A Guide to Korean Characters

I

i

HANG&-IN-A-HURRY

HANG&-IN-A-HURRY CHART I

Vowels

Consonants

t

I

I

Basic Consanants

a

Stressed Consonants (two basic consonants written together)

I

As~iratedConsonants (sgort line added to basic consonants)

1

I

Basic Vowels

01

1.

a

"I" Diphthongs (vowel #6 added to basic vowels)

la.

(father)

0]

2.

6

9

3.

2a.

o

(plume) 0

3a.

6. 01

4

ae i b .

01

ya

St\

wa

. (water) e

2b.

4

yi(

oe 3b.

ui

4

wae

(w_et)

3

yo

(w_et)

~6 (w_on)

4b.-$

YU

(E)

6 5a. 5 1

(so_o~) *

;ng (final; no sound as initial)

O))

4a.

4. l-

-

(short line added (combinationsof to basic vowels ) various vowels)

(se_t)

(heme)

5.

01

"Y" Diphthongs Other Diphthongs

(hat)

(hut)

8.

CHART 11

iii

(we)*

i

(kt)

lo.

*

'Pronounce without pursing the lips.

h

'Slightly different than basic consonant number six.

Basic consonants k, t, p, and ch are ~ronouncedas g, d, b, and j, respectively, when occurring as medials. Stressed consonaots are pronounced with more stress by far than their unvoiced English counterparts, g, d, b, s, and j. Aspirated consonants are said with an unabashed explosion of air. Initial "r" is pronounced akin to its Spanish counterpart.

The "0" written with each vowel is an unvoiced consonant which functions to indicate where an initial consonant maybe affixed to the vowel when writing a syllable. See the inside back cover for information on forming syllables.

-

A

A Guide to

KOREAN CHARACTERS Reading and Writing Hangiil and Hanja SECOND REVISED EDITION

by

BRUCE K. GRANT

HOLLYM

For Audrey Michele Denise Mirae Bruce Maynard Monique and Taylor

Copyright @ 1982, 1979 by Bruce K . Grant All rights reserved First published in 1979 Reprinted in 1989 by Hollyrn International Corp. 18 Donald Place Elizabeth, New Jersey 07208 U.S.A. Published simultaneously in Korea by Hollym Corporation; Publishers 14-5 Kwanchol-dong, Chongno-gu, Seoul, Korea Phone: (02)735-7554 Fax: (02)730-5149 ISBN: 0-930878-13-2 Printed in Korea

PREFACE This book was designed as a guide for those who wish to learn written Korean. It presents for the first time in English the information necessary to read and write hangiil, the Korean alphabet, and the 1,800 Chinese characters taught in Korean schools. A Guide to Korean Characters contains simplified charts explaining hang5l and models showing exactly how to write each of the 1,800 Basic Characters. Sample vocabulary words, selected on the basis of frequency of use, are included for each character. This handbook also functions as a character dictionary since its entries are arranged in stroke-count order and it contains both a radical and a phonetic index. I am very grateful to those who have helped in the preparation of A Guide to Korean Characters. Mr. Cho PyTing-ha was indefatiguable, and the writing models in the text are examples of his graceful calligraphy. Dr. Ch6n Y6ng-ch'd and Mr. Yi Pang-h5n kindly read the entire manuscript and made many useful suggestions. I am indebted to Mr. Chu Shin-wgn, Chief Editor at Hollyrn Corporation: Publishers, for his patient guidance. I alone, of course, am responsible for errors. Seoul. Korea

Bruce K. Grant July 1979

CONTENTS

PREFACE

7

INTRODUCTION The Korean Writing System Hints on Learning Hangu'l History of Chinese Characters The Six Categories of Chinese Characters Hints on Learning Hanja Explanation of a Sample Character Entry Writing Characters Glossary THE 1,800 BASIC CHARACTERS

25

APPENDICES Korean Surnames Easily Confused Characters Commonly Abbreviated Characters Characters with Multiple Readings The 900 Middle School Characters in Textbook Order

33 3 335 336 337 338 339

INDEX How to Use a Character Dictionary Radical Index Phonetic Index SELECTED BIBLlOGRAPHY ENDPAPER CHARTS ~an~ill-in-a-hurry Charts Hangill Writing Models syllable Writing Models

insidejront cover inside back cover

INTRODUCTION THE KOREAN WRITING SYSTEM Korean is a member of the Altaic family of languages and is very similar to Japanese. It has been spoken on the Korean peninsula for more than 2,000 years but has enjoyed an indigenous writing system since only the fifteenth century. Chinese exerted an early influence on Korean, and loan words from the Chinese now comprise about sixty percent of the Korean vocabulary. Chinese is essentially uninflected, while Korean is polysynthetic. So different, in fact, are the two languages that Chinese and English have more in common than do Chinese and Korean. Ancient Koreans found Chinese ideographs unsuited to phonetically represent their richly inflected language, so they adopted written Chinese itself. Literate Koreans wrote one language, classical Chinese, and spoke another, Korean, until the dawn of the twentieth century, a period in excess of 1,500 years. In 1440, King Sejong of the Yi Dynasty set a group of scholars to the task of inventing a means of writing the Korean language. The resulting phonetic alphabet was promulgated in 1446 but did not enjoy widespread use. Hangiil, as it is now called, is perhaps the most scientific alphabet in general use in the world. In 1972, the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea directed that 1,800 Sino-Korean characters, hanja, be taught in all middle and high schools in the nation. These are commonly called the Basic Characters, and each is treated in this book. Modern Korean is written in a mixed script in which hanja is used for Chinese loan words and hangiil for purely Korean items.

The Korean alphabet is so simple that its sixteen totally 11

INTRODUCTION

distinct letters can be learned in minutes with the aid of the hangiil-in-a-hurry charts at the inside front cover of this book. Use these charts to decode hangal appearing in the book and elsewhere until it becomes entirely familiar to you. The charts at the inside back cover illustrate how to write each hangGI letter and how to combine the letters into syllables. Korean consonants are pronounced much as they are in English, though they annoyingly assume different shades of sound when they appear as initials, medials, or finals. The five stressed consonants are pronounced with greatest possible stress but with no expulsion of air. For example, "tt" ( r-c ) is pronounced akin to the d of don't inUDon't do that!'' The aspirated consonants are pronounced with a heavy expulsion of air. The "k' "( 3 ) is similar, for example, to the k of kill in ill that rattlesnake!" Vowels are pronounced essentially as noted on the inside front cover. Access to a native speaker is recommended for refined pronunciation.

HISTORY OF CHINESE CHARACI'ERS 1n.ancientChina, pieces of bone and shell were incised with characters and then heated. The resulting cracks among the characters were used by oracles to foretell the future. Thousands of such "oracle bones" have been unearthed. The characters on them, the oldest extant, date from about 1,400 B.C. Virtually all principles for the formation of ideographs are evident on the oracle bones, suggesting a long period of development prior to 1,400 B.C. After that time, characters underwent a continuing evolution of form that ended about 2,000 years ago with the development of the "square characters" still used today. The following chart traces four characters through this evolution and illustrates character styles which a modern reader is likely to encounter. Dates are very approximate.

lNTRODUcrION

Forms of Chinese Characters

INTRODUCIlON

THE SIX CATEGORIES OF CHINESE CHARACTERS Characters traditionally have been classified into Six Categories according to how they were originally fabricated or how they later accrued meaning. An understanding of these categories can bring a sense of order to the beginning reader who is likely to be bewildered by a forest of seemingly unrelated graphs. Moreover, the characteristics of the different types of hanja suggest varying learning strategies for their mastery. The Sung Dynasty scholar, Ch6ng Ch'iao, apportioned 24,235 characters to the Six Categories, and his results provide an indication of the relative size of each category.(Kwtin, page 2. See Bibliography.) Category One: Simple Pictographs Simple Pictographs were the first type of character fabricated by the ancient Chinese. They picture objects, such as tree,*. The trunk, branches and roots of a tree can be seen even in this modern form of the character. Another Simple Pictograph is (sun). This stylized character was originally round, and the line in its center represented rays of sunshine. Only 608 of the characters classified by Cheng Ch'iao are Simple Pictographs, but they are important because many of them are the building blocks from which other hanja are made. A Simple Pictograph is easily learned by associating its shape and meaning. Category Two: Simple Diagrams Simple Diagrams were among the earliest characters made and depict relationships for which no picture can readily be drawn. Two common examples are I: (up) and (down). The diagrammatic nature of this pair is readily apparent. Simple Diagrams are best learned by associating shape and meaning. Ch$ng Ch'iao allotted 107 of his characters to this category. Category Three: Simple Compounds

A subsequent development in the history of characters, Simple Compounds are truly ideographic. They were made from

two or more existing characters whose combined meanings provide a clue to the denotation of the compound. The Simple Compound resulting from the union of R (sun) and (tree) is R . The new character is pronounced 3-(tong), and signifies ''east," taking its meaning from the "sun" rising from behind a "tree" in the "east." A Simple compound is best learned by relating its meaning to that of its constituent elements. Of the graphs classified by Ch2ng Ch'iao, 740 were Simple Compounds.

*

Category Four: Phonetic Compounds About ninety percent of the characters of Ch2ng Ch'iao, 21,811 hanja, are Phonetic Compounds. These graphs can be characterized as semi-ideographic and semi-phonetic since each is composed of a semantic element which furnishes a hint to the general meaning of the compound and a phonetic element which provides a direct clue to its pronunciation. The phonetic clue in the vast majority of Sino-Korean characters is a significant potential mnemonic aid but is widely regarded as of limited value. Chinese lexicography obscures the phonetic relationships among characters, and some Phonetic Compounds which share an identical phonetic element have differing readings either because they were not originally homophonous or because their pronunciations diverged during centuries of phonetic and dialectic evolution. Nevertheless, it is likely that the phonetic clue is underexploited rather than overexploited by students of hanja . Category Five: Derived Meanings Derived Meanings originally belonged to one of the first four categories of characters. The evolution of Chinese generated a need to assign abstract meanings to characters with concrete denotations. Graphs of this type took on abstract meanings but maintained their original denotation as well. An example is 9, originally a Simple Pictograph of a man sitting with crossed legs. Its derived meanings are "exchange, com-

INTRODUrnON municate, intercourse, mix, join." This leap in meaning is comprehensible to anyone who has watched old Korean gentlemen sit cross legged by the hour and "communicate" with cronies. Chtng Ch'iao assigned 372 of his characters to this category. Its characters are best learned by relating their original and derived meanings. Category Six: Arbitrary Meanings Characters of this type also belonged to one of the first four categories and took on additional denotations, but they surrendered their original meanings altogether. An example is jff , a Simple Pictograph of a growing stalk of grain. Other characters possessed the same meaning, but there was no character for "to come," which was pronounced the same as % . As a homophone, % was pressed into service to denote "to come" and has maintained only that meaning for millenia. Graphs of this category account for 598 of the characters of ChSng Ch'iao. They are best learned arbitrarily.

HINTS ON LEARNING IiANJA There is no royal road to learning characters, but the task is not as difficult as it may appear, either. The sheer number of hanja is daunting; large character dictionaries may run to 50,000 entries. But no one need learn anything like this ridiculous number, and fewer than 300 discrete graphs compose all others. A study in Taiwan showed that the most common 400 characters in use there comprised fully seventy-three percent of all written material. (DeFrancis, page xix.) The learning of Chinese characters will unavoidably entail some memorization. Homemade flash cards and repeated writing of characters can be valuable memorization aids. Anything, including hanja , is easier to learn when approached as part of a meaningful context. Those already participating in a Korean language program can easily meld specific information about the 1,800 Basic Characters into their language materials. Those undertaking independent study can meld 16

INTRODUCTlON

characters into available selections of written Korean . The vocabulary words accompanying each character in this book can also supply a measure of meaningful context. The 900 middle school characters in the appendix can be useful because the most common and frequently used characters appear in this list in the order they are first learned by Korean pupils. Early attention to radicals, the 214 characters under which all others are listed in hanja dictionaries, is recommended for all. Familiarity with the radicals is requisite to the full use of a dictionary, and many radicals are numbered among the discrete graphs which comprise all others. The radicals can be found in the radical index of this handbook. A student of hacia will find it valuable to develop the habit of estimating to which of the Six Categories a target character belongs since this will enable him to choose an appropriate learning strategy for it. Consult the preceding section of the Introduction for suggestions on learning strategies for each of the Six Categories of Chinese characters. The vast majority of characters, perhaps ninety percent of all hanja, belong to the Phonetic Compound category. Each graph of this type mntains an internal clue to its own pronunciation. One beginning student schooled himself to look for this internal phonetic clue, and, on a quiz, successfully matched readings to eleven of thirteen Phonetic Compounds he had not previously encountered. The student will be well advised to make it a practice to estimate the reading of a target character, whether newly-encountered or unrecalled, by assigning to it the pronunciation of its major component elements. A forthcoming handbook by the present editor will contain some 2,000 characters arranged in sets. Each graph in a set contains the same phonetic element and shares an identical or similar reading as well. The mnemonic value of a set of characters which both look and sound alike can be appreciated by perusing the following chart.

lNTRODUCTJON

Phonetic Compound Set

EXPLANATION OF A SAMPLE CHARACI'ER ENTRY The character entry below is typical of the 1,800 in A Guide to Korean Characters.

Sample Entry '

P=-

,'

17 'f- 3 ,

113 9 x 1 character, letter

*?

@7 ?$8,

character, letter, writing Sino-Koreancharacters, Chinese characters character dictionary

4 Ez\ 9x1

4 zd

238

The main character of the sample entry, 2 , is one of the Basic Hania taught in a11 Korean secondary schools. It appears first in a large-type, slightly-abbreviated form common in published material. In the box beneath the main character is listed the radical under which it can be found in a character dictionary. This radical is given in its unabbreviated form, while it may appear in the main character in its common, abbreviated form. (A chart of abbreviated radicals appears on page 348.) The number to the right of the radical indicates the number of strokes in the non-radical portion of the main character, datum that is vital when using a hanja dictionary.

INTRODUrnON The 1,800 main entries are numbered consecutively. For 7 , this number is 238. These character numbers are used in cross references and indices. To the right of the main character are nine squares in which its proper stroke order is progressively illustrated. The complete pen-written form of the main character occurs as the final entry in these squares. It is important to compare and contrast the written and printed forms of the main character since both will be encountered in reading materials. The formal definition, or h u n , of the main character occurs in the upper left corner of the area following the writing models. The hun for the sample character is 2 x 1 . This is followed to the right by English definitions of the main character and by its reading, or u'm, in boldface hangiil. In the sample entry, this iim is xi. The hun and iim are ordinarily said together as a verbal means of identifying a character. Sample voc3bulary words comprise the remainder of the entry:These were selected on the basis of frequency of use in the language. Usually, three such words are included in an entry. The hanja typeface used for sample words is the stylized variation increasingly common in published material. Compare and contrast these with the main character typeface in an entry. A Guide to Korean Characters is designed to aid in learning hangiil and hania . As a mini-dictionary, its English definitions are not exhaustive. For the convenience of the reader and to exploit limited space, many English definitions appear in verbal, adjectival or adverbial form even though Korean referents may occur only as nouns. English definitions were purposely inserted between hanja entries and their hangiil readings in order to cause the eye of the reader to encounter first hanja and then its English meaning before coming to pronunciation. This arrangement may facilitate the learning process by obliging the reader to relate form and meaning for milliseconds before dealing with pronunciation.

INTRODUCTION

INTROWCTION

The Rules of Stroke Order Two basic rules govern stroke order.

WRITING CHARACI'ERS A general rule of writing is to make the graphs of uniform size no matter how simple or complex they may be. Hanja are listed in character dictionaries in ways inextricably related to stroke count. (See How to Use a Character Dictionary, p.347.) A character must be written, therefore, with strokes of constant shape set down in unvarying order. Details regarding stroke type and stroke order are provided below, but the reader will doubtless find the writing models accompanying each character in the text to be a more practical calligraphic guide. Types of Strokes The following chart illustrates eighteen types of strokes used in writing characters. The samples are done in brush style, but the principles also apply to pen calligraphy. Generally, perpendicular strokes are made from top to bottom, while horizontal strokes are made from left to right. Even when it includes an angle, a stroke is written without lifting pen from paper.

1. Top to bottom.

2. Left to right.

I

Types of Strokes I

Seven auxiliary rules also control the order of strokes. 3. ~orizontalstrokes usually are written first when they cross perpendicular ones.

m j 4. Sometimes the reverse is true.

lNTR0WCnON

9. A piercing horizontal stroke is written last.

5. A center stroke is written first, then the left and finally the right.

6. An enclosure precedes its contents.

7. Diagonals running to the left precede diagonals flowing to the right.

8. A piercing perpendicular-strokeis written last.

GLOSSARY Basic Characters. Basic Characters are the 1,800 hanja taught by order of the Ministry of Education since 1972 in all Korean middle and high schools. Their formal name is "Basic Characters for Use in Classical Korean Instruction" (hanmun kyoylakyong kich'o hanja). Basic Hanja . See Basic Characters. Chinese Characters. See Six Categories of Chinese Characters. Classical Korean. Classical Korean (hanmun) is classical Chinese used by Koreans as their written language for more than 1,500 years. Hangiil. Hangu'l is the modern name for the Korean alphabet promulgated in 1446 but not widely used until the present century. Hanja . See Sino-Korean Characters. Ideograph. An ideograph is a symbol representing an object or an idea but not the sound associated with that object or idea in spoken language. Polysynthetic . Polysynthesism is the grammatical practice in Korean of combining word elements into a single word that can be the equivalent of phrases or even a sentence in English. Phonetic Compound. One of the Six Categories of Chinese characters, Phonetic Compounds comprise some ninety percent of all characters. They are semi-ideographic and semiphonetic. Reading. - The iim, or pronunciation, of a character is its reading. Semantic Element. A semantic element is that part of a Phonetic Compound, usually one-half the total character, which provides a hint to the general meaning of the compound.

INTRODV(;TION

Simple Compounds. One of the Six Categories of Chinese characters, Simple Compounds were formed from two elements whose combined meanings provide a clue to the denotation of the compound. They are ideographic. Simple Diagrams. One of the Six Categories of Chinese characters, Simple Diagrams depict relationships for which a picture cannot readily be drawn. Simple Pictographs. One of the Six Categories of Chinese characters, Simple Pictographs are drawings of objects. They were the first characters fabricated by the ancient Chinese. Sino-Korean Characters. Chinese characters as they are used in the Korean language. Six Categories of Chinese Characters. A traditional classification of Chinese characters into six types accordmg to how they were originally fabricated or later accrued meaning. The Six Categories are Simple Pictographs, Simple Diagrams, Simple Compounds; Phonetic Compounds, Derived Meanings and Arbitrary Meanings.

THE

BASIC CHARACTERS

1and 2 strokes

1

4

seventy years

2 strokes

2 strokes

I

3 strokes

k

3 strokes

74 till now, up to the present

His Royal Majesty

P5

kfi$f@ high society

kg

senior official

3 die, perish; be lost; absent #it flee, run away, escape

n&

@ -t- be destroyed, collapse, fall 12 & defect, seek foreign refuge

man, gentleman;

)

A, 2 21

n

a rooming house

20

k

" 2 apil1;abullet

h% h @1 $$h

pill, pellet pill, pellet bullet; projectile; shell

rb-

9 o,F

99

T A common, ordinary A R in general, as a rule A '8 mediocre; common, ordinary % .'k

1

26

4.

a ",t @41 !&a

a n 27

1

7 n fl

3

knife blade, knife edge

& A bladed weapons; $ XJ

bayonets; weapons kill oneself with a dagger

?!

$!q xioJ

3 strokes

T #9i a thousand years

f- lf. a thousand characters

3,e, a

kti4

*

f f

population; inhabitants

0 J

?

land, real estate nature of the soil civil engineering

fB

+gill

officer; soldier

it$

one's own child;

degree of kinship short dramatical performance; skit

novel, story; fiction

/J\g retail selling

gentleman, man of honor

~ I J \ large and small; size,

p TI] evening edition 4

0

32

-

A, A 33

0

f

$-,

morning and evening; breakfast and dinner

3

big. great

A@

very, very much, greatly major portion, large part college, university

hg fields and mountains

+& E"?

4 4@ d+g GI*

1 3

stream bank, riverside

CLl)ll mountains and rivers

4 strokes

3 strokes

Branches; snake

Ze

42d of the 60 binary terms of the sexagenary cycle literati purge of 1545

zek#d

?% T

0

intervene, meddle in reclaim land by drainage

9x1 +A~A)#

34

+4

44

49 9

a bow

7

9% 3%

archery,bowmanship archer, bowman

3

%$

3S-f

Re

#+

17 -

3 45

0

3 50

red, cinnabar; pill

autumnal tints, red and yellow A.$? colors; red and green --!+fl#L\ fidelity; a sincere heart

g cJ%

94 ?J%Q>J

4 strokes

4 strokes

12

mercy; beneficence

et cetera; thus and thus,

woman

I4 @ I4 a<

2 n

/

/

impartial, fair; public 2~ 39%royal princess employee public opinion; fair criticism

2

61 1

I\ n 62

2

2/ \

3 37 o T

af$$Rcivil servant, government %y%

-12

I ,

A 9 now, the present time

\

the substance, details; contents the interior, the inner

L

A 1

4 R,! f;; f;

+

six June sixty . the Six Categories of Chinese Characters

%% 3 (i+)

+P 4 i

Q 84 4

4 strokes

4 strokes

I48 a year of famine f

wicked, bad a poor crop

04 % JE@

#$E

@ ftI be immediate, real

&l6ga forget-me-not flower ,

" 1k :, 9

2

surprise, surprisingly enough

ZW TnJZ

ad

Q

difficulty, distressed misfortune, bad luck unexpected misfortune calamity, disaster

mention, say propagate, disseminate the state examination

67

t

2

3

g i k *deteriorate,aggravate,

iLb i k

4.

transform, change worsen chemistry inspire, influence

%L%)

*

gj opposition, resistance;

";F 7J3)

68

39

4 strokes

Z

Korea in 1592 19th of the 60 binary terms of the sexagenary cycle

L

more, moreover

Rg

extreme, severe

ER

a very short distance

od

ZRBT a mere child

droop; demand, ask

farmer, peasant

3 I ,#

transfer of duties

. nd, affections; ention; core; center

4 strokes

4 strokes

pg

-ft@

direction; square; region; plan; recipe; just now governmental vi

fi

method, way, means

7)s

speak; say, it is said

6 argue pro and con

$13 8 Confucius said

pay, disburse

8 p+

*

*

i k culture ;civilization

f( E1Jj

0

2 (:h

91

-

444 92

0

3 @

+

+

civilization; culture a literatus, a man of letters

33\

39

9 *J

a dry measure (18 liters, 3.97 gallons)

.4-

an authority, a luminary, a star measuring by pecks ( ~ 1 )

E)J f

7%b

a@ a YJ Fj

X

*g-

a female ruffian; a rowdy

%q

monthly salary a monthly magazine, a monthly publication the end of the month, end

32

the planet Jupiter

4 strokes

4 strokes

.Ic !3

father and mother,

sliced boiled meat

$ ratio, percentage

%@% woolen fabrics, woolen

9 39

+f L a clan, a family surname and personal name, one's full name

cow, ox cow's milk "Readclassics into a COW'S ear", cast pearls

54

5 strokes

5 strokes

T be firm, decisive, resolute

4

others, et cetera

E$ the world, the earth j&L the world; society; +&R

#$IT office boy; errand girl;

a generation

J+

SS

A

3

120 /

-

I

fi,fi -

4

115

1%

-

r3

I;f 4

3d of the 10 Heavenly Stems ; the third

3% 3dofofthe thesexagenary 60 binary terms cycle third class, third grade

'+I

9 6J 9%

A

3

121

' ;,f'

transfer, hand over; commit to; pay f ask, solicit, request; charge +EL with, entrust with +j- remit, forward, send transfer, hand over, 3l+ pass along

*+

''

AJ

-

(dl& @ (&

(h),

Taoist immortal, fairy, genie fairy, nymph Taoist immortal; hermit, ascetic; a spirit hermit, ascetic; a spirit; Taoist immortal

4

44 AJAJ

"J

5 strokes

5 strokes

4

good; tenn of respect

publish; engrave, cut

command, order

process, work; manufacture; treat

5 %

a%

brothers, sisters, brethren husband of a girl's elder

Iffff books, publications ffff

~ a m ~ h l ebooklet t,

+$E the winter solstice

g

3

41

+-

rfig

ak

a7_%

meritorious service, meritorious deeds merit and virtue;

be included, contained, embraced, covered wrap, pack up

5 strokes

5 strokes

$

jff

occupy; seize, take,capture occupy, possess (territory) possess, occupy (property)

;do qj

come and go; lending and borrowing; transactions

44

A 9 now, the present {

merely, only; but, however, provided that, on condition that

$4

%W exclaim, cry out p4~& a cry, shout, shriek ~ 4 % impeach, censure, denounce, arraign

5 strokes

5 strokes -T

criminal case

qg

flattery, honeyed words

~4

ER EE

huge, colossal an enormous object; a prominent person a great man; a huge star

4

*% E

propagate, proselyte proclaim, declare,

E

5 strokes

5 strokes

fJ @ !

fJ

hit, strike; a blow destroy, break down calculate, reckon

Z!i!

New Year's Day

fJ h$

k b s @%

2 @J

kindergarten an infant, a baby the young and the old

o\*

not,no;un-,in-,non-;

%

theU.S.dollar

certain victory

5 strokes

5 strokes

3 3

ak

7

mother and daughter homeland, mother

JJL+

'

7 j ( *

1 174

A

2 175

3

71

ilc ,$!&

the freezing point

*$ij

a glacier; an icebound river

4

perpetual, eternal, long

&

perpetual, eternal permanence; perpetuity, eternity final farewell, part forever

&%

entrance hall unpolished rice a kind of harp

transgress, violate; offend; invade %%$ an offender, a criminal, a convict %f i commit a crime & break the law, violate the law

final year of term of service; a girl 15 or 16

X#$

disintegrate, fall to pieces; break up, collapse i Z W a tile-roofed house

MJ

-

54

-f--

H*r

9% 9=p 94

* 0 180

d % 4 x\

3 *A' %$

1

0 181

J

-tf

3

I .)+

)-

sweet; pleasant, voluntary

IfI $ licorice be willing root to suffer, #'% ) j

& %

qq

submit willingly sweetness, a sweet taste

3

&a 4-f;Id- nl

be born; produce; life; student; raw, fresh; arbitrary, forced

d

living, existence life survival, survive

% 4'

+d

5 strokes

5 strokes

Ffia use, employ forms; stationery

skin, the skin

Emm superficial, shallow &% a conveyor belt

purpose, object, goal EEI k

cultivated land, fields

means; source; permit

2~

contradiction contradictory terms

3%

%$p+$ A\

marshal; display, set forth

t;

the sexagenary cycle

% ti arrows and stones

4 "4

(in ancient warfare) $$ % a poisoned arrow E; 9 bow and arrow

+ 4 34

6,a kerosene 6 stone implement

0A

Caucasian, white man

6 strokes

6 strokes

4

growing grain, growing rice

%&% edible grains, cereals

8

9-35

0

194

'

>

Tpd cave, hole

RE RR E

a)

dwell in a cave depth of a grave a grave

%I

37.1 53 "d

-zt%

0

195

# incident, affair, matter 1% {+ condition, stipulation (+ @

2& 2&

exchange, interchange negotiate, bargain

& gu plans; make a plan & intend; contemplate; undertake

A

4 203

1

-

4 198

2

-

2

7 5

-

1

L

4

Watch of the Boar, the period 4 A ) between9 and 11 P.M. % '?. Year of the Boar dd 4 "2 Day of the Boar

&@ '

12th of the 12 Earth's Branches; boar, pig

iR A

4

204

number of cases, number of incidents

4-- a 3 :K 4K- {A{A 5

;f

3

7 )E

prostrate; yield; humble; q hide, lie in ambush; suppress; secret surrender, capitulate 32 + three "dog dayswof summer hide, conceal oneself; "d-+ dormant, latent

+

6 strokes

6 strokes

+@

eg,

' n

4

213

1

thewhole,all pan-national, nation-wide, the whole country completely, entirely

communism combined, joint 3o- 5 5 o. #EZ% communism t."JTq &@ be common, be common to + g

%

rliB@

n

4

214 O?

k

E

9 , ,$

9

JL 4

a trillion; omen, sign indication, sign; omen sign, indication, omen a hundred million and a trillion ;myriads

E

reconstruction

1-

I+

4 . fk*

IL 4 210

first, front, foremost

a teacher; gentleman; Mister (honorific) f k a senior, an elder fk,@& a forerunner; the vanguard

49

~2 Zi?

a4 04

n2154

209

)

ifj Bj- efiqyear before last

-

4

4

"J "8

.';!~ f

47.1

l

7

34 4. 3?rl 334?-d

punishment

4

f l ]f a criminal case; detective,

3 A\

police investigator fl]& criminal law fl]g place of execution

7jd %I-

)tF 9 arrange in order; enumerate, classify;each one; file, rank; series

a train

n2 1 64

4

again, repeated

@ A a second time, twice

jIj

JJ%

?IJ@ the Great Powers 811 archipelago

%g

34

03 >\

93 95

6 strokes

ft & crisis, emergency, critical situation

@& @ $g

an impression a seal impression

& & each, every; all;

a lucky dream,dream

6 strokes

6 strokes so\&

return; Mohammedan; time, occasion

4 asibefore, as ever BR %

EZE the present, now;at present; gxq this world; present tense exist, be extant %@ site, position, location; whereabouts &E&

Bll..

many and few; some; quantity, amount good fortune, good luck kindness, humaneness

S4

&31

4-k L+88

4x2

g

senility, dotage

*F

+PI-

9%

character, letter, writing Sino-Korean characters, Chinese characters character dictionary

t

life and death; existence

5 ~2

t@5j?.

232 /

-

---7

-

3

2971 barbarians; eastern

g g $ &ss

01

barbarians; squat

3 # strange the eastern custom barbarians

01 q

8 0 1

k

3 233

ZL k

3

%L

"1

*hi?,

queen; royal concubine; wife; lady *

queen dowager 342 queen consort 42% queen and royal concubine

4

4 4 "1 %L "1 dl M I

spouse; wife of

6 strokes

6 strokes

& $$?jplace of a ceremony f$$& a ceremony, a rite

arrange safety, security ,'.

3

243

--

3 ' %

-+E amonastery, a Buddhist temple Buddhist temple k%famous l Buddhist temple in KyZingju dating from 691 A.D.

7f ~ ,

.I-

3 244

1-J ,I.

1

'

)I

*I

Buddhist temple; hall

1.

.Jx

*?+pointed,

.k

sharp

fine point, pointed tip; vanguard 'I;-%! be sharp, acute; be radical 'I;- & military spearhead .LOA

3

A\

3

A\

3

3 44-

.]

-).

.I-I j-1- j-1-1 3

$

Watch of the Dog, between 7 and 9 P.M.

entrust; request

fi)-E depend on, rely on

q

qe E?- "2

3 251

246

-J

%,dl 34 %!

245

:

k%@

3%

region, state, province

f

provinces and counties ?% the nine provinces of Silla j'- 7 91.19$ state governor f zlA\

)

J+lf$S

h ,,.I,

4%

harvest; collect; receive what is due, gather together; bind; bring to an end income, earnings

5

2 252

4frB to house, accommodate 4 harvest, gather in

+ $- "d f- -$

f4

6 strokes

6 strokes

@ El

early marriage

2

253

3

El

period of ten days; one-third of a month f;$ the final ten days of a month $ the middle ten days of a month $#Ifirst and tenth of a month

2

254

,, El

2

1%

$&

A i r

Sl-5

+

%*

36

9 P

""

crooked, bent, false. wrong; tune a curvedline, curves

3 a tune, a melody

@~

meandering ; circumstances

9%

exist, be; have, possess

?3 % be famous, well-known 4% 2 be influential; convincing; powerful

?34 full of promise. hopeful

tkf&

hereafter, in the future

a14

rivers and mountains,

*4 *E

+3 %

-8-g %'rl -8-nk

$1 4 rivers and lakes, scenary, retreat

6 strokes

6 strokes

1. 4; %

X

0

nl*

brown rice, unpolished rice rice/grain dealer

8J

~1

D \ ~ A J

271

@&

,

-1

2

-

-2

F E wool

2

I4

0,t

40,t

goat; antelope milk

"& -E-

lotus pond; pond

gray; ash color,

well-cooked; experienced

E

0 274

z@ old woman

-

+

the old and the young

k&

1

9 3 +z% examine, consider

3-4

S$ $ examination, test 3 18 deliberate, consider S$g examine, inquire into

the common people i'Zg&department store fl one - hundred days

45

ifii

*

3 4

3 22

0

-

275

72

"2

sheep, goat

0 ,

7

7-

\

9 6 1 3 and; but; like; nevertheless %Zt;;iTii~-+ however, be that as it may

01

361

9 61 ~ k q

0

276

-

73

6 strokes

6 strokes

fif. $

boating; a boat ride skiff, small boat $3 @j pontoon bridge

E $3

IhJg the body, the flesh

% color, hue; coloring

8

f5S

color blindness

a%?

blood vessel

6@

behavior, conduct; action, movement conduct, actions; a function, an event whereabouts

self, oneself; himself,

65

63

3 0 281

=is? k %1

??

0

282

74

L - 4 - 4 . &$B

a!#

tongue unfortunate slip of the tongue argument, battle of tongues

4 JJS\

3 xd

7 strokes

7 strokes

)%{kgassistant, helper, aide

EE

residents, inhabitants

fE'% residence, home, house

I 4

fZ A 293

df

42

4;

5

aa

rank; esteemed; seat; position

place, location; position; situation a"a (2 dignity; nobility SB gentlemen

lidOUBs'l in any event, anyway

$1 21 9 91 211 $1

%

slightest, any, little

-7 strokes

'

'4%

7 strokes

J+y Buddha; France

-7 ,

a&

@@

Buddhism statue of the ~ u d d h a Buddhist scriptures

%-

+gz z AL0

-%4

13

strive, endeavor

7 strokes

7 strokes

i%Jk absorb, assimilate, suck in % I absorb, suck up

*

#@ smoke tobacco

g ;-h

I, me; we, us; mankind

rn 9

be difficult; troublesome awkward situation,

*

E l & balance, equilibrium 3 equal, uniform, even

Fm

average; on the average

3

43

7 strokes

7 strokes

chess situation

6

bureau director

1

tail; follow; end follow; surveil

jg@ Idj

obstruct, hamper,prevent

d&

4

tI\

9

make one's rounds; inspection tour

hope for; Greece

gE

compromise, come to terms with g E reasonable, appropriate #i& compromise

E\

fiR

hospital bed a wooden bed

7 strokes

7 strokes /

j-

$ @ ff

7

$ &z gg

the court, the government

3

the court, the government court of law, tribunal the Royal Court

3 7 6

44

3Jd

,em

shun, avoid

,e@evade, shun, shirk; take

,G !.# patience; perseverance

Jiff

ingredient, component, succeed, achieve

91

71

7 strokes

7 strokes

4 41

a

%

warn, caution; precepts transgress, violate Buddhist law

support, maintain

4 %kqoppose, resist fiii)E

~

resist; rebel against

p craftsmanship, j

j g ~ m g mutual t~ assistance,

fit in; submit; go toward

E% cast a ballot, vote @

invest, put up money

E$J anonymous note;

contribute to write for

mechanical skill

& B# & Ph

attack, assault; verbally attack, denounce offensive and defensive

3

7 strokes

$w

j~f i

''

362

xq

J+

wH

4 4 s-

material, stuff materials

49

H $ lumber, timber

,

-

3%

-

% S T $ 3 364

I#I '

every day, each day each year, yearly

R R&

resolve; resolution decide, resolve

inspect; sight-see

$$ A

*

@ El

4 71

resources, material 363

sentry, guard walk, go afoot

1'

I-/

-&A-

I.1

bind; control, restrain, keep in order

-I

+*

KJ3R %#

bind, promise, put give under one's the yoke, word q+ shackle g+f fj? helpless, one's hands f ++*j are tied ~ rural ~ ~ ~community ~ i l , a g e ,

*$% village, hamlet #$'% village house, cou.try

house

- .

gloomy, melancholy

t k ~go to the bottom, sink

bathe, wash oneself

7 strokes

7 strokes

$L

private establishment

$L & private ownership $L +q self-interest, private gain

A\

Z]

8% study, research

%@. lineage; source, origin; disaster victims

g3

a man, a male

& man and woman,

&

male and female one's own children; brother and sister

All is lost!

E l @

f@

W /I;

af

a portrait, likeness resemblance be unworthy of one's father, be unlike one's

liver and gall; one's innermost heart

gracefuI; handsome a prodigy, a genius superior; predominant

91

7 strokes

& , fk

117: ffj

@

a right angle an angle; view, standpoint

communize, sovietize

+E a look from a running

-

,

-.

s

'

+-

%

9%

**

=+z urt

\

fi

4

o

386

1

f

As /

53: 0 388

-

,

C

+

kg

F:

-3

T'

1

17 17

gJ

1\

valley, ravine

L4 6 mountain valley

,

dark valley, deep valley gorge, canyon, ravine

beans;peas soy beans bean curd green peas

9

90-1 9% 9 *J

satisfied, contented

j#j@

= 1

"J+

++ TI+

r

47 74-

-

-

++

$

shells; treasure

4

I! %Q shellfish F! Ihi shellware, shell goods W % a shell

4 5~1% 51q~

0 @$@ bicycle $@ vehicles A ijj& automobile, car, truck

4-734

*F ?+ 4-54

0

394

9 , " 0 389

izL

F- s' 6. 6

'

@ 0 38,

7.

words, speech; talk, speak, express; mean language. speech allude to, mention words and deeds, speech and action

F

'

f

-

bitter, acrid; distressing, toilsome, grievous

PX

suffer bitter experiences

% be sharp, biting, pungent % spicy hot taste

4 AJx

"Jg du1

8 strokes

7 strokes

guard against, ward off

@?

&3

ER

?l]% @ #Si'$

%3

BB

$3

include, contain; embraces; covers imply, suggest

$La

a wet nurse

$1

the female breast

2

affair,matter;undertaking, business; serve

BR

fact, reality; actua1ity;truth circumstances, the situation, state of things incident, affair, case

dkql

confederation ally, friendly state

moment, instant hell, an inferno vicinity, neighborhood;

/

/

E%

defense (as in "defense

Branches; cock, rooster Watch of the Cock, the period between 5 a n d 7 P.M. Year of the Rooster DayoftheRooster

/

u

1 7 406

-

A

%

/

g&

$I%

A\

*)a

47d At

d_

8 strokes

8 strokes

W

flJ$7

concrete example common practice, custom; customary

the fixed official pric

H

use, employ, apply

7

rJ

5771

rabbit

%

rabbit droppings utch, rabbit box rabbit skin

&

4.

L E S +_A\

LE31

JL 6 417

oto]

i '

47 JL 6 418

L7

/

9b

a

a /J\

son, child child, children orphan infant; young child

O\

.)a z o t

8 strokes

8 strokes

chit, bank note

law; documents; control; mortgage

B%

certificate, bond,

34

work laboriously;

4@

craven lowly, obscure, humble

%$$ dictionary, lexicon

&E

a classic, the classics, old books $tC@BtJ typical, model

1

arrive at, reach

$1) $1)

arrive at a destination everywhere, everyplace arrival, advent; visitation

%

laws; regulate, govern; determine, decide, fix; prepare

%I]

restrict, limit establish, enact, institute $ j J j ~regulation dress, uniform

41

.l) 51

3)ZJ

+

I

8 strokes

8 strokes

34

overwhelm, overrun

@a

WE

call to; act in concert

H%

stubborn; persistent

examine, investigate

EF i J firm, solid, strong

5 1%

take over, assume

1

8 strokes

'+J

night, nighttime;the dark

&Be']

nighttime, night night guard night duty, night shift work

bs

&a

8 strokes

0)

0k 4 0k 8

44 3 s

&

3I

7)

$ '

01 2 strange, rare, wonderful

9

curious, extraordinary

P$$ strange. odd; exquisite, wonderful 3% a strange story

S

71 71 7) 3 71

of one's sister

service, serve serve in government, hold official office

concubine, mistress

father's sister

&a paternal aunt mother-in-law and

"4

8 strokes

8 strokes

entrust, commission

7@ the universe, the cosmos q&&fi

8 @J

space travel

regular, scheduled,

friendless, lonesome,

EB dwell at, live in E E dwell, reside, inhabit l&sa living room

humiliation, disgrace

& bent, winding E fJF surrender, yield

+f

8 strokes

8 strokes

k% a young i (waxing) moon @ 4 string music

~ 1 5 ;conquer, subjugate, @& @

conquer, subjugate go on expedition

~2z ,

8 strokes

8 strokes

repeat from memory

someone, some person

8 strokes

8 strokes

disobey, rebel

#IF

applause, clapping musical beat, time,

cultivation; exploit,

M@Jl bright, cheerful !Yj $

g@

detain, keep in custody ;I;# not be hindered by;

@

plain, obvious definite, clear

@

easy, simple fortune telling, divination

%P$

ascend and descend;

#

ascension to heaven be promoted

disregard obstacles

W&

8 strokes

@ @@

a O5054

% 1

* 9:: 3 11

-w? n

J,

41

fJ

fi RJ

-

5.2 A4

A

I

IB fl Al 8f 507

*' 508

- 7 $

4-

$3 $3.

dusk, twilight faint, fall unconscious lapse into a coma, become comatose

a long time past and present last year; ancient times

%

friend, companion; match, pair

friend, companion m l faction, clique, coterie mx+jE "confidence between friends"

+

3 4 Aj 'd

clothes; swallow; dose of medicine; serve, submit overcome, conquer

aB@ obey; yield 161% public service

tlo -br

3-9 +++-AJ

Q

++ 2 72 0a

97-

513

board, p l d

f

#?? a board, a plank &+ woodblock-printedbook

$7 #?rEjJ&P'anmunj6m

Fl

S...z\ %& 4-3

41 71

a pillow

%*

a block; railroad crosstie wooden pillow pillow and bed; sleeping place

*a &t;b 514

3

+-+4 %J

2t

2J

8 strokes

8 strokes

Efiff branches and leaves;

poison; evil, hurtful a poisonous snake

4

%

5 519

--jq

;v %

. .

$Jll l

rivers; streams and

@$J

canal, waterway

J

;fiit4

oil, fat, grease; paint, varnish

%

petroleum; kerosene anoilfie, crude oil, petroleum

4% %

~

i

91%

? &E

:a :-> ' -&$k

42:

7) %

4

'

:'

1

4

&

5 526

*J;\)

/

* A

)%

:A

4'

.

law, statute, rule; plan, method; example; doctrines of Buddha

E$

alaw; thelaw court of law a judge

Q

cry, weep

a,

:B-am

be moved to tears tearful remonstrance implore, request with tears

4% 4% i ! !

Q 7FA u tl

4-7,F $id

8 strokes

8 strokes

.

94

&

5 529

530

IlhiE

situation, state of affairs set type, compose type publish, print, bring out

4%

>

2J$

mud, mire; plaster; paste

~1

rl

$1; @ get dead drunk

# + mud; clay, potter's clay j ~ 6 gilt paint

'

%4 #

-

j$*

a>

4

*'

H *

41 94 swim, dive

..

*$k

swim the backstroke swimming pool

j:

b

>

'

gg

flame; bright; brilliant; inflammation, ... itis

9: 3:

531

' \Ir

g&

$ $$

$I% intense summer heat broiling weather; a blazing sun @$I intense heat

&x

1% mjq

9% 532

pour water; concentrate heed, pay attention, be cautious of order (as a suit of clothes), commission take notice, pay attention

01

4

0)s 61

-S

+ ?GI

f2

?9 %I -r003

~13 g c d;a'

4 8

fi

waves, rough sea

.@@

>+ ;z -2-

printing block

undulation; fluctuation ripples

-L

; ;

34

s\+

-

.,

3 a)E

~@Bwave-motion,

7 1 .

waves (on water)

dispute, wrangle contest, competition struggle; strife; a campaign compete,scramble, struggle

3 % O$

$3

%-$

4

24

7x8

4 E&

?!

*?

34 5%

8 strokes

8 strokes

kd

e '

& )

a

3

539

*17

blind; deluded

El Fj blindly, recklessly

'

$-E @

blind faith, blind belief the blind and the dumb

4 u j +q 94 dot

e -a c ,q

straight, direct; honest

\

5 fi

# @ . &$j

straight line directly; personally immediately prior, right before

ill

44 4 xd

540

/

)

5

",F

know

9% knowledge, learning 9% sense, judgment; perception

P7

4

B# intellect,mentality

$u

4 44 31 q 4 "2

sacrifice, offering; sacrifices A\ to the dead: a year sacrificial rite; ancestor A] A\ worship service sacrifice to one's ancestors %A\ Sjje memorial sacrifice held ELL) at a grave

A] A )

ejie .

%%e

?-

, if. rn 9y /z,3 a# 7' 543

'

UJ

1

'

- ,1

3 544

,* '

I?

-

P2 company, society; earth god, altar to the earth god @'& society, the public 451 pkH company use, business use A\$ public commercial A\X announcement; advertisement sky,air;empty;hollow; zero

notebook 9 % vainly, ~ ) fruitlessly 3% vain dream, fantasy

=

m

4

.

3ill

~0L 0A L

n a

13 J$

0 1

54

&2--

" ' &I PI\ 550

be persuaded of

+%

B

lie down, rest

. @% lie sick in bed @@ liedownwithsickness @& sleep and eat, live an ideal life

9)

qk $ qk "4 9FA?

8 strokes

8 strokes

I

cottage, shed; lodge, reside at; my younger relative; put away; omit &@ room for entertaining male guests $@&boarding house; dormitory gg an official residence

ZJ

W

flowers; vice; assorted

E@

Silla ~011th excelling in beauty, bravery, and military arts flowerpoi flower garden

EtE$1 Em

sprout, shoot, germ

@$$

ng

germinate, sprout bud-grafting

4

4% 71f A)

44 P)

*%

o\ e&O\

0k7il

9 strokes

8 strokes

,$? pavilion, summerhouse +i# pavilion, summerhouse

Zd 7)

34

ue, green; young

EB

marquis, marquess feudal lords

Ep7i toilet; restroom convenient, handy, useful

4 S]

9 strokes

9 strokes

$--;e?

f

superior, eminent, heroic, refined, handsome

@% be talented and refined

F A

TT

@;P eminent ability, talent a great man, a hero

54 53

Sfi importune, press, urge fig promote, expedite

31 Qs!

+ I 7

47

fia

urgent, imminent; acute

+

+

consequently, accordingly

RHIJ fundamental principle,

+%L

574

1

J

4' A

*

'

+?+customs, practices; vulgar,

(9 * {%-#%

7

575

w1

XSi_eprotect, guard; guarantee

R%

#a #rff

A

7 576

protect, safeguard take custody. watchover preserve, maintain

$3

E&

Es 577 3

belleve in, trust; confidence; token; letter; news; envoy trust, rely on; credit belief, conviction fidelity, truthfulness; faithfulness

1-

cap, crown ceremonies for coming of age and marriage IIj %?$$ ancient court costume; attire of a bridegroom "hat ceremony", coming of age ceremony

a@

- FL 7z 7 578

$L

Y.5

94 Xg

4%

j?f 4%

1

4

common; worldly; unrefined; lay (not clerical) L k GL proverb, saying 1 T1 the mundane world, earthly existence folk customs uJl

z$$$

X bravery, courage & brave man; warrior & intrepid; valiant

+l

4.45 4 'd AJ-21

3

4s 44

the South; southern $j@ the south pole

&j k

south and north; south Korea and north Korea

5

9 strokes

9 strokes

%$$L

rebel, revolt revolt; plot treason

QA\+ adultery; rape

3ZgB implore, supplicate 23% grief, sorrow

intercourse adultery; fornication

---

I

)

@,!%gEa lost messenger

) n

A&,)&

6

589

u m a

7 6

590

17

I

d x3

0

.Q

LZJ@ 'Q

v" VU

esteemednephew (honorific) Hamkyiing province things, goods; quality; kind, class; conduct, deportment

v '

9

-Q\

%

all, togther

GEi

$%%\A\

@*l

$L<

Q

kind, variety, species %% quality 5'2 articles, commodities,goods 3%

,fi@

one's uncle and

9 strokes

9 strokes

screen against a draft pictured screen

%a

, fi

6

605

Y

,A '

, )

*m.lEfi Y

%X

1 'r zk+- Ern 7

Y$M.

'

7

a

'1 1'

'

& ,& 45 OF%! j", WI%I@

6

607

%B Efi

house; building, structure outside, outdoors Western-style house

7\+

1-

6 608

j

-

I

r

% )%

an empire imperial government, rule by imperial government emperor commander, leader field marshal, fleet admiral generdissimn, commander-in-chief command, control, leadership

71 0

dark, g1oomy;arcane; subtle; retired, lonely @% spirit of the dead; ghost, specter; supernatural visitor IYYM incarcerate, confine @g brightness and darkness

@$&

L1

rule, law, limit, degree calculate, estimate system frequency, number of times; percent alcohol in liquor survey land

+

A1 41 4

4 %L

9 +ilf

~k+ %f -8-i? +41 r

1

9

HIE

ES-

9 strokes

9 strokes

,&@

%%

murmur against

entertain, treat expect, count on; anticipate, hope for stand by, await call

@z the rear, rear area

f%& f

regret, be sorry for military retreat; retreat

careless, negligent; remiss

pq

4 D,F

9 strokes

if%% %@

Rj?j

--

+ 7

#

nominate; designate

33

reason. cause; die, the former native place, place of origin accident; reasons, circumstances the departed. the deceased

&

*

626

132

& 5

-$L

maintain, support sustain, maintain possess, bear, carry

@ gk i&

h

3

~I.z& A\X

02

9 strokes

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be exhausted #i*dead tree, withered tree ~% withered leaf

38

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somebody, something, so-and-so, such-and-such a certain place, solneplace a certain kind, some kind of

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assess taxes; revise a budget A\J,, in-laws relatives by

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soft, pliable, flexible judo, jujitsu

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aflj Asian continent

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emperor

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emperor imperial household

B 3J 41

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study, research,inquire into study and train, take training

47

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ifif# pray, offer prayer

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pray, supplicate

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traditional state

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rush in, dash in

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9 strokes

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stomach and intestines @% stomach ulcer E@ stomachache

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sprouts; growing corn

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sapling plant a seedling; a seedling seedbed, seed-plot

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a little, a few, some

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if, supposing, by chance

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9 strokes

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military, military affairs

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soldier, military man

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term, period limit, qualify, restrict

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aspects, features; face, countenance, honor the surface, the face, the outside; appearance

10 strokes

9 strokes

@i food & and drink; food

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prime minister, premier

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storehouse, warehouse

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10 strokes

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faint; die; be stunned demolish, tear down;

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table for two

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freeze to death

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desolate; plaintive; sad;

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10 strokes

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hard, unyielding firmness; fortitude; strength of character decisive; determined; resolute be upright, have integrity

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weep, . cry, mourn for ~

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wail, weep aloud wailing

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staff member, personnel member of a medical staff National Assemblyman

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single-stringed fiddle

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girl, woman; wife

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rejoice; amuse; pleasure

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amusement; entertainment @$$& amusement room, arcade

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10 strokes

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develop; unfold

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U an island state, hinder, prevent, obstruct gain and loss, advantage and disadvantage murder, kill house; family; specialist, professional; class, school

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family, household ~ J L .furniture

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appearance, manner; allow, accommodate; endure; forgive; contain; admit; capacity; easy forgive, pardon -%A capacity; volume; bulk 4-4 looks, features, appearance -f$X

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send

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differentiate confiscate. seize teacher, instructor, master; army division

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difference, disparity

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army division

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z ) ~ ] a seat; throne; base, stand; constellation

JL. 6 760

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self-indulgence

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poor; scanty, limited

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q c2 ~ :

national disgrace, national humiliation dishonor, disgrace

31

1 1 4?4 f 21 1

10 strokes

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fist; clench, clasp

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pistol

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seize

prisoner ofwar

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seize, grasp catch, capture; catch, understand

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shake; move; flap

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become aware of, apprehend, awake

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understand; perceive; be ready to regret, feel remorse

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be encouraged; be aroused oscillate, swing; vibrate dull, stagnant, depressed

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lose effect, be invalidated, be nullified

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free of charge

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time; hour, o'clock; season

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pine nuts, pine seeds Chinese juniper tree

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kernel; investigate

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tree trunk; stock

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shares, stocks stockholder stock certificate

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chestnut tree;firm, durable; full (as when ripe); cold, chilly chestnut tree chestnut

41

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north wind of winter monthly salary the new moon

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school; check, examine, revise the principal, headmaster @ @ school playground, campus revise

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cinnamon, cassia

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cinnamon bark laurel tree; bay tree cinnamon tree; cassia tree

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rule; limit; frame; form; ruled spaces; category character, personality grapple, fight hand-to-hand rules, norms. form

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pink, rose (color of love); love walnut peach blossom

&

draft, draw up

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4 4 f @ ~ f @ die in the line of duty

44

(+I E>4 3.5 53)

agriculture and

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mulberry leaves

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inlet; port, boat landing riverside field

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10 strokes

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waft, float in the air;

involve, concern,implicate;

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soak, immerse; flood penetrate, invade, raid beflooded, inundated baptismby immersion

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privilege, prerogative

10 strokes

10 strokes

animals; store up

SE livestock; livestock

$!%&unprofitable, useless

% 23 profitable, beneficial

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public good

@ ,% be attentive to; @

bear in mind study abroad

work without surcease

@ &@

fatigued, exhausted be impoverished

infectious disease

10 strokes

10 strokes

I!Zl fatherland

nerves; energy; genius

progression, a series

3% class, grade, rank B#& rank, grade; social class

31S

10 strokes

10 strokes

intimidating letter

N@ CUE

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42- $$$* princess (daughter of a

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king and a royal concubine) father-in-law andson-in-law

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old gentleman, old man, "sir"

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aplow

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pulse, pulsation mountain range blood vessel

,

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scenic view, landscape BFfrQ t 3fatal - agree, concur

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91 S&

reach, extend to

( 9 strokes in original form, .)

31

84 21 '3 4 331

10 strokes

10 strokes

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fly, navigate the air sail, navigate the sea aircraft carrier

sort, manner, class; all kinds, all sorts

EE

vast, boundless

#j$j look into, examine

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311% teaching, instruction; orchid; iris

311s instruct; direct

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tearoom, teahouse tea and cakes, light refreshment

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reporter, journalist; stenographer arecord, torecord anarticle, an account

01-1 $dq

how, how can it possibly be delighted; triumphant

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w h.*9 9-

devastated, desolated wilderness, wilds;

mfii& barren tract, wasteland

7\49record, a record, a mark;

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9

3 859

71

remember

.-

@

2

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0

d-'+ < / %I s-

victory song; song of triumph; paean

714 71% 71

471

71 71 7\

10 strokes

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W&

contribute to; render service to rlce for government taxes pay tribute (to a l q e r state) .

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property, wealth

Mi&

finance, fiscal matters property goods an estate, property, possessions

4 44

EX F!

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860

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offer as tribute

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escape, desert, decamp

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Yul-gok in Kangniing

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polishe, refine practice, drill

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transverse lines; woof of a web; fringe, tassels latitude longitude and latitude; warp and woof; details a parallel of latitude

24%

weave; arrange; compile

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edit; compile organize, form arrange music

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go out of business; go on strike %% dismiss, discharge, fire @%$ conclude; close (as a market, examination) skin; flesh

4

affinity, connection; destiny; +j cause, reason; hem, border Eli% affinity; origin; karma, fate J' 9 predestined tie; g-2 relationship; marriage

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thread, line, wire,ribbon; clue; fuse; length

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straight line WJ curved line electric wire, telephone cord zJJJ

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lotus; waterlily

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lotus root l~t~sblossom lotus pond

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stop, finish 3)

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15 strokes

15 strokes

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j&

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collide, rush against; insult; thoroughfare

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collision; quarreling incite, stir up shock, trauma; strike against

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who; anyone

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so and so, certain persons $-9 who; what person; +s} a challenge (who is there?)

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a lesson; a section, a department, an office

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taxes, duties subject, theme;aproblem, a question section chief chat, converse

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have an interview with converse with, talk to s+lJnegotiate, bargain

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harmonize; investigate

4 93

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propose marriage

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certificate of merit enjoy, appreciate award, prize

54 4

4 4 41 i+-*1]

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kls&

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FfAa

wise, sagacious wise mother

15 strokes

15 strokes

$ ' ? $V

!%& treat with contempt @A man of humble origins 3 shallow, superficial

pn

+

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buy and sell; deal, trade

.. sell at auction gJ& shop, retail outlet

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8 1541

M \ % ~ nature,disposition; substance, matter

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question, interrogate cqualitative a hostage pleasure, delight; taste; bias, tendency; meaning,

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gist, substance; objective, purpose a~qtaste, interest ,l-0 stc

tread, walk

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survey, explore the prospects follow, follow in the steps of marking time in place

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s@ execute, put into practice

appear in succession senior, one who preceded another (as in university) f&?& junior, one who followed another (as in university)

04 ~ f l

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trample; tramp

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brilliance,splendor resplendent, brilliant

43d

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16 strokes

1 16 Strokes scholar, Confucian scholar, Confucianist; learned

AJ dl

f6 & Confucianism f%iF@ Confucianism

R+

Confucian scholar; student of Confucianism

-$

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~43 sigh; titter

E 3 9 burp, belch -

R~ vicinity, neighborhood I%& adjacent, contiguous QI% good neighbors, friendly relationship

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L

~vessel, dish; implement;

71

organ

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:1

3

4

hair; the human head

f2% f&g

haircut hair dishevelled hair

1

teeth; age; seniority

&

toothpaste caries. tooth decay tooth

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utensil. implement; fixture a large vesoel; a great talent wall; cliff; partition

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mural, fresco wall paper

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wall, fence

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71

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wall, fence; barrier

4 7% 4

16 strokes

16 strokes

student, pupil &#j learning, scholarship

3 I@ jt@

gg

guide, lead precede, guide instruction, direction

'&,g constitution; constitutional law

gz@

recall, remember reminisce, recollect

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war, battle; tremble

BE j*g

choose, select select; selection of a

#%G

careful, cautious

EfT

operate, manage, handle

@% be in charge of

@R

security, collateral

@+3 take charge of

~4

16 strokes

16 strokes

fl&g morning star; a rarity B&@ morning bells

the lunar calendar

luster, shine a favor, benevolence

jL$j@

/

7k 13 1584

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:gO , :$y 'V

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machine; airplane; opportunity; secret d

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dense; deep; dark; thick, strong

@

thick, dense density; compactness dense fog

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radical encourage, cheer on severe, intense

3% '

/

coarse fermented rice wine, makkiilli

44 4 Ad 4 %+

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16 strokes

16 strokes

reserve fund,

q#$ combustible load; carry

@ja

a cheap distilled liquor be destroyed by fire

24% E

built-up ground, an elevation

solo, recital

@R revival; resurgence

16 strokes

16 strokes

vegetables, greens

$i& concealment &

cover, covering

study diligently

4

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lo 1601

f

3

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w.

9 1602

military station, military escort '

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friend

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