A Japanese Grammar - Hoffmann
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A
JAPANESE GRAMMAR,
JAPANESE GRAMMAR. BY
J. J.
HOFFMANN,
MEMBER OF THE BOYAL ACADEMY OF
SECOND
LEIDEN,
SCIENCES, ETC. ETC.
EDITION.
E. J. BRILL.
1876.
533
The work
is
published in Dutch also under the
JAPANSCHE SPRAAKLEER DOOR J.
J.
HOFFMANN. LEIDEN 1868.
And
in
German under the
title
of
JAPANISCHE SPRACHLEHRE. LEIDKN 1876
JAAI 2 8
B66
^C 7 /
?
title of
HOMAGE TO THE LATE
J.
J.
ROCHUSSEN L.
GOVERNOR OP DUTCH
L.
D.
EAST
INDIA,
MINISTER
FOR THE DEPARTMENT OP THE COLONIES, MINISTER OP STATE
FOR THE LIBERAL AND ENLIGHTENED MANNER
IN
WHICH HE
HAS PATRONIZED THE STUDY OF THE CHINESE AND JAPANESE LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE.
E F
.A.
O
TO THE FIRST EDITION.
The Grammar of the Japanese language which accompanied with ,
is
this Preface ,
simultaneously published in the English and in the Dutch languages,
original
work, not a remodelling or an imitation of any other works of that
stamp at present literature, its
it
existing.
As
written
describes the
ancient, as well as in
the result of a
its
language, which
many
or book
as
language,
own
it
really exists in
observations on the domain of the
his intercourse with native Japanese in France, in
especially in the Netherlands has afforded
opportunities,
years' study of the Japanese
modern forms.
It also contains the author's
and
an
is
him ample opportunities
spoken
Engeland to
make;
which have been the more valuable to him, in as much as that
they brought him in contact with people belonging to the most civilized and the
most learned, as well
as with those of the inferior classes of Japanese society.
Thence he derives the right, even though he has never actually trodden the of Japan, to embrace the
and to
treat
it
The author
spoken language
in the range of his observations,
in connection with the written language. is
convinced that,
whatever their character,
all
he has quoted from Japanese writings,
genuine: he
is
relies
upon
the experience of others, unprejudiced, will find that
With in all
its
soil
regard to the
phenomena
manner
treated
be in consonance with the
it
it it
himself, and trusts that is
so.
in which he has conceived the language, and
analytically
spirit of this
his daily experience confirms this,
and synthetically, he believes
it
language, simple and natural, and,
thoroughly practical.
to
PREFACE.
known
This method of his, was made
in general outline ten years ago,
he published the Proeve eener Japansche Spraakkunst door Mr. TIUS,
and the
whereas Mr. tion:
seal of
s.
approbation was affixed to
it
method, but with
and dialogues
a few exceptions, followed
The Grammar, now published, followed by a treatise
it
in English
Grammar, on
in
its
and the
whole extent.
claim to completeness, ought to be
lay
for
which are prepared.
It
work, and be of small compass.
these aids, initiated in the
make
to
on the Syntax, the materials
will be published as a separate
with profit,
CTJR-
by the judgment of scholars,
Japanese, not only founded his Introductory remarks on the
By
DONKER
H.
BROWN, who, in 1863, published the very important contribu-
R.
Colloquial Japanese or conversational sentences
Author's
J.
when
treatment
of the language, the student
may,
use of the Japanese-Dutch-English Dictionary, for the publi-
cation of which the author has prepared all the materials necessary,
and by so
doing he will have at his disposal the most important means of access to the Japanese literature.
THE AUTHOR.
LEIDEN, May 1868.
NOTICE TO THE SECOND EDITION.
As
the
first
edition of this
Grammar
Majesty's Minister for colonial affairs
being
now
published in 1867 by
out of print, the publisher
is
proprietor of the Chinese types,
Government, has resolved on a
command
acquired by order of the Dutch
to alter or
modify the matter of this
work; only a few words have been occasionally inserted, others of
grammatical
rule.
to
get
room
BRILL,
re-issue.
The Author has found no inducement
removed in order
E. J.
of His
for
a
new
instance
more
fit
less
to
importance
elucidate the
There are also some notices added, as on page 157 concerning
the Introduction of the Western Calendar, and page 172 some words about the
new
Gold-currency.
PREFACE.
Some
other additions are to be found in the ADDENDA to the book.
of both editions of words treated L.
is
the same; the second, however,
on in the work,
SERRURIER and w. VISSERING,
for
is
accompanied by a REGISTER
which the Author
who have
used this
The paging
is
indebted to Mess*8
Grammar
as
-
a basis for
the study of the Japanese language.
The Author, being now engaged in printing the Japanese-Dutch and Japanese-English Dictionary mentioned in the Preface to the in J.
recommending C.
to
first
edition,
is
happy
the student the valuable Japanese-English Dictionary of
HEPBURN, Shang-hai 1872, and the Dictionnaire Japonais-Fran^ais
,
public
par LEON PAGES, Paris 1868. LEIDEN, 26 July 1876.
THE AUTHOR.
CONTENTS.
INTRODUCTION
I-,.-.
Page 1.
Connection of the Japanese with the Chinese
The
language.
3.
language
1.
2.
4. Application
of the
Chinese
C.
6.
proper.
13.
.
82. 34.
Old Japanese
85.
New
38.
Japanese General conversational
Language spoken. language and dialects
89.
Epistolary style
42.
14.
On
42-
15.
Glance at the arrangement and connection of
6. 7.
Kdna-
the parts of speech
words in Japanese
44.
7.
signs
The Irova
in
Chinese characters and in
Kdta-kdtia signs of
ETYMOLOGY, NATURE AND FLECTION OP WORDS.
9.
syllables.
Stenographic 11.
Stops
Remarks on the Japanese system and the expression of
9.
29. 30.
6.
The Japanese phonetic system
signs.
Style, a.
4.
expressed by Chinese and Japanese
8.
29.
B. Books written in the Japanese language.
writing, to the
The Fira-gdna
Repetition
22.
or book language
,
Chinese text with Japanese translation. 3.
A. Systematic arrangement of the 47 sounds ,
7.
Written
of the written and the spoken
The Japanese writing a. The Kdta-kdna
B.
22.
Chinese dialects in Japan
writing of the Japanese language
6.
Synopsis of the Fira-ffdna-ch&mcters most
A. Exclusively Chinese
the writing of the Japanese
Introduction
b.
b.
in Fira-gdna
in use 12.
On
language of China into Japan
5.
The Irova
necessity of uniting to the
study of the Japanese, that of the Chinese
2.
a.
it
CHAPTER
IN-
I.
of sounds,
with our letters
Doubling of consonants by assimilation
10.
Accent and rhythm
11.
The Japanese running-hand Fira-gdiM.
Mil .
.
...
12. 18. 18.
$
AS
1.
The root
49.
2.
Radical or primitive word
49.
Radical in composition
49,
;j.
CONTENTS. l-
Page.
A. Coordination
50.
B. Subordination
50. 50.
e.
Genitive subordination
I.
Objective subordination.
II.
/
Dative of the thing
69.
g.
Terminative
70.
The
V.
radical form, as definition before
51. in
Kara.
particular
CHAPTER
By
Ko
and
Mi
and
8.
I.
Me, old-Japanese Ki
expressions for the
Particular
distinction II.
53.
of
A. Singular
53.
Da
Plural expressed by repetition of the 54.
which
a
signify
III.
b.
Immediate compounds of the other ad-
II. d.
55. 56.
expressed
c.
II.
e.
Sara, Nami, Tatti, Siu, Gata and
6.
J7, $
1.
wa;
Mina, Nokordzu, Koto-
noun by the
suffix r\,
II.
III.
IV.
III.
rt, ba
60.
63.
Ve
No,
Na
Terminative.
suffix,
64.
and Tsu 66.
The
67.
.
.
.
.
.
68.
85.
87.
89.
Mi, Midsukdra, Waga-mi ....
89.
borrowed from the Chi-
B. Expressions 1.
Sin,
2.
Zi-sin,
3.
Zi-bwi,
Zi-zen
93.
IV. Expressions of reciprocity: Tagaini, Ai. 95. V. Pronouns indefinite: Tito, Aru-fito, no.
Mo-
Dare mo and Nanimo followed by
a verb negative
95. 97.
VII. Interrogative pronouns derived from Ta or To, vulgo
Ni, as sign of the
Dative or Ablative.
.
VI. Relative pronoun Tokoro
suffix
(ye).
The a.
and
.
2.
62.
Genitives suffixes
Re
Kare, 4) Kore. 86.
89.
Accusative
Dative
3)
.
01.
2.
Are, Ore,
Onore, onodzukdra
4.
....
2)
1.
61.
Ga, no index of the subject
83.
Tare (Dare), Tore (Dore), Idzure. 88.
Nominative. Vocative
Genitive
suf-
No
Ware,
nese:
1.
words indicating place, by
Determinative and reflective pronouns. A.
va;
Declension I.
7)
59.
of the
Isolating
80.
5) Sore, 6)
unite the idea of multitude to the predicate verb,
Tsi,
Substantive pronouns , formed from ad-
1)
IV. Plural expressed by adverbs, which
gotoku
(ku),
.82.
verbs of place, by suffixing 56.
as suffixes
Ko
with
place
80.
Pronouns possessive, formed from ra-
fixing
Ra, Tomo (domo), Gara,
Nado, used
of
Da-ga, Wa-ga
dical
collective
by
79.
Wa ...
II.
II.
Chinese forms
as
To, So,
Immediate compounds with
55.
Japanese forms
plural
Wa, A, Ka, Ko,
(Do), Idzu
Tsira and Isutsi
2.
words
place
verbs
1.
The
77.
a.
quantity,
generality
74. relations to
II.
Plural expressed by nouns used adjectively
names of human
Pronouns proper , formed from the adverbs
Number
II.
74.
distinguish the person concerned 53.
noun
74. ,,I"
B. For the person spoken to 53.
of sex
nouns, which serve as pro-
Qualifying
A. For
52.
male to objects without sex
I.
II.
nouns
C. Application of the ideas of male and fe-
B.
71.
51.
Gender expressed by Ono and Meno. 52.
D. Chinese
.
prefixes
Me
and
70.
characterized by Yori or by
.
51.
Gender indicated by the
De
To, Nite,
VI. Ablative,
50.
names
$
69.
50.
A. Gender logically included
$ 5.
69.
Dative of the person
50.
50.
3.
69.
indirect
Gender
2.
Modal Casual and Instrumental
direct
adjectives
1.
c.
(1.
2.
Euphonic modification
B.
68,
1.
III.
$ 4.
.;.
Local
b.
1.
Da
Nani, what?
or
Do
97.
98.
CONTENTS. Page. 2.
Ikd, how?
Page.
101.
24. Definition of adjectives by adverbs ,
Interrogative pronouns with the suffix,
denote
mo
102. 25.
102.
The 1.
.
130.
...................
131.
Distinction between the attributive and predicate forms
.'
The adjective
105.
26.
The
.................. .......... relative superlative ..........
a.
27.
The
28. Expression of the
Adjectives
in
ki,
4. 5.
6.
The ancient Japanese
30.
The Chinese
31.
The ordinal numerals
32.
The
33.
34.
The doubling or multiplying numerals. The sort numbers
35.
The
distributive
$ 36.
The
fractional, or broken
106. ku, as adverbial form.
isolated
by the suffix va. 106.
Si , form of the adjective
as pre-
,
106.
As such, superseded by Kari
.
.
Sa, forming nouns abstract
107. 107.
List of adjectives in ki
<
37.
II.
Examples showing the use of the forms
iterative
Numeral I.
107.
The adjective according tothe ken language
Examples, showing the use of the forms.
112. .
.
numbers
112.
Derivative adjectives.
141.
142.
numerals
143.
11.
and garu
113.
$13. Derivative $ 14.
ndrti,
na and
.
.
116.
yaka
117.
H
keki or koki.
,
nki
119.
kd-nki
124.
17.
$
ka
16.
//
19.
.
.
148.
Chinese numeratives
149.
Enumeration of years
154.
Chronological notation of years
155.
1.
after the cycle
2.
after the years of
155.
21. Adjectives
.
beki
with the negative prefix
.
.
157.
Introduction of the Western Calendar in 157.
42. Enumeration of
.
.
159.
160. 162.
166.
127.
168.
127.
$47. Measures of capacity
168.
$
129.
$
48. Weights U)
Iron
,
copper and bronze coins.
50. Silver coins
$51. Gold
28. Definition of adjectives by adverbs, which in
158.
Measures, weights and coins. $45. Measures of length
,<
demote the presence of a quality
months
$43. Enumeration of the days
128.
22. Adjectives with a previous definition.
solar year
46. Superficial measures
Na,
or the Chinese Fit
degree
156.
governments
119.
12B.
naki
20.
146.
147.
44. Notation of hours
ni-siki
,>
.
.
114.
tarv.
15.
18.
.
substantives
$41- Division of the
adjectives in ,
144. 145.
numbers
Japan //
144.
114.
aril
12.
.
numbers
40. Enumeration of years by year-names. 10. Adjectives in karri
137.
.
Notation of time.
spo-
.
cardinal
cardinal numbers
Japanese numeratives
110.
cited II.
29.
105.
used as nouns
dicate b.
IV.
NUMERALS.
ki.
The termination
a.
135.
136.
.
Ki, termination of the adjective,
The same, 3.
of a quality
CHAPTER
concrete 2.
excess
134.
105.
used as attributive b.
132.
in the written lan-
A. Joined to a noun substantive
1.
higher
absolute superlative
guage.
B. Adjectives in
.
de-
equal
Attribution of a quality in a
ADJECTIVE. $
I.
a
quality in
degree
THE 9.
a
Attribution of a quality in
2.
III.
of
relative or real comparative.
gree
CHAPTER
presence
degree. Absolute comparative
higher
VIII. Arrangement of the personal pronouns in the conversational language
the
which
coins
The new Japanese currency
full 180.
169.
171. 171. 172. 172.
CONTENTS. Page.
CHAPTER
Page.
V.
Modifications introduced by the spoken
2.
.
,
203.
.
.
Examples of the use of the gerund. 52.
Adverbs proper
I.
173.
73.
173.
74.
Improper adverbs, or adverbial expres-
II.
sions
The verbal root tive form).
The
.
1.
Nouns
173.
tomo
Verbs in the gerund
173.
expressed by
Distribution of adverbs according to their
$
75.
.
.
205.
(subjunc-
205.
.
form expressed by mo or
concessive
2.
the Local
in
.
206.
domo or iddomo
208.
The form of the Future
208. .
$ 53.
signification
173.
Adverbs of quality
173.
Etymology of
174.
Examples of the use of the forms
176.
The
$ 54. $ 55.
//
$ 56.
,/
//
$ 57. $ 58.
//
//
degree circumstance place and space
177.
time
178.
manner
The simple Future
I.
of the
211.
written
212.
language
The periphrastic Future.
II.
181.
A. of the written language, formed by 1.
.
Alphabetical synopsis of the adverbs cited. 182.
2.
..naramu, narame, naran.
3.
.
.
aranan
4.
.
.
swran
213.
5.
.
.
mast
213.
connecting propositions
CHAPTER
VI.
With
77.
The continuative verbal form
78.
I.
.
.
.
.
II.
.
.
tari,
.
.
193.
Alphabetical synopsis of the words expres.
.
.
te ori,
..
218.
te iri
taru
.
Forms $
79.
.
.
tari,
$
80.
.
.
eri,
81.
.
.
ki,
82.
.
.
ken,
83.
.
.
tari-ki,
.
te-ki ,
192. .
.
.
219.
186.
192.
a previous accusative
195.
.
84.
CHAPTER
215. iri,
(art,
217.
te ari,
used as words ex-
sive of relation treated.
214.
form
suppositive
ori, uri)
as expressive of relation.
B. With a previous local, or dative
213. 213.
re-
pressive of relation
A.
arinan
The
185.
in the gerund,
.
185.
words expressive of
lation
Nouns, used
=
212. .
ken language
Retrospect of the inflexions
63. Verbs
aran, arame , ran
76.
(POSTPOSITIONS.)
61. Distinction of the
.
B. The periphrastic Future of the spo-
WORDS EXPRESSIVE OF RELATION.
62.
Future
certain
209. cited.
182.
59.
$ 60.
208.
form
this
.
[..], .
VII.
.
.
.
esi, si,
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
kesi,
.
.
.
te-si
.
.
.
222.
ereba
.
224.
keru,
tari-st,
.
.
eru,
ken
,
.
.
.
.
.
.
keran
227.
tan-ken.,
228.
ten
..nan; \_..nun\,
..nu,
nureba ,
220.
taru, ..ta
.
.
.
of the past tense.
..nuru,
nuran
229.
85. ..tsu, ..tsutsii; ..tsur)i, u, eba, fut. an. 231. 86. Synopsis of the inflected forms $ 64.
65. $
Voices of the verb
197.
Moods
197.
66. Tenses 67. Person
The
The verbal root
198. 199.
I.
70.
Closing-form of the verb
200.
II.
71.
The
201.
III.
$ 72.
substantive and attributive form.
.
.
Gexund. 1.
Origin of the form
234.
238.
passive form.
198.
The imperative mood
68. $ 69.
.
88. Causative verbs in sime
198.
and number
233.
87. Causative or Factive verbs in si or se.
89.
90.
202.
Its derivation
On
and
i.
,,
240.
signification
Passive verbs of the
first class.
.
.
.
240.
second
.
.
.
241.
third
...
the government of the passive verb.
.
242. 245.
Examples of the use of the passive forms. 245.
CONTENTS. Page.
The negative form 91.
I.
of the
form
92. Continuative
93. 94. 95.
Form
.
of the negative verb.
of the forbidding Imperative.
Forms
.
.
.
.
249.
.
250.
.
251.
of the negative preterit
Forms
$ 96.
307. verbs.
Verbs compounded with substantives. 309.
I.
Verbs compounded with verbs
II.
....
264.
Distinctive verbs and verbal forms
265.
expressive of courtesy.
100.
Conjugation of nondeflecting verbs in
I.
III.
Ni, Nite, Nan, to
be.
.
i.
.
i.
.
.
.
.
Nar)i, u, to be
Nar)e, u, eru, uru, to become.
.
.
IV. Nas)i, u, to cause to be 101. Mas)i, u,
311.
112.
The honorary
312.
270.
113.
271.
si
Si, acting as verb
of si
On
II.
si
Beku, may, can,
shall.
.
.
Derivation and signification
115. Being. Famberi,
Inflectional forms of
Ben
IV.
1.
Tokus}i, u, uru, to be able.
2.
Atavdz)i, u, not to be able.
the government of Besi
279. 280.
$
117. Seeing, Showing.
5
118. Saying. Ivi,
desiderative
285.
$
kdri,
294.
.
.
295.
should be
...
Agari,
Ma323.
VIII.
CONJUNCTIONS.
296.
121. Classification of the Jap. conjunctions.
.
326.
formed by Maki
297.
II.
Tami
298.
Simavi
$
122.
I.
$
123.
II.
The adverbial form of a verb
299.
108.
The
300.
j
125.
to exist.
.
.301.
327.
Disjunctive conjunctions
329. .'Wl.
j
126.
j
127.
334.
IV. Conclusive conjunctions
335.
V. Explanatory conjunctions B.
form meri
Copulative conjunctions
124. III. Adversative conjunctions
298.
107.
Coordinative conjunctions.
A.
of an
off
I.
Naku, not
Ide,
Mairare,
Tsika-dzuki
CHAPTER
297.
109. Nari, Naki,
Coming.
Mairasare,
321.
Mairi,
formed by Ta,
verbs,
action
derivative
Tan
293.
296.
//
and
Mairase,
291.
295.
Verbs expressing the leaving
III.
319.
120. Going
Tordsime, Tordse,
319.
Oose,
282.
.
desirous $ 106.
li-masi, Nori-tamai,
etc.
Kikase, Moosi
$
The
318.
Mi, Mise, Hoi-ken
119. Giving. Age, Sasdge, Kudasare, Tsuke,
.
V. Ahete, Aete, daring
105.
317.
292.
On
it
Moosi
116. Doing. Si, Ita&i, Asobasi
291.
III.
VI. Too-sen tar)i, u,
316.
$
281.
to do
I.
315.
114. Mdtsuri, to attend
the government of S)i, u, uru,
104. Besi, Beki,
314.
Tamavari, Uke-tamavari
II.
279.
Use of the root-form
Compounds with
A Tamai
Distinctive verbs expressing.
Synopsis of the conjugational forms
III.
Tamavi,
I.
passive form
276.
103. S)i, u, itru, to do
II.
111. General observation
269.
274.
102. Samurairi, Sorai, Soro
I.
309.
265.
273.
to abide; 2. to be
1.
305.
forms and
inflectional
263.
II.
$
.
Nakii-nari.
4.
of the
.
260.
Synopsis of nondeflecting verbs in
$
Nakeri,
.
Nakari,
98. I, Ite, Iru, to be in 99.
$
3.
2.
Nakii-se,
303.
304.
Or)i, u, to dwell
97.
$
110.
becoming
to be
Ar)i, w,
NakU-si,
Remarks on the compound
to be.
causing
.
derivatives of Na)si, In, leu
Examples of the use of the negative forms. 254.
and the
1.
Synopsis
253.
Verbs expressing the being, the
302.
Naku
V. Verbs compounded with
252.
of the negative future
not
IV. Naku. the adverbial form
248.
Inflection of the negative verbs.
301. is
Naki, &Nai, the adjective form.
III.
formation of nega-
Na
Nasi, b.Nai, there
II.
247.
Jive verbs II.
The root
I.
Theory of the Derivation
Examples
Pag*.
of the Japanese verb.
Subordinativc conjunctions. I.
Conjunctions of place and time.
.
.
336.
CONTENTS. Page.
128.
$
129. III. Conj unctions of causality.
II.
Page.
ADDENDA.
Conjunctions of quality and manner. 338.
$
I.
of an actual cause. 339.
a.
Conjunctions
b.
Conjunctions of a possible cause
II.
On
arbitrary grammatical signs in Japanese
books
349.
On
quotation
350.
341.
III.
On
Accent
343.
IV.
On
the dialects of
344.
V.
346.
VI.
Alphabetical synopsis of the conjunctions treated. 348.
VII.
(Conditional conjunctions)
130. 131. 132.
IV. Congunctions of the purpose
....
V. Conjunctions of concession
The
relative comparative of propositions.
Remark on
351.
Han, U, and Tdng.
Si
Remark on Zari to kayo,
.
351. 352. 352.
353.
VIII. Masi in the epistolary style superseded tyMoosi 353.
INTRO 33 TJOTIOIST.
1.
LANGUAGE. CONNECTION OF THE JAPANESE WITH THE CHINESE SITY OF UNITING TO
-
-
THE NECES-
THE STUDY OF THE JAPANESE, THAT OF THE CHINESE LANGUAGE.
In
its
general character,
it is
true, the Japanese
and Mandju languages, but with regard to
its
is
cognate to the Mongolian
development,
it is
quite original,
admixture of Chinese words, has remained so notwithstanding the later and subjects them to its own consince it rules these as a foreign element,
and
it
struction.
In the Japanese language, as
it
is
now spoken and
written,
two elements,
so doing, form a mixed the Japanese and Chinese alternate continually and, by has followed the same course as, for instance, language which, in its formation, Romance element, which forms a the English in which, the more lately adopted
woof only, in
is
manner,
like
is
the Anglo-Saxon. governed grammatically by
of the two elements, of the Japanese language the distinction (in the study the Chinese element is rooted in the Chiof the importance; and as greatest
thence is to be explained, the nese language, both spoken and written, and of the Chinese language, as shall student of Japanese ought to know so much enable
him
to read
The Japanese
and unterstand a Chinese
learns Chinese
by means of
text.
his
mother tongue, thus one, who
2
INTRODUCTION.
is
not a Japanese and does not understand Japanese, but wishes to learn
must make himself master of Chinese by another way; obliged to
make
it,
to do this, he will be
use of the resources which already exist in European languages.
Whoever supposes
that he can learn the Japanese language without, at the
same time, studying the Chinese theoretically or practically.
Even
will totally fail of attaining his object either let
him be
so far master of the language spo-
ken, as to be able to converse fluently with the natives, the simplest communication from
a Japanese functionary, the price-list of the tea-dealer, the tickets
with which the haberdasher or mercer labels his parcels will remain unintelligible to
him; because they contain Chinese,
Thus
of Chinese.
grammar,
is
,
if,
indeed; they are not wholly composed
whoever wishes to learn Japanese thoroughly by means of ,
this
supposed to possess, in some degree, knowledge of the Chinese
written language.
2.
ON THE WRITING OF THE JAPANESE.
The Japanese write Chinese but have,
at the
same time,
their
own
native
writing derived from the Chinese and which they, in imitation of the Chinese, write in perpendicular columns which follow one another, from the right to the
left.
Our alphabet,
for that purpose
I
would have
hand
to be written thus:
INTRODUCTION.
coupled with ours have, in conformity with
is
writing
3
writing perpendicularly, and from
left to
it,
adopted the plan of
right, I likewise
have relinquished the
manner formerly adopted, and now have, together with the Chinese, reduced the Japanese writing to the rule of ours, and applied to
it
the modification in the
order of the signs already generally in use for the Chinese writing.
The Japanese running-hand, on the contrary,
is
too
columnar system to be susceptible of any modification in
much its
confined to the
direction.
INTRODUCTION OP THE WRITTEN AND SPOKEN LANGUAGE OF CHINA
3.
INTO JAPAN.
The
knowledge of Chinese-writing was carried to Japan by a prince of Corea in the year 284 of our era, and after the tutor then, first
immediately
that prince,
a Chinese,
named Wang
tin
(3Er),
to
,_
having been invited, the
Japanese courtiers applied themselves to the study of the Chinese language and literature.
According to the Japanese historians,
of the Chinese language in Japan
Wang
zin
was the
first
teacher
').
In the sixth century, the study of the Chinese language and system of writing
first
became generaUy spread, by the introduction of the doctrine of BUDDHA.
Then every Japanese,
in polished society, besides being instructed in his mother
tongue, received instruction in Chinese also, consequently read Chinese books of morality, and aimed at being able to read and to write a letter in Chinese.
The
original pronunciation of the Chinese,
that to such a degree, that
new
dialects of it
it
is
true, degenerated early
and
sprung up, which were no longer
intelligible to the Chinese of the continent; but notwithstanding that the Japa-
nese, on account of their knowledge of the Chinese writing, and their proficiency in the Chinese style remained able, by means of the Chinese writing to inter-
change ideas not only with Chinese, but with Chinese.
Japan.
)
the peoples of Asia that write
The Chinese written language has become the language of It,
still,
is
This historical
fact
science in
such and will yet long remain such, notwithstanding the in-
fluence which the civilization of the
1
all
is
Nach Japanischen Quellen von
West
will
more and more exert
there.
The
mentioned iu Japan's Beziigc mil der Koreischen Halbinsel und mit China. j.
HOFFMANN, Leyden, 1839, page
111.
INTRODUCTION.
4 Chinese written language
is
though
,
the palladium of Japanese nationality
,
and
,
the natural tie which will once unite the East against the West!
And, however
be the influence
slight
hitherto exerted
till
on the Japanese
language written as well as spoken, by the study of the Western languages and, to wit the Dutch, formerly the monopoly of the fraternity of interpreters
and a few
Chinese
or
knowledge
as a bridge, over
which the
spread over their country, by means of just as little will
Japanese translations,
the study of the
if
this
West was imported and
of the
skill
men, who used
literary
Western languages should be ever
be in future, even
it
so greatly extended, as
the consequence, of Japan's being at last opened to the trade of the world.
APPLICATION OF THE CHINESE WRITING, TO THE WRITING OF THE JAPANESE
4.
LANGUAGE.
When,
the introduction of the Chinese written and spoken language
after
into their country, the Japanese adopted
not in the least cognate to the Chinese
is
words into
its
simplest
to write their native language,
it
which
instead of resolving the sound of the
,
elements, and expressing them by signs, like our let-
ters, they took the sound in
whole, and expressed it syllable for syllable
its
by Chinese characters. Every Chinese
monogram
posite
radical
it is
word,
(character)
known,
which has
its
expressed by a more or less com-
is
peculiar ideographic
and phonetic
To choose an
instance, such
value --its peculiar signification and pronunciation. is
^^
the Chinese word for a
pronounces
it
and
calls it
or, by the Chinese
Koye
nese character,
1)
for a thousand is
tsi.
considers the peculiar pronunciation of every Chinese character
the Japanese word ,
he
says tsien, the Japanese
the Chinese monosyllable, modified by the Japanese accent, as
e.
i.
and the Japanese word
sen,
The Japanese
thousand. The Chinese
also
The
blisher
called
by him
uses the Chinese terms
distinction
of the
therefore,
is
on the other hand
between
Siemens de la
important
Koye en
its
,
-^jj~
i.
e.
the READING or MEANING for which
Kun and
agrees
with
G'ammaire Japonaise par
to maintain the contents of this
SOUND,
Yin, which he pronounces won;
which expresses the MEANING of the Chi-
Yomi,
q/jjf
Tomi
name
its
,
this,
le p.
h
Toktt
'jjM
as
it
is
EODKIGUEZ
1
).
The
+*
:=
,
above
made by the compiler and puin $
1
of that work, and
it
is,
paragraph as quite correct against the misconception,
5
INTRODUCTION.
quoted,
may
thus stand as an ideographic character, pronounced by the Japanese
as sen or translated
the
or
tsi,
it
or the syllable
sen
syllable
by
is
only used as a phonetic sign and expresses That, by such a confusion of Koyd en
tsi.
Yomi, the whole writing-system of
on an unfirm
this people rests
basis is evi-
dent at a glance. J.JJo/'/7/t
//i/,
-Japanese
J A-,-
j->
j j
Grammar
^r
Jbi >^rt
A
M
/'
//
.
,
)~\
,
fa (ha), va.
,
-^
,
ni.
,
/Jl
,
fo (ho)
,
vo.
,
^s
,
fe (he)
,
ve.
^>, 'j
n
wi,
Jfjn
,
JJS
,
^r
,
,
ta.
/jiL
,
,
re.
,
,
,
so.
,
^
7J
,
-^ ^1
,
^-
,
ti, tsi.
,
))
,
ri.
The
characters
panese word
tsi
2^
-y*
,
o.
tu, (tsu).
,
,ne.
,
,
na.
,
,
ra.
,
,
mu, m.
,
n.
marked * stand
(a thousand),
(woman), and mi
The sign
*
i.
* ,
??
"^
T
,
ku.
,.
me.
,
ya.
,
mi.
,
^r,ke.
y 17
X 7
,
fu.
,
,
ko.
,
,
ye.
,
,
si.
we,
e.
fl(hi), vi.
mo. se.
te.
for ideographic signs,
ne (mouse),
,
,
s
,
ma.
answering to the Ja-
wi (well), ye (bay), yu (bow), me
(three). ,
mu, which was
also
used in the old Japanese for the final
11
INTRODUDTION.
m
sound
has
(at present n)
more
in this quality,
,
2S n
lately acquired the sign
,
,
as a variation.
REPETITION OF SYLLABLES.
7.
The ;
repetition of a letter is expressed
thus, for instance,
^ stands
As stenographic signs,
for ^>
by
yay
'>
STOPS.
A
of dis- or trisyllabic words by
,
Q
for
,
iro-iro,
some Japanese words that frequently occur, in
for
connection with the Kdta-Mna, the following are to be remarked:
Hi f r
k
i
to
J3^
y> ^:
~\j
Hs5f
fo&i,
,
*oH
i
-
sake.
5
time.
^
/ ^T
_y
^
time.
,
for y*
^(
^
,
tama.
Stops.
As
stops,
only the
The use of them
,
comma
however,
is
and the point
(^)
(
or
occur in Japanese.
.)
use
the beginning of a new period, and thus begin that with a point,
also at
while others with the same object place a somewhat larger ring, there.
Some
wholly to the option of the writer.
left
The comma
the repetition sign
"
Q
stands on the right of the letter (for instance
or a
^)
A
while
(
)
is
placed on the diameter of the column of letters (for in-
,
stance ^, kuku).
The
principle of separating the words from one another in writing
most part
quite lost sight of in writing with the Kdta-kdna
,
of a whole period are written at that for an unpractised person
the Japanese, successive
it
Kdna
is
him
to read, to enable
With
as it is
has to divide some
him
to read
and understand
separating
done by the author of
Note.
improvement of
it
is,
fifty
or a hundred
a view to perspicuity and not to require
it, it is
this
grammar.
their writing-system.
For the sign of quotation see Addenda
is
in the highest
the words should be applied to
separating word for word were adopted by the Japanese, step in the
of
be already acquainted with the period which
degree desirable that our method of the Japanese,
for the
not already pretty well acquainted" with
how he
signs into words. shall
is
,
and the Kdna signs
equal distances. The consequence
who
very doubtful
from the reader that he offered
,
,
is
p.
349.
it
If the
method of
would be a great
12
INTRODUCTION.
REMARKS ON THE JAPANESE SYSTEM OF SOUNDS, AND THE EXPRESSION OF
8.
WITH OUR LETTERS.
IT
To promote
we have adopted
characters,
As
LEPSIUS.
own
and
,
Universal or Standard alphabet, by ROBERT
the
alphabet enables people of various nations to reduce to their
this
graphic system
uniform
the words of a foreign language
,
every one ; and as
intelligible to
,
uniform and
,
at the
most
a.
a open as heard in the Dutch vader;
i.
i
pure as heard in the Dutch
i.
i
long;
1
i
short.
u.
u pure
,
Jap. ^7
$~
ii,
short, silent u.
e.
e close
tion
;
e as
e
she
Jap. -f
;
y
.
.
in
weh
;
Jap.
e.
e
open as heard in the Dutch berg
German Bar,
o close
as
Ton
Jap.
>jj"
^
The
y
as
*\ as
ae
T ^ as
->
aspirated labial }^
on the contrary
,
travellers,
]^
,
y?
,
in |^
}>
,
is
,
^\,
ty *7
ve, ifc
?l
^
"?
kiva, kucd,
ro,
,
written.
is
,
pronounced as
whenever
y
at,
as ?M > *?
/^d man sounds ,
^7
^
as
like a ftii or
fwi
In the Yedo
hi,
,
easy to be pronounced.
is
the h often occurs as a palatal aspirate
it is
not possible to express with our
,
which whenever ,
we have only
confirmed by our observation; and
(fit6
What
letters.
GOLOWNIN, MEYLAN and others have said about
mouths of some from Yedo the word ]^ y* even
and even in writing
pressed through the closed teeth, forms a sound quite strange to Euro-
pean ears, which
now
vu,
,
ll as
"f
i
4~ >^
,
,
o e*c -
whistled with the mouth, and
it is
a
^7
n',
?,
A are heard kava,
ty
i
kawa, kiwa, ktiwd, for which ^/ *7
also
to the
in use.
commonly
is
which the /,
as districts, in
this
former
sound
')
is
to add that in the
man) became
or hit6,
sto.
Since for the syllables )^
come into
,
\^
,
w/s v
^JT
,
two forms of writing have now
existence, in proportion as one or the other pronunciation
is fol-
lowed, one with /, the other with h, the question becomes important, which of the two forms of spelling deserves the preference. If Japanese
written
to be
the accent of Ye"do, then, naturally, the h must be
according to
adopted, just as, to let the dialect of Zeeland enjoy oofd
is
must be written
its
rights, Olland
and
Holland and hoofd, or, not to do injustice to the
for
Berlin dialect, Jabe, Jott and jut must be written for Gabe, Gott and gut. If,
1) ,,No is
,
Ji.
however the pronunciation most generally in vogue, with the exception
European," says GOLOWNIN, I have practised at
it
,,will
two years,
succeed in pronouncing the Japanese
but in vain.
word
As the Japanese pronounced
for ,,fire," it,
it
it
seemed to
be fi , hi, psi, fsi, being pronounced through the teeth; however we might wring and twist our tongues into
every bend, the Japanese
Riusisch-Kaiserlichen
1812 und 1813.
'Marine
still
stuck to
GOLOWNIN
Aus dem Russischen
,
in
their-.
der
iibersetzt
Begebenheiten des Capitains von der
,,not right.""
Gefangenschaft
von Dr. c.
J.
bei
den Japanem in den Jahren 1811,
SCHULTZ. 1818. Vol. II,
p. 30.
INTRODUCTION.
of Y6do
that of
,
We
adopted.
Miyako be preferred
do the
The Japanese
1.
and that
last,
17
then must the h be put aside and
,
for the following reasons:
philologers themselves have,
the consonant of their series of sounds )^
made
are
\^
,
at all times, characterized
^
,
>"\,
,
jfc as labial,
signs, fixed
to represent this series of sounds
upon
sounds which, after the Chinese pronunciation, begin with a
all
and
equivalent to the labials of the Sanscrit.
it
The Chinese Kdna
2.
/
an /, whereas the sharp aspirated h of the Chinese words, just the Sanscrit,
is
expressed by k, and
-f
~)j
kai
,
is
p
,
or
as the h of
written and spoken for
the Chinese hai.
In Japanese,
3.
Dutch and English,
in
as
the
sharp
/
between two
vowels passes over into the soft v or w, and beside the older written form
A ^
~J]
~)]
i
~}]
,
~}j
From
4.
"\i
2
i
~Jj
*J?
,
~Jj
17
i
kawa, kawe, kawo, has gradually come into vogue.
the beginning Europeans,
nese, generally wrote
/
their contemporary, FR. p.
which we must write kava, kave, kavo, that of
for
THUNBERG (1775),
CARON (1639); also more
In
Fauna, Firando, Fori.
intercourse with the Japa-
and not h; thus the Portuguese missionaries, and
TiTsiNGH
J.
who had
l
)
and
(1780),
h
this century the
lately, E.
others.
first
KAEMPFER (1691),
All wrote Farima,
appeared, because then
Europeans came more frequently in contact with interpreters and natives of Yddo.
If
now we
adopt the
7i,
then will
all
connection with what was forhistory and geography of
merly done for the knowledge of the language,
Japan be broken
off,
we
of Japanese words
b
impure
,
reans,
A%
whenever they write Japanese words in
If
^
,
3.
,
fluctuates
Soft
r.
1)
In
)t, tf
7i***>
,
7*1 "^i *K> P (I
i
The Dutch
y.
have a double spelling.
shall
from the sound arisen from the blending of n with
,
mp (nH).p-
a door opened for endless confusion, and for thousands
English y
j;
HI
,
3
j
//"
?
between wi,
//"
yi,
?
I
pi P M
in yard; //
by
be > bo -
p-
French
y.
The pronunciation of
^
is
not fixed
,
and
and L English r in part, art, r of the Standard-
whenever an h occurs
in
Japanese words,
it
has been placed there,
from a mistake of either the writer, or compositor.
2
18
INTRODUCTION.
alphabet.
^7
,
1)
\/
)|^/,
,
t?
,
,
m,
from the root of the tongue, which dental r cannot be uttered
This
is
mouth
the Japanese
1
kept almost motionless.
is
by a thorough-bred Japanese of
the case with our
also
The Japanese
rw, re, ro.
rz,
I;
sound too
this
is
r,
Our
trilling
Ye"do.
quite foreign
Instead of adopting a proper letter for the
).
comes
I,
to
the
Japanese, whenever they have had to reduce words of European languages
made
to Japanese writing, have
the foreign
equivalent
I
to the
and have
r,
used their r for both sounds; a mistake, by which they subjected themselves
and
to a perpetual mutation of the letters r
I
when writing
a foreign lan-
guage, and induced our philologers to suppose that the Japanese r was
an intermediate sound between
I
and r which,
now
as it
appears,
is
not
the case.
In combinations of sounds such as \/ "^
ren,
,
^7
})
,
riu,
^
\)
"$?
,
riyau (ryoo), the guttural r so nearly approaches the lingual d, that, with the utmost attention
This
is
to be
it
,
remains doubtful
whether the r or the d
,
is
meant.
remarked especially in words adopted from the Chinese, and
which in that language begin with
Z,
which becomes r in Japanese, such
as den for ren (Chinese lien), dyu for ryu (Chinese lung, dragon), dyoo-ri-nin
and doo-sok
for
ryoo-ri-nin and roo-sok (Chinese liao-li-nin,
cook,
la tsu,
wax-candle).
worthy of remark, that with the Chinese just the opposite takes
It is
place, that they can
The German pure
w.
9.
If the letter
^
labial w.
is
tsti,
lately expressed
1) This has
^7
,
^7
I
,
but the r not at
easily,
^
,
wa
,
icu
,
wo.
which
is t
k, s,
by
^-
mostly pronounced as the or p, then
it
ts
mute, occurs in a
passes over to the latter sound
.
hecome quite evident to me, from the instruction in the Dutch language which
panese have received under
my
superintendence. After having
first
pronounced the
I
sibly rail
also, has observed that
pronounce his name.
grove,
is
too
much
for
thorough-bred Japanese of Tedo, with
,,They cannot say
them."
J.
L"
he adds, ,,they
call it
R.
whom
I.
he met, could not pos-
The word
w. SPALDING, The Japanese expedition.
several Ja-
as the guttural r, they
cequired long practice before being able to utter a sound, that in any degree resembled
SPALDING
all.
DOUBLING OF CONSONANTS BY ASSIMILATION.
compound word before a and
pronounce the
glove, which they
Redfield,
1855.
p.
233.
INTRODUCTION.
y
im
"1 itsit-ka
written,
is
pronounced ikkd (one).
19
INTRODUCTION.
20
ON ACCENT AND RHYTHM.
10.
In Japanese distinction
made between accented and unaccented
is
syl-
lables.
To
unaccented belong
the
sounds are scarcely heard at
Thus,
e.
sita
^^
,
sime
Z/%
,
siki (like)
^?^
,
(let)
,
sounds as
^?3/%
tatsu (dragon)
5 A
,
yomu
(to read)
naru
(to be)
IT >v, *? ])
As
especially at the
i
,
tats
,
sounds as yom,
sounds as ndr,
make) sounds
tsukuri (to
as tskurt, etc.
the peculiarity, that as a final letter
has, moreover,
the words, and to be
ski,
sounds as
in Japanese the
i
and u mute have not ceased to be
necessary
to the
distinguishing
Even
to be expressed in all philological writings.
(mitsu,
three) sound as mits,
do
in
so
theirs,
racterize the
distinguish both
weak vowels,
the
g.
a
long
in
~'
^r
weak and mute by writing
as
whispered.
real elements of
of them, they ought
(rnitsi
,
y
way) and
the Japanese
mits u
,
mitsi
and
The
mitsii.
answers that purpose
also.
pronounced either long or short-close. Thus
is
?
L
is
words and write mitsi and mitsu, or cha-
form of writing adopted by some, mits and
The accented vowel
\i
it
our writing we must, because
in
1
e.
end of the words.
masi, masu, masita sounds as masi, mas, masta,
,
,
The
or u, in which these
sounds as smd,
^?
y
i
(beneath) sounds as sta,
,
I/
and that
all,
ending in
g.,
2/2
^
chiefly those
mdtsti
,
(pinetree)
,
short-close
fy
?
,
sake
is,
(strong
drink).
The consonant, following a ciation,
7 -$
,
though not in writing. Thus,
dsa (the morning) as dssa;
Since
,
^ >"
e.
g.
vowel
^^,
is
often
doubled in pronun-
fdna (flower) sounds as fauna;
sake (strong drink) as sdkke.
with regard to the correct indication of the quantity of the syllables
the Japanese graphic system
more
short-close
is
defective, it behoves us to keep it in view the
carefully, because the accentuation,
nunciation of Japanese, pronunciation.
is
,
an
provided
it
be based on the pro-
indispeiisible help in the acquiring of a correct
21
INTRODUCTION
r.
Hitherto the only European
words, and expressed
manner of writing
it
who
,
a
after
it
has paid attention to the accent of Japanese
fixed
might be gathered
,
that
are pronounced as tats ands mats, thus with as
ydmma, mindto and
ten books about
thereby have
it,
3y
,
,
,
^y
and
'Y*?, S-l'
who have
From
KAEMPFEE.
E.
dragon
an a long,
tatsbdnna. Later travellers
,
his
pine-tree
,
and ^f-'^-f
l
Japan and writ-
visited
have been either unable or unwilling to follow his example, and
left their
readers in uncertainty with regard to the arrival of natives of
Only recently, since the
panese.
was
principle,
rhythm of Ja-
Japan in Europe, have
our linguists had the opportunity to hear Japanese spoken by Japanese, and so to
become acquainted with the rhythm peculiar
we have
selves of this opportunity,
Availing our-
to that language.
already been able to publish the reading of a
1 Japanese text ) supplied with a continuous accentuation. See Addenda II
we
If
cast a hasty glance over
the Japanese phonetic
most
requirement of being able, with
satisfy the
as it is
glish,
let
spoken,
The Japanese
languages.
with regard to
said,
system, the writing, the pronunciation,
that the Japanese phonetic system
clearly,
itself,
what has previously been
all
its
appear
It does
not
being applied to foreign
their attempts to write
have been able to
after their ^Tana-system,
will
to write the Japanese language
alone the possibility of
with
,
it,
it
very defective.
is
p. 350.
effect
Dutch French or En,
nothing
else,
than -
caricatures of those languages.
From
defective
their
syllabic-writing are the Japanese behind not only the
Western nations, but other Asiatic peoples neighbours writing
who
rejoice in the
languages, the Chinese alone are worse
The sions
intricate, often equivocal
more
difficulty
for
those,
study of the language
and even the Coreans,
possession of an original,
not borrowed from the Chinese.
,
also,
With regard
and simple character-
to the writing of foreign
off.
writing with which Japanese
is
who have not grown up with
itself,
their
written , occait,
than the
witness the Japanese running-hand, whose
turn comes next.
l) Thf version.
Grand Study
Part. IT,
(To,
Hio or fiaigaku). Part. I, The Chinese
Reading of the Japanese text in Roman
c/utracter,
text with
by
J.
an interlinfary Japanfte
HOFFMANN.
Leiden, 1864.
INTRODUCTION.
22
11.
a.
The Irovd in Fira-gdna.
The Irovd
in Fira-gdna- writing
with Chinese signs,
THE JAPANESE EUNNING-HAND FIRA-GANA.
learned in schools and, in connection
it is
generally in use,
is
running-hand,
as
,
consists
of the following
which are derived by abbreviation from the Chinese characters placed
next them.
A ka
t
^
jt
M
fa(ha),va
',
J
,
yo
,fo(ho),vo
^L
Jf i,
re
ve
Ijf
A
so
fe (he),
,
6
p]
to
,
,
"^
,
tsu
ne V)
&.
^
ri
,
J\
',
na
31$
?J, wi
TJr
^), no
|J|
^
4^'
&
V9^'
^
{
ku
^
j^>,
-{j^
y^, ya
^^
/SL, mi
,
^ ^ g-j*
/
,
y,
^>
^j,
B
L,
ma ke fu
ko
^
^ ^
^*,
J;fc
^/\,
,
ki 3
me
si
e fl
(hi),
vi
^
the Fira-gdna- writing confined to the 47 or 48 signs cited,
with a slight exercise in writing with the pencil, be more
learn, than the Kdta-kdna.
But the
desire for fariety,
rendered this writing so abundantly rich, that to
gdna
,
Synopsis of the /Ym-^a'na-characters most in use.
Were not,
sa
,
;
texts
possible,
a
synopsis
of
these
signs
it
would
difficult
to
change and ornament, has
make learning
to read Fira-
has become an absolute ne-
cessity.
With owes
its
the synopsis, origin.
we
give at once the Chinese character to which each sign
23
INTRODUCTION.
SYNOPSIS OF THE JAPANESE
FIRA-GANA.
Bf
KI.
u.
B
<
it If
-
tf>
KO..B
c r T T
T
T
24
INTllODUCTION.
TA.
*
t si.
TSI.
su.
SO.
TO.
i-jfc
t
t X
^
k
k
T
INTRODUCTION.
25
?
/
A
r
as
NI
=t=
-
X
hi
1
1
KR
;?
Jt 17?
.
N0
-
*
^
7) 7>
ft
^T
INTRODUCTION.
26
71
MI.
ft
*H
19>
MA
Y0.3 >>
_ i7
V
V-
=<
I
INTRODUCTION.
27
r r v
>
x/>
>
*^
la
t KU
-
RE. w
wo
-
?
"V
INTRODUCTION.
28
The synopsis of Japanese running-hand
on the preceding
characters, given
in reading Japanese books and manuscripts, pages, collected by ourselves
serving of remark on
account of
its
As we
correctness.
1
few proof impressions, to a respected friend in Japan
was
MATS MOTO
so
our synopsis to a
strict
with the conviction that
gdna
on whose invitation
we were
and
revision, it
will
if
we have given
it
enabled to submit
a place here,
it
is
be a faithful guide in the deciphering of Fira-
texts.
To become for
),
kind as to undertake the revision and correction of
This impression being returned to us,
one of them.
being
we, some years ago, sent a
submitted to the criticism of a clever Japanese,
Mr.
its
appreciated
de-
is
basis,
familiar with this .writing, the Chinese character should be taken
and attempts made at learning
to write with a pencil the
more sketchy Fira-gdna forms derived from
it.
By
more and
following this practical way,
the student will most quickly become so conversant with this writing, as to be able to read without hesitation a text written in
it
provided the printing of
,
it
be not too bad.
In the Fira-gdna writing the
one another. The way some Japanese liarities
in the
texts
2),
in which this
in which
more or
letters are is
less
obviously
done will be best learned by copying
will at once be discovered
it
manner of attaching them
attached to
,
that some pecu-
are only the natural results of a quick
handling of the pencil.
The
stops (*),
I
ya,
sounds
impure
pure to
gu, "^
and the sign
dzi,
is
^?
,
by which in the Kdta-kdna the change from
indicated, are used in the Fira-gdna also,
dzu, J^l
ba,
^
bu,
e.
g.
^T
etc.
The point, which in the Kdta-Mna, placed under a
letter
shows that
it
is
repeated, in the Fira-gdna runs together with the letter into one stroke. Opposed 2k ^* to laid and tada, are the Fira-gdna forms
The
1)
w.
repetition of
j.
c.
two or three
syllables is
HTJYSSEN VAN KATTENfiYKE, Knight,
shown by
Commander
of
/
the
.
Naval-detachment
in
Japan in
1857, 1858 und 1859. 2) the
The Japanese Treaties, concluded at
United States and France.
Tedo in 1855 with the Netherlands, Russia, Great-Britain,
Fac-simile of the Japanese text.
The Hague, MARTINUS NIJHOFF. 1862.
INTRODUCTION.
29
As stenographic abbreviations come under for
3
notice
koto (sake).
l|
f)
12. WRITTEN OB,
,
/y
*
for
|||
yori.
BOOK LANGUAGE.
Books among the Japanese are written either in the Chinese, or in the Ja-
panese
language.
Chinese
A. Exclusively
who make
men
use of the Chinese written language, just as formerly our learned
did of Latin.
nicle of
are scientific works, intended for literate persons,
To
this class of
books belong
,
among
others
,
the oldest Chro-
Japan (Yamdto-bumi or Nippon-ki), in which the pure Japanese words,
such as the names of persons and places, are expressed phonetically with Chinese characters, the Japanese Encyclopedia
Wa-Kan
nen-kei, the Japanese
Wa-Kan
san-sai dzu-e, the Chronicle
Government- Almanac,
etc.,
while furnishing the
books, which are written for the general public and in Japanese, with at least a Preface in Chinese,
of
tions chiefly
Buddhist
considered to be in good taste.
Chinese texts must also be reckoned the Chinese transla-
the pure
Among
still
is
works,
originally
written
hummed by
imported from China, are
in
which translations,
Sanscrit,
Japanese Bonzes in a peculiar Chi-
nese dialect.
That a Chinese text can be read aloud with a Chinese pronunciation
by
literate
Japanese
is
become acquainted with dialects;
but
nunciation
that
of the
to its is
its
whole
pronunciation sentences,
characters,
doubted and now, upon Chinese text with
its
contents and,
Mr. TSUDA SIN-ITSI-ROO.
when
also,
and
this according to certain
read aloud, according to
are intelligible to
listeners,
we have
the authority of a learned Japanese
ideographic
signs
is
),
the
pro-
constantly
dare deny.
The
there, to be apprehended according
for the Japanese, the translation into his
included in this apprehension.
1)
(koyd)
a matter of course, for, with the Chinese character, they
The apprehension and
mother tongue
translation of a Chinese
INTRODUCTION.
30 text
is
therefore very justly called its
Wa-kun (^fl
or
reading (Yomi)
j||l| ),
reading in Japanese. Respecting the Chinese dialects, which have been here mentioned,
the
the
following ought to be added.
In Japan the pronunciation of three been
have
^
U
and
1
e.
Tang
Jjtj
won (g!* i.
which are
adopted,
^f),
dialect of
Han,
U
The dynasty of Han
the
after
called
Chinese written language
Chinese dynasties
)^|
Han,
Japanese pronunciation Kan, Go and Too), Kan-
(in the
Go-won
dialects of the
(^^D
and Too-in
(0*^)
or Kara-koto,
and T'dng. ,
which had
its
seat in the country of
on the borders of the Hoang-lio, nourished from 202 B. C. dynasty of U, settled on the Yang-tse-kiang tuated, existed from 222
,
till
220 A. C. The
where at present Nan-king
is
si-
The dominion of the dynasty of Tang
280 A. C.
till
,
Ho-nan-fu thus
embraced the period between 618 and 906. If with
the Japanese
it
be accepted, that the said dialects were not local
next one another, but changes which the Chinese language has
dialects existing
undergone in the lapse of ages, then the introduction and continued existence of those dialects in Japan would not be without importance in the knowledge of the old Chinese language. is
it
writing,
lects too, that
to
On
with the defective Japanese Kdna-
since,
impossible to represent any Chinese dialect faithfully, those dia-
have wandered to Japan lose
confine ourselves to
use
But
the question of their
all historical
introduction
the
first
point the Japanese works at our
As the
first
teacher of the
scholar from the country of
Han
do not find recorded. Such also is
attributed
country of U. also
first
ciation
to
* flj||
As both had
called
and the
is
Kan-won,
^^ ^
^ (
suffi-
Piao Sin-kung, a
mentioned, with the addition, that he came
which
this
happened we
the case with the introduction of the Go-won,
is
Kin
,
settled
Tsusima-won
shed
Li-sin
and another Bonze from the
on the island of Tsusima, the Go-won was
2^
~? jjfjj
^ -&
^) or the
may
be assumed as certain, that the
Tsimmanian pronun-
a ).
With regard
1)
into Japan,
command do not
to Fakdta in the country of Tsikuzen; but the time at
at
and we therefore
which they have been applied.
cient light.
which
value,
to
the
second point,
The Japanese Encyclopedia XV, 33
verso.
it
Fak-buis-zen under
Kan-won and Go-won.
INTRODUCTION.
Go-won was the
31
which the Bonzes read the Buddhist writings, im-
dialect, in
ported from China, and that
it
still,
with a few exceptions,
is
in vogue
among
them, whereas the Kan-won, the use of which was, in virtue of an edict pu-
by the Mikado
blished
Chinese language
whole profane
1
as
792, made obligatory in the study of the
as
early
prevailed in the
),
domain of
See Addenda
literature.
science,
and penetrated into the
III.
In the Chinese- Japanese dictionaries the pronunciation of each word given in both dialects and that, instances
won
,
^
I 1 v
and
^
The
T or
^
and
-^ ^
first
I$J
* or ^
t$J *,
? and $ are
T'dng (Too-in), as
it
has been fixed by means of the Kana-
We
it
(
language (Kwan-hoa),
just as unintelligible as they, to a Chinese.
|_L|
Kan-won
is
&
by the monastic order of the
Go-san) at Miyako.
on the three
cimen by which the difference Too-in.
also said to be used
is
3fl
close this digression
Wa-Tcun.
is
official
found mostly in works about China, used in the description of
or convents"
hills
but
dialects,
the names of places, and
Five
dialects
shown in
Go-won.
with a quotation of the spe-
te Japanese Encyclopedia.
Wa-kun.
Too-in.
O
Kan-won.
ani otitono gotoku, mala, ivdlcu , fibiki no Japanese translation: Tatove va Flats no koeva i.
e.
The two
Go-won.
^
f
ffotosi,
Kan-
as Go-won.
than the two other is
placed as
*
i *
dialect of
dialect
found,
Kan-won, and then in Go-won. In the
in
writing approaches more nearly the ordinary Chinese
This
is
dialects, to use
an example , are like brothers. It
is
also said:
zivakomago no
The assonances or
are like sons and grandsons.
I)
Wa-nen
kei oder
GeschicMstabeUen von Japan, aus dent Originate
iibersetst
von
i.
HOFFMANN.
finals
INTRODUCTION.
32
Chinese text with Japanese translation. In Chinese there are books written, which contain a
complete Japanese
at the side of the text.
translation
There are also some, in which the Japanese translation
is
incomplete, and
of words are explained. In this case are only here and there words or fragments
found either only the principal ideas translated, or merely the terminational inflections
It
given.
is
supposed
knows the
that the Japanese reader
here,
signification of the Chinese character and the word corresponding his
mother tongue, or not being acquainted- with
Japanese dictionary, to supply
Were to
the construction
nese.
at
the
of
side
But there
of each Chinese
would
it
character by
deficient.
is
suffice
a Japanese
and to read Japanese in the same order
it,
simply
word Chi-
as
one point, from which the two languages diverge; to wit,
is
the Chinese verb has
its
objective (complement, regime), whether a simple
or a substantive phrase objective,
give an instance,
which the translation
that, in
in
it
he resorts to a Chinese-
of the two languages alike,
the signification
represent
placed
all
it,
to
after
it,
the Chinese construction
the Japanese has
it
one to say:
requires
book: he desires to go home;" on the contrary, the Japanese:
He
noun
before.
He
To
reads a
a book reads;
he homewards to go desires."
Thus in the reading aloud of the Japanese translation of a Chinese sentence a transposition, a skipping over of the Japanese words as the case in question occurs. This transposition is
the
of the Chinese text translation is
called
-
^jjftt'pjl?
or also Kaytri,
^
IV
Geki-toku-suru
,
necessary, as often
shown on the
right-hand one being occupied
by numbers or equivalent
-
is
left-hand-side
by the Japanese
signs. This, transposition of the i.e.
against
(the order) in
words
reading,
turning back, and the transposition-signs Kaydri-tenor
marks
of going backwards. These marks are 1)
the hook, ^, which indicates the transposition of two words following each other
2)
3)
,
as
^
055
*
inotte
the Chinese ciphers
-,
i
korewo - korewo motte (thereby)
=,-(1,2,3) when
skips over
two or more characters;
the signs
J:,
f,
T
;
the translation of a character
(above, in the middle, beneath), whenever the parts of
a sentence, that have been already marked, must be again skipped over;
33
INTRODUCTION.
4) the cyclical signs
The
ciphers
and signs
position-sign , thus:
A of the
z,,
,
for a further skipping over.
cited
B]
&,
c-,
Pa
occur in connection with the simple trans-
may &,
ife,
it;
&, &.
ffi,
practical indication of the use of these signs will be found in our edition
Grand Study
(Ta-Aid), a few lines of which are subjoined as a specimen
of Chinese text with a
as well as a
complete
fragmentary
translations in
Japanese,
CHINESE TEXT.
1
,
jHhi
"^T
2, with a fragmentary translation in Japanese.
with a complete translation in Japanese.
^
2 AE & *5*
-/FT
,,Tfc
in '
r^\
{J
O
fc,
* ffii
^
Bif
7
Jfc,
T ffi
r
ffij
BB
B5
-*.
I
in Japanese: Reading of the translation
Dai-Gaktino mitsiva mei tokuwo akirakani
siirtiniari;
tamiwo
ardtftni su-
rttni arl; si-sen ni todomarti ni ari.
Todomartikoto notsi
wo
yoku sidzuka
sitte, slkauslte notsi
nari.
Sidzuka ni
sadamartikoto
site,
ari.
Sadamatte, slkauslte
slkausr^ notsi y6kti yasusi. 3
Yastiu-
INTRODUCTION.
34 sikauslte notsi yokti
site,
as here, the Chinese text
If,
the
omdnbakaru.
Kdta-Mna
is
is
OmOnbakatte
,
slkaustte notsi yokti
u
1
).
in the standard form written in full, then
used for the interlinear translation in Japanese, whereas the
Fira-gdna accompanies the Chinese running-hand.
Books
B.
written in the
Japanese
language.
In these, the national writing, whether Fira-gdna or Kdta-kdna, forms the
chain, in which a larger or smaller number of Chinese
.characters are
inserted.
the Chinese characters represent ideas, for which the reader, in
In this
style,
case the
meaning of the Chinese character has not been already expressed
of
side
it
Japanese writing, must substitute Japanese words and connect
in
them with the character.
which the writer has placed
inflectional forms,
Here
also
the
proper
is
after the Chinese
Kdta-kdna accompanies the Chinese standard- writing
and the Fira-gdna the Chinese running hand. literature
at the
written.
A
In this
,
style the whole Japanese
Japanese text without an admixture of Chinese
ideographic signs, women's letters excepted, has never yet come under our notice.
To exemplify what has been style.
said,
we
subjoin a few lines written in
this
In the one specimen the translation in Japanese will be found written
next to each Chinese character, in the other chiefly in official
it
is
the latter happens
left out;
documents.
o
O -*-
# 5
3
t*
^ *
y
1)
Translation.
vating the people,
The
The way of the Grand Study it
point where to rest heing
a calm unperturbedness there
end
.
may J.
consists in illustrating illustrious virtue,
it
consists in reno-
consists in resting in the highest excellence.
may
known
be attained.
,
the object of pursuit
To
is
then determined
:
that being determined
,
that there will succeed a tranquil repose. That being attained,
be careful deliberation, and that deliberation will be followed by the attainment (of the desired
LEGGE, Chinese
classics. Vol. I. 220.
INTRODUCTION.
Reading of the Japanese
35
text.
Nagasaki oyobi Hakodate no minato no foka, tsugini nosuru ba-slyo ki-gen yori akubesi
wo sano
1 ).
The frequent use made of Chinese ideographic
signs in this style of writing
has for consequence, that even people of the lower order are more or less ac-
quainted with education,
and
it
make ample
work-people
panese
appreciating a sort of knowledge
,
use of
which,
it.
We
possess written communications from Ja-
written in the prevalent epistolary
more Chinese characters than Japanese It first
which pleads for a good
,
stile,
contain
letters.
stands to reason that, to understand texts written in this style, in the
place,
an acquaintance with the Japanese language
is
necessary, since the
connection between the parts of the proposition and the ideas indicated
logical
by the Chinese characters
is
expressed in Japanese letters, thus in Japanese.
C. Style.
Just as every living language the Japanese too has turies,
,
during the lapse of cen-
undergone change and had a gradual development, which
a litterature of
more than a thousand
years.
This
is
in
not the place to investigate
those changes or to indicate specimens of different periods. direct
is reflected
We
desire merely to
attention to the difference which exists between the old and
new
Japa-
nese language, written as well as printed. a.
Old Japanese.
The old language,
Ftiru-koto,
is
an idiom
free
from foreign ingredients,
that has been developed freely and independently in the isolated Nippon. Originally
the language of the ancient Mikado-dynasty, that was settled in Yamdto
660 years B.
and therefore
C.,
also called Yamdto-kotobd or the
language of Ya-
mdto, this idiom had, with the political, intellectual and spiritual power of that dynasty obtained supremacy over the other dialects of the empire and was, for ages long, the general written language, expressed at one time in Chinese, and
then again in Japanese writing; but declined,
and
lost its direct influence in the
language shared
1)
That
is:
when
its
Besides
at the following periods.
fate:
it
at last the
power of
this
government of the empire,
dynasty this old
was superseded by a new idiom, and supplanted in
the Ports of Nagasaki and Hakodate, the places mentioned beneath shall be opened Art. 2 of the Netherlands-Japanese Treaty of the
18^ August, 1868.
INTRODUCTION.
36 the political
As the
forgotten. its
but by no means driven from the mouths of the people, or
life,
vehicle of
an extensive
and
literature,
this language has kept poetry and of the old religion,
held in respect, since the literature founded on cient civilization ,
the people,
is
poses
its
an an-
and the old
service of
Kamis which
still
,
lives
,
on among
rooted in this language.
most
reflects
as the expression of
it,
is still
,
Considered from a philological point of view
which
stand, and
its
and as the witness of a past glorious in the eyes of the nation
finds its admirers ;
still
by the power of
chiefly
faithfully the
,
the Yamdto-kotoba
is
the mirror
being of the Japanese language, the most ex-
organic structure, and sheds a clear light on the grammatical forms
also of the
new
now become
idiom,
prevalent.
The student of the Japanese language, who
is
not
satisfied
with the mecha-
nical learning of grammatical forms, but wishes to penetrate into the
knowledge
of their origin and being, must, in the etymological and grammatical treatment of that language, take the Yamdto-kotoba for basis, following, in this respect, the example of the Japanese themselves
who,
to be able to lay
any claim
to
li-
terary proficiency, apply themselves to the study of their old language and read
the old authors
and poets, and sometimes even imitate
The Japanese
literature is rich in
in philological resources
nese language
is
,
works in the Ftiru-koto, but not
chiefly in dictionaries , in
illustrated
by
their versification. less rich
which the old or pure Japa-
The
citations of the sources.
principal
sources
works on mythology and history, the oldest of which are those which 7 have been designated with the name of the three records" ^n^ are the
(^*
^f
^
San-bu fon-siyo). lg> *"* 3 1.
Original
ip^^^JCf MUMAKONO
account of the old events of former times,
ffit* Sen-dai ku-zi
STJKUNE,
^Q^
"f^^
W^
fon-ki" executed by SIYAU-TOK. DAI-SI and Sogano
by order of Mikado SUI-KO, in 10 volumes, beginning with
the god-dynasties, and extending to 620 (the 20th year of the said Mikado). 2.
The
Book of
antiquity,
FUru-koto-bumi or
~^
3
^.^
jf^l* Ko-zi-ki,"
written by Oho-ason YASU-MARO and presented to the Mikado GEN-MEI in 711 or
712, 3 volumes. 5th
It begins
with the mythological times and reaches to 597 (the
year of the Mikado SUI-KO). 3.
The
Japanese
book,
Yamdto-bumi
or
J
^
2Jf
^^^E*
Nippon
siyo-ki" completed by TONERI NO SIN-WOO and Oho-ason YASU-MARO, in 720, in
INTRODUCTION.
20
volumes,
beginning
37
with the creation and ending with the year 697
l
).
These works, executed before the introduction of the Japanese Kdta-Mnawriting, are, as appears from the copies, that
we have
ten with Chinese writing, partly ideogrophic,
partly
which
of them, generally writ-
phonetic;
at the side of
found the reading in Japanese expressed with Kdta-kdna, but
is
an addition of
As
later time.
we
a specimen
here subjoin the
first
this is
Unas of the
o 0*
0*
mi
45*
ft*
*
ft
Reading: ^OT^ tsutsino fazimeno toki taka-mano farani ndrimdseru k ami no mi-navd Ante no minaJka-
nusino kami, isugini Taka-mi-musubi no kami, isugini Kami-musubi no kami, vd mina
fitori garni ndrimdsite, mi-mi
Translation:
The
three gods
:
Kono mi fiuirano kami
wo kdkmi-tamdviki.
Ame no
mi-naka-nusi no kami , Taka-mi-musiibi no kami, and Kami-musubi no
kami, at the time of the creation of Heaven and Earth existed in the high expanse of heaven, were
solitary
gods and hid themselves.
As
sources for obtaining acquaintance with the FUru-kotQ
physical and historical descriptions lected
1)
1839
as
Of in
early as 713
this
work
I
come further under
It
TON SIEBOLD'S
,,Nippon-Archiv" under the
might be expected, that the
manners;
it is
;
but the opposite
the topographical ,
Fuu-to-ki) of Japan, col-
notice; the laws
and precepts edited
title
of Japan's Besiige mil der Korntehen Halbinsel
Quellen bearbeUet. style, in is
which these annals are written, would be characterized by una-
the case.
The
oldest Japanese prose
verbose and diffuse, and any one, unless he
the divine worship,
nB^
,
have made ample use in the elaboration of an historical treatise, which appeared in
tmd mil China. Nach Japanischen
dorned simplicity
(^.^ db
^
is
lies
hid
completely subservient to courtly
penetrated, like the
which they display towards the prince and
behind the richness of courtlike expressions
is
authors themselves , with
his house, will discover but too soon that
poverty of ideas.
INTRODUCTION.
38 in three different periods
and 907;
of Lyric
collections
poems
(
^*
Jy^^
and romances
Historical narratives
-
-
^5 ^
(En*
titd)
San-dai kdku-siki} of 820, 869 -
($fy^
as well as the
,
Epic poems and Melo-dramatic pieces (Jll^
leaves;
As
Intfft
Mono-gatdri}',
Bundle of Ten thousand
Man,
or mai) etc.
aids towards illustration of the Ftiru-koto deserving of men-
philological
tion are:
^
^p
Wa-mei-seo, or explanation of Japanese names, collected by
^b
MINA-MOTONO siTAGAVU
(
^
j||| )
,
a famous poet,
who
died in 986. 20 volumes.
There are editions of 1617, 1667 and 1851.
M
n/
;
3M** 'JP*
W^" PI \/
^fl^ 18^^ Ga-gen 7Iv 3. >>t*
correct language," #*
Ladder to the old language." 1765.
bdsi, or
siyu-ran or Miydvi-koto-atsume
View
,
of the
by ISI-GAVA GA-BAU. 1812. *
=5* ^* -j|^
fl~H
u koto no
w*/
^i
2^
*
^.
Ga-gen ka-zi kdku
,
Standard of the correct lan-
in JTa/za-writing, by ITSI-OKA TAKE-FIKO. 1814. guage" O O .
H^
|l|
TANI-GAVA 6.
^
SI SEI.
New
^f^
CHAPTER
I.
NOUNS. DECLENSION.
61
7.
DECLENSION. 7.
by
The relations of one noun
suffixes,
to another word, or 1
particles (Teniwova or Tsukd-zi)
by
its
cases, are expressed
which generally have a
),
defi-
nite signification, and, arranged, according to our declension, are limited to the
following.
Nominative (subject) and Vocative.
.
.
wo
Accusative (object direct)
^7
Genitive
Jf ga (pronounced
.
nga,
exact writers often
J
Qualitative Genitive
I'M), ~J]
no, old- Japanese also
among
in-
ka.
-}-
na and
y
tsu, originally tu.
S Dative and Terminative
ve, he or
X ye, e
(wards).
Index of the relation of the Place,
Means and Instrument
3
Ablative
7"
^
nite,
})
yori,
;7 wo alone, which indicates an object direct of declension, signification. it
for
is
the
te.
ni, .
is
7*
de (pron.
~ft
y
tide).
kara (out, from).
characterized as a real form
the other inflections belong to the suffixes, that have their If,
own
notwithstanding, they are here already cited and illustrated,
behalf of those,
who do not
willingly dispense with the ordinary
declensions.
Explanation. I.
NOMINATIVE. The primitive form of a noun
is
at the
nominative, which thus has no inflectional termination.
grammarians the ristic
may
suffix
be of use with other cases,
definite characteristic of the
1)
See Introduction,
2) ,,Keine
altaische
$
In imitation of former
)^ va, vulgo *7 wa, has been considered as a characte-
of the Nominative, but as this suffix also
same time that of the
Nominative
it
is
merely an isolating particle, which
must not be longer considered aa a
(subject)
*).
14. 3. pag. 42.
Sprache hat einen Nominativ."
Typen det Sprach bauet , I860, pag.
186.
H. STEINTHAL,
Ckanuitrutik itr ha*pU*f)ditktit*
62
CHAPTER
NOUNS. DECLENSION.
I.
7.
VOCATIVE. The poet sometimes stretches or doubles the final sound of a noun to
make known,
that his feelings are thereby
affected,
or that he invokes the
This emphatic prolongation of sound, by which the vocal-harmony comes
object.
into play, belongs properly to the interjections,
exclamation
Mnaa!
flower;
torii!
Mi,
mii! (lEl
three;
.
^
(^f
Tori, bird;
To, four; .
and has the same
our
effect as
or Oh!
!
Hdna,
.
,
(
,(^ J
y6o! yowo! ...
u;
7 )
^}
o flower! oh the flower!
o bird!
(
uwo!
As exclamation ^, wo
e. g.
occurs,
with the smell corruption o!
e.
i.
in Irova nivoveto tsirm%ru'w6 = the colour ,
oh!
that the colour with the smell should
vanish! Besides, 37 suffix
and
,
Yi
just as in
German: Feuerio! Mordio!
added to the simple root of a verb
used as an emphatic
is
strengthens the Imperative
,
e.
,
g.
To wo akdyo, open the door! n. ACCUSATIVE.
the verb'
e.
g.
Kusd kari,=
tivus definitus), e.
g.
Kusdwd
indefinite,
verb in the primitive form and the logical accent
the
placed before
If the object direct of a transitive verb is
it
is
grass to
characterized by
mow.
If the object
wo and
karu, = grass (or the grass) to
mow.
If
it is
is
accentuated,
to be brought out
with emphasis as the subject of conversation, then the accusative
by the
particle va besides,
passes over into
and the form
woba, and
Examples. Tori-odosivd
nari,
is
catching-net,
miru, to see the
tdru
a fish catching-net.
mounting
mdtte simowo ts&kgu koto nakdre chief, they
must not charge
J
),
scarecrow
amivd uwow6
- -
of the smoke.
||
toru
is
gu
Midzu kumi, water
Kamird mkumu
Kefurino tokdro o
ba
with that which people disapprove of in their
their inferiors.
In the book on the Middle- Way
J)
Uw6
ndri, the
Ikdno midsuwo kumu, to scoop the water from a pond.
scooper. nobdruwo
fish
isolated
obtained, which for euphony
kedamonowd oddsu mono
-something that frightens birds and beasts.
= the
is
is
frequently pronounced oba.
is
tori
wova
upon
definite (Accusa-
is
same time
at the
falls
it is
The Grand Study (Dai Gaku), X,
8.
(
f|l
^
Cap. IX) after what a
man may un-
CHAPTER dertake of what
is
summed up,
great has been
he cannot keep the
NOUNS. DECLENSION.
I.
cannot,
it
-
Muma sar^woba
rtava nite
korewo sibdru, = the horse and the ape
with a rope (one) binds them fast,"
contains an unnecessary repetition of the
object, characterized as accusative. If the
ivo
in
is
super-
superfluous. (or
along) (
H
through the inland of
indicates a continuous motion
which we
by means of along, through.
express
GENITIVE.
III.
1,
~}f
a definite sense is
,
and has the
effect
in pronunciation sharp toned, cha-
na(^),
ga, nga,
racteristic of the genitive relation,
of ga
on
tsuku, to build a wall
permission to travel
The Accusative employed here
).
perserved, the kordwo
Nipponno bu-naiwo riyo-kau-suru men-g!yo
$^^R ft^SlctT^^^S^)' Japan
is
must remain, the wo being
Kai-henwo isi-kabewo
the seaside, deserves notice.
1
wo ba
Muma sdruva
fluous; if the kordwo remains,
The use of
that can one not keep." The form an accusative. On the other hand the
-
plain, pass for
is
wdb* yo| ife Tsiu-you if it were: >7Vm-youwfr, kortwo
effect,
- but the Middleyokusu bekardzu Way
saying:
but
Middle-Way," which the Japanese translation very cor-
kusu bekardzu. It would have the same
wa
there follows as antithesis:
>^*K*. Iff* *'**/$* v/*Tf B
rectly expresses
Tsiu-you
63
sets
of of
forth the object as something taken in the.
The
genitive subordination by
thence the speaker applies
considered disrespectful;
it
means
only to himself
and to persons and things of which, having higher persons in view, he makes no
case.
One
of
him
but ga
;
says, indeed, is
bailiff of is
Ko
= of the
I, of
not used with those nouns and pronouns
persons are addressed or indicated
Examples.
or Watdkusigd,
Wdregd
,
me, and Are go,
with which respected
2 ).
va Misima-agata-nusi gd oya nari, this
is
the progenitor of the
Kono kamivd N. N.ra gd oya
the district of Misima.
wart, this god
the progenitor of the N. N.s.
Flt6 mina Sukunegd kau-rikiwozo kan-zi keri, each admired Submit* strength.
1)
Netherlands and Japanese Treaty
2)
This
RODKIGUEZ
also
s'emploie cotnme proiiom de
I.
3.
must have meant, when he, according la troisieme persoiine,
par humilite." Let the misprint
Grammar
pour
of 1861
p.
A
to the
les inferienr*,
coin me pronom" be altered
agreement with our assertion will be found. in Alcock's Japanese
al.
pronoun, ga
,
to
et
,,apre$" or ,,pour
does not exut.
18, where we read: ,,f y,
used aa a pronoun in the third person for inferiors, and in the
French edition f 7,
comme prouom de
first
person
le
la
sy:
,/
praniirc,
pronom," and the
The ame mistake
is
met with
n of the genitive in noons,
u
a term of humility."
is
CHAPTER
64
NOUNS. DECLENSION.
I.
Kai-mongd dake, the peak of the to the
sea-port (Kai-mon
7.
the
is
name
of the entrence
bay between the provinces of Odsumi and Sdtsuma).
Sagdmino Miura gd
sdki, the cape of the
in the province of
SagdmL
sublunary world.
FU6wo
sitd
Amegd
Sagdmian Miura (
^
~~J\ )
the cape of Miura
,
under the heavens
,
the
,
nai gd sironi su, to estimate others at the value of
nothing, te consider others of no value.
Kdru, being
the reason of the being so, on account of the state of
=
for
Watdkusigd
ki-
Kdrugd
so,
affairs.
yuejii,
mono, the dress of me.
Ga, no index of the
~Jf
The
particle
ga
Now
the subject.
considered
also
is
subject.
genitive, can also be one of the
an emphatic
is
effect, which
is.>
instance will
ascribed
make
Is there
Now
for it."
arrangement,
in is
to
it
an emphatic
MONEY
and which
for it?"
the question
money
is
There
is
the question:
has the
day's having
/7wa
and the subject
There
which
first
after the
of
to:
become dark
the snbject exists.
2) This instance
1810, letter/.
is
money
is,
i.
e.
there is" lo-
attributive
*).
ga.
The
the answer: Kanegb, drimdsu.
day, and kuretd, become dark. ||
has become dark?
end? as answer, follows: Fig& kuretd = the the day
in Japanese
See Introduction
money
Japanese
the presence (is)"
kuretakd? = the day (as to the day)
must be kept in view that
nition with
y?,
is
brought into conversation,
money," as subordinate
Kanew& drimdmkd?
the
is
genitive, emphatically characterized by
money" changes
day approached
has that
of the subject.
answered by:
the subject,
Another instance consisting of the words
1) It
why ga
reasons,
characteristic
is
placed first and, as a subject
question sounds in Japanese:
e.
cases,
Speaking of an undertaking the question
definition, precedes the predicate, as
The answer:
The
negative.
value of a characteristic of the
its
light the
clear
as
this clear.
gically has the greater weight,
i.
is
by va or wa. In the answer, on the contrary, the predicate
isolated
To
most evidently
considered as an emphatic nominative termination, are capable of
is
genitive, and besides places in a
proposed:
it
definitive characteristic of the
nominative. The answer
a conception, which leaves to this particle
An
definite characteristic of
the question arises, if a particle, which, as
appears from the instances cited,
in which ga
an emphatic
as
has become dark
3 ).
no congruency, properly 80 called, of the predicative
defi-
15 A. p. 44.
taken from the ,,Japansch en Hollandsch Woordenboek van den Vorst van Nakats"
CHAPTER
The Shopping-Dialogues
NOUNS. DECLENSION.
I.
65
7.
are rich in instances, which plead for this conception.
E. g. pp. 1 and 2:
The buyer.
I
The
What
seller.
have come to buy something = WatdkusiTrb kai mononi maitta.
The buyer. What The
you buy ? = Naniwo
whill
there? =
is
kdi ndsdrft
' h-wa
dri-
mdsftka?
The
seller.
hand =
Yes, gold-lacquered goods are at
Hei. Maki-ye
monoga
drimdsu. ko
Question:
how do is
they do?
samagatavra, ikdga de irasertire mdsuka?,
- -
Answer: S&dno ko ga sugure masfan
1
your children, the youngest child
),
not quite well. Therefore
come down
is
is,
snows" Yukigo, furn or furi-mdsu, = of snow whereas Yukiwa, furu - with respect to the snow, it is coming said rightly for
it
down, would be a
definition
snow. The same
the case with Fokdno
is
come down," the
which attributes
fundg&
tsuki-mosta
predicate, to the
9
there
),
is
another
ship arrived, properly the arrival of another ship has happened, whereas
another ship --is
no fund-w& tsuki-mdsta, would signify: ject
now
being
another ship" the idea
and on which the attention
is
first
butive genitive of the predicate Altaic languages
3 )
to. which
and in the Chinese
,
also
is
(or was) a
man, Japanese KwaivB,
,
saying of CONFUCIUS:
ficfl^ i
- Hoei's a
man
to
be
-*+
^**
(is),
*\
+.
l^s \/J
\
.*,
A |
}
Hoei
flto to nari.
Hoei
-{{^ *),
is
said.
BROWN
,
Colloquial Japanese t p.
3) STEINTHAI, Characteristik 4) Tschung-yuny ,
Cap. VIII.
etc., p.
I
,
n.
186.
6.
tee! is
On
:in
in the
y\ means
here the subject
the contrary the
to
Hoei was eminently a man."
Familiar diatoytut, pp. I, Copied, with correction, from R. ALCOCK,
2) R.
subject to attri-
Japanese JTwoi'fft/ttrftd
lays the accent emphatically
be a man," which we might express by
1)
U**
attached,
plays an important part. Thus, to
brought under consideration, of which something
9
is
commonly occurs
^ ^ fy
choose a classical expression, the saying [gj
Hoei
the most importance
a phenomenon, that
is
arrived," the sub-
The degrading of the
fixed.
Fokd
CHAPTER
66
worthy of a place here,
Still
BROWN'S remark
R.
is
NOUNS. DECLENSION.
I.
7.
in his Colloquial Japanese , pp.
XXXIII and XXXIV,
his opinion concerning; the power of both particles being fully confirmed by our illustration.
,,Wa, which follow
Wa
it
is
,
around a
of vinculum
a sort
is
word or
isolative particle, serving to separate a
merely an
is
not a sign of the nominative
though
,
words, distinguishing
from the other elements of the propositions....
that
it
seems to be more emphatically
except
but
translatable,
scarcely
is
be expressed by the
to
The
responding word in English.
wa
is
much
spoken of
present,
musters,
but,
would be Kono mihongi kini a
difference
J
No,
2.
or
more
irimas".
The
are.
if
to isolate it or
.
is
them,
native teachers say
as a distinct subject
singled out, being present or conceived to be
Here are the
say of a certain lot of teas; i.
e.
the musters,
as separated
from
it, his expression
would then be, that that particular sample suited him."
idea
these samples
cognate to ni, to be,
,
objects
as
a Japanese should
if
The
familiarity with the Japanese usage.
Kono te-honga kini irimdsu,
here at hand, and
wa and nga
difference between
made between Mi-AonVfA. (properly Te-honwa) kokoni arimdsu, samples
is
.
used for the same
is
buyer, taking one of the samples should say he liked
a
if
or ga (ff)
Nga
The
definitive.
the musters, would be Mihon wa,
his expression for
Thus here
Thus,
specifically.
the original packages,
when one
used
is
.
tone of the speaker's voice, rather than by any cor-
a kind of cordon drawn around a word or words,
of thought, and that nga
predicate
native ear at once perceives the difference , and a foreigner can acquire the
use of these particles only by practice and that
its
of words, and serves to give definiteness to this group of
collection
it
purpose,
from the words that
clause,
frequently stands between the subject and
it
is
-
are
please me.
used for the attributive subordination of
one substantive to another, and gives to the subordinated the character of an
As
adjective.
the use of ga
intended by no;
it
is
limited
is
by
^ ^^
~ :
(
^
i-siyo
(
^\ -f*
^^
ij^
)
,
r
the
Fazimtno
beginning of a year. split in
tosi ,
my
6no
n
also
is
marked
^
3
|^V
impure
V@Ti A!
j>
in the
dissolved
as
elision the
male bird;
tori,
i.
e.
gava
,
Tosino fdzimd,
New
,
tse.
year.
--
Kobe no
Akaganeno deru
silk.
Wa-
the place whence copper comes.
&
K
9
o of no
mendori
is 1
),
^
suppressed as in for
following consonant,
meno
tori,
^
K
9
ondori,
female bird.
The
which in the writing then
is
Sake of one night, becomes
u
Fito-yo-nzake. v
of an ellipsis,
Compare
a beginning year
Kung
Ama no
of the Grand Study.
(nigori), so, Fito-yo-nosake,
That no frequently has
1)
a writing left by
,
garment.
Remark. By way of for
way
)
Nisikino bousi, cap of colored
a wall.
tok6ro,-of copper the birth place,
tdkmin6 kimono,
distinction of person is
Fosi no fikdri, starlight.
the river of heaven, the milky- way.
fima, a
no
used for high and low.
Examples Kousi no Dai-gdku no mitsi
etiquette,
e.
4
,
g.:
A.
2.
^t Remark
still
another particle (case) after
Jf.y ?
p. 52.
^0
<
$j|>
it, is
JJft^y
?
^
the consequence
#|>
CHAFfER Usivo, dsttdnowo dsasivoto ivi,
kurdnowd
called the morning-tide,
is
ning
NOUNS. DECLENSION.
I.
wa amari
mo
tsiisai;
1
yuuxico to /Vw
that of the mor-
tide,
),
that of the evening the
ookiinowo
sukosi
67
7.
Kore
evening-tide.
mise*), this (case)
me
too small; let
is
see a larger one.
Na,
3.
vid.
being"
12), old,
and in the popular lan-
used variation of no, in the mouths of the vulgar at Yedo da
still
guage,
(abbreviation of ndru,
-)-
(pronounced nda)
Simozamana manner, and
3 )
which
,
koto
however
,
(^ ^.)
to be considered as a syncope of de-aru.
baseness, vulgarity, from simo, beneath, taina,
,
Kova
koto, thing.
is
,
na-bakdri nari, that
is
only a name.
AVoma yawa,
bakdrina, mono, something (mono) that exists only in name.
(^
kaneno gawa
Taizid&
wd
(for Tai-zi de-aru) koto
y
Tsu,
4.
metal-brook, or kamino gawa
),
)\\
(^f)
f) also
(
gozdrimasdni'i
(
there
,
^
j(j|jj
is
jfpj"
for
), god's-river.
-
nothing of consequence.
old- Japanese characteristic of attributive relation, appears
?
only in old compounds, instead of no; sometimes, for the sake of euphony,
still
m
after
or n
passes over to du,
it
y and ^, X
instead of
dzu
X
su and
(
zu
^*). The oldest records sometimes have, also.
Examples. Amatsu kami, = of heaven khan, heavenly god.
Ama tsu
the expanse of heaven , the firmament.
Amatsu
Emperor).
Kunitm
the country god. -
try products.
or kunizu (>?
Ivdtsu imo, house potato
-
,
%)
)
5
mono, country objects, coun-
Ira tsu kok6ro, = prickle heart,
).
Aki,
name
Kibitsu
ground way. Instead
of
Sita, beneath, under.
of Japan).
ty*
6 )
^
y
1.
Sltatm
au-
glitter, 2.
Akitsu
Akitsu musi, the glittering insect (Liln'Unln}.
islands (a
Kunitsu kami,
the heavenly (imperial) crown. 4
sora,
the son of heaven (the
Nivatsu dori, the court-bird, the cock.
shrewdness.
tumn.
fitsuki,
miko
Amat#u
Wi,
i/itV#i,
glittering
an under-
Kiln'. take/lkd, the hero of
J L:7
J
,
Otsuko, bachelor, and
^
y
&*,
Otmmt,
X (L) ye, e properly
signifies
ty*
and otome also. spinster, occur in old writings otoko IV. DATIVE and TERMINATIVE.
-^ve
(he) or
2 verso. 1) Jap. Encycl. 57,
3)
2) Shopping-dialogues, p. 3.
From
both forms (7^-9 and 4) In the Nipponki, XXII, 20, 5)
Caladium esculenium.
6)
It
sary
NO
to
to
must seem strange, that the writer subjoin to this
ondzi,
i.
e.
name
the note:
oral
communication by 0. Y. from T4o.
7=7)
occur alternately.
of the Japanese Encyclopedia (78. 8. r.J baa thought
l"
'
TSU, an auxiliary word, the same as NO.
^b
><
57
'
T8t7r*
it
necet-
68
CHAPTER
side or direction,
e.
g.
I.
NOUNS. DECLENSION.
7.
Yamanove, the mountainous
:
direction of (towards) the mountains. -- Yukuv4, the
away.
Mav6, ma yd, vulgo mai =
or ato ye ,
= spur-side
As
suffix ve or
,
backwards
ye answers in
which any thing proceeds
tion in
,
,
all
look- wards ,
respects to our
dite",
,
indicates the direc-
Yedo-*waxds as distinc,
YMoveno
being in Yedo;
1
sou
itsu
=
fit6ve" okuru, to send victuals to others.
Kariva
Tovoki kunive
kamive no-
Ten-lei vd simove" kuddri, tsi-kivd
Motove moddru,
earth rise towards above.
mitsi,
for Japan.
the mists of the sky sink towards beneath (to the earth)
,
fune
wards and
have gone away towards the south.
sdrita, the geese
Atove
Nippon ve no miydke, presents
yuku, to go to distant countries. boru
by which one goes
forwards, before.
e.
Y6do-ve (or Yddo-he)
e. g.
Yedo-waxds road, the road to Yedo.
mindmivd
side,
behind.
tion from Yddoni, in or at Yedo, Yddoni
Examples: Siyok'-motsu wo
i.
side, the side of, the
the mists of the
,
Kara-
to return to the source.
Sagdmino Miurdga sakive feu-tsiyaku-su, a Chinese junk ran
(tteotf)
aground on the cape of Miurd, in the province of Sagdmi.
from the treaty between the Netherlands and Japan. Art.
Instances 17.
II,
Koku-daive furi-watasu, to make known into every part of the realm. -
Gun-youno siyo-butsva Nippon-yak' -siyono fokdve uru-be'kardzu munitions of war ,
may
not be sold to any other than the Japanese government.
zin ve (or ni) taisi
the Dutch.
V,
sul.
1.
(^
Ni indirect as
--VI,
(
9.
^j" ^
2
)
fau wo
(
J^ ^ ^ )
& 2/3.1^^.
^* ^T^"^'
^
n
^
and
object,
is
^'
,
to transgress the
according as the verb, to which
it
reached, or that the object makes
movement towards
Dative
predicate verb to
which,
people
people,
is
is
or is
it.
remote.
as well
means
of,
Thence one says Yddoye
to reside in Yedo.
by Ni may be understood
as:
Ablative, by which, in general, a
collateral relation to the
expressed. E. g. Fitdni tsikdki mitsi, a road,
near.
an
belongs, indicates that the place has been
yuku and Yddoni 6ru, to go to Yedo and
a.
law against
to, in general points out the relation of
therefore used to indicate the place at
relation expressed
Olanda-
communicate to the Con-
^
into which and answers to our in, at, unto, by and by
The
1.
everJ direction, towards every side.
"f), with relation
o
okdsu
V,
F^t6ni tovdki mitsi,
which with relation
a road which with relation to (for)
F'itoni fandruru, separated
from people.
fdnardnu, the silkworm does not remove from the foliage.
Kdvi ko kuvdni
CHAPTER to
Local,
b.
the
NOUNS. DECLENSION.
I.
question
where
or
when. E.
Nusubitd tok6ro-dok6roni ok6ru, robbers
place.
--
6d
7.
Kono
g.
at
rise
toktroni, at this
every place (every-
figdsini nob6ri, nisini im, the sun rises in the east, and goes in the west. -- Ytdoni (down) kiyo-riu-suru yaku-t,'in, functionaries residing in Yddo. Ydmani iri ki wo kiru, = to go into the mountains and chop wood.
where).
Figa
in
Fnndni n6ru, kazdni sardsu
-to be load in a ship (to navigate). ,
to
hang up mountain-herbs on a rope and dry (them)
Kavikoni yamavi dekiru, by (among) the
noon. -- Yuvuni, in the evening.
noon"
Ni va
,
1 )
silk
Kono
todokovoru, to stick fast in speaking.
face of
Yunui-n^'urn tfinim tarn,
worms
in the air.
Iruni
exists sickness.
tosini, in this year.
/Vrui/i, at
Firu-garo dsani ake, yArublni
*//;////,
the
opens in the morning, and closes in the evening.
the relation indicated by ni isolated by va.
tsi-meiniva fan-mei ohosi,
among
(ni va) the
Nan-ltu
names of
,
Txfikdrlt-ben no :
places (J^Jj*
-f
f
*)
^e
country of Nan-bu and Tsukdru strange names are manifold.
Ni va sometimes
changes into nva
elliptically
(
i/
- -
)~^ ).
Aru
tokinird or
dru tokinvd, at any time.
Modal,
c.
to the question
how. E.
the quality of) hereditary Prince.
manner.
Dai-sini tatsi-tamavu^ he appears as (in
Ikdni, vulgo ikdn
Ikd-sdmani, in what (or which) manner.
Ookini, often, very.
-
is
preserved. E.g.
Yani
susumi tsikd-dzukdzu
,
whom, by which
or
by
here also the original signification, atardta, struck with
Fltoni damasareta, deceived by people (others). korite
^), how, in what
Saka~^cmtani% perversely.
to the question of
what, with which, with what, although to,
^
Sttmiyakani, suddenly, quickly.
Casual and Instrumental,
with relation
(-f
Makotoni, in truth, indeed. -- Tadani, mere, only.
Kotoni, particularly.
d.
g.
-
-
Dai-Minno
an arrow.
-
eiva fai-yuani
not Til-Ming's army, confounded by the defeat, doea
approach. e.
Dative of the person,
to the question to
whom.
E.g. Oyani
relation to the parents, to be like, to resemble the parents.
m'ru, with
Fltoni taisu, to
stand opposite others. -- Flto-ni mono wo atavuru (prou. a/^iura), to concede or give anything to others. /.
I)
Dative of the thing,
The
to the question to
flower of Phurbiiis Nil CHOIS, or Ipomoea Nil
what
or to
which,
for
which
CHAPTER
70
the
used
suffix to is
mulberries
Yumini ndvu
for
Nami
fdki-mononi tsukuru
into mats,
kaze
it
to
he will cut
our wards. E.
g.
wards) the west
it
movement
ve
--
Fdknsai
wind changes
i}ie
what,
(to
to within
to (veers to-
fini tsugu, to continue the night to the day.
To wo
KazJ_ ydmite (yande) fun& kisini tsuku, the wind shore.
which
which properly answers rather to
Kaz
Go-sen before you in your ,
,
-'
^1 ?
'
Go-'Qu-**"'
venation. presence.
Go-za, sublime
seat.
'
sitiou. i
y ur permission.
G" **"*
*
~ y ur con
CHAPTER
76
O-maye, 6-mae
8.
(fjljj^
or ma-ve, - look-wards, that speaker,
QUALIFYING PRONOUNS.
II.
~jjft
^), vulgo 6-mai
8.
from the honorary o
,
before, thus something that
is
aiid
ma-ye
present before the
is
him imagined present and honoured, = Your Honour. The
or as by
lower classes of functionaries and small people
one another omae and omde-
call
sdrna , omdesan. Formerly by 0-mae was meant the place before tbe prince; thence;
Emperor.
Npn
II, 4,
^
p 7
Ki-kokn
'
Ki-ken f ^/ '
you" in genuine Chinese compounds,
t
wn
your
-
^' Ki-MyOi
ki-so,
^
your place,
Ki-tf'd-ff
f'
Ki-yc
is
J^
-f' ^, Rei-si.
^
^y ^ ~j Htj
(
JHf
,
^'-^w.
5B^
^'-^-
M
Kin-n.
prf
T7--
I) ' ,
s:
CHAPTER
own
One's
$S^ I^Y' !^l^
Ht^>
/T ^
>QE/7'
D
iM
Jj8[
l^f
^>
own
One's
dwelling place
^" ^ B'a
^
5
8.
79
Another's dwelling place
Kiiva-siya.
Kuva-sits.
Kau-tei.
^,
Kftra-tei.
>
^,
Ran-bau.
>'*,
Kan-siya.
letter
i
QUALIFYING PRONOUNS.
Toku-ro.
'
^^ ?
"\T ^
II.
'
Another's letter
s:
*
Sun-kau.
,
Siyu-t6ku.
it
^
f
'
? ft*.
Da-un. ASati-^an.
/.
,f'
3
* ,
Gu-kan.
\_
Pronouns proper, which
II.
^M
'
^ " c g *v
affirmative question
nardn? -
.
why
convinced, that
f
Jjjf
should his fame not
Why ^f t ^
fr
^
Idsukunzo ka-
i
that be" possible? implies that the speaker
shall
it is
is
form: Idznkunzo impossible; the negative
,
kanarazdranf =
why
The Chinese
_^
^
not be possible?,
a consequence of the con-
is
must indeed be done.
viction, that it
_,
shall that
characters,
3
/p
.
JOg*
word 'only the termination the force indicated only,
which are used # J=L
mo
is
^
-ii
to represent
3
3
Jjlf
Ijlf
* Idznkunzo are
^flE
^ ^ ne
'
j|
J a P aneSe
These characters have mostly found added.
when they occupy
a place before the verb of the pre-
a direct end of a sentence, where some occur likewise, they imply
dicate; at the
question. 2)
Compounds with Tsi
(^^
where? Do-tsi, which place?
%&*}
way,
,
place.
- Dottira, which places? - Dotsiye, whither? -
- Dottira karamd mukdi-dvn, to meet to everywhere. Dotrirayemt, whithersoever, it may be (from all sides). each other from whatever places
A-tsi (%\>
7
Atsvra, elsewhere.
J^),
kotsi to, plural kotsi or Otsi kotsi, Atsi
- -
Ko-tsi
(^ a
3&^),
here. -
Atsira kotsira, elsewhere and here, here and
there.
So-tsi (:
person, of
y
whom
serves to indicate the old-Jap., his place, plural Sotsira,
3f*), it is
spoken.
-- SoUira kotsira, those (the persons) there, and
those here. 3)
Compounds with
Tsutsi.
Do-tsutsi, which place? c.
The adverbs of
termination
#,
place
- Do-tsutsive, Ta
(vulgo Da) and
ga (pron. nga), which
Taga, vulgo Daga, or Darega, whose.
whither?
is
Wa
-
with the genitive possessive
written fj mostly, but improperly ,
(pron. Da-nga), arisen, perhaps
- Ddga
^ka,
whose house
will there be? arau (or aroo), whose compassion
(is
ka.
by syncope, from Tarega
this) ?
who
,
- Ddga awarM-koto
will
have compassion?
CHAPTER _
Wanga, own, mv
pron.
.
W^
wh lc h course^o from Waka, ^^iv
^o
r^f, also contracted
turn
home.-JTa,,
own
beloved,
my
m
my
own
(Sft & *
*n
-
behoof; I for
dg* mtntni sKd,
my own
I have
mononi ^a, he has made mavent, =
Mvu,
own
his
it
-
it.
Wdga
thence Agakimi
^ (WJ W
Adzuma,
suffixing
Wdga ttmo
ndi,
it is
de nai they
- *+*** not arbitrary.
fltd
of elsewhere,
view.- Wdf
5^v/ -T^^
one
may now
you
improve
substitute for the
word
individual," in the
and say:
own
conduct.
set oneself aside 6iti,
own -
-
-
-
Onore wo okonau
Ondre w6
and to act
sutete,
for the
(
when one
advantage of others
On6rew6 taddsm
rules
himself
then one experiences no hatred.
(I B
),
= from
oneself.
^f F^
fit6no tamdni su
fitono kotoniwd sewayaku, to give up one's
interests of others. ndsi,
will.
improve
first
saying
If I
honor
may
be referred
Onoregd kok6ro-sdsiwo okonqu (^~f 2i
to the second person (thou, you).
do his
,
In the second saying,
other also honors mine."
however, ondre, in consequence of the Imperative there used,
to
ta-zin
others.
then the
another's parents,
First
yourself,
thou thyself (you yourself), or he himself,"
I myself,
Mddzn
tassento hossurebd,
others honor the parents of the individual.
Will
^^ M
rt
'I
,
own, himself.
an individual honors the parents of others
If
II
|^
^> tft "*
^k )
Japa-
WO
^
^ ^
h
one's
,
').
Onoregd mi wo t.
Any
kiva-zin
J^ ^
oiidwi read t7 v
F1 "^ / *-^
}.-< \
j
3*
At?5^
shows a want of respect
it
:
O
~fo^L
whereas applied as a de-
^ to the Chinese expression J|^
Ondre, used attributively (genitively)
being
and,
understood as a epithet expressive
is
call
an insignificant
e.
i.
er, einer,
without any compliment. Therefore, when
,
monstrative pronoun to any one beyond the speaker
j^-X
German
the subject of a proposition Ondre answers to he,
just as these words, indicates a person
8. III.
(his
sitd,
own
,
),
(^
2t
^ y\)'
^
= Wdga
koto ivo bd sast-
business
and serve the
fVtoni mdtdmdzdrebd
individual)
^.
behave oneself,
to
,
sunavdtsi urdmi
and seeks nothing of others,
Onore ni katsu r
self- victory.
Onore-yori
CHAPTER
II.
DETERMINATIVE AND REFLECTIVE PRONOUNS.
8. in.
Remark. If we have derived ondre from on6 and attributed
one, the word on6-ono pleads
fication of
man,
&
gly,
no longer
is
dividual,
On6re
Mi
3
(Jfp
his
use, comes under notice: Onazlki
is
body stand,
on the contrary, and by which navdzu mono, his personal
(
Q *)
body, person, understood
^J
(
^), not in-
l
which some Japanese phi-
),
is
is,
Mi wo
tatsuru
all
that does not belong to self,
mono,
- one (mono) who makes
one who makes the most of his person; Ware wo tdtsuru mono one who places his
I, his will, his interests
on the foreground,
in general, understood a self-willed person.
one
is
as the concrete self, whereas the
taken in opposition to
is
it
by Ware or Ondre
indicated
is
-),
when
idea of self,
each
= man and
an abbreviation of On6re.
lologers consider
2.
equal to Fltt-toto,
is
i.e.
identical.
e.
i.
in
frequently superseded by Ore
is
one and one,"
each man, everyone. As derivatives from this ono, which, sin-
e.
i.
kd, and
to this tile signi-
for this conception, for ono-ono,
as a repetition of ono, has the signification of
one, answers to the Chinese
91
dignity;
who
Sono miiro
itri-
does not throw himself away, does not lose sight of
on the contrary Ware ware wo wasur&tti,
I do not forget
i
my
I,
my own
do not lose sight of
interest.
Kare ondrewo
icasurtni, he does
not forget himself (his individual in opposition to others). -- Onoretcd hointru,
=
an individual; mi wo homeru, to praise one's own person.
to praise oneself as
Examples:
^
7
liant
iHv name
Mi
_^
1
ten-kano ken-meiw6 usinavdzit
ne himse tf
')
in the
Empire
(y
).
knows the way
himself
siru,
if
* "fC
hi8 personal conduct) does not lose his bril-
Mi wo
dmimiiru
yudnwo
one knows the way
to rule others. --
uru,
to sell his
tute themselves for hire.
to allow oneself rest.
forms himself with his
Sw
^ * _^ * ^ *
Miw6 mmdni
to rule
,
the noble
sirtba, tunanitfi
man
/W
oneself, then one
makdsttt hlgd-gtirinu
,
yielding
to the horse, he escapes.
Waga-miwo
t,
Jf'
Kun-si sono miwd fmlztikaslme:*
2
brings no disgrace upon himself.
w6 osdmuru yudnwo
^ (
p. 80.
Wdga-miwo
Wdga own
own body
(himself);
one's ydstimdru, to let
deni wdga-nuwo wdruu
hand.
J)
t***9-y*i.
said of girls
Cap. XVIII,
f
siiri
who
prosti-
own body
rest,
mono, one who de-
CHAPTER
92
Women
DETERMINATIVE AND REFLECTIVE PRONOUNS.
II.
Waga-mi and Mi,
use
when we have come Mi-mi (^P
5
"
^(*~}i
for
thime of our coming
= Highness'
I.
Midomoga
mditta toki,
l ).
in old Japanese the self of illustrious
self,
Kono futd fasirano kami mo
e. g.
persons,
at the
Midomo,
plural
8. III.
.
.
.
mi-mi wo kdkusi-tamaviki
both
also
,
these gods kept their sublime persons (themselves) concealed.
^
Midzukara,
y^
as a part
mething that,
37
~)]
compounded of mi (body), dzu (piece,
,
of a whole,
means a separate something that
from
of itself,
itself.
It
apart for
exists
satisfactorily explain this
We
numbers
(thus: fito-dzu,
=
futd-dzu,
the form
used in
futd-dzu-dzu ,
=
the idea of body
a
Kokdro (3
^ ^), kara free
of dzu-dzu,
>
gives
futd,
double, simplus to
to a
separate
person (opposed to
same derivative elements
of the
n),
to be the
for the
same
suffix,
duplus), and which, by means of repetition,
Whereas now
in
distributives:
mi kara
(=
fito-dzu-dzu
,
from a body)
all
other persons).
(f'ft
>), from Te (7), hand, and
i.
e.
with one's i.
e.
(^-
^
own hand, and Kok6ro-dzii spontaneous (from one's
own
movement).
self)
,
form Midznkara
its
is
originally an adverbial definition (- of it-
and as such not susceptible of declension
ndri, he
;
e. g.
Midzukara toravdre fit6
becomes a prisoner of himself, he surrenders himself a prisoner.
kdra kuvdwo toru, to pluck feeding leaves of mulberry trees with one's
The words given
1)
in
RODRIGUEZ Siemens
to be reduced to the forms:
Midzukara is
g
word, as they leave the
heart, will, are formed the words Te-dzu-kara
/^*#>)i from a separate heart,
According to
it
e
taken quite generally, and only opposed to something else, midzu-kara, refers to
= from a separate hand,
(A^^
,
numbers the character of
these
[fj
our
one, two;, forms of them proportional numerals,
singuli, bini, one at a time, in couples. is
separate body,
By means
(fito,
single,
^=
to
acknowledge now, and that
from the genitive termination tsu,
to be distinguished
time, dzu,
so-
that mi-dzu,
expressed by the Chinese characters
is
Remark. As the Japanese etymologists do not
that, added to the radical
so
body) and kara (from), answers
is
dzu unnoticed, we must explain the derivation given here. first
itself,
e.
i.
Sui
=. Mino,
Sibi
Se
pp. 11
and 80 ought,
Ware-tomono
=. Mini,
ni,
ni
=
wo,
wo.
Miioo,
Tddzuhands.
for the correction of typical errors,
Waga-mino,
also occurs there with
always nndeclined.
,
own
t6
the inflectional terminations no, ni and wo, although in original texts
CHAPTER
However
it
DETERMINATIVE AND REFLECTIVE PRONOUNS.
II.
m.
8.
93
also used (in the quality of subject or of object), for I
is
my-
he himself, and for they themselves.
self or
Midsukara
used as subject, whenever another object
is
the verb of the predicate;
e.
g.:
is
mentioned before
Midzukara omovdkuva fakdri-kotowo
has himself, as he thinks, attained what he intended.
Afidzikara
yetdri, he
also cha-
is
racterized as the subject in the proverb:
O
HH ^ *
a
one sees another's
If
then one must oneself be grieved
with him.
As
"*-*
s^*^
grief,
_L,
it
akirdkani
luiri
siirft
(
TO
{?
/^
g,v UA 7
mean:
sayings) ..
V'
5fiiJt
_^> ^
(
7
g
m^
(Q
8)
)
f^)
to
3
cultivate
to
),
enlighten
yomin-suru mono
Jl/.
self.
Jf
(
^
)
g.
'),
-
self-culture.
kokoromit
one who
,
)
e.
self-deception.
oneself,
M.
stand on oneself (to rely on oneself).
{ft
used,
Midzukara
oneself.
deceive oneself,
to
?
is
immediately followed by a transitive verb;
is
Mina midzukara
,
on the contrary, Midzukara
object (= himself),
whenever
J\^f/
"fltr.
<
Mm,
~
r
[|j
Ta-ninno urtiwd mitevd, sunavdtsi midztikara tomoni ur/r*
is
-
I/,
om,
to
to take the proof of one-
,
fond of himself.
-
self-torture.
mu,
On6dzukara ($T individual,
kara,
is,
J
*P
from oneself, of
with regard to
own
revolution.
to
What
self, Lat. sponte.
has been said of Jftfefr-
applicable to
adverbial character,
its
Onodzukdrd kuru-kuru
^oQoS^S.B^^^.flS^)^ **
~ft
Onod&tnra
mavdrti mono, things turning themselves, having their
0. mauktrft fit6,
one who, of his own accord, immigrates.
which are self-evid.-nt 0. ndru kotowdriwo miyo! behold reasons, B.
As Chinese
also.
-
'
the determinative and reflective pronoun self expressions of
are in use: 1.
^v>
2.
S ^ ^^'
Sin
bod y'
in
as
mrftta,
1)
JW
who
Sono miwo aMrtf ,/W.
my own
person (myself).
= You have done
.
I. 4.
At'
to
others.
-'"
own body
,
original, natural,
un worked.
that this
Sore f'ttono tsi-druvd zi-zen nari,
Ydmano uy6m
something natural. natural
Yumdni ^
fire.
(involuntarily).
[=}
^
f,
in
which
the former case
zi, it
at
$1
%
X',
= Lat.
human understanding
zi-zen no fo dri,
zi-zen ni mirn, to see
Besides these, there occur (self),
Zi-zenni, or zi-zento,
is
sponte.
there,
on the mountain there
many more
compounded with
expressions
one time, has the meaning of
own," then
of
own
country.
own
trade,
*
own
house.
own
fabric,
own
pencil,
person.
own
drawing,
own
own
^
own body,
^
owu
S5'
?'
own
self.
clan.
own
person.
^ > own strength. '
^ v>^
Zi
is
'
own
|f|
,
,
answer.
own whim.
own
Boiling.
own
interest.
as:
compounds
self-love.
^' self-prostitution.
self-praise.
* IP ^, self-injury. r^
self-existence.
5,
l_f*
1
self-sale.
*
,
,
,
^, zi
self." In
own
disposition.
objective to the verb in standard
,
a
stands adjectively before a substantive, in the latter objectively
^,
"
is
to exist of itself (spontaneous existence).
EJ ^j zi, enters adjectively into compounds, as:
5
a
something in a dream, of oneself
before a transitive verb.
,
is
self-confidence.
self-bondage.
self-nomination.
5, self-murder. .
^
JX?
self-destruction.
CHAPTER.
PRONOUNS. EXPRESSIONS OF EECIPROCITY.
II.
These compounds by suffixing the verb to verbs, as Zi-fits-suru ,
suru
si, era,
can be changed
(to do),
own hand;
to write with one's
95
8. IV.
Zi-san-tmru, to praise
oneself.
IV.
Expressions of reciprocity.
The
reciprocity of
an action
by the adverbial (modal)
*o
5*T=
S)'
verb
Am
fies,
whenever
(7
(*#;=,
Tagavini
pronounced fa-nyatm,
(J \L$$\L~), = reciprocal, or also by the vulgo Ai (71). The last means meet each other" and signi-
t), it
is
and that; Atsi
Remark.
definition
or Ai-tagaini
prefixed to another verb,
that the action takes place reci-
The meaning of Tagai,
generally explained by Kart tore.
procally or mutually. this
expressed in Japanese not by pronouns, but
is
here and there;
kotsi,
Japanese
etymologists
is
Ware
fito, self and another.
ascribe
')
to
the
Tdydn
meaning of
-^^ IH *>
Ta-kavi, - changing of hands, by which nevertheless the change
of the k to
the troubled g (- ng)
reason for this,
= meeting of shuttle see in
is
we
think
with the
k',
a
-\-
We,
other.
by a fusion of mitkdsi
means: the
Fi-mulcdisi kdta,
side (kata),
thus,
phenomenon that frequently takes
In Figdsi (pron. fi-ngdsl), - East, likewise the troubled g
called into existence
mfi&fri,
weaving when the
thrown with one hand and caught up with the
m
able to give a
consider Tagavi as a fusion of ta
(or with) the hands, as this takes place in
g (ng) a fusion of the
place. is
we must
To be
not explained.
is
to ngdri.
/Y-wiHw,
in gdsi
originaDy
whence the sun (/) has come
to
meet (mukdisi}. Examples:
Jt ??
Tf=
he becomes guest and host. mini, see each other, meet.
-i*-'
Tt 'i" i!
"'./"-'//" /"
T&gdvlni mkn //*/?, hate each other.
-
Kwan-nin
litt'-mi/biri.
FoMin
1
).
by turns
-
yoritio oturi-flti t6
Mandarins came out of (the town) to meet, and ext&gdmni ai-sdtsu tamdvikf, with the people sent from Pekking. changed welcome-greetings Avi-nitaru mono iitsn,
V.
one another. \ $[ | ^/^), things resembling .lri-.v/n/, know one another. come to blows. -
ffl
strike each other,
katdrti.,
converse (speak together).
-
Ari-ttitmini
(
Jg J
5f =).
An-
reciprocal.
Pronouns Indefinite.
In Japanese,
I)
(
Wa-gun
tiwori.
if
the subject of a proposition
2)
MMCiua (tioot,
CMmf
is
indefinite, it
tUui*, Bock
V.
Pt
remains unex-
II.
Ck. III. f
.)
CHAPTER
96
PRONOUNS INDEFINITE.
II.
V.
8.
common.
there, propositions without subjects are something very
pressed;
Our
idioms do not permit this, and having to represent the subject of a proposition indifinite, in
by a pronoun or
one" (people)
use of our
it."
one," in a more
Besides, for our
and Aru-fit6, = some person,
meni kakdri
atte)
^Something" however
tdsi,
or
there
g.
is
anything"
something
is
expressed by
some one who writes
the signification of thing or something and
is
something written; in Mono-kaki, mono
same verbal
Mono, which
Korewo kdku mono
writer,
writing,
man, there
is
drtte (or
somebody, who wishes to appear before you.
- a written something, a writing - Fumi-bito a
Kaki-mono,
as,
(J^^J^^^^},
Fitdga druyd
applied to living beings.
it is also
a this- writing-individual,"
is
e.
found Fito,
definite sense are also
-Fitoga Fft6ga nandziwo tovu, someone asks for you.
anybody?
a
we make
such sentences
(
~y
this,
){$!)
thing," means,
^ ^^ *
(
^f" ^)
distinguished from
an d from Mono-kaki, -
In Kaki-mono, mono, has
(Ji*)-
defined by the verbal root is
Kaki
the objective definition to the
root.
Nani, = what?
used as our
somewhat," with the
is
also
is
intended something without contents or substance,
signification of
^something." If
by
nothing"
expressed by the noun-substantive Mai, = something of no value;
e.
g.
it is
Fito wo
naiga sironisu, to consider anyone as worth nothing.
nobody," when no
Our
particular accent falls
upon
it,
is
somebody" with the negative form of the verb connected with
superseded by
it,
the negative
(not") being thus taken from the noun or pronoun and incorporated in the termination of the verb.
Fitdga ari-mdsu, there
masenu, in the written language Fito nasi
= there If,
is
(
fiE
,
is
somebody.
^
^),
Fltoga
dri-
somebody is-there-not
,
nobody.
however,
it
wished to bring out
is
phasis, the expressions
which signify
nobody" and nothing" with em-
whoever, whatever,"
are used in con-
nection with a negative verb.
Dare korewo sirdnu means: who does not know = not know). this,
Darem.6 korewo sirdnu,
nobody knows
nanimo
stnu,
Dokonimo
it.
whoever (who
Kare naniwo
= he does not whatever
this? (sirdnu, verb negative
it
senu,
may
ardzu, wherever not to be, = to be
it
may
be)
knows not
- what does he not? be,
i.
e.
Kare
he does nothing. -
no where.
CHAPTER
the
Consequently
RELATIVE PRONOUNS.
II.
Shaug-hai 1861, page. 23, Dare mo kokoni kimasinanda, not come here," and not
Relative pronouns substitute for
relative clauses,
which they
to
refer.
used, answering to
the
them
the present -
Grammar,
whoever has
We
are not at
to overlook, that in
equal to a confirmed assertion.
is
are wanting, because the Japanese, having
Instead of
enemy has sacked,"
mean:
nobody here come (honorific) has not"
Japanese the negation of a negation
VI.
will
Dare mo the meaning of Nobody, and
liberty to assign to
97
VI.
in the Elements of Japanese
cited
instance,
8.
adjective clauses,
man, who
the
man"
is
no
which precede the word,
present,"
(Arii fit6)\ instead of
an expression
is
the town, which
of the enemy-to have-sacked-town."
In such cases, moreover, the substantive Tok6ro is
also used to intimate the
TsUkuru koto
is
passive something.
the fabricating, the fabrication;
TsUkuru mono, a fabricating being; Tsttkuru ftt6, a fabricating
man, one who
fabricates;
Tsftkuru tokdro, the place of fabrication;
Fit6no tstikuru tokorono mono
something (mono) of a man's (/JMno) fabri-
is
cating- (tsUkurtt-) place (toMrono),
e.
i.
tokdrono nen-g$u Initfye ydri motsi^Uru
is
something that somebody
fabricates. -
a year-name (uen-gau) of a place, where
times has used, (not which) one from ancient
i.
e.
a year-name used from an-
cient times.
ToMro,
in
seems to do the work of a pronoun relative,
its
Thus we, although the Japanese that position also, in which
it
that of proper signification, namely
In the Syntax
VII.
do so, give to philologers do not
pi ace."
this construction will be treated again.
Interrogative pronouns.
of the pronouns, those, of In the previous pages, treating of the formation Da or Do, and Itro, rulgo which the interrogative elements Ta or To, vulgo been explained. To embrace them in one have
Idzu are the foundation,
already
are: glance, they 7
CHAPTER
98
Da wo,
which?
Doko, where?
p. 85.
Dare, who?
INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS.
II.
88.
p. 80.
Darega, whose?
Dotsira,
Daga,
Dotsutsi,
Dazo, who?
Done, which?
Dare no ka, whose?
Donna,
Darenozo*),
D6nata, who?
VII.
where?
Idzttku,
82.
Dotsi,
8.
p. 81.
IdzUkunkd, Idzukunzd*), on what ground?
how? Idzure, who, which?
85.
89.
Idz&rend, whose? *)
Zo
is
an emphatic
suffix.
how?
Donoyau, Doyou, dou, Dousite,
Dore, which? Besides these are still Nani,
87.
what? and
Ika, how?, which from the im-
portant part they play, deserve an acquaintance more than superficial
how much?,
Iku,
as
1
),
whereas
being related to the numerals, will be treated of with
them. 1.
Nani,
Nanra
('ffiif
abbreviated
('ffif ),
-J-
^), what?
which?
Nan,
^
*j-
obsolete
,
Lat. quid? quod? It
is
Nam,
A, plural
-f
used both substantively,
and adjectively, and very often strengthened by an interrogative suffix, ka or
by the emphatic
zo.
Substantively, with the
Nani wo
yerabi mdstikd?,
kai nasdru kd?,
=
motte?, wherewith?
what
Nani wo
whereby? -
4
what
1)
).
after
what do you seek?
yd?,
Naniwo
2
t6vu kd?,
3
"2
Korewa nanini for
what do you buy?
Nani wo
as:
_^J^ ^f^ _H ^ )' Naniwo motte waga kunitvo' ri-sen, wherewith advantage my empire? Nanigd dri-mdsitkd?, what is there at hand? ). -
Jj[
shall I
what do you choose?
Nani wo nandziga motomuru
do you ask?
fipif
meaning of what?", Nani occurs in expressions
The
is
motsii-mastika?,
what
is
the use of this?
Soreva nanini yoikat,
such good?
greatest stumbling-blocks in oral intercourse with the Japanese, are the interrogatives
stand by the term every word, by which inquiry after anything
is
(we under-
made), and the ways of using them.
Uncertainty in that respect brings about misunderstanding on both sides; one answers to what the other has
not asked; and the speakers, weary of the continual deviating answers, probably end by thinking each other reserved, tive
if
not by suspecting each other of a want of understanding.
pronouns
.
a view to this, the interroga-
and the combinations formed with them are here treated of with the
2) Shopping-Dialogues, p. 4;
With
2.
p. 2.
3) MENCIUS (LEGGE
,
Chinese Classics, II.
diffusiveness required.
Book
I.
Pt.
I.
Ch.
I. $
4).
CHAPTER
INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS.
II.
= to what, whereto, as appositive definition ') va nanito ii-mastikaf, - your name what (how) is it called?, what
Nani
99
VII.
8.
Andtano
to,
Nani to
ivu
=
(fa
Nanito ivu
called.
koto,
fa
,
= a what
^7*
is
calling matter?
i.
anything
^
$S
(
Nanito
our
if
^
y
-
which
sort of or
Nanito ndku, without
Nanito ivu zo, what says
f r
)
^ ^
it?, supersedes,
Na-ndote, from Nanit6 *#4, = to what?, tending,
,
Nanito te kordwo itdsimdsitaka
- -
whereto? wherefore?
t ^7% fa
done this? Nande,
$
,
to
what end have you
why?
,
fat), Nani kara
(^fj
Nanini y6tte (fa = -
-
what
,
your please."
te, also -J-
Nani yori
7* ^7 call? how?
).
/J>
Nanito zo (fa = like doozo,
e.
*).
-)
= what to
written,
Nanito mousi-mdsukd?, what do you say?
matter?
your name?
is
~j^^), in the popular language contracted to
pronounced Na-ndeo, for which
na
^5 J^l
*
(^g
fat), =
of what?, whereof?
= on what ground?, whence?
JSSf)'
-
3 Nanini y6tte waga fii )' Ed T v FJ #' - '"J ,v on what ground, (how) do you know that I am able for that?
T*F
=^
Nazeni, from nan-se-ni, = drukaf,
your
what?
e.
i.
happen?,
why
to do,
do you refuse?
Nan sure zo, how x
I
Irb
).
^
^
*ni
^.,*, 5^
^^
^
^^ '
if
-
Nan
why? fa J$
sore
o, pro-
.
whv
Vincr fonsidftra this as crood.
fVifi
does not
^ e Can7 ^ ou^
^
Nanizo (f = X o
Na-nzo (tX), how? in what way, of a direct question.
characteristic
-
mosi korewo yositoseba, sunavatri namure zo okoitaoa-
Wau
^
why?
doing, on account of which,
3f ~^
->
^ ^~ ^ ^ ^
= why does not
4
Nani-sini, Nani-sini kd, variation of Nazeni, perly
for -
fa ),
abbreviated
Nanso (t d^X),
what reason? -- occurs
3i
also as a
^V
fa^. V 0'; ^J'i')'
the word advantage? riwo tan. - the king, why does he mention
"Sf?
S?
Nanzo
7
ife
fatTs^^
B
) 8
)-
faiau beken,
how can one
^'u y^ u nanzo eraban
*
abolish (such)?
wh y
A\ 1) See
to
*>
^
fW
ffi
-
*$-,
n
MM
mere
1
2f.\
ox and
*>e*W6e11
cno 8e
also
1O
page 70, V.
(7A*n
y
I
much, many.
,
1^1
%*
^
o
dense.
26. Stik6si-ki,
g
*/,
28. Mtind-si-ki,
t
,
little
few.
,
without
con-
ts
tents, void, 29. Matta-ki,
*
31. Kovd-ki,
\
'-? *3
^
,
entire, whole.
30. Ndki,
t without
,
hard.
32. Moro-ki,
io Ife^
,
.
,
.
.
less.
brittle.
y o ^^, weak,
33. Tsuyo-ki,
^5o^ ^cjft'
35.
harsh, rude, waste. 36. Om6-ki,
|[^, heavy.
38. Kdta-ki,
fc%,
40.
fy
difficult.
^
h
To-H,
o
pointed
,
,
gf,
[Yawaraga-
soft,
weak.]
ndru,
31.Kar6-ki,
^^ a
,
39. Ydsu-ki,
>^ ^
,
41 Nibu-ki .
light.
^7'
,
facile ,
easy.
blunt. /
sharp; quick. jljl^, late; slow.
42. Hayd-ki, early; quick.
44.
^,
Wa&a-K,
,
young.
4^-tt-
[Oitaru,
>C^
45. Furu-ki,
new.]
nlrl 1 f^,^
^p^
O1U.J
^,
o
ancient, antique.
46. To- (old. Ye-)
48. Sdmti-(SdM-)
1)
Kevasiki,
derivative form.
||
3
o
|gj,
and the
|| good, ,
well.
47. Wdrti-ki,
cold.
adjectives
cited
^ Jjgi
>
under Nos. 28, 30,
,
f$l ^ f
66 and 73 have
tiki
bad
i
,
base.
warm.]
(N.
71)
for their
CHAPTER 49. Suzu-ki,
3
III.
THE ADJECTIVE.
cool.
9.
109
50. Nuruki,
^
)|, lukewarm;
o
lazy.
51. jfiTo-K, Keki,
iH
3
strong
,,^,
(of
52. ,
v
taste or color).
53. u4o-H,
^|
^, pale blue, pale
j
[Akirdkd-naru 58.
Amd-ki,
60.
Umd- (Mu-
,
l$J
white.
,
Jt^
light, clear.]
sweet.
)fp;*, itching.
64. Sibu-ki,
fiifcK
68. Sivd-ki,
red5. JJQCi
56. K&rv-ki,
2, black.
57. Ktird-ki,
$, dark, dusky. >x, acid.
61. Niku-ki,
nice, beautiful.
62. Kayu-ki,
Kauvasi-ki
54. Aka-ki,
59.
^ofPI' sweet,
ma-) H,
66. Kaubasi-ki,
or color).
jfct,
green.
.
55. Sird-ki,
raw
^^
S
2 ^J ^ A
^%
y
5
;
to be respectable.
Mftsasabiva takdkiyori fikikini dmdmuku. Fikikiyori ta-
its
2 ).
The bat turns
head from above towards below.
towards above
it
may
itself
with
To climb from below
not.
9
[Ku.] Konofa akdkti takdktt
ttrite firtigaverti
tsftkuru. to build a
kttdri, the wild goose flying high,
1)
not considerable,
mdtte tattosito su, because he carries
kakini nob6ru-koto atavdzu
Iy6wo
is
if
j
y?
atardsikinowd toru, to
takdkiga yUdni tattokardzu, a mountain
-E^-fr
M/
stitdte
With regard
to this construction
,
the tree-leaf shining red
house high.
comes from
compare, page 86,
kin-moo dzu-i. XII. 11. recto. 2) JLasira-gaki
line
flies
around. -
Kdriva takdku tonde tookuyori afar.
10, in connection with note
1.
CHAPTER
% -to? 9
~
-__
/%
"f
the big-
is
strong in the wings.
he soars round high in the space of the
JH*
i
Tsubdsa
wart.
tobi-mfyiiru '), the eagle
the birds of prey;
among
gest
>5t ^ pr|
ku-tsiu takdku
HI* y^">
;*
nx
9.
Kuma-takavd takano ooi-naru mono
'
w
y
THE ADJECTIVE.
III.
air.
t
Tsubdsa tsuydku stands to the next sentence in the relation of coordination, in consequence of
undefined and the adverbial form tsUydku (See above, page 106 ffifc^T
3.*%
vy!/
^*
4JcpE.
Aku-dauni
cheaper, = this
Z&
Z&Z*
of dri nk,
=0
J?
be thirsty.
to
haydkft ari-mdsit,
has happened,
Wdrukii ndtta
,
-
has become bad.
to turn into the
way
of virtue
this
is,
a
difficult
is
from that out,
Nomi-tdku, dri, desirous
).
speedy, a greeting at setting
rise is
-
ide
natdrc-mdata,
Wdrukti,
Yo fodo
-
=
Oide haydkft ari-md**, or merely
-
Y6ku
-
be welcome.
e.
i.
iri-qdtatt.
art-mart,
= your
out on a journey, and on the way. arrival
the case with ydssUku in the proverb:
is
cheaper than that
is
is left
used instead of the predicate t**y6d.
is
soreydri ydsuku
^5
grammatical relation
easy, to tread the
(is)
If 5-
its
sen-dauniwd
iri-ydstiku,
of evil
Korewd
''
The same
2.).
W
way
=^
_./
b.
which
wart,
well,
your
become bad.
to
takdru nori-mdsfi
-
*)
,
is
it
too high
(too dear). Remark. Do the adverbs B.
BROWN'S valuable
cate adjectives?
ku in the three
in
Colloquial Japanese ,
this question
is
p.
which we cannot
adjective,
to stand as predicate,
ni or de
,
and,
if it
is
is
,
an adjective,
perfection
in all
far as panese expression is, as
[Si.]
of the geese
is
high.
1)
is
XIII. Kasira-gaki kin-moo dzv-i.
3) Ibid. p. 37.
is
Yama
sivo faydsi, in this strait the
wktmtr
titit
eoetp-
called nominative termination
is
good,
,
an
these adjective* are governed aa aco,
answer to oar
,,be**
and ..beeoaM,"
how? or whereto P
in tie eaae
have ku before them, in the equivalent adverbial form. the weather
farm
or the weather becomes jrood
,
of
7V*-Ji
M
in
a
respects expressed by Tempetttu to** tit, or lom*jU, bat the Ja-
form
amdsi, the taste of the root
,jUuU
or are they predi-
adjective or a prfdieate adjeftie*,"
as regards their signification
concerned, equal to TtmpttUt Itne tit, or lf*f
Kono misdkiwd hanahada
-
an
a noun, to the question where?
yoku dri (yokari) or Ti-n-ki yoku nari; language nearer
it
cannot agree with the subject;
ordinate definitions , by verbs which it
it
As the Japanese has no properly
agree.
but their complement, when
,
which we hare taken npratlj
retain their adverbial character ,
answered in the place quoted in that SCUM,
(the adverb in ku) precedes a substantive verb, tion with
last expressions,
XL
nagdsi, this cape
sweet. toori,
stream
6.
recto.
is
-
-
Kariga
is
the mountain
Neno
very long.
tobu-k-vlo is
takan,
<
#1.
the
adti flight
Kono */
>,
Siyuni mazicfo* monovd akui
swift
8)
SAoppimy.DMywt ,
p. 95.
CHAPTER
112
fino kin-ziyove 6ku koto
is
THE ADJECTIVE.
whoever goes abouth with red
) ^
PV f4
'
CHAPTER
114
lem+
The
nation, ga and
form lean explains the obscure
there mentioned on page 55, lines 8 to
gam
it,
glad. See
it
forms Yekkigdru, being
synonymous with Yekkindru
,
,
to be at hand, to be there, to exist,
Ndki (^F|p, not at hand, ....less. Ari is the radical (to be) the same time but by exception the predicate form (= there is) dru the
antithetical
and at
to
,
,
substantive form (the being) to derive adjectives
Kumova
there.
an
full of gladness,
aru.
Ari, aril (^(=fT o r,)i ver^ continuative
cloud
a fusion of the genitive-termi-
is
12,
55 and 57 of RODRI-
$J
12.
Adjectives in
11.
10, 11, 12.
aru peculiar to the conversational language exclusively. Joined to the Chinese word
Yek-ki 1 ), gladness, with
Yekkina, being
THE ADJECTIVE.
illustration of the derivative
Remark. This GUEZ,
III.
has
,
which
is
at the
an",
same time used
Iro ari, = there
from substantives. iro
;
attributively (being)
= what concerns the cloud, there
color. If the definition:
there
is
color"
is
become
is to
i.
color,
the
e.
attributive, then
now becomes an
acquires the attributive form dru', the subject iro
,
color or colors are
is
attributive
proposition of dru, and assumes the attributive form, thus the genitive termination no, in the spoken language, ga. Iro no or iroga aru colors present being clouds,
The cularly its
i.
genitive termination
when
e.
no
kumo means,
literally:
colored clouds or clouds which have colors. is
often omitted in similar expressions, parti-
the attributive definition joined to
radical form; e.g. Asiki riivdi druki,
aru
wood (M) of
is
a
verb,
which
a bad smell.
is
in
Nivoi, to
smell, smell.
Examples. Tsumi an, there Futd-kok6rono
criminal.
Om6i
hearted man.
is
Tsumi
guilt.
dru fito,
a
man who
futdtsu dru kotoba, a
word
of meanings (om6i) has, an equivocal word.
has a will, a firm character.
wered
silk-stuif.
business, busy.
^
E ,
has two hearts, a double-
(kotoba), that a couple (futdtsn)
who
Kok6ro-sdsi dru mono, one
Aya-dru ori-mono, flowers having texture, Yamavi-dru
flo-
Koto-dru having 3 7 Fima-dru or sukimaga dru, having free time. ^% ^) Sai-vai-dru
,
happy.
fito, a
man who
has merit.
Adjectives in naru, na and
By means
mono, a guilty person,
,
sickly.
,
:
Kou-dru 12.
dru,
^f T, ^tn^'
feki-aru, profitable.
taru.
of the substantive suffix naru, which
of the Local ni and of dri, dru, and thus
means
is,
in
my
opinion, a fusion
being lasting in
.
.
.
,"
from
n, THE ADJECTIVE.
and adverbs
substantives
adjectives are formed,
12.
115
which indicate a possession of
that which the root expresses.
The
familiar conversational,
and the epistolary
style abbreviates
-- Ki, vulgo da. yellow. Ki-uri, the yellow pumkin a
pumkin
that
is
-
yellow.
A
-
Fimdna
naru to na
Ki-ndr* or Ki-na
').
A
tokoro, a place of rest.
uri,
Kirei-na
nizi a beautiful rainbow.
With adverbs.
the inflectional termination ni the radical forms of this class are used as Odini, greatly.
Tsundni, commonly.
As words, which have naru 1)
0rf),
^|
TsttnJ,
Suguni, directly, straightly.
for their derivative
form are to be noticed:
great.
U4,
_h*,
above.
UJ?,
common.
Sttd,
"f^,
below.
Mare,
^fjt,
rare, seldom.
Mat,
JJJTX,
before.
Sugu,
yUfy,
right.
lya,
o
|,
~^\
^,
unwelcome.
Examples of the use of the forms. Ftt6 sono nave no 6oi ndruwo sirn koto worf j ),= that a
man knows
S\\$ 7
}
)
fatono 6otsd
X
*
~Y i//%
1
dri,
that his rice-crop '^
^S ^A
no katdvara naru taka-tokdro
slept,
By means
*9"
7
9
^ap> seo
P^
3
'"
mrrdra
ari; '6dt
ones; those which are big
little
his merit in great.
h'ari-ko
a high place at the side of the silkworms.
,
throw
not the fact (koto
--
In-kova dai
Sono kou 6ot wan,
kini nevurisi kavikova nve (or u^)
2)
so large (ample).
is
of parrots people have big and
have the bigness of a dove.
have previously
^
it is
se* fei r
(f
the weather); from -
Ogosoka,
jJE^y^,
severe, strict.
Ordsoka,
^^ y *>
negligent, lazy.
lay
down, put
Sadaka,
fr
^^ .
t
Or6ka
-
sldzuktsi, the
Ordsokanisu, to neglect; allied to 0rJ*u, to
off.
Saddmeru, to define, calm,
morning
is
- -
still.
Sadaka ndri or Sadaktsi,
Asa-Jiga sidzHka nan', or
The
Tavtrakd,
preserved in Sidzu-kokdro
^
,
,
cer-
fefcti*&ui,
SidzUkdni, old- Japanese also old
or
jfcfcuZ-uiii,
form SidziJcuni pleads for the in-
fluence of the vocal harmony. (Compare page 62 is
it is
fix.
so calm.
I/M^M, to go softly, slink, sneak.
Sidzu
stupid, obsolete 6r6U.
-fi
^.^i
Sidztikd, jffi^
^,
j^iS^
_^., certain, sure, definitive.
tain; allied to
Nodo, calm.
,
line 2).
The
radical
word
a calm mind.
or Tdlrakd, even, plane,
flat;
from
fa,
hand andytra,
flat,
thus
hand-flat-ish. ,y
Tsttmd-btrdkd
,
^-=? ? ^,
clear
and plain, decided,
Tsumdri, concise and firdku, to open.
-
settled; after the 5i iron
from
TVumo'&fra&im, or old-Japanese
TsttmablraMkti, adverb, plainly.
WadzUkd, ^j[Y 14.
J^,
scarce;
Wadztkdni,
Derivative adjectives
scarcely, hardly.
in yaka, in old-Japanese also vaka, )\
"ft
.
Attributive yakdnaru, predicate yakdnari (in the conversational language yi-
kana), adverbially yakani.
The
derivative
form yaka means as much as having the appearance of that
which the root points out
To
')
to the the words of this class, which have passed from the old language
new, belong:
1) This notice
*v#o
H,
of th6 meaning
of
a ya*a agree* with that which
Japuve
etymologi*
Kirdviyakd,
^7^.^,
strong beer.
Hflr^-
*J
*
^'
is
bright (of the weather).
1) tight, close, dense;
2) ;<
narrow,
from Kirdmi, to
from Komi, Komu,
#$!'
Nigiyaka,
HH^^^,
Nikoyaka,
^ft^Y*? ^ne
Nobiyaka,
^*^Y*
elastic;
Oddydkd,
^ftlrY #
calm,
Savdyakd,
p
Sayakd,
fft\
^^ ^^
graceful;
^
%
jp|
,
Mamd,
reality.
from Nago, maid.
Nigiwavi, bustle.
busy, bustling.
^o
Knsdki
splendid, beautiful; allied to Miyaburi, courtly.
j^fj $^#' maidenly,
^^ ^*
fill.
precise.
Nagdydkd,
J
to
glitter.
Komayakanaru saM
J|J#, sincere, unfeigned, true; from
Miyabiyaka, ffj&^f
,
CiQ &^^-
Kure-
Aki-kaz6va Jiyayaka nari, the autumn wind
komayakana, grass and wood close growing.
Sindyakd
Also Azayaka
iro, a bright color.
/^
glittering; also Kirabiyaka,
K&mdydkd, ^|p|^ ^ #>
Mamfyaka,
(asa).
Fiya, cold.
Ke-zayaka,
tlf.
morning
very bright of color.
is
Fiydyakd, J^-v^, bleak, cold. bleak.
as the
Asayakd ndru
Azayagu, Asayuga, Azarakeki.
the safflower
14.
tender, soft, mild; from Niko, pleasing; fine.
from Nob)i, u, to still;
stretch.
from Oddv)i, u, to become calm.
bright; gay; brave.
^ Sayakeki,
^^
,
supple
,
clear (of light
pliant ; soft
,
and sound).
flexible
;
also Sindbiyaka ,
from
Sindmi, to bend (oneself).
^f'v#?
secretly,
^v*o
jP|
Sindbiyaka, /
Snkdyakd,
^gi
Sukdydkd and Sukiyakd; Sttmi'yakd,
= $$|?
from Sinob)i, u, to hide; to
suffer.
strong, full of power; also Siikuyakd, Sttkuydkd,
allied to
SnM,
support. (?)
%, quick, swift; allied to Stisitmi, pronounce ssmi, to advance.
Kava-osova midzu-nakawo fasiru-koto sttmiyakd nari, the motion of the river otter
under water
Tawdyakd, JUJj^fri logists
the
is
also
quick.
Tawayaka,
pliable, supple, soft; after
Japanese etymo-
from Ta, hand, and Yowa, weak, being the weaker sex, opposed to
man,
called
allied to
Tawoya-me;
Tawam)e,
kazemo tawdyakdni naru, Waves and wind become
Wakdydkd,
^*^
juvenile.
youthful warrior.
Waka-ki*, young.
Yuruyaka
eru, to bend.
Nami
softer.
Wakayaka ndru samurai t a
4ffe*s%, limp; slow; allied to Yurusi, to loose.
CHAPTER
III.
THE ADJECTIVE.
Derivative adjectives
15.
Keki
or K6ki,
form
radical
119
15, 16.
in keki or k6ki.
Ke
or
Ko
(yf|),
= strong
(of taste or color),
already mentioned
among
of another word,
signifies that the object richly possesses that,
tioned by this word.
the adjectives in ki, whenever
Words
it is
joined to the root
which
of this stamp are chiefly characterized as old-Japanese ,
language supersedes the attributive keki or koki and the predicate
and the adverbial
kei or koi,
quite fresh,
,
l
13).
(
lying in a deep
Ne-koki,
very clear.
sleep.
Nure-koki , ~j^ , very strong,
thoroughly
Sdmti-keki,
very cold,
damp,
Sidzu-keki ,
very calm,
Fdrtt-keki,
Keya-keki
)
,
full
Tsuyu-keki
Adjective siki (i"f
not generally, mostly
wetthrough.
Sitsu-koki,
of dew.
,
Derivative adjectives
16.
The
class belong:
this
Azara-keki
kesi or kori
or kokti by keu (keo) or kou (koo).
kekit
forms keki and koki frequently mutate with the derivative form ka
To
men-
not totally excluded from the modern language. The conversational
although
with
is
sii
(
si
M
)
),
su
si
(^fP^), =
(shu)',
and siu
so, Lat. sic
with that, which
is
..
like.
in the conversational language by the elision of k and *,
(O'
Siki means, just as
=
adverbial slku (*/;?), predicate sisi (l^>), often, but
(
l/*?
substantive sisa
as
in siki',
.
.
o
2/7), the
(>f);
last
mentioned frequently pronounced Ikarl,u, = so to
continuative verb
be.
Root
>).
like (German
.
.
lich,
Dutch
.
.
lijk,
to which expressed by the root,
it
.
is
.
an/ki), joined.
equality
Being of a (
^j,
it
is
thus by a indicated in writing also by these Chinese characters,
word indicated in a false light rebus, which places the
As in old-Japanese many mination viation of
siki
or
of the adjectives in ki
(
9. B.)
occur with the ter-
consider the ki as an abbreii, the Japanese philologers
siki.
1) Distinguished
from Fdrv tetiti, spring-wrathcr
Zoo boo ti-mon
t*i*-loo
4, 1119,
under Sit*.
CHAPTER
120
THE ADJECTIVE.
III.
16.
Siki forms adjectives from nouns, from adverbs and interjections, and from verbs.
1)
A-siki,
Denominative and Adverbial
jl 7
2/*
3f|$
derived from nouns and adverbs are,
Fino teri-kdmuva hanahada
learn badly.
is
wakemavdnu = not once to distinguish the,
it
,
^
2^
^
hada-siki,
Hon-tsiyquni towdru koto with our empire.
refers to
i.
,
Fi
Fage-siki
bad," not to
exclamation of sur-
',
^T^*,
,
Jisdsi,
is it?,
heavy; eager.
tf^* very, uncommonly; from hanahada, very.
it
is
how long
is it
lately.
FaktL-sai
that Faku-sai has intercourse
long,
Iku fisdsani nari-mdsukd
ago.
In Fisa
the sun or the day goes hence
e.
,
is
,
placed the meaning
or has gone hence
,
which
sdrist.
.
igif.
^^, =
of one sort; agreeing.
thickish ,
Ikdga-stki , jfRv lyd-stki,
it is
a stone-rain.
Fisdsa, length of time.
= what lapse of time
-^
Ay a!
n g ag> antithetic to Sibdrakv, shortly,
l
,
1^
1-
e. g.
,
handsome.
Hfci''
Fanafada- or Hana
of
good and
Yosi asiwo
,
from *K^, wonderful; singular;
*
^^ V
Bi-bl-slki,
is
,
Ayasiki ame, a wonderful rain
prise.
very injurious.
frothy; faint of taste; also Ava-ava-siki.
J^'*^*, "trf
Asiku mandbu, to
Asikdru continuative verb from asiku and dru.
distinguish good from bad.
Aya-siki,
g.
= the entrance of sunshine
aslsi,
an apartment where silkworms are bred)
Ava-siki,
e.
mono, any one bad in disposition,
asiki
Asitd utsuva: bad tools.
a person of bad character.
(in
e.
Kokdrono
bad.
,
i.
stout.
^j"**^^, interrogative,
^V2x^,
Kdna-siki, Jj. f 2/*
despicable,
inquisitive.
mean; from lya, no!
painful, pitiful; from
,
Kana!
Kdnasiki kdna!
alas!
how
pitiful!
J^^2^^,
Kibi-siki,
Kuda-kuda~siki Kuru-&iki,
,
originally Kimi-siki,
^
J^ ^
{
^C^i
authoritative, strict, severe.
piecemeal.
Kuru-kuru-siki
^^2^.^,
- masterly,
^Y
^Li
tiresome, disagreeable, grievous.
Mi-kuru-siki, disagreeable to be seen, ugly, misformed. Root Kur)i, M, to reel (reel off cocoons).
Kftvd-siki, j
j$
2x^
o
^
o
^,
fair, neat.
neat, precise. ,
poor, shabby.
Ktivd-sikima
,
a fair horse.
Jitvd-
CHAPTER HI. THE ADJECTIVE.
lE*^*,
Mdsa-siki,
Hand-slid,
real;
and no, without; thus
fsj^^*,
Sabi-siki,
Jg*^*.
^ ^
T&dd-dki,
from Mdsa, truth.
fruitless.
-
identical.
|#j
^
vSx *
- -
proper,
f
Sfc^
real.
often interrupted, by pausing.
JL.*,^^, glad, merry, joyful, pleasant. -- Watdkusimo Hrfaku gozdri-
Urt-siki,
am
also I
mdsu,
-
joyful.
gladness was boundless. verb, to rejoice.
(ooiwo) of the -
glad.
-
kagiri nakeri, the
be glad at the greatness
urtslgdrtl, to
of days (at a long
Urfamtt, transitive to make
life).
(e,
uru,
to get, acquire) as root.
j^
/'*,
lovely; agreeable;
lied to Itsuku-simu, or also
Y&sd-siki,
J^^^Ol^, meek;
Y&rd-stki,
^gtn2x^
^,
The
means of
nature, neuter.
On
stki,
,
to love.
apt,
fit;
well.
slki.
meaning of the verb, from which
class of
by
the dark.
To be
whose works are
least those, it,
indeed, but leave the
able to treat thoroughly and satisfactorily this
words which, from an etymological point of view, belong to the most
intricate,
we ought
also to be able to
compare the forms,
in the different dialects of the popular language.
we
is,
the manner, in which the derivation in one case or another
within our reach, preserve silence; they talk about itself in
adjectives are
passes over to the adjective too, because tfJn
brought about, the Japanese etymologists, at
matter
al-
honest, graceful.
transitive or intransitive
derived by
handsome; old-Japanese Its*ka-tiki;
Uts&ku-stmu
by means of
2) Verbal, derived
Us,
UrMta
-
Ur&ikdru or Ur&tgdrt, = Hrfakit-aru, continuative
Fi-kdzuno ooiwo
number
-
Ur&toa, gladness.
Ur4, Yakutic Yor, joy. -- The Wa-gun Siwori gives ffi
-
Utsuku-slki,
is
rusty; alone (solitary).
Suzu-stkdru, continually cool.
,
^
$L
$fr
o
2^*, cool.
Taye-daye-siki, ||Jf|
=
Miind-slku ndru, to become empty; to give
ghost.
Ond-ziki,
Suzu-siki,
121
without contents, empty; in vain; from mt, kernel, fruit
>gt-^*,
up the
16.
think
we must
confine ourselves to a
As
in
which they occur
these are
still
unknown
to
mere indication of the most con-
spicuous phenomena. Adjectives with a
causative meaning derived by means of
tive or factive verbs, from verbs, by which, as
it is
slki
from causa-
to
cause an ac-
known,
CHAPTER
122
THE ADJECTIVE.
III,
tion to take place or be carried out it
asi
vocal -harmony sometimes into
for
fond of,
and which in Japanese,
indicated,
formed by changing the verbal termination
will be seen, hereafter, are
(or
is
16.
osi).
From Kondmi, -
formed the causative Konomdsi, = to cause fondness
is
and from
to be fond of,
this the adjective
Konomdsiki,
into
to like, to be
for, to
lovely.
i
as
The
make one adjectives,
so formed, thus show, that in the nature of the object lies the action, expressed to exercise or to bring to light.
by the causative verb,
To
kind of adjectives,
this
&?*
Ibukdsiki,
among
others, belong: for: doubtful, su-
>&3f' strange, wonderful; polite expression
and
spected; from Ibukds)i, w, to excite surprise,
from Ibuk)i, u,
this
to be
surprised at something. Isogdsiki,
|r|j|
^L^
7T **'*
J
7^\
from Isog)i, M, to make
As a
-^
*7
variation of
the causative form Isogavdsi,
Isogds)i, w, to
make busy; and
this
Watdkusiwd
Isogdsiki tokoro, a busy place.
haste.
(^
kon-nitsiwd isogdsii siness to day.
K*' busy; from
^ ^>y ^Tj & "f ) 2 ) I nave much buIsogd-siki, we have Isogavd-siki derived from ,
to
make busy, which
proceeds from Isogdv)i, w,
= to be busy. Itamdsiki or Itavdsiki, ^jjj%
and
to torture,
^^ ^
smarting, painful; from Itamds)i, w,
St'
from Ildm}i, M, to
this
feel
pain, to suffer.
Kdnomdsiki, lovely, agreeable, from Konomds)i, w, cause to
and
love, to attract a person;
Medzurdsiki , 3^2T ^i(^o "wT to excite interest,
and
this
to have gladly
rest in
.
costly.
Every thing that
.
.
,
object of taste,
eye upon
'
is
is
from
this
from Mede, MedzUru,
(^).
of.
&p.
also
Medzuri, to take inte-
Distinguished from Medzurdkd, important;
strange and rare, and however insignificant, an
from Me-tsnki or'Mi-tswki, = to
an adjective with the
eye," must be formed by means of rivative
w, to be fond
exciting interest, interesting; from Medzurds)i, w,
called Medzurdsi. If
a thing,
Ktinoni)?,,
like, to excite one's
stki,
signification of
we
fix
the
attractive to the
should obtain Metsukdsiki, as de-
from the causative form Metsukdsi (= cause one to look), but not
Medzurasiki
2 ).
Mutsukd&lki, tiresome,
grievous,
vexing, J||, or also, by means of rebus, ex-
1) Shopping-Dialogues, p. 16.
2) This as an answer to the question, proposed in E.
BROWN'S
Colloquial Japanese,
XLI.
CHAPTER
^
pressed by
make
grieve,
=
kdr)i, M,
>gf |- and
and
sad,
^
123
from Mutsuk)i, w, whence the contin native Mutsu-
vulgo *|g|
is
Jj^,
the scent of flowers
natsukdsii,
16.
gjr^; from Mut*ukas)i, u, to vex, to
%-*
to be grieved (or sad),
$p Jg,
Natstikdsiki,
this
THE ADJECTIVE.
III.
is
more in
use.
Fdnan6
attractive, engaging.
attractive.
- -
From NaMtkdt)i,
nin6vi
u,
make
disposed, excite inclination or love; and this from Natsuk)i, u, to be inclined,
have inclination A*.
to.
kJW
3ft
Omdmukdsiki , |lp ^
ij
^V'
a^ so by
contraction
Omogdstki, pronounced as
from Omd-mMlutyi, u, to
ngdsiki, attractive, engaging;
Om6-muk)i, w, to turn oneself with the face
^^
From muki, =
.
[Sj
go
,
this
towards a thing.
(om.6)
u, the causative form; from this
t
is
to be continually attractive.
that in a good sense, thus engaging, dear, kind; from Omovds)i, u, also
Osor6s1,ki,
j*
causing to think of one, keeping another's thoughts engaged, and
Om&v68iki\
v6s)i,
from
to meet, arises a continuative verb mu/vir)i, u,
whence mukavas)i,
to be turned towards;
derived dmdmukavdsiki
to
and
attract,
Omo-
u, to cause to think,
^fl^y^*,
frightful;
and
this
from
dm(jv)i, u, to think (,{,
from Osdr6s)i, M, to make
and
fear,
0md-
).
this
from
Os6r)d, uru, to fear. j
Saivagdsiki,
J^' ^^ make rustle,
^^ ^HtM*
Sawagds}i, w, to w,
the sea sei
make
rustle, is
site
Rokdrowo
mono wo
an ^ noise, stormy, turbulent; from
to disturb, to confound,
a noise, be uneasy
stormy.
savagasiku
^^^g
^
!
),
^
ifc
make
the
mind uneasy.
Saruva
= the monkey makes much
noise and
The old-Japanese has
injures every thing.
from Sairag)i,
this
^*
(t^
sawagdsit,
kai-su
and
)
as variation of
Sivo wwagati^
Sawagi also So-
and Sawagavdtfki, wagavi, rage, tear; Sawagavds)i, w, enrage,
Tanomd&M, u,
make
"Pf
^,
trust,
trusty, a thing
and
this
from
upon which one can
7Wm)i,
rely;
full
of noise.
from Tanomot)*,
M, to trust to, to rely upon.
make have disgust, to prejudice Urdmdslki, exciting disgust; from Urdmas)i, u, and this from against oneself,
rom), M,
to be disgusted with.
^
.
^ft-
of rebus y|[| jlj $ jR^), worthy of enyy; UrdyamdOki, (vulgo, and by way from %rdyamds)i, M, to make one evy? excite envy, and this from u, to envy.
1)
,^
^.
dzu-i. XII. 11. recto. Kasira-gaJd kin-moo
CHAPTER
124
Uruvdsiki, uruwdsiki,
from
this
^ o ^F*
^>
(^
from Utagav)i, u
this
5^, charming; from
jH^'^^*
2x
/
16, 17.
Ur&vdy)i
,
w, enliven, and
nrdvi, to be enlivened, or charmed.
ttmivi,
Utdgaodstiri, j^ff
THE ADJECTIVE.
III.
doubtful; from utdgavds)i, u
^
o
to doubt.
1^),
o
make doubt, and
Utomdsiki, despicable, from Utomds)i, u to despise, properly to estrange, and this
from
w, to be strange, to be despised.
ut6rn)i,
y^
and
M, to tease,
Ydd&rdsiki,
^,
tiresome, teasing, plaguing, from Wadztiravds)i ,
from WadzUrdv)i^ M, to be plagued.
this
hospitable;
from Yddtirds)i, M, to lodge, take anyone in, and
from Yad6r)i, u (fgf Yawdstki, 3ft\^
ijjjj^.
P~
WadzUravdsiki, ^jPf-^SAaK, / "T
f), to lodge
somewhere.
^*, calming, from Yawds)i,
ness, and this from
this
make
u, to
rest, to reduce to
calm-
Yav)i, u; or Yam)i, w, to come to rest.
Y&rdkobdsiki , joyful, rejoicing, from Yordkobd$)i, w, to please anyone, and this
from Y&rtikdbi), w, to Yukdsiki,
and
^
adjectives
which
terminations,
are
considered
kamasi
make go through
(for
which kavasiki
The sign
Japanese
as
contractions
also occur),
etc.
and which
means to go through
j{j|
for...., in Japanese Kayovi or Kayovasi.
character to be remarked as a rebus here, or the
in ka-siki, ka-siku, ka-si;
derivatives
by Japanese etymologists
are indicated in writing by j|f|* Hfc^T-
of
^1.
in k&-slki.
in siki unite the
of kamasiki, kam&siku,
or to
o
* ^^r, urging on, impatient; from Yttkds)i, u, to make go; to drive;
Derivative adjectives
To the
^
be glad.
from Yuk)i, M, to go.
this
17.
rejoice, to
its
is
Is this
signification allied to that
termination? This question remains unanswered by the Ja-
panese philologers. The writer of the present, leaves the rebus for what
and
sees
in the kasiki in question nothing
more
,
adjectives
Kasi of
met with, and that
is
as
is
kasi"
!
1) I diletante.
in ki (page 109
)>
much
as,"
in
= the word Mister
borrow
this satisfactory
n.
72) with the
is,
than the frequently occuring
abbreviation of sika-siki , of which the radical form stka
the
it
( jffi
^)
meaning of
is
quoted
among
being so, such."
as a substantive predicate verb with the signification
simple is
as
expressions
much
such
as
Mister
tova
kimizo
as kimi; whereas the continuative verbal
example from a metrical
list
of Japanese and
Dutch words, by a Japanese
CHAPTER
form Karu
therefore, on that account],
is
The
exclusion of tiled. ish,
... some;
siki (masi,
to be).
to
.
.
.
To
17, 18.
siMru) in Karuga yfttni [= for reason
(for
so (kdrti), that
THE ADJECTIVE.
III.
is
J25
(yitfni) of the (ga)
being
and that to
generally in use,
derivative forms kdtiki, kfalku, kdsixi or kasi thus answer
whereas kamasOd
is
this class of derivative adjectives,
Fadzi- (vulgo Fddzu-)
equivalent to a fusion of ttka-nuul-
among
$$ jg*
ka-siki,
others, belong:
gjr^
Fadti-
also
jfc |jr, timid;
(vulgo Fadsu-) ka-mdslM, or -kavdsild; from Fadzi, blush; Fadzu, Fadzttru, to blush. Fdrtt-kd-siki
0j|
,
,
j|| ^, clear (of the weather)
Kara-kaviga mdsiki,
droll, jocose;
;
also FdrH-kavdtfki', root Fare, clear.
from Kara-gam, to laugh, aud
from Kara
this
kara, = ha! ha!
^^ JJ* Sfci'* sleepy,
Ne-ka-slki,
Ya-kamdsiki,
Ra*^,
noisy; from ya/
Kokode yakamdsikiwo ni
yakamasi nai
site
Yume-ka-siki,
also
^J *M
Ne-kama-
(or fora) sT&t;
an exclamation
like
Heh! holla! ho!
sakeru, here people prevent what
(
*
from A>,
is
sleep. ')
Sidzuta
noisy.
^^
Pg|
^1^'
also Yum4-kama- (or ytaua-) *UT, as in a dream;
)
it
,
is
quiet and without
noise.
from Yume, a dream.
Derivative adjectives
18.
in ra-slki , = having a resemblance to ....
They are generally denominative. Ra
is
instead of ara, which has arisen by
the strengthening the final vowel of ari into a
thus means:
=
such
(slki)
ara-slki , by apheresis ra>slki
so as if there were."
koto, or
Makoto-rd-sta
,
it
were
probnbility.
Ba-siki therefore answers to the derivative termination ..ish, so far as
means
a
bluish
having 2
),
resemblance,
that,
which
is
indicated
it
by the root, as
whereas the Japanese termination gives at the same time, to the ad-
formed with
jective
to
,
Makoto,
truth, true; Makoto-ra-slki, such as if
probable. Makoto-rd-tiki
e.
i.
were there...," or
= being
truth; Makoto-narii ,
truth,
as
;
a diminishing, frequently also a contemptible signification
it,
in addition.
The
old
presence of
1)
way
of writing the predicate form Arari
^
which
,
Ta, yobi-kakunt koyeni
is
iveri,
is
^f
r
J{
9
^^
here ideographically , with the signification of
= Ta
ii
J42. 2) BRitt, Nederl. SpraakUer, 1854,
aid of a calling Toioe. .
1).
r^w /ivori,
The to be
unUr 7.
CHAPTER
126
on hand, = Jap. ari" pleads
THE ADJECTIVE,
III.
18.
for the correctness of the assimilation of ra-si to
and therefore against the supposition, that the ra used here might be
ara-si,
the characteristic of the plural
The
yquni okondi-mdsu dtdko
1
womanish
i.
),
man
a
e.
Warabe, Warambe, boy; Warambe-rdsiki
Ko-domo,
child;
Kodomo-rdsiki
domono yau ndru,
rasiki.
manly woman.
Onndgti-rdsiki ot6ko, a
Onndgd, woman;
page 56).
adjectives in ra-siki:
Otdko-rdslki 6nna, a
man;
1.
Nagasaki has raska for
dialect of
Examples of derivative Otdko,
III.
5.
(
,
childish.
,
man, =
(effeminate)
tinndno
conducting himself like a woman. boyish.
Kodomo-rdsiki handsi, childish- talk. Ko-
childlike.
Kimi, gentleman; Kimi-rdsiki, playing the gentleman. Dai-miyau, =
who Baka
,
madman
;
Baka-rdsiki stupid , foolish ,
Use, gossip, untruth; Uso-rdstki,
The
derivative F'itd-rdsiki
,
by which
Baka-rdsiki koto
to the examples quoted,
merit; Kou-aru waza,
,
meritorious.
Ri-kou
'' ,
7JJ|j
stupidity, folly.
hu-
human
have a signification,
being, that acts
Also words of Chinese origin are compounded with rdsiki,
^^
,
from Ftto, man, answers formally indeed to
only applicable to a not
it is
;
trifling.
man," must however, with a view
Kou,
vassal,
plays the prince.
fool
,
name, imperial prince; Dai-miyau-rdsiki hdtamoto, a
grea,i
= a merit being deed, a
e.
humanly 2 ). g.
deed, that really
is
Kou-rdsiki waza, an apparently meritorious deed.
p| ^
,
whetted mouth or tongue
eloquent, witty (but not blunt) man.
,
eloquence.
Rikou-ndrA fito
Rikou-rdsiki ftt6, a
man, who
,
an
plays
the witty person or the orator.
Ai, $?lf
,
kind; Ai-rdsiki, amiable.
Ka-wai, proper ll]"* ^f:^ Ka-ai, kind, agreeable. Kawai-rdsiki amiable, ,
lovely.
Ka-wai-ra$iku naki koto, ungraciousness.
Bin-bou,
^j^^J^Jjri poverty; Bin-bou-rdsiki
1)
Thus Mr. Oono Yasaburoo, when requested
2)
We know
this
,
poorly.
to describe the
word alone from a Vocabulary,
in
which
it
meaning of Onnagorasiki otoko, defined was translated j.menschlijkerwyze,'"
it.
CHAPTER HI. THE ADJECTIVE.
Derivative adjectives
19.
19, 20.
127
in beki.
Placed after the attributive form of a verb beki (~pf ) signifies, that what the verb expresses may, can, must and shall happen. The predicate form is besi, the adverbial bekii. will do this
work
Onna kono Uwazaw6
Korewa onnano
done by women.
stt-Mki tewaza ndri, this
= being allowed or
Su-beki,
women may,
stt-b&t,
able to do,
page 97
VI.
8.
Korewa f%6-Mt6no
highly.
one may, can and
tattomU-beki tama nari, this
want of
is
104.)
(
Derivative adjectives that, which
a jewel, which every
we
in naki,
shall refer
again to Beki.
= without, ...less, indicating the
mentioned in the radical word.
is
Na-ki fi|, in the conversational language Nai, from the
= not, used substantively means for nothing,"
Compare
values this jewel
shall value highly.
In the chapter on the verbs
20.
definition.
tamawo tattomn, every one
Fit6-bit6 kono
a work to be
here conceived in
is
an active sence, whereas the genitive onnano precedes as
is
can or
= nothing,
e.
g.
the good for nothing" or
Fltowo naiga sironi
:
good for nothing (of no value). Naiga
Used attributively
means
it
radical
is
>
word
Ifa,
something good
*M, to consider a person as
genitive.
not existing;" Naki-fitd
a not existing
is
man
,
one deceased; Nai-mono, a good for nothing, a not existing thing, a nothing.
Fitdno naki-kotowo kiku, to hear of a person's not existing
When Naki it
is
answers to the
(his death).
preceded by an attributive definition of what does not exist, suffix
-
...less.
or
Tsikdra-naki
Tsikaratio
nnki yu/ni, a
powerless bow.
The predicative form Nasi,
in the conversational language Nai
not being at hand of anything, be tsikdra nasi, this
bow
is
it
without inhabitants.
means the
Iwqu-ga-sima ftt6 now, the sulpher island rf f ^ J^** ^" Ari nasi wo tovu, _fljj ? ^\T) _flR^ * inquire about
powerless.
ft?
is
,
-- A~>m> yurm'uvi thing or circumstance.
t_
-
J"
J
the existence or non-existence of a thing.
Adverbially Nakii
-f?
J
not to
without
Na
J
*?
exist. .
.
.
,
(
7).
Ndku
j[J),
in the conversational language
Thence the continuative verb Nakari (= NdkA nari,
to
go to nothing,
to
die.
-
Nat*
)i,
+ ari),
u, to be
to want.
and the forms derived from
the chapter
N|u, Noo (1*^.
on the verbs
(
109.).
it
will be found treated
more
diffusely in
CHAPTER
128 21.
THE ADJECTIVE.
21.
Adjectives with the negative prefix Na, power comes before
ETa, with negative
causes
them
guage
has been preserved in for
seat,
or the Chinese 3^
adjectives as well as substantives,
This use of
the contrary.
to express
Na-yi (J"#), = no
= be
III.
expressions as:
earthquake"
Aa T
peculiar to the old lan-
no
Na-yami,
(^tjj
and
rest
(^
5C)'
J|p; Na-ivizo, = not speak,
silent!
The Chinese ~^>^', Fu, = not,
as a pure negative prefix to Japanese
To
expressive of quality has also got into use.
words
the few compounds of that na-
ture belong:
Fu-de-ki,
^
91
mis-chance, bad-growth.
>
De-ki, to proceed, to be
produced.
Fu-nari,
~J*^
f ^
^ av ^ ^ _t a
Mo-ydsuki,
j^
?
,
easier
Mo-fayd,
Ig
-*p-v
still
less.
quicker or
earlier ; already.
higher up. yet
s till
Mo-suk6si, HS/^
rather earlier; just now.
x
^*?>
yet a
Korewa amdri
little.
tsiisai.
Mo-
CHAPTEE sukdsi ookiinowo
^J
Ookini,
2)
mise
*),
THE ADJECTIVE.
III.
this (case) is too small.
me
Let
131 see one rather larger.
Ookini furuki, very antique.
greatly, very.
_,
24, 25.
Ooki
ni ardki, very rough.
3) Suk6si,
little, in slight degree.
/J^,
Sskosi takai tokdro, a place
high only in a slight degree.
Nao,
4.
>Jj|j
nao yoku nari, thereby so
it is
much
3fj!|
J,
becomes so much the
it
also
ya
or y6,
once as high.
lyd medzurdsiki
6) lya-iya or iy6-iy6,
versational language
Masii-masu,
1.
.
.
.
,
still
more.
Sortdt
Sore dake nao yorrfmt,
better.
Tydga
Y L
V
SHU
= once
gj;,
more
so.., far-
interesting. {>
more and more;
Jyo-iy6 fiikdki,
more and more.
^^,
o
Jyd taka yama, the mountain
more
&y
e.
houses. In this form of speech also the isolating
The Mongolian and Mandju, in
way
i.
is
higher than the sheep,"
Mum d va fltsuzi yori
- -
ooi rtari
from the sheep out high
(
is
^
equivalent
x
^f
in Mongolian
Morin
Jj^^i
;
is
same
_~fc
chonin etse jeke.
Examples.
Meiva koo-mooyori lighter
karosi
(fjfjY
M
Ookamivd yama-tnuyori
than down.
V^f*
_^)
wolf
takesi, the
is
^ ne
^e
1S
bolder than the
Olanda-fundvd Too-senyori sakini tsiydku-yansu, the Dutch ship
wild dog.
KakYiretdruydri aravaruruva ram', = some-
lands earlier than the Chinese.
thing more manifest than the hidden, fest,
^f
^jlcc?
Riwo
than the hidden.
is
there not, there
kivamete,
is
nothing more mani-
Ten-kaw6 dsdmtiru-kotova
slyuyori
ooi-ndruva ram, what concerns the forming of the understanding, and the go-
vernment of the .
.
.
state
there
,
is
nothing greater than the doctrine of CONFUCIUS.
yori sukdsiku naru, less becoming than
Remark. ./tX&t,
rr
No
the land
comparison (tsutsi)
is
is
.
.
.
contained in the sentence:
Kono
steepness off (kono saka yori)" are an attributive definition of
and not of the word of quality
The (
24),
relative comparative
may
also
land (tsutsi)"
be defined by means of one of the adverbs e.
g.
:
Wasiva kuma-takayori
ooi nari, the eagle is twice as big as the bear-falcon (the
horned falcon).
Kuma-takava me-ono dai-siyau mina takani onaziku, takayori ooi-naru bai seri, with the bear-falcon (Spizaidos orientalis) the size of the female
1)
Compare
I.
J.
SCHMIDT,
CANON DE LA GABELENTZ
,
Grammatik der Mongolischen Sprache
lem.
de
la
of this
low (fiki)"
which indicate a higher degree of the quality;
mata-mata
sdkayoritsutsi
of this steepness off low; as the words
Grammaire Mandchoue ,
hauptsachlichsten Typen des Sprachbaues , von Dr. H. STEINTHAL
1832.
Berlin.
St
1831.
Petersburg,
page
86.
koto san
and the
S.
39.
Characteristic
Ifc60. page. 200.
der
CHAPTER
male generally
as with the
is
hawk amounts
the
The
THE ADJECTIVE.
III.
hawk;
his size (ooinaru koto) with relation to (yori)
to threefold (san bai);
object, with
133
25.
which the comparison
it
e.
i.
is
made,
is
is
is
it
by
Kono
this house.
high again as
as
Kono
a subordinate adverbial definition; e.g.: 1y6 yoriv&
by va, when
also isolated
the word expressive of quality does not immediately follow
from
hawk.
thrice as big as the
nao
it,
but
is
separated
1y4 yoriv* mats
faX-ori,
takasi, is yet higher
than
this house.
If the object, with
remained
has
by the
without
m6
suffix
more than even called
which the comparison
--
this.
/ fifyj /">-f
-
reri
=
( ^ij rfl*
then
flier
(it
is
yorimd
the noble falcon)
are yori mo gakuriya de ari
#
^$S
J=
J&\
/>
(
more
which express a
* H&
/
0|
/
jfb
^ J^
rano dru kum
)
,
=
to be
is
'),
this also, or
faydti^ the bird, fleeter
is
J^
(
tJC
r
)
'
^
wno
man
this
_@
'
=
-
When
Remark.
e. g.
is
Pttdni ot6ru, to be
in the saying:
^T t*
'
H
It
is
(
%
;,,),
Idzurtga nandnni '
* am w '
ma ^rW*
^
fa
country better than
),
Wareni masdreri, he has
monova ndsi, there Siro-mayu-kavikoni masdreru silkworms of white cocoons.
more
no, among
to excel (praettare)', Otoreri
^ ^Sf
ffil
9
is
none bigger than the piony.
more tnan you? "" Kon
is
than eren
or a less, such as Masl, Maaari.Masa-
more,
country and rich in treasures.
this
characterized
is
$t* ftt 3
to be less, are used in the forming of comparisons;
masdru
it
Sau-m6kuno kwa-kiyauva Botan yori ooi-ndru monovd
also,
f,
something which either
is
expected,
ivu toriva taka
to
the flowers of the vegetable kingdom there
Verbs
made
Kore yorim6 oo, more than
Faydbusd
Kono ftt6wa
learned than even he.
not
is
(= also, even).
Faydbmd, or the quick
the hawk.
or
notice,
is
excelled me.
the nothing, that surpass* less
than others.
better not to go, than to go,"
would be usual order of words, according to which one deviating from the m* Yukdniiva (the not going) ynk-uyori (than the going) obliged to say (is
is
better},"
sion takes praestat)"
place, to is
subordinate racterized
I)
Yuknyorlv* yuk/
four.
^
Yo
y
-)-
>
,
3, ,4
I?
Pltd (P't6, H'to)
,
f
one.
,
,
.
.
.
.
.
Xtsu
five.
Mu, Muyu
six.
Nana
seven.
*]~
eight.
3
Y&
The vulgar man
and says for Hito (1)
communication by OONO YASABUHOO BSQ.
J ,
>
,
Too = once ,
,
nine. ten.
ten , termination of teat*
Momo .
.
']";
K6k6n6
,
So
,
are:
.
fo,
hundred. .
.
vo, as termination of
hundreds. thousand.
Tsi
,
tt
y*, Y6rodu
Kokono (9), by way of abbreviation,
ffi
.
.
,
ten thousand.
and Koto
alto.
Or*l
CHAPTER
138
IV.
NUMERALS.
29.
These radical forms are used in the forming of compound words in which, according to the principle fixed in to be already
combined with the object,
Fit6-vino /ana, = one day's i.
sake
e.
that
,
e.
is
supposed
g.: ,
old.
- -
number
the idea of
A.,
Fltd-fdna
,
,
one-flowered.
Futd-gok6ro, a double heart.
Futd-oyd, the parents.
named
I.
Fttd-yono sake = one night's rice-beer
flower.
only one night
is
Pitta-go, a twin. dite.
9.
Fntd-nari, an hermaphro-
Futd-tdbi, twice.
Futd-nan6 sima, a two-
island.
Mi-ka, the day (a), which has the number three as characteristic, the third - the - of three also the
day;
moon
the
moon,
of the third day.
,
Mu-t6se
the square.
Mu-t6seno, six yeared.
third-day-
Mi-tose, the year three, also the period of
Mi-kusdno kayu, = three-herbed pap.
three years (triennium).
Yo-mo
Mi-ka-tsuki,
days (triduum).
period
,
the year six
,
also the period of six years.
Nand-ydma, the Seven mountains.
Used as substantive numerals, the cardinal numbers from
^
suffix
which
tsu, which just as the Chinese numeral-substantive the most ancient writings
in
piece of
bamboo
taken for
piece,
nouns
1
)
it
is
1 to 9 take the j|j|
number"
means, originally, a
assimilated,
2
we have
Consequently
).
the following
is
compound
:
Futd-tsu (Ftdts)
Mi-tsu Yo-tsu
.
one.
Mu-tsii
six.
.....
two.
Nand-tsu
seven.
three.
Yd-tsu
eight.
four.
Kdkono-tsu
........... ...........
Itsu-tsu (lists')
......
.
.
....
Flto-tsu-fa, a single leaf
number of
six,
noun used
attributively.
nine.
five.
These numerals answer to the question: Iku-tsu (a|?), how 3 ).
Mii-tsii-hdna
,
or
Mu-tsuno
many
pieces?
/tana, flowers to the
being Mutsu characterized by the genitive termination no as a
Nippon-ki.
2) "When, in 1857, I published
the
Proeve eener Japansche Spraakkunst van DONKER CURTIUS, I con
sidered this tsu as the old genitive termination.
3)
with
and, in a general sense, in the counting of articles,
Fit6~tsu (F'tdts, H't6ts)
1)
(ko),
The name
of Acrostichum Lingua.
CHAPTER
By combination with
individual, alone;
139
29.
Mi
ari or ori (= to be), Ftt6, Ftitd,
words Pitdri ($Jb), Fiitari
=
NUMERALS.
IV.
(zl
7
(H a
A?)> mtiai
and To form the
triad, three together;
pair, both;
and Yottari,
A?)'
noons,
four;
which are only applicable to persons, and thus are used as substantives, as well Kun-siva sono flt6riw6
as attributively.
own
his
person, himself alone.
The tens: 10, 20 which means ten
^
to
Mi-so, three ten, =
(just as ..ty in twenty). ;
they take as suffix
f
Let this
The tens
be distinguished from y
+
(H*
of 30 years
>
also
To6,
y, Yo-so,
To,
= once
contracted from
To6-tsi,
,
F&td-tsi,
,
F&td-tsi,
,
Mi-so-dzi,
number of
thirty.
,
Yo-so-dzii
number of
forty.
two
Lyf
forty.
3yf
,
y f*.
Ay ~f~
seventy.
*
ninety.
^
,
- t10
'
" ho;
we have not met
thence r" r0f 400
"
with,
Tsi-tri, thousands.
two thousand.
rtfrd-rf, ten thousand. 7*,
Ma-sd-dzi,
y ^Tt
ifomo, a hundred; in combinations &, -/
5?
te-*6-dzi,
-Vyf,
eighty.
I-vo, 500,
^
-f
sixty.
,
*
commonly:
f
tens.
fifty.
y ^^TzJ-so,
B r,
ten.
,
use.)
thirty.
y ,Nand-so, Fa-so
57
one
tti,
fifty.
Ma-s6,
> ,
,
ten.
Itsu-so (W*-
7, /-so,
^t
tei
,
means the age
Compounds with
f
7, Mi-so,
^
^
OC^)-
y, twenty, not in
,
tsu)
are:
F'tdso,
y
7,
for Misozi
zi,
Radical forms.
?y,
ao,
thirty. If they are
(instead of
,
,
- thir-ty-number. Mi-so-dzino hdna, flowers to the number
dzi. Mi-so-dzi,
of thirty.
,
persons?
numbers followed by }/
only a modification of tsu, and for the sake of euphony also changes
is
,
how many
Iku-tari,
to 90, consist of the cardinal
used as substantive numerals
which
tsUtsusimii , the philosopher attends to
*
t * f Nand-tri, nine thousand. f Momo-tti, a hundred thousand. .
*
,
times ten thousand, or a Momo-ydrtdzu, a hundred
million.
hundred times ten thousand, or eight millions. raw-ydrd(fet, eight
CHAPTER
140
The Japanese numbers Momo,
Yorddzuno mono,
Tsi and
things; Momo-tsi-dori
all
If a numeral precedes another
Two and
e.
i.
its radical
is
.
.
.
Twelve
.....
.
.
.
.
One and twenty, Mu-s6-tsi mdri mutsuno Tcuni
Tsi-tose,
many
years;
l
).
form
then
,
the attri-
it is
expressed by Misodzi amdri (or simply
number of two. One counts
a number of thirty plus a
Eleven
plants;
all birds
thrice four; Miso-yotsu, thirty times four.
on the other hand,
thirty,
mdri) futdtsu,
is
all
,
numeral in
butive definition of such: Mi-yotsu
29.
Y&r6dzu are generally used in a ge-
and all; Momo-ktisd,
many
neral sense for
NUMERALS.
IV.
To6-tsi
mdri
thus:
ftt6tsu.
futdtsu
etc.
Fatdtsi mdri fitdtsu etc.
(^ A
~\^
4
^
'/^y
*fe~*l
'
@=)
the
^
Ya-fo yorddzuno kami, eight hundred times ten thou-
and sixty countries. sand gods.
The saying:
It is
more than 1792470 years, since the heavenly parents
we
descended from heaven,"
find in the ancient chronicle
Nippon-ki
III. 2 verso,
expressed by:
-K* ^5
-fc*
^^ T ^> f-
j|
I
O
H? II -L
iff
A matsu
^fr
mi-oyd no ama-kUddri-mdsite y6n ko-
tea ^
^
}
H
5 71
W^ \-
-
z^
3
|
-j
I
"*
_
'
3
7-
5
h
t
')
Ut
^3
1
7
7^
K&^?
-^
3
a *
*?
PA*
^
i^h
Momo yorddzn tose nandso yorodzii kon6 yorddzU
tose
(
X 10000 years) amdri
70 XI 0000 years) amdri ko-
tose
^
nandso
2
)
iose
years) amdri futdtsi
(9X10000
(2000 years) amdri yo-vo
If
^
tose
(100
tose (400 years)
(70 years) aman'
-
i
The numerals in tsu and
tsi serve
as
nouns substantive and are
with or without the genitive termination no, as attributives. ari,
-
stte,
kdktt) is
of body a unit, and has of faces four in number.
2)
The
yotsti,
is also
the
name
original, printed with
also used,
Kono simavami
this island (the island of the four countries, St-
fltdtsuni
1) Momo-tsi-dori
dn.
|
',.-?
6m6
Kiu Ku ....... at Ye do * ^M >*^*
^ ,
v
*-
*
what number of times? To-
Itsi-do-nie , the first time.
tabi-meno hanasi, a story for the tenth time. 33.
The doubling
or
multiplying numerals, single, twofold
noun "X, veorhe, vulgo JC
consist of the Jap.
preceded by the Japanese cardinals.
To
etc.,
ye ore, -fold (German fach),
,
the* question Iku-ye (=j^|? IfC^),
= how
manifold? answer: Itsu-ye, five-fold.
-yd, single.
Yd-yd, eight-fold.
Ftd-ye, two-fold.
Kbkono-ye
nine-fold.
,
six-fold.
Mi-ye, three- fold.
Mu-vd
Yo-yd, four-fold.
Ndnd-ye, seven-fold.
To-ye, ten-fold.
(obsol.),
Fatd-ye, (obsol.), twenty-f.
Ya-yeno fdna, an eight-
Fitd-yeno fdna, a single flower (flos simplex). fold,
i.
a
e.
full flower (flos plenus).
The counting by pairs = double, pair,
= 1
^*
t
7
'^
<
'fg
i
Ttsi bai,
,
Ni
bai,
one (or
two
pair.
-j-*
,
pair
-,
,
,
Ni-su
after the
......
San-su
Y6- (not Go-su
Ren-ziyak' va,
t)ai
PR)'
Si-) su
.
bai, ten pair.
Ziyu
is
also used.
~*^
^i ^
For sort numbers, as one sort, two sorts
2/3., Is-su
,
7
a hundred pair.
7, Fiyaku-bai,
numbers compounded with the Chinese
2/2.,
( a ^ so
a) pair.
pair.
kind. They are,
^^
expressed by the Chinese
in connection with Chinese numerals, thus:
Instead of bai,
34.
is
^Ifsiyu
Js-soo, one pair.
serve the Chinese
etc.,
(pron. su), which
means sort,
Yedo pronunciation: one
sort.
two
sorts.
tr >? i/ 2.
,
H'tsi-su
.... .... .
Rok'-su
three sorts.
,
Hdtsi-su
four sorts.
,
Ku-su
five sorts.
wo no nagaki
to
mizikaki
.,
T6-su,
to no ni-siyu art,
.
.
.
six sorts.
seven
eight sorts.
nine etc.
.
.
sorts.
ten
sorts. sorts.
of the bird Ren-ziyak
(Bombyciphora) there are two sorts: as well a long- as a short-tailed.
CHAPTER
With sin-too
sort, kind,
^ (
-J-
&o; sa,
etc.
si,
To
35.
time,
3L ^ )M 3 ^3
f.
Fvta-Kusdno
inst.
combined with the
different traditions, or
koye
The Japanese numerals are
the spirit-service of three kinds.
,
145
34, 35.
the termination no these substantives are used attributively: San-riyuno
compounded with Kusa, two
NUMERALS.
IV.
x) the
HL %%%. ./
ttutdye,
rano,
pluralsuffix
also used either
*
.
7t*urano
inst.
f.
'ftf
ye kinds of vowels occuring in fa, fa, fa, XY,
fi
etc.
express the distributive
numbers, one
two
at a time,
at a
are used:
etc.
1) the Jap. adverb
^*
^
dzts,= at a time, preceded by
dzu-tett, pron.
,
the Jap. numerals FM6-tsu, Futd-tsu (= one piece, two pieces), or also by the
Chinese numerals in connection with the object counted. Dz*t*&
To
by ^gl".
J
)
is
how many
the question iku-tsu dztdsu, jjfel 5flj,
expressed
pieces at
ft
time? answer:
Navawb As
it
^1
Fttd-tsu dzutsu,
h5
Futd-tsu dzutsu,
H?
one piece at a time.
jj, two
pieces at a time.
one spins ropes (fdru), two pieces at a time. futd-sudzi dzutsu fdru,
navawo (rope) appears, here the accusative
is
the objective direct to
whereas futd-sudzi dzutsu, by way of adverbial definition, object
and verb. -
$
?= Zl
kodomoni Too Mydku
to these boys a }
%oo
@
"g"
^
a
at
^toi-mVwm *m
-
^
,
Jfe^ '
In broken numbers
^- is
a sixth. a seventh.
itsi,
an eighth.
itsi,
a ninth.
itsi,
a tenth.
itsi,
Ziyu-itsi-bu
Sen-bu
^,
fifth.
itsi,
Fiydku-bu
'
a
itsi,
Ziyu-bu
,
a fourth.
itsi,
Roku-bu
-^ ^j^
^ ^*" ^
^
P^I
one of the four parts of a Riyoo gold,
itsi,
'^,
7 -j-*^
^
Y ^
Sam-bu
Go-bu
>;7
-^
PPH
the half part, the half.
'f'
7
/V?
-J-"
7 7>
-\^ fy
^-*
Ham-bun, =
Si-bu
^,
PJ^^f*-^
^" ^
as genitive, indifferently with,
*
^ ^" 7
^
e.
i.
by means
koban.
^jp^ fy^si
3t^
itsi,
are expressed
itsi,
itsi
itsi,
man-bu
an eleventh.
a hundredth.
,
a thousandth. itsi
man-bu san
a then thousandth.
,
,
three ten thousandths.
generally read 6w instead of bun
but improperly superseded by
^
7 *,
bu, the
name
,
and therefore often
of a superficial measure.
,
CHAPTER Mi-tsu
NUMERALS.
36, 37.
Mi-tsuni means one of three,
itsi,
number of
IV.
147
two of three,
three, being the denominator, which
properly of a
expressed by a Japanese nu-
is
meral, the partitive genitive of the numerator expressed by a Chinese numeral.
They count Yo-tsu
further:
one of
itsi,
Itsu-tsu
Mu-tsu
one of
itsi,
one of
itsi,
Nand-tsu
four.
Ya-tsu
five.
Kok6no-tsu
six.
Kok6no-tsu fatsi, eight of nine.
The division of
hundred by ten
a
"% If'K' Itsi-wari, = 10 per cent (10/ 50/ Ku wari, ziyu wari, - 90/ 100/ .
,
Bu,
fj*
Wari.
Bin, J|C^,
W"J
^
Itsi bu,
fr^,
~fc
The
3*
^
=
further:
so
^ ~' v JS v
definition
l
1
,
f[i]
^,
= splitting.
go trari, = 20, 30, 40,
.
^r
per cent. Ni,
Ni, son,
Wari,
*w,
JVt,
).
called
is
t
an,
the tenth part of Bu.
is
And
cent (TC/O).
is called
vulgo chiefly but erroneously
,
one of nine.
itsi,
one of seven.
itsi,
r
one of eight.
itsi,
',
go 6u, = 2, 3, 4, 5/
jjC, -
Si-wari go-bu san-rin ,
""t =
Jtiei
go rin, = TV.
si,
the tenth part of
tV
45,3*/
1%.
Ui per
tWo-
H^
that the import duty of certain articles shall be paid for with
,
on in Japan, belonging
to the Treaty of the 18
Japanese text page 25 verso line 2,
is
th
expressed by
shall
said articles a duty of
37.
35/
shall
~fa
^^
:
$j
"^
and plural
numeral, unity so
it
(see
that the object,
express
many
the Japanese
must have recourse
uses
cannon
definition
six-piece."
greater, than
cannon," or, in
The
is really
number of
necessary.
its
5),
to
gramma-
ditinguuh what
in the plural an a repetition of
to
is
an expression answering
to
deficient in the
certain names,
times, as the numeral denotes.
cannon," in which case tone-piece" and butive
to
which
U
page 53
enumerated as something in the singular, or
singular objects,
on the
Numeratives.
or
Numeral-substantives,
distinction of singular
&'$. e.
be paid.
Since the Japanese language, like the Chinese, tical
be car-
Aug. 1859, edition of the
A $fa ^^i Migiva san wari go bu no un-ziyquico komu &e, L
_t ^
is
tel
.
35 percent, in the Regulations, under which the Netherlands-Trade ried
.
be counted,
For
to:
which, joined to a present a*
is
one cannon,
six
tone-piece cannon,
cannons," si x
-piece
six-piece" have the value of an attriplace,
is
found: > cannon one-piece,
suchlike auxiliary
names
in
Japanese
is
Considering objects in respect of their outward
CHAPTER
148
as stags,
racteristic,
handles
,
NUMERALS.
37.
according to one
counted
are
they
appearance,
IV.
by heads,
fish,
another
or
brooms and objects with
their tails,
by
by the handles. Hence has arisen a distribution of
which are denominated
either
articles into classes
The Japanese names of
We
associated with Japanese numerals, the Chinese with Chinese.
one piece of wood" either the Japanese expression
A under
ki,
or the Chinese
2JJv^V^' Ippon
'^
of these classes has been taken
list
head of gj*^ -r^tS'
the
up
The Japanese-Chinese
of these words.
e.
i.
which
-^ (or also
have thus for
^ s ~fo*
2j
are
classes
Ipponnd)
,
Fit6-
ki.
some Japanese Encyclopedias,
in
Tsui-miyau,
pendants or matches; a denomination, racter
,
with Japanese or with Chinese names, and are
usually indicated with Chinese characters.
motono
cha-
noticeable
names which are used
very justly dictionaries
describes also
the
contain
for
cha-
lists
of
these words, being amassed, the Japanese under Fit6 (one), the Chinese under
'^
-^.
Itsi,
,
Itsu, but at the
same time being mixed with words which
indicate
an idea of measure or of a quantity,
bale of
rice.
As the
last
as
one grain of
rice,
one
mentioned properly belong to the names of the objects
contained in the dictionaries,
we
limit ourselves here to those auxiliary
which are alone used for fixing the idea of
number, and them we
names,
divide into
Japanese and Chinese.
I.
Japanese Numeratives.
1.
Fasira,
Iku-fasira
>^^,
^g ^
,
7^
post, column, for Kamis or gods of the Japanese myths.
^ how many ,
Mi-faswano kami, three gods. are wind-gods. of
Futa-fasira,
(gods) ?
Fitd-fasira no kami
Kono futd-fasirava kazdno kami here used
substantively
,
,
one god.
nari, both these
alone the idea
includes
both." Applied to statues of Buddhist saints, Fasira
Sv'^E* W?^*ffl /
T
^^|
'h|]!'
is
1
)i
expressed by
^ jjjjp
,= statue.
one Bronze statue of Sakya-
Buddha.
mouths,
for souls, that are not to be counted. Also Mund, breast.
2.
Kutsi, (U ^,
3.
Kasira, ]p|^, head, for stags and wild boars.
kasirano sikd, three stags.
1) Nippon-ki,
XIX, page 25
verso.
StM
mi-kasira, or
Mi-
CHAPTER
Pami, |gf, bit,
4.
IV. NTTMEEALS.
149
37.
ATmano
for reined horses.
ftt6- (vulg. fttdtsu)
;
one reined horse.
Moto,
5.
h
2f
pale, seat, for hunting-hawks, which are held on
,Hy,
perches; for trees. 6.
Fa,
Wa, ^J '\ ?
,
Hayabusavro futa-fa kakuru, 7.
O, JH^,
8.
Ori, ^ftf,
Kitino ftt6-va, one pheasant
feather, wing, for birds.
tail, for
to let start falcons
fish.
-
-
by
couples.
Compare page 130,
7.
Koifitd-o, two carp.
fragment, piece,
for perch
(Tan), which are
offered as
a
present, and from modesty are called a small piece.
Sudzi, ^JJ5^, line (from sumi, ink and
9.
long and thin.
one tendon, a
cfci,
Nova, Tddzund, Tsuru, Obi fU6-sudzi, one
one rein,
line,
girdle.
10. Fira, |jr|||
^,
spot, stretched, for things which are
Osi-gava fttd-fira, one piece of leather. 7 11. No, ijlg breadth, for rolls of writing.
Ma, ^jj^, room,
for apartments.
-
flat
and even.
Maki-mono fU6-no, one
,
12.
way), for things that are
roll.
Ne-dok6ro /W^-ma, one sleeping-
-
apartment.
Tomaya, "^ ^
13.
^v
Kira fU6-tomai t
vulgo Tomaz, for warehouses.
a warehouse. 14.
Nagare,
or fata,
two
Yeda,
15.
16. Furl,
for rivers
^**, stream,
rivers,
two
and waving
Fnid-naffdrt tarn
flags.
flags.
^J, branch. ^^, sway, for
Naginata fit6-yeda, one pike.
drawn swords.
A
-
>,
on page 19.
assimilation are to be
to
and
(A)
consonant undergoes an
final
San-f
.
subject
*
and the
.
.
37.
or with the labial
,
closely to it,
becomes Ik-k
The combinations
^
s,
which has been already
assimilation,
Itsu-f
more
itself
NUMERALS.
IV.
characteristic of this class
the form
is
also
of the
with m, n, -^
^C^'
Emperor (Mikado)
alone.
e.
;
g.
Itsi-mai.
To the Chinese Enumerative nouns most
Nin
^^5
1.
'^
>
^^
Bon-si ni-nin
,
(
m an,
= the Only,
Itsi-nin^
two Bonzes.
vj? s^
for persons. is
applied to the
^^
-j-*
5^
;^
3
San-ninno onna, three women.
ten Shamans.
nm,
>\v)'
'^
in use belong:
J^ ^
,
Siya-mon ziyu yo
Go-ninno kwai-kokft-nin
,
five foreigners; Kwai-kokti-nin go-nin, foreigner five persons.
The conversational language uses
for one, two, three or four
words Fytdri, Futdri, Mitdri and Yottdri F&tdrino
merchant.
^*
2.
/
f@5 by
e
siii-fu,
two
abbreviation
(see
sailors.
/^
racterize as individuals, as a piece,
The counting according Ik-ka
or
^r
,
Ka
(
"^ f!|*)i the most gene-
answers to the Japanese
wished to cha-
is
it
^
,
1.
Go-ka,
5.
Ku-ka,
^
2.
Rok-ka,
6.
Zik-ka
San-ka,
^
3.
Hltsi-ka,
7.
Ziu-ik-ka
,
Si-ka ,
^
4.
Hatsi-ka,
8.
Ziu-ni-ka
,
Ni-ka
,
'?>
??/o
days.
Hn
(ts-so)
$T^'
^p^, Sikano
(page 138).
district.
:Elv y^
v*
10.
11. 2^ 2. cr
-^ J^)f^
?> San-ka
^? San-zitsu, the day three, the third day. Dai-'zi^ the four great temples.
9.
,
Ik-ka-styo, a district (by counting).
one and the same
^.5
tsu
to the Yedo-pronunciation is:
-f
,
the
Fttorino akindo, one
page 145).
used enumerative noun, applicable to objects, which
rally
persons
nitsi,
J3j -^r
12.
/
modifications of the weather, are distributed by pairs over the twelve months of
the year
,
the
first
of each pair being called
Ris-sun
...
"BjJ
^
Setsu
3 Febr.
.
.
19 Febr.
.
\, Slyo-slyo
5 March.
.
Q ,
...
20 March.
,
.
.21 June.
Seo-sets
.
.
...
7
Nov.
22 Nov.
...
.
7 Dec.
...
22 Dec.
Dai-sets.
^, Too-zi
.
Height of the winter.
6 July.
^
,
Little heat.
Dai-siyo.
.
Great snow.
Height of the summer.
Seo-siyo
Rit-too
Little snow.
Transplanting of the rice.
Seo-kan
...
6 Jan.
Little frost. .
.
23 July.
,
Dai-kan. Great
Great heat.
me, or the 80
th
.
.
20 Jan.
frost.
year begins with Ris-sun (beginning of the spring).
nitsi
8 Sept.
.
Beginning of the winter.
Little plenty.
fatsi ziyu
.
Fall of hoar-frost.
Rik-ka
civil
FdkU-ro.
Cold dew.
Koku-u
The
.23 Aug.
.
Middle of autumn.
Clear.
Ge-zi
Aug.
"White dew.
of the insects.
Sei-mei
7
Local heat.
Kiyoo-tsits.
sun-bun
Tsiu.
Pp ^
...
Ris-siu
Rain water.
Awakening
the second
Beginning of the autumn.
Beginning of the spring
U-sui.
,
Ris-sun yori
day from the beginning of the spring
is
our
CHAPTER 23th of April.
Time
*
Bi-gan (ffi
j^
is
),
NOTATION OF TIME.
IV.
41, 42.
159
very commonly determined after the two equinoctial feasts
which
last
seven days each, the principal feast, that takes
place on the fourth day, falling on the day of the equinox. 42.
Enumeration of months.
Months are reckoned in answer
to the question Iku-t**ki
(
ft
$fc
J), O r
Nan-getsu, how many months? Chinese.
Japanese.
'^
Zl
Fatd-tsUki. Mi-tstiki.
-.
.
fty
=
ft
^
l
Itsi-gets or
}i
-^
Tk-ka-yett,
=
$ Ni-gets
*
one month.
r
ft
9 months.
ft y San-gets
3
Yo-tsUki.
Si-
4
3
Itsu-tstiki.
"ff.
y Go-gets
J-]
5
Mu-ts&ki. Nand-tstiki.
7
Ya-tsuki.
/\ ^
Kdkono-tstfki.
y
A
Fatsi-gets
S 9
y Ku-gets
To-tsiiki.
.
10
If
12
..
To
the question Nan-gwaLt
(of the year) the
,
,
first
,
Yedo Soo
month.
ngdtstt).
Yedo Xan
third
San-gwats,
,
Si-gwats, fourth
Go-gwats,
fifth
a^
ft
^
ft
'4
^
Ni-gwats, second
,
,
at
Sttti-ittrut*
'
''"t"
[,
ft
,
"if
ft
,
""o^^
^
"
~
K>i-,,>i-,,',
^
i
'-
^
As the
civil
named
,
a whole mouth.
tenth
>
Zin-it.i-,ncat*i eleventh
,
%>n-ni-tnci)-,nr.>t.*,
These names are good for the intercourse of every day
The intercalary month.
,
>
RokU-gwats, sixth
l)
which month?
ngat*,
names following answer:
Siyoo-gwats (at
(^ ^ ft /),
is
<
a lunar year
with the
new moon
CHAPTER
160
NOTATION OF TIME.
IT.
and have 29 or 30 days alternately. Thus to the
To keep
or 355 days.
name
of the
common
lunar year belong 354
four seasons even with the revolution of the sun,
the
every two or three years an intercalary obtains the
42, 43.
moon, which
it
month
(Uruu-dznki)
follows,
preceded by the word Uruu
is
added, which
Vy
The
; (ypl ^).
^m^
t=t
following
Enumeration of the
days.
The natural day, from the
rising
43.
month
second
the
thus called
is
Uruu nigwats, = supernumerary second month.
^JaZi x
ypi'V ,7
month
intercalary
7
the setting of the sun,
to
called in
is
U, Fi, Hi; the night 5, Yo; the midday Firu\ the midnight Yoru. The
Jap.
-
compound Firu-yoru, to the Chinese
day and night, means the civil day;
Y
j|i
-$C
it
is
equivalent
Tsiu-ya, and, just as it, applied to the astronomical
>
also.
day
In connection with the year and month, the Chin. 1.
jjgj*
Q
^ ^,
^,
called Jap.
is
day
Ka,
Nitsi (or Zitsu); both are used in counting the days.
manner they count, with
After the Chinese or
civil
ka, to the question:
nitsi,
1 day.
3f,
Ni-ka
nitsi,
2 days.
?
'
San-ka
^
i
Si-ka
?
""",
HH*
lElv
HI*
~
^ ptj
* j|j=j
*, Ikn-ka,
$
lk-ka
Hi*
'^
$jj^%
or without the numerative
'
nitsi,
nitsi ,
how many
days?
3 days.
4 days
etc.
reckoning with the numerative j|f}*, ka (page 150):
after the .
v ~HI^
:
t^
PJ
v ra
*'
:
0^ y ^^
Sanziu san-si-ka nitsino aida,
J^
within 33 to 34 days. If the numerative
means dying-day,
is
* jgj
,
ka
,
is left
out
,
the Si-nitsi (4 days)
superseded by the Japanese
,
because
Yok-ka; for 14 days
Zfyu-yok-ka, for 24 days Ni-ztyn yok-ka, for 34 days San-ztyu yok-ka 2.
days is
,
The Japanese manner and to the 20
expressly
named
th
and 30
of counting, which extends only to the
th ,
refers to the days of a
month
,
when
previously; this not being the case, the counting
be considered to begin from another given date, which however
is
it
also
is
said
etc. first
the
ten
month
must then
not included
in the calculation.
The days of the month,
- -
it
generally begins with the
called, after the question: Idztt-ka ('fnf^
*),
new moon,
are
= which day? or Idzureno fi-kal
CHAPTER *
IV.
NOTATION OF TIME.
43.
161
CHAFEEE
Ka
If is
NOTATION OF TIME.
IV.
or Nitsi be followed
by
^*
Me
,
43, 44.
32)
(see
equivalent to an express definition of the day by an
^Y
?> Mai-nitsi,
is
^7
said for: daily;
5^,
then this expression
,
ordinal noun of number.
Kaku-zitsu, the next day but
one; M^-ka-meni, on the third day; Mi-ka-me g&t6ni fatsuru nek-ki, a fever which (recurs) every third day, the tertian ague.
arises
on the fourth day from date
is
to day, to
at
Yedo, market has been, of
(or every four days), thus either
"^
th
,
day
day -J-*
etc.).
x
33 rd or 34
44.
;
Muika-meni
fU- PH
^
^*
th
on the 4
,
the 8
th
old, held every fourth
or the 12
th ,
deki agarimasta, he accomplished
*
^
^ *=
i
San-zm san
from which the
Yddo mukdsi yok-ka-me
reckoned, not being included in the calculation.
gtitdni itsi tdtsisi nari,
or 9
Kon-nitsiyori yok-ka-meni,
as the point of departure
si
ka
or on the 1 it
nitsi
day
st ,
5
th
on the 6 th day.
me ni on ,
the
th
day.
Notation of hours.
This dial shows the two methods of marking the hours in use in Japan.
CHAPTER
I.
According to one method of the
the inside
dial, is,
of time
portions
Each
Styo,
=
first
which are named
The Toki
exhibited
after
on
Kok
At
etc.
divided into two halves; the
is
j^, 5,
an hour according
half, being equivalent to
the zodiac, as
Ustno doki, Bull-time,
beginning, the second,
has four subordinate divisions, called 5^lj?,
= the true
to our reckoning,
notches, each of 15
or
^>
minutes), and the Bun has 60
Bun (=15
begins with the -^rj
(IE?)
,
seen, the civil day divided into twelve equal
instead of Told.
called ;$J |",
or proper.
is
163
44.
the original Chinese astronomical
doki, Mouse-time, -ftt-KJpf,
Yedo they say Kok is
as
,
NOTATION OF TIME.
Toki, times),
(^p^,
Neno
^PJ B$ first
IV.
Neno
P*jf
at midnight; thus
fall8
its
doki
^T^, Meo (60 seconds). This cycle or Neno koku, the middle of which
beginning
falls
60 min. before,
end 60 min.
its
after midnight.
^p*
/
Nen6
fl^pjj:
Mouse-time.
dok{-,
J$]}fsfyo, = 11 o'clock in the evening.
=12
sei,
,/
Usind doki, Bull-time.
H^fe
J" siyo
,
sei,
=
1 o'clock in the
=2
,
se,
o'clock
Hare-time.
sei
=6
Tai*un6 doki, Dragon-time.
=
sei,
= 8 o'clock
7 o'clock in the morning.
,
f
'
= 10
^
Yyo,
Our 11 hours 48 min. 2
>
Cock-time,
rfdJW,
=6 o'clock
& f 7ii n
o'clock
Ton wd
Bj
in the
se i,
-4
sei,
o'clock
Goat-time.
^ rfyo, = 3 o'clock in the afternoon.
V
- 5 o'clock in the morning.
s^wo
Sarfind B^F^ ***J ^
sei,
siyo,
ffifc 4f HtJ -v
w
*
,
,
**
Tiger-time.
=4
JFtt9tLzln6 doki,
=2 o'clock
,
o'clock in the morning.
noon.
yo , = 1 o'clock in the afternoon.
morning.
=3
o'clock in the morning.
=12 o'clock
,
^p ^
>
o'clock
= 11
,
TF:$
o'clock midnight.
Hone-time.
,
before midnight
Swine-time.
= 9 o'clock in the evening,
=10 o'clock is
expressed by
^
:
f7/
.
CHAFfER
164
Hlv %A?
X 15 + 3 min.
3
midnight
IE?
HI'**
styo
44.
san-kokft
san-bun ni-meo,
e.
from the beginning of the Mouse-time. Our 12 o'clock our 12 o'clock 15 min. after midnight ~y*/
&o#.
sei sfo/o
numbers, by which
the hour
made known by
is
the
T61ti);
(notches),
T^M
which are
The KokQ,
Rin.
however
or
is
also
Bun
is
and the same from noon
ffi^_
now = 12
BUH
(tenths),
number 10; thus 10
1
=
the
Bun
into
noon
till
10
9, 8, 7, 6,
midnight; these numbers are obtained,
The numbers
9.
times
min. The numbers which have been
which should properly belong to a Tdki,
the number,
2X6
subject to the decimal division into 10 ^l]^,
called
till
on the
strokes
drum. The civil day retains the division into 12, or properly
added to the successive twice six Tokis, are from midnight 5, 4,
i.
The second method, the Japanese proper, supersedes the names of the
bell or
Koku
sec.
r ^"5 5E?i A
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