A Latin Grammar (1911)
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A Latn
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3 1924 021
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A LATIN GRAMMAR BY
HARRY EDWIN BURTON,
Ph.D.
Professor of Latin in Dartmouth College
SILVER, BURDETT & BOSTON NEW YORK Digitized
by Microsoft®
COMPANY CHICAGO
U3S^ Copyright, igii, bv
SILVER,
BURDETT & COMPANY
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by Microsoft®
PREFACE This book has been written in the in order to
contain ners'
meet the needs
morethan
belief that
a Latin Grammar,
of pupils in secondary schools, should
the elementary facts of the language.
Begin-
books and grammatical appendices have to a certain extent
superseded the strictly elementary of the school course.
grammar
for the first
It seems, therefore, that a
two years
grammar, in
order to be useful throughout the school course, should contain
not only the ordinary and simple facts but also those which are
more unusual or more complicated.
The author
believes that
such a grammar best meets the demands of the secondary school, while at the
same time
it
retains its usefulness through the college
Familiarity with such a book acquired at school
course.
great value to those
In any case
it is
who
is
of very
continue the study of Latin in college.
undoubtedly true that the proper use of a
fairly
complete grammar gives not only a wider but also a more appreciative
and more permanent knowledge
of the language.
While seeking to include even the more uncommon forms and constructions,
the author has studiously excluded
all
material
which would be confusing to the beginner and would be negby the more advanced student. He has endeavored to
lected
present the essentials with the greatest possible simplicity for
the benefit of the younger pupil, and has clearly subordinated
statements regarding the more unusual constructions by print-
them in smaller type. At the same time he has had in mind the needs of the college undergraduate, which, as a matter
ing
of
fact,
except for the peculiarities of individual authors, are
about the same as those of the yoimger student who is reading Cicero or VergU. A b3pj^^wj^c]^.trea^adequately the grammar
PREFACE
IV of these
two authors
with slight additions,
is,
sufficient for the
reading of college authors.
Of the passages quoted as examples three-fourths have been that is, from may be called school authors,
—
taken from what
Caesar, Cicero, Vergil, Sallust, Nepos, and a very few from Ovid,
— though
not always from the works or parts of works which
The
are usually read in school. exception,
other examples, almost without
have been taken from works commonly read by college
undergraduates. It has been thought best to treat the formation of
words under
the various parts of speech, instead of treating the subject as
This has been done partly because this
a whole in one place.
arrangement seems more
younger student
may
sented in this way.
logical,
but especially in the hope that the
find the subject less forbidding
The
when
briefly but, it is hoped, sufficiently for the reading of Vergil
Ovid.
It has
pre-
subject of versification has been treated
and
been thought unnecessary to include the meters of
Horace and other
college authors.
Versification is not a part of
the subject of Latin grammar, and modern editions of Latin texts
almost invariably treat the meters used by their authors.
In the treatment of sounds and words the author has had the help of Professor R.
W. Husband, and
in the treatment of syntax
K. Lord, both of Dartmouth College, and wishes hereby to acknowledge his gratitude. He is indebted also that of Professor
J.
to Dr. William Gallagher, Principal of Braintree, Massachusetts,
who has
and has made many valuable
Thayer Academy at South
read the whole manuscript
Thanks are due
also to
Harriet P. Fuller of the English High School, Providence,
Rhode
Island,
and to
Fra,nklin A.
Pennsylvania, for Hanover,
many
criticisms.
Dakin
of Haverford School, Haverford,
useful suggestions.
New Hampshire. Digitized
by Microsoft®
CONTENTS FIRST
PART— SOUNDS PAGE
The Alphabet
I
Classification of Sounds
2
Pronunciation
3
Pronunciation of Vowels
Quantity
of
4
Vowels
4
Pronunciation of Diphtfiongs
.
.
.
^
.
6
.
Pronunciation of Consonants
Syllables Length
7
8 of Syllables
.
8
.
Accent
9 ID
Enclitics
Phonetic Changes Weakening in Unaccented Syllables Weakening of Vowels in Medial Syllables Weakening of Vowels in Final Syllables Weakening of Diphthongs Loss of Vowel ... Combination of Vowels ... Iambic Shortening Vowel Gradation Changes of Single Consonants Changes in Consonant Groups .
.
.
.
II
.
.
.
12 13 13 13
14 14
14 IS
SECOND PART — WORDS Formation of Words Roots Stems
.
.
.
.
Inflection
.
.
Gender
.
i6 i6
.
i6 17
.
.
17
.
General Rules of Gender
17
Number Case
19 DigUizect
by Microsoft®
V
19
CONTENTS
VI
PAGE
Nouns
19
Formation of Nouns Primary Suffixes
19 .
20
.
Agent
Means
20 or Instrument
21
Action
21
Abstracts
.
.
Secondary Suffixes Abstracts
.
22
.
22
.
22
.
Place
23
Diminutives
23
Patronymics
.
23
.
Compound Nouns Declension of Nouns
24 .
2S
.
General Rules of Declension
25
First Declension
26
.
Second Declension Third Declension
28 31
Consonant Stems
31
i-Stems
36
.
.
Nouns Greek Nouns
41
Gender
42
Irregular
4P
.
Fourth Declension
43
Fifth Declension
.
Nouns Variable Nouns Defective
Names
44 46
.
.
....
....
...
of Persons
Adjectives Formation of Adjectives Comparison of Adjectives .
Declension of Adjectives
.
.
48 5° S2
52
54
.
57
Adjectives of the First and Second Declensisns
57
Adjectives of the Third Declension
60
Adjectives of
One Ending
Adjectives of
Two
Endings
60 62
.
Adjectives of Three Endings
63
Possessive Adjectives
64
Adverbs
64
Derivation of Adverbs Classification of
64
Adverbs
.
.
Comparison tSf Adverbs Digitized
by Microsoft®
67
69
CONTENTS
Vll 7AGE
Numerals
70
Numeral Adjectives
70
Fractions
72
Roman
Notation Declension of Numeral Adjectives Adjectives derived from Numerals
72
Numeral Adverbs
74
.
73
74
Peonotjns
75
....
Personal Pronouns
7S
.....
Relative and Interrogative Pronouns
...
....
Pronouns Demonstrative Pronouns Indefinite
.
....
Verbs Formation of Verbs Primary Verbs Derivative Verbs
....
81
.
.
... .
.
...
81
.
81
.
82
.
Verbs formed by Composition
.
83
.
Verb-Stems Conjugation Voice
84 85
....
.
Deponent Verbs .... Mood and Tense Signs .
Indicative
.
...
.
.
.
87
...
.
92
.
92
Infinitives
Supine
.
93 93
.
Gerund
.
93
.
...
Tense-Groups
Number
.
95
.
.
.
.
.
.
...
Conjugation of sum
.
First Conjugation
.
Second Conjugation Third Conjugation
.
.
.
... .
...
.
.
,
97 98 100 103 105 107
109
no in
.
Periphrastic Conjugation Digitized
.
...
.
Verbs in -id of the Third Conjugation Fourth Conjugation
Deponent Verbs
95 95
.
Principal Parts
88 91
Verbal Nouns and Adjectives
Participles
87
.88
.
Mood Mood
.
.
.
.
.
.
Subjunctive
Person
76
-77 .78
by Microsoft®
CONTENTS
VUl Verbs
— Continued
Irregular Verbs
PAGE .
112
.
Conjugation of possum
112
Conjugation of
volo
113
Conjugation of fero Conjugation of eo
IIS
114
Conjugation of /w
117
Conjugation of edd
117
Conjugation of do
118
Defective Verbs
.
Impersonal Verbs List of Verbs
.
.
.
119
.
.
121
121
.
Prepositions
134
Conjunctions
.
.
134
.
Interjections
13s
THIRD PART — SYNTAX Introduction
136
.
Principal and Subordinate Clauses
.
136
.
Subject and Predicate
136
Phrase
137
.
Classification of Sentences
138
Interrogative Sentences
138
Answers Alternative Questions
.
.
.
Syntax of the Parts of Speech
141
Syntax of Nouns
141
...
....
Appositives Predicate
139 140
...
Nouns
Cases of Nouns ... Nominative and Vocative Cases Genitive Case Genitive with Substantives and Adjectives
141 143
.
.... •
•
•
.
.
.
14s 146
...
Possessive Genitive
.
I4S
.
.
146 146
.148
Genitive of Definition Genitive of the Whole
.
.
148
Genitive of Material
.
.
ISO
Genitive of Quality Objective Genitive
GenTtive of
^^^igf^ Microsoft®
.
.
....
150 151
152
CONTENTS Syntax op '^ovns
IX
— Continued
page
Genitive with Verbs
152
Genitive of Charge or Penalty
152
Genitive with refert and interest
153
Genitive with Verbs of Plenty or
Want
154
Genitive with Verbs of Remembering, Forgetting, Genitive with Verbs of Mental Sensation
154 156
Genitive with potior
156
Genitive of Exclamation
156
Dative Gasp
.
.
156
...
Dative with Verbs
etc.
157
.
Indirect Object with Transitive Verbs
157
Indirect Object with Intransitive Verbs
158
Compound Verbs
Indirect Object with
Dative of Reference
159 161
Dative
162
of Separation
Ethical Dative
.
162
.
Dative of Possession Dative of Agent Dative of Purpose or Tendency
Dative with Adjectives
.
163 163
164 164
.
Accusative Case Direct Object
165
...
.
Accusative of Exclamation ,
.
.165
....
Accusative of Kindred Meaning
Two
.
.
...
167
168
Accusatives
Accusative of Limit of Motion Accusative of Extent .
.170
.
.
171
.
172
Accusative of Specification Subject of Infinitive
Ablative Case
.
173 i73
.
Separative Uses
167
-173
.
.
Ablative of Separation with Verbs Ablative of Separation with Adjectives Ablative of Place
173
174 i74
Whence
i7S
Ablative of Source Ablative of Agent
.....
.
176
Ablative of Material
177 i77
Ablative of Comparison
Ablative of Cause Digitized
,
by Microsoft®
i79
X
CONTENTS
Syntax oe Nouns
— Continued
pace"
Instrumental Uses
i8o
....
Ablative of Accompaniment
Ablative of
Manner
.
i8o
.
Ablative of Attendant Circumstance
.
Ablative of Quality
.
...
Ablative Absolute
.
Ablative of
.
".
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
,
Means
.
i8o
.
182
->.
184
.
.
Ablative of Price
185
Road
Ablative of the
...
Ablative of Measure of Difference
.
..^
186
T
186
.
Ablative of Specification Ablative of Place Ablative of
188
...
Locative Uses
Time
.
.
Where .
.
.
.
.
';.
,
,
.
.
,
,
188
.
,
_•
190
.,1.
191
.i'Vi
'9^
.
.
The Roman Calendar Time
188
.
.
Ablative of Extent of
Locative Case
.
.
193
,';.
Syntax of Adjectives Classification
.
194 194
.
Participial Adjectives
.•
•
Possessive Adjectives
•
.
Attributive and Predicate Adjectives
Agreement
•
.
.
':"?•».
.
.
Adjectives and Participles as Substantives Adjectives instead of Adverbs
.
'.
.
.
.,•
.
.
200
204 .
'.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
•
.
.
.
.
.
.
204 205 206
.
208
.
,
.
.
.
....
208 210 211
.
.
.
.
.
Pronouns and Adjectives Distributive Pronouns and Adjectives Relative Pronouns and Adjectives Demonstrative Pronouns and Adjectives Indefinite
Digitized
200
203
.
.
197
202
.
'.....
'.
Intensive Pronoun
alter
196
202
.
Reflexive Pronoun
and
.
.'
.
...
Interrogative Pronouns and Adjectives
alius
-
.
Personal Pronouns
The The
195
199
.>'.)'.
.
'.
Syntax of Pronouns
?'
.
.
Comparatives and Superlatives
Syntax of Advekbs .... The Use of Certain Adverbs
'94
"•
.
.'
...
of Adjectives
Negative Adverbs
i8i
i8i
'.
214 .'
by Microsoft®
217
'
CONTENTS
xi PAGE
Syntax of Verbs
....
218
.
Voice
218
Agreement of the Verb with
Moods
a^id
Tenses
Indicative
its
...
Subject
.
....
.
219 220
.
Mood
The Use
220
of the Tenses of the Indicative
Epistolary Tenses
...
Mood Subjunctive Mood
in
Mood
221
22s
Subjunctive
226
Independent Sentences
226
Volitive Subjunctive
226
Subjunctive of Exhortation or
Command
226
Deliberative Subjunctive
227 228
Optative Subjunctive Potential Subjunctive Tenses of the Subjunctive in Subordinate Clauses
229 230
.
.
Subordinate Clauses in the Indicative or Subjunctive
23s
Relative Clauses Relative Clauses of Fact
23s 235
...
.
...
Relative Clauses of Characteristic
Causal or Adversative Relative Clauses Relative Clauses of Purpose
.
.
... ...
236 238 239
Subordinate Clauses Introduced by Conjunctive Particles Clauses of Purpose
240
.
240
Clauses of Result
241
Substantive Clauses
242
Substantive Clauses with the Verb in the Indicative
.
Substantive Clauses with the Verb in the Subjunctive
.
242
.
243
Substantive Clauses developed from the Volitive Sub-
...
junctive
243
Substantive Clauses developed from the Optative Subjunctive
...
,
.
Substantive Clauses developed from Clauses of Result Indirect Questions
Temporal Clauses Temporal Clauses Temporal Clauses Temporal Clauses Temporal Clauses Temporal Clauses
....
.
.
.
246
.
247 248
.
251
.
with
cum
...
251
with antequam and priusquam
253
.
with postquam, ubi, etc
'.
255
with dum, donee, quoad, and qtiam diu
with quando
Causal Clauses Adversative and Concessive Clauses
...
.
Digitized
.
.
by Microsoft®
.
.
.
.
.
.
257 260
.
260
.
262
CONTENTS
XU
— Continued
Syntax of Verbs
paoe
Subjunctive of Repeated Action Subjunctive by Attraction
264 .
.
Independent Subjunctive Constructions in Subordinate Clauses Conditional Sentences
The Use Types
265
266
of the Conditional Particles
.
266
.
of Conditional Sentences
.
Conditions of Fact
.
.
.
.
267
.
267
268
Conditions of Possibility Conditions Contrary to Fact
Other Forms of Protasis
.
269 271
.
Conditional Relative Sentences
272
Conditional Clauses of Comparison
272
Clauses of Proviso
273
Imperative
Mood
Negative
The
265
274
Commands
274
Infinitive
275.
The Use of the Tenses of the The Uses of the Infinitive .
Infinitive
27s 277
.
Nominative Case as Accusative Case with Passive Verbs
Infinitive as
277
Infinitive
278
Infinitive
281
Infinitive with Adjectives
281
Infinitive of
Exclamation
282
Infinitive of
Purpose
282
282
Historical Infinitive
Indirect Discourse
282
Declarative Sentences in Indirect Discourse
283
Questions in Indirect Discourse
286
Commands
in Indirect Discourse
286
Conditional Sentences in Indirect Discourse
286
Conditions of Fact or Possibility* Conditions Contrary to Fact
Implied Indirect Discourse
....
Participles
The Use of the Tenses of The Uses of Participles
289 .
the Participle
Gerundive and Gerund Case-Constructions of Gerundive and Gerund
The Supine
.
287 288
.
Syntax OF Prepositions o^g,.f^gjy^^.^.^^3j,^
289 289 291
294 294 296 297
CONTENTS
XUl PAGE
Syntax of Conjunctions •
298
Cojirdinating Conjunctions
299
Copulative Conjunctions
299 301
Disjunctive Conjunctions
Adversative Conjunctions
302
Logical Conjunctions
303
Causal Conjunctions
303
Asyndeton
303
Arrangement of Words
305
Figures of Syntax and Rhetoric
309
Versification
312 316
Meter
The Oral Reading
of Verse
List of Authors and
317
Works Cited
318 321
Index
Digitized
by Microsoft®
Digitized
by Microsoft®
—
LATIN
GRAMMAR
FIRST PART
— SOUNDS
THE ALPHABET 1. The Latin alphabet was borrowed from the Chalcidian Greek colonies of southern Italy and adapted to the sounds of the, Latin language. Only capital letters were used; srhall letters did not come into use till the end of the eighth century A.D.
In Cicero's time the alphabet consisted of twenty-
2.
one
letters
letter
A
:
pronounced
letter
pronounced
letter
pronounced
— THE ALPHABET
2
(j-8
u were doubled; i was written ei or a taller letter was used; sometimes a mark (apex) was put over a long vowel; a late form of this mark is the one now used to indicate a long vowel.
The
C
g sound like the and was retained for that purpose in the abbreviations C. (Gaius) and Cn. (Gnaeus). It gradually came to represent a k sound, supplanting the letter K, which was used generally in the earlier period, but in the classical period only occasionally in Kaeso, Kalendae, Karthago, and a few abbreviations. When the letter C had thus assumed a new function (this Use was general by the beginning of the third century B.C.), a new letter was needed to represent the g sound; for this purpose G was formed from C and inserted in the alphabet in the place once held by Z, which had gone out of use. 5.
letter
originally represented a
third letter of the Greek alphabet,
and
V
regularly represented both the vowel sounds and the semivowel or consonant sounds (maior, vols). The consonant i sound was, however, represented sometimes by a taller letter, sometimes by doubling (TrSiia). The differentiation of U and V, for vowel and consonant respectively, was not made till the tenth century A.D. The letter J was introduced in the seventeenth century, to indicate the consonant i. In this book, according to the modern custom, i is used for both vowel and consonant, u for vowel u, and V for consonant u. 6.
I
(sim, bonus)
CLASSIFICATION OF SOUNDS 7.
lows:
The vowels
— open, a;
—
a, e,
medial, e
o, u, and y and o; dose,
i,
— i,
are classified as folu,
and
y.
There
however, variation within these classes; long e and o, example, are closer than the corresponding short vowels. 8.
The diphthongs
a very few wojds. early Latin;
are ae, au, oe,
and eu; eu occurs
is,
for
in only
Besides these, the following are found in
ai, el^stJ^euiijd/MMiosoft®
lo)
P>
PRONUNCIATION
The combination some regard 9.
(a)
this as
ui occurs in huic, cui,
classified as follows:
Sonant: b, d, g, consonant c, f,
h, k, p, q, s,
t,
i, 1,
m,
n,
x.
Sonants are voiced, surds are not. (6)
and the
interjection hui;
a diphthong, others beheve that the u
Consonants are
Surd:
3
—
r, v, z.
is
a consonant.
PRONUNCIATION
4
{il-I4
PRONUNCIATION OF VOWELS Long
11.
a as
y
is like
Short
a as
In father
in along
e
u
they
e
Some feminine nominatives end
Circes (-ae) -
Circe (-a)
Circe (-a)
in -a: as, Phaedra.
Greek forms are not found in the plural.
Second Declension 95.
Stems
Examples:
in -o-
— o-Stems
with the nominative in -us or -um:
—
SECOND DECLENSION
96-98) 96.
!
29
DECLENSION OF NOUNS
30
(PP-^OJ
Gender
Most nouns ending
99.
um
ending in
Exceptions:
us and
in
r are masculine; those
are neuter.
—
Nouns having meanings enumerated
in 58 are feminine: as, Aegyptus,
Egypt; Corinthus, Corinth; Rhodus, Rhodes; ulmus, elm-tree; some Greek noims: as, methodus, method; Arctos, the constellation of the Bear; and the following: taff;
—
alvus, ielly; carbasus, linen (pi. carbasa, sails); colus, dis-
humus, ground; vamius, winnowing-fan.
The
following are neuter:
The
crowd.
— pelagus,
accusative of these nouns
except that an accusative pelagum
is
sea; virus, poison; vulgus, the is
the same as the nominative,
sometimes found.
in the plural, except that pelagus, which
is
They do not occur
a Greek word, sometimes has
These are really Heteroclites, the nominaand accusative being third-declension forms.
the accusative plural pelage. tive
Case-Forms
Nouns
100.
tive singular in
in -ius or -ium, until the -i,
not
-ii: as, filius,
Augustan period, have the
son, gen.
fill;
geni-
Vergilius, gen. Vergili;
For the accent of these words see 29. began to be common in the Augustan period. -i was retained longer for proper names, and gentile names almost always have the single -i. Locatives always have -ii.
ingenium, nature, gen. ingeni.
The custom The ending
The
I
of writing
-ii
vocative of proper names in -ius ends in
i:
as, Vergili,
Mercuri;
also the vocative of filius, son; genius, good angel; volturius, vulture.
Proper names in -eius have
-ei,
or -ei pronounced as one syllable:
as,
Pompeius, voc. Pompei or Pompei.
The nominative
ended originally in oi, the dative and became ei and eis, which are found -rarely the Ciceronian period; then i and is.
101.
plural
ablative plural in ois; these in
Proper names in -aius,
102.
plural in -ai, -ei,
and
-ois: as, Gai, Gais;
The
103. earlier
first
and -oius have the nominative and ablative plural in -ais, -eis, and
-eius,"
-6i; the dative
Pompei, Pompeis; Boi, Bois.
genitive plural sometimes ends in
cm) instead
of drum.
This
is
a mere imitation of the genitive plural of the
form
is
um
(after
an earlier form, the first
u or v, in the -orum being
later
declension.
used regularly infYmias'dsRcmngmiMsy or measure:
The
earlier
as, sestertius,
1
THIRD DECLENSION
104-106)
nummus,
3
and is often found in cardinal and and in some other words: as, trecenti, three hundred; two each; deus and divus, god; faber, mechanic; Uberi, children;
sesterce;
coin; iugerum, acre;
distributive numerals bini,
socius, ally.
Deus,
104.
nom. del dat. and deos; dil and diis
god, is thus declined in the plural:
(rare before Ovid), dii or dl; gen.
deorum
abl. deis (rare before Ovid), diis or dis;
were pronounced
like di
and
or
ace.
deum;
For the genitive
dis.
plural,
divum or divom (from the adjective divus) are often used. The singular is regular; the vocative singular is not used; in late Latin the
nominative
is
used as a vocative.
Greek Kouns
Greek nouns
105.
of the second declension
the Latin terminations.
But masculines and
have regularly
feminines, espe-
proper names in poetry, often have -os in the nominaand -on in the accusative singular: as. Deles, Delon. Neuters often have -on in the nominative and accusative
cially
tive
singular: as, Ilion.
Names
in -6s, like Afhos, ABdrogeos,
have the genitive
in -6 or
-i,
the
accusative in -on, -um, or -6.
For names in -eus,
A
genitive in -u
like
is
Orpheus, see 125.
found rarely:
as,
Menandru.
Panthus has the
vocative Panthu.
The plural of Greek nouns of the second declension is usually regular, but The genitive
the nominative plural sometimes ends in oe: as, Adelphoe.
plural sometimes ends in on: as, Georgicon, of the Georgics.
Third Declension
Consonant Stems and i-Stems A.
CONSONANT STEMS I.
106.
Mute Stems
Examples:
miles, M., soldier
stem, milit-
rex, m., king D/g/siejiMyBBgrosoft®
princeps, m., chief
stem, princip-
32
DECLENSION OF NOUNS Singular
{.107
;
THIRD DECLENSION
io8, log)
A
33
combines with s to form x:
palatal, (c, g)
as,
rex; pax
(stem, pac-), peace.
In words of more than one
an original a or e appearweakened to i in the other cases: as, miles; pnnceps; iudex (gen. iudicis), judge. There are, however, exceptions to this rule: as, seges (gen.
ing as e in the nominative
syllable,
is
regularly
segetis), crop.
a change of u to i in caput; and of e to e in pes (gen. pedis), compounds; abies,/r; aries, ram; and paries, wall. In auceps, bird-catcher, the genitive aucupis shows the true stem, the nominative being formed on the analogy of piinceps, etc. I
There
foot,
and
is
its
Supellex, furniture, has the genitive supellectilis, etc.
The only
mute are and Greek words like poema. In these the nominative singular is the stem without the final consonant. In Greek neuters a dative and ablative plural in -is is often found, and sometimes a genitive plural in -orum as, poematis poematdrmn. 108.
neuters with stems ending in a
cor; caput; lac, milk;
:
n. 109.
Liquid Stems
Examples:
consul, M., consul
stem, consul-
flower
victor, m., victor
flos, m.,
stem, victor-
stem, flor-
pater, M., father
stem, patr-
DECLENSION OF NOUNS
34 genus,
(no
THIRD DECLENSION
Ill, 112)
sometimes in the nominative singular: tree;
honor
(g.en.
as,
35 arbor (gen. arboris),
honoris), honor; but the earlier forms, arbos
and honos, are sometimes found. Vas, vessel, retains s even between two vowels. Most neuter stems in -er- and -or- (originally -es- and -os-) have the nominative in -us: as, genus, corpus. But some neuter stems in -or- have the nominative in -ur thigh; iecur,
liver;
robur,
:
as,
ebur, ivory; femur,
oak; femur has also the genitive
feminis from an n-stem, and iecur (iocur in the Augustan period) has also the genitive iocineris.
Neuter stems in -11-, -rr-, simplify U, rr, to 1, r, in the nomimel (gen. mellis), honey; far (gen. farris), spelt.
native: as,
Iter (gen. itineris)
,
journey, has the nominative formed on a different
stem from that of the other
cases.
,
DECLENSION OF NOUNS
36
(113
Stems in -din- and -gin- have the nominative in -6, with the vowel of the stem lengthened: as, virgo; prdo^ rank. In this class are included, also Apollo (gen. Apollinis);. homo, man; nemo, nobody; turbo, whirlwind. Three nouns of this class have 6 in all cases: harpago (gen. -onis), grappUngoriginal short
—
hook; ligo, mattock; praedo, robber.
;-;•
Stems in -in-: (not -din- or -gin-), including many neuters andi a few masculines, have the nominative in- -en: as,- flumen;^^ flamen, u., priest; pecten, m., comb; tibicen, m., flute- player.. There
is
only one stem in -m,
— hiems
(gen. hiemis)
Peculiar formations are card (gen. camis), flesh, sanguinis),, blood; also canis (gen. canis)
,
dog,
young person, with the nominative formed as
,
winter.
and sanguis (gen.
and iuvenis (gen. iuvenis) from an i-stem.
if
II4-II6)
THIRD DECLENSION
mare, N.,5ea sedQe,
n., 5ea2
stem,
animal,
n.,
awwai
37 cslcax,^., spur
DECLENSION OF NOUNS
38
The
following have
accusative singular in -im or -em:
puppis, stern
clavis, liey
febris,
thfe
jemr
messis, crop
{liy-Iig
sementis, planting
restis, rope
strigilis,
securis, ax
turris, tower
scraper
navis, hoat.
Nouns having the accusative
117.
ablative singular exclusively in securis, ax.
The
ablative in
-i;
singular in -im have the
and
also canalis, conduit,
invariable also in neuters,
-i is
net, and names of and Soracte. The ablative ends in i or e in nouns which have the accusative in -im or -em, except messis (-e), restis (-e), and securis (-i);
except baccar, a plant, iubar, radiance, rete,
places like Praeneste
also in the following
:
—
end
aimiis, river
finis,
avis, bird
fiistis,
bilis.
Hie
ignis,
orbis, circle ovis, sheep
club
pelvis, hasin
_/ire
imber, shower
civis, citizen
unguis, nail
classis, jleet
A nominative plural in -is,
118. plural, is
The
found
formed
in imitation of the accusative
rarely.
following nouns have the genitive plural in -um, not
-ium: ambages,
circuit; senex, old
man;
volucris, hird.
Both
endings occur in apis, hee; caedes, bloodshed; clades, disaster;
mensis, month; sedes, seat; strues, heap; suboles, offspring; vates, prophet.
The
accusative plural in Cicero's time ends in either is or
es; after the middle of the
first
century A.D. es became the
regular ending. 119.
The nominative and accusative
originally the stem; but the final
i
was
singular of neuters in classical
was
Latin either
changed to e or, if preceded by al or ar, dropped, the preceding a being shortened. There are some exceptions to the latter rule: as, collare, collarf'uivSte, "Soc%yard.
THIRD DECLENSION
I20, 121)
39
Mixed i-Stems.
n.
Examples:
120.
virbs, F., city
nox,
stem, urb(i)-
stem, noct(i)-
f.,
night
aetas,
cliens, m., client
f.,
age
stem, client(i)- stem, aetat(i)-
Singular
Nom. urbs
nox
cliens
Gen. Dat.
ixrbis
noctis
clientis
aetatis
urbi
nocti
client!
aetali
Ace.
urbem
noctem
clientem
aetatem
Abl.
urbe
nocte
cliente
aetate
aetas
Plural
Nom. urbes
noctes
clientes
aetates
Gen. Dat.
urbium
noctium
clientium
aetatum
urbibus
noctibus
clientibus
aetatibus
Ace.
urbis (-es) noctis (-es) clientis (-es) aetatis (-es)
Abl.
urbibus
noctibus
clientibus
aetatibus
These are consonant-stems which have assumed the plural.
They
(or -ium)
i
forms
in
are declined, therefore, like consonant-stems
in the singular, like i-stems in the plural.
Nouns of this class more syllable than
are imparisyllahic, having in the genitive one in the nominative.
This class includes: Monosyllables in -s or -x preceded by a consonant: as, (a) ars, skill; arx, citadel; falx, sickle; opes (no nom. sing.; gen. 121.
-um), means; pons, bridge; stirps, stock. (b)The following monosyllables in -s or -x preceded by a
plu. in
vowel:
—
dormouse
nix,
snow
as, as
glis,
dos, dowry
Us, stri]e
nox, night
mas, male mus, mouse
vis, force
fauces
(plu.)
fraus, fraud
,
throat
Digitized
by Microsoft®
strix, screech-owl
DECLENSION OF NOUNS
40
The nominative genitive plural of
singular of fauces is not found in classical Latin.
some
of these
{l22
The
words varies between -ium and -um.
(c) Polysyllables in -ns or -rs: as. cohors, cohort; cliens, client;
parens, parent; cliens and parens have the genitive plural in
-ium or -um. (d) Nouns in -as or -is: as, civitas (-itmi or -um), state; optimates (-ium or -\xm), aristocrats; penates, household gods; Quirltes, Roman citizens; Samiutes, Samnites.
122.
:
THIRD DECLENSION
I23-I2J) 123. different
The following nouns are peculiar, having a nominative stem from that of the other cases: caro (gen. caxais), flesh; iter (gen.
—
itinetis) jjouxn^
nivis),
41
;
iecur (gen. iecoris, iecinoris, iocinoris), liver; nix (gen.
snow; senex (gen.
senis), old
man;
supellex tgen. supellectilis),
furniture.
The
,
124.-
Town names and
stems have a
Locative Case
a few
locative in -i:
the country.
'
as,
common nouns
with consonant
Carthagini, at Carthage; ruri, in
'
Greek Npxms 125. /Greek nouns of the third declension often have Greek forms in the nominative and accusative, singular and plural; sometimes in the genitive singular. The Greek endings are
,..,
usually
these:
— genitive
singular,
-os;
accusative
singular,
-a or -n; nominative plural, -es; accusative plural, -as; the
sometimes used as a vocative singular. Names in -eus usually have the forms of the second declension.
stem
is
Examples herds, m., hero
—
-
DECLENSION OF NOUNS
42
(isd
Proper Names
Nom. Capys
Orpheus
Gen.
Orphei (-os)
Socratis
Orpheo
Socrati
Dido Capyos Didonls (Didus) Capja Didoni (Dido)
Dat.
Didonem
Capjm Capye Capy
Ace. Abl.
Voc.
(-i)
Orpheum
(Dido)
Didone (Dido) Dido
Socrates
(-a)
Orpheo Orpheu
(-1)
Socratem
(-en)
Socrate*
Socrates (-e)
Paris has the accusative forms Paridem, Parim, and Parin.
Gender
— —
tions are as follows (a)
Masculine
Nouns in
:
Feminine:
-ex (gen. -icis) -o (gen. -onis) -or, and -6s. ,
,
— miter, mulier; merges, seges, teges; compes, merces,
linter,
quies, requies; abstract
Neuter:
and the principal excep-
classes
:
-er, -es, -es,
Exceptions:
cadaver,
iter,
and
collective
nouns
marmor;
in -io; sorer, uxor; cos, dos.
and names
tuber, fiber, ver,
in -er; ador, aequor, cor,
(b)
in the Third Declension
The most important
126.
of trees
and plants
6s.
—
Feminine:
Nouns in -as (parisyllabic), -is, by a consonant), -lis, and -x.
-6 (gen. -inis) , -io, -s (preceded
Exceptions:
Masculine:
nouns
in
-nis,
and anguis,
(plu.), caulis, cinis, coUis, corbis, cuctmiis,
lapis,
axis,
callis,
ensis,
mensis, orbis, piscis, postis, pulvis, sanguis, sentes unguis,
torris,
vectis,
vepris,
vermis,
vomis;
canalis,
fascis,
foUis,
casses fustis,
(plu.), torquis,
Apollo, cardo,
cupido
(sometimes masc), homo, margo (masc. and fem.), nemo, ordo, turbo; some nouns in -ns; mus, Greek nouns in -pus; calix, coniunx (masc.
and fem.), dux (masc. and
fem.), fornix, grex, rex,
(gen. -icis).
Neuter: (c)
crus, ius, pus, rus, tus.
Neuter^
Nouns
—
in -c, -e,
-1,
-np^/z^
So antecellS,
'e«^ell6.
But ex-
LIST OF VERBS
347)
123
cello, excellere, excellui, ex-
comprimo, see premo.
celsum.
concido, see cado.
-cendo, -cendere, -cendi, -cen-
sum.
concido, see caedo.
concino, see cano.
censed, censere, censui, cen-
concipio, see capio.
sum. cemo, cemere, cre^, -cretum
concludo, see claudo.
(rarely certum).
cdnfercid, see farcid.
cieo, ciere, civi, citum.
in cpds.,
-citum;
-cio,
concutio, see quatid.
-cire,
Also,
cdnficid, see facid.
-civi,
cdnfiteor, see fateor.
always accio. Other cpds. have forms of both conjugations. cingo, cingere, cin^, cinctum.
cdnfringd, see frangd.
clauded, claudere; also clau-
cdmved,
so
do, claudere.
claudo,
close,
clausum.
congruo, congruere, congrui. conicid, see iacid.
cdnivere,
cdnivi
or
cdnixi.
claudere, clausi,
Cpds.,
congredior, see gradior.
-cludo,
-cludere, -clusi, -clusum.
conquird, see quaerd.
cdnspergd, see spargd. cdnspicid, see -spicid.
clepo, clepere, clepsi.
cdnstitud, see statud.
coepi, Def., (344).
cdnsuld,
c5gd, cdgere, coegi, coactum.
cdnsulere,
cdnsului,
cdnsultum. conticescd, conticescere, con-
collido, see laedo.
ticm.
colligo, see lego,
cold, colere, colui, cultum.
contined, see tened.
comburo, see uro.
contingd, see tangd.
cotnininiscor, comminisci, com-
mentus sum.
coqud, coquere, coxi, coctum. corrigd, see regd.
como, comere, compsi, comptum. comperco, see pared,
corripid, see rapid,
comperio, see -perio.
credd, credere, credidi, credi-
compesco, compescere, com-
crebrescd,
compingo, see pango
crepare,
crepui
paia rare), crepitum. Digitized
cre-
tum. crepd,
pescui.
crebrescere,
brui.
by Microsoft®
(-cre-
VERBS
124
cresco, crescere, crevi, cretum.
crudesco, crudescere, crudui.
cubo,
cubui
cubare,
rare),
(cubavi
cubitum.
i347
dirimd, see emo. diripio, see rapio.
disco, discere, didici. discutio, see quatio.
cudo, cudere, -cudi, -cusum.
-cumbo, -cumbere, -cubui, -cu-
disicio, see iacio.
dissided, see sede5.
bitum. dissilio, see
saUo.
cupio, cupere, cupivi, cupitum.
curro,
currere,
sum. is
cucurri,
cur-
In cpds., the perfect
-cum
or
ditesco, ditescere.
dividere,
divido,
-axcam.
do,
dare,
divi-
decerpo, see carpo.
Impers.
So 340.
Other cpds. are of the third dere,
defetiscor, see fatisco.
see
etc.;
conjugation:
decipio, see capio.
datum.
dedi,
circumdo,
decet, decere, decuit.
divisi,
sum.
abdo, ababditum; so
e.g.
abdidi,
addo, cond5, credo, dedo, di-
dego, degere. deleo, delere, delevi, deletum.
delibuo, delibuere, delibui, de-
do, edo, indo, obdo, perdo,
prodo, reddo, subdo, trado,
vendo.
libiitum.
deligo, see lego,
doceo, docere, docui, doctixm.
delitesco, delitescere, delitui.
domo, domare, domui, domi-
demo, demere, dempsi, demp-
tum. duco, diicere,
tum.
diixi,
ductum.
deprimo, see premo.
dulcesco, dulcescere.
depso, depsere, depsui, deps-
duresc5, diirescere, diiruL
tum. edo, edere or esse, edl, esum.
deripio, see rapio.
descendo, see scando.
So comedo, but
desilio, see salio.
or
see faci5.
desipid, see sapid,
efficio,
detineo, see teneo.
eicio, see iacio.
died, dicere, dixi, dictum, diffiteor,
^ee fateor.
dnigO, see lego.
comesum
comestum.
elicio, see -licio.
eligo, see lego. Digitized
by kMVS^Sm>^ eminere,
eminm.
LIST OF VERBS
347)
em5,
emere, emi, emptum. So coetno and, rarely, in-
teremo and peremo usually iaterimo and perimd. Most cpds. change e to i in present system: adimo, dirimo, eximo, redimo. Cf. also como, demo, promo, sumo. ;
eo, ire,
the
ii
or
ivi,
same,
ambire,
Cpds.
itum.
except
ambivi,
axnbio,
ambitum.
I2S
ositional cpds., -ficio, -ficere, -feci,
-fectum.
fallere,
fallo,
refello,
farcio,
fefelli,
refellere,
farcire,
confercire,
falsum.
refellL
fartum
farsi,
(rarely farctum)
confercio,
.
confertum;
refercire,
fercio,
re-
refers!,
refertum. fateor,
fateri,
Cpds., -fiteor,
See also veneo.
Prep-
benefacio, calefacio.
fassus
sum.
-fiteri,
-fessus
sum.
erigo, see rego.
evanesco, evanescere, evanui.
fatisco, fatiscere.
faveo, favere, iam, fautum.
einlesco, e\^escere, e^olui.
-fendo, -fendere, -fendi, -fen-
excio, see cieo.
sum.
excipio, see capio.
For
fero, ferre, tuli, latum.
excludo, see claudo.
cpds. see 332.
excutio, see quatio.
ferveo,
exerceo, see arced.
fervere,
ferbui;
also
fervo, fervere, fervi.
exigo, see ago.
fido, fidere, fisus
eximo, see emo.
figo, figere, fixi,
sum.
fixum.
exolesco, see alescd. findo, findere, fidi, fissum.
expergiscor, expergisci, exper-
fingo, fingere, finxi, fictum.
rectus sum. fio,
experior, see -perio.
fieri,
factus
sum.
For
cpds. see 337.
explodo, see plaudo.
fleets, fiectere, flexi,
exsilio, see salio.
fleo, flere, flevi,
exuo, exuere, exui, exutum.
-fligo, -fligere, -fflxi, -flictum.
flexum.
fletum
flu6,fluere,fluxi, (fluxus, adj.).
facesso,
facessere,
facessivi
or facessi, facessitum. facio, facere, feci, factum.
non-prepositional
cpds.^
fodio, fodere, fodi, fossum. [for],
So as
fan, fatus sum.
(343).
Def.,
VERBS
126
frango, frangere, fregi, frac-
tum.
Cpds., -fringo, -frin-
gere, -fre^, -fractum.
frendere,
fresum
ico, icere, ici, illicio,
or
ictum.
see -licio.
illido, see
fremo, fremere, fremui. frendo,
{347
laedo.
imbuo, imbuere, imbui, imbutum. impingo, see pango.
fressum. frico, fricare, fricul,
frictum or
incesso,
incessere,
incessivi
(incessi rare).
fricatum. frigesco, frigescere, -frixi.
incido, see cado.
frigo, frigere, frixi, frictum.
incidd, see caedo.
fnior, frui, fructus
sum.
incipio, see capid.
fugi5, fugere, fugi, fugiturus.
incipisso, incipissere.
fulcio, fulcire, fulsi, fultum.
include, see claudo.
fulgeo, fulgere, fulsi; also ful-
incutio, see quatid.
indipiscor, see apiscor.
go, fulgere.
funds, fundere, fudi, fusum.
indulged, indulgere, indulsi.
fungor, funp, functus sum.
induo,
induere,
indui,
indii-
tum.
furo, furere.
ingredior, see gradior.
gaudeo, gaudere, gavisus sum. gemo, gemere, gemui.
ingruo, ingruere, ingrui.
gero, gerere, gessi, gestum.
inquam, Def., (342).
gigno, gignere, genui, genitum.
inquire, see quaero.
glisco, gliscere.
insideo, see sede5.
glubo, glubere.
inolesco, see alesco.
insilio, see salio.
gressus sum.
instituo, see statuo.
Cpds. -gredior, -gredi, -gres-
interficio, see facio.
sus sum.
inveterasco, inveterascere, in-
gradi,
gradior, ,
vetera^a.
haereo, haerere, haesi, haesu-
irascor, irasci, iratus
sum.
rus.
haurio, haurire, hausi, haus-
tum (but hausurus). have, see ave. hiSCO, hiSCere.
iacid,
iacere,
So superiacio.
ieci,
-icio, -icere, -ieci, Digitized
by kcroSSm'^^y
in
iactum.
Other cpds., -iectum;
poetry
with
.
LIST OF VERBS
347) lengthening
a
of
preposi-
tional element with a final
consonant
in the present sys-
licet,
licere,
-licio,
So
-iecio, -iecere.
But
licuit
or licitum
Impers.
est.
tem, due to an earlier form
127
-licere, allicio,
elicio,
-lexi,
-lectum.
illicid,
pellici5.
elicere,
elicui,
elicitum.
iubeo, iubere, iussi, iussum.
iungo, iungere, iiiim, iunctum.
lingo, lingere, linxi, linctum.
iuvenesco, iuvenescere.
lino, linere, levl, litum.
iutum
iuvo, iuvare, iuvi,
(also
linquo, linquere, liqui, -lictum. liqueo, liquere, licui.
iuvaturus).
liquor, liqui.
labor, labi, lapsus
lacessere,
lacessd,
loquor, loqui, locutus
sum.
sum.
liiceo, lucere, luxi.
lacessivi,
lacessitum.
ludo, lUdere, lusi, lusum.
lugeo, lugere, luxi.
laedo, laedere, laesi, laesum. illido, illidere, illisi, illisum.
luo, loose, luere, lui. -luo, wash, -luere, -lui, -liitum.
lambo, lambere. ]a.v\, lautum or lotum (rarely lavatum). Also, in early Latin and in poetry,
lavo, lavare,
malo, malle, maliu.
adlego, interlego, perlego or
mando, mandere, mandi, mansum. maneo, manere, mansi, mansum. mansuesco, see suesco.
relego,
marcesco, marcescere, -mar-
lavo, lavere. lego, legere, legi, lectum.
pellego,
praelego,
sublego,
translego.
vowel change,
With
colligo, colli-
gere, collegi, collectum ;
so deligo, eligo, seligo.
X
So
and With
in perfect, diligo, diligere,
dilexl,
tellego
dilectum; and so in-
and neglego
(rarely
perfect intelle^ andneglegi) libet, libere, libuit
est.
or libitum
cui.
maturesco, maturescere,
medeor, mederi. memini, Def., (344). mergo, mergere, mersi, mersum. metior, metiri,
mensus
Digitized
stmi.
meto, metere, messui, messtmi.
metud, metuere, mettu.
Impers.
ma-
tiirui.
by Microsoft®
.
VERBS
128 mico,micare,micui.
So emico,
But dimico,
intermico.
di-
i.347
neglego, see lego.
neo, nere, nevi.
micare, dimicavi (rarely dl-
nequed, see queo.
micui), dimicatum.
nigresco, nigrescere, nignu.
Im-
mingo, mingere, minxi, mictum. minuo, minuere, minui, minutum.
nolo, nolle, nolui.
misceo, miscere, miscui, mix-
nosco, noscere, novi, notum.
ninguit or ningit, ninxit. pers. niter, niti, nixus or nisus
sum.
So ignosco, intemosco, per-
turn.
misereor, misereri, miseritus (rarely misertus) svim.
mitesco, mitescere. mitto, mittere, misi,
missum.
molo, molere, molui, molitum.
mordeo,
mordere,
momordi,
nosco, praenosco; but agni-
tum and cognitum from agnosco and cognosce. notesco, notescere, notm. nubo, nubere, nupsi, nuptum. -nuo, -nuere, -nui.
morsum. morior, mori or moriri, mor-
tuus
moveo, tum.
sum
(but moriturus).
movere,
mo-
movi,
obliviscor,
oblivisci,
oblitus
sum. obmutesco, obmutescere, obmutui.
mulceo, mulcere, mulsi, mul-
obsideo, see sedeo.
sum. mulgeo, mulgere, mulsi, mulsum.
obsolesco, obsolescere, obsolevi,
obsoletum.
obtineo, see teneo. obtingit,obtingere,obtigit.
nanciscor, nancisci, nactus or
nanctus sum.
occallesco, occallescere, occa-
nascor, nasci, natus sum.
neco,
necare,
neca^
rare) , necatum.
lui.
(necui
eneco (enico enec-
rare), enecare, enecui,
tum ( enicavi, enecatum rare) necto, nectere, nexui or nexi,
nexum.
Im-
pers.
occido, see cado. occido, see caedo. occino, see cano. occipio, see capio.
occulo, occulere, occului, occul-
tum.
•
Digitized
by Microsofi®
LIST OF VERBS
347)
129
6di, Def., (344).
pectd, pectere, pexi,
operio, operire, operui, oper-
pellieid, see -licid.
tutn.
pexum.
pelld, pellere, pepuli,
oportet,oportere,oportuit.
Im-
In
cpds.
reppuli
pers.
opperior, see -perio.
sum. sum. Fut.
ordior, ordiri, orsus
Present sys-
Part, oriturus.
tem, except
inf.,
(for repepuli)
but from
repelld.
opprimo, see premo. orior, oriri, ortus
pulsum.
-puli;
perf.
usually of
pended,pendere,pependi (cpds. -pendi), -pensum. pendd, pendere, pependi (cpds. -pendi), percelld,
pensum. percellere,
perculi,
perculsum.
third conjugation.
perficid, see facid.
paciscor, pacisci, pactus
sum.
So depeciscor or depaclscor. paenitet, paenitere, paenituit.
Impers.
orpansum. Soexpando; dispando or dispendo, dispesor dispansum.
peg^
Cpds.,
pactum.
rare),
-pingo,
compered or
parere, peperi,
partum
(but pariturus).
petior,
peri)
;
deponent,
experior,
sum; and
experiri, expertus
perquird, see quaerd. perspieid, see -spicid.
passus sum.
perpeti,
petessd or petissd, petessere. petd, petere, peti^, petitum.
Impers.
est.
pingd, pingere, pinxi, pictum.
pased, paseere, pavi, pastum. patior, pati,
reperid
piget, pigere, piguit or pigitum
compared, eompersi. parid,
and
pertined, see tened.
pared, parcere, peperci or par-
parsurus.
comperid
(but perf. repperi for repe-
-pingere,
-peg?, -pactum,
si,
-perid, -perire, -peri, -pertum.
so opperior.
pango, pangere, pepigi (panxi
and
pergd, see regd.
So
pando, pandere, pandi, passum
sum
perfringd, see frangd.
per-
perpessus
sum.
pinsd or pisd, pinsere, pinsui or
pisivi,
pistum or pinsi-
tum. plangd, plangere- planxi, planc-
tum.
paved, pavere, pavi. Digitized
by Microsoft®
VERBS
130
plaud5, plaudere, plausi, plau-
sum.
So applaudo, circum-
plaudo; but explode, explodere, explosi, explosum, and so supplodo.
plexum.
So deponent in cpds., -plec-pleo, -plere, -ple\ii, -pletum. plico, plicare, -plicavi or -pli-
-plicatum or -plicitum. pluere,
sum. Cpds., -primo, -primere, -pressi, -pressum. prodigo, see ago.
pluit
or pluvit.
Impers.
poUuo, polluere,
pollui,
proficiscor, proficisci, prof ectus
sum. profiteor, see fateor.
-plexus sum.
tor, -plecti,
pluit,
premo, premere, pressi, pres-
proficio, see facio.
plecto, plectere, plexi,
cui,
{347
poUu-
tum. pono, ponere, posui, positum. porricio, porricere, porrectum.
promo,
prdmpsi,
promere,
promptum. prosilio, see salio.
psallo, psallere, psalli.
pubesco, pubescere, pubui. pudet, pudere, puduit or pudi-
tum est. Impers. pungo, pungere, pupugi
(cpds.,
-punxi), punctum.
putesco, putescere, putui.
porrigo, see rego.
posed, poscere, poposcL
quaero,
possideo, see sedeo.
possum, posse, potior,
potiri,
potul.
sum.
potitus
inf.,
usually of third conjugation. poto, potare, potavi, potimi or
potatum.
quaesumus forms in quatio,
are
the
common
quatere,
only
use.
quassum.
-cussum. queo, quire, quivi, quitum.
praeside5, see sedeo.
prandere,
pransi,
pransum. prehendo, prehendere, prehendijprehensum; alsopren46, prendere, prendi, pren*
-quiro,
-quism, -quisitum. quaeso, quaesere. quaeso and
Cpds., -cutio, -cutere,-cussi,
praecino, see cano.
sum.
Cpds.,
-quirere,
Present system, except
prandeo,
quaesm,
quaerere,
quaesitum.
-,.
...
,,
Digitized
by
queror, queri, questus sum. quiesco, quiescere, quievi, qui-
etum.
rabo or rabid, rabere.
;
LIST OF VERBS
347) rapid,
rapere, raptii, rapttxm.
Cpds., -lipid, -ripere, -ripui,
In
-reptum.
Latin
early
surrupio (perf. .surrupuit or surpuit)
found
is
for
sur-
131
rddd, rddere, rdsi, rdsum.
rudd, rudere,
mdm.
rumpd, rumpere, rtipi, ruptum. rud, mere, rui, -rutum (but ruiturus).
ripi5.
saepid, saepire, saepsi, saep-
recido, see cado.
tum.
recido, see caedo. recipio, see capio.
salid, salire,salui. Cpds.,-silid,
recludo, see claud5.
-silire, -silui (-silivi late).
redigo, see ago.
salve, Def., (345).
redimo, see emd.
sancid,
refercio, see farcid.
sapid,
reficio, see facio.
regere,
sanxi,
sanc-
sapere, sapivi.
Cpds.,
-sipid, etc.
sarcid, sarcire, sarsi, sartum.
refrigesco, see frigesco.
rego,
sancire,
tum,
refello, see fallo.
rexi,
rectum.
scabd, scabere, scabi.
Cpds., -rigo, -rigere, -rexi,
scalpd, scalpere, scalpsi, scalp-
-rectum but pergo, pergere, perrexi, perrectum, and so surgd; rarely porgo for por-
scandd,
;
ttxm.
scandere.
Cpds.,
-scendd, -scendere, -scendi,
-scensum.
rig5.
remimscor, reminisci. reor, reri, ratus
seated
sum.
or
scatd,
scatere
or
scatere.
reperio, see -perio.
scindd,
repo, repere, repsi.
sum.
reprimo, see premo.
scindere,
scidi,
scis-
scribd, scribere, scripsi, scrip-
tum.
require, see quaere.
resided, see seded.
sculpd, sculpere, sculpsi, sculp-
tum.
resilid, see salid.
resipiscd, resipiscere, resipivi.
seed, secare, secui, sectum.
respergd, see spargd.
seded, sedere, sedi, sessum.
retined, see tened. rided, ridere,
risi,
risum.
ringor, rin^, rictus
sum. Digitized
So circumseded,superseded but other cpds., -sided, -sidere, -sedi, -sessum. by Microsoft®
VERBS
132
status, statuere, statui, -statu-
seligo, see lego.
sen-
sensi,
sentire,
sentio,
sum. ptiltum.
serere,
sertum;
-serui,
satum; sow.
Cpds., -sero, -serere, -se^a, -situm.
-sti-
sidere,
-sedi),
sidi
sm,
(-sidi
or
situm.
solvi,
rare
-statum or
Most
cpds.
have
circumsteti, supersteti.
forms of third sonit,
stridere,
stridi;
also
tum. struS,
conjugation,
steti,
strings, stringer e, strinxi,stric-
solu-
sonare, sonui, sonaturus.
sonunt,
struere,
struxi,
struc-
tum. suadeS, suadere, suasi, sua-
sum. subigS, see agS.
etc.)
sorbeo, sorbere, sorbui (sorpsi
subolescS, see alescS. succidS, see cadoJ
rare).
spargo, spargere, sparsi, spar-
Cpds., -spergo, -sper-
gere, -spersi, -spersum.
spemo, spemere,
succidS, see caedS.
suesco, suescere, sueia, sue-
tum.
sprevi, spre-
tum.
sufficiS, see faciS.
sugS, sugere, sua, siictiun.
-spicio, -spicere, -spexi, -spec-
turn.
spondeo,
stare,
strido, stridere.
tum.
sum.
sto,
strides,
statum.
soleo, solere, solitus simi.
solvere,
-stinxi,
strepo, strepere, strepui.
sisto, sistere, stiti,
(Also
stinguere,
-stinctum.
perfect -stiti; but antisteti,
-sessum.
sino, sinere,
stravi, stra-
sterto, stertere, -stertui.
-stitum.
serpo, serpere, serpsl.
sotio,
-stituo,
stemo, sternere, tum.
stingu5,
entwine. sero, serere, se^i,
solvo,
Cpds.,
stemuo, stemuere, stemuL
sequor, sequi, secutus sum.
sido,
tum.
tuere, -stitui, -stitutum.
sepelio, sepelire, sepelivi, se-
sero,
i347
spondere,
(cpds., -spondi),
spopondi
sponsum.
spud, spuere, -spui, -spixtum. Digitized
sum, esse, fui, futiirus. siimS, sumere, siimpsi, sumptum. suS, suere, sui, siittun.
supplSdS, see plaudS. '
by Microsoft®
.
LIST OF VERBS
347) surgo, see rega.
133
traho, trahere, tram, tractum.
surripio, see rapid.
transigo, see ago.
tremo, tremere, tremui. taedet,
taesum
taedere,
est.
tribuo, tribuere, tribui, tribu-
tum.
Impers. tango, tangere, teti^, tactum. Cpds., -tigo,
-tigere,
-tigi,
trudo, trudere, trusi, trusum. tueor, tueri, tutus sum.
tundo,
-tactum. tego, tegere, texi,. tectum.
temno, temnere, -temptum.
tundere,
-tudi
(but
from retimdo), tu(-tusum or -tunsum)
rettudi
-tempsi,
sum
turgeo, turgere, tursl.
tends, tendere, tetendi (cpds. -tendi), late).
tendo
tentum (tensum But extends and oshave extensus and
ostensus (besides the regular forms) in classical Latin. teneo, tenere,
tenui.
Cpds.,
ulciscor, ulcisci, ultus
sum.
unguo, unguere, unxi, unctum. (Also ungo, ungere.) urgeo, urgere, ursi. uro, urere, ussi, iistum. utor, uti,
usus sum.
-tineo, -tinere, -tinui, -ten-
tum.
vado, vadere, -vasi, -vasum.
tergeo, tergere, tersi, tersum. (tergo, tergere rare.) tero, terere,
tri^/i,
vulsum. (Also
tritum.
texo, texere, texui, textum.
(Also tinguo, tinguere.)
'
tollere,
sustuli,
subla-
tondere,
-totondi,
-tondi
or
tonsum.
tono, tonare, tonui, -tonitum or -tonatum.
torqueo, torquere, torsi, torturn.
vends, see do. veneo, venire, venii. venio, venire, veni, ventum.
vergS, vergere.
turn.
tondeo,
vollo, vollere,
volli.)
tingo, tingere, tinxl, tinctum.
tollo,
veho, vehere, vexi, vectum. vello, vellere, velli (vulsi late),
verrS,
verrere,
-verri,
ver-
simi (early vorro, etc.) verts,
vertere, verti,
versum
(early vortS, etc.).
vescor, vesci. vesperascit, vesperascere, ves-
peravit. torre5, torrere, torrui, tostum. Digitized by Microsom>
Impers.
VERBS
134
^sum.
vols, velle, volui.
dnctum.
vincio, vincire, vinxi,
^sere,
volvo, volvere, volvi, volutum.
vomo, vomere, vomui, vomitum. voveo, vovere, voin, votum.
vinco, vincere, T^ci, victum. visb,
349
Tavo, vivere, Aaa, -victum.
veto, vetare, vetui, vetitum.
video, videre, vidi,
(34^,
visi.
PREPOSITIONS Originally case-forms alone served to
348.
way
show
in a general
those relations which later were expressed, by prepositidns in
combination with certain cases. Then various adverbs began to be used, to define more exactly the meaning of the case-form,
and a new part
Many
of these
was thus developed.
of speech, the preposition,
adverbs which came to be used as prepositions
continued to be used also as adverbs, either as independent words or, as prefixes, in combination with verbs: as, ante, cir-
cum, contra,
The
inter, per, post.
origin of
are case-forms in.
:
some prepositions
is
doubtful: as, ab, ad;
many
as ex, extra, infra, supra, circum, coram, ante,
(For the origin of adverbs see 195
£f.,
and
for the use of
adverbial or prepositional prefixes with verbs see 260.)
The use
of prepositions with case-forms
is
treated under the head of
Syntax.
CONJUNCTIONS The
some Conjunctions is doubtful, but most pronominal adverbs as the following, derived from the relative, interrogative, or indefinite pronoun: -que) quoque, quidem, quippe, cur (for quor), quam, cum (for quom), quando, quod, ubi (for quubi), quia; from other pronominal roots: sed, ceterum, enim, nempe, utrum, si, dum. The following are from noun or adjective stems: modo, venuil, vero. The following combinations contain the pronominal element: quamvis, quare, qupminus. The con349.
of
them
are
origin of clearly
:
—
—
—
junction vel
The Syntax.
is
the imperative of void.
classi%;ation
and use
of conjunctions are treated
Digitized
by Microsoft®
under the head of
INTERJECTIONS
J5o)
13S
INTERJECTIONS 350.
Some
Interjections are mere exclamations of surprise,
joy, grief, etc.: as, 6, id,
words:
by
as,
em
eheu; some are derived from other later superseded
(probably from eme, take)
en, the Greek \\v
—
,
—
ecce (from a pronominal stem), pro
and preposition); others are Greek words: as, euge, euhoe; others are oaths, containing the names of deities: as, (the adverb
hercle, pol.
Digitized
by Microsoft®
THIRD PART— SYNTAX Syntax
351.
treats, of the
combination
of
words
in
sentences.
A
352.
Sentence
sion of thought.
a complete statement or expresbe Simple, having only one
is
may
It
and predicate, or it may consist of two or more members, called Clauses, each having a subject and
"subject
predicate.
PRINCIPAL AND SUBORDINATE CLAUSES Clauses are either Principal
353.
A
ordinate (dependent).
Main
Clause.
The verb
the indicative, but
of
A
354. called
often called the is
most often
in
be in the subjunctive, imperative, or in indirect discourse and, sometimes, in
exclamations a principal verb
is
is
a Principal Clause
may
historical infinitive;
Subordinate Clause
(independent) or Sub-
Principal Clause
is
is
in the infinitive.
The verb
of a
in the indicative or subjunctive.
sentence consisting of two or more principal clauses
Compound;
principal clauses
a sentence consisting of
one or more
and one or more subordinate clauses
is
called
Complex. The subordinate clauses may be coordinate with one another or one may be subordinate to another.
SUBJECT AND PREDICATE 355. said.
The Subject The Predicate
that about which something is is that which is said about the
is
Subject. 356.
The Subject
used as a noun.
is
a
noun
Digitized
or pronoun, or anything else by Microsoft® 136
PHRASE
357-3'^l)
The Subject may be an
infinitive or a clause:
praeclarum est scire Latine,
it is
placuit ei ut legates mitteret,
B. G.
The
I,
34,
137
it
seemed
best to
him
to
send envoys;
I.
infinitive subject is especially
verbs: as, peccare licet 357.
—
a fine thing to know Latin; Brut. 140.
nemim, no one
common
with impersonal
is at liberty to sin;
Par. 20.
As the subject may be expressed by the personal end-
may
ing of the verb, a sentence
consist of a single word:
as,'
venit, he aame.
358.
may be
The Predicate
a
is
finite
sum
a form of the verb
verb or an infinitive;
(or a verb of similar
or, it
meaning)
with a predicate noun or adjective defining or describing the subject: as, Caesar imperator erat, Caesar was commander; fortissimi sunt Belgae, the Belgians are the bravest.
359. copula.
The verb sum, when used Other verbs are so used
in this
way, is called a with predicate
in the passive
nouns and adjectives; these are fio, become, videor, seem, and to name, choose, regard, etc.
verbs meaning
:
—
hi consules facti sunt, these became consuls; Cat.
amicus appellatus 360.
erat, he
5, 13,
often omitted: as,
founded; Liv.
10,
called
M.
14.
a friend; B. G.
i, 3, 4.
it may be easily haec hactenus (sc. dixi), so much But forms of the auxiliary verb sum are 2. coloniae deductae (sc. sunt), colonies were
The Predicate
is
rarely omitted unless
supplied from the context: for that; Att.
had been
i,
as,
i.
PHRASE 361.
A
Phrase
is
a group of two or
more words connected
in
sense and not containing a finite verb (i.e. any form of the indicative, subjunctive, or imperative) as, cottidianis proellis, in :
daily battles;
ab extremis Galliae finibus, from the very borders
decertare, to contend in Gaul;' proelio of ' ^ Digitized by Microsoft®
battle.
— CLASSIFICATION OF SENTENCES
138
{362-36$
CLASSIFICATION OF SENTENCES 362. follows:
Sentences are classified according to their meaning as
—
Declarative: postero die castra movent, on the next day they move their camp;
E.G.
I, IS, I.
Interrogative: quis est
me
mitior?
who
than I?
is gentler
Cat. 4, 11.
Imperative or Hortatory: consuUte vobis, take counsel for yourselves; Cat.
hos latTones interficiamus,
let
us
4, 3.
kill these robbers;
B. G.
7, 38, 8.
Exclamatory: utinam copias eduxisset! would
that he
aerumnas incidisse! misery! Fam. 14, i, i.
te in tantas
to
had led out his forces! Cat. 2,4. think that you fell into such
INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES 363.
may
Interrogative Sentences are of various forms.
They
pugnare? do you want to fight? Pl.Rud. ion. The lack of an interrogative word is rather common if the question contains the negative non: as, patere tua consilia non sentis? you don't see that your schemes are known? Cat. 1,1. It is often doubtful whether contain no interrogative word:
as, vis
such sentences are interrogative, exclamatory, or declarative.
—
Or, they
may
364.
by an interrogative pronoun, adjective, or adverb
(a)
be introduced as follows:
quid agis? what are you doing? Cat.
:
i, 27.
quali fide existimatis eos esse? wliat sort of honcrr do you think they
have? Font. 31. cur loquimur?
365.
(b)
usually the
why do we speak? Cat.
by the first in
iucunda? can
enclitic
2, 17.
-ne attached to the emphatic word,
the sentence: as, potestne tibi haec lux esse
this light of
day he pleasant
to
you? Cat.
i,
15.
Sentences thus intro(|}i^g^(y^j5/cfego^n-committal as to the
— ANSWERS
366-371)
139
expected answer; or they may expect an aflSrmative answer; or, less often, a negative answer. The enclitic -ne is sometimes attached to other interrogative words: as, utnimne, whether.
sometimes loses
It
its
vowel:
as,
for itane; viden, for
itan,
Tidesne. 366.
(c)
by
an affirmative answer:
n.5nne, expecting
nonne meministi? don't you remember? Fin. 2, 10. nonne hunc in vincla duci imperabis? won't you order him
—
to be
put
into prison? Cat. i, 27.
367.
(d)
num num 368.
by num, expecting a negative answer:
baxbardrum Romulus rex barians? Rep. I, 58. infitiari
(e)
pbtes? can you deny? Cat.
by an;
this is especially
—
was Romidus a king of bar-
fuit?
i, 7.
common
in
argumentative
language, introducing questions which are purely rhetorical
and often exclamatory:
as,
an vero P. Scipio
Ti.
Gracchum
privatus interfecit? did Publius Scipio, a private citizen, really
cause the death of Tiberius Gracchus? Cat. 369.
(f)
by ecquis
i, 3.
ecqui)
(adjective,
and,
by
rarely,
ecquando: ecquis hie est? is anyone here?
ecqui
PL Am.
metus? have you any fear?
1020.
Verr. 4, 18.
ecquando his de rebus tales viros audituros existimasli? did you think that such
men would ever hear
about these things? Verr.
2,
43.
ANSWERS 370.
The answer
of the question:
potest? can ita,
it
he
as,
yes
is
expressed
valetne?
is
by
repetition of the verb
he well? valet, he is; fienne
done? potest, yes ; or by an adverb, etiam,'
—
sane, sic, vero, etc. numquid -nsf is there anything you want? etiam, ilia maneat? is she to remain? sic, yes; Ter. Ph.
371.
:
The answer no
is
expressed
by
yes; PI.
Am.
S44-
813.
repetition of the verb
of the question with ^;gggg^jgji^/§^j^suniusne esse tufi? can
— CLASSIFICATION OF SENTENCES
I40
we
non possumus,
be safe?
non, minime,
etc.
:
—
{372-376
by an adverb,
no; Phil. 12, 27; or
venitne? has he come? non, no; PI. Ps. 1067.
an haec contemnitis? do you despise means;
De
Or.
these things?
minime, by no
295.
2,
ALTERNATIVE QUESTIONS In Alternative Questions the
372.
member
first
intro-
is
duced by utrum or -ne, or, especially in early Latin, has no introductory word; the second member is introduced by an: utrum ea vestra an nostra culpa est? Acad.
2,
is
this
your fault or ours?
95.
servosne es an liber? are you a slave or free?
PI.
Am.
343.
Tacitus es an Plinius? are you Tacitus or Pliny? Plin. Ep.
If the second
373. it
consists simply of
questions), necne:
—
pater eius rediit an
member an non
is
9, 23, 3.
a mere negation of the
or, rarely
non? has his father
first,
(but often in indirect
returned or not? Ter. Ph. 147.
sunt haec tua verba necne? are these your words or not? Tusc.
374. the two
Rarely an introductory utrum precedes an alternative question, members being introduced by -ne and an: as, utrimi censes ilium
tuamne de se orationem that he
libentius
auditurum fuisse an
meam?
do you think
would have heard your speech about himself with greater pleasure or
mine? Fin.
375. as,
3, 41.
2,
60.
The two members
are sometimes introduced
by -ne
.
.
.
-ne:
versans Siculisne resideret arns Italasne capesseret oras, deliberating
whether he should shores; Aen.
376.
member
5,
The
settle
in the Sicilian fields or
particle -ne is
way
to the Italian
iussi
—
persequemur otium an hunc laborem?
give myself to leisure or undergo this toil?
cum
his
sometimes attached to utrum in the
or to an in the second:
utrumne
make
702.
three are few or
BtsH^e^iot^^i^p^gft®
shall I obediently
Hor. Epod.
interrogetur tria pauca sint anne multa, since
it
first
is
i,
7.
asked whether
APPOSITIVES
377-3^l)
A
377.
member among For
the noblest citizens?
is
sometimes introduced by utrum, the second
utrum
as,
is,
in clarissimis est civibus is? is he
Flacc, 45.
single questions introduced
378. tion
single question
being suppressed:
141
by an
see 368.
Single questions sometimes contain alternative details; the ques-
not which thing
fore, are
particles:
is true,
but whether either
These, there-
is true.
not alternative questions and do not contain the alternative
—
quaero
num
id iniuste aut
improbe
fecerit,
/ ask whether he did
this either
unjustly or dishonestly; Off. 3, 54. num Homerum, num Hesiodum coegit obmutescere senectus? did old
age compel either Homer orHesiod
379. all
An
but the
alternative question
first
«n fortunam
may
to
become silent? Cat.
M.
23,
contain more than two members;
are regularly introduced
by an
:
as,
utrum hostem an vos
utriusque populi ignoratis? are you ignorant of the enemy or
of yourselves or of the fortunes of the two peoples? Liv. 21, 10, 6.
Syntax of the Parts of Speech
SYNTAX OF NOUNS APPOSITIVES 380. A noun meaning the same person or "thing as another noun or pronoun and used in combination with it, usually for the purpose of identification or description, is called an Appositive and is said to be in Apposition. 381.
An Appositive agrees with its noun
case and,
if
possible, also in
or pronoun in
number and gender:
—
P. Scipio, pontifez maximus, Publius Scipio, pontifex maximus; Cat.
lo^
I, 3.
Statorl, antiquissimo custodi
huius urbis,
to
Jupiter Stator, the
most ancient guardian of this city; Cat. i, 11. Themistocles veni ad te, /, Themistocles, have come
Them. historia,
to
you; Nep.
9.
magistra vitae, history, the teacher of life; De Or. 2, 36. illas omnium doctrinarum inventrices, Athenas, to say
ut omittam
nothing of Athgigit^0WffSKiBffi ^^ leairning;
De Or.
i, 13.
SYNTAX OF NOUNS
142
An
382.
aedem
may
Appositive
denote time or cause or other ideas
by subordinate
usually denoted
{382-386
clauses:
—
Salutis dictator dedicavit, he dedicated the temple of Safety
when he was
dictator;
Liv. 10,
i, g.
fortuna praemia vobis ea victoiibus proponit, Fortune ofers you these
rewards if you conquer; Liv. 21, 43,
An
383.
Appositive usually follows
5.
its
noun, but
may
pre-
cede: as, gravissimus auctor Cato, Cato, an authority of the great-
Tusc.
est weight;
A
384.
(See also 381, example from
4, 3.
noun
pronoun
or
is
De Or. i, 13.)
sometimes accompanied by an
appositive which denotes only a part of the whole denoted
the noun or pronoun. Especially alius
—
common
alius,
and
This
called
is
Partitive
by
Apposition.
in this construction are quisque, uterque,"
alter
— alter: —
quos Poenus in civitates quemque suas dimisit, ginian sent away, each
to his
own
whom
the Cartha-
state; Liv. 21, 48, 2.
decemviri alius in aliam partem castrorum discurrunt, the decemvirs hurried one
to
one part of the camp, another
to
another; Liv. 3,
SO, 12.
In poetry and late prose the accusative
386.
apposition with a clause:
—
is
sometimes used in
iaculum emittit in auras, principium pugnae, he hurled his javelin the air, the beginning of the fight; Aen. 9, 53.
into
deserunt tribunal manus intentantes, causam discordiae, they abandon the tribunal shaking their fists,
386.
A
noun
in apposition
a cause of dissension; Tac. Ann.
with a locative
is
i,
27.
put in the abla-
tive with or without the preposition in (see 612).
The
preposition
denoting place
to
Tarquinios, in city;
is
regularly used with appositives of nouns
which or from which:
—
urbem
Tarquinii, a very prosperous
Rep.
fldrentissimam,
to
2, 34.
Tusoulo, ex clarissimo- miinicipid, from Tuscuhim, a very famous
town; Font,
/[digitized
by Microsoft®
PREDICATE NOUNS
3^7-390) 387. tive:
—
An
Infinitive or a Clause
may
143
be used as an apposi-
hoc admiratus sum, mentidnem te hereditatiun ausum esse facere, / wondered at this, that you dared to mention inheritances; Phil. 2, 42.
Caesar senatus in
eum beneficia commemoravit, quod rex appellatus
esset, Caesar mentioned the kindness of the senate toward him,
had been
the fact that he
called king;
B. G.
i,
43, 4.
id agunt, ut viri boni esse videantur, they strive for this, that they
may seem 388.
A verb
good men; Off.
to be
i,
41.
sometimes agrees, not with
its subject,
but with
an appositive of the subject; this is the regular construction if the appositive is urbs, oppidum, or civitas, and is common with cases of partitive apposition:
—
Corinthum, totius Graeciae lumen, ezstinctum esse voluerunt, they wanted Corinth,
the light of all Greece, to be extinguished;
Manil.
11.
Corioli oppidum captum, Corioli-town was taken; Liv. 2, 7,^, duae res mazimae, altera alter! defuit, the two most important
were lacking, one
to
one of them, the other
9.
things
Brut. 204.
to the other;
PREDICATE NOUNS 389.
in
A
Noun
Predicate
agrees in case and,
number and gender with the noun which
describes
:
stilus
—
optimus dicendi magister
eloquence;
nta
De
Or.
i,
(est), the
pen
Rose.
Am.
it
possible,
defines or
is the best teacher
of
150.
rustica parsimoniae magistra est, country thrift;
if
life is the
teacher of
75.
consules creantur Caesar et Servilius, Caesar and Servilius are elected consuls;
B. C.
3, i, i.
For the use of the Predicate Nominative see 358, 359. 390.
A
predicate
noun
(or
adjective)
with an infinitive
(except the historical^gi^d^g^n^kme^ary infinitives)
is
regu-
SYNTAX OF NOUNS
144
larly in the accusative,
subject or not:
non
—
whether the
est amici talem esse,
it
is
i.391-393
infinitive
has an expressed
not the part of a friend to act so;
Lael. sp. si
vos voltis perhiberi probos, if you want
he held in honor;
to
Ter. Ad. 504.
hoc est patrem esse?
But very sative
is
is this being
and almost always
rarely,
a father? Ter. Ad. 707.
uxor
invicti lovis esse nescis,
unconquered Jove; Hor. C. ait fuisse
when
in poetry,
omitted, the predicate nominative
is
used:
you don't know
the subject accu-
—
that
you are
the wife of
3, 27, 73.
navium celerrimus, it says it was
the swiftest of boats;
CatuU.
4, 2.
For the use of a predicate noun or adjective with a complementary infinitive see 951.
391. With impersonal verbs which take a subject infinitive and a dative of the person, if the subject of the infinitive is not expressed, a predicate noun or adjective may be in the dative:
—
licuit
esse otioso Themistocli, Themistocles might have been lazy;
Tusc.
I,
33.
vobis necesse est fortibus viris esse, brave
men; Liv.
it is
necessary for you to be
21, 44, 8.
nostrapte culpa facimus ut malis expediat esse, by our
we make 392.
A
it
profitable to be bad;
predicate noun in the accusative
is
:
—
Hamilcarem imperatorem Nep. Hamil.
me augurem ducem 393.
fault
often used in
connection with the direct object of verbs meaning choose, call, etc.
own
Ter. Ph. 766.
fecerunt, they
make,
to
made Hamilcar
general;
2.
nominaverunt, they named
me augur;
Phil. 2, 4.
se praebuit, he ofered himself as leader; Vat. 33.
With the phrase nomen
esse, the name, which would
naturally be in the predicate nominative or accusative,
put in th| dative: as, Faustulo fuisse his name was FaustuliBi^itizid'^y m^i^fof®
nomen
is
often
ferunt, they say
— CASES OF NOUNS
394~39^) 394.
A
predicate noun
is
145
rarely used in the ablative: as, Dolabella
hoste decreto, Dolabella having been voted an enemy; Phil. 11, 16.
An
395.
infinitive or a clause
may
be used as a predicate
noun: vivere est cogitare, to
live is to think;
altera est res ut res geras deeds; OS.,
A
396.
Tusc.
:
5,
non omnis
iii. great
dicitiir
agmen,
its
subject, but with
Trojan band;
the boys are called the
602. error stultitia dicenda est, not every mistake is to be
called folly;
Div.
2, 89.
contentum suis rebus esse mazimae sunt dmtiae, one's
you do
66.
—
Troianum
Aen.
s,
the other thing is that
verb sometimes agrees, not with
a predicate noun pueri
i,
magnas,
own
content with
to be
possessions is the greatest wealth; Par. 51.
The predicate uses of
the genitive, dative, and ablative are treated under
the Cases.
CASES OF NOUNS
The
principles here stated apply not only to nouns but also
to all other declined substantives,
adjectives
397.
and
—
i.e.
to pronouns,
NOMINATIVE AND VOCATIVE CASES The nominative is used as the subject of
verb and of the historical infinitive (see 963) Caesar
ita respondit,
Caesar replied as follows; B. G.
—
:
i,
Appius ius dicere, Appius pronounced judgment; Liv.
398.
and to
participles used as nouns.
a
finite
14, i.
2, 27, i.
The nominative is used also as the case of adwhen used in this way, is called the Vocative.
dress, and,
Stems in -o of the second declension are the only ones which have a special form for the vocative :
quo usque tandem abutere,
—
Catilina, patientia nostra ?
tell
how long will you abuse our patience? Cat. 1,1. res omnis mihi tecum erit, Hortensi, all my attention will
us, Cati-
line,
you, Hortensius; Verr. Digitized
a. pr. 33.
by Microsoft®
he given to
— SYNTAX OF NOUNS
146
But the nominative
of o-stems is
{399-403
sometimes used as a case
of address: as, audi tu, populus Albanus, hear, ye people of Alba;
Liv.
So, also,
I, 24, 7.
an adjective
in
agreement with a voca-
tive or an appositive of a vocative: as, nate,
my
solus,
son, thou alone
my
great power;
mea magna potentia
Aen.
The nominative is sometimes used by an interjection:
399.
O O
festus dies!
in exclamations,
—
usually accompanied
664.
i,
joyful day I Ter. Eun. 560.
frustra suscepti labores
nature! Hor. C. 3,
5,
In these cases the nominative
in vain endured! Mil. 94.
toils
!
pro curia inversique mores
alas, the senate-house
I
and our
perverted
7.
may be
regarded as the subject of a verb
to be supplied.
GENITIVE CASE 400.
The Genitive
is
used with substantives, adjecrarely, with adverbs.
and verbs, and, very
tives,
Genitive with Substantives and Adjectives Possessive Genitive
401. The Possessive Genitive is used to denote not only actual ownership but also origin, cause, place, etc. :
potentia Pompei, Pompey's power; Sail. Cat. 19.
clamor oppidanorum, the shouts of the townsmen; Liv. Canachi signa, statues by Canachus; Brut. 70.
bellum Venetorum,
the
Trasumenni pugna,
the battle of
402.
When
war with
the Veneti;
B. G.
—
Caesaris adventus, the arrival of Caesar; B. G.
The
3, 16, i.
Trasumennus; Liv.
by the noun on which
called a Subjective Genitive:
403.
33, 8.
23, 43, 4.
the Possessive Genitive denotes the person
does* the act indicated
reliquias
2,
Danaimi,
the
remains
left
possessive adjective
it
depends,
6, 41, 4.
by the Greeks; Aen.
is
who it is
i,
30.
regularly used instead of
the posseSsive genitive of a personal or reflexive pronoun (for Digitized
by Microsoft®
GENITIVE CASE
404-408)
exceptions see 623); if there the implied genitive:
—
is
a qualifying word
ad vestram omnium caedem, for
tuum studium
147
the
it
agrees with
murder of all of you; Cat. 4, when you were young; Fam.
adulescentis, your zeal
4.
15,
13, I-
tuam 404.
ipsius amicitiam, your
The
possessive idea
own
friendship; Verr. 3,
by an
often expressed
is
always used instead of the genitive of alius:
—
adjective; alienus
servBi tumultu, in the insurrection of the slaves; B. G. aliena virtQs, another's courage; Sail. Cat.
7.
i,
is
40, j.
7, 2.
405. The repetition of a noun governing two possessive genitives where the English uses "that " is regularly avoided: as,
quis est qui possit conferre vltaxa. Treboni
who
is there
who could compare
Dolahella? Phil. 11,
406.
the life of
cum DolabeUae?
Trebonius with that of
9.
For the sake
of brevity the possessor
is
sometimes put in
place of the thing possessed: as, videtisne captivorum dratidnem
cum
perfugis convenire ? do you see that the talk of the captives agrees with that of the deserters?
407. depends
B. C.
In a few is
2,
39, 2.
common
phrases the noim on which the genitive
sometimes omitted:
—
Hectoris Andromache, Hector's wife, Andromache; Aen. 3, 319. Hasdrubal Hamilcaris, Easdrubal, son of Hamilcar; Liv. 26, 17,
4.
Flaccus Claudi, Flaccus, the slaw of Claudius; Ter. Ph. Didasc. ventum erat ad Vestae, we had come to the temple of Vesta; Hor.
S. i,
9. 35-
408.
with
The
sum
Possessive Genitive
or facio
:
—
is
often used in the predicate
omnia hostium erant, all things belonged to the enemy; Liv. 6, 40, 17. neque Galliam potius esse Ariovisti quam populi Romani, and that Gaul did not belong to Ariovislus more than to the Roman people; B. G.
oram Romanae rule; Liv.
i,
45,
i.
dicionis fecit, he brought the coast Under
2b^6^^e§-/,yM/croso«®
Roman
SYNTAX OF NOUNS
148 This construction the verb
is
common when
especially
is
was
a fool
the part of
est consulis videre quid agatur,
the subject of
—
an infinitive or a clause:
stulti erat sperare, it
{4OQ-412
it is
to
hope
; Phil.
2,
the consul's duty to see
23.
what
is
Mur. 4. negavit moris esse Graecorum ut in convivio Tirorum accumberent mulieres, he said it was not the custom of the Greeks for women to recline at a man's dinner; Verr. i, 66. being done ;
409. The genitive with causa, and postridie is of possessive origin:
gratia,
—
ergo, tenus, instar, pridie,
amicitiae causa, by reason of their friendship; B. G.
Aen.
ergo, on his account;
illius
i,
laterum tenus, as far as the sides; Aen. 10, 210. instar montis equum, a horse like a mountain; Aen. pridie eius diei,
410. their
on
the
day
39,
2.
6, 670.
B. G.
before this day;
i,
2, 15.
47,
2.
Certain adjectives meaning similarity or connection and
opposites sometimes
take the Possessive Genitive;
so,
similis, dissimilis, contrarius, par, dispar, proprius, alienus, etc.
In this construction the adjective
is
treated as a noun.
Genitive of Definition
411.
The Genitive
is
sometimes used to define a word
of general meaning; this
Genitive
:
Troiae
urbem
(the regular phrase
of Troy; Aen.
i,
haec vox voluptatis,
nuUam
virtus aliam
would be Troiam urbem),
this
word "pleasure"; Fin.
mercedem no
reward beyond
other
this
one of praise
glory; Arch. 28.
The Genitive denoting
stantives, adjectives,
eorum una quis
2, 6.
desiderat praeter banc laudis et
Whole
Genitive of the
412.
the city
565.
gloriae, virtiie desires
and
called also the Appositional
is
—
the whole is
used with sub-
and adverbs which denote a part:
pars, one pari of them; B. G.
omnium mortalium? who
of all
i, 1, 5.
men?
Verr.
5,
And. 398sapientum octavusc^ygig^jfft,^/%^j5jij|g men; Hor. aliquid boni, something good; Ter.
179. '-"''^
S. 2, 3, 296.
—
— GENITIVE CASE
413-417) 6 maior iuvenum,
primos
O dder of the youths;
civitatis, the first
men
parum, enough
dom; Sail. Cat. s, 4. ubinam gentium sumus? where in
413.
The
to that pitch of
Genitive of the
descriptive adjective:
—
Hor. A. P. 366.
of the state; B. G. 2, 3,
satis eloquentiae, sapientiae
eo miseriarum,
149
Whole
the world are
we? Cat.
little
i, 9.
rarely used with the positive of a
is
8.
Adjectives of the third declension are rarely found in this con-
struction unless used in combination with an adjective of the
second declensions: tion;
N. D.
I,
as, nihil solidi, nihil
first
and
eminentis, no solidity, no projec-
75.
This construction is found sometimes in the predicate
415.
quid est tui consili? what is your advice? Fam. 11, quid est huic reliqui? what is
left for
him?
conquered; Sail. Cat.. 11,
Uterque, each (of two),
416.
:
i, 3.
Sull; 89.
mllites nihil reliqui viclis fecere, the soldiers
or,
wis-
misery; Sail. Jug. 14, 3.
peditum ezpediti, the light-armed infantry; Liv. 37, 18, sancte dedium, thou holy one of the gods; Aen. 4, 576.
414.
i.
eloquence, too
left
nothing to the
7.
both,
when used with
a pronoun,
sometimes, with a noun and a pronoun combined, takes the
genitive; with a
agreement:
—
noun
it
is
regularly used as an adjective in
uterque nostrum, each one of us;
quaium civitatum utraque,
Sull. 13.
each of these states; Verr.
uterque dux, each commander; Marc.
The
plural
is
s, 56.
24.
used either with the genitive or in agreement.
In certain phrases where the English uses of, an is uSed instead of the Genitive of the Whole; the most common adjectives thus used are extremus, imus, medius, multus, nullus, omnis, plerique, quot, reliquus, 417.
adjective in agreement
summus,
tot, totus,
and ultimas
extrema hieme, media aestate, of summer; Manil. 35. hi
omnes,
all
of
:
—
at the end of winter, in the middle
thef$iy^^^i„y^ft^
SYNTAX OF NOUNS
150
With cardinal numerals (except
418.
dam, a
mille)
certain one, the ablative with e, ex, or
used instead of the genitive unus ex
genitive
An
419.
—
and with qtude is regularly
Cat. 3, 16.
nostris, one of our colleagues;
Fam.
11, 21, 5.
sometimes used with unus and quidam.
is
extension of the Genitive of the
sages as the following:
—
angusta viarum, the narrow in
:
isGs, the only one of these;
quidam de coUegis
The
(418-421.
aequo campi, on
streets;
Aen.
Whole
j,
is
found in such
pas-'
332.
the level plain; Liv. s, 38, 4.
Genitive of Material
The Genitive
used to denote material. a development of the Genitive, of the Whole
420. is
is
:
flumen verborum, a stream of words; Or. 53. obtorti circulus auri, a chain of twisted gold; Aen.
5,
—
This
559.
Genitive of Quality
421.
The Genitive
quality,
but only when
is
sometimes used to denote a accompanied by a qualifying
it is
word. There
is
often no distinction between the genitive and abla-
but the genitive regularly denotes a quality permanent and usually one that is internal rather than
tive in this sense,
which
is
external
:
—
homines magnae virtiitis, men of great courage; B. G. 2, 15, 5. eius modi consilium, a plan of this sort; B. G. s, 29, 5. plurimarum palmarum gladiator, a gladiator of many victories; Rose.
This genitive
Am. is
magnae habitus .3. G.
17.
sometimes used
in the predicate
auctoritatis, regarded as a
man
:
—
of great influence i
7, 77, 3.
notus animi ^Atevafji^iegmiffilJlihiStl^nal spirit; Hor. C.
2, 2, 6.
GENITIVE CASE
422-425) 422.
The Genitive
of Quality
nection with a proper name;
noun
151
rarely used in direct con-
is
usually attached to a
it is
in apposition with the proper
—
name:
man
Cato, adulescens nullius consili, Cato, a young
Q. Fr.
common
of no judgment;
I, 2, 15.
Hannibalem, annorum novem, Hannibal, when nine years Liv. 21,
423. it is
When the Genitive of Quality denotes length, height, etc.,
sometimes called the Genitive of Measure:
pedum,
in altitudinem
424.
old;
I, 4.
One form
as,
of the Geniti-ve of Quality
scrobes trium
B. G.
trenches three feet deep;
7, 73, 5.
the use of certain
is
substantives and, more frequently, adjectives, to denote indefinite value:
non
—
flocci facio,
I don't care a straw; hit. 13, 50, 3. homo sit; parvi eaim pretrest qui tarn
noli spectare quanti
est, don't consider
value
who
The
genitive
how much
is so worthless;
man
the
Q. Fr.
nihil!
worth, for he is of small
is
14.
i, 2,
Objective Genitive is used to denote the object of an action implied in a noun, an adjective, or a participle
425.
used as an adjective:
—
cupido gloriae, desire for glory;
odium potentiae Jug.
Sail.
Cat.
nobilitatis, hatred of the
7, 3.
power of the nobility;
Sail.
30, 3.
Helvetiorum
iniiiriae populi
tians to the
Roman
Romani,
people; B. G.
the i,
wrongs done by 30.
the Helve-
(Helvetiorum
is
sub-
jective, populi is objective.)
cupidum rerum novarum,
memorem Cat.
vestri,
desirous of a revolution; B. G.
oblitum
sui,
4, 19.
tempestatum potentem, ruling amantissimos Cat.
i, 18, 3.
mindful of you, forgetful of himself;
rei
the storms;
publicae viros,
Aen.
msn most
i,
80.
devoted to the state;
3, s.
Dignus, worthy, and indignus, unworthy, are rarely used with the genitive;
see 687.
Digitized
by Microsoft®
—
1
SYNTAX OF NOUNS
152 426. ity,
With a present
{426-43
participle the genitive denotes
a permanent qual-
the accusative a particular instance.
427.
In place of the Objective Genitive we sometimes find a possessive
—
a descriptive adjective, or a prepositional phrase: neque neglegehtia tua neque odio id fecit tud, he did this
adjective,
neglect
metus odium
neither
from
nor hatred of you; Ter. Ph. 1016.
enemy; Sail. Jug. 41, 2. Antonium, hatred of Antony; Fam. 10, 5, 3. (Cf. ereptae Tirginis ira, in wrath at the loss of the maiden; Aen. 2, 413.) hostilis, /eor of the
in
Genitive of Specification
428.
The Genitive
used with a few adjectives to denote that with reference
nouns and many to which a quality This construction
and
is
particularly
of Specification
is
exists.
is
an extension of the Objective Genitive
common
in
the poets and later prose-
writers: praestantiam
rerum,
fessi
virtutis,
preeminence in virtue; Lael. 70.
tired of trouble;
Aen.
i,
178.
integer vitae scelerisque purus, upright in
Hor. C.
I,
linguae feroces, bold of tongue; Tac. H.
429.
life
and free from
guilt;
22, I. i,
35.
Either the genitive or the ablative
is
used with adjec-
tives denoting plenty or want; as, plenus, dives, onustus, refertus, ezpers, inanis,
430.
and inops.
Animi, in mind (really a locative), and, by analogy, the genitive
mentis are used with adjectives and verbs which express mental condition:
—
animi maturus, mature in mind; Aen.
g, 246.
sanus mentis aut animi, sound in mind or heart; Plaut. Trin. 454. AntiphO me ezcniciat animi, Antipho distresses my heart; Ter. Ph. 187.
Genitive with Verbs Genitive of Charge or Penalty
431. Verbs meaning to accuse, condemn, or acquit take a genitive of the charge and, sometimes, a genitive of the penalty: Digitized by Microsoft®
—
— GENITIVE CASE
432-434)
accflsatus est proditionis, he
was accused
153 of treason;
Nep. Milt.
7, S-
pecuniae publicae est condemnatus, he was condemned for embezzle-
ment of
the public
funds; Flacc. 43.
video non te absolutum esse improbitatis, sed
illos damnatos esse you were acquitted of outage, bid that they were condemned for murder; Veir. i, 72. ut damnarentur votorum, that they be condemned to pay their vows;
caedis,
/
see not that
Liv. 27, 45, 8. capitis
condemnari,
to be
condemned
to death;
Rabir. 12.
This use probably originated in the combination ofcrlmine, or a similar word, with the genitive.
The charge is sometimes expressed by de with the by an ablative like crimine with the genitive. The
432.
ablative, or
Genitive of the Penalty
and multiples
quanti, is
is
confined in prose to capitis, pecuniae,
like dupli.
Of other words the ablative
used.
433. The Genitive noun reus:
Charge or Penalty
of the
is
used also with the
pecuniarum repetundarum reus, charged with extortion; condemned to pay his vow; Aea. 5, 237.
Sail.
Cat. 18,
3.
voti reus,
Genitive with refert and Interest
434.
With
the impersonal verbs refert and interest, the
person or thing affected, is
if
of the third person
expressed by the genitive;
of the third person reflexive, of the possessive adjective,
Refert
is
if
and not
reflexive,
of the first or second person or
by the ablative
singular feminine
— mea, tua, nostra, vestra,
or sua.
characteristic of early Latin, interest of later Latin,
beginning with Cicero.
The
degree of interest
the genitive of value or by an adverb:
—
is
expressed by
quid tua id refert? magni, what difference does that make to youf
much; Ter. Ph. 723. faciundum aliquid quod illorum magis quam sua retulisse videretur, something must be done which should seem more for their good than his own;
/S^zfogy W*rofeoft®
SYNTAX OF NOUNS
154 video quid
my The verb
mea
intersit,
(435^43^
quid utriusque nostrum, I see what
Fam.
advantage, what for the advantage of us both;
is
sometimes omitted:
quid id nostra? what's that
as,
is
for
7, 23, 4.
to
us?
Ter. Ph. 940.
435.
The person
—
accusative:
is
rarely expressed
by the dative
by ad with the
or
quid ref erat intra naturae finis viventi ? what difference does
it
bounds of nature? Hor. S. 1, i, 49. aut ad meam rem ref ert ? what difference does
it
make
to
one
living within the
quid ad or to
me my interests?
Genitive with Verbs of Plenty or
Want
The genitive is sometimes used with verbs, as with adjectives, meaning plenty or want:
436. it is
make to me
PI. Pers. 513-
—
implentur Bacchi, they Jill themselves with wine; Aen.
egeo
consili,
I need
Att. 7, 22,
advice;
For the ablative with these verbs 437. struction,
With verbs meaning but the genitive
me laborum levas,
is
you
i,
215.
2.
see 528.
separation, the ablative is the regular con-
sometimes found in poetry:
relieve
me
of
my
troubles; PI.
desine querellarum, cease your complaints; Hor. C.
—
Rud.
247.
2, 9, 17.
abstlneto irarum, refrain from anger; Hor. C. 3, 27, 69.
Objective Genitive with Verbs of Mental Action or Sensation
Verbs of Remembering, Forgetting, or Reminding
Memini and reminiscor, when they mean to be mindful of (also memini meaning to mention) and obliviscor, when it means to be unmindful of, take the genitive nee me meminisse pigebit Elissae, / shall not regret the thought of 438.
:
—
Elissa; Aen. 4, ZZS-
reminisceretur virtutis Helvetiorum, of the Helvetians;. B. G.
i,
let
him
Achillam, ciiius supra meminimus, Achilles,
B.C.
3,
bear in
mind
the courage
13, 4.
whom I mentioned above;
108,2.
obliviscere caedis atque incendiorum, dismiss the thought of
and
fires;
CaXDig/tbed by Microsoft®
murder
GENITIVE CASE
439-442)
1^5
The genitive is used also with the impersonal expression venit mentem as, venit mihi Platonis in mentem, the thought of Plato comes :
my
mind; Fin.
remember,
means
to
5, 2.
Memini and
439. to
in
reminiscor,
to retain
when they mean
in the mind, and oblmscor,
literally to forget,
take the accusative:
Cinnam memini, / remember Cinna;
literally
—
when
it
Phil, s, 17.
reminiscens pristini temporis acerbitatem, remembering the bitterness of the past; Nep. Ale. 6, 3.
totam causam oblitus
The
440.
distinction
est, he forgot the
whole case; Brut. 217.
which has been given
is
observed, especially in the case of reminiscor, which
and usually takes the accusative.
tively rare
only the genitive of a person.
not always is
compara-
Obliviscor takes
Neuter pronouns and adjectives
are regularly in the accusative.
441.
Recordor, remember, takes de and the ablative of a
person; of a thing either de and the ablative, the accusative,
very rarely in classical Latin, the genitive: as, flagitidrum sudrum recordabitur, he will remember his crimes; Pison. 12. or,
442.
the thing or, if it is
by
reminding, — adtnoneo, commoneo, and — take the accusative the person reminded;
The verbs
commonefacio, is
of
of
expressed by the genitive, by de with the ablative,
a neuter pronoun and sometimes even if it is a noun, same constructions occur with moneo,
the' accusative; the
—
except that the genitive is very rare: admonebat alium egestatis, alium cupiditatis suae, he reminded one of his poverty, another of his greed; Sail. Cat. 21, 4.
mearum me miseriarum commones, yoM remind me Rud. 743. commonefacere quemque
of
my
misery;
PI.
benefici sui, he reminded each one of his
kindness; Sail. Jug. 49, 4.
quod vos
lex
commonet,
eam rem nos Sail.
that of which the
locus admonuit,
Jug. 79,
tlie
law reminds you; Verr.
place has reminded
me
3, 40.
of this thing;
I.
legafis perfidiae monitis, the envoys being reminded of their treachery;
Liv. 3O) 37, 'Digitized by Microsoft®
SYNTAX OF NOUNS
156
(443-448
Verbs of Mental Sensation
Misereor and miseresco, pity, take the genitive:
443.
miseremini sociorum, pity your
—
Verr. i, 72.
allies;
tniserescite regis, pity the king; Aen. 8, S73-
The impersonal verbs
444.
miseret, paenitet, piget, pudet,
and taedet take an accusative of the person who feels pity, etc., and a genitive of the person or thing toward which the feeling is directed:
—
eorum nos miseret, we
me
civitatis
morum
pity them; Mil. 92.
piget taedetque, /
of the state; Sail. Jug. 4,
The
am sick and tired of the morals
9.
sometimes used impersonally. All may have as subject a neuter pronoun (almost without exception in the singular), an infinitive, or a quod-clause. With pudet the genitive is sometimes used of the person before whom there is a feeling of shame: as, nos ne civium quidem horum pudet? not passive, miseretur,
is
these verbs except miseret and miseretur
even before these citizens are
445.
we ashamed? Liv.
22, 14, 4.
In poetry the genitive sometimes occurs with cupio, fastidio (used
impersonally), invided,miror, studeo,and vereor (once in prose, Att. 8, 4,1).
Objective Genitive with potior
The
is sometimes used with potior, get posseswhich usually takes the ablative: as, partis Siciliae potitus est, he became master of part of Sicily; Nep. Dion. 5, 5.
446.
sion
genitive
of,
The phrase rerum to be,
potiri
is
common
in the sense to become, or
master of the situation.
Tacitus uses rarely the same genitive with apiscor and adipiscor. Genitive of Exclamation
447.
Very
rarely, in imitation of Greek, thegenitive is
tions: as, foederis
heu
taciti, alas, the secret
covenant;
used in exclatna-
Prop.
5, 7, 21.
DATIVE CASE 448. The Dative denotes direction or connection. It Is used with verbs and adjectives, rarely with nouns and adverbs, and sometisg/ggeaM^S^fe^^ sentence as a whole.
DATIVE CASE
449-453)
157
Dative with Verbs Indirect Object
The Dative
449.
used with
is
many
verbs, transitive
or intransitive, to denote that toward which an action or feeling
directed.
is
Indirect Object with Transitive Verbs
With
450.
transitive verbs in the active voice the Dative
of the Indirect Object
is
used in connection with the Accusative
of the Direct Object; with the passive voice the direct object
—
becomes the subject and the indirect object remains: Utteras a te mihi reddidit, he gave me a letter from you; Fam. regi haec dicite,
tell
the king this;
Aen.
i,
nuntiabantur haec Curioni, these things were announced B. C.
2, 17, i.
137. io
Curio;
37, 1.
2,
451. Verbs of motion, which regularly take the accusative with a preposition, sometimes take the dative:
—
cum
subsidium ferrent, while they brought help
aliis alii
other; B. G. 2, 26,
rogas ut
mea tibi
Fam.
I, 9,
This construction
to
one an-
2.
me
scripta mittam, you ask
to
send you
my wriiings;
23.
is
regularly confined to nouns denoting persons, but
the poets sometimes use
it
with nouns of place:
caelO capita ferentes, raising their heads
to
^
heaven; Aen.
3,
678.
Carthagini iam non ego nuntifis mittam, no more shall I send messengers Carthage; Hor. C. 4,
to
So, with
sky; Aen.
452.
4, 69.
an intransitive verb:
5,
it
clamor caelo,
the shout rises to the
451.
With
scribo, write, the person is either in the accusative with the
preposition, or, less often, in the dative.
453.
The verb dono,
present, takes either the accusative of
the thing and the dative of the person or the accusative of the
person and the ablative of the thing: praedam
—
militibus donat, he presents the booty to the soldiers; B. G. 7,
II, 9.
hunc
civitate
dona^j^^^jj^^^g^w with citizenship;
Arch.
5.
•
SYNTAX OF NOUNS
1S8 454.
(4S4~45^
Verbs usually intransitive sometimes have a direct
—
object in connection with the indirect:
multi se alienissimis crediderunt, ptany entrusted themselves
to utter
strangers; B. G. 6, 31, 4.
id eis persuasit, he convinced them of this; B. G.
i, 2, 3.
equites imperat civitatibus, he demanded horsemen
B. G.
6, 4, 6.
from
the states;
(Cf. the passive use: singulis censoribus denarii
trecenti imperati sunt, three hundred denarii were
each censor; Verr.
demanded of
137.)
2,
Indirect Object with Intransitive Verbs
455.
The Dative
of the Indirect
Object
is
many
following groups of intransitive verbs; in
used with the
cases the English
uses a transitive verb with a direct object to express the
same
idea.
456. for
(a)
Many
verbs denoting a mental attitude or action;
example, verbs meaning
to advise,
command,
persuade, believe,
obey, yield, envy, favor, flatter, help, injure, indulge, pardon, please, displease, serve, resist, spare, threaten, trust,
and
distrust
:
—
an C. Trebonio persuasi? cui ne suadere quidem ausus essem, have
I persuaded Gains Trebonius? whom I would not have dared even to advise; Phil. 2, 27.
huic legioni Caesar et indulserat et confidebat, Caesar had indulged this legion
457.
Some verbs
please; iubed, crrder
and had confidence in of these
it;
B. G.
i,
40, 14.
meanings take the accusative;
e.g. delecto,
(dative probably not before Tacitus); iuvo, help;
laedo, injure.
Other verbs take either the accusative or the dative without apparent
dif-
ference of meaning; e.g. adulor,/aiwj upon; de&cio, fail; despeto, despair
458.
The verbs
fido
and
confido, trust,
and
diffido, distrust,
of.
sometimes
take the ablative.
The verb person,
invideo,
when
it
means
begrudge, takes the dative of
the
— the dative, accusative, ablative (with or without a preposition),
or (once) the genitive, of the thing;
when
it
means
envy, the dative of the
person or the dative of tl}§/^g^^|t)i!j^J^SsBS#essive genitive of the person.
DATIVE CASE
459-4'^4)
159
459. Verbs of this class (denoting mental attitude or action), which take the. dative, are used only impersonally in the passive,
—
the dative being retained: his persuader!
non
cui parci potuit?
poterat, they could not be persuaded; B. G.
who could
Exceptions are very rare;
e.g.
2,
10, S-
be spared? Liv. 21, 14, 4.
why am I
cur invideor?
envied? Hor.
A. P. s6.
Some
meaning to verbs of this audiens esse, or dicto audiens esse, to he obedient to; praesto esse to be on hand; fidem habere, to have confidence in; morem gerere, to humor. 460.
expressions equivalent in
class take the dative; e.g.
461.
Some nouns
take the dative
:
—
meaning
similar in
obtemperatio legibus, obedience miserils suis
to the
remedium, a cure for
to verbs of this class
laws; Legg.
42.
i,
their woes; Sail. Cat. 40, 3.
insidiae consuli, the plot against the consul; Sail. Cat. 32,
462.
(b)
The impersonal
verbs, libet, licet, convenit, con-
ducit, expedit, liquet, accidit, contingit, evenit:
quibus
licet
B. G. si
fortunatissimis,i£)to
may now
—
be most fortunate;
6, 3S, 8-
quid accidat Romanis, if anything should happen B. G.
463.
iam esse
(c)
i.
to the
Romans;
1, 18, 9.
Some verbs denoting
denoting contention or difference:
union, and, in poetry, verbs
—
potest hoc homini huic haerere peccatum? can this crime be associated with this tibi certat
man?
Rose.
Amyntas, Amyntas
diSert sermoni,
it
differs
is
Am. your
17.
rival; Eel. 5, 8.
from prose; Hor.
Indirect Object with
S. i, 4, 48.
'
'
Compound Verbs
464. The Dative of Indirect Object is used with many verbs compounded with ad, ante, circum, con, in, inter, ob, post, prae, Some of these verbs are transitive, others insub, and super. transitive, the former J^gfc&o|fedir^ and indirect objects:—
•
SYNTAX OF NOUNS
l6o finitinus
bellum
non solum
inferre, to
make war on
{465-469
their neighbors;
part in these matters hut even took the lead;
umquam succumbet
nee
B. G.
i, 2, 4.
rebus sed etiam praefuit, he not only took
interfuit iis
Fam.
i, 8, i.
inimicis, he will never yield to his enemies;
Deiot. 36.
The
compounds is due to the preposition; with others due to the meaning of the simple verb.
dative with most
(e.g. confido, trttst) it is
465.
If the
no idea of
meaning of the compound
such that there
is
is
direction, the verb takes a direct object; e.g. inter-
ficio, kill.
In some compounds an original idea of direction has been and the accusative is used; e.g. aggredior, attack; obeo,
lost,
undertake; oppugno, oppose.
To emphasize phrase
is
the idea of motion or place a prepositional
often used with compounds:
ut in gladium incumberet, so that he fell
—
upon
his sword; Inv. 154.
tamquam ad saxum adhaerescunt, they cling as if to a rock; Acad.
Some compounds take
466.
2, 8.
either the accusative of the
thing and the dative of the person, or the accusative of the
person and the ablative of the thing;
e.g.
circumfundo, impertio, induo, intercludo: tibi
haec
licia
quinis castris
circumdo, / put these threads around you; Eel. 8, 75. oppidum circumdedit, he surrounded the town with five
camps; B. C.
3, 9, 4.
Some compounds cum with the ablative. Some compounds take
467. or
aspergo, circumdo,
—
(e.g.
comparo, confero) take either the dative
either the dative or the accusative without
difierence of meaning; e.g. antecedo, praecurro, invado.
468. is like
The
that of
poets sometimes use the dative with verbs whose meaning
compounds which take the dative;
survive (see 479); excello
The
469.
=
adjective obvius
supero
=
supersum,
and the adverb obviam used
connection with a verb take the dative:
—
mgter sese tulit obvia, his mother came to meet him; Aen. obviam Clodio, ^itiw^b^MidtfispfM'ii. 29.
cui fit
e.g.
praesto, surpass.
1,
in
314.
DATIVE CASE
470-473)
161
.
Dative of Reference
The dative
used with many verbs to denote the thing concerned in the action or condition expressed by the verb. The dative may 470.
the person
is
or, rarely,
— advantage or disadvantage, denote actual — or a mere connection, more or remote — interest,
i.e.
tibi patet,
mihixlausa
less
mea domus
is closed to
consurrexisse
me; Rose. Am.
omnes
M.
honor; Cat.
illi
est,
:
my own house
is
open
you,
dlcuntur, all are said to have risen in his
63.
ut suae vltae consuleret, that 'he should consult for his
B. G.
to
145.
own
life;
7, 12, 3.
471. The Dative of Reference is often used loosely, having no connection with any single word, but denoting an interest in the fact as a whole:
—
talia iactanti procella
a
The
velum adversa
blast strikes the sail athwart;
ferit,
Aen.
i,
as he utters these words
102.
dative thus used often takes the place of a Possessive
Genitive qualifying a single word:
—
sese Caesari ad pedes proieceruut, they threw themselves at Caesar's feet;
iter
B. G.
i,
31,
2.
Poenis obstruere voluenmt, they wanted Carthaginians; Cat.
472.
and
The
satis:
—
dative
bene facere
is
rei publicae, to benefit the state;
operam dabo ut
to block the
march of the
75.
used with verbs qualified by bene, male,
Optimo viro male dicere, Att.
M.
to
speak
ill
tibi satisfaciam,
of
I
an
Sail.
excellent
Cat.
3.
man; Deiot.
shall endeavor to satisfy
28.
you;
2, 4, 3.
473. The Dative of Reference is used of the person upon whose judgment a statement is based:
—
erit ille
mihi semper deus, he mil always be a god in my eyes; Eel.
Quintia formosa est multis, Quintia Catull. 86,
i- Digitized
is beautiful in the eyes of
by Microsoft®
i, 7.
many;
—
•
SYNTAX OF NOUNS
l62
Closely connected with this indicate the point of vieiv:
—
is
the use of the dative of participles to
urbe egressis tumulus, there is a those coming out); Aen. I,'] j:^.
est
Many verbs
474.
(e.g.
{474-478
hill
as you come out of the city [for
consulo, metuo, prospicio) take either
the Accusative of Direct Object or the Dative of Reference,
according to the meaning.
The Dative
475.
of Reference
is
sometimes attached to nouns:
—
aut coUo decus aut capiti, an ornament for the neck or head; Aen.' 10, 135.
tribuniciam potestatem,
bulwark of
The Dative
476.
ei mihi,
vae
munimentum
libertati, tribunician power,
the
liberty; Liv. 3, 37, S-
of Reference
is
sometimes used with
ah me! Aen. 2, 274. woe to the conquered! Liv.
victis,
5,
interjections:
—
48, g.
Dative of Separation
477.
The Dative
advantage)
is
of
Reference (denoting advantage or
denoting things this construction poetry:
—
aureum
ei detraxit
N. D.
dis-
often used with verbs of separation; with nouns is
rare
and
is
confined to
amiculum, he took a golden mantle from him;
3, 83.
hunc mihi timorem
eripe, take this fear from
me; Cat.
fessos oculos furare labori, steal your weary eyes
from
i, 18.
toil;
Aen.
s,
845-
The verb
and the accusaand the ablative
intetdico, forbid, takes the dative of the person
tive or ablative of the thing, or the accusative of the person
of the thing.
Ethical Dative
of a personal pronoun is sometimes used emotion or surprise to indicate a slight degree of interest in the statement as a whole; if of the second person This is a form of the Dative it serves merely to call attention.
478.
The dative
in expressions of
of Reference:
Digitized
by Microsoft®
DATIVE CASE
479-4^2)
quid mihi Celsus agit, what
163
Celsus doing, I wonder; Hor. Epis.
is
i,
3, 15-
ad
at tibi repente venit
came
to
me; Fam.
me
Caninius, but look, Caninius suddenly
9, 2, i.
Dative of Possession
The dative
479.
the possessor:
—
used with forms of sum to denote
is
controversia milii fuit
cum avunculo
tuo,
/ had a debate with your
uncle; Fin. 3, 6. est homini
cum deo
similitudo,
man
has a resemblance
to
God ;hegg.
I- 25.
The verbs absum and desum, ,be
wanting,
and supersum,
survive, take
the Dative of Possession.
For the dative with the phrase nomen esse see 393.
Dative of Agent
The dative is sometimes used to denote the perwho has something to do or who has something done.
480.
son
This
is
a development of the Dative of Possession.
It
regular construction with the future passive participle,
mon
is
is
the
com-
with the perfect passive participle and forms of the perfect
passive system, and
used rarely with other passive forms:
is
—
Caesari omnia find tempore erant agenda, Caesar had everything
do at once; B. G.
mihi res provisa
neque cernitur 481.'
with ab,
dam
To is
est,
ulli,
/ have
he
is
the thing arranged; Verr. 4, pr.
not seen by
any one' Aen.
him
482.
i,
440.
avoid ambiguity, the regular agent construction, the ablative
sometimes used with the gerundive:
as, ei
?
The
me
referen-
show
my grati-
ego a
gratiam non putem? should I not think that I ought
tude to
to
2, 20, i.
to
Plane. 78.
datives with probor, be approved, and videor, seem, are in
origin Datives of
Refereng^/^ed
/,/
M/crosoft®
SYNTAX OF NOUNS
164
i4^3~4^7
Dative of Purppse or Tendency
483.
The
This
tendency.
is often used to express purpose or often found in combination with the
dative is
Dative of Reference, denoting the person concerned muneii
misit, he sent
it
Nap. Att.
as a present;
cecinit receptui, he gave the signal for
a
retreat;
:
—
8, 6.
Tusc.
3, 33.
quinque cohortes castris praesidio relinquit, he leaves five cohorts as
a guard for
the
camp; B. G.
60,
7,
2.
paupertas probro haberi coepit, lack of wealth began
a disgrace;
484.
The
Sail.
Cat. 12,
to he considered
i.
indeclinable adjective frugi
is
—
a dative of this sort:
ero frugi bonae, I shall he good for something; PI. Ps. 468.
homines
fortes et frugi,
men
Also cordi, as in Verr.
my 485.
—
causam recepttii
486.
thrifty; Verr. 3, 67.
mea
in this construction
fllia
mazime
cordi est,
is
sometimes attached
lacrimis, a reason for tears; Aen. 3, 305.
signum, a signal for
The
retreat;
Phil. 13, 15.
dative of the gerund and gerundive
used in this construction:
cum
and
112, .mihi
daughter is very dear to we.
The dative
to nouns:
brave
i,
—
is
sometimes
solvendo civitates non assent, since the communities were not ready for payment {were not solvent)
;
Fam.
3, 8, 2.
referundae ego habed linguam natam gratiae, / have a tongue made to express gratitude;
PI. Pers. 428.
triumvirum coloniis deducendis, a triumvir for founding colonies; Sail.
Jug. 42,
I.
Dative with Adjectives 487.
The
dative with adjectives
is
like the
Dative of it is a
Indirect Object with intransitive verbs; or, rarely,
Dative of Purpose or Tendency. It is used especially with adjectives denoting fitness, likeness, nearness, service, and their opposi tes j^^/zed /jy M/crosoft®
ACCUSATIVE CASE
488-493)
par similisque ceteris,
and
eqiuil to
prozimi Germanis, next
to the
.
Some
488.
it is
idoneum locum
B. G.
made them
i, i, 3.
tributary to themselves;
4, 3, 4.
causae est alienum, castris
like the rest; Sail. Cat. 14, 4.
Germans; B. G.
vectigales sibi fecerunt, they
B. G.
165
1,
49,
damaging
to the
delegit, he selected
cause; Caec. 24.
a place suitable for a camp;
I.
adjectives (e.g. benevolus, fidelis, idoneus, utilis) take
either the dative, or the accusative with a preposition.
For the Possessive Genitive with adjectives denoting
489.
similarity
or connection see 410.
With
similis the dramatists regularly use the genitive, later writers
either the genitive or dative; Cicero uses the genitive of persons
and
either
the genitive or the dative of things.
The pronoun idem
is
regularly followed
by atque or a
relative clause,
but in poetry sometimes takes the dative, like similis: as, idemfacit Occident!, he does the same thing as a murderer; Hor. A. P. 467.
490. propius,
The adjectives propior and proximus, like the adverbs and prozime, sometimes take the accusative:
—
propior
montem, nearer
the hill; Sail. Jug. 49,
proximus mare oceanum, nearest
491. adverbs:
the ocean;
;)rope,
i.
S. G.
3, 7,
.:.
Like the dative with adjectives is the occasional dative with congruenter naturae convenienterque vivere, to live in har-
as,
mony and
agreement with nature; Fin.
3, 7, 26.
ACCUSATIVE CASE 492.
The Accusative Case was a verb. The other uses
object of
first
used as the direct
are derived from that.
connected chiefly with verbs, sometimes with adjectives to express extent, and rarely with nouns. It is
Direct Object
The Direct Object of a verb is in the accusative; denotes either that' which is produced or that which is affected by the acti@^,fe|rf^^,y^|-Jjfe— 493.
it
SYNTAX OF NOUNS
1 66
duas legiones
conscribit, he enrolls two legions; B. G.
oppida sua omnia incendunt, they burn nisi
494.
me
fallit,
(494-498
unless
I
am
deceived
{it
all their
deceives
In colloquial language a direct object
is
10, 3.
i,
towns; B. G.
me)
i, S, 2.
Sest. 106.
;
sometimes used with
verbal nouns: as, quid tibi istanc tactio est? what right have you to touch her? Pi.
Poen. 1308.
A
Direct Object may be used also with the following verbs, which are usually intransitive:
—
(a) Verbs denoting /ee/wg, especially grief; e.g. doleo, gaudeo, gemo, horreo, maereo, and queror; also iuro,
495. fleo,
—
maneo,
rideo, sitio and taceo : meimi casum doluerunt, they lamented my calamity; Sest. 145. quod Ariovisti crudelitatem horrerent, because they dreaded the cruelty of Ariovislus; B. G.
quae manent
sanguinem nostrum
The
i,
victos, things
32, 4.
which await the conquered; Liv. 26, 13, 18.
sitiebat, he thirsted for our blood; Phil.' 5, 20.
poets use a direct object with a great variety of verbs usually
intransitive; e.g. ardebat Alexim, he burned with love for Alexis; Eel. 2,
(b) Intransitive .verbs, usually denoting motion,
496.
compounded with si
certain prepositions:
insulam adisset,
—
if he should go to the island;
tives qui circimistant senatum, the citizens
Cat.
Caesar
I,
B. G.
when
4, 20, 2.
who stand about the senate;
21.
omnem agrum Picenum percurrit, Caesar
num; B.
i.
C.
overruns all Pice-
i, 15, i.
For compounds taking either the dative or the accusative see 467. 497.
(c)
Other intransitive verbs of motion; and the passive vehor:
cum Xerxes maria had walked
me 498.
and
vecti, having
sailed the land; Fin.
journeyed over
as,
Digitized
1,
2,
ira.
22, 9.
all the seas;
Adjectives (originally present participles)
sometimes take a direct object: Liv. 25, 13, 4-
ambulo,
ambulavisset, terram navigasset, when Xerxes
the seas
lupus fugit, the wolf fled from me; Hor. C.
maria omnia
e.g.
—
fugio, navigo,
Aen.
i,
524.
ending in -bundus
vitabundus castra, avoiding the camp;
by Microsofi®
)
ACCUSATIVE CASE
499-502) 499.
The
passive voice of verbs meaning
reflexively in poetry
and takes a
167 put on
to
direct object:
—
is
sometimes used
galeam indoitur, he puts on a helmet; Aen. 2, 392. f errum cingitur, he girds on the useless sword; Aen.
inutile
2,
510.
500. The accusative is sometimes used in apposition with a clause: as, admoneor ut aliquid etiam de sepultura dicendum ezistimem, rem non difBcilem, / burial also,
am
reminded
— an easy
consider that something must be said about
to
matter; Tusc.
i,
102.
Accusative of Exclamation 501.
The
accusative
The
used in exclamations.
is
construction originated in sentences in which the accusative
was the object me miserum
an easily supplied verb:
of
wretched
!
testis egregios
1
man
that
fine witnesses!
I ami Fam.
14, i,
—
i.
Gael. 63.
In early Latin the accusative is used with the interjections ecce and em, in later Latin sometimes with en. The combination of forms of is with ecce gives eccum, eccos, etc.; and with em, ellum, etc. The enclitic -ne sometimes gives to an exclamation an interrogative force: as, hocine saeclum O this generation! {can it possibly be?); Ter. Ad. !
304-
Accusative of Kindred Meaning 502.
Many
intransitive verbs
tive in the accusative
may
take a substan-
which has, or suggests, a meaning
similar to that of the verb.
The
substantive
may
be a noun derived from the same root
as the verb, or one which has a similar meaning but no etymological connection; or it
of
may
meaning similar to that
be an adjective with which a noun
of the verb is to
cur non eosdem cursiis cucurrerunt? course? Agr.
2,
be supplied: =—
why did
the
same
in woe; PI.
Am.
they not
run
44.
ut vrvks aetatem miser, that you
may
live
your
life
1023.
magnum
clamat, he's making a great noise;
acerba tuens,
lookitt
PL
Mil. 823.
1
SYNTAX OF NOUNS
68
503. Verbs denoting Kindred Meaning:
herbam mella
or smell take
taste
—
(jOSSOj an Accusative of
sapiunt, the honey tastes of grass; Plin.
pastillos Rufillus olet, Rufillus smells of lozenges;
504.
Some
H. N.
Hor.
ii, i8.
S. i, 2, 27.
which rarely or never take a
intransitive verbs
noun may take a neuter pronoun or adjective of quantity as an Accusative of Kindred Meaning; and some transitive verbs may take such an accusative in connection with the direct object: idem
—
make the same boast; Cat. M. 32. making many other mistakes; N. D. 1, 29. hortatus, having said a few words of encouragement
gloriari, to
multa
alia peccans,
pauca mllites
to
the soldiers; Sail. Jug. 49, 6.
eos hoc moneo, / give them
505.
The poets
this advice;
Cat.
2, 20.
use this construction with great freedom,
sometimes even with passive verbs vox hominem sonat,
the voice
:
—
sounds human; Aen.
i,
328.
saltaret uti Cyclopa, to dancethe Cyclops dance; Hor. S.
Bacchanalia
^wmt,
Two see 392.
adjective
may
the
507.
the Satyr dance;
Hor. Epis.
2, 2,
125.
Accusatives
Instead of the predicate noun a predicate as, longiorem mensem faciunt, they
be used:
month longer; Verr.
Many
2,
129.
verbs meaning inquire, demand, teach, or conceal one of the person, the other of the
take two accusatives, thing:
63.
For the twoaccusativeswithverbsmeaning make, choose,
call, etc.,
make
i, 5,
they live a Bacchanalian life; Juv. 2, 3.
Satyrum movetur, he dances
506.
—
—
— me
sententiam rogavit, he asked
Caesar Haeduos frumentum of the
Eaedui; B. G.
omnes
celat,
opinion; Q. Fr.
2, i, 3.
Caesar kept demanding corn
i, 16, i.
why should I tench you yourletters? Pison. 73. he[fm^^M^^j^gg^^m eeeryone; Nap. Eum. 8, 7.
quid te litterasdoceam? iter
me my
flagitare,
ACCUSATIVE CASE
508-511)
Some of
608.
169
these verbs (e.g. peto, posed, postul6,quaerd) sometimes
take, instead of the accusative of the person, the ablative with ab, de, or ex, and, instead of the accusative of the thing, the ablative
509. sive:
—
The
accusative of the thing
with de.
used also with the pas-
is
sententiam rogatus, having been asked his opinion;
Sail.
Cat. 50, 4.
posceris exta, you are asked for the entrails; Ov. F. 4, 670. belli artes edoctus, trained in the arts of
nosne hoc
celatos, to think that
this; Ter.
this
Hec. 645.
hidden from
quid
ille
is
usually a neuter pronoun
and the construction
—
id
With
non
probably not
is
'
se velit, if he wanted anything of him; B. G.
id cogit omnis, he forces everybody to this; si
sunt? why was
cogo, accuse) sometimes
(e.g. volo,
to be distinguished from that of 504: si
me
Ps. 490.)
take two accusatives, but the thing or adjective of quantity
25, 40, j.
kept in the dark about
(But quor haec celata
me? PL
Certain other verbs
510.
war; Liv.
we have been
me
accusas, if you do not accuse
Rep.
me
these verbs also the accusative of the thing
passive: as, ego hoc cogor,
/ am forced
to this;
i,
34, 2.
i, 3.
of that; PI. Trin. 96.
may be
Rab. Post.
used with the
17.
511. Two accusatives are often used with verbs compounded with circum or trans, one being the object of the verb, the other of the preposition:
—
quos sua praesidia circumduxit, he B. C.
led
them around his fortifications;
3, 61, I.
flumen exercitum traducere maturavit, he hastened across the river; B. G. 2,
The
accusative connected with the preposition
also with the passive: as,
as,
army
may be
used
traducto exercitu flumen, the army
river; B. C. 3, 76, i. So also with Dyrrachiumpraetervehuntur, they sail past
having been taken across the
praetervehor:
to lead the
5, 4.
Dyrrachium; B. C.
3^,^,^^,i;
,^
„,,„3„^
SYNTAX OF NOUNS
lyo 512.
The verb
traicio
means
(512-51$
also pierce or cross,
takes only the accusative which
is
and
in these senses
connected with the preposition: as,
ciun ratibus Trebiam traicerent, wlien they crossed the Trebia cm rafts; Liv. 21, 56, 8.
Accusative of Limit of Motion 513.
The
limit of motion
is
accusative with a preposition: legatos ad
Caesarem mittunt,
regularly expressed
—
by the
they send envoys to Caesar; B. G. i, 11, 2.
in Italiam contendit, he hastens into Italy; B. G. i, 10, 3.
sub populi Romani imperium ceciderunt^ they fell under the
Roman people;
With names
the
power of
Font. 12.
towns and small islands and with domos), and rus, country, the preposition is regularly omitted. But with names of towns and small islands, if the meaning is not to but to the neighborhood of, a preposition is used: 514.
domum, home
of
(also the plural
—
Catilinam Massiliam ire dictitant, they say that Catiline Marseilles; Cat.
2,
is
going to
16.
Latonam confugisse Delum,
that
Latona fled
domum redierunt, they returned home; domum reditionis spe sublata, the hope
B. G.
to i,
Delos; Verr.
i,
48.
29, 3.
of a return home being gone; B.G.I, 5, 3ut domos suas discederent, that they scatter to their homes; Nep. Them. 4, 2. rus ibo, I shall go to the country; Ter. Eun. 216. ut ventum ad Cannas est, when they had come near Cannae; Liv. 22, 44,
I-
Poets and later prose writers often omit the preposition with names of countries
and common nouns
of place.
domus means a building, it regularly has the preposition: as, M. Laecae domum, / say that you came to the house of Marcus Laeca; Cat. i, 8. When accompanied by an attribute, especially 515.
If
(Uco te venisse in
any adjective'but a posseg^^^JJ gl'Wc)^/^
preposition.
— 516-521)
ACCUSATIVE CASE
171
516. The preposition is regularly used with urbem and oppidum, even when the name of the town is given: as, ad urbem Fidenas tendunt, they hasten to the city of Fidenae; Liv. 4,
The
617.
preposition
is
^t,,
10.
not used with the supine in -um, which
is
an
accusative case expressing limit of motion; or in the following phrases: ezsequias
go
ire, to
to the
funeral.
infitias ire, to deny.
venum venum
dare,
suppetias It is
rem
to sell.
ire, to be sold. ire, to
go to one's assistance.
sometimes omitted in the phrases malam crucem
ire
and malam
go to the torture (colloquially, to the deuce).
ire, to
Accusative of Extent
The
518.
accusative
(especially latus, longus,
space or time:
—
is
used with verbs or adjectives altus) to denote extent of
and
multa milia passuum proseculi, having followed for many miles; B. G. fossas
cum
2, II, 4.
qmndecim pedes latas,
trenches fifteen feet wide; B. G. 7, 72, 3.
dies et noctes nos fata circumstent, since the fates stand about
us day and night; Phil. 10, 20. undeviginti annos natus erat, he was nineteen years old; Brut. 229.
519.
Either the Accusative of Extent or the Ablative of Measure of
Difference
is
used with the verbs absum and
disto.
from which the distance is measured is not given, the is sometimes used: as, positis castris a mUibus passuum quindecim, having encamped fifteen miles away; B. G. 6, 7, 3. 520.
If the place
ablative with a or ab
521.
In expressions of time, instead of a cardinal numeral
with a plural noun, an ordinal with a singular noun
is someemphasize the fact used with iam, to that the statement times contained in the verb is still true: as, annum iam tertium et
^cesimumregnat,Ae Extent of time per
decem
is
is
now ruling
often expressed
his twenty-third year; Manil.
by per with the
dies facti sunt, games were carried on for ten days; Cat. 3, 20.
For the Ablative of E?tpfe^ ^JJiWfe/S^/^S.
7.
accusative: as, ludi
SYNTAX OF NOUNS
172
A neuter pronoun
522.
many
{522-525
or adjective of quantity
used with
is
verbs as an Accusative of Extent, to denote degree.
most common are aliquid, aliquantum, quicquam, multum, plurimum, tantum, quantum, and nihil:
—
multum stmt B. G. si
much
in venationibus, they are
The plus,
occupied in hunting;
4, I, 8.
me amas
tantum quantum profecto amas,
as you really do; Att.
if
you
love
me
as
much
2, 20, 5.
Accusative of Specification 623.
The
accusative
thing in respect
to
is
sometimes used to denote the is made.
which a statement
With a few exceptions the construction
is
confined to nouns
denoting the mind or a part of the body and to neuter plural
The former use
adjectives such as alia, cetera, omnia, etc.
is
rather
common
and
found occasionally in prose beginning with Sallust; the very rare in both prose a,nd poetry:
is
in
poetry beginning with the Augustan period
—
latter (except cetera) is
percussa mentem, stricken in mind; Georg.
4, 357.
caput nectentur, their heads shall he bound; Aen.
virum cetera egregium, a clari
524.
man excellent in
genus, of illustrious birth; Tac. Ann.
The Accusative
partem (with a qualifying word), in part. vicem (with a qualifying word), on account virfle or
309.
6, 9.
of Specification appears also in the following
phrases which are used as adjectives or adverbs:
secus (with
s,
other respects; Liv. i, 35, 6.
—
of, etc.
muliebre), in sex.
id genus, of that sort. id aetatis, of that age.
id temporis, at that time.
hat noctis,
at this
time of night.
625. The use of the adverbial quid, why, originated in this construction, and also that of quod in such phrases as quid est quod, why is it that, and niliil
est quod, there is nd^&im^-kHfC'K^rosoft®
ABLATIVE CASE
526-528)
1 73
Subject of Infinitive
The
526.
infinitive dicit
accusative
is
used as the subject of any
except a historical infinitive: montem ab
—
hostibus teneri, he says that the mountain
by the enemy; B. G.
i,
Divitiacum ad se vocari iubet, he orders Divitiacus
him; B. G. at te
i,
Romae non
is held
22, 2. to be called to
19, 3.
fore, but to think that
you won't
be in
Rome;
Att.
s,
20, 7.
ABLATIVE CASE 527.
The Ablative combines
of three original cases,
— the
in itself the functions
true Ablative, which de-
noted separation or departure, the Instrumental, which denoted originally association, and the Locative, which denoted the place where. The uses of the Ablative are therefore grouped under .three heads, Separative,
—
Instrumental, and Locative.
Separative Uses Ablative of Separation with Verbs
628.
Verbs denoting separation take the ablative.
In this class are included not only verbs denoting actual separation but also those which denote absence, aversion, ces-
and want. The ablative preposition, but no general rule accompanied by a is often It is regularly used when the noun can given. be for its use sation, difference, freedom, deprivation,
denotes a person; also with verbs denoting difference or aversion;
and with verbs denoting itself
literal
separation, unless the verb
contains a separative preposition.
It is regularly
omitted
with verbs denoting only figurative separation. Poets, and prose-writers beginning with Livy, omit the preposition more freely :
—
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SYNTAX OF NOUNS
174 te tuo loco
demovere potuenint,
(j2g,
they might have removed
530
you from
your place; Plane. 53. uti ex Galliae finibus pellerentur, that they would he driven out of Gallic territory; te
ab eo
libero,
B. G.
i,
31, 11.
I free you from him; Q. Fr.
3, i, 9.
ciTitatem dominatu regio liberarit, he freed the state
from a
king's
rule; Plane. 60.
oppugnatione desistunt, they abandon the siege; B. G.
quod abhorret a meis moribus, which Cat.
I,
is inconsistent
6, 39, 4.
with
my habits;
20.
omnibus egere rebus,
to be
in want of everything; B. C. 3, 32, 4.
For the genitive with these verbs see 436, 437; for the dative see 463, 477.
Ablative of Separation with Adjectives
529. The Ablative with or without a preposition is used with alienus and with adjectives denoting freedom or want:
—
alienum maiestate dednun, inconsistent with Div. 2, 105. alienus a
litteris,
liber cura, free
a stranger
from
the dignity of the gods;
to literature; Verr.
care; Fin.
i,
2,
64.
49.
inopes ab amicis sunt, they are destitute of friends; Att.
For the genitive with alienus see 410; for the dative meaning want see 429.
i, i, 2.
see 487.
For the
genitive with adjectives
Ablative of Place
Whence
Whence is regularly expressed by the ablaa preposition; but the preposition is omitted with names of towns and small islands (unless the meaning is from the neighborhood of), with domo, from home, riire, from the country, and, in poetry, humo, from the ground: 530.
Place
tive with
—
decedit ex Gallia, he withdrew from Gaul; Quinct. 16.
Roma acceperam
litteras,
/ had
received
a
letter
from Rome; Att.
8, 2.
Delo
f^mp^^s ;
proficiscitur, Beg'M9 34, 13-
num
recentium iniuriarum memoriam (se) deponere posse? cotdd
memory
he lay aside the
976.
An
of recent wrongs? B. G.
original subjunctive in a deliberative
i,
14, 3.
question
is
always
retained in indirect discourse.
Commands .
977.
subjunctive
in Indirect Discourse
— whether
Commands
— have the verb The
rect discourse.
tense
is
regular principles of sequence
originally imperative or
in the subjunctive in indi-
usually determined
—
:
by the
nuntius venit bellum Atheniensis indixisse; quare venire ne dubi-
a message came
taret,
Athenians had declared war; where-
that the
fore he should not hesitate to come; Nep. Ages. 4,
respondit:
si
ab armis discedere
velint, se adiutore
que ad Caesarem mittant, he their
arms,
B. G.
978. followed
5,
replied: if they
i.
utantur legatos-
wanted
them take his advice and send envoys
let
41, 7.
to lay to
down
Caesar;
(Tenses due to repraesentatio.)
Some verbs of saying etc. may denote will or desire and are then by an object clause: as, Pythia respondit ut moenibus ligneis se
milnirent, the Pythian priestess replied that they should defend themselves
with wooden walls; Nep.
Them.
2,
6.
Conditional Sentences in Indirect Discourse
979.
The
protasis
is
a subordinate clause and has the
subjiyictive.
The
apodosis
is
aDl§!t^t^\sim)iom^
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