnstjs in fdalublnc uadvnrsbf. Bs cíjs tbcgäc dafunamdbc ajs rnfbmdjabcnatjs ibs pnrsjablnas n intnr- intnr- cdabc b ajìíj in nspbìj nc rnfbìíj b jutrbs pnrsjablnas. Rubaij butjr mjcgdab b fdalublnc vnrgbf mjc b bab- tjcdb nxprnssdvb nxprnssdvb inatrj in ucb abrrbtdvb, pnrcdtn-sn qun j fndtjr dinatddqun bs mbrbmtnrãstdmbs ibs pnrsjablnas.
MNAÂWDJ] B mrdbìíj n bcgdnatbìíj ij pnrsjablnc nc mnaârdjs síj nssnamdbds pbrb b mjcprnnasíj ib odstýrdb qun j butjr prntnain mjatbr bj snu fndtjr. Cnscj nc låanrjs n nstdfjs in odstýrdbs nc qubirdaojs cbds sdatätdmbs mjcj mbrtuc n bs tdrdaobs, j usj in mnaârdj sn hbz prnsnatn, in cbandrb pjatubf. Anssn pjatj, j qun ä rnfnvbatn ä b datnaìíj ij butjr n mjcj j cnscj qunr qun j fndtjr sn rnfbmdjan mjc b jgrb. Bfäc idssj, vbfn j binaij qun pfbajs mjcj j zjjc, cäidj n j mfjsn síj huaibcnatbds pbrb pjatubr js cjcnatjs in tnasíj ib odstýrdb n nstbgnfnmnr dcpbmtj d cpbmtj ncjmdjabf natrn js pnrsjablnas. B qunstíj ä qun cudtjs brtdstbs bmbgbc sn fdcdtbaij b nssns pfbajs pjr aíj sbgnr insnaobr, insnaobr, pnfjs prbzjs in prjiuìíj in trbgbfoj ju invdij bj hbtj qun mjc nssns pfbajs síj mbpbzns in mjatbr ucb odstýrdb.
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98 | B fdalublnc ibs odstýrdbs nc qubirdaojs
]nluaij CmMfjui (p. 2>4, 7;;?), rnprnsnatbr tjibs bs vdstbs n snasbìþns nc pnqunajs rntçalufjs pjin snr uc insbdj datdcdibijr. datdcdibijr. (...) cbs pbrb snus fndtjrns dssj pjin snr b idhnrnaìb natrn sbgnr jain sub odstýrdb bmjatnmn n nstbr fâ. J mnaârdj pjssdgdfdtb j natnaidcnatj uadvnrsbf uadvnrsbf ib ods-
týrdb, pjds bfäc in bprnsnatbr j pnrsjablnc, j butjr bmrns- bmrns- mnatb b bcgdnatbìíj qun rnhjrìb bs ncjìþns, datnaìþns n insnavjfvdcnatj insnav jfvdcnatj ib snquåamdb ib trbcb. J mnaârdj ä cudtj cbds cbd s qun ucb cjfiurb pbrb mjcpjr j pnrsjablnc. Yrbtb-sn in uc rnmursj qun nardqunmn j rjtndrj, pjds prjpdmdb cbdjr idvnrsdibin in pfbajs n mçcnrbs. Nxdstnc idvnrsbs tämadmbs qun j butjr pjin usbr nc sub brtn pbrb sdcufbr b snasbìíj in bcgdnatbìíj, mjcjn sjgrnpjsdìíj, tbcbaoj, idvnrsdibin tjabf natrn tbds jgentjs mjcpjsdìíj, cbs b hnrrbcnatb cbds dcpjrtbatn b snr utdfdzbib ä b pnrspnmtdvb. pnrspnmtdvb. B pnrspnmtdvb nstbgnfnmn ajvjs pbirþns irbcâtdmjs b odstýrdb invdij ës pjssdgdfdibins in idstjrìíj, trdidcna- trdidcna- sdjabfdibin, prjhuaidibin n vjfucn qun b tämadmb bprnsnatb. Ä dcpjrtbatn hrdsbr qun b pnrspnmtdvb aíj sn bpfdmb sjcnatn b mnaârdjs, cbs bs pnssjbs damfusdvn. Bs idhnrnaìbs
in irbcbtdmdibin in ucb mnab mjc pnrspnmtdvb n jutrb snc j rnmursj síj aãtdibs nc bfluas mbsjs. ^c nxncpfj ä qubaij tncjs mjcj pnrsjablnc uc batbljadstb bcnbìbijr. bcnbìbijr. Bj daväs in dfustrbcjs j pnrsjablnc nc ucb mjcpjsdìíj mnatrbfdzbij, pjincjs, mjc j rnmursj ib pnrspnmtdvb, bftnrbr mçcnrb n indxbr b mnab mjc j pjatj in vdstb gbdxj, j qun bmnatub b snasbìíj in bcnbìb n pnrdlj ij pnrsjablnc.
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Bfgnrtj Wdmbrij Wdmbrij [ [nssjb nssjb | 92
B mjr bprnsnatb cbtdzns5 prdcârdjs, snmuaiârdjs n tnrmdârdjs. Js prdcndrjs rnprnsnatbc qubfdibins huaibcnatbds ib mjr, naqubatj qun js õftdcjs síj jgtdijs cnidbatn cds- cds- turbs ijs prdcndrjs. B sbturbìíj ib mjr insmrnvn sub datnasdibin ju grdfoj.
^cb mjr sbturbib ä cudtj datnasb ju vdgrbatn. Mjrns jpbmbs, snc grdfoj, síj mobcbibs in inssbturbibs0 mjrns nc qun qubsn anaouc cbtdz ä vdsãvnf ” mjcj mdazb ju cbrrjc jpbmj ” síj mobcbibs in anutrbs. Bs mjrns mjasdinrbibs ‖qunatns–, mjcj j vnrcnfoj ju fbrbaeb, fncgrbc-ajs ij mbfjr0 bs mjrns hrdbs, mjcj j vnrin ju j bzuf, rncntnc b jgentjs ju bcgdnatns hrdjs, mjcj j lnfj.
B tncpnrbturb mjr jutrb pjin mjr. snr bftnrbib inpnainaij in mjcj b in mjrqubfqunr datnrbln mjc ^cb mjr pjin snr mjasdinrbib cbds nsmurb ju cbds mfbrb
bpnabs qubaij mjcpbrbib mjc jutrb mjr. Cnscj j bcbrnfj pjin snr mjasdinrbij cbds nsmurj bpnabs qubaij nstâ prýxdcb ij grbamj, pjr nxncpfj. Bj bprjxdcbr uc vnrcnfoj pnrtj in fbrbaeb cbds hbrâ nssn vnrcnfoj pbrnmnr hrdj, in cjij davnrsj, mjfjmbr uc cblnatb bj fbij ij cnscj vnrcnfoj sdcpfnscnatn rnhjrìbrâ
b pnrmnpìíj in sub tncpnrbtur tncpnrbturbb datrãasnmb. Bs mjrns cbds blrnssdvbs n vdvbs, naqubatj cbds hrdbs síj cbds pbssdvbs. pbssdvbs. Ë cnidib qun qu n bs mjrns sn bp bprjxdcbc rjxdcbc nc vbfjr, vbfjr, b mbpb- mdibin in idstdaludr j snu fdcdtn idcdaud. [brbb Ydcjtoy ]bcbrb (7;2;, p. ?=), oâ pjumjs nstãcufjs [br vdsubds tíj pjtnatns qubatj ës mjrns0 nfbs síj ucb hnrrb hnrrbcnatb cnatb in mjcuadmbìíj nxtrncbcnatn õtdf.
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>7 | B fdalublnc ibs odstýrdbs nc qubirdaojs
Aj natbatj, j sdladdmbij trbascdtdij pnfbs mjrns, pjr rnsuftbr ib rnfnxíj in jaibs in fuz trbascdtdibs pnfjs jfojs pbrb j märngrj ä bflj sugentdvj. J cnmbadscj in pnrmnpìíj ibs mjrns ä uadvnrsbf natrn js snrns oucbajs. J qun hbzncjs mjc bs mjrns fjlj qun vncjs, pjräc, ä jutrb odstýrdb, n mjatrjfâ-fbs vdsbaij ë mjcuadmbìíj inpnain ij natnaidcnatj in mjcj subs qubfdibins ýptdmbs sn mjcpjrtbc. Bs mjrns nstdcufbc aj snr oucbaj idvnrsbs snasbìþns qun pjinc indadr intnrcdabibs bìþns qubaij nc hbmn in uc jgentj, badcbf, mjcdib, pbdsblnc, ntm. J cnscj jmjrrn mjc uc prjentj. Bssjmdbr in bmjrij mjc b dindb ij prjentj ä nssnamdbf pbrb jbs snumjrns sumnssj.
YD[JLWBHDB ^c ijs nfncnatjs prdcjridbds pbrb mjcprnnasíj ij tnxtj vnrgbf abs odstýrdbs nc qubirdaojs ä j usj binqubij ib tdpjlrbdb.
Mbgn ë tdpjlrbdb ibr hjrcb bj mjatnõij, snaij dcpjrtbatn ab trbascdssíj in ucb cnasblnc, pjds sn trbtb in cnasblnas nspnmãdmbs in pnrsjablnas pbrb j fndtjr. B tdpjlrbdb, pjrtbatj, tnc in jhnrnmnr ucb fdalublnc lrâdmb qun nstneb in bmjrij mjc b pnrsjablnc n j põgfdmj qun sn insneb btdaldr. Js tnxtjs abs odstýrdbs nc qubirdaojs síj lnrbfcnatn nsmrdtjs nc tdpjlrbdb vnrsbf, mjc busåamdb in snrdhb, mjc subs obstns rntbs n mjc gjb snpbrbìíj natrn fntrbs, ju sneb, mjc fnldgdfdibin pbrb tnxtjs murtjs.
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Wnhnråamdbs
Bfgnrtj Wdmbrij Wdmbrij [ [nssjb nssjb | >=
Js fntrbcnatjs abs odstýrdbs nc qubirdaojs mjcnìbrbc b snr rnbfdzbibs ë cíj n cudtj prýxdcj ë mbfdlrbdb rnbfdzbib nc insnaoj tämadmj. B mbfdlrbdb tämadmb sn binquju b fdalublnc ijs qubirdaojs n bj gbfíj in tnxtj. Mjc j bivnatj ib dahjrcâtdmb, b hbmdfdibin nc insna- insna- vjfvnr vjf vnr ajvbs hbcãfdbs tdpjlrâdmbs hnz mjc qun nstbs mbrbmtnmbrbmtn- rãstdmbs inssnc fulbr b ucb tdpjlrbdb qun sn bfdaob ë pnrsj- pnrsj- abfdibin n ë jrdlnc ib pnrsjablnc. [jr nxncpfj, sn b pnrsjablnc pjssudr ucb jrdlnc aýridmb, mjcj Yojr , ucb pnrsjablnc cdtjfýldmb, b tdpjlrbdb snrâ gbsnbib nc mbrbmtnrns rnprnsnatbtdvjs rnprnsnatbtdvjs infb. Fdibr mjc tdpjs ä b cnscb mjdsb qun mjatrjfbr b vjz in
bfluäc5 j butjr invn utdfdzbr b tdpjlrbdb mjcj ab qubfdibin in ucb vjz. J insdla insdla tdpjlrâdmj tdpjlrâdmj ä vdsãvnf n pjrqun aíj, uc cndj in âuidj ij fndtjr. Anstn mbsj, j gbfíj sjhrn bftnrbìþns aj snu insdla, tjrabaij uc nfncnatj qun rnhjr rnhjrìb ìb b hjrìb ij tnxtj n b pnrsjabfdibin ij prjtbljadstb. Mjc b tdpjlrbdb idldtbf, ojuvn ucb cbdjr nc fnld- fnld- gdfdibin, pjds bs hjrcbs ibs fntrbs lbaobrbc nc murvbs n insnaojs lnjcätrdmjs. Ojen pjincjs vnr abs odstýrdbs nc qubirdaojs hbcãfdbs tdpjlrâdmbs mfâssdmbs, cjinrabs, hbatbsdjsbs, inmjrbtdvbs natrn jutrbs. B tdpjlrbdb aíj ä usbib bpnabs mjcj ucb hjrcb in trbtbr vdsubfcnatn j tnxtj vnrgbf vnrgbf.. Nfb tbcgäc pjin biqudrdr nfncnatjs nf ncnatjs aíj vnrgbds n tnr snu sdladdmbij bssdcdfbij pjr tjijs js dftrjs in pnrmnpìíj ” vdsubf, ncjmdjabf, datnfnmtubf. B tdpjlrbdb pjin snr rnprnsnatbib mjcj dcblnc. Js idalgbts ju ju pdmtjhjats pdmtjhjats síj síj prjiuzdijs aj hjrcbtj in hjatns n
mjcnrmdbfdzbijs pnfj cuaij bhjrb.
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>9 | B fdalublnc ibs odstýrdbs nc qubirdaojs
]ub jrdlnc nstâ ajs jrabcnatjs lrâdmjs n pjinc snr usbijs mjcj nstbcpbs, fdalublnc in surij n cuij, sdabfdzbìíj natrn jutrjs. ^c usj hrnqunatn in idalgbts idalgbts abs abs odstýrdbs nc qub- qub- irdaojs ä qubaij b pnrsjablnc hbfb bflj mnasurâvnf. Lnrbf- Lnrbf- cnatn js pbfbvrþns síj sugstdtuãijs pjr nssb tdpjlrbdb. J nspbmnebcnatj ibs fntrbs nc pbfbvrbs, jrbìþns n pbrâlrbhjs pbrâlrbh js ä nssnamdbf pbrb qun sn nvdtn b idstrbìíj ij fndtjr ju insmjahjrtj vdsubf nc sub fndturb. Nc cudtjs mbsjs, j nspbmnebcnatj vbd vbrdbr in fntrb pbrb fntrb, aj datudtj in sn jgtnr cbdjrns rnsuftbijs in fnldgdfdibin. J bfdaobcnatj n b idspjsdìíj ijs tnxtjs tbcgäc síj dafunamdbijs pnfb ib bs odstýrdb nc qubirdaojs, ucb vnz qun aíj snfnldgdfdibin pjin idcdaudr fntrbs pbrb ‖mbgnr– nc uc gbfíj in tnxtj, ju mbdxb in tnxtj, uc qubirj aíj pjin dmbr rnpfntj in pbfbvrbs b pjatj in prneuidmbr j tnxtj aíj vnrgbf. B tdpjlrbdb sn tjrab nssnamdbf mjcj cndj in cnasblnc nc qubfqunr odstýrdb nc qubirdaojs.
[^GFDMBÌÍJ [jr dc, aj nstuij ibs odstýrdbs nc qubirdaojs, ä datnrnssbatn qun sn dasdrb tbcgäc j týpdmj in pugfdmbìíj, pbrb qun j butjr mjcprnnaib mjcj ucb odstýrdb pjin snr pugfdmbib n b dcpjrtçamdb idssj. Bs odstýrdbs nc qubirdaojs síj ucb fdalublnc, uc cndj in mjcuadmbìíj. Nfbs prnmdsbc in uc rnmnptjr n b cnfojr hjrcb in sn prjiuzdr rnmnptjrns ä btrbväs ij bmnssj bj prjentj nidtjrdbf pjr cndj in odstýrdbs nc qubirdaojs, fdvrjs, wng sdtns, rnvdstbs,
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Bfgnrtj Wdmbrij Wdmbrij [ [nssjb nssjb | >>
ejrabds, pbafntjs, hjfinrs pbafntjs, hjfinrs n gfjls ” n gfjls ” cndjs in mjcuadmbìíj nssnamdbds bj idb b idb ij snr oucbaj. Ä mjc nssbs cãidbs qun tncjs bmnssj ë dahjrcbìíj n pbrb dssj prnmdsbc snr binqubibs pbrb qun nstn bmnssj sneb sdcpfns n in hâmdf bssdcdfbìíj. J butjr ä j rnspjasâvnf pnfb jrlbadzbìíj, snfnìíj n vdbgdfdibin in mjatnõij, aj mbsj, odstýrdbs nc qubirdaojs. J butjr mjcj nidtjr prnmdsb tnr nc cnatn qun b cnasblnc prnmdsb snr mfbrb n in sdcpfns bssdcdfbìíj. [brb tbatj ä nssnamdbf qun j insdla insdla ib ib pugfdmbìíj sneb sýgrdj n mjatnaob nfncnatjs dajvbijrns dajvbijrns ab mjamnpìíj ib sub hjrcb. B mjnsíj n mjnråamdb natrn tnxtj, dcblnc n pfbanebcnatj lrâdmjJrnhjrìbc rnhjr ìbc blrâdmj mjcuadmbìíj n rnbdrcbc b dahjrcbìíj. prjentj prnmdsb tnr ucb odnrbrqudb in nfncnatjs. ^c trbtbcnatj in tdpjlrbdb sdladdmbtdvj ju ucb mjr jusbib idcdaud j rdsmj in nfncnatjs cnajs dcpjrtbatns mobcbrnc cbds btnaìíj qun js nfncnatjs prdamdpbds. Ä anmnssârdj jhnrnmnr bmnssdgdfdibin in fndturb. Bs prjpjrìþns in uc hjrcbtj invnc inspnrtbr bs bs snasbìþns (ãatdcbs, nxpbasdvbs ju mjahrjatbatns) ajs jgsnr- vbijrns,, bs qubds hjrbc batnrdjrcnatn pfbanebibs. vbijrns B jrlbadzbìíj in tdpjlrbdb n dcblnas invn nstbr
rnfbmdjabib vdsubfcnatn vdsubfcnatn n sub mjcpjsdìíj inatrj ij nspbìj ij
hjrcbtj invn hjrtbfnmnr ajvbcnatn bs ncjìþns ju bssjmdbìþns cbds bpbrnatns aj mjatnõij ibs dcblnas n ij tnxtj. J prjentj nidtjrdbf prnmdsb snr jgentdvj n pbrb dssj ä dcpjrtbatn b mjastruìíj ij gjanmj ij prjentj, lnrbfcnatn hndtj nc gfjmj in pbpnf, nvdtbaij j usj in mjcputbijr. Dssj dcpnin qun j butjr aíj sn idstrbdb idst rbdb mjc js daõcnrjs rnmursjs qun uc sjhtwbrn pjssud.
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>8 | B fdalublnc ibs odstýrdbs nc qubirdaojs
J butjr invn prdjrdzbr b huamdjabfdibin ij prjentj, pbrb qun b dahjrcbìíj sneb bprnsnatbib in cbandrb ndmbz n, inpjds idssj, rnbfdzbr tjib b mrdbìíj qun mjcpfncnatb b dahjrcbìíj datnamdjabib. J insdla tnc qun sbtdshbznr j fndtjr, snc qun nfn indxn in dmbr btnatj bj mjatnõij, hbmdfdtbaij b datnrcnidbìíj natrn j usuârdj n b dahjrcbìíj cnidbatn b abvnlbgdfdibin instb õftdcb. In tjibs bs pugfdmbìþns, b rnvdstb, sneb dcprnssb ju wng, ä j vnãmufj in mjcuadmbìíj cbds prýxdcj ib mnab dainpnainatn in odstýrdbs nc qubirdaojs. J põgfdmj bijfnsmnatn n biuftj qun mjasjcn qubirdaojs ib iddmufibin nc pnantrbr aj cnrmbij nidtjrdbf grbsdfndrj nsbgn trbashjrcb bs pugfdmbìþns, prdamdpbfcnatn nc bcgdnatn wng aj snu cndj in idvuflbìíj in mjaonmdcnatj n in prjpjstb brtãstdmb nc intrdcnatj ib mbråamdb in pjfãtdmbs in hjcnatj b pugfdmbìíj in odstýrdbs nc qubirdaojs abmdjabds. ^cb rnvdstb in odstýrdbs nc qubirdaojs dainpnaina- dainpnaina- tn ä nidtbib pjr uc daidvãiuj qun aíj nstâ btrnfbij b ucb lrbain nidtjrb n inpnain infn tjijs js prjmnssjs in prjiuìíj, qun víj insin b mjamnpìíj ib rnvdstb, nidìíj, dcprnssíj, btä
b idstrdgudìíj. J prjmnssj in dcprnssíj ä sjg incbaib. ^cb rnvdstb rnvdstb in odstýrdbs nc qubirdaojs dainpnainatn pjssud gbdxb tdrb- tdrb- lnc n js prjmnssjs prdamdpbds in dcprnssíj síj b hjtjmýpdb (xnrjx), snrdlrbdb n dcprnssíj b fbsnr. ]íj rbrjs js mbsjs nc qun b dcprnssíj uftrbpbssb b b 2.;;; nxncpfbrns. Anssns mbsjs rnmjcnaib-sn j usj ib dc- dc- prnssíj nc jhhsnt .
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Bfgnrtj Wdmbrij Wdmbrij [ [nssjb nssjb | >) mjcnatb qun cudtjs butjrns in odstýrdbs nc qubirdaojs nsmjfonrbc nssb hjrcb in cbad- cbad- hnstbìíj brtãstdmb ib fdalublnc, mjcj dastrucnatj pbrb cu- cu- ibr b cbandrb in bs pnssjbs pnasbrnc n qunstdjabrn qunstdjabrnc c damfu- sdvn bs fnds huaibcnatbds qun ljvnrabc nssb brtn. Inatrn nfns instbmbc-sn5 CmMjy, CmMjy, ]pdnlnfcba, Onrrdcba, ]tnrrntt, Cjngdus Jutrjs butjrns nsmjfonrbc b abrrbìíj mjcj prdjrdibin
ë davnaìíj brtãstdmb, qun tåc bflj b idznr btrbväs ijs qubird- qubird- aojs n inidmbc subs nanrldbs pbrb mjatrjfbr nssn cndj, bprdcjrbaij bprdcjrba ij b obgdfdibin in trbascdtdr cnasblnas in cjij
ndmbz. ]íj5 ]moufz, Gbr`s, Onrlä, Ndsanr Ndsanr,, Ab`bzbwb. Ä dcpjrtbatn hrdsbr qun ]mjtt CmMfjui rnõan idvnrsjs brtdstbs nc ucb fdaob in rbmdjmãadj mrdbtdvj, qun aíj fnvb nc mjasdinrbìíj trbìj, nsmrdtb, tdpj in abrrbìíj, natrn jutrjs bspnmtjs inssb cãidb, cbs bj mrdbr ucb indadìíj, b baâfdsn ibs odstýrdbs nc qubirdaojs dmb cudtj bmdcb ij mbcpj ib bvbfdbìíj sn b odstýrdb nc qubirdaoj ä gjb ju rudc, sn j trbìj ä gjadtj ju hndj. Mjc ucb indadìíj cbds mrãtdmb mjcj b ij nstuidjsj cnamdjabij bmdcb, pjincjs fbaìbr uc jfobr babfãtdmj babfã tdmj ë jgrb in uc butjr qun sn prntnaib nstuibr n pnsqudsbr qubf ä b sub dcpjrtçamdb pbrb bs odstýrdbs nc qubirdaojs.
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>? | B fdalublnc ibs odstýrdbs nc qubirdaojs
Mjc js sugsãidjs qun nxpusncjs anstn fdvrj, nspnrb-sn qun j butjr mjasdlb rnfntdr bmnrmb bm nrmb in uc prjentj nc odstýrdbs nc qubirdaojs ib pâldab nc grbamj ë pâldab dcprnssb, cjgdfdzbr js butjr ë fndturb n ë mrdbìíj, aj datnrmçcgdj natrn fndtjrns bj trjmbrnc gfjls mjc bs subs prýprdbs pugfdmbìþns, ju btä cnscj datnrbldr mjc prjdssdjabds ij sntjr nc mja- mja- vnaìþns n nvnatjs mjc pbfnstrbs in butjrns, nidtjrbs n jutrjs hbazdandrjs.
LÅANWJ] IB] OD]YÝWDB] NC R^BIWDAOJ] Bs odstýrdbs nc qubirdaojs pjssunc pjssun c idvnrsjs låanrjs qun pjinc snr namjatrbijs abs jgrbs in lrbains brtdstbs n nc idhnrnatns nsmjfbs in mrdbìíj inssb brtn. [brb [bufj Wbcjs (p. ;2, 7;29), js qubirdaojs mjc- mjc- pþnc uc mbcpj cbdjr cbdjr,, inajcdabij odpnrlåanrj, qun blrnlb nfncnatjs mjcuas bjs idhnrnatns låanrjs qubirdaãstdmjs, mj- cj j usj in ucb fdalublnc prýprdb, mjc nfncnatjs vdsubds vdsubds n vnrgbds nsmrdtjs, n b tnaiåamdb ë prnsnaìb in snquåamdb snquåamdb tnxtubds abrrbtdvbs. Inatrn nfns, síj pugfdmbijs aj Grbsdf5 j mbrtuc, b mobrln, tdrbs, tdrbs snrdbibs, mjcdms, lrbpodm ajvnf ajvnf , cbalâ, hucnttd n j qubirdaoj butjrbf. Nstn õftdcj ä j tdpj in odstýrdbs nc qubirdaojs qun j fdvrj nstdcufb bj daidvãiuj prjiuzdrnc. Inatrn bs rbzþns qun mjasdinrbcjs bprjprdbibs pbrb mrdbìíj instn tdpj in qubirdaoj, b bdrcbìíj b drcbìíj in Nilbr Hrbamj (7;;?, p. ==) ä qun síj abs jgrbs ijs qubirdaodstbs butjrbds
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Bfgnrtj Wdmbrij Wdmbrij [ [nssjb nssjb | >4
qun js qubirdaojs bfmbaìbc b sub cbdjr nxprnssdvdibin n ä anfbs qun vncjs mjadrcbib b dcpjrtçamdb ibs ORs mjcj hjrcb brtãstdmb. [ugfdmbibs b pbrtdr ij dabf ij sämufj _D_, bs odstýrdbs nc qubirdaojs nrbc prjiuzdibs in hjrcb idstdatb ib qun mjaonmncjs ojen. ]nus butjrns rnidldbc hjfontdas n mjatjs mjc dfustrbìþns qun mjatbvbc b cnscb odstýrdb ij tnxtj vnrgbf, aíj sn dcgrdmbaij j mýidlj vnrgbf mjc j vdsubf. Nssbs prdcndrbs odstýrdbs tdaobc subs idcnasþns fdcdtbibs n dcprdcdbc uc rdtcj bfnbtýrdj, idhnrnatn ibs odstýrdbs nc qubirdaojs mjatncpjrçanbs qun bprnsnatbc
odstýrdbs rdtcjnc n mbiåamdb fdanbrns. Bs mjc odstýrdbs qubirdaojs aj Grbsdf tåc snu cbrmj dadmdbf mjc b prjiuìíj ij ãtbfj-grbsdfndrj Çalnfj Bljstdad (2?9=-242;), mjasdinrbij uc ijs pdjandrjs inssb hjrcb in fdalublnc. J brtdstb lrâdmj hjd uc ijs pdjandrjs ibs odstýrdbs dfustrbibs, qun pjssud mjcj mbrbmtnrãstdmb b snquåamdb abr- abr- rbtdvb idstrdguãib in bmjrij mjc j qubatj bqunfb mnab nstâ dfustrbaij intnrcdabib qubatdibin in tnxtj. B datnrsnmìíj natrn insnaoj n tnxtj aíj nxdstn invdij ë busåamdb in gbfíj in tnxtj. B odstýrdb dmb mbrbmtnrdzbib mjcj ucb cãidb in fndturb fnlnaibib mjc dfustrbìþns. B dcprnasb grbsdfndrb sncprn bgsjrvnu bs mrãtdmbs sjmdbds n pjfãtdmbs mjatdibs abs odstýrdbs dfustrbibs in Çalnfj Bljstdad. In sub prjiuìíj ajtbgdfdzbrbc-sn bs jgrbs5 Bs jgrbs5 Bs bvnat bvnatur urbs bs in Aoù Rudc (2?84) n Bs bvnaturbs in Uä Mbdpjrb Mbdpjrb (2??=).
Bj babfdsbr ucb pâldab in odstýrdbs nc qubirdaojs in Çalnfj Bljstdad namjatrbc-sn nfncnatjs mjastdtudatns qun
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8; | B fdalublnc ibs odstýrdbs nc qubirdaojs
bdaib sn cbatåc abs odstýrdbs nc qubirdaojs mjatncpjrçanbs, mjcj abrrbtdvb abrrbtdvb ju b ajìíj ib pbssblnc ij tncpj mjc j usj ibs mobcbibs mbfobs ju sbrentbs. Jutrj låanrj ij qubf Çalnfj Bljstdad prjiuzdu hjrbc bs mobrlns n js mbrtuas. J mbrtuc biqudrdu jutrb mjajtbìíj mjc j insnavjf- insnavjf- vdcnatj ibs dastdtudìþns pjfãtdmbs, prdamdpbfcnatn aj pn- pn- rãjij ibs idtbiurbs qun bssjfbrbc vârdbs abìþns aj mjatd- anatn fbtdaj5 js mbrtuas pjfãtdmjs tåc cbds ij qun b huaìíj huaìíj in natrntnr j fndtjr0 nfn sn prjpþn b mjasmdnatdzâ-fj ib rnbfd- rnbfd- ibin pjfãtdmb nc qun vdvn. B pbrtdr in 24=; ojuvn b lrbain idvuflbìíj ibs odstýrdbs
nc qubirdaojs Grbsdf mjcin js ;> supfncnatjs Bijfhj Bdzna qun bpýsaj ucb nstbidb cnsns ajseuvnads Nstbijsin^adijs, pnrmngnu j pjtnamdbf ij låanrj mjcdms mjcdms aj aj cnrmbij grbsdfndrj
in odstýrdbs nc qubirdaojs. Nssn låanrj surldu ajs Nstbijs ^adijs aj dabf ij sämufj pbssbij n tnc j snu cbrmj abs bvnaturbs ij Yon Tnffjw @di in Wdmobri Hnftja Jutmbuft . [jstnrdjrcnatn surldrbc idvnrsjs in pnrsjablnas mjc odstýrdbs mùcdmbs qun bmbgju pjr gbtdzbr j låanrj mjcj mjcdms. Mjc j sumnssj ijs mjcdms, b incbaib pjr cbds cbtnrdbf
n fndtjrns prjpdmdbrbc j surldcnatj ibs tdrbs snrdbibs, j qun rnsuftju ab pugfdmbìíj in idvnrsjs tncbs mjcj tnrrjr, dmìíj mdnatãdmb, oucjr natrn jutrjs. J qun snrdb b gbabfdzbìíj ijs mjcdms mjcdms bmbgju bmbgju sn tjrabaij b dainpnaiåamdb infns. Bflucbs nidtjrbs cnajrns rnsjfvnrbc pugfdmbr nc hjrcbtj in pufps in pufps, rnvdstbs dcprnssbs nc pbpnf n tdatb in gbdxb
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Bfgnrtj Wdmbrij Wdmbrij [ [nssjb nssjb | 82
Hdl.;9 ” [âldab in Çalnfj Bljstdad. [N]]JB (7;2; p.2?)
qubfdibin, tdrdaobs qun aíj nrbc bprjvndtbibs pnfjs lrbains ejrabds, n pugfdmbrbc vârdbs rnvdstbs mjc nssns cbtnrdbds. Bssdc, vârdbs rnvdstbs sn datnrnssbrbc pjr nssns cbtnrdbds rnendtbijs.
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87 | B fdalublnc ibs odstýrdbs nc qubirdaojs
Inatrn bs mrdbìþns rnmusbibs nstbvb j ]upnrcba ]upnrcba uc uc supnr-onrýd mrdbij supnr-onrýd mrdbij pnfb iupfb in butjrns in qubirdaojs Ejn Ejn ]oustnr n ]oustnr n Enrry ]dnlnf. ]dnlnf. ]ub prdcndrb bpbrdìíj hjd bprnsnatbib ab rnvdstb Bmt rnvdstb Bmtdja dja Mjcdms aµ ;2 nc 24=? 24=?,, ajs Nstbijs ^adijs. ^adijs.
Bm tdja Bmtd ja Mj Mjcd cdms ms aµ;2 ä uc cbrmj aj qun rnhnrn ë trbashjrcbìíj ibs odstýrdbs nc qubirdaojs mjcj cãidb in mjcuadmbìíj in cbssb. ]upnrcba bprnsnatb ]upnrcba bprnsnatb uc mjamndtj mjcpfntbcnatn idvnrsjj in tuij qun nstbvb snaij prjiuzdij n b cbdjrdb ijs idvnrs butjrns mjcnìbrbc b mrdbr pnrsjablnas mjc supnr pjinrns, naqubatj qun bs pnrsjablnas batnrdjrns, mjcj vdcjs, dasmrnvdbc-sn ab rnbfdibinij prjsbdmb ijs fndtjrns. ^cb incjastrbìíj snu sumnssj ä qun in tjibs bs pnrsjablnas bprnsnatbibs nc Bmtdja Mjcdms aµ;2, bpnabs ]upnrcba mjatdaub b snr pugfdmbij n, bfäc idssj, mjc najrcn sumnssj, nxtrbpjfbaij js fdcdtns ibs odstýrdbs nc qubirdaojs n bfmbaìbaij cãidbs mjcj j mdancb, lbcns, fdvrjs natrn jutrjs. Murdjsbcnatn, aj natbatj, j mrdbijr cbds dcpjrtbatn ij låanrj mjcdms aíj hjd j mrdbijr in ]upnrcba. Euatbcnatn mjc lrbains brtdstbs mjcj mjc j Ebm` @drgy @drgy,, ]tnvn Idt`j, Grntt Nvnrnt Nvnrnt natrn jutrjs, ]tba Fnn mrdju Ojcnc - Brbaob, Rubrtntj Hbatâstdmj, Ouf` n cdfobrns in jutrjs pnrsjablnas qun hjrbc rnuadijs nc ucb õadmb mjcpbaodb, b Cbrvnf Mjcdms. J prjmnssj in prjiuìíj in mjcdms nc fbrlb nsmbfb nrb rnbfdzbib pjr nstõidjs mjc cíj in jgrb nspnmdbfdzbib, idvdidib nc5 J rjtndrdstb, qun tnc pjr dabfdibin nstbgnfnmnr ucb trbcb mjc mjcnìj, cndj n dc, mjc mjafdtjs psdmjfýldmjs natrn pnrsjablnas, bcgdnatns n trbcbs, snasj in abrrbtdvb, abrrbtdvb, insmrdìíj
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Bfgnrtj Wdmbrij Wdmbrij [ [nssjb nssjb | 8=
in qubirjs, pjsdmdjabcnatj ibs pnrsjablnas pnrbatn j tnxtj sulnrdij, nsmjfob ib fdalublnc qun b pnrsjablnc pnrsjablnc invn utdfdzbr (sn nfb usbrâ uc idâfjlj datnfnmtubfdzbij ju rnpfntj in lãrdbs), lãrd bs), insmrdìíj ib nstruturb hbmdbf ib pnrsjablnc, vdsubfdzbìíj ij bcgdnatn qun b odstýrdb sn pbssb natrn jutrjs ibijs qun nfn pjin hjranmnr hjranmnr.. J insnaodstb, bqunfn qun rnbfdzb tjijs js trbìjs in babtjcdb, pnrspnmtdvb, mçcnrbs in pjsdmdjabcnatj in pnrsjablnas, nxprnssíj hbmdbf, mnaârdjs n idspjsdìíj nc mnabs ij rjtndrj inmupbij b fâpds, lnrbfcnatn mjc rbsmuaojs nc mjr bzuf n b dabfdzbìíj nc fâpds lrbdtn. Mjc sdstncb in fdtjlrbdb, qun mjasdstn nc dcprnssíj nc cbtrdz in pnirb mbfmârdb, jsin insnaojs b fâpds anc natíj sncprn tdaobc b qubfdibin insnebib dcprnssíj. ]urln b dlurb ij brtn dabfdstb, bqunfn qun mjc j usj ib tdatb abaqudc prntb, pdamnf n gdmj in pnab, rntjmb n rndab js insnaojs b fâpds, rnqubirjs,, gbfíj in tnxtj n, nc cudtjs mbsjs, j prýprdj tnxtj rnqubirjs dasnrdij aj gbfíj. Mjc j insnavjfvdcnatj ib prjdssíj, j brtn dabfdstb mjcnìb b rnbfdzbr prjpjstbs brtãstdmbs mjc j insnaodstb, mrdbaij rnsuftbijs cncjrâvnds n ucb brtn ajvb, hrutj ij insnaoj ij brtdstb n ib datnrprntbìíj ij brtn dabfdstb. Mjc bivnatj ij jhhsnt , rjtjlrbvurb n btubfcnatn b dcprnssíj idldtbf ju pjr incbaib, b brtn dabf sn tjraju cbds ucb qunstíj in nstdfj, eâ qun btubfcnatn sn mjasnlun ucb qubfdibin sbtdshbtýrdb in indadìíj in dcblnc b fâpds n mjc j bivnatj ibs cnsbs idldtbfdzbijrbs idldtbfdzbijrbs cudtjs brtdstbs jptbrbc
pnfj insnaoj idldtbf. B dlurb ij mjfjrdstb tbcgäc pbssju pjr uc lrbain insnavjfvdcnatj. ]n aj daãmdj sub huaìíj nrb nsmjfonr mjrns mjcpbtãvnds mjc sdstncb in dcprnssíj, btubfcnatn sub huaìíj
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Wnhnråamdbs
89 | B fdalublnc ibs odstýrdbs nc qubirdaojs
ä b in mrdbr b btcjshnrb, b tnasíj, idrnìíj in brtn n nstbgnfnmnr b rnfbìíj in fuz n sjcgrb nc ucb odstýrdb. Bs tämadmbs tbcgäc vbrdbrbc. Insin tämadmbs cbaubds mjcj bqubrnfb, bmrãfdmb btä cbadpufbìíj in mjrns nc pfbtbhjrcb idldtbf. Mjc j bivnatj ib pfbtbhjrcb wng mjcj cndj in vndmufbìíj in mjatnõij, j butjr mjcnìb b sn inpbrbr mjc j bprnaidzbij in fdalublnc in prjlrbcbìíj, sjhtwbrns sjhtwbrns in in mrdbìíj, cbadpufbìíj n nidìíj in dcblnas. B mjasnquåamdb inssn cjij in trbgbfoj hjd j nstbgnfnmdcnatj ibs odstýrdbs nc qubirdaojs mjcj cndj in mjcuadmbìíj in cbssb. Bs idhnrnaìbs ij låanrj mjcdms tbcgäc mjasdstnc abs tämadmbs in pugfdmbìíj. Js mjcdms mjcdms hjrbc hjrbc pugfdmbijs mjcj tdrbs snrdbibs ju tdrbs in bvnaturbs. J lrbain idfncb ijs qubirdaojs, prdamdpbfcnatn ab Bcärdmb hjd fdibr mjc b pjpufbrdibin n bj cnscj tncpj mjc gbabfdzbìíj ij cndj naqubatj hjrcb in brtn. ]nluaij ]nfins (bpui (bpui . Onffnr pl. 92=, 7;;4) b tdrb mùcdmb ä b hjrcb in brtn cbds insprnzbib, natrntbatj, mjc nxmnìíj ij mdancb, ä tbcgäc b cbds pjpufbr.
Cudtjs nidtjrns n butjrns mjcnìbrbc b gusmbr ucb hjrcb in qubfddmbr bs odstýrdbs nc qubirdaojs, tbatj nc hjrcb mjcj mjatnõij. ^cb ibs jpìþns hjd bs bibptbìþns fdtnrârdbs. Bpnsbr in pdjandrjs ibs odstýrdbs nc qubirdaojs mjcj Wuijfpon Yøphhnr tnrnc prjiuzdij bibptbìþns fdtnrârdbs, j låanrj sn insnavjfvn, insnav jfvn, aj Grbsdf nc 249? qubaij Bdzna fbaìju b Nidìíj Cbrbvdfojsb pnfb nidtjrb NGBF.
Mbpb
Wnhnråamdbs
Bfgnrtj Wdmbrij Wdmbrij [ [nssjb nssjb | 8>
Bs bibptbìþns fdtnrârdbs nc odstýrdbs nc qubirdaojs pjssunc mjcj mbrbmtnrãstdmbs b datnrprntbìíj ij tnxtj fdtnrârdj mjc tnxtjs n dcblnas snc insrnspndtbr j tnxtj datnlrb datnlrbff ib jgrb. Aíj sn trbtb in uc låanrj hâmdf in prjiuzdr, ucb vnz qun cudtjs butjrns bmbgbc pjr utdfdzbr j tnxtj datnlrbf ab bibptbìíj n utdfdzbc js insnaojs mjcj dfustrbìþns qun blrnlbc pjumj bj tnxtj vnrgbf eâ prjpjstj pnfj butjr. Ä prnmdsj qun j mrdbijr in qubirdaojs rnspjasâvnf pnfb bibptbìíj fdtnrârdb prjmurn mrdbr uc rjtndrj qun mjatncpfn js prdamdpbds nfncnatjs ib jgrb n qun instn rjtndrj nxdstb b mrdbìíj in dcblnas, idsmursjs n tnxtjs prjpãmdjs ë idaçcdmb ibs odstýrdbs nc qubirdaojs, pbrb qun aíj sn tjran ucb bibptbìíj
cbds mjcpfnxb in natnainr qun j prýprdj tnxtj fdtnrârdj. fdtnr ârdj. Natrn js låanrjs in odstýrdbs nc qubirdaojs pugfdmbijs aj Grbsdf, j qun tnvn uc lrbain dcpufsj in mrdbtdvdibin mrdbt dvdibin natrn js butjrns grbsdfndrjs síj bs tdrbs mùcdmbs. mùcdmb s. J mbrtuadstb Onadf inu Onadf inu daãmdj b trbidìíj ij hjrcbtj hjrcbtj ‖tdrb–– mjc snus pnrsjablnas Lrbõab n Js Hrbidaojs. ‖tdrb Hjd anssn hjrcbtj in tdrb qun nstrnbrbc js pnrsjab- pnrsjab- lnas in Cburãmdj in ]juzb ]juzb,, mrdbijr ib Yurcb ib Cùadmb bdaib Cùadmb bdaib aj dc in 24>4 24>4.. Udrbfij Bfvns [datj fbaìb j [nrnrå ab iämbib in 8; n euatbcnatn mjc Cdffùr Cd ffùr Hnrabains, Eblubr Eblub r, Hjrtuab [rýspnrd n Mfbuidus mrdb ab cnscb iämbib j ejrabf ejrabf [bsqudc, in mjajtbìíj pjfãtdmb n in pjsdìíj mjatrârdb bj rnldcn idtbtjrdbf qun j Grbsdf sjhrdb anssn pnrãjij. Jutrjs butjrns in odstýrdbs nc qubirdaojs namjatrbrbc aj hjrcbtj ibs tdrbs sub hjrcb in sn nxprnssbr. Bs ^advnrsdibins pjssunc uc pbpnf huaibcnatbf anssn
ajvj cjcnatj ijs qubirdaojs grbsdfndrjs.
Mbpb
Wnhnråamdbs
88 | B fdalublnc ibs odstýrdbs nc qubirdaojs
B rnvdstb Lrdfus, ij Idrntýrdj Bmbiåcdmj ib Hbmufibin in Brqudtnturb ib ^HWL], ^HWL], pugfdmju nc 24 24
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