A/L ICT Competency 1.4

Nju;rr ; p 1.4 : jfzdp Kiwikapd; gpujhd $Wfs;/gFjpfs; (Select and Classifies the basic Components of a Computer System) fzdp Kiwik (Computer System) fzdp KiwikahdJ ,aq;Ftjw;fhf gpd;tUk; ehd;F mbg;gilf; $Wfs; ,ize;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

1. td; nghUs; (Hardware) 2. nkd; nghUs; (Software) 3. epiyg; nghUs; (Firmware) 4. capu;g; nghUs; (Liveware)

1. td; nghUs; - Hard ware

fzdp xd;iw cUthf;ff; $ba ,yj;jpudpay; ngsjPf cgfuzq;fNs td;nghUs; MFk;. NkYk; ,itfis njhl;L czu KbAk;> nkd; nghUspd; cjtp nfhz;L ,aq;ff;$baJ> ,yFthf khw;wpaikf;f KbahJ Nghd;w rpy mbg;gilahd ,ay;Gfis nfhz;L fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. cjhuzq;fs;: Monitor> Mouse> Keyboard>etc……

2. nkd; nghUs; - Software

Fwpj;j Nehf;fk; xd;wpid epiwT nra;Ak; nghUl;L fzdp td;ghfq;fspid nraw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf Kiwahf toq;fg;gl;Ls;s xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l fl;lisfspd; njhFg;Ng nkd;nghUs; vdg;gLk;. ,e;j nkd;nghUspid mjd; nraw;gL jd;ikf;Nfw;g my;yJ gad;gL jd;ikf;F Vw;g gy;NtW tiffahf gphpf;fyhk;. cjhuzq;fs;: Windows> Photoshop> MS office package>etc……….

3. epiyg;nghUs; - Firmware

fzdp Kiwik xd;wpid ,af;Ftjw;F mbg;gilahfj; Njitg;gLk; fl;lisj; njhFjpfNs epiyg;nghUs; vdg;gLk;. ,it fzdpapid cUthf;Fk; NghJ mjd; jha;gyifapy; gpw;fhyj;jpy; khw;wKbahjthW mjd; cw;gj;jpahsuhy; gjpf;fg;gLk;. cjhuzq;fs;: fzdpapy; cs;s thrpg;G epidtfk; (ROM), NkYk; ,it ryit ,ae;jpuk;> Ez;ziy mLg;G> ifalf;f njhiyNgrp, iPOD Nghd;w ,yj;jpudpay; fUtpfspYk; ,Uf;fpdpwd. Note: ,d;W ,yj;jpudpay; hPjpahf kPz;Lk; vOj $ba ROM fs; cs;sd.

4. caph;g; nghUs; - Live ware

fzdpia ifahsj; njhpe;j xUth; me;Neuj;jpy; caph;nghUs; vd miof;fg;gLk;

fzdp td;nghUl;fs; fzdpapd; td;nghUl;fshdJ mit nra;af; $ba njhopl;ghl;bid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L gpd;tUkhU tifg;gLj;jyhk;

1. cs;sPl;L cgfuzk; (Input Device) ,it fzdp Kiwik xd;wpw;F juT> mwpTWj;jy;fis rkpq;iQfshf cs;toq;Ftjw;fhf cgNahfpf;fg;gLk; fUtpfNs ,itahFk;. Kjd; Kjypy; cs;sPl;L fUtpfs; gw;wpa fUj;J 1945 k; Mz;L Vonneuman ,d; fzdp tbtikg;gpd; NgNj mwpKfg;gl;lJ. nghJthf gpd;tUk; cgfuzq;fs; cs;sPl;Lf; fUtpfshf gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

1.1 . tpirg;gyif (Key board) vOj;Jf;fs;> vz;fs;> FwpaPLfs;> kw;Wk; fl;lisfs; Mfpatw;iw fzdp Kiwikf;F cs;sPL nra;tjw;F tpirg;gyiffs; ghtpf;fg;gLk;. ,it rkpq;iQfshf khw;wg;gl;L nraypf;F mDg;gg;gLk;. nraypahdJ mr;rkpq;iQfis (ASCII, BCD, Unicode) FwpaPlhf guptHj;jid nra;J nray;Kiwg;gLj;jg;gLk;.

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1.2 . Rl;bf;fhl;Lk; cgfuzq;fs; (Pointing Devices) juT cs;sPL nra;tjw;F Rl;bf;fhl;Lk; cgfuzq;fs; ghtpf;fg;gLk;. Rl;b(Mouse), njhLjpiu(Touch Screen), Track Ball, Light pen, Joystick Mfpad ,tw;wpw;F rpy cjhuzq;fshFk;. ,r;rkpq;iQfis cl;nrYj;j jlq;fs; xspf;fjpHfs; ghtpf;fg;gLk;.

Touch Screen

Joy Stick

Track Ball

Mouse

1.3 . tUb (Scanner) gpujp xdpwpy; cs;s vOj;Jf;fisAk;, glq;fisAk; fzdpapw;F gl cUtpy; gpujp gz;z tUbfs; ghtpf;fg;gLk;. ,q;F vOj;Jf;fSk;, glq;fSk; gl cUtpNyNa fzdpapy; Nrkpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. vd;gJ XH tpN\ mk;rkhFk;. Mdhy;; rpy tUbfs; OCR (Optical character Recongnition) trjpAldpUg;gjhy; Times New Roman, Arial vOj;Jf;fshy; Md gpujpfis cUtbtpy; ,y;yhky; vOj;J tbtpy; Nrkpf;fg;gLk;.

1.4 . vz;zpay; glf;fUtp (Digital Camera) vz;zpay; glf;fUtpapy; Nrkpj;jitfis fzdpapw;F ngw;Wf; nfhs;sKbAkhdhy; ,JTk; cs;sPl;L cgfuzq;fspy; xd;whFk;. ,jpy; epiyahd kw;Wk; rydg;glq;fis Nrkpj;J itf;f KbAk;.

1.5 . tiy xspg;glf; fUtp (Web camera) tiy xspg;glf;fUtpahdJ epiyahd, rydg;glq;fis Neuiy vz;zpay; glq;fshf juf;$ba XH xspg;glf;fUtpahFk;. ,jd; %yk; Neubahf Kfk; ghHj;J ,iza njhiyNgrp ciuahly;fis Nkw;nfhs;syhk;. NkYk; fhnzhsp khehL elj;jTk; ,J gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

1.6. gl;il FwpKiw thrpg;ghd; (Barcode Reader) nghUl;fspy; Fwpf;fgl;Ls;s gl;il Fwpfspy; (Bar Code) cs;s juTfis mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. ,t; gl;il FwpfshdJ. nghUspd; cw;gj;jpahsu; tpguk;, cw;gj;jp nra;j jpfjp, nghUspd; %yg; nghUl;fs;, fhytjpahFk; jpfjp Nghd;w nghUs; rhu;e;j tplaq;fis nfhz;bUf;Fk;. ,t;tpguq;fspid mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;fhf gad;gLj;;jg;gLk; rhjdNk ,JthFk;.

1.7 fhe;j ik vOj;JU thrpg;ghd; (Magnetic Ink character recognition - MICR) fhe;j ikia gad;gLj;jp vOjg;gl;bUf;f $ba vOj;Jf;fis thrpg;gjw;fhf ,f;fUtpfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. cjhuzkhf fzf;fpyf;fk; kw;Wk; fhNrhiy ,yf;fk; vd;gd fhNrhiyfspy; fhe;j ikiag; gad;gLj;jpNa vOjg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ,tw;iw thrpg;gjw;Fk; cz;ikj;jd;ikapid cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; MICR gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

1.8.OMR (Optical mark recongnition) milasq;fs; kw;Wk; FwpaPLfis tpiuthf thrpj;juptjw;F OMR gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

cjhuzkhf gy;Nju;T tpdhg;gj;jpu tpilfis jpUj;Jtjw;F ,k;Kiw gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;Wj

1.9. OCR (Optical Character Redaers) vOj;Jf;fis fzdpapy; jl;lr;R nra;tjw;Fg;gjpyhf vOj;JUf;fis vOj;Jf;fshfNt cs;Eiog;gjw;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gLtNj ,JthFk;.

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1.10. Audio Input Devices Xyp tbt juTfis fzdpf;F cs;Eiotpg;gjw;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gLk; fUtpNa ,JthFk

eg: Mic 1.11. Card Readers 2. ntspaPl;L cgfuzq;fs; (Out Put Devices) cs;sPl;L cgfuzq;fs; %ykhf toq;fg;gl;l juTfis nfhs;tjw;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gLk; cgfuzq;fNs ,itahFk;.

nrad;Kiwf;F

cl;gLj;jp

ntspNa

ngw;Wf;

1. fhl;rpj;jpiu (Monitor) : nrad;Kiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l tpisTfis nkd; gpujpfshf ntspf; nfhzu;tjw;fhf ,J gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ghtpf;fg;gLk; njhopy;El;gj;jpid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ,J gpd;tUkhU tifg;gLj;jg;gLk; 1.1fNjhl; fjpH Foha; (Cathode ray tube) fhl;rpj;jpiu ,e;j njhopy; El;gj;jpd; fPo; cUthf;fg;gl;l fhl;rpj;jpiuahdJ  gUkd; $baJ  fNjhl; fjpH Foha; (Cathode Ray Tube ) nfhzLs;sJ.  mjpf kpd; rf;jpia gad;aLj;jf;$baJ.  $Ljyhd fjpHfis ntspaplf;$baJ.  ,J XH myfpDs; mjpfkhd tHz mDf;fis nfhz;bUf;Fk; (High Resolution)  tpiy FiwT  ,J Graphical NtiyfSf;F nghUj;jkhdJ.

1.2 jputg;gspq;F fhl;rpj;jpiu (Liquid Crystal display) ,e;j njhopy;El;gj;jpd; fPo; cUthf;fg;gl;l fzdpahdJ  tpiy mjpfk;  gUkd; Fiwe;jJ  Fiwe;jsT kpd; rf;jp Njit  Fiwe;jsT fjpHfis ntspapLk;  ,jpy; xg;gpl;LhPjpapy; Fiwe;jsT tHz mZf;fis XH myfpDs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. 1.3 xsp fhOk; jpupjilak; (Light Emitting Diode)

     

xg;gPll ; stpy; LCD I tpl tpiy mjpfk; LCDI tpl gUkd; Fiwe;jJ Fiwe;jsT kpd;rf;jp ntspaplg;gLk; fjpupfspd; msT kpff; FiwT LCD I tpl $Ljyhf Xu; myfpDs; mjpfkhd tu;z mZf;fis fhl;lf; $baJ. vy;yhj;jpirgspYk; ,Ue;J fhl;rpj;jpiuia ghu;f;f KbAk;

2. mr;R ,ae;jpuk; (Printer) ,J fzdpapy; fhzg;gLk; nkd; nghUs; Mf;fq;fq;fis mr;Rg;gpujpahf ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gLk; xU rhjdkhFk;. ,d;W ghtidapy; i. mOj;Jk; mr;Rg;nghwp (Impact printer) ii. mOj;jh mr;Rg;nghwp (Non-impact printer) vd ,uz;L tifahd mr;R ,ae;jpuq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

i. mOj;Jk; mr;Rg;nghwp (Impact printer) ,t;tr;Rg;nghwpahdJ jhspd; kPJ mOj;JtjpD}lhf gpujpnaLf;Fk;. NkYk; gpujpnaLf;Fk; NghJ xypnaOg;Gk;

a. Gs;sp mzp mr;Rg;nghwp (Dot matrix Printers-Impact printer)    

GpujpnaLf;Fk; NghJ mjpf xypia vOg;Gk;. xU gpujpf;fhf mjpf Neuk; vLf;Fk;. ,jpy; fhgd; ribbon ghtpf;fg;gLk; gpujpapd; juk; jho;e;jJ

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 xU gpujpf;fhf Vw;gLk; nryT FiwT  fWg;G nts;is gpujp khj;jpuNk vL;f;f KbAk;. b. nla;rpr; rpy;Y mr;Rg;nghwp (Daisy wheel Printer)

,it nla;rpr; rpy;Yfis gad;gLj;jjp gpujp vLf;Fk; ii. mOj;jh mr;Rg;nghwp (Non-impact printer) ik gPr;RtjpD}lhf, Nyru; njhopy; El;gj;ij gad;gLj;jp gpujpnaLf;ff; $ba mr;Rg;nghwpfs; ,t;tifiar; rhUk;. ,t;tr;Rg;nghwpfs; gpujpnaLf;Fk; NghJ xsp vOg;ghJ. gpd;tUk; tifahd mOj;jh mr;Rg;nghwpfs; gad;ghl;by; cs;sd

a. ik gPr;Rk; mr;Rg;nghwp (Ink jet printer- non impact printer)  tHz kw;Wk; fWg;G, nts;is gpujpfis gpujp gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.  ,jpy; ik nghjpAiw (Ink cartridge) gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.  xU gpujpapw;fhd Neuk; kpff; FiwT  ik nghjpAiwapy; cs;s Jisfs; (Nozzle) gPr;rg;gLtjpD}lhf gpujpfis mr;R nra;Ak;

vLg;gjw;F

Clhf

jhs;fspd;

kPJ

ik

b. Laser mr;Rg;nghwp (Laser Printer)     

xU gpujpapw;fhf; kpff; Fiwe;j Neuk; vLf;Fk; ,jpy; Toner gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ ,jpy; Photo copy njhopy; El;gk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ xU gpujpapw;fhf nryT mjpfk;. mr;Rg; nghwpapw;fhd tpiy mjpfk;.

c. ntg;g mr;Rg; nghwp (Thermal Printer) :  mjp juk; tha;e;j fyu; gpujpfis gpujpnaLf;f ,J gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. 



,jw;fhf tpiyAk; juKk; kpf;f jhs;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,J epw%l;lg;gl;l nkOFg; Gs;spfis ntg;gj;jhy; vupj;J tpN\l jhspy; glq;fis gpujpnaLf;Fk;.

d. Plotter Js;spakhd gl tiuGfs; kw;Wk; maps Nghd;w gpujpfis mr;Rr; nra;a gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

3. Nfl;ly; cgfuzq;fs;.(Sound System) nghJthf fzdpapypUe;J ntspahFk; xyp Nfl;gjw;fhf ,e;j cgfuzk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

3. kj;jpa nraw;ghl;L myF (Central Processing Unit - CPU) ,J fzdpapd; kpfg;gpujhdkhd xU mq;fkhFk;. ,jid Ez;nrayp (Micro Processor) vd;Wk; miof;fg;gu;. ,J fzdpapd; jha;g;gyifapy;(Mother Board) nghUj;jg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ,jDila njhopw;ghl;L Ntfk; Hz (Hertz) ,dhy; msf;fg;gLk;. kj;jpa nraw;ghl;L myfhdJ mjd; nraw;ghl;bw;F mikthf gpd;tUk; 3 gpupTfshf gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. 1. fl;Lg;ghl;L myF (Control Unit) 2. fzpj kw;Wk; ju;f;f myF (Arithmetic and Logical Unit) 3. epidtfg; gjpNtLfs; (Memory Register) 1. fl;Lg;ghl;L myF (Control Unit) fzdp Kiwikapd; rfy td;, nkd; nghUl;fspd; nraw;ghLfis fl;Lg;gLj;jy;, epidtfj;jpypUe;J mwpTUj;jy;fis ngw;W mtw;iw fzdpapd; Vida gFjpfSf;F toq;Fjy; Nghd;w nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;Sk;. 2. fzpj kw;Wk; ju;f;f myF (Arithmetic and Logical Unit) ,J juTfspd; rfy fzpj njhopw;ghLfshd +, -, X, / nraw;ghLfisAk;, xg;gPl;L nraw;ghLfshd =, Nghd;w nraw;ghLfisAk; Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wJ. 3. gjpap (Register) ,J CPU tpdhy; nrad;Kiwg;gLj;jg;gLtjw;fhd juT, mwpTWj;jy;, epidtf Kftup vd;gtw;wpid nradKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;F Kd; Nrkpj;J itg;gNjhL nrad;Kiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l tplaq;fs; gpujhd

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epidtfj;jpw;F mDg;gg;gLtjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ

Kd;Ds;s

kpff;

Fwpfpa

Neuk;

Njf;fp

itg;gjw;fhf

,J

fzdpapd; fjp (Speed of a Computer)  ika Kiwtopahf;fy; fUtpapd; NtfkhdJ xU fzdpia nfhs;tdT nra;Ak; NghJ ftdpf;f Ntz;ba Kf;fpakhd xU tplakhFk;.  fzdpapd; fjpahdJ mjd; fbfhuf; fjp (Clock speed) vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.  fjpapid msg;gjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gLk; myF N`w;]; (Hertz - Hz) MFk;.  NkYk; ,d;iwa fzdpfspd; fjp nkfhN`w;];(Mega Hertz - MHz), [pfhN`w;;](; Giga Hertz - GHz ) fspy; msf;fg;gLfpd;wd  Kd;Ndhb ika Kiwtopahf;f cw;gj;jp epWtdq;fshf Intel, AMD(Advanced Micro Devices) Nghd;wtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;

4. epidtfk; (Memory Devices) fzdpapd; ePz;l, FWfpa fhy nraw;ghl;bw;F Njitahd jfty;fs;, itj;J toq;Ftjw;fhf cs;sitNa epidtfk;.

mwpTjy;fs;, juTfis Nrkpj;J

fzdpapd; jw;jpwid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L gpd;tUkhU epidtfj;ij gpupf;fyhk; 1. mopjF epidtfk; (Volatile Memory) 2. mopTwh epidtfk; (non-volatile Memory)

mopjF epidtfk; / epiyaw;w epidtfk; (Volatile Memory) ,t;epidtfj;jpy; cs;s juT kw;Wk; mwpTWj;jyhdJ ,t;epidtj;jpw;F kpd;rhuk; cs;s tiu khj;jpuk; Nrkpf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; kpd;dpidg;G Jz;bf;fg;gLkhdhy; ,jpy; cs;s juT kw;Wk; mwpTWj;jyhdJ ,y;yhkyhfptpLk; ,t;thwhdepidtfNk mopjF epidtfk; vdg;gLk;.

cjhuzk;: RAM, Cache Memory

mopTwh / epiyahd epidtfk; (non- volatile Memory) ,t;epidtfkhdJ kpd;dpidg;G ,Ue;jhYk; my;yJ ,y;yhtpl;lhYk; mwpTWj;jyhdJ ePz;l fhy mbg;gilapy; Nrkpf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. cjhuzk: Hard disk, pen drive, zip drive, ROM

,jpYs;s

juT

kw;Wk;

NkYk; epidtfkhdJ gpd;tUkhWk; tifg;gLj;jg;gLk;. 1. gpujhd or Kjd;ik epidtfk; (Primary or main Memory) 2. ,uz;lhk; ju or Jiz epidtfk; (Secondary or Utility Memory) 1. gpujhd or Kjd;ik epidtfk; ,J fzdpapd; kj;jpa nraw;ghl;L njhFjpapdhy; Neubahf njhlh;G nfhs;sg;gLk; xU epidtfkhFk;. ,t;Njf;f myFfs; Fiwflj;jpfis (Semiconductors) gad;gLj;jp cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ. gpd;tUk; tifahd gpujhd epidtfq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd a. vOkW mDfs; epidtfk; / NeuZF epidtf/ jw;Nghf;F ngWtop epidtfk; (Random Access Memory)- RAM b. tpiuT epidtfk; (Cache Memory) c. thrpg;G epidtfk; (Read Only Memory)- ROM a. vOkW mZfs; epidtfk; / NeuZF epidtfk; (Random Access Memory) - RAM ,J fzdpia ,af;Ftjw;F Njitahd ,af;F Kiwikapid (Operating System) td;jl;bypUe;J ngw;W jw;fhypfkhf itj;Jf;nfhz;L fzdpapd; fzdpapd; nraypapw;F toq;Fk;. NkYk; ,J nraw;ghLfSf;fhf cl;gLj;Jfpd;w juT kw;Wk; jfty;fis jw;fhypfkhf itj;J Njitg;gLk; nghOJ toq;Fk;. ,it mopAk; or epiyaw;w epidtfk; (Volatile Memory) vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpdwJ. ,it fzdpapd jha; gyifapy; (Motherboard) ,izf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.

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NkYk; ,it 256MB, 512MB, 1GB, 2GB, 4GB, Nghd;w gy;NtW nfhs;syTfspy; fpilf;ff;$bajhf ,Uf;Fk;. ,d;W ghtidapy; gpd;tUk; tifahd RAM fs; cs;sd.  khwh jw;Nghf;F ngWtop epidtfk; (SRAM – Static Random Access Memory) e.g.: SRAM  ,aq;F epiy jw;Nghf;F ngWtop epidtfk; (DRAM – Dynamic Random Access Memory) e.g.: DDR DRAM (Dual Data Rate DRAM), DDR1 DRAM, DDR2 DRAM b tpiuT epidtfk; my;yJ gJf;F epidtfk; (Cache Memory) nraypapd;; nraw;ghl;L Ntfj;jpw;F ,izahf njhopw;gLk;. ,jd; jfty; nfhs;ssthdJ 32KB, 64KB, 4MB, 8MB Nghd;w rpwpa nfhs;ssthf ,Uf;Fk;. NkYk; ,jd; tpiyahdJ RAM I tpl mjpfkhFk;. mNjNeuk; ,jd; fjpahdJ jw;Nghf;Fg; ngWtop epidtfj;jpd; $baJ. gpd;tUk; tifahd gJf;F epidtfq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. I. Kjy;epiyg; gJf;F epidtfk; (Primary cache memory/Level 1(L1)) II. Jizepiyg; gJf;F epidtfk; (Secondary cache memory/Level 2(L2)) III. %d;whk; epiyg; gJf;F epidtfk; (Level 3 (L3)) i. Kjy;; epiyg; gJf;;F epidtfk; (Primary cache memory/Level 1(L1)) Kjy;epiyg; gJf;F epidtfk; cupa ika Kiwtop myfpDs;Ns mikf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ,jd; nfhs;ssT kpfr; rpwpajhf fhzg;gLk; (16KB, 32KB). ika Kiwtop myfpdhy; kpf mbf;fb Ntz;lg;gLk; juTfSk; mwpTWj;jy;fSk; Kjypy; ,t;tpidfj;jpiyNa Njlg;gLk;. ii. Jizepiyg;; gJf;F epidtfk; (Secondary cache memory/Level 2(L2)) ,J ika Kiwtop myfpw;F kpf mz;ikapy; jha;g;gyifapy; nghUj;jg;gl;bUf;Fk;. Jiz epiyg; gJf;F epidtfk; Kjy;epiyg; gJf;F epidtfj;jpYk; $Ljyhd nfhs;ssit cilaJ. mNjNtis Jizepiyg; gJf;F epidtfk; nraw;gLk; fjp Kjy; epiyg; gJf;F epidtfj;jpd; fjpapYk; FiwthdJ. iii. %d;;whk;e ; piy gJf;;F epidtfk;; (Level 3 (L3)) etPd fzpdpfspy; kl;LNk %d;whk;epiy epidtfk; fhzg;gLk; ,J jha;g;gyifapy; Ez;nraypapw;Fk; RAM ,w;Fk; ,ilapy; nghUj;jg;gl;bUf;Fk;. Vida ,uz;L gJf;F epidtfq;fisAk; tpl epidtf nfhs;ssT $baJ. c. thrpg;G epidtfk; (Read Only Memory)-ROM ,J fzdpapd; Muk;g ,af;fj;jpw;F Njitahd fl;lisfs;, mwpTWj;jy;fis toq;Ftjw;fhd jha;g;gyifapy; ,y; gjpf;fg;gl;bUf;ff; $ba rpy;Ny (Chip) ,JthFk;. ,jw;F ntspapypUe;J nraw;ghl;bw;fhd juTfs; toq;fg;gLtjpy;iy khwhf cw;gj;jpahsuhy mjd; cw;gj;jpapd; NghJ toq;fg;gl;l juTfis thrpj;J nraw;gLtjdhy; ,J thrpgG epidtfk; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. NkYk; ,J epiyg;nghUs; vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. thrpg;G kl;Lk; epidtfk; gy tifg;gLk;  nra;epuy;gLj;jf;$ba thrpg;G kl;Lk; epidtfk; (Programmable Read Only Memory - PROM)  mopjF nra;epuy;gLj;jf;$ba thrpg;G kl;Lk; epidtfk; (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory EPROM)  kpd;dpay; uPjpahf mopjF nra;epuy;gLj;jf;$ba thrpg;G kl;Lk; epidtfk; (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory – EEPROM)

2. ,uz;lhk; ju / Jiz Nrkpg;gfk; (Secondary / Utility Storage) jfty;fisAk, juTfisAk;, mwpTWj;jy;fisAk; vjph;fhy Njit fUjp epiyahf Nrkpj;J itg;gjw;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gLitNa ,uz;lhk; ju epidtfk; vdg;gLk;;. Njitg;gLk; NghJ jfty;;fis ngw;W mjpy; khw;wq;fis nra;af$bajhf ,Uf;Fk;. ,it Gwj;Njf;fk;(Backing Storage) my;yJ Jiz epidtfk;(Auxilary Memory) vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;. NkYk; Jizj; Njf;f myFfis cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;F fhe;jj; njhopDl;gtpay; (Magnetic technology) my;yJ xspj; njhopDl;gtpay; (Optical technology) gad;gLj;jg;gLk

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Hard disk (100GB, 200FG, 500GB, etc) Blue Ray Disk 25-50GB, DVD (Digital Versatile Disk) 4.7 GB CD (Compact Disk) 700MB Pen drive/ Flash Drive

Magnetic Disk

Floppy Diskette (1.44MB)

ZIP drive 250MB

5. tiyg;gpd;dy; fUtpfs; (Network Devices) ,f;fUtpfspd; Njit ,d;wpaikajjhFk;.

tiyaikg;G

my;yJ

njhlu;ghlYf;fhf

fzdpfis

,izf;Fk;

NghJ

i. tiyaikg;G ,ilKf ml;il (Network Interface Card): nghJthf xU fzdpapia tiyaikg;Gld; ,izf;fpd;w NghJ mt;tiyaikgG njhlu;gpid vkJ fzdpAld; ,izf;ff; $ba xU fUtpNa ,JthFk;.

ii. Modem: vz;zpay; rkpq;iQia xg;Gik rkpq;iQahf khw;Wk; nraw;ghL Fwpg;Naw;wk; (modulation) vdg;gLk;. NkYk; xg;Gik rkpq;iQia vz;zpay; rkpq;iQahf khw;Wk; nraw;ghL Fwpg;gpwf;fk; (Demodulation) vdg;gLk;. ,j;njhopw;ghl;il Mw;Wk; fUtpNa ,JthFk;. ,f;fUtpahdJ fzdpia ,izaj;Jld; ,izg;gjw;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

iii. Ftpad;fs; (Hub):

tiyaikg;gpYs;s fzdpfis xd;Nwhnlhd;W ,izg;gjw;fhf cs;s fUtp. tiyaikg;gpYs;s fzdpahdJ ,d;DnkhU fzdpf;F jftiy mDg;Gk; NghJ FtpakhdJ tiyaikg;gpYs;s vy;yh fzdpfSf;Fk; mj;jtiy mDg;Gk;. cupa fzdp khj;jpuk; mj;jftiy jf;f itj;Jf;nfhs;tNjhL Vida fzdpfs; mj;jftiy jpUg;gp tpLk;

iv. khw;wpfs; (switch): ,JTk; Ftpaj;ijg; Nghy; tiyaikg;gpYs;s fzdpfis xd;Wld; xd;W ,izg;gjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gLk; fUtpahFk;. Mdhy; tiyaikg;gpYs;s xU fzdpf;F ,d;DnkhU fzdp jftiyg; gupkhWk; NghJ cupa fzdp khj;jpuk; mj;jftiy ngw;Wf; nfhs;tij cWjpnra;Ak;. v. topg;gLj;jpfs; Router: ,J tpj;jpahrkhd IP Kftupfis nfhz;l tiyaikg;Gfis ,izg;gjw;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

fzdp nkd;nghUs; (Computer Software) fzdpapd; td;ghfq;fis ,af;Ftjw;Fk;, gadu;fspd; Ntiyfis nra;tpg;gjw;Fkhd fl;lis, mwpTWj;jy;fspd; njhFg;Ng nkd;nghUs; vdg;gLk;. ,jd; gad;ghl;Lf;F mika nkd;nghUshdJ gpd;tUkhU tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. 1. Kiwik nkd;nghUs; (System Software) 2. gpuNahf nkd;nghUs; (Application Software)

1. Kiwik nkd;nghUs; (System Software) ,J fzdpapd; td;nghUspd; njhopw;ghl;bw;F my;yJ ,af;fj;jpw;Fk;, fzdpapd; nraw;jpwid mjpfupf;fr; nra;tjw;Fk;, fzdp Kiwikapy; VjhtJ gpiofs; Vw;gl;lhy; mjid epgu;j;jpg;gjw;Fkhd fl;lisfs;, mwpTWj;jy;fs; mlq;fpa njhFg;Ng Kiwik nkd;nghUshFk;. ,JTk; mjd; gad;ghl;Lf;F mika gpd;tUkhU tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. a. ,af;f Kiwik (Operating System Software) b. nkhop ngau;g;ghf;fpfs; (translators) c. gad;gL nkd;nghUl;fs; (Utility Software)

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a. ,af;f Kiwik (Operating system) ,J ve;;jnthU fzdpiaAk; nraw;gl itg;gjw;fhd mbg;gil fl;lisfs;, mwpTWj;jiy nfhz;Ls;s xd;whFk;. xU fzdpapd; ,af;fj;jpw;F ,e;j OS ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;. ,J fzdpapy; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;;s rfy fUtpfisAk; xOq;fikg;gjw;Fk; nraw;gLj;Jtjw;Fkhd fl;lisfis nfhz;Ls;sJ. Eg: Apple Mac, windows xp, Vista, 7, Ubundu, Ms Dos, Chrome OS, etc b. nkhopngau;g;ghf;fpfs; (Translators) fzdp epuyp nkhopapid gad;gLj;jp fl;lisapid my;yJ mwpTWj;jypid toq;Ffpd;w NghJ mjid fzdpapw;F tpsq;ff; $bajhf nkhop ngau;j;J nraw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf cs;s nkd;nghUl;fNs nkhopngau;;g;ghf;fpfs; vdg;gLk;. Eg: Assembler, Interpreter, Compiler c. gad;ghl;L nkd;nghUl;fs; (Utility Software) fzdpapd; nraw;ghl;L tpidj;jpwid mjpfupf;fr; nra;tjw;fhfTk;, mjpy; Vw;glf; $ba jtWfis epgu;j;jpg;gjw;fhfTk; vdTs;s fl;lisfs;, mwpTWj;jy;fspd; njhFg;Ng ,JthFk;. Eg: Antivirus Software (Avira, AvG, kaspersky, ets), Compression Software(Win Zip, win Rar), Dr.Watson, etc 2. gpuNahf nkd;nghUs; (Application Software) gad;ghl;lhsu;fspd; nghJthd Njitfspid fUj;jpw;nfhz;L cUthf;fg;glf;$ba nkd;nghUl;fNs ,itahFk;. eg: MS Office, Photo Shop, Browser Software, Media Player, etc, CAD rpy ree;ju;g;gq;fspy; gadhspfspd; Ntz;LjYf;F Vw;gTk; ,t;thwhd nkd;nghUl;fs; jahu; nra;J toq;fg;gLk;. cjhuzkhf tq;fp eltbf;iffSff;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; tpN\l Software, itj;jparhiyia Kfhik nra;ag; gad;gLj;Jk; Software, etc vd;gdtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;

cupikAila nkd; nghUl;f;fSk; jpwe;;j %y nkd; nghUl;f;fSk; ,d;W cyfpw; fhzg;gLk; nkd;nghUl;fspd; cupiknjhlu;ghf ,Uepiyfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. 1. cupikr;rhu; nkd;nghUl;fs; 2. jpwe;j %y nkd; nghUl;fs;

cupikr;rhu; nkd; nghUl;fs; ahjhapDk; xU egUf;F my;yJ epWtdj;jpw;F rl;l G+u;t cupikAila nkd; nghUl;fs; ,t;tifiar; rhUk;. rl;lTupikaw;w vtUf;Fk; ,g;nghUl;fis ghtpg;gjw;Nfh khw;wQ; nra;tjw;Nfh gpujpaPL nra;tjw;Nfh my;yJ gq;fPL nra;tjw;Nfh KbahJ. Njit vdpd;> cupik ngw;wtu;fspd; mDkjpAld; khj;jpuk; ,jid ngw;Wf; nfhs;sKbAk;. ,t;tif nkd;nghUl;fis ntspapLk; gpujhd epWtd rpythf: Microsoft, macromedia, Adobe Nghd;wtw;iw Fwpg;gplyhk;.

jpwe;;j %y nkd; nghUl;;fs; rl;lG+u;t cupik Nfhug;glhj nkd;nghUl;fs; ,t;tiff;Fs; mlq;Fk;.

,tw;iwg;ghtpj;jy;> gpujpnaLj;jy;> khw;wq;fisr; nra;jy;> gfpu;e;jspj;jy; Nghd;w tplaq;fisr; nra;tjw;F KOikahd my;yJ gFjpastpyhf rl;l G+u;t cupik toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tw;iw Rje;jpukakhd nkd;nghUl;fs; vdTk; miog;ghu;.

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