A Judicializacao Educação No Brasil Garantias Constitucionais

 

 

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F JYKGCGFBGZFÀÃA KF IKYCFÀÃA LA EUFSGB: @FUFL[GFS CALS[G[YCGALFGS  Fgris Kfvgk ki Bgof (YIOS)  Dirlflkf Xiris Sarftta (YIOS)  Uilfta Efreasf Vuigraz ((YIOS) ((YIOS)

UISYOA A prisilti istuka dag rifbgzfka oikgflti pisqugsf kacuoiltfb i tio par aejitgva trftfr saeri fspictas `irfgs kf quistãa kf jukgcgfbgzfàãa kf ikucfàãa la Erfsgb. A caltrabi ka Istfka lf ikucfàãa ridbiti kgritfoilti io suf fpbgcfegbgkfki sacgfb, oikgkf qui vgfegbgzau f fopbf iditgvgkfki ka tfb kgrigta. Istf laroftgzfàãa passgegbgtau f ferfl`êlcgf kas kgrigtas cabitgvas, ribfcgalfkas cao a tiof ikucfàãa, trflsdaroflka kidglgtgvfoilti a qufkra sacgacubturfb  erfsgbigra. F pfrtgr ki iltãa, frtgcubf-si fàùis i oikgkfs bi`fgs la siltgka ki pratiàãa i aerg`ftargikfki lãa só istftfb, caoa tfoeço sacgfb ridirilti è ikucfàãa. Xritilki-si fprisiltfr uo qufkra flfbïtgca kistf tioætgcf, ixpalka as ftufgs oicflgsoas qui laroftgzfo f ikucfàãa. Xrgoigrfoilti, flfbgsfr-si-æ, ki darof sucgltf, a caltixta mgstórgca ka pracissa ikucfcgalfb lf ftufb Calstgtugàãa, eio caoa lfs fltirgaroilti praoub`fkfs. Io uo si`ulka oaoilta, trftfr-si-æ kas rioçkgas calstgtucgalfgs gliriltis f calcritgzfàãa

kf kidisf kas kgrigtas ikucfcgalfgs. Xfbfvrfs-cmfvi:  Xracissa Ikucfcgalfb. Calstgtugàãa. Jukgcgfbgzfàãa. @frfltgfs. Gltrakuàãa

F jukgcgfbgzfàãa kf ikucfàãa ç caopriilkgkf caoa uo pracissa jurïkgca piba qufb as kgrigtas gliriltis fa tiof ikucfcgalfb sãa ixprissfoilti sfbvf`ufrkfkas pibf Calstgtugàãa  erfsgbigrf ftrfvçs ki sius glstruoiltas `frfltgkaris. Kgflti kf ixprissgvgkfki calstgtucgalfb, calstraio-si kgritrgzis `irfgs i larofs ispicïdgcfs fpbgcfkfs las åoegtas dikirfb, istfkufb i oulgcgpfb, calcritgzflka fssgo, uo qufkra rifb ki fpbgcfegbgkfki ka kgrigta i fa fcissa è ikucfàãa. F Calstgtugàãa lfcgalfb, oikgflti sius prglcïpgas lartifkaris, ridbiti a oavgoilta `baefb ki pratiàãa kas kgrigtas cabitgvas i praoaàãa ka eio-istfr sacgfb, kistf darof, f  priacupfàãaa cao a tiof ikucfcgalfb  priacupfàã ikucfcgalfb ioir`i caoa oikgkf ki culma sacgfb i dirrfoiltf issilcgfb pfrf irrfkgcfàãa kf kisg`ufbkfki sacgfb, i cao f dglfbgkfki úbtgof ki trflsdarofr a qufkra sacgacubturfb erfsgbigra. F oukflàf ki oiltfbgkfki ridirilti fa pracissa ikucfcgalfb i suf ftufb prgofzgf dag uo pracissa gltgofoilti bg`fkf fas oavgoiltas mgstórgcas i gkiabó`gcas kaoglfltis la åoegta sacgapabïtgca, listi siltgka, pfrf caopriilkir a fssulta io pfutf, dfz-si licissærga flæbgsi ka qufkra mgstórgca i kfs prglcgpfgs cfrfctirïstgcfs qui piroigfo fs kiofgs Calstgtugàùis praoub`fkfs la Erfsgb, kiski a Gopçrga, ftç f caltioparfligkfki. Fa kibglifr i paltufr fqugba qui ibfs trfzio ki glavfàãa au ritracissa, sae a palta ki vgstf ikucfcgalfb,  pritilki-si ixpar a gtglirærga kf quistãa ikucfcgalf ikucfcgalfbb lfcgalfb, sio, caltuka, pritilkir is`atfr au ferfl`ir takas as fspictas ka fssulta. Xfrf dglfbgzfr f flæbgsi ka tiof, sirãa ivgkilcgfkas as cmfofkas rioçkgas calstgtucgalfgs, ki `frfltgfs crgfkas prati`ir f fàãa ikucfcgalfb. Istis oicflgsoas, quiglstruoiltas a bi`gsbfkar privgu la próprga carpapfrf kf Calstgtugàãa, dulcgalf caoa kidisf Fl. Scgilcubt

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4 drilti fas aestæcubas è fpbgcfàãa ikucfcgalfb. Sãa ibis a Oflkfka ki Si`urflàf Cabitgva, a Oflkfka ki Gljulàãa i f Fàãa Cgvgb Xúebgcf. Uissfbtf-si qui f `frfltgf i piroflêlcgf ka pracissa ikucfcgalfb kicarri ki fàùis caljultfs tflta kfs isdirfs púebgcfs, quflta sacgfgs, jæ qui f ikucfàãa kioflkf ribfàãa oubtgbftirfb i iopilma ki takfs fs kgoilsùis calstgtugltis kf sacgikfki, fssgo, a prisilti trfefbma vgsf ixpar i flfbgsfr as kitiroglfltis, eio caoa trfàfr uo qufkra mgstórgca qui  piroigf a tiof jukgcgfbgzfàãa jukgcgfbgzfàãa kf iku ikucfàãa. cfàãa. 6 – F Vuistãa kf Jukgcgfbgzfàãa kf Ikucfàãa la Erfsgb

F ikucfàãa dag calsf`rfkf pibf Calstgtugàãa Dikirfb ki 67== caoa uo kgrigta muofla dulkfoiltfb, pags, si flfbgsfkf glkgvgkufboilti calstgtug uo pracissa ki kisilvabvgoilta glirilti è próprgf calkgàãa muoflf, pakilka tfoeço sir aesirvfkf lf isdirf kas kgrigtas cabitgvas, alki tfb kgrigta glkgvgsïvib i pirtilcilti fas oioeras kf sacgikfki ç usfka caoa uo oiga pfrf qui istis fbcflcio sius aejitgvas. F rispigta ka fssulta, kgscarri Dirrigrf (588= , p. 30): F ftufb Calstgtugàãa Dikirfb ki 67== riprisiltau uo ofrca sg`lgdgcftgva la ilcfoglmfoilta kas praebiofs ribftgvas è ikucfàãa erfsgbigrf, pasta qui istfeibiciu kgritrgzis, prglcïpgas i larofs qui kistfcfo f gopartålcgf qui a tiof oirici. Uicalmiciu f ikucfàãa caoa uo kgrigta sacgfb i dulkfoiltfb,  passgegbgtflka a kisilvabvgoilta ki fàùis par takas fquibis rispalsævigs pibf suf calcritgzfàãa, au sijf, a Istfka, dfoïbgf, sacgikfki i f iscabf (ikucfkaris).

 Lissi siltgka, caoa takas saoas calsgkirfkas calsgkirfkas calstgtucgalfboilti g`ufgs, a kgrigta è ikucfàãa dag glfu`urfka par lassf Cfrtf Of`lf caoa uo kgrigta sacgfb, istflka caltiopbfkf io siu frtg`a 4º, qui kigxf sae rispalsfegbgkfki ka Istfka f suf qufbgkfki i `frfltgf f takas as erfsgbigras. [fb ‒ricalmicgoilta gopbgcf lf aerg`fàãa ka Xakir Xúebgca ki `frfltgr f ikucfàãa vgsflka f g`ufbkfki kfs pissafs i par autra bfka, `frflti fa gltirissfka a pakir ki  euscfr la Jukgcgærga Jukgcgærga f suf calc calcritgzfàãa‟. ritgzfàãa‟. (CYUW> DI DIUUIGUF, UUIGUF, 5866, pp.. 84). Ç gopartflti rissfbtfr qui a Istfka lãa kivi sir ilcfrfka caoa úlgca rispalsævib  pibf iditgvfàãa ka kgrigta f ikucfàãa ikucfàãa,, f Calstgtugàãa Dikirfb io siu frtg`a 589, ftrgeugu è iltgkfki dfogbgfr i è sacgikfki, sabgkfrgfoilti, a kivir ki glciltgva i cabfearfàãa pfrf f suf rifbgzfàãa, las si`ugltis tiroas: Frt. 589. F ikucfàãa, kgrigta ki takas i kivir ka Istfka i kf dfoïbgf, siræ  praoavgkf i glciltgvfkf cao f cabfearfàãa kf sacgikfki, vgsflka fa pbila kisilvabvgoilta kf pissaf, siu pripfra pfrf a ixircïcga kf cgkfkflgf i suf qufbgdgcfàãa pfrf a trfefbma.

Gli`ævib, iltãa, qui a kgrigta è ikucfàãa ivabugu calsgkirfviboilti lfs úbtgofs kçcfkfs, efstf kgricgalfroas lassas abmfris pfrf f qufltgkfki sg`lgdgcftgvf ki bi`gsbfàãa ilvabvilka tfb sitar io lassa pfïs, prglcgpfboilti cao a fkvilta kf Calstgtugàãa Dikirfb ki 67==, qui calsf`rau f ikucfàãa caoa uo kgrigta sacgfb i dulkfoiltfb ka maoio. F ikucfàãa qui ‒ferfl`i pracissas daroftgvas qui si kisilvabvio lf vgkf dfogbgfr, lf calvgvêlcgf muoflf, la trfefbma, lfs glstgtugàùis ki ilsgla i pisqugsf, las oavgoiltas sacgfgs i ar`flgzfàùis kf sacgikfki cgvgb i lfs oflgdistfàùis cubturfgs‟. (DUIG[FS, 5866), ba`rau rispfbka piba fopfra kf bi`gsbfàãa vg`ilti. Kf oisof ofligrf, a frtg`a 58= kf Calstgtugàãa Dikirfb ki 67==, vio kitfbmflka a kgrigta è ikucfàãa glirilti f takas as erfsgbigras, las si`ugltis tiroas: Fl. Scgilcubt

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0 A kivir ka Istfka pfrf cao f ikucfàãa siræ iditgvfka oikgflti f `frfltgf ki: G - ilsgla dulkfoiltfb, aerg`ftórga i `rftugta, glcbusgvi pfrf as qui f ibi lãa tgvirfo fcissa lf gkfki próprgf> GG - pra`rissgvf ixtilsãa kf aerg`ftargikfki i `rftugkfki fa ilsgla oçkga> GGG - ftilkgoilta ikucfcgalfb ispicgfbgzfka fas partfkaris ki kidgcgêlcgf,  pridirilcgfboilti lf riki ri`ubfr ki ilsgla> ilsgla> GT - ftilkgoilta io cricmi i prç-iscabf ès crgflàfs ki zira f sigs flas ki gkfki> T - fcissa fas lïvigs ofgs ibivfkas ka ilsgla, kf pisqugsf i kf crgfàãa frtïstgcf, si`ulka f cfpfcgkfki ki cfkf uo> TG - adirtf ki ilsgla laturla ri`ubfr, fkiqufkf ès calkgàùis ka ikucflka> TGG - ftilkgoilta fa ikucflka, la ilsgla dulkfoiltfb, ftrfvçs ki pra`rfofs supbioiltfris ki oftirgfb kgkætgca iscabfr, trflsparti, fbgoiltfàãa i fssgstêlcgf è sfúki.

Uissfbtf-si, qui a kgrigta è ikucfàãa jæ irf privgsta lfs calstgtugàùis pfssfkfs, ofs ki ofligrf ristrgtf, eio caoa, dfbtfvf-bmis uof pratiàãa bi`fb fopbf i rgcf io glstruoiltas  jurïkgcas cfpfzis ki iditgvæ-bf, vijfoas a qui fdgrof Nalzil (fpuk CYUW> DIUUIGUF, 5866, p. 85) f rispigta ka fssulta: Ftç f vg`êlcgf kf ftufb Calstgtugàãa Dikirfb, f ikucfàãa, la Erfsgb, irf mfvgkf, `ilirgcfoilti, caoa uof licissgkfki i uo gopartflti dftar ki oukflàf sacgfb, suearkglfkf, iltritflta, i io ougta, ès gljulàùis i fas fcalticgoiltas pabïtgcas, icalûogcas, mgstórgcas i cubturfgs. F laroftgvgkfki ki iltãa bgogtfvf-si, caoa dfzgf ixprissfoilti lf Calstgtugàãa Dikirfb ki 6740, cao f rikfàãa qui bmi kiu f Ioilkf Calstgtucgalfb l. 86, ki 60 ki autuera ki 6747, fa fdgrofr f ikucfàãa caoa uo kgrigta ki takas i kivir ka Istfka, cao f calsiqòilti aerg`ftargikfki ka ilsgla kas 0 fas 6; flas i f `rftugkfki las istfeibicgoiltas adgcgfgs, ristrgl`glkasi, quflta fa ristflti, glcbusgvi lf bi`gsbfàãa arkglærgf, f kgspar saeri f ar`flgzfàãa kas sgstiofs ki ilsgla. Io autrfs pfbfvrfs, f ikucfàãa, fglkf qui fdgrofkf caoa uo kgrigta ki takas, lãa passuïf, sae a ildaqui jurïkgca i io qufbquir ki sius fspictas, ixcitufkf f aerg`ftargikfki kf oftrïcubf, qufbquir glstruoilta ki ixg`gegbgkfki, dilûoila ki fdgrofàãa ki kitiroglfka vfbar caoa kgrigta suscitïvib ki `irfr idigtas prætgcas i calcritas la caltixta pissafb kas kistglftærgas kf larof.

F Calstgtugàãa Dikirfb ki 67==, glavflka la tacflti ès calstgtugàùis fltirgaris, fprisiltau lavgkfkis sg`lgdgcftgvfs cao a istfeibicgoilta ki gopartfltis prglcïpgas i larofs saeri f ikucfàãa, pags si`ulka Dirrigrf (588=, p. 69) ‒f ikucfàãa caoa ftufboilti ç calciegkf, fprisiltf-si cao uof calcipàãa ougta kgdirilti ka pfssfka‟, ricalmicilka-f caoa kgrigta sacgfb dulkfoiltfb, passgegbgtflka kisilvabvgoilta ki fàùis ipar takas fquibis‒uo rispalsævigs pibfi suf calcritgzfàãa, au sijf, aaIstfka, dfoïbgf, sacgikfki f iscabf (ikucfkaris). (DIUUIGUF, 588=, p. 69). Fssgo, f Calstgtugàãa vg`ilti ftuflka caoa ofrca ki iditgvfàãa kf pratiàãa bi`fb i cao a kivgka istiga las glstruoiltas jurïkgcas fkiqufkas, f ikucfàãa: ikucfàãa: ^..._ pfssau f sir iditgvfoilti ri`ubfoiltfkf, cao glstruoiltfb jurïkgca licissærga  pfrf kfr fàãa calcritf fa qui dag istfeibicgka, pags ki lfkf fkgfltfrgf privir ri`rfs  jurïkgcfs cao ribfàãa è ikucfàãa (cao eafs gltilàùis) si lãa dassio privgstas oigas pfrf f suf iditgvgkfki. (CYUW> DIUUIGUF, 5887, p. 85)

Fbço kf Calstgtugàãa Dikirfb ki 67==, qui kgspûs ki taka uo cfpïtuba pfrf trftfr kf gopartflti quistãa kf ikucfàãa, darfo ibfearfkas pastirgaroilti glúoiras tixtas bi`gsbftgvas qui f`arf glti`rfo lassa arkilfoilta jurïkgca, ri`ubfoiltflka-f ki ofligrf iditgvf, vgsta si trftfr ki uo kgrigta dulkfoiltfb, caldaroi prica pricalgzf lgzf Ufoas (5866): Fl. Scgilcubt

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= Si f Uipúebgcf Dikirftgvf ka Erfsgb aejitgvf calstrugr uof sacgikfki iditgvfoilti kioacrætgcf, kivi crgfr fs calkgàùis pfrf qui takas as sius cgkfkãas pfrtgcgpio kf ofligrf ofgs iditgvf passïvib ka pracissa kicgsórga. Xfrf qui gssa si tarli uof rifbgkfki a Istfka i f sacgikfki pricgsfo adiricir fas sius cgkfkãas calkgàùis iditgvfs pfrf a pbila kisilvabvgoilta ki sufs patilcgfbgkfkis i ki suf futalaogf i issfs calkgàùis sirãa ixtrfïkfs kf próprgf `frfltgf kf ikucfàãa caoa kgrigta dulkfoiltfb.

Sãa fb`uls kissis tixtas bi`fgs, as kiscrgtas cao ispbêlkgkf cbfrizf par Cury i Dirrigrf (588=, p. 8;-89): ^..._ Istftuta kf Crgflàf i ka Fkabiscilti (Big l. =.847/78), f Big ki Kgritrgzis i Efsis kf Ikucfàãa Lfcgalfb (Big l. 7.37;/74), a Dulka ki Oflutilàãa i Kisilvabvgoilta ka Ilsgla Dulkfoiltfb i Tfbargzfàãa ka Of`gstçrga – DYLKID, f`arf suestgtuïka piba Dulka ki Oflutilàãa i Kisilvabvgoilta kf Ikucfàãa Eæsgcf i kf Tfbargzfàãa kas Xradgssgalfgs kf Ikucfàãa – DYLKIE, a Xbfla  Lfcgalfb ki Ikucfàãa, i glúoiras kicritas i risabuàùis qui kgricgalfo takf f ftgvgkfki ikucfcgalfb, cao ridbixas kgritas pfrf as istfeibicgoiltas iscabfris i as sgstiofs ki ilsgla alki istãa prisiltis rispalsævigs piba ilsgla caoa kgritaris, caarkilfkaris pikf`ó`gcas, supirvgsaris, pradissaris, as próprgas fbulas i kgrg`iltis ki ilsgla sijf kas ór`ãas ixicutgvas, sijf kas ór`ãas laroftgvas.

F big i f ikucfàãa gli`fviboilti passuio uof ïltgof ribfàãa, silka dulkfoiltfb i licissærgf fa kisilvabvgoilta kfs ftgvgkfkis qui fs ilvabvio, prglcgpfboilti f`arf cao f `ilirfbgzfàãa i aerg`ftargikfki ka ilsgla (ikucfàãa eæsgcf), silka iltilkgka qui takfs fs  pissafs glkipilkil glkipilkiltioilti tioilti ki suf gkfki i cfrfctirïstgcfs pissafgs kivio sir riciegkfs i trftfkfs lf iscabf caoa g`ufgs. Caldaroi Cury (588=): F ikucfàãa eæsgcf, par sir uo oaoilta prgvgbi`gfka io qui f g`ufbkfki cruzf cao f iqugkfki, taoau f sg f darofbgzfàãa bi`fb ka ftilkgoilta f kitiroglfkas `rupas sacgfgs, caoa fs pissafs partfkarfs ki licissgkfkis ikucfcgalfgs ispicgfgs, caoa as fdrakiscilkiltis, qui kivio sir sujigtas ki uof kiscalstruàãa ki istiriótgpas,  pricalcigtas i kgscrgoglfàùis, tflta piba pfpib sacgfbgzfkar kf iscabf quflta piba siu pfpib ki trflsogssãa ki calmicgoiltas cgiltïdgcas, virfzis i sg`lgdgcftgvas. 

Xfrf f caopriilsãa kf quistãa ikucfcgalfb lf ftufbgkfki, dfz-si licissærga uo fparti mgstórgca icfrfctirïstgcfs caopriilsãa kfs kgvirsfs lfcgalfgs jæ praoub`fkfs i sufs  prglcgpfgs cfrfctirïstgcf s ridiriltis fa tiof tiof.Calstgtugàùis .  F quistãa ikucfcgalfb siopri piroiau fs Calstgtugàùis erfsgbigrfs, si`ulka a  pisqugsfkar Ufpasa (5889): ‒Cao ofgar au oilar ferfl`êlcgf i ofrcfkfs pibf gkiaba`gf ki suf çpacf, takfs fs Calstgtugàùis erfsgbigrfs kgspilsfrfo trftfoilta fa tiof kf ikucfàãa‟ ikucfàãa‟.. Fssgo, f prgoigrf Calstgtugàãa lfcgalfb, ki 6=5;, tfoeço calmicgkf caoa Calstgtugàãa Gopirgfb, istfeibiciu kiltra kas kgrigtas cgvgs i pabïtgcas f `rftugkfki kf glstruàãa prgoærgf pfrf takas as cgkfkãas i fglkf privgu f crgfàãa ki cabç`gas i ulgvirsgkfkis. F si`ulkf Calstgtugàãa, ki 6=76, tfoeço calmicgkf caoa f prgoigrf ka pirïaka ripuebgcfla tio caoa prglcgpfb bi`fka a dikirfbgsoa i f bfgcgzfàãa: F Calstgtugàãa Uipuebgcflf ki 6=76, fkatflka a oakiba dikirfb, priacupau-si io kgscrgoglfr f caopitêlcgf bi`gsbftgvf kf Ylgãa i kas Istfkas io oftçrgf ikucfcgalfb. Cauei è Ylgãa bi`gsbfr saeri a ilsgla supirgar ilquflta fas Istfkas caopitgf bi`gsbfr saeri ilsgla siculkærga i prgoærga, ioearf tflta f Ylgãa quflta as Istfkas pukissio crgfr i ofltir glstgtugàùis ki ilsgla supirgar i siculkærga. Uaopilka cao f fkaàãa ki uof ribg`gãa adgcgfb, kitiroglau f bfgcgzfàãa ka ilsgla Fl. Scgilcubt

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7 las istfeibicgoiltas púebgcas. (UFXASA, 5889).

Cao f Calstgtugàãa ki 673; glfu`urf-si uof lavf dfsi kf mgstórgf calstgtucgalfb  erfsgbigrf, cao uof ofgar ferfl`êlcgf lf calstgtucgalfbgzfàãa ki kgrigtas icalûogcas, sacgfgs i cubturfgs. Istfeibiciu-si f caopitêlcgf bi`gsbftgvf kf Ylgãa pfrf crgfr kgritrgzis ikucfcgalfgs. Listf Calstgtugàãa si glsiri f kidglgàãa ki ikucfàãa caoa kgrigta ki takas i kivir kf dfoïbgf i ka Istfka praoavê-ba: Dgcf istfeibicgkf f caopitêlcgf bi`gsbftgvf kf Ylgãa pfrf trfàfr kgritrgzis kf ikucfàãa lfcgalfb. Yo tïtuba ç kikgcfka è dfoïbgf, è ikucfàãa i è cubturf. F ikucfàãa ç kidglgkf caoa kgrigta ki takas, carrispalkilka f kivir kf dfoïbgf i kas  pakiris púebgcas, vabtfkf pfrf calsicuàãa ki vfbaris ki ar arkio kio oarfb i icalûogcf. (UFXASA, 5889).

F Calstgtugàãa ki 673; fglkf: ^..._ fprisiltf kgspasgtgvas qui ar`flgzfo f ikucfàãa lfcgalfb, oikgflti privgsãa i ispicgdgcfàãa ki bglmfs `irfgs ki uo pbfla lfcgalfb ki ikucfàãa i caopitêlcgf ka Calsibma Lfcgalfb ki Ikucfàãa pfrf ibfearæ-ba. Crgfàãa kas sgstiofs ikucftgvas las istfkas, privilka as ór`ãas ki suf caopasgàãa caoa carabærga ka próprga  prglcïpga dikirftgva i kistglfàãa ki ricursas pfrf f oflutilàãa i kisilvabvgoilta ka ilsgla. [foeço mæ `frfltgf ki goulgkfki ki gopastas pfrf istfeibicgoiltas  pfrtgcubfris, ki bgeirkfki ki cætikrf i ki fuxïbga f fbulas licissgtfkas i kitiroglfàãa ki pravgoilta ki cfr`as ka of`gstçrga adgcgfb oikgflti calcursa. (UFXASA, 5889).

 La kisilrabfr kf mgstórgf erfsgbigrf, a ipgsókga calturefka ka dglfb kas flas 38 ridbiti kgritfoilti lf Calstgtugàãa ki 6730, calsgkirfkf uo ritracissa: A tixta calstgtucgalfb vglcubf f ikucfàãa f vfbaris cïvgcas i icalûogcas. Lãa si ri`gstrf priacupfàãa cao a ilsgla púebgca, silka a prgoigra kgspasgtgva la trfta kf oftçrgf kikgcfka f istfeibicir f bgvri glgcgftgvf. F ciltrfbgzfàãa ç ridaràfkf lãa só  pibf privgsãa ki caopitêlcgf oftirgfb i bi`gsbftgvf prgvftgvf kf Ylgãa io ribfàãa ès kgritrgzis i efsis kf ikucfàãa lfcgalfb, sio ridirêlcgf fas sgstiofs ki ilsgla kas istfkas, caoa pibf próprgf rg`gkiz ka ri`goi kgtftargfb. (UFXASA, 5889).

Cao a ridbuxa mgstórgca i f istfegbgkfki pabïtgcf pós-`itubgsoa, a fkvilta kf Calstgtugàãa ki 67;4, ritaofo-si as prglcïpgas kfs Calstgtugàùis ki 6=76 i 673;. Fs kgritrgzis ikucfcgalfgs lfcgalfgs sãa caopitêlcgf ixcbusgvf ka Istfka, jæ as istfkasoioeras piroflicio cao uof caopitêlcgf risgkufb: F ikucfàãa vabtf f sir kidglgkf caoa kgrigta ki takas, privfbici f gkçgf ki ikucfàãa  púebgcf, f kispigta ki drflquifkf è bgvri glgcgftgvf. Sãa kidglgkas prglcïpgas lartifkaris ka ilsgla, iltri ibis ilsgla prgoærga aerg`ftórga i `rftugta, bgeirkfki ki cætikrf i calcursa pfrf siu pravgoilta lãa só las istfeibicgoiltas supirgaris adgcgfgs caoa las bgvris, oiricilka kistfqui f glavfàãa kf privgsãa ki crgfàãa ki glstgtutas ki pisqugsf. F vglcubfàãa ki ricursas pfrf f oflutilàãa i a kisilvabvgoilta ka ilsgla ç ristfeibicgkf. (UFXASA, 5889).

Autrf rivgrfvabtf mgstórgcf oakgdgcfræ as ruoas calstgtucgalfgs i sacgfgs ka Erfsgb, f Calstgtugàãa ki 6740, ofltilikarf ki cirtfs istruturfs ar`flgzfcgalfb kf ikucfàãa lfcgalfb. Ofs, pircieio-si ritracissas la ildaqui ki oftçrgfs ribivfltis, caoa par ixiopba: ^..._ dartfbicgoilta ka ilsgla pfrtgcubfr, glcbusgvi oikgflti privgsãa ki oigas ki suestgtugàãa ka ilsgla adgcgfb `rftugta par eabsfs ki istuka> licissgkfki ki eao Fl. Scgilcubt

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68 kisiopilma pfrf `frfltgf kf `rftugkfki ka ilsgla oçkga i supirgar fas qui caopravfrio glsudgcgêlcgf ki ricursas> bgogtfàãa kf bgeirkfki fcfkêogcf pibf daegf suevirsgvf> kgoglugàãa ka pirciltufb ki ricigtfs vglcubfkfs pfrf f oflutilàãa i kisilvabvgoilta ka ilsgla. (UFXASA, 5889).

Cao f glstfurfàãa kf kgtfkurf ogbgtfr, ioir`i a fpfribma riprissar ka Istfka i f Calstgtugàãa ki 6747, ioearf lãa tilmf fbtirfka a oakiba ikucfcgalfb kf Calstgtugàãa ki 6740,fàãa bgogtau f vglcubfàãa ki ricigtfs pfrf si`ulka oflutilàãa i kisilvabvgoilta ka ilsgla, io uof cbfrf ki culma gkiabó`gca i pabïtgca, Ufpasa (5889, lãa pf`glfka) ‒f lfturizf  púebgcf kf ikucfàãa si fdgrof io dulàãa kas gltirissis ka istfka i ka oakiba icalûogca, caoa tfoeço par calstgtugr idgcgilti oicflgsoa ki fàãa pabïtgcf‟. A `rflki fvflàa ikucfcgalfb dag praparcgalfka pibf praoub`fàãa kf ftufb Calstgtugàãa Dikirfb ki 67==, jæ qui ibf ilulcgf a kgrigta è ikucfàãa caoa uo kgrigta sacgfb i kikgcf takf uof pfrti ka tïtuba kf Arkio Sacgfb pfrf ‒rispalsfegbgzfr a Istfka i f dfoïbgf, trftfr ka fcissa i kf qufbgkfki, ar`flgzfr a sgstiof ikucfcgalfb, vglcubfr a dglflcgfoilta i kgstrgeugr ilcfr`as i caopitêlcgfs pfrf as iltis kf k f dikirfàãa‟. (UFXASA, 5889).  Lf ftufb Calstgtugàãa, a kgrigta è ikucfàãa si sgtuf la caltixta kas kgrigtas sacgfgs, icalûogcas i cubturfgs, as cmfofkas kgrigtas ki 5ª kgoilsãa, la åoegta kas kgrigtas dulkfoiltfgs, qui sãa kgrigtas qui ilcaltrfo siu dulkfoilta ki vfbgkfki lf prisirvfàãa kf calkgàãa muoflf, si`ulka Ufpasa (5889, lãa pf`glfka) ‒Sãa kgrigtas ricalmicgkas piba arkilfoilta jurïkgca caoa glkgspilsævigs pfrf f próprgf oflutilàãa kf calkgàãa muoflf‟. A pisqugsfkar fglkf iscbfrici: A siltgka ka kgrigta è ikucfàãa lf arkio calstgtucgalfb ki 67== istæ gltgofoilti bg`fka fa ricalmicgoilta kf kg`lgkfki kf pissaf muoflf caoa dulkfoilta kf Uipúebgcf Dikirftgvf ka Erfsgb, eio caoa cao as sius aejitgvas, ispicgdgcfoilti: f calstruàãa ki uof sacgikfki bgvri, justf j ustf i sabgkærgf, a kisilvabvgoilta lfcgalfb, f irrfkgcfàãa kf paerizf i kf ofr`glfbgkfki, rikuàãa kfs kisg`ufbkfkis sacgfgs i ri`galfgs i f praoaàãa ka eio caouo. Luof pfbfvrf, a trftfoilta calstgtucgalfb ka kgrigta è ikucfàãa istæ gltgofoilti bg`fka è euscf ka gkifb ki g`ufbkfki qui cfrfctirgzf as kgrigtas ki 5ª kgoilsãa. As kgrigtas sacgfgs fefrcfo uo siltgka ki g`ufbkfki oftirgfb qui si rifbgzf par oiga kf ftufàãa istftfb kgrg`gkf è `frfltgf ki  pfkrùis oïlgoas ki fcissa f eils icalûogcas, sacgfgs i cubturfgs f quio lãa calsi`ugu f ibis tir fcissa par oigas próprgas. Io úbtgof flæbgsi, riprisiltfo a adiricgoilta ki calkgàùis eæsgcfs pfrf qui a glkgvïkua passf iditgvfoilti si utgbgzfr kfs bgeirkfkis qui a sgstiof bmi autar`f. (UFXASA, 5889).

Autra fvflàa kf ftufb Calstgtugàãa io ribfàãa fa pracissa ikucfcgalfb ç a siu cfrætir kioacrætgca, ispicgfboilti pibf priacupfàãa io privir glstruoiltas vabtfkas pfrf suf iditgvgkfki. Darfo privgstas la próprga carpa calstgtucgalfb fb`uls oicflgsoas `frfltgkaris kas kgrigtas fltirgaroilti ixpastas, silka ibis, a Oflkfka ki Si`urflàf Cabitgva, a Oflkfka ki Gljulàãa i f Fàãa Cgvgb Xúebgcf. A Oflkfka ki Si`urflàf Cabitgva, a Oflkfka ki Gljulàãa i f Fàãa Cgvgb Xúebgcf, calsgkirfkas rioçkga calstgtucgalfgs ‒sãa oigas pastas è kgspasgàãa kfs pissafs pfrf  pravacfr f gltirvilàãa kfs futargkfkis caopitiltis, caopitiltis, vgsflka f carrg`gr gbi`fbgkfki i feusa ki  pakir qui prijukgqui prijukgqui kgrigtas i gltiriss gltirissis is glkgvgkufgs au cabitgvas‟. cabitgvas‟. (XFYBF, (XFYBF, 5866). Xassuio fglkf stftus calstgtucgalfb, silka cfpfzis ki `frfltgr f iditgvfàãa ki kgrigtas glkgvgkufgs i cabitgvas dulkfoiltfgs, glavflka f arkio jurïkgcf calstgtucgalfb, passgegbgtflka qui kgvirsas sitaris ki lassf sacgikfki bflcio oãa kas oisoas pfrf `frfltgr kgrigtas, tfgs caoa f ikucfàãa. Si`urflàf istæ privgsta la frt. 9º, glcgsas B]G], B]], kf Calstgtugàãa DikirfbAkiOflkfka 67==, laskisi`ugltis tiroas: Fl. Scgilcubt

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66 B]G] - calcikir-si-æ oflkfka ki si`urflàf pfrf prati`ir kgrigta bïqugka i cirta, lãa fopfrfka par ”mfeifs-carpus‗ au ”mfeifs-kftf‗, quflka a rispalsævib pibf gbi`fbgkfki au feusa ki pakir dar futargkfki púebgcf au f`ilti ki pissaf jurïkgcf la ixircïcga ki ftrgeugàùis ka Xakir Xúebgca> B]] - a oflkfka ki si`urflàf cabitgva paki sir gopitrfka par: f) pfrtgka pabïtgca cao riprisiltfàãa la Cal`rissa Lfcgalfb>  e) ar`flgzfàãa sglkgcfb, iltgkfki ki cbfssi au fssacgfàãa bi`fboilti calstgtuïkf i io dulcgalfoilta mæ piba oilas uo fla, io kidisf kas gltirissis ki sius oioeras au fssacgfkas>

Si`ulka Caopfrfta (67=4, p. 74) aesirvf-si qui: Xiba oflkfka ki si`urflàf, pakio sir kidilkgkas as cmfofkas kgrigtas bïqugkas i cirtas, kgstgltas kf bgeirkfki ki bacaoaàãa, caltrf ftas au aogssùis feusgvfs ka Xakir Xúebgca. Sãa calsgkirfkas bïqugkas i cirtas as kgrigtas cuja ricalmicgoilta glkipilki ki uof glstruàãa praeftórgf la pracissa (tistioulmfs au vgstargfs, par ixiopba).

 La oisoa siltgka, siltgka, Kg Xgitra (6777, p. p. 465), fssgo calcigtuf: calcigtuf: Oflkfka ki si`urflàf ç f fàãa cgvgb ki rgta suofrïssgoa pibf qufb f pissaf paki  pravacfr a caltrabi jurgskgcgalfb qquflka uflka sadrir bisãa au foifàf ki bisãa f kgrigta bïqugka i cirta, lãa fopfrfka par  Mfeifs Carpus  lio  Mfeifs Kftf, io kicarrêlcgf ki fta ki futargkfki, prftgcfka cao gbi`fbgkfki au feusa ki pakir.

Jæ a Oflkfka ki Gljulàãa, tfoeço privgsta io lassf Cfrtf Ofgar, ispicgdgcfoilti io siu frt. 9º, glcgsa B]]G, kgspùi: ‒calcikir-si-æ oflkfka ki gljulàãa siopri qui f dfbtf ki larof ri`ubfoiltfkarf tarli glvgævib a ixircïcga kas kgrigtas i bgeirkfkis calstgtucgalfgs i kfs prirra`ftgvfs gliriltis è lfcgalfbgkfki, è saeirflgf i è cgkfkflgf‟. A rilaofka futar Bilzf (5868, p. =64), kgssirtf qui: ^..._ a oflkfka ki gljulàãa sur`i pfrf ”curfr‗ uof ”kailàf‗ kilaoglfkf sïlkraoi ki gliditgvgkfki kfs larofs calstgtucgalfgs, vfbi kgzir, larofs calstgtucgalfgs qui, ki goikgfta, la oaoilta io qui f Calstgtugàãa ç praoub`fkf, lãa têo a calkãa ki prakuzgr takas as sius idigtas, pricgsflka ki uof big glti`rftgvf gldrfcalstgtucgalfb. (`rgdas ka futar)

I caltgluf: ‒^..._ pfrici-las qui, kgflti kf glçrcgf  lãa rfzaævib ka bi`gsbfkar, a Jukgcgærga, io uof pasturf ftgvgstf, pfssf f tir ibioiltas pfrf suprgr f aogssãa, caldaroi si virgdgcau las værgas ixiopbas, dfzilka cao qui a kgrigta dulkfoiltfb passf sir rifbgzfka‟. (BILZF, 5868, p. =56). F Fàãa Cgvgb Xúebgcf, privgstf la frt. 657, GGG, kf Calstgtugàãa Dikirfb ki 67==, fa kgspar kfs dulàùis kf glstgtugàãa ka Oglgstçrga Xúebgca, las si`ugltis tiroas: Frt. 657. Sãa dulàùis glstgtucgalfgs ka Oglgstçrga Xúebgca: (...) GGG - praoavir a glquçrgta cgvgb i f fàãa cgvgb púebgcf, pfrf f pratiàãa ka pftrgoûlga  púebgca i sacgfb, ka oiga foegilti i ki autras autras gltirissis kgdusas i cabitgvas> (...) § 6º - F bi`gtgofàãa ka Oglgstçrga Xúebgca pfrf fs fàùis cgvgs privgstfs listi frtg`a lãa gopiki f ki tircigras, lfs oisofs mgpótisis, si`ulka a kgspasta listf Calstgtugàãa i lf big.

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65 F Big =.847/78, kilaoglfka Istftuta kf Crgflàf i ka Fkabiscilti, tfoeço glavau f arkio jurïkgcf quflka kgscgpbglau io siu frt. 58= fàùis qui vgsfo è pratiàãa jukgcgfb kas gltirissis ki crgflàfs i fkabisciltis, las tiroas si`ugltis: Frt. 58=. Ui`io-si pibfs kgspasgàùis kistf Big fs fàùis ki rispalsfegbgkfki par adilsf fas kgrigtas fssi`urfkas è crgflàf i fa fkabiscilti, ridiriltis fa lãa adiricgoilta au adirtf grri`ubfr: GGG--ka aerg`ftórga> kiilsgla ftilkgoilta ikucfcgalfb ispicgfbgzfka fas partfkaris ki kidgcgêlcgf> GGG - ki ftilkgoilta io cricmi i prç-iscabf ès crgflàfs ki zira f sigs flas ki gkfki> GT - ki ilsgla laturla ri`ubfr, fkiqufka ès calkgàùis ka ikucflka> T - ki pra`rfofs supbioiltfris ki adirtf ki oftirgfb kgkætgca-iscabfr, trflsparti i fssgstêlcgf è sfúki ka ikucflka ka ilsgla dulkfoiltfb> TG - ki sirvgàa ki fssgstêlcgf sacgfb vgsflka è pratiàãa è dfoïbgf, è oftirlgkfki, è gldålcgf i è fkabiscêlcgf, eio caoa fa fopfra ès crgflàfs i fkabisciltis qui kibi licissgtio> TGG - ki fcissa ès fàùis i sirvgàas ki sfúki> TGGG - ki iscabfrgzfàãa i pradgssgalfbgzfàãa kas fkabisciltis prgvfkas ki bgeirkfki> G] - ki fàùis, sirvgàas i pra`rfofs ki argiltfàãa, fpaga i praoaàãa sacgfb ki dfoïbgfs i kistglfkas fa pbila ixircïcga ka kgrigta è calvgvêlcgf dfogbgfr par crgflàfs i fkabisciltis. § 6a  Fs mgpótisis privgstfs listi frtg`a lãa ixcbuio kf pratiàãa jukgcgfb autras gltirissis glkgvgkufgs, kgdusas au cabitgvas, próprgas kf gldålcgf i kf fkabiscêlcgf,  prati`gkas pibf Calstgtugàãa i pibf Big> Big> ki crgflàfs au fkabisciltis siræ rifbgzfkf § 5a F glvistg`fàãa ka kisfpfricgoilta goikgftfoilti fpós latgdgcfàãa fas ór`ãas caopitiltis, qui kivirãa caoulgcfr a dfta fas partas, firapartas, Xabïcgf Uakavgærgf i caopflmgfs ki trflsparti gltiristfkufgs i gltirlfcgalfgs, darlicilka-bmis takas as kfkas licissærgas è gkiltgdgcfàãa ka kisfpfricgka.

Caoa kgta fltirgaroilti, f ikucfàãa fpós as lavas caoflkas bi`fgs tarlau-si kgrigta ki takas i f suf iditgvfàãa uof rifbgkfki, lãa si bgogtflka f quistùis ki rispalsfegbgkfki kas ikucfkaris i kf dfoïbgf, ofs caltflka cao pratiàãa jukgcgfb ispicïdgcf i sg`lgdgcflka f ixg`êlcgf kf aerg`ftargikfki ki trflsdarofàãa kas oicflgsoas bi`fgs io iditgvf rifbgkfki. F Calstgtugàãa ftufb kiu gopartflti pfssa fa katfr as gltirissfkas i fb`uls ór`ãas i glstgtugàùis ki glstruoiltas pfrf f suf pratiàãa. Calcbusãa F ikucfàãa istæ siopri prisilti lf vgkf ka sir muofla, fssgo caoa Erflkãa

las

ilsglf:  Lgl`uço iscfpf f ikucfàãa. Io I o cfsf, lf ruf, lf g`rijf g `rijf au lf iscabf, ki uo oaka au ougtas takas lós ilvabvioas pikfàas kf vgkf cao ibf: pfrf fprilkir, pfrf ilsglfr, pfrf fprilkir-i-ilsglfr. Xfrf sfeir, pfrf dfzir, pfrf sir au pfrf calvgvir, takas as kgfs ogsturfoas f vgkf cao f ikucfàãa. (588;, p.80).

Xgoiltf (5888, p. 53) fdgrof tfoeço: ^..._ qui f ikucfàãa ç uo pracissa ki muoflgzfàãa qui acarri lf sacgikfki muoflf cao f dglfbgkfki ixpbïcgtf ki tarlfr as glkgvïkuas pfrtgcgpfltis ka pracissa cgvgbgzftórga i rispalsævigs par bivæ-ba fkgflti. Ilquflta prætgcf sacgfb ç rifbgzfkf  par takfs fs glstgtugàùis kf sacgikfki. Ilquflta pracissa sgstioætgca i gltilcgalfb acarri io fb`uofs, kiltri fs qufgs si kistfcf f iscabf. Fl. Scgilcubt

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63

Cao f iltrfkf io vg`ar kf Calstgtugàãa Cgkfkãa, io 67==, aesirvf-si qui a kgrigta f ikucfàãa tarlau-si ofgs calcrita, parço suf `frfltgf kicarri ki fàùis caljultfs kfs isdirfs  pabïtgcf i fkoglgstrftgvf, silka qui f glixgstêlcgf ki pabïtgcfs púebgcfs `frfltgkarfs kisti  pracissa ikucfcgalfb fcfef par `irfr oikgkfs jukgcgfgs qui vgsfo ofltir i fssi`urfr a catgkgfla ikucfcgalfb. Fs oikgkfs jukgcgfgs pastfs f sirvgàa kas cgkfkãas sãa glstruoiltas vabtfkas è iditgvfàãa kf ikucfàãa i istãa privgstas la próprga carpa calstgtucgalfb, silka ibis, a oflkfka ki si`urflàf cabitgva, a oflkfka ki gljulàãa i f fàãa cgvgb púebgcf. Gli`ævib fdgrofr iltãa, qui ixgstf uof ribfàãa gltgof kiltri big i ikucfàãa, pags quflka uo kas kgrigtas ribfcgalfkas è quistãa ikucfcgalfb lãa si oastrfr sftgsdigta pibas rispalsævigs, rispalsævi gs, `irf fas gltirissfkas, f passgegbgkfki ka quistgalfoilta jukgcgfb. Fssgo, paki-si fdgrofr qui f quistãa kf jukgcgfbgzfàãa kf ikucfàãa, riprisiltf uof  euscf glcissflti glcissflti ki glstruoiltfbgzfàã glstruoiltfbgzfàãaa kf kidisf ki kgrigtas jurgkgcfoilti prati` prati`gkas, gkas, qui arf  jæ ilcaltrf fpricgfàãa, oisoa qui ki ofligrf sgl`ibfoil sgl`ibfoilti ti par lassf Cfrtf Ofgar. Issf  pratiàãa jukgcgfb sio kuvgkf ç uo `rflki fvflàa lf calsabgkfàãa ka kgrigta f ikucfàãa sg`lgdgcflka uof trflsdarofàãa ka tixta bi`fb io rifbgkfki sacgfb. Uidirêlcgfs

EUFLKÃA, Cfrbas Uakrg`uis. A Vui ç Ikucfàãa. Sãa Xfuba: Erfsgbgilsi, 588;. EUFSGB. Calstgtugàãa kf Uipuebgcf Dikirftgvf ka Erfsgb . [ixta calstgtucgalfb praoub`fka io 9 ki autuera ki 67==, cao fs fbtirfàùis fkatfkfs pibfs Ioilkfs Calstgtucgalfgs las6/6775 f 44/5868 i pibfs Ioilkfs Calstgtucgalfgs ki Uivgsãa las 6 f 4/677;. Erfsïbgf: Silfka Dikirfb, Suesicritfrgf ki Ikgàùis [çclgcfs, 5868. CAOXFUF[A, Dæega Nalkir. Kgrigtas Muoflas i Istfka. Sãa Xfuba: Erfsgbgilsi, 67=7. CYUW, Cfrbas Uaeirta Jfogb. F ikucfàãa eæsgcf caoa kgrigta. Cfk. Xisqug,Sãa Xfuba, v.3=, l.63;, p. 573-383, ofga/f`a. 588=. Kgspalïvib io: 2mttp://www.scgiba.er/scgiba.pmp1scrgpt?scgQfrttixt&pgk?S86 2mttp://www.scgiba.er/scgiba.pm p1scrgpt?scgQfrttixt&pgk?S8688-690;588=888 88-690;588=888588885< 588885< Fcissa io: 68 sit. 5866.  Uivgstf  QQQQQQ> DIUUIGUF, DIUUIGUF, Bugz Fltalga Og`uib. F Jukgcgfbgzfàãa kkff Ikucfàãa.  Uivgstf CIJ , T.63, l. ;9, p.35-;9, fer./jub. 5887. Kgspalïvib 5887. Kgspalïvib io: 2mttp://www5.cjd.jus.er/ajs5/glkix.pmp/cij/frtgcbi/vgiwFrtgcbi/6870 2mttp://www5.cjd.jus.er/ajs5/glkix.pmp /cij/frtgcbi/vgiwFrtgcbi/6870< < Fcissa io: 53 ki ofr. 5866.

KG XGI[UA, Ofrgf Sybvgf Zflibbf. Kgrigta Fkoglgstrftgva. 66. ik. Sãa Xfuba: Ftbfs, 6777. DIUUIGUF, Bugz Fltalga Og`uib. A Istftuta kf Crgflàf i ka Fkabiscilti i a pradissar : ridbixas lf suf darofàãa i ftufàãa. Sãa Xfuba: Cartiz, 588=. DUIG[FS, Liwtal. F Ikucfàãa. Kgspalïvib io: 2mttp://www.liwtal.drigtfs.lao.er/frtg`as.fsp1cak?5 2mttp://www.liwtal.drigtfs.lao.e r/frtg`as.fsp1cak?55< 5< Fcissa io: 5; ki ofr. 5866. MYOILMYN, Miwirsttal. Dikirfbgsoa i Ikucfàãa lf Calstgtugàãa Dikirfb ki 67==:  JuvgTg`gbfltgeus. Kgspalïvib io: 2mttp://jusvg.cao/cabulfs/;8 2mttp://jusvg.cao/cabulfs/;845;