A Grammar of the Japanese Spoken Language

a As.

GRAMMAR

JAPANESE SPOKEN LANGUAGE,

W. GrKS TON, JAPANESE SECRETARY,

D. LIT.,

H. B. M.'s LEGATION, TOKIO, JAPAN.

FOURTH EDITION.

FOR SALE BY LANE, CRAWFORD & Co., PUBLISHERS. KELLY & WALSH, LIMITED.

THE HAKUBUNSHA. lon&on

TRUBNER &

Co.,

:

LUDGATE HILL.

1888,

PREFACE TO THE

FOURTH EDITION. THIS Edition has been thoroughly rewritten. It is much enlarged, and is almost completely a new

also

work.

More Tokio

exclusive attention has been paid in it to the dialect, which now bids fair to become the

language of the upper classes of Japan generally. At the suggestion of a friend, a literal interlinear

No examples has been added. translation, however, has ordinarily been given of the Their meaning can be particles which occur in them.

translation

of the

found in the chapter on particles. The author takes this opportunity of acknowledging the assistance which he has derived from the writings of

He

MR. E. M. SATOW and MR. B. H. CHAMBERLAIN. is also indebted for some hints to DR. IMBRIE'S

Japanese Etymology. TOKIO, NOVEMBER, 1888.

TABLE OF CONTENTS. I.

II.

III.

Syllabary Pronunciation. Parts of speech

.

. .

.

i

. .

. .

. .

5

Noun

IV. Pronoun.

V. Numeral.

7 . .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

11

. .

. .

.

.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

.

.

. .

. .

VI. Verb

42

VII. Adjective. VIII. Auxiliary words. .

'

.

. .

. .

.

. .

. .

.

. .

. .

IX. Particles

XII. Honorific and

Humble

forms.

. .

. .

. .

. .

157 ..161

166

. .

. .

XIII. Syntax

182

XIV. Time, money, weights and measures.

XVI.

Errors in speaking Japanese. Extracts

Index...

93 108

118

X. Adverbs, Conjunctions, Prepositions and Interjections. XI. English into Japanese. .. .. .. .. ..

XV.

34

..

..

..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

186

. .

. .

. .

191

192 ..

..

..

..

..207

A GRAMMAR OF

THE

JAPANESE SPOKEN LANGUAGE, CHAPTER

I.

THE SYLLABARY PRONUNCIATION.

i. IN Japanese, every syllable is supposed to end in a vowel, and generally does so, e.g. sa-yo de go-za-ri-ma-sii. The exceptions occur mostly in foreign words, or are owing

to

some

letters

as

in

in

consonants, the

is

at fifty.

of them,

seventy-five. There are

final

necessarily small, and is reckoned by forty-seven according to one arrangement,

of syllables

the Japanese at and by another, of

There being no

contractions.

number

There

are,

however, modifications

by which the number

is

increased to

Japanese no means of writing separate

European languages, and each

syllable

is

therefore represented by a single character, n final, which has a character to itself, being an exception. But n is

supposed to represent an older mu.

The

following table shows the syllables of the Japanese is called the Go-jiit-on,

language arranged according to what or fifty sounds.

JAPANESE SYLLABARY.

a

PRONUNCIATION. It will

be seen that there are a

and repetitions

in the

above Table.

3

number of irregularities These are owing to the

circumstance that there are certain sounds which a Japanese For si, he says cannot, or at any rate, does not pronounce. shi, for Int,fu; foryi, wi, wit

These

on.

irregularities play

and we, i, i, u and ye, and so an important part in the con-

jugation of verbs, and ought therefore to be carefully noted.

a

2.

i

,,

o

,,

,,

a in fat, father. ay in say. ee in meet. o in more.

u

,,

,,

oo in fool.

is

pronounced

like

e

I and

jare

,,

In such cases they

frequently almost inaudible.

have been written

i,

u.

Thus,

shita, 'below,' is

pronounced

very nearly shta ; tatsx, 'a dragon,' almost tats. Longer double vowels are distinguished by a line drawn above them thus,

and

i,

n,

The

o, u.

must be

depends upon while koshi

it.

Koshi

means

soto, 'outside

;'

distinction between

i

and

carefully attended to, as the

6 and o,

u

often

means an ambassador,' Soto means 'suitable,' but

for instance

'the loins.'

i,

meaning

'

kuki, 'the atmosphere,' kuki, 'the stem of a

plant.'

The consonants are pronounced as in English, 3. except r, h, f, n, d, t, and g, which differ somewhat from the corresponding English sounds. The true pronunof these letters must be learnt from a Japanese, but the following hints may be found useful. R before i is the most difficult of Japanese sounds for a ciation

European

to reproduce correctly.

It

is

then pronounced

except that the tip of the tongue touches the roof of the mouth farther back. Some Japanese make it nearly like d,

Before other vowels the Japanese nearly j in this position. more resembles the English sound. There is never any-

r

thing in Japanese like the rough pronunciation given this

PRONUNCIATION,

4

French and

letter in

R is often omitted before

Italian.

in the

i

words gozaiinasH, nusaimasu, for gozariinasu, nasariinasii. and / are considered the same letter in Japanese and The under lip their pronunciation is not very different.

H

does not touch the teeth in pronouncing /; ches them as in pronouncing n'h in which.

Tokio

is

dialect the syllable hi

it

only approaIn the vulgar

undistinguishable from ski.

is

In pronouncing the Japanese d and t the tip of the tongue pressed forward against the teeth instead of only touching

Little or no distinction dzu and zn. between most by Japanese G at the beginning of a word is pronounced

the o gum as in English. o

English

^hard

;

any other position like the

in

made

is

like the

German

(not

'

the English) ng in finger.' In the syllable yc the y is in

and

so,

is

most words

silent, or

nearly

often omitted in romanized Japanese.

must be sounded. must be pronounced differently

In the case of double consonants, both

Thus

ainmci, 'a shampooer,'

from aina, a fisherwoman

'

'

;'

katta,

bought,' from kata,

^4.

The

The

syllables ga, gi, 311, gc, go, za

'

side.'

nigori.

above

t

j:,

zit, ze,

zo etc.,

begin with type the consonants and are considered by Japanese not as different syllables but simply as modifications of the syllables printed in

small

italic

in the

table, all

soft

beginning with hard consonants in the lines immediately above them. This distinction is indicated in writing by a small mark, which is often omitted. Ka for instance with a diacritic mark

The formation

is

read ga,

of

shi,ji and so on.

compounds and

derivatives

companied by the modification of a hard ing soft consonant, so that change, which, with the

this is

called in

it

is

often ac-

important to take note of

mark by which

Japanese nigori, or

is

into the correspond-

'

impurity.'

it is

indicated,

CHAPTER

II.

PARTS OF SPEECH.

The words Noun,' '

5.

meanings

and

it

subject

Adjective' and

'

Verb' have two

ordinary grammars of European languages. noun' is sometimes applied to a class of words

in

The term inflected

'

'

a

in

way, with

particular

cases

means anything capable

also

of a

In other words

proposition.

and number,

of being it

made

the

means, one

thing for etymological purposes and another in syntax, one thing in respect to changes within itself, another in its relations to other words.

'Verb' and 'Adjective' have double This mode of classifying

significations of a similar kind.

words according of inflection and

to

two

distinct principles viz. (i) the

form

(2) their syntactical relations, is not with-^ out inconvenience even in European grammars, where it has led to the introduction of the awkward term participle,' '

word which is partly a verb and partly an But such forms are after all the exception in European languages, where it is the general rule that words which as regards their declension or conjugation

meaning

a

adjective or noun.

are nouns, adjectives or verbs are also nouns, adjectives or

verbs for purposes of syntax. In Japanese, however, this is by no means the case. Here it is rather the rule than the exception that a word with or even without a change of inflection can be converted at pleasure into a verb, an adIku, to go,' for instance, looking to its jective or a noun. '

is

a verb, but

conjugation sentences as sugu ni iku,

if '

we

consider

its

position in such

he goes at once,' iku ga yoroshi,

PARTS OF

O '

'

Si'KliCH.

the going is good,' i.e. he had better go,' iku hito ga ant, a going person is,' i.e. there is somebody going,' it is '

'

only in the sentence,

first

in

case that

the second

it it

plays the part of a verb in the is a noun, and in the third an

adjective.

The Japanese grammarians have avoided by classifying words as na or

'

this

ambiguity

;

uninflected names,' words,' kotoba or hataraki-kotoba, 'words' or 'inflected words,' including the verb and adjective, and tcnin>oha .or 'particles.'

duce a more

But

i.e.

this is not the place to attempt to intro-

scientific

English terminology. It will be words, noun, verb and adjec-

sufficient to retain the familiar

tive, taking care to use them in such a way as to prevent confusion between these two significations. j

The noun

6.

is

uninflected.

All

Chinese words

in the

Japanese language are uninflected, and are therefore strictly speaking nouns, but most of them, by the help of Japanese terminations are made to do duty as verbs, adjectives, or adverbs.

Along with the noun or uninflected word are classed the pronoun and numeral adjective, which in Japanese have no inflection. They have some peculiarities however which

make

it

There

convenient to consider them separately.

no

Prepositions and conjunctions are included mainly under the head of particles. Adverbs do not form a separate class of words. A particular form of is

article.

the adjective does duty as an adverb, and other words which must be rendered as adverbs in English are in Japanese

nouns, or parts of verbs. The verb and adjective have a substantially similar mode of inflection in Japanese and should be considered as really forming only one part of speech.

CHAPTER

III.

THE NOUN.

In Japanese nouns have no inflections to distinguish 7. masculine from feminine or neuter, singular from plural, or

one case from another, but they are preceded or followed by particles which serve these and other purposes.

With

Gender.

8.

words such as musuko,

'

son

'

mttsiime,

;

'father;' haha, 'mother,' no distinction '

or

bull

When on

'

cow

'

;

muma

is

either

necessary, gender

for the masculine,

o ushi

is

'

a bull

dori, 'a hen.'

'

;

me

me

is

or

ushi,

These are

'

'

horse

'

daughter is

'

or

chichi,

;

ordinarily

Thus

between the masculine and feminine. '

common

of a few

the exception '

'

ushi

is

made either

mare.'

distinguished by prefixing o_ or Thus men for the feminine. a cow;' on dori,' a cock;'

really

compound nouns.

men

Such

phrases as otoko no ko, 'a male child;' onna no ko, 'a female '

child '

are

also in use,

otoko

meaning

'

man

'

and onna

woman.'

Number. As a general rule the plural is not dis9. tinguished from the singular, but a plural idea can be expressed whenever necessary by the addition of one of the particles ra, gata,

more

domo,

tachi, or shin,

which

particularly described in Chapter IX.

will be

found

NOUN.

ft

Examples. Yakunin gata. Xinsoku domo.

Kodomo Kodomo

Officials.

Coolies.

ra or

Children.

shin.

Neko domo.

Cats.

Some nouns have a kind of plural formed by reduplication. But these forms correspond rather to the noun preceded by every than to the Thus shina is an article,' shina jiiia, all sorts of ordinary plural. articles tokoro a place,' kuni, a country,' kunigitni, every country tokoro dokoro, 'different places.' The first letter of the second half of these forms almost invariably takes the nigori. (See 4.) '

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

;

'

;

10. Case. j Properly speaking, Japanese nouns have: no cases, but a declension can be made out for them by the

help of certain particles, as follows

:

TORI, 'A BIRD.'

Nominative. Genitive.

Tori or tori ga, a bird. Tori no_or tori gcL, of a bird or a

Dative.

Tori ni or tori

Accusative.

Tori or tori

Vocative.

Tori or

yc,,

700,

tori yOj

bird's.

to a bird.

a bird.

O

bird

!

Ablative.

Tori kara or toriyori, from a bird.

Locative.

Tori

Instrumental.

Tori dc, with or by means of a bird.

The

ni, at, to or in

plural terminations

the noun, as

a bird.

come between these

particles

and

:

Yakmiin gata Official

ni to

wo

tnciijii

passport

I

showed

my

passport to the

officials.

miscmashita.

showed

The

student

is

referred

to

Chapter IX

for

an account of these

particles. j

ii.

1st

Compound nonns. Compound nouns are formed From two nouns. Ex. Kazngnntimi a wind-mill,' '

THE NOUN. from kazc,

wind,' and kurunia,

'

9 '

a wheel

flower-garden,' from liana,

'

a flower,' and

a boat,' from ko,

'

a child,'

'

kobunc,

func, 'a boat ;' ya, 'a house.'

;'

hanazono,

'

a

'

a garden ;' soiio, something small,' and from lion, 'a book,' and

'

Jioityn, 'a book-seller,'

'From the stem of an adjective and a noun. Ex. Akagane, copper,' from aka, stem of akai, red,' and kane, metal ;' Nagasaki, long cape,' the name of a place, from

2nd

'

l

1

'

naga, stem ofnagai,

'

From

yd '

shiri,

a

long,'

and saki

stem

the

of

l

'

'

'

to draw.'

verb

a

Mono-

Ex.

verb.

a thing,' and shiri, a dictionary.' from/f, a

from mono,

stem of shiru, 'to know'; jibiki. character,' and hiki, stem of hiku, ifth

a cape.'

noun and the stem of a

a learned man,'

From

'

and

a

noun.

Urimnno, a thing for sale,' from uri, stem of uru, and mono,' a thing.' '

'

Ex.

to sell,'

From the stem of an adjective and the stem of a a man who swallows as verb, Supensuni no maru-nomi, Herbert Spencer whole,' where maru is the stem oimarni, $th

'

1

round,' and nomi, the stem ofnoDitt, 'to swallow.'

From two

6th

verbal stems, as hikidaslri, 'a drawer,'

a pull-out ') from hiki, stem of hiku, 'to pull,' and (lit., daslii,' stem of dasu, 'to bring out ;' kigaye, 'a change of to wear,' and kaye, stem of clothing,' from hi, stem of Mm, '

'

'

kciycru,

The

to change.'

letter of the second part of a compound noun takes the nigori. Thus the k of kane generally (See 4.) is changed into g in the compound akagane, the / of June first

into b in kobnne.

The

final

vowel of the

first

part of a

compound

is

often

most common change being from e to modified, Thus from sake, 'Japanese rice-beer' and te, 'hand,' the

a. is

THE NOUN.

IO

formed sakate, 'drink money ;' from shiro, the stem of sJiiroi, white,' and kc, hair,' is formed shiraga, grey hairs.' '

l

'

The

prefixes denoting gender and the honorific prefixes o, nil and which see Chap. XII) must be considered as forming compounds with the nouns to which they belong.

(for

Abstract nouns are formed from

Derivative nouns.

12.

adjectives by adding sa to the stem, as takasa tahai,

'

It is

high.'

'

'

from

height

occasionally added to words of Chinese

derivation asfubinsn,

The

'

pitiableness.'

adjective follow-

ed by koto, thing,' is also used in a nearly similar significaIt denotes however tion, as in the following examples. rather the degree of a quality than the abstract quality '

itself.

Takasa

wa

Takaikoto! do.no! high thing some how Ima no wakasa

is

?

in height

What At

ni.

of

present youthfulness at

Many nouns

How many

desu ka ?

Iku-kcn

how many ken

height

ken

is

it

?

a height!

your

young

time

life.

are simply the stems of verbs without any remainder,' stem of nokoru, to

change of form, as nokori,

'

'

stem ofkakusu, 'to conceal ;' stem of watasu, to make to cross over.' watashi, ferry,' A few stems of adjectives are used in the same way, as be

left

over;' kakushi, 'pocket,' '

'

sJiiro,

white,' a dog's

'

name, stem of shiroi,

'

white.'

There

here however a slight change of meaning, nokori, kaknsJii, watashi, and shiro having a more concrete signification is

than the verbs or adjective from which they are taken. It will be seen later that for purposes of syntax, certain parts of the verb and adjective must be considered as nouns.

CHAPTER

IV.

THE PRONOUN.

'

WatakZshi, 1 (plural watakushi domo, 'we'), is the ordinary word for the pronoun of the first person. Ore is less respectful, and is the word (plural orera) mostly used 1

13.

by

what haughty word. '

I

To

each other.

coolies, etc., to

inferiors

it

is

a some-

Students and soldiers say bokn for

ivaga hai for we '. Temaye is a humble word for '

',

'

I,'

much used by

the lower

classes of Tokio in addressing their superiors.

It is also

Some

people use

used as a pronoun of the second person. their

surname instead of the personal pronoun of the

first

person.

Other words for ivashi

women),

'

'

are ivatashi (familiar), waiai (by familiar), wattchi (rustic), sessha

I

(very

(formal), oira (familiar), jibtin (properly

'

self).

Examples. Watakushi

vaa

zeikan

no

I

am

a customhouse officer.

customhouse

I

yakunin de gozarimasu.

am

officer

Ore mo I

O (hon.) hi tori.

alone

ikv.

I'll

go

too.

too will go

yama

no taisho

mountain of general

ore I

I'm the king of the castle, the children's game.)

(in

THE PRONOUN.

12 Xtinda

what

a

ore

is

\Vntukiishi

wa

I

go

tiny

(hon.]

Watakiishi

wa

duino

fit

drunk

Not

?

a

bit

same with me.

like

I

them, but

they wont

fit

I

am

afraid

me.

me men. will not

(polite)

wa

dc

Tekurada gozarimasu.

o

ffajinifff for the first

the

watakiishi

I

Fittoslu

I

It is just

i

like

somehow

Watakushi

<

wo suku

sore

annasit

to

!

ti

same

them

I

wa

;

?

thing

m

of

mono ka.

(for yotte iru)

keredomo, although

What

vottcru

being drunk

I

nl

VIC

time (hon.) eyes kakarimashtta,

I

am Tekurada

Futoshi.

I

have

the honour of meeting you for the first time.

on

have hung

Senncn

iro-iro all

lye! wafakushi koso I No, (emph.

when

boku I

have become shikan ni

too

officer

become 14.

On

navy

the contrary,

it

was

I

who...

part.)

mo kaigun no

mini

j

I

was much

I

indebted for your kindness.

nattara

Okiku big

former times

In

go

kinds (hon.) ni adziikarimashita. ko-on great favours have experienced

former year

I

too,

when

I

grow

big, intend

to be a naval officer.

tsnmorl dcsu. intention is

The

personal pronoun of the second person differs

according to the rank of the person addressed.

Anata, for ano kata 'that side,' (plur. anata gala) is properly a pronoun of the third person but like the German Sic has come to be used for the second. It is sometimes a noun

Anata is this gentleman.' used when speaking to superiors or equals, or in fact, to any one who has a claim to be addressed with civility. Omnyc as in the phrase kono anata

'

THE PRONOUN.

13

(plural omaye gatd) is familiar and condescending, and is the word used in addressing servants, workmen, the members of one's own family, etc. Omaye san is almost the same as anata, but more familiar, and is used chiefly by women. Kisama and temaye are used in addressing coolies and other

persons of the lowest class in a familiar way. Kimi is much used among soldiers and students sensei in address;

ing men of learning a servant says danna (master), dannasan or danna-sama (rarely anata) in addressing his master. ;

Other words for

'

are konata (for kono kata, ' this side'), sonata, (for sono kata, 'that side,' familiar) sono ho (by magistrates to prisoners or witnesses), sochi (to inferiors),

nnshi

ware

('

'

you

master', very contemptuous), o nushi (very familiar),

(rustic), unit (abusive),

found enough

pniaye< will be

sokka (formal). for

But_rtwo&Land

most Europeans

to trouble

themselves with.

Examples. Anata you tai

ni o

koto

there

here

you

Kisama wa

sum ? do

master

you

ore no uchi

du

Danna

Kimi

matte ore. waiting remain

how

haifte,

wa

is

something

I

want

to

Sir,

by

you

is

ni

my

you

ration

There te n

ga gozarimasu.

Omaye koko

ku

wish to

talk

thing

entering

hanashi

mfJshi-

ni

house into

no o rnuma no shita's horse prepa-

Do you

wait here,

What

do

coming

into

you mean, house ?

my

Your horse

is

ready, Sir.

yoroshiu gozarimasu. is

good

wa

doko

where

ye to

iku ka.

go

?

Where

are you going

?

THE PRONOL'N. Bokn wa gakka I

yc kacru to return

college

am

I

co n ege

on

the

way back

to

.

tokoro da.

am

place

A

ic a elder brother)

sciiscl

!

you

(lit.

Knn

iiioto

df

gozaimasu

Mr. (predicate)

ka

Go

?

are

wa

ku-mci

(hon.) high

?

name

iikctamawatte

tc

ously having heard

Mina-

Ah are you Mr. Minamoto ? I have already heard of your high !

reputation.

kancprevi-

orimasu.

remain

I

nushi dachi.

You

fellows

Unit dorobo me.

You

thief!

You

are lying

Unit

ttso

t

falsehood

sk u

!

!

stick

xe.

(emph. particle)

A

! ii kokoromochi d'atta ah good sensation was

Kisabiiru kisama iva du

you

da

how

:

Ah how pleasant that was Kisaburo, will you have a turn ? !

?

is ?

!

(Master, leaving bath, to servant.)

The pronoun of the third person is arc (plural has no gender. It is often replaced for persons Arc arerd). by the more polite form ano Jilto, 'that man' or 'that ano o kata, that gentleman or lady or ano woman j

15.

'

'

'

'

'

;

onna, 'that woman.'

These words add gata

to

form the

plural.

Aitsu,aitsura are contemptuous equivalents for arc, arcra. (plural karcra) is sometimes used instead of arc by

Kare

educated people, but it belongs rather to the book language than to the colloquial. To-nin the person in question' is sometimes used for he.' Ikken is used when there is a sly '

'

emphasis on the pronoun, as come.'

i

lkkcn ga kita,

'He has

THE PRONOUN.

15

Examples. Arc wa

m

Kobe

He

ni tsitki-

has

already mashltaru.

(she or

arrived in

it)

Kobe by

has

probably

this time.

probably arrived

Ano

hlto

wa junsa

He

dc goza-

is

a policeman.

policeman rimasu. is

Ano

o kata Hifigo

no akindo

Isn't

he a Hiogo merchant

?

merchant ja nai ka ? is

not

?

The above

are by no means the only personal they will be found sufficient for most Europeans to know, and few persons will have occasion to use more than watakZshi, watakiishidomo, for the first 16.

pionouns

in use, but

person, anata, anatagata or omaye, omayegata for the second and are, qvnhito or ano kata for the third. The grammar of

same as that of nouns and they affix the IX. in the same way as nouns. With Chap. the pronouns of the first and second person however the use of the plural particles when two or more persons are inthe pronouns

is

the

particles in

tended

is

the rule, instead of being the exception as

A Japanese

the case of nouns. sJiidonio,

waga

The use

for

'

where

in

it is

in

'we' (wataku-

I.'

of personal pronouns

Japanese than in cases

hai~)

often says

English.

They

their omission

is

much more

limited in

are not employed except

would cause ambiguity, or

an emphasis upon them. Thus, 'I am going to Tokio to-morrow,' will be Mionichi Tokio ye mairimasii, except where it is doubtful whether the speaker refers to

where there

is

himself or to another person, when ivatakiishi is added. If is an emphasis on the pronoun, as in the phrase, I don't know what you may do, but / shall go to Tokio to-

there

'

THE PRONOUN.

l6

morrow,' to

must not be omitted. Japanese generally prefer person by some of the honorific or humble

it

indicate

modes

of expression described in Chap. XII.

indiscriminate use of pronouns is a very common committed by Europeans in speaking Japanese, and even disfigures some manuals of conversation which have

The

fault

been published.

Not one personal pronoun

Japanese where there are ten

in

used

is

in

English.

Possessive Pronouns are in Japanese nothing more j 17. than personal pronouns, with the addition of the possessive particle no or ga.

Examples. Ano

hito

that

man's

rcvi

iyc

His house

is

a long

way

off.

house

tui.

yohodo very

no

much

is far

Watakushl ga ynbi

my

u-a itamlc

I

have a pain

in

my

finger.

painful

finger

int. is

Omayc no

klnkin x-n ikitra

wages how much

your

'Mine,'

?

'his,'

'yours,'

What

are your

wages

?

?

'hers,'

'theirs,'

are

in

Japanese also 'i'atakushi no.nnata no, arc no etc.. but thc-v can easily be distinguished from 'my' 'your' etc. by the particles

which accompany them or by the context.

Examples. Korc

ti'a

this

annta no tsuyc stick your

tie

(sign of pred.)

scnu ka? not ?

wa

gozaimais

Is not this

your stick

?

THE PRONOUN. Hei! Watakushi no Yes mine Watakushi no da mine is

dcsii.

Yes,

it is

mine.

is

(for

de aru)

I

mistook

it

for

mine.

omotte machigaimashita. -mistook

to

that thinking

Watakushi no wa atarashiu mine new gozaimasu

;

is

new; yours

is

old.

wa furu

anata no

is

Mine

old

your

gozaimasu.

Ano

wa ikemasenu: with can go not

kilo no dc

his

wa

jibun no de nakute own without

His won't do but

my

I

:

don't like any

own.

ki ni

mind

irimascnu. enter not

kashi Watakushi no wo o mine (hon.) lend

mushimcisU

I

will lend

you mine, so please

don't hesitate (to use

it.)

go

kara,

(humble word) became (hon.) nakn ycnr'io ceremony without

Anata gata no wa

hitotsu

one

your (plural)

ka

There were one or two of yours.

or

futatsu ga arimashita.

two

there were

Arc no wo itadaite mo his having accepted even yoroshiu gozarimasu ka ? is it ? good tamatta

Taihcn Great change

na

!

Kono

(exclam.) This wa ikntsu

collected

nchi

omaye no

among bakari

yours aru ?

how many amount are Tcmayc no wa sukoshi hoka little

I

goznrtjiiasei:u.

are

not

other

May

I

What been

accept his

?

a tremendous

collected

these are yours a few.

lot

have

How many

!

?

Mine

of

are only

and words

of = C

er

eaning

>.

= O u u -

^~

cr o

.=

-c

i

# 5

? = c

Q

W

3

s ,

N

o cL T3

O O

as

w

2^2

c3

-T

~ C C O rt

o

>

ri

1>

t/2

eu

5

u

C. -C

a

2

5

(72

O E a Q

c C O o o tr.

o "rt

S

T^

-

w -5

s

-~

r^ o:

r3

rt

^ IS

CO

y

4-

O

^ -

.-

;3 ^ 'i

*

U

2-

^

k k

~

j O "S '<

abovi

THE PRONOUN. i

The

root

this.'

only found in the compounds shown in the

is

'

in

table,

'

Ko, ka,

19.

19

ko-toshi,

this

year,'

and perhaps one or two

other words.

Kore

(plural korera), kono.

more

thing,' or

'

rarely

Kore

is

this person,'

a noun

'this

meaning

and corresponds '

'

to the

kono an adjective equal to ce cette ces.' Kore no is also in use but with a different meaning from kono. Kore no liako for example would mean 'the box of

French

'

'

'

'

ceci,'

the box to which this belongs,' kono liako simply this box.' Similar distinctions are to be made between '

this,' '

Kore wa, sore wa, are wa, are often pronounced korya, sorya, arya, or even kord, sord, ard, but

sore, sono, sore no, etc.

it is

better not to imitate these contractions.

Konata

for

kono kata,

'

this side,'

ought properly to be a

person and it is sometimes used for I,' but it is more common as a pronoun of the second person. It is The second ko means Koko, here.' place.' found in a few other combinations as for instance miyako

pronoun of the

'

first

'

1

the

'

capital,'

lit.

The

'

honourable-house-place.'

plural

added to koko, kochi, gives them a vaguer Thus kokora means 'hereabouts,' kochira signification. ra

particle

1

hitherabouts,'

'

somewhere same

sochira etc., ra has the

Konna, konnani,

Konna '

is

'

In sokora

force.

this kind of,'

'

'

for kore naru,

being

this,'

in this

kind of way.'

konnani for kore naru

in

being this.' Koitsu this fellow,'

ni,

in this direction.'

'

It is for

is

ko-yatsu, yatsn

also used for inanimate things.

meaning

'fellow,'

and

is

a very

contemptuous word.

Kono yd

kono yd na, 'this kind of have nearly the same meaning as kayo, kayo na, and are ni,

more common.

'in this manner,'

THE PRONOUN.

2O

Kahodo

'

this

Korc hodo

much.'

nearly identical sense. Kaku, ko 'thus.' Kakii

use in

also in

is

the older and book form but

is

use in certain phrases, such as to mo kaku 'even so, even thus,' i.e. 'howsoever,' 'at all events.' is

in

still

Examples ic

It

shimpai

to thus called anxiety

really inexcusable in

is

me

have caused you such anxiety.

to

irajitsu ni sitminia-

kakctc

having hung

does

truly

sen a.

not finish

Baku

wo

mo gakumon

I

even learning

has

u'a korc dc this

I

shifn

da.

niiigcn

done human being

Danna

iva

master

after

all

a

man who

through a course of

learning.

am

kochira dc here abouts

am gone

Is

go-

the master anywhere here-

abouts

?

zarimasii kn ? 5

;

KO

in

thus called

ba-ai posture of affairs

Because

this

is

the

posture

o f a ffa i rs>

da kara. is

because

Korchodo osoroshikatta koto this

wa

much

afraid

gozarimasenii. is not

was

thing

I j

n

never

mv

j[fe<

was

so

frightened

THE PRONOUN. j

Sa

20.

'

or 50

that.'

There

Sore, sono.

and sono that there sono

alone,

words

is

21

the

is

same

distinction between sore

between kore and kono.

is

joined

Sore stands

The remarks on

nouns.

to

the

column of the table also apply to the words in this column and need not be

in the first

corresponding repeated here.

Examples wa

Sore

of sore, sono etc.

kinodoku na koto de sad thing

that

That

is

a sad thing,

gozaitnasu. is

Doko de where

sono kura that saddle

wo

o kal

buy

Where sa ddle

did

you

buy

that

?

nasatta ? did

Sonnara(foisorenara)yoroshi. if it be that it is good

In that case

Sore ja

Well then,

(for sore

de wa)

in that case

Well then

Sore ya kore ya de

o ukagai that or this or for (hon.) call

no

us go!

let us go (more polite than last).

if it

moshita

let

right,

go

nara ikimasho. be will go

Sayo thus

ikiJ.

will

it is all

I

called

!

!

on you partly

for that,

partly for this<

desu.

(humble word, pasttense)is Sii

mo

to

!

St~>

to

mo

Yes Yes

!

!

!

so that even

Sonna

If that is your object the best naru) mokuteki object plan is to give it up> nara ho ga ii. yoshita if it is have given up side is better (for sore

that kind of

Sore

wa

Shite,

Let that be so the subject.

so to.

thus

that

'

having made,'

last sentence.

is

i.e.

to

change

understood at the end of the

THE PRONOUN.

22 Sh

a

shO sokora (or sokolra) dc thereabouts

Wait

a

little

Such

is

the

thereabouts.

little

matte lire. waiting remain

Yo no naka no koto \vorld interior

u-a

mina

wav

of the world.

all

thing

sonna mono sa. such thing (emph. part.)

So da that

So

so yo.

is

would appear.

it

appearance

Sore nl

sono

toki

linjimcte

that time

that to

first

In addition to that,

the

first

I

then for

time learnt the truth.

hontu no koto ico shitta. true

learnt

thing

Anata you

tea

You

osshahnasu

s

so

say so. Sir, but-

say

kcrcdomo but

Sonnani so

much

koto

o nnji nasarn (hon.) anxious do

no reason

is

for

your

u-a gozaimasciiii.

there

thing

is

not

Sahodo no koto dc

somuch of thing mai

ira

aru-

(pred.) will

so even

if is

If that

inikan U'O sukoshi at orange a little iii

kndasaiiiiascnit

give (neg.)

ka

katte

would not so very

rain

furl fall

Fiifn nl

s

And

mi. is

won't

opportunity of few oranges?

you

take

buying

the

me

a

?

mo even

d,-su.

nai. is

It

seems they did not meet.

It

does not seem likely to rain.

It

seems they have become man

is

not

initte

husband and wife having become and s

?

Ano

koko here

Ano-vatakusJn ka

?

that carpenter

come

?

There you are at it again. (Did any one ever hear) such bad ano ua g e ? -

l

?

How

is it you are here ? Eh I? (the use of ano ideates embarrassment.)

Is

it

!

Ah

Bakufu

ano

'i'

that

Shogunate

in

!

Mr. Ikeda.

Since the

fall

of the Shogunate.

manner

after

in

way

y

say

kara.

natte

having become

A

I

called

hanasJii

It

story

is

seldom we hear a story

of that kind.

mcttani kikimasaiii. hear seldom

A

in

fuzctsn report

i;ara>ini.

do not become

ate

ni

dependence

One cannot depend on of that sort>

!

here

I

Ikcda san.

that

?

.

how having done

you i> ka

that

!

again (for are naru)

have begun such kttchi no warm koto mouth bad thing

is

?

mata

)

there

Has

kita ka ?

are

(tot

What

?

come

that carpenter

of are, ano, etc.

reports

THE PRONOUN. 22.

'

Ka,

The words

that.'

column have the same meaning as the

in this

corresponding words in the previous one but they are much less commonly used and only by educated people. They belong properly to the book language. Kano has some-

times the meaning In

'

a certain.'

some phrases kare

is still in

common

use.

Examples. Kare kore him noon

desu.

Kare kore iwazu

Nanno

go

nani no} kanno

(for

kare

MO)

makebe beaten

to

oshimi wo itta. reluctance said

wa

Hito

is

just

about noon.

None of your objections, but be off with you.

to ike.

not saying

(for

It

is

kare kore to

that people iwanai keredomo. not say although

wa

this

He went on talking as much as to say that he was not going to be beaten.

Though people do not make any remarks.

Nani ya ka ya.

Anything whatever.

Da, 'who'.

23.

Dare, who,' is the only word in this column, the places of the others being supplied by the derivatives of do 'which.' '

Dare da

Who

?

Dare no mosen

Dare

Dare ga

so iimashita ?

who

so

Dare ka

to /sign of indi-\

tara.

thought

who

blanket

To whom

goes there

he

give

money ?

Who

said so

*

/

omotwhile

I

?

wondered who

?

?

did

said

\rect clause. I

Whose

?

ni kane wo yatta ? to money gave

who

is it ?

it

was.

the

THE PRONOUN.

26

Do, 'which.'

24.

Dore, 'which.' An old form of dore is idzure which in use in the sense at all events,' at any rate.' It '

still

'

here put short for idzure ni mo,

Donata,

(for

dono knta,

'

which

substitute for dare, 'who.' is

'

lit.

A

whichever

in

more

is

(ca'se).'

used as a polite

side'), is

still

is

respectful phrase

donata sama.

From of our

somehow

'

or other,'

somehow,' both of which words have nearly the force

'

doka,

'how,' are formed dozo,

do,

'

please.'

Examples Dore which masu?

iv a

yoroshiu

Which do you

gozari-

prefer

?

is

good

Dono func ? Dono gurai yoroshiu

Which gozari-

what quantity good masu ?

Doka somehow

of dore, etc.

?

ship

How much

do you require

Please do,

beg of you.

?

is

o

negai

(hon.)

beg

I

mdsktmasti*

(humble word.)

Do how

hanashi

in

called

talk

What

de

is

all

it

about?

(predicate)

gozariinasu ka ? is

?

Donata dc

Who

gozainiasu, ?

who

is

Donnani ureshi ka shirema-

how much

joyful

there

is

?

(polite.)

cannot

?

cannot

I

I

lighted

tell

you

how

de-

am.

scnit.

know Do how

What

shlyu ? shall

shall

I

do?

do

Dore ! dore ! kore which which this

desu,

ka?

is

?

Let it

this

me

see

one

?

!

let

me

see

!

is

THE PRONOUN. Doann

ka

yosii state of affairs

to

?

27

Wondering what was

affairs

the state of

.

omotte.

thinking

Ima now idzure

DO

wa

kokoro-atari

mind

nai ga, not

is

hit'

tadzunete mimashd. having inquired will see

Do

make

i

nqu

j ri

have nobody

I

at

events

al j

I

in

will

es .

do you propose to do

?

do nasaimashita ka?

ka

somehow have done Sono shUgiin

wa Napoleon

general to dochi ga tsuyu gozaimasu ? and which strong is

Do

Which

how having thought even

over

the

is

general or

No

mo.

kangayete

Is anything the matter with

you

?

?

that

that

stronger

Napoleon?

how

matter

I

think

it.

Na, 'what.'

25.

is

but

What

nasaimasii ?

how

At present view

There Nani, 'what,' is used of inanimate objects only. no adjective form. Nani no, usually contracted into nan-

no or dono,

is

used instead.

is for na-zo-ye, zo being an emphatic and ye an exclamatory particle. See Chap. X. Nanihodo, contracted into nambo, is used by the Japanese of the central and western provinces instead of the familiar '

Naze,

ikura,

'

why,'

how much,'

of Tokio.

Examples Nanda

(for

nani de

am)

of nani etc.

What

?

matter

What

Kono mono wa nanda ? this thing what is Sono

gunman

that

man-of-war

to in ?

called

wa

nan'

what

What ca u e d

or

is

it ?

is

this

what

is

the

?

?

is

thing

that

?

man-of-war

THE PRONOUN.

28

What have you come to do what has brought you here ?

Nan: shi what do

ni

kiln ?

to

have come

Nan! what

iniimawo hitonce horse having

here at once.

nani narcba)

Well then

What

? sugiini

at

?

(nonsense)! lead the horse

koi.

te

come

led

Nannara because

(for

ivatakushi

to

mo

hitna desu kara, leisure is because

I

o

iotno

'i-o

to

is

good

do,

have nothing

have you any objections

my accompanying

you

?

?

?

Suppose you go along with me.

issho Nani shiro what do(imperative) together

nasal.

ni iki

(polite imperative)

Bimbu da

kokoro

nan'to

in

what

called

poor

wo

I

itashitc-

yoroshiu gosaimasu ka

even

go

as

accompany having done

(hon.)

mo

!

what

it is

heart

Putting away the feeling that

was poor

I

or anything of that sort.

haislnte.

giving up

Yubin-bato ni shi-kotnu to ka train that ? post-pigeon as nani to ka ittc.

something that

Nani

yd

desii

(hon.) business to

ka

it

as a

of

pigeon or something

that sort.

saying

?

Nan no go what

Saying he was training carrier

shiyG

is

wa

do manner

What

ka?

is

your business

?

?

Is

art-

will

there

be done

which

nothing

can

?

tnasnmai ka ? not be

Naze hayaku konai ? why quickly not come

Why

Naze

To

why Nani,

to iyeba. if

in

don't you

come quickly ?

explain the reason why.

say

the combination

nan'desii

'what

is

it'

and

constantly introduced by some speakers in a meaningless way, something like our don't you know.' similar phrases,

is

'

THE PRONOUN. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS.

26.

By

29 the addition of the

pronouns become

particles ka, mo, demo, zo, interrogative

indefinite pronouns.

Dare

'

ka,

somebody.'

Example. Dare ka shitani matte below

oru.

Somebody

is

waiting below,

waiting remains

Dare mo, 'anybody,'

is

generally used with a negative

verb.

Examples. Dare mo

Dare

Nobody knows.

shiranii.

ye

mo

to

even

You

iwanai not say

don't

tell

anybody,

(imperative.)

yo.

(emph.

part.)

Dare de mo means

'

any one whatever.'

Example. Dare de mo yoroshiu gozariis good

Anybody whatever

will do.

masu.

Dore mo, used

'

any

in a similar

Nani

one,' dore de

way

to dare

mo,

'

any one whatever,' afe dare de mo.

mo and

'

ka,

something,' anything.'

Examples. Kono hako no naka box ka halite

ni nani

ka

iru

having entered

anything

in this

box

?

?

is ?

Kojikl ni nani kao yari nasare. do beggar to give

Nani mo,

Is there

inside

'

anything at

Give something to the beggar,

all,' is

used with negative verbs.

THE PRONOUN.

30

Example. Nani mo gozarimasenu.

Nanl

dc mo,

Kono

mits-imc

'

There

nothing at

is

all.

anything whatever.'

Examples. wn

nanl dc

mo

g irl

This

eats

girl

anything

whatever.

tabcru. eats

Nani de mo

Nanl

He knows

iru.

shitte

every thing.

zo, usually contracted into nanzo,

another,'

'

something or

'

any.'

Example. Nanzo omoshiroi zarimascnu ka is

Have you not some

shinibun go-

news

diverting

news

to tell

me

diverting

p

?

not

In the definite,

same way as doko

where,' dokodemo

may become

interrogative adverbs '

where,' dokka

doko ka)

(for

'

in-

some-

'

anywhere.'

Example. Doko ka de mi to.

yd

ni

seen manner

I

think

have

I

seen

(him)

somew here.

omoimasu. think

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS. Jibun, self,' Jibuti no, one's own,' is the commonest reflexive pronoun in the Japanese spoken language. It is sometimes replaced by '

j

27.

'

Waga means jishin or onore. icaa ko, 'one's own child,' brothers and sisters,'

perhaps some others.

wnga

'

one's \i~aga

own

'

in

kiodai,

knni, 'one's

own

the phrases 'one's

own

country,' and

THE PRONOUN.

Examples de

yibun

of jibun etc. Because

kara because

dekinai can't

lending hand

is

Tegami

wa yd

ni

use

letter

It is his

own

fault.

bad

himself

A

tatanai ; stands not

no use

letter is of

talk to the

man

go and

:

himself.

o hanashi nasare.

Itte

going

do

speak

jibun no

(hon.)

by my-

it

please.

give

ga waru.

Go

can't do

kudasare.

tetsudatte

jishin ni

I

me

help

self,

own

tokl

de

time

at

do at your own time.

It will

yoroshiu gozarltnasu. it is

good

da

Yokei na o sewa needless (hon.) trouble

jibun no atama no hai

head

wo

brush the

what

is

It

is

so cold,

;

own head.

or

not clear

what they

know

don't

I

my own

whether they are

siitcte, yibun no inochi wo life abandoning

hito

from your

oye.

ka wakaranu.

is ?

want your assistance

flies

drive off

flies

Samukute, jibun no te da ka hand is ? being cold own naii'da

don't

I

:

it is

hands

are.

Throwing away

his

own

life,

he aided others.

wo tasukemashita. aided

Observe the force of hito

For each '

'

other,'

tagai ni which

in this sentence.

one another,' Japanese use the adverb

means

'

mutually.'

Examples. Tagai

ni mite

orimasMta.

They looked

Tagai ni tasukcru. 28.

They

The

RELATIVE PRONOUNS

has no relative pronouns. verb of the relative clause the relative pronoun refers.

assist

at

one another.

each other.

Japanese

language

To is

express the same idea, the put before the word to which

In the case of passive verbs a

THE PRONOUN.

32 similar construction

man who was

found

is

murdered,'

we

which corresponds exactly sareta

'

English. Thus, for the may say, 'the murdered man,' in

to the

Japanese phrase, koro-

hlto.

Examples. Anaia ga

o uri nasattajukiscn.

hobune. Sakujitsu katta yesterday bought sailing-ship

Hayaku susnmn Nihon .

go language

J a ? an

sold,

The

which (we)

sailing vessel

bought yesterday.

A

fune.

advance ship

quick

The steamer which you

steamer

did

sell

ship

fast

which

sailing

sails

fast,

or

a

ship.

wakara-

A man who

not

stand j apanes e.

does not

under-

hi to.

tt

understand

man

Instead of korosh ita Into, 'the man ta hlto, 'the man who was killed,'

who

killed,'

is

it

korosare-

possible to say

koroshita tokoro no hito, korosarcta tokoro no Into, tokoro 'place,' but this construction can hardly be said to belong to the colloquial language. Such phrases, however, as kiita tokoro niyotte, 'according to what I have heard,' are not unfrequent.

meaning

OTHER PRONOMINAL WORDS

29.

Hito man'. '

Hlto

man, the French It

may

also

on,

mean

'

is

used

:

in a similar

and the English

way '

one

German

to the '

or

'

people.'

other people.'

Examples. Hlto

wo

baka fool

people

nl to

shite,

making

You should peop

i

not

make

fools of

e>

ikenai.

cannot go

Hlto ga

in

say

no

ni.

in

According to what people say.

THE PRONOUN. H',to no kodomo. children

Mina, Mina

Other people's children,

used either alone or after a noun.

is

'all,'

They have

kareta.

Ki ga

Mina

33

The

m'nia karcta.

all

have

trees

How many

de ikutsu ?

Mina

san

yokn

all

Mr.

well (hon.)come

You

irasshai-

are

in

withered. all

withered.

all?

welcome, Gentle-

all

merii

mashlta. (past)

Ika (root)

'

how

'

is

as iltani or ikaga,

'

only found in a few combinations such

how,' ikahodo,

'how much.'

Iku, 'what number,' appears in the following combinations

'how many,'

ikutsu,

'how many

flat '

'

7/57*, '

itsuzo,

'how much,' ikumai,

ikura,

ikuhoHy'how many

how many

cylindrical

days, ikutari or ikunin, men,' and other similar phrases.

objects,' ikitka,

many

objects,'

when,'

at

another,'

is

found alone and

some time itsu

mo

in

or another,' itsuka,

or itsu

demo,

'at

the

'how

combinations

on some day or any time at all,' '

'

always.'

Rio-ho,

mo

is

lit.

'both sides,'

commoner.

is

used for 'both,' butdockira

CHAPTER

V.

NUMERALS.

30.

The

Japanese

language

has

two

series

of

numerals, one consisting of original Japanese words, the other borrowed from the Chinese. The Japanese series extends no further than

the

number

ten,

after

Chinese numerals only are used. List of

Numerals

:

JAPANESE. I

CHINESE.

which

NUMERALS.

35

Larger numbers are expressed by multiples of man. Ex. 150,000, jiu go man; a million, liiaku man. Consecu-

numerals follow the same order as

tive

in

Ex.

English.

1868. sen hap piaku rokujiu Iiachi.

Rio

'

'

both

sometimes used instead of ni san nin, two or three persons.' is

Nana

is

jiu

sometimes

used

instead

such phrases as nana jissen

seventy,' in

'

two as

in

'

the phrase rid

1

'

'

of shichi jiu,

seventy cents.'

The following rules are to be observed in the use 31. of numerals :

The

1.

under

only cases in which the Chinese numerals eleven are employed are alone or before unor monosyllabic

compounded Ex.

go

jfiu

men;' hap

The

letter

'

kin,

nouns of '

fifteen

catties

Chinese roku

origin. '

nin,

six

piaku (for hachi hiaku), 'eight hundred.' changes which take place will be best from the numerous

understood

;

examples

in

32

and

elsewhere.

The Japanese numerals when

2.

prefixed to

nouns of

Japanese origin lose the final syllable tsu.

Tsu

is

really

an old possessive

particle.

Examples. Two

Futa hako.

Ml

tsutsumi.

Three

Yo

hiro.

Four fathoms.

3.

The

possessive particle no

is

between the numeral and the noun. '

boxes.

two 4.

parcels.

sometimes introduced Ex. FutatsU no mono,

things.'

The numeral

is

very often placed after the noun,

NUMERALS.

36

Examples. Yanm

Two

fittatsf:.

Four oranges.

Miktin yotsK,

The numeral may stand by

5.

mountains.

itself.

Example. Ikiitsu

Jin

am ?

How many

AUXILIARY

32.

NUMERALS.

seldom that the numeral

?

is

It

joined

is

comparatively

immediately

to

the

be called Auxiliary Numerals are much correspond to the English phrases, 'six

What may

noun. in

are there

There are eleven.

ichi gozcirimasii.

use.

head of

They

'four brace

cattle,'

of

'

partridges,'

two pair of

shoes.'

Examples. Kami

ichlmai.

Hiikimono issoku

(for ichi soku).

Most of these fall

sheet of paper.

One

pair of shoes.

Eleven merchants chants eleven men).

Akindo jin i:hi nin.

and

One

mer-

(//.

auxiliary numerals, are of Chinese origin, A few i of the preceding section.

under Rule

are Japanese words, and

tomai, 'one godown.'

fall

under Rule 2 as knra hito are

They commonly placed after the noun, but a construction similar to that described in Rule 3 is also admissible. Ex. Sanniit no akindo, three '

merchants.'

These numerals

some

of

them

is

are in daily use, and

absolutely necessary,

a

knowledge of

NUMERALS.

The most common

are

:

37

NUMERALS. FOR HOUSES. FOR SHIPS.

GLASSES OF WINE, SHOES. CUPS OF TEA, ETC.

NUMERALS.

39

ORDINAL NUMBERS. The ordinals are formed by the word dai or affixing ban to the Chinese

33.

prefixing

numerals.

Dai ichi Dai ni Dai san Dai ski Dai go

I St. '

2nd. 3rd.

.

4th.

5th.

Ichi ban.

or

Ni

ban.

,,

Sam

,,

Yo Go

&c.

ban.

ban. ban.

&=c.

The

ordinals precede the noun, the possessive particle no introduced between. being

Examples. Dai

Ni ban

Dai

The

no yakti.

ichi

first,

or highest office.

The second

nofitnc.

ban mean

ichi, ichi

'

literally

often added after ban, as ni ban

ship.

number

me no

one.' '

fiine,

Me

is

the second

ship.'

FRACTIONS.

34. in the

Fractional quantities are expressed is hiaku bun no ni

following manner: ar-iooths

one hundred parts twenty one.) The bu substituted and for bun. commonly omitted, Thus for one third the speaker has a choice between

jiu

no

ichi,

(lit.

of

is

'

'

sain

bun

no

ichi

and

sam

no denominator expressed, are meant.

it

bu is

When

ichi.

there

Examples. Hachi Shichi te

divided

bu.

bu,sam bu

o kurc.

give

Eight tenths. ni

wakehavin

is

understood that tenths

Divide

it

into

and three tenths.

seven

tenths

NUMERALS.

4o

One

half

fourth

is

ham

or

han,

sometimes

are

One

bun.

third

and yotsU

milsii ichi

and one

iclii.

These

forms have been sanctioned by usage, but as a general rule Japanese and Chinese numerals cannot be combined in this way. particular

Examples

35Sono

? He; how much

kasa iva iktira

that umbrella

one piece masu.

gojisscn de gozari-

ii-a

ippon

.

ga

cents

fifty

kai

o

three pieces (hon.)

nasareba, ichi yen .if

one

do

Numerals.

How much One

is

fifty

will

I

three,

is

sambon

;

of

that umbrella

is

sen but

?

if

you buy make them one yen

twenty sen.

buy

nijissen

ni

twenty cents to

itashimashu. will

make

Hlfo

tstitsnini

ni

hiakn

one

package

in

hundred

mai

imasu. piece each having entered is haitte

dziitsu

tsuki mayc no two month before

Sore

wafuta

that

koto

da.

thing

is

Minn

de

altogether

change

dollar

ten

(dollars, in

objects,)

That

a

is

of

thing

two

months ago.

altogether

?

There are seven. s

o kure.

doing

give

The

termination tari originally had no alternative meaning, and in some of the above phrases the alternative force is not very evident. j

52.

THE CONCESSIVE

This form ta to iyedo,

commonly added to

is lit.

still,

all

not

PAST.

Kashltaredo, tabetaredo.

much

used, being replaced by kasJilthough one say that (he) lent,' or more by kashita keredo. Mo 'even' is often '

these forms.

the correct trans-

is

'Though'

lation of the concessive terminations but

it is

usually

more

convenient to render them in English by placing 'but', at the beginning of the subsequent clause.

Example. Yohodo

much

inayc before

ni

iao

Itanc

money

I

time

kashita kercdo, niada kaycshilent returned although yet

lent

him

ago>

re t urnecj

it

but

money

a

he

has

long not

vet

mascnii.

not

Kashlte

mo

meaning, but

is it

is

also

much used with

nearly the

of no special tense, and

same

may

be either

Kashitai,

tabetai.

present, past or future. i

53.

DESIDERATIVE

ADJECTIVE.

See Chap. VII. 54.

THE POLITE FORM. Kashimasu,

conjugation of this form see Chap. XII. 55.

THE- NEGATIVE

use as separate words.

is

given in

45.

tabemasu.

For

its

The use,

BASE. Kasa, tabe are not in This form has no meaning by itself.

THE VERB.

62

THE NEGATIVE PRESENT

56.

INDICATIVE.

Kasanu,

tcibcnii.

The

u of

final

form

this

very distinct pronunciation

is

inaudible,

aimed

is

at.

except when The Japanese

themselves often omit

it in writing the spoken language. Instead of this form, the Tokio dialect generally prefers the Negative Adjective kasanai, tabenai. (See Chap. VII.)

Like the other tenses of the Indicative Mood, the Negamay be either a verb, an adjective or a noun.

tive Present

(See remarks on the Past Tense.)

Examples. 1.

As a Verb.

Kane ga money

.

dckinti is

not

made

to,

ho-

if

all

bu kara kakctori ga kuru d'ard. . .. ... r sides from dun come will

If

kiri

arckkiri)

(pron.

is

not

procured,

coming from

_ii ._ r< all niiarl iludiLCis.

Shiran it.

Are

money

there will be duns

I

don't know.

I

have never seen him since,

that cut off aimascnii.

not meet (The

last

example shews that this form

sometimes used where we have a

is

past tense.)

Sora that

! !

ivaraioanu not laugh

to

tc,

waratta

said

laughed (pred.)

de

mushi-

having iva nai is

There! after

i

have you not laughed

iav j ng sa ;d you

wou id

not

?

ka?

not

?

(This example illustrates the principle that in Japanese there are no special forms for indirect narration. If a man says u'uniisnn"i 'I won't laugh' the same word warau-anti is used in repeating v.-hat he said, though in English we change 'will' into 'would.' For warawami as a future see the section on the Future Form).

2.

As an

Adjective.

Shiranu.

koto

not-know

thing

wa gozarima-

He

certainly knows.

is

scnu.

not Shiranii

koto

am

mono

not-know thing existing thing ka ? (vulgarly moiika). is?

Don't

tell

me you

don't know.

THE VERB. DekitiH not-can-do

wa

toki

shikata

do-manner

time

If

can't be done, there

it

help for

is

no

it.

nai.

ga

is

not

A man whom

Shiran ti hi to.

(also,

ivakaranu. Ycigo English words not-understand

a

man who

A man who s tand

I

know,

don't

does not know.)

does

under-

not

English.

Into.

man mo

Ichl

ncn

one

year

Before even a year had passed.

tatanii

even not-stand

nchi iii. within

As

3.

a

Noun. I don't know (a very humble form of expression used by people of the lower classes to their

Shirimasenii dc gozaimasu.

not-know

is

superiors).

Diimo ski ya shi nai kara do not because any how do dc

nigenii

mo

the not-running-away even

O

ki

(hon.)

I

won't

ii.

good.

wo

iranii

ni

mind

is

You needn't run away, do anything to you.

Correct

not-enter (in

what

displeases

you

me).

o naoshl nasare.

mend

do

A number

of

dc aro, de atta,

Compound Tenses etc., to the

are formed by adding

Negative Form (or the Neg.

Adj.) taken as a noun.

Examples. SkiranH not-knowing

Kamawanu

d'aro. will be d'attaro.

not-caring probably

57.

He

probably does not know.

He

probably did not care.

was

THE NEGATIVE

PAST. Kasananda, tabenanda. This

usually replaced in the Tokio dialect by kasanakatta, tnbenakatta, the predicate form of the negative adjectives

form

is

THE VERB.

64

(kasanaku tabcnaku] combined with the past tense of ant, to be,' the u final being elided before the a of am. '

Kasanii (or kasanai] de atta

also be used to express

may

same meaning.

the

Examples. Ikimasenanda.

I

Sonnani yasiiku wa urananda so did-not-sell cheap

did not go.

I

did not sell

I

was so taken up by the con-

so cheap as that,

it

(or uranakatta.}.

Hanashi

nl

ukarete

talk

on

floated

ki ga mind

versat i on tna t

did not notice

I

it.

tsitkananda. not-stick

A

Japanese often uses the negative of the present tense where the past seems to us more

or the negative adjective suitable.

O

Thus, ka

ide nasatta

for

'

I

in

answer

Did you go

to the question,

?

? the reply will very likely be, Ikimasenu,

did not go.'

This

is particularly true in the case of indirect clauses or where the Negative Past, if used, would be an adjective or a noun.

Examples. Chnmon order iu

shita ka scnu ka to did ? do not ?

koto

wo

called thing

ha:iashlte

talking

otta.

They were tion of

discussing the ques-

whether

it

had been order-

e d or not. (Note that the Japanese prefers the Active to the Passive

construction).

remained Ki'> made itoma to-day until leave nai mono.

wo

negatednot-

Those who have not resigned up

till

to . day<

request person

From

the Negative Past are formed a Negative Past Alkasanandarl, tabcnnndari, a Negative Past

ternative,

Conditional,

kasanandareba,

tabcnandarcba,

a

Negative

THE VERB.

65

Past Hypothetical, kasanandaraba, tabenandaraba, a NegaPast Concessive, kasanandarcdo, tabenandaredo, and

tive

a

Probable

Negative

tabenandaro.

kasanandaro,

Past,

These forms have not been included in the scheme of conjugation, as most of them are not very common, and their formation

is

Like other negative forms they

very simple.

are frequently .replaced by compound tenses formed with the help of the Negative Adjective.

THE NEGATIVE

58.

CONDITIONAL.

tabc-

Kasancba,

neba.

These

are

negative forms

the

corresponding to the

positive forms kaseba, tabereba.

Example. made ts&kuraneba, to-morrow until if not make

Mionichi

If he does not

morrow

hoka de atsitrayern. elsewhere order

where

j

shall

make

it

order

it

by

to-

some .

else

This part of the verb followed by the negative of nam, '

'

English auxiliary verb

to become,' gives the force of the '

must,

as in the following example

Mawarancba if

naranu.

not go round does not

Te wo arawancba if not wash hand

The naranu

is

I

must go round,

I

must wash

become

naranu..

sometimes allowed

the following example

my

hands,

to be understood, as in

:

Ikancba,

I

The Negative

:

must go.

Adjective followed by

te

wa

is

same way, and is commoner. See Chap. VII. The final ba of the Negative Conditional is

used

in the

often pro-

nounced ya.

For

'

if

he 'does not lend

'

one can also say kasanakereba,

kasanii kereba, kasanii toki wa, kasanai toki wa, kasanii

THH VERB.

66

mini, kasanu

kiisamii

mini,

might be drawn

kisanai

to,

to,

kasanaku

tc

though some slight distinctions the meaning and application of these

dc

or kas'imii

ion

w.i,

in

phrases. j

THE NEGATIVE HYPOTHETICAL.

59.

Kasazuba, tabe-

zuba.

Kasazuba, tabczuba are the negatives corresponding to They have sometimes an m inserted for

kasaba, tabeba.

euphony before the termination

In practice they are

ba.

confounded with the conditional forms.

Examples. Konnichi tune ga Tsukiji

furazitba, if not fall

rain

to-day

tomo

o

ye

I want to go with you to Tsu kiji, if it does not rain

tod

accompanying itashitil

gozaitnasu.

am

wish-to-do Shiiski)

a

little

k'msii

money

wo

tsukattasanot spend

if

It will

Httle

be necessary to spend a

money

.

narimasSmai.

zjtba

will not

60.

become

THE NEGATIVE CONCESSIVE.

Kasanedo, tabenedo.

Example. Hakodate ye yohodo

samui cold

very

itte

mint' Jo,

going

see not

ySsu

seem

dc

Though

I

have not gone

Hakodate and seen

am

i

n forme d that

it

for myself, is

to I

very cold

there.

gozmmasu. is

is not much used, being ordinarily replaced the by Negative Present or Negative Adjective followed by keredo. For kasancdo, one nearly always hears kasanu. keredo or kasanai keredo.

This form

S

61.

THE NEGATIVE tabczn.

PARTICIPLES.

Kasade, kasazu,

THE VERB.

De

as a negative termination

The Negative Stem

a

it is

has,

Participle

Stem

the syntax of the

As

is

commoner

in the

western

Tokio language.

dialects than in the

or

the past participle,

like

Form.

Indefinite

usually a noun.

Examples. Ncgai wo

togczu not obtaining

wish

M&tna horse ni

He

ni shinda.

died without obtaining his

wish.

died

He went away

ni kaiba wo tsukezu fodder giving not

without giving

the horse his food.

shimatta.

itte

having gone finished

Hambnn half

He went

kikazu ni demashlta. not hearing went out

Kare

kore

iwazu

that

this

not saying

out without

hearing

half.

make

Don't

ni

bring

it

objections,

but

here.

koi.

fotte

having taken come

A person one has never seen or heard of.

shirazu not knowing

Mizii,

not seeing

no mono. person

Muku

wo

mizu

He

suru

opposite not seeing Into de wa nai. man is not

Ikazu without going

is

not a

man who

does

reckless things.

He

ni sfiiniaitnahe finished

never went after

all.

skita.

In the following sentence this form has an adverbial force. Ai-kaii'arazu tassha de gozaiis unchangingly robust

He

is in

his usual robust health,

mas. In the following examples Shfiyfi

sauce

wa

to

yoroshiu

not put in

if

good

gozaimasii. is

it is

irezu

a verb.

You need (soy)

not put in any sauce

THE VERB.

6S Sauna koto wo such

wo

kaiic

Don't talk

to,

like

but give

that,

him the

yare. give

money

Kasanu

iwazn not saying

thing

much used

kasanai dc are

dc,

as substitutes for

kasazu.

As stated above (5 47), the Neg. Participle have the force of the Indefinite Form.

in

zu

may

Example. wa gokn

Hajime

shimbiu very admirable oi oi zScho

beginning -

d'atta

ga

was

gradually increasing koto wa sukoshi order a little thing

:

...... titsukcrti

s/iitc,

doing

mo

.

sono kikazu, uyc hear that over and

even not

lisa

wo

tsuite

oira

At

first

serv ant,

he was

but

an excellent

he

gradually and WQU , d not

stuck ,

my

slightest attention to

and

in

tr y in S

addition he to deceive

constantly

me

by telling

lies.

(Kikazu here takes

u ?

what

will be

What

can

it

be

?

THE VERB. Go

mo

de

Jiajinteyo

mo Koyv come even

will

hard

we

Shall

?

begin a

He may come

sliirfiiii.

can't

hinku wa conduct

Sono That will

ka

know tadashi-

His conduct

for

may

game

of go ?

aught

I

know.

very likely be

correct but

get-

be but

Ynbin

nin

haitatsu.

wo

He made

man

distribution

post utu

to strike the postman.

to slrita.

did

strike (fut.)

Konrei

no sakadzuki

wo

wine cup

wedding

shu

do

Just when they were about to exchange the marriage wine-cup.

in tokoro. called place

to

Nagasaki

honya aru ka book shop

ni

?

Are

there

Nagasaki

any bookshops

Arimashd.

I

believe there are.

Gozarimasiimai.

I

am

Hatoba jetty

nl kciyoi-birne ferry boat

ga an>

in

?

afraid not.

Do you

think

there are

ferry boats at the jetty

any

?

ka? Arhnasu

to

Miunichi

To

mo. sotio

to-morrow

muma wo horse

be sure there are.

shall probably buy that horse to-morrow. I

kaimashd. will

buy

Itsu

when

shuppan shimasho ka sailing will do

?

Mionichi jiu ni ji ni shuppan

to-morrow

65.

She

is

she likely to

sails at

sail

?

twelve o'clock

to-

morrow.

THE PRESENT

The Form which

When

INDICATIVE.

now used

Kasii, taberu.

as a Present Indicative had formerly Second Conjugation the force of an Adjective or Noun only, a different form being in use for the Indicative Mood. Taberu (or tableau, as it was then pronounced, and still is pronounced in the central and western provinces) could only be used before a noun, as taburu hito, 'the man who eats,' or as a noun itself in the sense of is

in the case of verbs of the

THE VERB.

72 mean

he eats,' to express which there was a In the modern Spoken language tabu has fallen out of use and taburu (altered to inherit in Tokio) alone is employed for ' It could not eating.' distinct form viz. tabu.

'

Mood as well as in its other capacities as an Adjective or suspect that this change had its origin in the habit which the Japanese are prone to of leaving their sentences unfinished. They this man's perhaps began a sentence by saying kono h'.to ga iabcru ica the Indicative

Noun.

I

'

'

intending to add words indicating that his eating is a fact, but leaving them ultimately unsaid. This becoming a general practice, kono hi to

pay his debts that he should smash up. t

must make everything ready so as to start at daybreak tomorrow.

You

quite

in perfectly

wo shinaku cha if not make

ikcnai.

does not do 3.

As

a Verb.

Dare ka somebody

Ka ga

soto

outside taisu

de matsu. waits

oru.

musquito many abide Konnichi nara to-day

ma

ni an.

space meets

(for

nareba),

Somebody

is

waiting outside.

There are a great many musquitoes. If today,

it is

in time.

THE VERB.

74 Yu

areba,

go.

business

if is

wo

te

hands

tataku. strike

If I I

do,

have anything

will clap

for

you

to

my hands.

that the present

is

(Observe used here, not

the future, there being no doubt.) rl

Jin

ni

if it

mo

dc

kiizvazu

nara,

were not eating iku ga, hlaku rl dcsu

ten

If

it

were ten

rl,

I

could (or

would) go even without eating, but as j t ; s 1OO r ;_

" kara because

Konnlchi

-

takn ye agarn o to-day (hon.) house to go up nodes* ga, ashi ga itamimashlis tc,

would go to your house to\ have a bad leg am afraid sha n not be able

I

day> but as

j.

(I

being pain-

leg

.

(ikarcmasumai). not be able to go)

ful (shall

THE NEGATIVE

66.

IMPERATIVE.

Kasuna, tabcnina.

Examples. Ikuna

Shuchi suruna Sore

wo

!

tabcruna

in the

Kasiimai, fabcmai.

termination mai of this tense

Present Indicative

!

Don't eat that.

!

THE NEGATIVE FUTURE.

67.

The

Don't go ! Don't consent

!

in the First,

and

is

attached

to the

to

the

Negative Base

Second conjugation.

The Negative 'to be,'

is

Adjective followed by aro, future of

sometimes used

for this

form

am,

as, sliirauak'ard,

'he probably does not know,' for sliiranai. Sliiranli daro, shiranai daro have also the same meaning.

For the true meaning of the Future see

Examples Mir,nichi

made

tomorrow

till

timai, will not

5.

64.

of Negative Future.

iiaorima-

He

recover

morrow.

won't

be

better

by

to-

THE VERB. Hi tori

dc

Alone he

dfkitnai.

Animal.

I

Mcshi

He

tabcmai. ico will not eat

Ashitanimo naonimai mono tomorrow not recover thing dc

mo

don't think there are any.

It

not likely to eat rice.

is

is

he

possible

even tomorrow

may

recover

.

nai.

even

is not

THE IMPERATIVE MOOD.

68.

The except

be able.

will not

will not be able

alone

rice

75

Conditional Base in the First

Kase, tabero.

not in use as a separate word, Conjugation, where it coincides with the is

In the Second Conjugation ro, or in the Imperative. western dialect yo, is added to the root in order to form

the Imperative.

Instead

of the bare Imperative,

style of address,

which

is

a very rough some of the

generally preferable to use

it is

minor honorifics, even when addressing servants. of to ivo shimero,

it

shimete o kure or to

is

better to say to

wo shime na

wo

Instead

shimete, to

wo

shimc nasarc}.

(for

Examples. Achi

ike!

there

go

Get away

To wo shimero

Shut the door

!

!

shut

door

Kono hako wo akcro this

!

box

Empty

!

Go

Waki ye yore ! side

this box.

Open

this box.

open to

one side

!

approach

Shlta ni

iro !

down

remain

Ten no da bachi heaven punishment is akiratncro.

make up your mind

Squat down (as was formerly done by Japanese when a man of rank was passing). to

Make up your mind that punishment from heaven.

it is

a

THE VERB.

76

Nani what

warm

ni shiro,

make bad

koto

Anyhow

it is

a bad business.

thing

da. it is

Bear up

Shikkari shiro. do firmly

steady

Osok^arc hayak'are kuin ni be it late be it early arrest

later.

He

!

(to

a sick

person)

!

will

be arrested sooner or

narimashd. will S

become

69.

THE CONDITIONAL FORM.

Kascbn, tabcrcba.

Properly speaking there is the same distinction between this form and the Hypothetical Form kascba, tabcba, that there is between the forms in tareba and taraba, i.e., the

former denotes a condition either realized, or looked upon as likely to be so, while the forms in aba represent a mere

But

hypothesis.

this distinction is almost wholly neglected

and the forms

in practice,

in

eba and aba are used indis-

the hypothetical forms, however, seem to criminately. be gradually falling out of use and are not much employed except in particular phrases. A distinction between these All

forms

is

always observed by correct writers.

Nareba, the conditional of naru

to be

'

',

is

nearly always

contracted into nara.

Examples Asiiko there

to

if

nashi.

trouble thing

is

Warui

koto

bad

thing

mitkui

ga

kuro anxiety

life

If

I

Forms.

go there,

annoyance

all

I

my

shall

have no

life.

not snrcba, if

do

warni bad

If

you do

evil,

there

is

an

evil

reward.

aru. is

Miiscba if tell

one

go

komaru koto

reward

isstw

ikcba,

J*

of Conditional

go

kaycttc

on the contrary (hon.) U'O

kakcyu

hang

to

omotta.

thought

thought that if I were to tell you, I should on the contrary I

cause you anxiety.

THE VERB. Arcba

Dorobu

to

1

to

something no

While

ka ?

justified

ni.

(not a confident hope)

Hoping

there might be some.

have

been

him a

thief,

would

he in

calling

or the like.

good while

is

say

thinking

naii

?

yoi

iyeba

good

ka

thief

if

is

omottc.

to

il

there are

if

77

THE CONCESSIVE FORM.

70.

This Form

Kasedo, tabedo.

mostly superseded by the Present Indicative

is

followed by keredo or, more rarely, by to iyedo. Both these be used with tense of the Indicative expressions may any

Mood, thus producing a

series of Concessive Tenses.

Keredo

also be added to adjectives.

may Form

of keru,

which

is

Mo,

'

even,'

is

means

They

the Concessive

probably the perfect tense of kuni

'to come,' and iyedo, the Concessive

so that to iyedo

is

'

literally

Form

of in, 'to say,,

though one say that.' all the Concessive Forms.

frequently added to

Examples. narcdo Tenki weather though it Kiisnri

samui. is cold

is

nomcdo nathough drink not

vio

medicine oranai. recovers

Tonin

sayo thus

sore that

kcredomo, although little

will

not

though he do

arimashd will be

wa

have

hardly believe

said so,

but

I

very can

it.

domo somehow

cannot believe

TadzuncmasUita

keredomo, although

I

inquired, but there

was none.

gozaimascnu. is not Kite

having come

though

medi .

shinjiraremascnu.

inquired

iycdomo.

even

recover,

(or does) take

The man himself may likely

even

said

a

He

fine, it is cold.

cine.

person in question mushlta de mo

chito

Though

tru

remains

to

Although he has come.

THE VERB.

78

In p eaking Japanese, the student should not use the Conct.^ive Form standing by itself or the Form with to

They occur

iycdo.

so seldom that Mr. Satow's

Kwaiwa

Hen, believe, does not contain a single example of them. The Indicative Mood (or Attributive form of Adjectives) I

followed by kercdo or kcrcdomo the past participle followed by

is

he

better, or

mo

(kashitcmo},

may

use

or

the

adverbial form of the adjective followed by temo (osoku temo).

DERIVATIVE VERBS. TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS.

71.

.

In English, there are seldom distinct words or forms for the transitive and intransitive applications of the same Thus the words ride, sink, break, bend and verbal root.

many

others are either transitive or intransitive according In such cases, the Japanese language

to circumstances.

has usually two distinct verbs containing the same

No verbs,

rule can be given for

but

some

of the

are exemplified below

more common modes of doing so

:

Transitive.

Intransitive.

Tatsu

(ist.

Conj.),

Susninit

(ist.

(Conj.),

(ist.

Susumcru (2nd.

Conj.), to

encourage. Conj.),

Yameru

to

cease.

(2nd. Conj.), to

cease. (ist

Conj.),

to

Ireru

-

to

to

set up.

to advance.

Iru enter

Tatcru (2nd. Conj.),

to

stand.

Yamu

root.

forming transitive or intransitive

Sagaru (ist come down.

put Conj.), let

Conj.),

to

(2nd. Conj.),

to

(2nd.

in.

Sagcru down.

THE VERB.

Wakn

(ist.

Conj.), to

(ist

Conj.),

Wakasu make boil.

boil.

Chiru

Conj \ to

(ist.

Conj.), to

(ist.

Conj.),

scatter.

Ncrn

(and.

Nckasu

Conj.), to

to

put to sleep.

sleep.

Orosu

Oriru (and; Conj.), to

(ist.

to

Conj.),

lower.

descend.

Dern

(and.

Conj.),

Dasu

to

Conj.), to put

(ist.

out.

out.

go

(ist

Chirnsu

to

scatter.

The

79

Intransitive Verbs illustrated in

the following ex-

force,

They have usually a potential but must not be confounded with the passive forms

of the

same

amples form a separate

class.

verbs.

Kirn

Kireru (and. Conj.), to

(ist. Conj.), to cut.

be discontinuous.

Urn

Ureru (and. Conj.), to be saleable, to

(ist.

Conj.), to

sell,

sell.

Mini (and

Miyeru (and. Conj.), to be visible, to be able

Conj.), to see.

to see.

Kiku

Kikoyeru (and. Conj.), to be audible, to be able

(ist.

Conj.),

to

hear,

to hear.

Ikn

Ikeru (and. Conj.), to be able to go.

The French

se couper,

curately to kireru, ureru.

these verbs transitive

may

verbs.

se

(ist Conj.), to go.

vendre correspond pretty acikeru shows that

The example

be formed from intransitive as well as from

Ikeru

is

familiar to us in the negative

adjective form ikenai, it is no go ', it won't do '. Note that while the termination eni may belong either to '

'

the transitive or to the intransitive form, verbs ending in su

THE VERB.

8o are transitive only.

come on

Dasu in combination is nmc ga furi-dasJilta, it has

Exception.

'

sometimes

intransitive,

to rain

as,

tobi-dashlta,

',

'

he rushed out

In the examples given below, verbs containing the same root.

Kcirn

Conj.),

(xst.

to

we have

'.

pairs of transitive

Kasit (ist. Conj.), to lend,

borrow.

Adzukaru

(ist. Conj.),

to take charge of.

Kiru (and.

Adsukeru (2nd. Conj.) give

Conj.),

to

Conj.),

to

wear.

in

to

charge.

Kiscru

(and.

Conj.),

to

(2nd.

Conj.),

to

clothe.

(2nd.

Misci'u

show.

see.

of Transitive

Examples YU

ga waita ka ?

hot water

He,

ima

yes

now

boiled

Is the hot

water ready

?

?

ndkasfuMOsi de

make

and Intransitive Verbs.

Yes,

I

am just

getting

it

to boil.

boil

gozatmasu. it is

Hara ga

tail a.

belly

arose

He

Umi-taic no tamago. lay set up egg

A

Tatfiiai.

I

got angry.

new-laid egg.

cannot stand.

I

do not

set up.

cannot stand Buchfin

I;

T

O

(see Ch. XII.)

kara, to

bed

after

to

is

hiina

particularly time

hodo

amount

you have put young masyou can go

too.

yoroshi.

bed even

Betsudan

When

ter to bed,

omaye mo iictc too having you

mo gone

nckashUc having put

no koto thing

good

ga

torcru

can take

mo arimasumai. will not be

There probably won't be anywhich will occupy any

thing

great time.

THE VERB. Sekcn yc world to

8l

Before

shircnai

known

not become

it

becomes known

to

tne wor id.

nchi ni. within

Kokoja hanascnai

We

yo.

can't talk here,

cannot talk (emph.

here part.)

mo

Hitori

man

one

wa

yatsufellow

ni

much

How

kawari change

o

(hon.)

fellow

single

very

much changed you

enoug h to be unrecognizable if one met you all of a sudden, are

Dashintikc ni

!

done

j

abruptly

attara, if

not a

not

Taisi)

nasatta nc

is

worth taking to .

nai. is

very

There

hanaseru can talk

even

gnrai

ml-chigayern

met see can mistake amount

da. it is

CAUSATIVE VERBS.

72.

Causative verbs are formed by adding seru to the Negative Base of verbs of the first conjugation, as tsukuru to make ', (

tsukuraseru

'

to cause to make.'

In verbs of the second con-

jugation saseru is added to the stem, as tabcru tabesaseru 'to cause to eat.'

The

causatives of the irregular verbs Imru and kosaseru and saseru. All causative verbs

'

to eat,'

sum

are

belong to the second conjugation.

Instead of the causative verbs, such phrases as iku yd ni

sum,

'

go-manner-make'

i.e.

'

to

make him

to go,' are

much

used.

The in

transitive verbs in su (ist. conj.)

seru

saying

are

for

kikasete.

constantly

example

at

confounded,

and the causatives the

same

one time kikashUe and

person

at another

THE VERB. of Causative Verbs.

Examples Taihen

(honorific)

matase

made

I have kept awful time.

o

ni

dreadfully

you

waiting an

mushita. to wait (respectful)

Muma

ni manic

beans

horse

wo kuwaseta made eat

Did beans

you give

horse

the

his

?

ka?

Mo

ichido

Please

kikasete

let

me

hear once more.

more once having made hear kiidasare.

give

Kono this

ko ni kega wo sasete child wound cause

It

won't do to cause any hurt to

this child.

sumanai. not finish ni

Jiu

shichi

hachi

seven

eight

ten shuchi

cause

I

have an idea that

it

is

seven

or eight chances out of ten that

kokoro de

itasaseru

agreement

wa

shall

make him

I

consent.

heart

gozarimasv. is

Fusoku insufficient

nara,

motto

if is

more

If

it is

not enough,

I

will give

you more.

toraseytl.

will

make

Hont~>

take

no

okka mother

reality

He was

sail ni

kind enough to cause

her to meet her real mother.

kudasatta. awascte having made meet he gave

Musume

A.

daughter

ni to

raku KO

torasete

having made take to

shi'>

will

make

nai.

B.

is

wo

mttko

husband

in

called

ease

wake de wa reason

\Vatakushi

not

shite

having done

I

mo even

torasenai.

do not make take

wa

do

how

A. My reason for giving my daughter a husband is not that I B. I intend to enjoy my ease. will not allow her to take (a hus-

band) on any account.

THE VERB. 73. PASSIVE

83

OR POTENTIAL VERBS.

Passive or Poten-

Verbs are formed by adding areru to the present indicative form of the active verbs, the final u of which is tial

Thus:

elided.

Mirarcru, to be seen,

is

Korosarcru, to be killed,

formed from mint, to ,,

Tadzuncrarcni, to be sought,

The

see.

,,

korosu, to

,,

tadzuncru, to seek.

kill.

passive forms of the irregular verbs suru, kuru are

serareru, korarem.

The Passive

verbs have also a Potential meaning.

case of Intransitive verbs, this

is

In the

their ordinary signification?

although in such sentences as teislii ni shindremashlta she was died by her husband,' i.e. she was separated by '

'

death from her husband,' sive of

The Passive Voice in

we have something

like the pas-

an intransitive verb. is

much

used in Japanese than

less

English. All passive verbs are of the and. conjugation.

a passive verb,

is

'

By,' after

rendered in Japanese by ni.

Examples. yimmin

ni

people

kimwareru. is hated

He

is

hated by his subjects,

Sends ni tasukeraremashita. boatman was saved

He was

Miraremashlta ka

Could you see

?

Ikarcru dc aro ka ?

saved by a boatman, ?

Will he be able to go

?

cannot come.

Mairaremasenu.

I

iwaremashita. scolding he was said

He

got a scolding,

On

witnessing Tanji's murder.

Kogoto

Tanji no

korosarcru

being killed mite.

having seen

no wo

THE VERB. Hachijiu yen

to

taikin

in

called

eighty u-o

torareta.

THE VERB.

85

In the terminations of Transitive, Intransitive, Causative

and Passive Verbs,

am

'to do,'

is

it

and eru

'

may

The

'to get.'

termination

nothing more than aru 'to be

is

the literal

to get,'

seen,' being

form

em

and

'to be'

areru of Passive Verbs

sum

easy to distinguish the verbs

'

meaning of mirareru,

It is

get-be-see.'

easy to see

why

'

to

'

be

same

the

also have a potential signification.

OTHER DERIVATIVE VERBS.

74.

Verbs are formed from nouns by adding various terminations as

:

Yadoru, to lodge, Tsukaniu, to grasp, Tsuncigu, to

tie,

from yado, a lodging. from tsuka, a hilt. from tsuna, a rope. from uta, song, poetry.

Utau, to sing,

Chinese and other uninflected words (which are really nouns) do duty as verbs with the help of the 75.

Many

In most cases of this kind Japanese verb sum 'to do.' sum remains a distinct word, as shimpai sum to be '

anxious,' hai

sum

'

to abolish,' rioko

But with some words

sum

this

in

sum

'

to travel,' etc.

position suffers a con-

siderable change. The 5 takes the nigori, and becomes j, while the conjugation is assimilated to that of verbs of the second conjugation whose stem ends in i. Thus kin, a

Chinese word which means 'prohibition,' forms with suru a verb kinjirtt which is not conjugated like suru but like dekiru. 76. Derivative verbs are

adding

mu

to

the stem.

The corresponding stem.

formed from adjectives by

These verbs are

transitive

verbs

add

intransitive,

mem

to

the

THE VERB.

86

Examples. become

to

Takamti,

high,

make

high,

from

spread abroad,

from

takamcru, to

takai, high.

to

HiromK, hirui,

become wide, hlromcru,

to

wide.

Fujin

no

woman takamcyo make high

ico

cliii

position io

I

think of raising the position

of %vomen .

onion.

think

The schemes of conjugation given on pp. 44 to 49 77. are intended to show the formation of the simple moods and tenses of the verb, but there are many compound These are pressions in use as their equivalents.

ex-

so

impossible to give them all, but the which tables, comprise a selection of the more following The Auxiliary Verbs used in useful. be common, may

numerous that

it

is

these combinations are treated of in Chapter VIII.

must not be supposed that the forms arranged under same heading are used altogether indiscriminately. There are distinctions between them, some of which are It

the

pointed out in practice.

these

pages and others

will be learnt

by

THE VERB.

CONJUGATION Kasit,

I.

to lend.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

88

THE VERB.

CONDITIONAL MOOD.

THE VERB.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

8g

go

79-

THE VERB.

CONJUGATION Taberu,

II.

to eat.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

THE VERB.

CONDITIONAL MOOD.

92

THE VERB.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

CHAPTER

VII.

THE ADJECTIVE. 80.

The

Adjective

is

conjugated as follows:

HIROI WIDE

Wide

Hiro

Stem Predicate, Adverb or Indefinite

Form

Hiroku orhiro...

Wide; widely being wide wide

hiroku

te

hiroku

te

wa

if

hiroku

te

mo

even though wide

hiroku ba or

hirokumba

if it

hiroku nai

is

should be wide

not wide

hirok'atta

was wide

hirok'aro

will be

wide

and

Attributive

Hiroi

Wide

Conditional

Hirokereba

noun); is wide If it be wide

Concessive

Hirokeredo

Though

Verbal

Form

(before

it is

a

or be

wide Abstract

A

Noun

comparison of

show

Width

Hirosa this conjugation

that they are essentially

with the conjugation of verbs will The stem of the verb cor-

identical.

responds to the stem of the adjective, and the Indefinite Form to the Adverbial Form. The Negative Base is not in use in the case of the Adjective, for

Negative Forms or

for

the Future, but the Hypothe-

Form is hiroku ba where the Adverbial Form stands for the Neg. Base. The Present Indicative of the Verb corresponds to the Verbal Form of the Adjective, and the Conditional and Concessive Forms

tical

.

contain a Conditional Base viz. hirokere.

THE ADJECTIVE.

94

THE STEM.

81.

The Stem

used

is

Thus from naga

Hiro. in

forming compounds.

the stem of nagai,

'

long,'

and

saki,

'

a

Nagasaki (the literal signification of which is long cape ') from yo the stem of yoi, good, and sngiru, to exceed,' we have the compound yosugiru, 'to be too cape,' is derived

1

f

'

;

'

'

good

'

usuguroi

;

of nsui,

'

thin,'

'

black.'

With a shamefaced expression

Hadzukashi-so na kawo de. shameful appearance face with ni

Tegani-so

hand

in

The stem

He is looking at a curious thing.

ortt. is

occasionally stands

makkuro

an offhand

talks in

.

ni natta,

(

it

as

if it

were

by itself as a noun, as in has become quite black.'

it

THE PREDICATE, ADVERB OR

82.

Hiroku

INDEFINITE FORM.

or hiro.

By adding ku used where

to the

stem we get the predicate, or form comes between the adjective

the verb 'to be

and the noun.

The

Though he manner

keredo.

Hfcdzurashi-so ni mite curious looking

the phrase

o f countenance.

say although

light

formed from usu stem

is

dark-coloured,'

and knroi,

'

The same form

contracted form

hiro

is

is

also used as an adverb.*

obtained by dropping the

k of hiroku and joining into one syllable the last vowel In this way, of the stem and the u of the termination.

hiroku becomes

first hiroii

and then hiro

;

hayaku becomes

dense,' loses first successively hayail and hayo shigeku, its k and becomes shigeii, which is then contracted into '

;

shigyo; furukit becomes furil. Adjectives whose adverbial form ends in iku lose the k but suffer no further change.

Thus yakamashiku, shiu. *

As

in

German.

'

noisy,'

is

contracted

into yakamci-

THE ADJECTIVE.

95

a predicate, the contracted form is better, but when used as an adverb, the uncontracted form is more usual,

As

Tokio

especially in the

dialect.

Examples.

As a

i.

Predicate.

O

hayu.

(hon.)

early

O

hayu gozarimasii.

(hon.)

early

Good morning. Good morning (more

Mada

hayu gozariniascnu ka?

yet

early

Kono

is

tniima via

not

Isn't

it

early yet

?

?

This horse

goku fakO

horse

this

polite).

are

is

very dear.

very dear

gozarimasii. is

As an Adverb.

2.

Hayaku

or hayo!

Hayaku

o

quickly

Yoku

Quick

ide

nasare

come

do

Come

I

dekita.

It is

He

Shiroku nurlmasMta. 3.

!

Come

quickly.

early.

well made.

painted

it

white.

As a Noun.

Osoku made hataraita. late until worked

He worked

Oku

Letting people in general know.

no

numerous

Into

ni

man

till

late.

shirasete.

making known 4.

As

Ride.

Indefinite

Form.

Whenever

in

English two or more adjectives are

joined by the conjunction and,' all but the last take in Japanese the adverbial or indefinite form. Compare the '

rule

on

given for the use of the Indefinite

p. 52.

Form

of verbs

THE ADJECTIVE.

96

Examples. Kumo

kitroku,

clouds

black

Kami

no

head

ga

amc

The

hidoi.

rain violent

rain

kc ga ktirokit, me hair black eyes

(lu'oi

onna.

blue

woman

A woman

A

Oya mo nakn

He

not

mo

nal

mono

pretty

little

child.

is

iu

to

called

da,

person

is

Dete klta

no iva sono that having come out no niubu to niiyctc, soma woodcutter's wife seeming ..._ ,. ,. ,. tcshigoro wa mini shichi hachi ,

twenty seven eight

age

shirokit,

liana suji

complexion white

nose line

iro

de,

with black hair and

a person who has neither parents nor brothers or sisters.

kiudai brothers or

even not

sisters

violent.

^j ue eveSi

UtsnknsJiiku chisai kodomo. little child pretty

parents

clouds are black and the

is

ni

yamaga

tori,

The person who came forth was apparently the woodcutter's wife. She was twenty seven or twenty eight years of age, with complexion and a straight .

fair

nose

'

and was a

st >' le

of

woman

not often found in mountain huts.

wa

was thorough mountain huts mare na onna de gozaimasu.

woman

rare

The

last

is

sentence shows that in this construction the

adverbial forms of adjectives (shiroku) and the stems of In verbs (tori) are given the same syntactical value.

ordinary conversation

some other construction

is

generally

preferred.

Adverb with

83.

Te

in this

of atte,

te.

combination

Hiroku

may

te.

be taken as the equivalent

'

being.'

Examples. Knraku, dark

te

miyemascnu being cannot see

It is

so dark

I

cannot

see.

THE ADJECTIVE. Samiiku

tamarimasenn. not endure

te

cold

tsui

te

Isogashiku

busy

Atsuku

good

come

to see yoiu

Its

being white

an advant-

is

age.

te hiroi.

thick and wide.

It is

Adverb with

84.

have some how or

yoroshi. is

cannot endure

I

have been so busy that I another not

I

go

busata wo itashimashita. did not giving news te

so cold

It is it.

casually (hon.)

Shiroku being white

97

Hiroku

wa.

te

te

wa, commonly

contracted into hirokucha.

This form

common

a sort of Conditional

is

Mood.

use, especially with the Adverbial

It is in

Form

very

of the

Negative Adjective.

Examples. Hatsuka 20th

yori

osoku

than

late

te

wa

shall be

I ;

s

i

ater

t

inconvenienced

if it

h an the twentieth.

komaru. am inconvenienced Usukiicha

ikcnai.

NakHcha if

nl

Sugic at

once

to

be too

Some must be bought

at once,

for

it

thin.

naranu. does not become

not

won't do

It

does not do

thin

I

knwanakucha

must have

it.

not buying

naritnasenu.

does not do

Adverb with

84.

This

is

te

a Concessive

Hiroku

mo.

Form.

te

mo.

belongs to no particular

It

tense.

Donnani

how much

kitanaku

te

mo

I

don't care

how

dirty

it

is.

dirty

kamawanai. don't care

Abnnaku

te

mo

dangerous being even mono ka ? person

?

Kamau care

Who gerous

?

cares even

if

it

is

dan-

THE ADJECTIVE.

98 Usuku

mo

te

daijubu

dcsu.

safe

is

thin

Adverb with

85.

Ba Form

ba.

It is

though

quite safe,

is

Hiroktiba or hirokumba.

with the Adverb corresponds to the of the Verb, and like

it

thin.

it is

not

much

Hypothetical

used.

86. The Negative of Adjectives is formed with the help of the Negative Adjectives nai is not,' and the past and future by adding the past and future of aru to be,' to '

'

the Adverbial form.

Examples. Omoshirok' atta.

It

was amusing.

Mo

It

must be

osok

already

1

art.

Akaku nai no red

87.

late,

late will be

via iranai.

not

don't

want

I don't not red.

want

any

THE ATTRIBUTIVE FORM. Hiroi. may be obtained by adding i to

This form

that

the root.

really, however, a contraction for an older form in being omitted.

ki,

are

It is

the k

:;:

This form

is

used when the adjective immediately pre-

cedes the noun.

Examples

of Attributive

Form.

Warni onna.

A good man. A bad woman.

Atsni kaml.

Thick paper.

Yoi

hito,

A

Awoi kawo. Sainiti koto

pale face.

How

!

cold

it

is

!

(lit.

the cold

shall

cross in

thing!).

Fnkai toki wa func dc wataru. If it boat cross deep time a boa t *

The

older form

is

deep,

I

not quite obsolete. It is retained for example in the bat of No-bird-town,' and in

the proverb tori naki sato no kumori,

the termination bcki.

is

'

THE ADJECTIVE.

The

particle

No

tive.

has

no

gg

often attached to this form of the adjecvery much the force of the

is

in this position

English indefinite pronoun traction for

mono

rate suit the

meaning.

'

l

thing.'

one.'

It is

possibly here a con-

This derivation would

at

any

Examples. wa

Yoroshi no

nai ka

Have you no good ones ?

?

There are only white ones.

Shiroi no bakari aru.

Kuroi no black

How many

wa ikutsii arimasu ? how many

there

Akai no hitotsu mo gozarima-

ones

black

are

?

have not a single red one.

I

red SC1IU.

Kore wa

no

hiakiishij

wand

wa

no dc

This

is

May

I

not the farmer's fault,

bad

farmer nai.

mo

Yorl-dotte

ii

have pick and choice

?

choose having taken even good no desu ka ? ?

is

No lated

ni following this '

form of the adjective

while,' as in the examples

Sono that

mama

ii no good

de

state

ye dashita

soto

outside

be trans-

While they were well enough why did you put them out of doors ?

naze

why

as they werC)

?

put-out

Samui no

Why

ni naze atatakai ki-

cold

mono

ni,

may

:

warm

why

don't

you wear warm

clothes in this cold weather

?

nai ka ? clothes wear not ki

This form of the adjective as in the following examples Sui

mo amai mo

shiri-nni-

sour

sweet

know passed

ta

hito desu.

through

man

is

may

stand by

itself

as a noun,

:

He fectly

is

a

man who knows

what

is

what<

per-

THE ADJECTIVE.

IOO Naga!

mijikai short

long -

kanc

t

co

mo

iwazti

Take

ni

not-saying

receipt of the

1

money

out making any fuss about

withit .

itki-torc.

receive

money

kavcri nusatta hii ga yoroslri return did side good

think you had better go away.

I

dcshfi.

will be

THE VERBAL FORM.

88.

Hiroi.

The same form is used for the adjective combined with the substantive verb as for the attributive form. The older and book language has a special form produced by adding shi to the stem.*

Examples

It

is

too

difficult,

is difficult

Kaica ga

is

river

is

asai kara daijubu da. It shallow safe river

Tcnki

wa yoroshi.

Mugi wo wheat

komc no

inaitc,

rice

mo naku ; mamc

become

quite safe shallow.

The weather

having sown

dckita koto

matte,

Form.

of the Verbal

Amarl mntsukashi. too

for this, viz. hiroshi,

tea

beans

asa no hay eta koto mo hemp grown thing also

If

is

because

the

good.

we sow wheat, we

never

have a crop of rice) and if we sow beans we never have a crop of hemp.

nai. is

not

Warui Osoi

wa

iwanai.

I

to ikcnai.

89.

Kercba *

to

It

don't say that

wont do

THE CONDITIONAL FORM. is

it

is

bad.

to be late.

Hirokereba.

often pronounced kereya or keria.

In some phrases the old form

is

still

in

use, as shobit n?shl 'there

no victory-defeat,' 'neither side has won;' kidzukai nashi, there is no cause for alarm yoshi, yoshi, lit. 'is good, is good,' all right never '

is

'

mind

' !

'

THE ADJECTIVE.

IOI

Examples. Miunichi

tenki

ga yoroshl-

tomorrow weather

if

will

I

weather

come to-morrow, is

if

the

good.

kcrcba, mairimasu.

come

good

HUon

de ii-nikukereba wata-

If

,

alone

if

say

difficult

I ;

go issho ni ikiinashtl. along with will go

kiishi zva

you

ng

W

j

t j1

find a difficulty in tell-

all

it ,.

by yourse if

f

I

w ui

go

OIU

As the mud of the road was

Michi no nukari ga mud road

something awful.

hanahadashikereba. since extreme Mionichl

ga

tsngo

bad

if

asatte

rukereba,

day

after

If

via-

tomorrow convenience

I

tomorrow

is

not convenient,

win come the day

after ;

kl-

tomorrow

will

mashu.

come

Other Conditional expressions are hiroi toki wa, hiroku nara and hiroku te

(or hiro] gozarirnasureba, hiroi to, hiroi

These have nearly the same meaning as hirokereba

wtf.

and are more common. go.

THE CONCESSIVE FORM. Hirokeredo. te mo are generally preferred

Hiroi kercdo or hiroku

to

hirokeredo.

Example. Warukeredo, (better wand kcredo or waruku, te mo) shikata

ga

Though

bad,

it

can't be helped.

nal.

91.

See

THE ABSTRACT NOUN.

Hirosa,

12.

DERIVATIVE ADJECTIVES. 92.

A number

nouns by adding to

the

English

of Derivative Adjectives are formed from

which corresponds Examples. Kodomorasht,

rashi, a termination '

ish

'

or

'

ly.'

'childish,' bakarashl, 'foolish.'

THE ADJECTIVE.

IO2

DESIDERATIVE ADJECTIVES.

93.

Adjectives

may

be formed from verbs by adding to the ta i which means desirous or desir-

stem the termination

employ such verbs as

Moraitai

'

'

receive like thing

present

I

should

want

to go.

Kaital or kaitu gozaimasu.

I

want

to buy.

.,

to

a

have been wanting to talk

I

wish to do

talk

like to get

of.

I

hanashi rro (or ga) shttai

should

want.'

Ikitai.

O

ou>

omottc itnasii. thinking remain

to

The fore j

'

or

'

we

obtained are used where

wish

Examples. A thing

mono.

'

'

The forms thus

able.'

Desiderative Adjective may take either ga or as shown in the last example.

it,

wo

be-

NEGATIVE ADJECTIVES.

94.

An

important class of adjectives is that which is formed from verbs by adding to the negative base the negative adjective nni, .

They

(

not.

'

are formed from

all

verbs, with a very few excep-

and are

tions, constantly used forms of the verb proper.

The

to

replace

the

Predicate and Adverb of these adjectives Noun is not in use.

contracted, and the Abstract

Examples. Wakaranai. it is

I

don't understand,

I

don't guarantee

unintelligible

rkcnu-anai.

A man

Shiranai hi to.

Yakanaku. not roasting

te

mo yorosht.

even

is

good

I

it.

don't know.

You need

not roast

it.

negative

is

seldom

THE ADJECTIVE. Kaze ga nai kara, ho wo wind not because sail kakctcmo kakenaku

te

mo

onaji

same

not set

set

It

all

is

I0 3 the

same whether you is no

hoist sail or not, as there

wind.

koto da.

thing

is

Shiranakcwba, sensaku shima-

he does not know,

If

make

inquiry

will

I

inquiries.

shr>.

Sonna

koto ivo iwanaif not that sort of t'hing

kcrcba

say

would have been better

It

had said nothing of the

if

he

sort.

it no ni. good while

Mono wo mo iwanai

He

de

without saying

thing

ran off without saying

a

word.

mgcdashita. ran off I kanakii

tc

wa

if

not-go

narimasenb. does not be-

I

must go.

come In the idiom exemplified in the last sentence, the .word

narimasenu

is

often omitted,

and

te

wa

contracted into

dm.

Examples. I

must buy.

Te wo arawanakiicha.

I

must wash

Konakucha naranu.

He must come.

Kawanakucha.

'

'

should,

'

'

may,

hands.

This termination, which means

Bcki.

.95.

my

'

must

'

or

'

'

ought,

'

'

will,

is

indispensable in

all

forms of the written language, but, by a curious caprice, it has been almost entirely banished from the colloquial.

The uncontracted forms

beki (attributive), beku (adverb) and

beshi (adj. with substantive verb) are considered bookish and affected, while the contracted form bei is also con-

demned

as characterizing the rustic dialect of the east of

Japan. Byd, the contracted adverbial form, is seldom or never used except on the stage. In a few combinations,

THE ADJECTIVE.

104

however, beki, beku remain in use, as ko subeki hadzu da, thus ought to do necessity is,' i.e. this is how it ought if to be done, narubcku, as far as possible,' narubeku wa, '

'

lit

'

With verbs

possible.'

'

'

of the First Conjugation beki

accom-

panies the Present Indicative, with verbs of the Second Conjugation, the stem, but in the latter case there is some

confusion and the practice of the written language

is

some-

times followed.

On

the whole, the student

be recommended not to

may

trouble himself about beki. 96.

OTHER DERIVATIVE ADJECTIVES.

Katai 'hard,' yasui 'easy,' nikui 'difficult,' 'hateful,' also added to the stems of verbs to form derivative

are

adjectives.

Examples. It

Ari-gatai.

is

difficult to be.

(a

phrase

used to mean Thanks.') '

li-nikui.

Difficult to say.

Mi-nikui.

Hateful to look at

Kowarc -yasui.

Easy

;

ugly.

to break, fragile.

Other examples of derivative adjectives formed from verbs osobusy, from isogit, to be in a hurry

are isogashi,

'

'

roshi, dreadful,

97.

'

'

;

'

from osoreru,

'

'

to fear.

Uninflected words used as Adjectives.

There are a number of nouns which do duty as adjecand are often considered as such. Like other nouns,

tives,

they are properly speaking uninflected, but with the aid of certain particles, a conjugation may be made out for

them corresponding proper, as follows

:

to

the conjugation

of the

adjective

THE ADJECTIVE.

105

Akiraka, Bright.

Stem

Akiraka

...............

Akiraka de

bright.

............

Akiraka ni

brightly.

Attributive

Verbal

bright.

.........

Predicate

Adverb

...

Akiraka no, bright (before a noun). is bright. Akiraka da Akiraka nareba if bright. Akiraka naredo though bright. Akiraka na koto brightness.

........

Form

......

Conditional

......

Concessive"

......

Abstract noun

...

Examples. Rlppa na mono ja nai ka ?

Makoio

Is

ni o rippa de gozai-

it

It

not grand

is

?

really splendid.

truly

Hi

The sun

tva akiraka ni tcru.

sun

brightly

Kinodoku sorr y

na

shines brightly.

shines

wa Mori

no

The one who is

is

to be pitied

Mr. Mori.

San da.

Bimbo

ni

natte iru

become

poor

Now

kara because

kenyakn

shinakiicha

nari-

economy

if-not-do

does

l

that

I

have become poor,

must pract ; se economy.

mc.senu.

not become

Are wa he

ganko

He

na

obstinate prejudiced desu.

yatsu

is

one of the old school

an old fossiL

fellow

To

this class of '

words belong rippa '

'

'

'

'

grand,' '

splendid

rich bimbo, poor ;' kanemochi, kirei, clean,' and a multitude of words of Chinese derivation. ;

:

'

pretty,'

Some adjectives proper use the termination na added to the root as well as the regular attributive form. Thus we may say either chisai or chisana, small ;' okl or okina, '

THE ADJECTIVE.

IO6 '

'

okashi or okashina, ridiculous.' English adjectives must often be translated in Japanese by other parts of speech. Single' for example is hltoye no, a noun with the big

'

;

'

possessive particle no 'Japanese' is Nippon no, lit. 'of Japan;' fat' is fiitotta, the past tense of a verb futoni to get is fat ;' an adverb hakkiri followed shita, explicit by the ;

'

'

'

'

past tense of

sum

'

to do.'

DEGREES OF COMPARISON.

98. tive

has no degrees of comparison.

son

is

The Japanese adjecThe idea of compari-

'the weather expressed in the following manner: than is in today yesterday Japanese, sakujitsu yori '

is

finer

wa

ga yoroshi. This is good.' the weather yesterday today konnichi

tenki

is

literally,

'than

Examples. anata

Watakushi yori than

I

You

o

are younger than

I.

you

waku gozaimasu. young are In sentences like this, the former part

the

meaning

jnasii,

clear without

is

it,

'you are the younger,' or

gozarimasu,

lit.

'

your side

is

nawo yoroshiu goza-

Sore lea that

still

often omitted

is

if

wako gozarianata no ho ga o wako

as anata iva o

young.' That

is

still

better,

is

good

rimasii.

Mijikai

hodo

short

amount

Ane

hodo okiku

elder sister

Omol thought

wa, yoroshi. is good

no

wa

hoka outside of

nai. is

big

not

katai. is

The She

shorter the better,

is

not so

tall

as her elder

sister. It is

harder than

I

thought,

hard

Instead of a Superlative Degree qualifying adverbs are used or the meaning is indicated by the context.

THE ADJECTIVE.

IO7

Examples. Kore

wa

No.

this

Naka ni among Mitsu no three

ichiban

No.

i

ichiban takai.

kore

i

wa

this

uchi

among kirci

pretty'

is

This

is

the highest,

This

is

the highest,

high

takai. is

high

ni

sore

wa

that

do gozaimasu. is

That three.

is

the

prettiest

of

the

CHAPTER

VIII.

AUXILIARY WORDS. 'to be,' ist. conjugation. With the present 99. indicative followed by the particle de and the verb am, 'to

Am,

be,' are

formed a number of compound tenses which are

in very

common

struction a is

The

use.

present indicative

noun and de the sign of the

is in

this con-

DC

predicate.

am

usually contracted into da, de aro into d'aro, etc.

Examples. When

iku d'aru ? will be

Itsii

is

he likely to go

?

when go

Kore baknri de alone

this

This alone won't be enough,

taranu.

not suffice

d'aro. will be

Konu d'atta. not come was

He

Yoroshiu arimascnu d'atta. was is not good

It

The

last

did not come,

was not good,

sentences show that the negative in this con-

struction goes with the principal verb.

A

similar construction

is in

use with adjectives.

Examples. Katai

da.

Atarashl dc ariniascnu.

The

particle

It is

hard.

It is

not new.

no often comes between the verb or adjective

and da, d'aro, d'atta

etc.

AUXILIARY WORDS.

Konai no

Examples. He is

d'aro.

probably not coming.

Itsu iku no d'aro ?

When

Mo

He

chaku shitnashlta no

already arrival

did

log

is

he going

?

has probably arrived by this

time.



arimashita.

was

Danna wa master

Master ought to come

konnichi o ide

today

(i.e.

is

expected) to-day.

nasaru hadzu desu. is

Shird wil1

hadzu wa

There

nai.

know

no

is

should know.

reason

He

why he

can't possibly

find out.

Sonna koto wo shiranakatta yo. such

did not

know

I tell

How

Shiranai hadzu da. not know necessity is

kane Sakujitsu sono yesterday that money uketoru hadzu deshlta. receive necessity

you

I

knew nothing

of the

kind.

wo

I

could you

was

money

to

know ?

have been paid that

yesterdav

.

was

hadzu Raigetsu next month go ought necessity ikubeki

He

is

to

go next month,

dcsu. is

Iku hadzu

will

do as well

as, or better than, ikubeki

hadzu

in the last sentence.

106. Koto, 'action,' 'thing,'

is

much used

with adjectives

and the forms of verbs which are capable of being made

AUXILIARY WORDS.

114 adjectives in a

few examples Iku

way which

koto.

Ikanu

best understood from a

will be

:

koto.

The

going.

The

not going.

Itta koto.

The having

Iku koto wa dekimasho will be possible going thing

Will

it

gone.

be possible to go

?

ka? koto wa arumai. will not be not going thing

He

Tukio ye

Has he

Ikanu

itta

koto arimasii

gone thing

will surely go.

ever gone to Tokio

?

is

ka? ?

no sake

Nippon

wo nonda drunk

Japanese koto

K-rt

have never drunk Japanese

nai. is

thing

I

sake,

not

Noboni

koto

noborare-

li'a

can

ascending thing

masu:

oriru

koto

wa

ascend coming down

So

far

cer ned,

I

as

getting up can get up;

coming down

that

con-

is it

is

the

is difficult.

mudxukashi, is difficult

Tokiu ye kita

He

koto n~a

come thing

has come to Tokio, so

far

as that goes-

kimasJuta,

Watak&shi wa mo nagai koto I

wa

I

don't think

I

know

I

have long

to live.

long

arumai. will not be

Rippana

hi to ni

naru

become splendid koto li'O shochi sh\te im.

to in

that he will turn out a

splendid fellow.

know In the last sentence, koto takes the place of the conjunction that.' The to in is superfluous, as it often is in '

Japanese.

AUXILIARY WORDS. me

Ichido o

nl kakatta koto

once

Mita koto ga

nai.

Mint

dekinai.

A

koto

ga

iicmui koto

!

I

have once met you.

I

have never seen.

I

can't see.

hung

eye ga arimasu.

Ah

!

how

!

sleepy

am

I

!

sleepy

Wakizashi no koto wo kiko

thought of enquiring about the

short swords.

to otnotta.

hear

will

I

about

short swqrd

thought

Taikomochi

to

wa

dare no

who

jester

Whom

do you mean by

fessional jester

'

pro-

'

?

koto da ? is

Omaye no

koto sa.

I

wa

Wakaranu, to not understand

anata no

mean

you.

Talk of not understanding

!

it is

you who don't understand.

your

koto.

thing

Watakushi no kita koto

wa

come danna ye

Kono

book

this

O

107.

verbs in

I

heard about this book from

Miss

Kiyo san kara from

affords

give

no koto via

shomotstt

O

Kiyo.

kikimashlta.

heard

Mono means

'

thing,' but

it

idiomatic expressions to

little

I

o kure.

shirasetc

make kno\vn

master

Let your master know that have come.

frequently occurs after

which

this

meaning

clue.

Examples. A. Are she

wa

miyenakatta not seen

So

d'aro; will be

is

are she

wa

kara kitau'da mono. year from come is thing

kotoshi this

fore.

onna da.

woman

thus

B.

A.

sen nl before

I

never saw that B. Very likely

that she has

come

;

woman

be-

considering

this year.

n6

AUXILIARY WORDS.

A no

A.

n'o

ire

oita

atsiirayete

holder

:

.

having ordered put

arc ico tottf that having taken

wa

Are

B.

A. I ordered a tobacco-pouch from that place go and fetch it. B. Well, considering that it \vas

tokoro ye tabakotobacco place

that

month

come

raigctsu

left

is

Japanese.)

da mono wo

nichi no yakiisoku

day

of next

sentence

(The

unfinished as so often happens in

Jin ni

next month

that

12th

the

for

promised

ki na.

promise

Kamau mono ka? care

What

Komatta mono da. Ikitai like to

do

I

care

?

?

thing

It is

1

man' dcsu

kercdo

is

go

108. Tokoro,

The

very annoying.

should like to go, but

I

although

'

place.'

mode

of rendering in Japanese the relative ordinary clauses of European languages has been already described in 28, but in order to bring out the relative force more distinctly, the word tokoro is sometimes introduced, in imitation of a Chinese idiom. f

the

man who

goes,'

it is

Thus

instead of iku hito,

possible to say iku tokoro no hito,

which means the same thing.

The

relative force

examples

may

be recognized in the following

:

Omaye no you

kinD

hanashtta

yesterday

said

By what you

said yesterday,

tokoro dc via.

place

by ni

Kampukn admiration

tayenai

do not endure

It is

a thing for which my adrn rat on

not contain

i

i

I

can-

.

tokoro da.

Kugoro san wa do

sitru

how doing tokoro

wo

place

Tokoro

What

did

you see Mr. Kogoro

do?

mi-nasatta ? did

see

has the force

after the indicative tenses of verbs 1

of our 'just, as in the following examples

:

\

AUXILIARY WORDS. Anata no uwasa wo

We

shite iru

were just talking about you.

report tokoro d'atta.

Nan da

ka kore kara yomu

11

read

am

I it

just going to read

what

are just listening to

what

is.

tokoro da.

no

Tonari

hanashl

We

wo

talk

neighbour

they are say n g next door. i

iru tokoro da.

kite

listening

Other examples of Tokoro ga, sono ban

tokoro.

Well then, on that night

ni

that night

Yondc

mita tokoro ga reading seen place

Upon

Sayo mushimashlta tokoro ga

On my saying so A. I am sure you must have

A. Sazo o yakamashiu gozawill surely noisy riinaslritard. B. Yakamashi have been noisy

reading

it

been disturbed by our noise. Far from it!

B.

dokoro ka? ?

place

A. Watakushi no tokoro ma-

my de

place

motte

as

kite

having taken having come kudasaru koto ga dcklwill be posthing give far as

mashu ka sible

B. Hei

?

arigato

thank you

?

gozar'unasu

!

;

sashl

-

agcmasu send up

dokoro de via gozarimasenu. it is not place

A.

Would

you to bring

be

it it

as

possible

for

as

my

far

we ? B. Thank you would do much more than send place

it.

;

('

No

trouble

should say.)

at

all

'

we

CHAPTER

IX.

PARTICLES.

109.

Particles

have very varied

uses

in

Japanese.

serve instead of case and plural terminations, and are also used as prepositions* and conjunctions.

They

of the particles described in this chapter are really some of the terminations of verbs and adjectives already noticed.

Many

identical with

They are mostly found after nouns, but are also used with those parts of the verb and adjective which are nouns in syntax, and a few are joined to verbs in the indicative mood or to adjectives in the verbal form.

For convenience of reference they have been arranged alphabetically.

Dano

no. Dano.

is

a contraction for de

am

no.

It is

enumerations, where it is desired to make each as distinct as possible. It is usually transmentioned thing lated and ', but this does not give the full force of this It resembles not a little the alternative form of particle.

used

in

'

the verb, and like

it is

found

in pairs.

Examples. Kid

dano

asu

to-morrow

to-day

mairtt to fc.f kimasent.

come * t

come not

As they come For to Me.

dano

Saying that they were coming, todayi now tomorrow, they have not come>

now

after the noun, postpositions

would be the more correct term,

PARTICLES. lya dano o dano no y es shinai nodesu. s not do

to

yaneya dano

no

'

'

at

another time 'yes', he nevertheless does not do it.

He

dano

sent for coolies, and for car-

carpenter

penters,

yonde,

them

and

for

and

tilers,

set

to work-

having called

tiler

shigoto

wo

sasemashita.

caused to do

work

De

in. De. '

ous verbs for

da

one time

at

Saying

itte,

saying

Ninsoku dano, daiku coolie

IIQ

is

to be

With

a contraction for nite.

the vari-

forms a series of contractions, as

it

',

aru, dcsu for de aritiiasii, deshtta for de ariina-

for de

sJnta, datta for de atta,

daro for de aro

De wa

etc.

is

con-

tracted into /a.

De means '

'

at,'

in,'

'

de

'

by,

ita

by means

wipe

'

on account

'

of,

:

the

boards

with a

c ] th.

To go by

de iku.

land

'

of,

To wipe

wo nugu.

board

floorcloth

land,

go

Kawase bill

'

'

as in the following examples

Zukin

Oka

'

with,

kane

de

of exchange

To

wo

money

send money by means of a

of exchange .

bill

okuru. send.

Wakaranai

de komaru.

understanding

am

I

bothered by his not under-

standing.

Hey a wa hanahada fuketsti de room by very dirty

It is ;

s

an annoyance that the room

so dirty.

komarimasu.

am annoyed wa

Gan

ichi

wildgoose

one

de kare that

de

wa gozaima-

kore iu

say

wake reason

is

not

It

is

ma ki ng

not a

that

fuss

it

about

is

worth

one wild

goose.

sen u .

Yashiki de sodachimashlta.

I

was brought up

in a yashiki.

PARTICLES.

I2O Gakko

sonna

de

wa

koto

such college at^ shlranu. ikko wholly do not kno\v

mlna dcsH ka

Kore de this

with

Du what

is

all

iu

called

They know nothing

of the kind

at the college.

Is this all

?

?

?

Under what circumstances

shidai dc ? order

When

De

as the sign of the Predicate. joined together by the verb 'to be' masu), the latter affixes de.

(am,

?

two nouns are

arimasti, gozari-

Examples. a

Watakiishi

kajiya

am

de

I

dcsu.

This insect

the blacksmith.

blacksmith gozaritnasu..

Kono mushl iva tombo insect

dragon

Uso da.

It is

I ja nal ka ?

Is

it

a

no

hen

yatsu

wa

Neruson via Igirisb no hlto Nelson Englishman kaigun

(atte),

navy

fly.

? i.e.,

are you not

?

The Tokio

fellows are effemi-

nate and therefore useless.

fellow quarter de (atte) ikenii. jtujaku not go effeminate

de

a dragon

lie.

not good

satisfied

Tdkio

is

fly

Nelson was an Englishman and a naval hero>

no guketsu hero

dcsu. is

Kore

He mono de

wa

Jiluban

o

report great cho (atte), Aioi

no

He had

a great reputation, and

lived in Aioi St.

ni

street

orimashlta. lived

De the

as the

mark

compound

of the predicate

is

much used

tenses of verbs and adjectives.

in

forming See 99.

PARTICLES.

Demo combines 1

'

'

'

even,

also.

It

(pred.)

meaning of de with that of generally be translated even'.

the

That

gozaiit

mo

'

may

demo even

Sayo thus

121

probably even so, but

is

will

masho ga, be

but

Demo gozaimasho ga, Demo demo

Sore

it

taki

demo

after

even

ye

demo

Sore

won't do.

that the remark

It will

is

a mere guess.)

do afterwards.

good

Even a

wa kodomo demo wakaru.

that

it

He has probably gone round to the waterfall. (Demo here shows

yoroshl. is

so

can't go

probably waterfall to mawatta no de gozarimasho. will be gone round

Ato

last.)

but-

Even

ikenai.

that with even

Okata

(Same as Yes,

child

even

is

in-

Fntotta no demo, yaseta fat lean

no

child understands that.

telligible

Either fat ones or lean ones will do.

demo yoroshi. is good no

Seiyo

hlto

He

demo

man

west ocean

is

neither a European nor a

Chinaman.

Shin aj in demo nai. Chinese

In the last sentence

we have

dicate and mo, repeated with '

a combination of de as prein the sense of

two nouns

both.'

For demo with Interrogative Pronouns see 112.

26.

Dzutsu, 'each,' 'every,' 'apiece'.

Examples. Kono this

kttsitri

medicine

sando three times desu. is

wa

dzntsu each

ichi nichi

one day nomu no drink

This medicine times every day.

is

taken three

PARTICLES.

122 Hitori

hairima-

dzutsii

one person

They came

in

Would

not be possible

one

at a time.

at a time entered

shita.

Toshi ni nldo gurai dzutsu twice amount each year TOkio ye dete kuru wake ni wa out come reason

ikumai

ka

will not

go

Mlna

come

it

Tokio Uvice every year

to

to ?

?

?

ni futatsu dzutsu haitte

two

all

There are two

in

each of them.

each

or u.

Ga was

Ga.

113.

and

it still

a

originally

possessive

particle,

retains this force in certain phrases.

Examples. Colt's

Koma-ga-take.

peak

name

(the

of a

mountain).

yiu ten

ncn ga aida.

For

the

of ten years,

space

(jiu nen no aida

space

year

is

equally good

and much more common.) Ore ga me

my

no

Kore ga tame

Waga Waga It

in

is

dcsaye.

Before

my

very eyes,

even

On

ni.

this account.

One's country. One's own brothers and

kuni. kiijdai.

better not to use

phrases for

By

may e before

eyes

ga as a possessive which there is good precedent.

sisters.

particle except

the process described in 65 ga has in the modern come to be chiefly used as the sign of the nomi-

colloquial

panied by ga.

noun and

is, however, not necessarily accomomitted when wa or mo follows the

This case

native case.

in

It

is

many

other cases,

and

a noun

the nominative case without any particle at Ga is almost always used before the verbs

all

am

'

to

become,'

'

to be made,'

and oru and iru

Examples of ga as sign of the nominative

'

'

may

be in

being added. to be,' dckirn

to remain.'

case.

PARTICLES. Kane ga money

Hana ga

am

ka

is

?

He

Because there

kara.

A man There

Shiknta ga. nai. not

is

There

has been revealed

Damatte

iru

hurry.

of

tall stature.

is

is

nothing

no help

for

to be done. it.

out.

You had

ga

hi)

being silent remain is

is

Your falsehood has been found

ga arawareta.

Uso falsehood

airs.

man

tall

do-side

gave himself

because

is

takai hlto.

ga

Have you

?

?

became

am

Isogu koto ga hurry

any money

any money

high

Sei stature

Is there

?

takaku natta.

nose

123

better hold your tongue.

side

good.

Saku last

ya

hltogoroshi

ga

There was a murder

last night.

murder

night

atta.

was Yube

ante gafutta.

last night rain

Ano

It

rained last night.

fell

san

sumiya

wa

Has

that charcoal-dealer a wife

?

that charcoal-dealer o kamisan

ga

arimasii ka

wife

Aka ga red

?

?

is

aru.

nijittan

o hanashi

Oi-oi

ga nakaba middle

story

gradually ni narimasu

kara,

becomes because

kore kara

(hon.) tea

is

are at length get-

what remains becomes

interest-

The

tea

is

ready.

made

leisure

nakatta. was not

Yo ga

aru

kara,

is

because

o ide.

we

ing.

cha ga dekimaslnta.

business

that

becomes

amusing

Hima ga

Now

ting to the middle of the story,

this after

ga omoshiroku narimasu.

O

There are twenty pieces of the red.

twenty pieces

I

kochi hither

had not time.

Come you to

here

do.

;

I've

something

for

PARTICLES.

I2 4

The noun

is often followed by ga where we should expect an accusative case, as in the following examples.

to find

Kono this

ga wakarima-

imi

is

meaning

unintelligi-

I

don't understand the

meaning

of this.

sftiu.

ble

Hana ga

o

flower

Kane ga money toki

ka

sitkl desii

like

is

Are you fond of flowers

?

?

?

uketoritai desirable to receive

When

you want

to receive the

money.

wa.

time

Hansho no

ga sum.

oto

sound

fire-bell

There

is

the firebell.

does

In the above sentences imi, liana, kane, and oto are regarded by the Japanese as the subjects of the verb or

which follows.

adjective

.Ga, after those parts of adjectives and verbs which are used as nouns for purposes of syntax, has the same force as

when

follows ordinary nouns.

it

Examples. Ikit

You had

gayoroshi.

the going

is

Itta

ga

having gone Ycnrlo

He would

yok'atta.

was good sczu

ufhi-akcte

You had better make no ceremony, but speak out frankly.

ni

hanashita the having spoken

have done better to

have gone.

ceremony not doing frankly

better go.

good

ga

yoroslii. is

good

ga tsuklmasenu.

Ori-ai

bend-meet

Sugu at

kita

ni

once

ga

the having

not

They

don't hit

it

off together.

hit.

tsurete

accompanying ii.

come was good.

You

should have brought him

here at once.

PARTICLES.

O

ga naku

al

meet

te

You need

yoroshiu

without

125 not meet him.

good

gozaimasii.

Ga

mood

after a verb in the indicative

the verbal form

may

Sometimes a pause

in

generally is

speaking

or

an adjective

in

be translated by but. a sufficient equivalent. '

'

Examples. to Tori-naoso take will mend

omou ga

wish to put

I

it

right, but I can't.

think

tori-naoscnai.

take cannot

Shinsetsu kindness

mend

wa

You

arigatai ga,

thanks

are very kind, but

I

must

positively be going (to an inferior).

ikaneba naranai. not go does not

zthi

if

positively

become

wa arimasS, ga,

Motnen

de cotton (pred.)

aratte

is

shitate-naoshrta

bakari

washed made up renewed only

It is true that they are cotton, but they have just been washed

and made up again.

desu.

are

nanl ka miseru Senkoku former hour something show

mono ga

am

to

osshaimashita

You

said awhile

had something I

look at

it

here

to

ago that you

show me

may

?

is said thing shitemo ga, koko de haiken here see having done no de gozarimasu ka? yoi is

good Ante ga rain

yamcba, if

stop

kagen good condition

yor.oshi is

n't

If the rain

able

ga

time,

thing, but

good

After tokoro, Kiite

it

ii

would stop in reasonwould be a good

it

(I

don't expect

ga has a somewhat similar mita tokoro ga.

having heard seen place

Tokoro ga or daga

(for

Upon

it

will).

force.

making

inquiries

(a

pause)

de aru go) at the beginning of a so,' upon this,' 'well then.'

sentence means 'this being

'

PARTICLES.

126

Gena

114.

'

appear

that,'

Cln'man

to

is

found after verbs

am

I

'

told that,'

understand

I

Examples. I am

yarn de gozari-

dr P s y

is

?

sense

in the

that

told that

'

would

it

that.'

it

is

dropsy,

if

the right name.

is

masS gena. understand that he came back

I

Sakujitsu kayerimashita

fena

'

yesterday.

So desu

is

commoner

in

Tokio than gena, which is more same meaning. Ex. Saku-

a Kioto expression, and has the jitsu kayerimashita so desu,

'

I

understand that he returned

yesterday.'

Ka

asks a question or intimates a doubt, it very accurately represented by the mark of interrogation. 115.

Examples. Oki fune

ka

Watakushi ka

Ka

a large ship

Is

it

Is

it I ?

?

?

large ship

Kita ka

?

?

Has he come

?

?

between two nouns represents our conjunction

'

or.'

Examples. He lives

Osaka ka Nagasaki no uchi one or ni orimasu.

other

Ya

-

don

lives

fama

ka

arrow

atatte

ni

bullet

striking

in one of the two Osaka or Nagasaki (I

pi ace s, t

know which ).

He was

killed

by an arrow or

a bullet.

shinimastuta. died

onna

ka

woman

?

Otoko ka

man

?

Itta

has gone

ka ?

?

ikanai ka does not go ?

Is

?

it

a male or a female

Has he gone,

or not

?

?

is

PARTICLES. Sono

wa

hon no hiyoshi book cover

that

127

Is the

or tb ; n

cover of that book thick

p

atsui ka iisui ka ? thin thick

ka

Where the clause may be omitted.

begins with another interrogative word,

Example. Dare desu

Who

?

is

it ?

The Japanese language having no special forms for when repeated in an

indirect narration, a question or doubt

clause does

indirect

not change

form as

its

it

does in

English. Anata wa midnichi tomorrow you

ni

kimashita.

hear

to

came ushl ka shiranu.

ka

horse

I

ka

will

go

Man

-

ari

omou.

to

is

a

I

wondered who

I

am

I

think

it

was.

thinking of going,

in

ichi so

koto

i

so called

wa

umai

even be

I

may

perhaps go.

think

?

10,000

demo

it

think

go

Iko

know whether

don't

thought

omou.

to

will

I

omoimashtta.

to

who Iko

enquire whether

horse or a bull.

bull

Donata ka

to

you had not change d your mind about oi tomorrow.

(sign of quotation)

?

kiki

Muma

still

.to

o ide nasaru ka

do you come

Examples. He came

iyo-iyo

will not

occurred to

me whether there i

ka do

It

might not possib y be som ething to

o f that kind,

?

omotta.

thought naro Shijiu hak-ku ni forty eight nine will become

*a

to

omou

kojiki.

A beggar who one would think might be per ha P s forty eight or fort

nine

rs of

think beggar

Aru ka are

?

mo even

shirfmasenti. can't know

There may be some, j

know.

for

aught

PARTICLES.

128

For ka with Interrogative Pronouns see

Kara, (with nouns) 'from,' 'since

116. '

'

because,'

From

Korc kara hachi

ri.

Saki kara.

go

ye

seiyo

from west ocean

a while ago.

I

am

I

think of going to Europe via

going by the Nakasendo.

Canada.

to zotijimasii.

think

go

Sore kara no koto nl that after

ja nai ka is

from here.

ri

From ?

Nakasendu kara ikimasu.

Kanada kara

today.

Eight

By which way do you go ?

ikimasu ka ?

kara

where from

will

(with verbs)

Examples, With nouns.

Konnichi kara.

Doko

;'

after.'

i.

iko

26.

not

thing

Let us take

shu will

it

after that.

make

?

?

Kore kara.

Henceforth.

Omote no ho kara front

side from

Don't

irete

having let

let

him

in

by the

front.

in

kureruna. don't give

wo

Kakushi kara pocket

kane from money

Taking money from

his pocket.

dashltc.

taking out

Ima kara sugti ni now from immediately

kaycrn. return

2. (a).

Oyaji ga father

negaimasii. request

going straight back

Indicatives.

naku narimashita not

am now

With Verbs. With

became

ni kara san nichi o itoma because two three day leave

wo

I

again.

My

father

is

dead, so

ask you for two i

eave

or

I

three

would days

PARTICLES. Daijobu

desu,

kara,

is

because

safe

I2Q

You may make your mind

go

ease

.

at

quite safe-

it is

anshin

easy-mind

Kono

house

kuruma

wo

jinrikisha

wa

no maye

uchl

this

before

okasenai

Remember

that

I

kara,

don't allow

down

jinrikshas to be set

before

^is h ouse>

not-let-put because

su omotte

iro.

so thinking remain

Ima now

ni

Tell the driver

kara,

kaycru

go back because

g'wsha ni

o

su itte

moment

demo

With Past kntte

boiled rice even having eaten

kara yoVaro. after will be good atsumatte

having assembled ni nasaremascnii ka ? not do all

Hiru-meshi noon meal

we might

used where

is

Because

(b).

Mina

going away

the sign of quotation.

to,

Atstti kara.

Mama

am

give

In the last two sentences kara

have expected

I

.

kitre.

having said

driver

in a

wo

kara after

hot.

Participle. It will

do

after

you have had

much

your rice (to persons , ferior in rank

Won't you wait till they are assemb i e d before doing it ?

tabete

having eaten

it is

I

my

won't go

till

in .

all

have had

after I

middav mea i.

kara de nakucha ikimasenu. if not don't go after

/^oso

117.

had the

is

effect of

a very emphatic particle.

making the verb

It

formerly

or adjective at the end of

the sentence be put in the Conditional Base, and rare cases of the application of this rule are still met with.

Examples Omaye you

koso usotsuki da. liar are

of Koso. It is

you who

are the

liar,

PARTICLES.

130 YD

You

koso oide nasatta.

are most welcome,

come

well

Watakushi koso go busata I not-giving news Shinzurcba

koso,

go chiukokii advice

since believe

It is I

who have

neglected call-

ing on you> It is just

that

j offer

because

believe

I

you advice

it,

.

mvshima.su,.

say (respectful) Yoroshi is

;

good

sore de that with

koso kimi

Right

!

That

is

like yourself.

you

da. is

118. 'to,'

'up

Made, from ma 'space' and de to,' 'till,' 'until,'

'as far

as,'

means

'with,'

'inclusive

of.'

Examples. Miunichi made.

Till

Yokohama kara Tokiv made.

From Yokohama

donogurai Hathwji made what quantity

How

to-morrow.

far is

it

to

to Tokio.

Hachoji

?

am ?

made

mo

as far as

even

In saying

Mivgonichi

day

after

nai. is

not

made

ni

tomorrow

by

It is

not worth mentioning,

It will

after

be finished by the day

tomorrow.

deki-agarimaaL is

finished

Kojiki

made

to

beggar

Namaye name

He

ni natta.

became

as far as

made

fell

so low as to

become a

beggar. I

even told you

my

name,

as far as

o hanashi tnoshtta.

told

Konnichi no Into ni

made.

today

man

Sakuban

osoku

made

late

until

last night

kayerananda. returned not

down

to

Even down

to the

men

of this

day>

He had last night.

not returned up

till

late

PARTICLES.

wo

mo

made

Doko

where as

chikara

even strength

far as

131

Exerting one's strength to the very u t mO st.

tsukushitc.

having exhausted

Omaye

made

watashi

you

inclusive of

me

wo

Even you

join in vexing

me.

ijimeru.

vex

Mo means

119.

'also,'

peated with two nouns, K'a

this,

mo

'too,'

both.'

'even,' and,

It is

when

re-

the opposite of wa,

and nothing more,'

'

meaning

'

'

this, if

nothing

some thing else is associated These two particles with the noun to which it belongs. are therefore not found together. The case particles come before mo, but when it is used, ga (as sign of the nominative) more,' while

implies that

and wo are generally omitted.

in.

For demo see It is

the

same

particle

which

is

used with the concessive

form of verbs and with participles.

Examples, i.

Kono

tsubo

this

vase

mo

With nouns.

o kai nasare.

buy

Buy

this vase too.

do

Inn mo neko mo. cat dog

Both dogs and

Ingirisu

mo Nippon mo.

Futatsu

to

cats,

Both England and Japan. Both of them.

mo.

So omou mo muri wa nai. is not wrong

You

are not

to think so.

wrong

so think even

Shiri

mo

know

shinai

hlto

do not

man

no

Sending

off a letter to

a

man

she knows nothing of

.

tokoro ye tegami

place

letter

Omou and as nouns.

wo

dashite.

sending

off

shiri in the last

two sentences must be taken

PARTICLES.

132 Shinku shinai belief do not

Into

mo am.

men

also are

With Verbs.

2.

KHTU ka mo come ? even

he

There are some who

shiranu. don't know

do

not

believe.

even

('

').

He may come,

for

aught

I

know.

This phrase implies a slight leaning to the opinion that kuru ka shiranu is simply an expression of will come ;

ignorance. mata Hayaji

a-n

Kill

me (contemptuous) termination

don't

I

again

today

know

fellow Hayaji

ga koyo mo willcomeeven

whether

that

may not come

again

today.

shircnu. can't know

nani Tafoye supposing what

iwd

to

tori-awanai no take-meet-not

mo, e"ven

to

will say

ga

No

matter what he

the best plan of him.

is

may

to take

say,

no notice

ichiban da. no.

i

is

Mina

tabenaku.

mo

te

You need

not eat them

all.

even

not eating

all

yoroshi. is

good

Aru nl to

mo

kercdo

although even

are

wa

omaye you

I

have some, but

I

won't give

you any.

yaranai. not give

120.

Nagara,

'whilst.' i.

Kage

nagara.

With nouns. In

my

inmost heart.

shade

Go mendo

nagara.

I

am

sorry to trouble you, but

trouble

Shikkei

nagara.

It is

very rude of me, but

impolite Ftitatsu

two

nagara.

Both them.

of

them.

The two

of

PARTICLES.

With Verbs (stem

2.

'

Utnre

nagara,

being beaten

wo

133

kanjd counting

form).

Going on with his counting the time he was being beaten.

all

shzte.

doing

Cha wo nomi nagara drink

tea shabctte

chattering over their

tea<

orimashtta.

remained

chattering

Kiusoku

While

ski nagara.

resting,

do

rest

O

They were

whilst

o

damashi

(hon.)

deceive

koloba

words asobasn

to shiri

know

condescend

nagara mo. even

Even knowing all the time that wor d s were deceiving

your

(highly respectful),

Osore nagara.

With

all

due respect,

With

all

due respect,

fear

Habakari nagara. fear

121.

Ni.

With nouns

ni

usually

means

1

'to,'

'in,

'at,' 'into,' 'on.'

Examples. He goes

Kioto ni iku. to

to Kioto,

go

Kioto ni orimasu.

He

lives in Kioto.

Uchi

He

is

ni orimasQ.

at

home,

within ni haitta. telegraph office into entered

Denshinkyoku

Yengawa

ni

dashlte

He went

into

the

telegraph

o ffi ce-

Put

it

out on the verandah.

verandah on having put out oke.

put ni Kiuji waiting at table mashtta.

mainhave

I

have come to wait

at table,

come Hlto person

wo baka fool

ni into

sum.

make

To make

a fool of a person,

PARTICLES.

134

Other meanings of Dare

whom

ni.

From whom

kiita ?

ill

did you hear

it ?

from did hear

ni Wakai toki, haha young time mother from

from

Separated

mother

her

when young.

wakarete.

separated

wa

Toshi ni

is

Anohtto

man

that

He

uki.

for

year

is

big for his age.

big

ni

nicdznrashi

for

rare

him

to be

no mistake about

that.

very unusual

It is

for

so late.

dcsu.

chikokti

late-hour

is

Sore

ni

There

nai.

soi

that about mistake

is

is

not

And

Sore

inata ni, that in addition to again

besides,

when

I

went again

to see

mircba itte having gone when I saw. '

Bekon bacon

ni

tamago.

in addition to

Take

sparrow

na

Taisftsit

valuable ni

Bamboos and sparrows

ni siiztimc.

bamboo

(as

a

subject of a painting).

kiishi

kanzashi

comb

hairpin

mo

irui

Bacon and eggs.

eggs.

It

contained

valuable

clothing

combs and

besides

hairpins.

haitte

having entered

clothing MMjftffe.

was

Yomc

ni

ikitai.

bride

as

wishes to go

Ni

is

often

She wants

in

required

to get married.

Japanese where there

is

no

preposition in English.

Examples. Isha ni Sudan sum. doctor consultation do Isha ni

mite morau, having seen receive

To To one.

consult a doctor.

get

a doctor

to

examine

PARTICLES. de tsuji crossroads at

Yotsu four

basha

I

135

met the carriage

at the cross-

roads.

ni aimashlta.

met

carriage

Minn

mat dzntsu one (flat object) apiece

ni ichi

all

Give them

all

one apiece,

yare. give

Shindai

He became

Fuji san ni nobotta. ascended Fuji Mt

He

Tonari ni arimasu.

It is

kagiri ni natta. became property-limit

Ni with nouns

bankrupt,

ascended

Mj

Fuji.

next door.

often forms Adverbs.

Examples. Makoto

ni.

truth

in

Tashika

ni.

Truly.

Certainly,

certainty in

Dai ichi number one

ni.

Firstly,

in

Above.

ni.

Uye

Mare

Seldom.

ni.

Before passive verbs, ni means verbs indicates the person who

'

by,' is

and before causative

caused to perform the

action.

Examples. wa karasu ni Hiyoko crow by young chicken

The chicken was

carried off by

a crow<

torareta.

was taken

Nani ka something iwareta. was said

Moriyama

mo

He was

by too

Moriyama

ni

talked to a too.

little

by

136 *

re

Give the Sort* their food.

bai

Example. I

maj

am knocked op by

this

ibflow those parts of the verb and

wincfa ate rapanie of becoming noiiim.

to

it

When

ieticara

it

would do quite well r,

.-i

*~~

iT-

~'4.7.~.~.

if

Mb

r-c"

:_

r.\.r-;-r-^.

'-_

wiry

"

-"*

.."-_'

if

i

'_..

".'-"

|

getwet Bgooiitni

to

at

When

**

don't '

Ar.c*

"-i

_'

-:

JEir

4,

^

-^

* -,

.^.

i

;...-

.

_

,

.

_>'-.._.

-

.--

-^

-^

-.._

^

* i

,

j

ckZckc*.

ra wfay lantern '

(why

aajm

K, naze :v^

to listen

.-.'.~ '.'---..

.

*-

I tell yon yon Ksten ?)

When k jontriaja]

*o dark,

wby

don't

PARTICLES.

mo

Yd

nai ni saki ye not while first

business

mrtba if

go

Xi

is

of nai is

'

yoi

bed

to

is

As

137 have nothing

I

you may go waiting for me.

for

you to

^d ^fr^

to

do>

good

frequently found after nashi, the old verbal form This not,' as yenrio nashi ni 'without ceremony.'

an ungrammatical construction but

has the sanction

it

of use. (c)

After Stems.

Kimono wo arai id yatta. wash sent

clothes

sent

Did

Naoshi ni yatta ka ?

mend

He

sent

you send

mended

clothes

to

be

them

to

be

?

He went

J/i ni itta.

the

washed.

to see.

It is not every verb with which this construction or possible.

O

kiki

ni

inmost.

I will tell

you (very

is

usual

respectful),

put in

hearing

(d) After

Negative Participles.

(Gosen no) Ato no katadsuke

meal

after putting

away

wo

He went away the

to

bed without putting

(dinner) things.

-.v.v stfu ni not doing having gone to bed sAimaitnashtia.

finished.

Kanjo wo kanmant

ni

not paying skimaimaskita. bill

He

never paid the

bill

after

jjj_

finished.

122. A'o

of

'

is

the ordinary sign of

the possessive

case.

Examples. Hlto no

ashi.

Hako no

kagi.

Omayt no kiwte*.

A

man's

The key Your

leg.

of the box.

clothes.

I

38

PARTICLES.

Ima no judan

koto) said thing

dt-sii

is

joke

wa

(Ufa

of

no%v

What joke,

Yama

no

mountain

kuni.

vi

tall soldier.

A

mountainous country.

While there

ni.

A

Rondon kara no dempu. London from telegram. Kin no

A

numerous country

aru ttchi being within

no

a

part).

no takai hcitai. growth of high soldier

sun's

now was

said just

you.

yo.

(emph.

Sci

Hi

I

I tell

two

coins.

There are two inns below the

no shita ni Miya Shinto temple of below ant. yadoya ga nikcn inn

daylight.

telegram from London.

Gold

kahci.

is still

Shinto temple.

there are.

Yane no

tondc

roof

flying

nye kara of above from

It

flew

away over

the roof.

shimatta.

itte

going finished

Me

no

eye

of before at

mays

No joins

Before

de.

two words which

my

eyes.

relate to the

same person

or

thing. Dokushin no watakushi. single body

Sagami no

I,

who am

The

knni.

Mekura

no kojiki. eye-dark of beggar.

A

Bfttv no Tsunckichi.

The

ni

Sugu at

once

koi

to

A

no

come

a single man.

province of Sagami.

blind beggar.

horse boy Tsunekichi.

message that he was

to

come

at once.

kotodznkc.

message

No

is

sometimes used

enumerations.

Here

it

like

may

dano (which is=shi-

advice

do

hard

I

strongly advise 3'ou.

masu. (humble for sum).

Go

konrel asobasanai (honodo not

Before you perform the marriage.

marriage rif.

for

sum)

nchi.

within

O

siiki

asobasn ongakii.

do

like

music

O

ret

TJCO

no koto thing

de

so fond

of.

(student's

Ian-

guage).

o tike receive is>a

is

Have done,

Oki-tamayc. put give

thanks

The music which your Lordship

mDsti hodo do amount

gozainmstiiu. is not

It is for.

not worth being thanked

HONORIFIC AN D HUMBLE FORMS. ?

O hima

no

o

toki

hannshi

time

leisure

talk

When

177

you have time, please

come and have

a chat.

ni irasshatte (for kite) kudasare.

having come

give

Donata dc irasshaimasu ka ?

who

are (for

Nan'to

May

What

osshaimashita ?

what

say

I

II aikcn shltcmo see having done even

May

no desu ka

ii

mitcmo)

who you

are, Sir

?

did you say, Sir

?

will return

I

see

it

tomorrow.

it ?

?

is it

good

Haishaku borrow

ask

(for itta)

Mionichi o kaycshi moshimasu. do tomorrow return

(for

I

am)

wa

shite

Would

having done

borrowed

it

be

any harm

if

I

it ?

warui ka ? bad

Honorific Prefixes.

O

toshi

wa

nari

become

O

o

ikutsu

o

What

age are you

?

how many

year

nasaru ? do

toshi ni shite

wa

o tassha

robust

year

You

are a robust

man

for

your

age.

de gozarimasii. is

O

medetu gozarimasii.

beautiful

I

beg

to

compliment you.

(a

new

year's greeting, also used at wed-

dings etc.)

O yakamashhi

gozarimashita.

noisy

Makoto truly

ni o sewa da. trouble

O

atsuu gozarimasii. hot

O

shidzuka ni irasshaimase. quietly

Donna wa master

have been making myself a

I

nuisance to you.

be,

go or come.

o uchi ka ?

within

I

am much

obliged to you (said

ironically or to inferiors). It is hot.

Go

in

peace,

(to

a departing

Kues t). Is

your master at home

?

HONORIFIC AND HUMBLE FORMS.

178

Oku sama o

He,

tva o iichi ka

Is

?

dc gozarimasu.

ritsit

your mistress

at

home?

No, he (or she) has gone out.

absent

O O

dckake dc gozarimasu. iirami

n't

wa

hate

Ditto.

zonjimascnu. not think

I

don't hate you for

it.

Anaia wa o wakai kara. are young because you

Because you are young,

Anata no

In your opinion,

o

kangaye de wa. opinion with

O

Thanks

de.

kage

to you.

shadow with

O

ivo itashimashita.

jama

interference

Doko

did

ni o sitmai desu,

where

dwell

Otoko no o ko

male no o ko

desu.

ka

ka?

is

desu.

child

I

apologize for having inter-

rupted you-

Where do you master

ka

onna

;

female

is

Is

it

etc.) live

(or

your father,

?

(your friend's child) a boy

or a g ; r i

p

?

child

Danna

mukai meet

o

!

master

ni mairi-

I

have come to meet you,

Sir.

have

mashlta.

come

O

machi nasarc.

Koko

ni

Wait. o

kite

knrc

having come

here

Come

here,

give

(nasarc).

O

aki ni

nattara

wata-

empty when became kttrcnu ka ?

kushi ni kashitc

me

O

having lent give not tsuki

sama

moon Yoku well

O

Won't you lend it to me when ? you have done with it

ni suppon da. tortoise

o tadztinc kndasalta. visit

have given

kinodoku

sama.

It is

as different as chalk from

cheese.

Thank see

you

for

coming

me>

I

am

I

have kept you waiting.

sorry for you.

mind of poison

O

machidd dcshita.

to

HONORIFIC AND HUMBLE FORMS. Go mends

de gozaimashu will be

trouble

go Go

wn

shimpai ni anxiety masenu. not

Go

oyobi-

It will

179

be troubling you very

much) but

_

You need

not be anxious.

reaches

katte

Just as you please.

shidai.

convenience according to

Goran nasal!

Look!

Gomen

Pardon

Gyoi

nasai

go

(for

!

ni gozaimasu.

i)

hon. opinion

meeting

!

I

:

Your Honour

beg your pardon.

is

quite right.

is

Mada go mcnkai nwshimascnu yet

me

I

have not met you before.

do not

dcshtta.

was

Go

yenrlo naku

Sazo

Without ceremony.

You must

go shinsho de sorrow

surely

grief

gozaimashu.

surely be

in great expression of

common

(a

condolence).

will be

Iro

iro

all

kinds of

go

yakkai

ni

assistance

I

am

under

all

kinds

of obli-

gations to you.

narimashita.

become Goran no Tdke this

As you

tori.

see.

manner

see

no go house

shisokti

Your son Hayazo.

son

Hayazo kun. Mr.

Go

isshin

Before the Restoration (of the

mayc.

restoration before

Mikado's power

in 1868).

Suffixes.

O

kyaku sama ga miyemavisitor

shita.

come

visible

has be-

A

visitor

has arrived,

Sir.

HONORIFIC AND HUMBLE FORMS.

i8o A.

Uycki-ya san gardener kiinrii

kono

!

this

ka

nai

ja

A. Gardener

ki

wither

He !

sama

achira there

is

not this tree

-

B.

?

!

dy mg ? B< Y es. Sir p l an t it over there.

tree

I'll

;

trans-

yc to

ttyt-keyemtukQ. plant change.

Danna sama

ni

conduct has been inexcus-

My

tnushi-icakc

master

excuse

able, Sir.

ga gozarimascnu.

How

san jw go biuki Yomc go illness daughter-in-law wa ikaga dc gozaimasu, ?

is

your daughter-in-law

?

how Kono

wo

gata

ftijin

Show

ladies

these ladies to the waiting

room.

khtsokitjo

yc

ainiai

restingplace

to

guidance

nwshi-agcro.

do

The word

171.

come

'

' !

(imp. mood) in a gradually

ascending scale of respect towards the person addressed.

To

Koi.

children or animals, and to

servants,

coolies etc.

in

giving

short orders.

O idc. O idc na. O idc nasare.

Familiar.

Ordinary form

among

equals.

Irassharc.

O

To

idc nasarcmasc.

superiors.

Irassharcmasc

O

To

idc asobasc.

persons

much

superior in

rank.

O

idc asobashinmsc

If the

follows

word

'

please

:

Kite kiircro.

Kite

ktirc.

Exceedingly respectful.

.

'

is

introduced, the scale will be as

HONORIFIC AND HUMBLE FORMS. Kite kurc

l8l

net.

Kite o kurc.

Kl tanwyc. Kite kudasare.

O O O

Student's language.

idc kudasare. idc nasatte kudasare. ide

wo

negaimasu.

Irasshattc kudasare. Irasshatte kudasaimase.

CONTEMPTUOUS FORMS OF EXPRESSION.

172.

Some nouns have a contemptuous force, as for kawo face,' yatsu fellow,' for Into man.' '

'

Examples Kuti or

of

'

krirati, '

Agarn with iliary,

as kono

'

mug,'

Contemptuous Verbs are

Userti,

Ketsukaru,

tsura

'

'

to eat to

'

go away

to be

'

'

for

taberu.

for

iku.

for

aru or oru.

the stems of verbs

is a contemptuous auxbnka yard me nani wo uukashi-agaru ? '

fool gabbling about ? What is this Me is used after nouns as a contemptuous suffix, as chikusho me beast,' ama me hussy,' berabo me scoundrel,' (

'

yard me

l

low

'

fellow.'

'

CHAPTER

XIII.

SYNTAX.

ORDER OF WORDS

IN A

SENTENCE.

The first place in a Japanese sentence is occupi173. ed by the nominative case, the next by the indirect object of the verb or by a noun followed by a postposition, the third by the direct object of the verb (accusative case) and the Ex. last by the verb or the adjective in the verbal form. IVatakiishi

wa

uchi ni tabako

wo

nomanii,

'

I

don't

smoke

drink') tobacco in the house ;' tenki wa saknjitsu kara the weather is hot since yesterday.' atsui, '

(lit.

'

Exception. is

In comparisons the object with which the is usually, but not always, put first.

made

comparison Ex. Kono yama yorl are than that.'

takai, 'this

mountain

is

higher

Qualifying words or phrases precede the words

174.

which they (a)

wa

The

Thus

qualify.

:

adjective and the verb in the

attributive

form

precede the noun to which they belong, as yoroshi hito, a good man,' kuru hito the man who comes.' 1

'

(b)

which 1

The adverb it

precedes the verb, adjective or adverb

qualifies, as

goku hayakn 'very

very early,' hayakii koi

'

come

early,'

goku hayai

quick.'

(c) The noun followed by the possessive particle no or ga precedes the noun to which it is joined, as hito no chikara 'a man's strength,' kin no tokci a gold watch.' '

SYNTAX. Particles indicating

175.

183

number and

case, with

wa,

ya, ga, mo, ka, to, or jiagara, come after the noun, asyama ni to the mountain,' korc ka is it this ? Roughly speaking '

'

'

to or plural particles they come in the following order or but this to case wa, mo, ka, ga, ya, Kagara signs :

;

;

;

there are

numerous exceptions.

176. The signs of gender o and on, me and men and the honorifks o and go are put before the word to which

they belong.

But these are

under the rule

in

really qualifying words,

and

fall

174.

Expressions denoting time precede expressions denoting place and a general expression precedes one that is more precise. Ex. Itsu Kobe ni ikimasu ka ? when are 177.

'

you going

to

'

Kobe

?

konnichi go ji ni oide nasare,

;

'

come

at five o'clock today.'

But

this rule is

by no means rigidly observed.

Conjunctions and interrogative particles are 178. placed at the end of the clause or sentence to which they

Ex. Kane ga arimasenu kara, because naze nai ka ? why have you none ?' '

belong.

I

have no

'

money

;

Dependent clauses and

179.

precede the

participles

principal verb of the sentence.

Kane ga money

am is

kaimasho. time will buy

Fund kimono wo old

clothes

some when

intend to buy have the money .

I

toki,

l

Having

uttc,

having sold

she bought

sold her

ncw

old

clothes,

ones>

atarashi no kaimashita.

new

bought

Clauses ending

in

kara occasionally follow the principal Ex. GiosJia san, basha wo tomete

clause of the sentence.

kure, koko ni oritai kara, I

want

clause

to get

is

really

down

'

here.'

Driver, please stop the carriage

But

:

in these cases, the latter

added by way of an afterthought.

SYNTAX.

184

INDIRECT NARRATION. 180. In European languages, a sentence when reported If I say another person changes its form considerably. by I will another in go,' person reporting my promise, says i

'

1

he said he would

'

go,'

and 'he' substituted

'

will

being changed into

'

would,'

In Japanese no change takes and the fact that the is a quotation is insentence place, dicated simply by the particle lo placed after it. Thus I for

'

I.'

'

will

go'

See

to, p.

ikn

is

;

'he said he would go'

is

iku to iimashita.

146.

APOSIOPESIS. 181. The Japanese are very fond of breaking off a sentence in the middle leaving the remainder to be understood. This habit of theirs explains many apparent

anomalies.

Examples. O

rusu nara, sashi-oki dc leave absent if is

kara (mottc kaycruna).

yorosht

he

is

absent,

sufficient

to

leave

If

bring

it

it

it,

will

so

be

(don't

back again),

good because

is

wo

Daiku carpenter (o

yonde having called

Call a carpenter,

knrc).

give

O after

knrc

itself

is

an example of

this

practice,

nasarc bting omitted

it.

Dusu

kannin

please patience

shite

Please have patience with me.

having done

(kndasart).

COORDINATION. 182.

The Rule by which, when two

or

more Verbs or

Adjectives are coordinated in a sentence, the last only takes the inflection or particle belonging to all, the others being

SYNTAX.

185

put in the indefinite form, has been already explained in

46 and 82.

A

somewhat

similar rule applies to nouns.

Particles

which belong to several nouns are not put with each of We do not them, but only with the last of the number. say for example niobo wo kodomo wo sutete nigemashlta he ran away but niobo kodomo wo sutete nigemashlta, '

abandoning- his wife

and

children.'

CHAPTER TIME, MONEY,

XIV.

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. YEARS.

183. The Japanese have two modes of reckoning years. One is by means of a cycle of twelve years, to which the names of the twelve signs of the Japanese zodiac have been

given.

These signs are 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1 88 1 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888

:

Ne, the

This mode of reckoning in referring to the

rat.

Ushi, the bull. Torn, the tiger. U (for usagi) the hare. Tatsu, the dragon. Mi, the serpent. Munia, the horse. Hitsnji, the goat. Snru, the monkey. Tori, the cock. Inu, the dog. /, the wild boar. is again Ne, and so on. is

not

much used now

except

year of one's birth.

The

other plan is by means of periods of uncertain length These periods distinguished by a special name (nengo). were formerly fixed arbitrarily, but it has been announced that

future they will coincide with the reigns of the

in

The present year (1888) is the aist year of The Japanese year now coincides with our own and

Mikados. Meiji.

begins on the ist January.

TIME, MONEY, WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.

i8 7

MONTHS. 184.

Japan

The Gregorian calendar has been month as well as for the year.

introduced in

for the

The months

are called

:

January,

August, September,

hachi gatsu.

October,

November,

jiu jiu ichi

December,

shiinotsuki. jiu ni gatsu,

ku

,, ,,

or

,,

or shiwasu.

'One month,' 'two months,' &c., are expressed by means of the Japanese numerals and tsuki, the Japanese word for a month. One month is hlto tsuki, two months futa tsuki, &c. '

'

'

'

Ik-ka-getsu (contr. for ichi-ka-getsii), one month,' ni-ka' two months etc., may also be used. getsii, '

l

DAYS. 185.

The days

of the

month

are as follows

:

TIME, MONEY, WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.

l88

The above numerals may

when

also be used

a

number of

meant, and not the day of the month. For one days we must say iclii nicJii not tsnitaclii. Misoka however day" is used for the last day of the month on whatever day it '

is

may

fall.

The days

186.

Bi one

week

are

:

Sunday,

Niclii

yd

bi.

Monday,

Getsu yd

bi.

Tuesday,

Ka

bi.

Wednesday,

yo Sui yd

Thursday,

Moku yd

Friday,

Kin yd

Saturday,

Do yd

(for hi)

may

of the

'day'

is

bi.

bi.

bi bi.

often omitted.

Thus

for

'

'

Sunday

say either Niclii yd bi or Niclii yd.

The month is also divided into three jun, the first ten days being called jojun, the second chiujnn, and the third gejun. HOURS.

The Japanese have now adopted the European 187. For one o'clock' they say ichi ji, for division of the day. '

'

two o'clock

'

'

etc.

'

san

'

ji,

four o'clock

'''

yoji

ichi-ji-kan, 'two hours' ni ji Minutes are called fun, and seconds bid. Thus is

minutes and three seconds past six'

five

sam

three o'clock

'One hour'

and so on. ban

ni ji,

'

is

roku ji go fun

bid.

MONEY. 188. 100 sen

The yen

=

i

yen.

a silver coin worth at the present rate of exthree about change English shillings. It is the equivalent of the Mexican dollar which has disappeared from circulais

tion in Japan. *

See

p. 37-

TIME, MONEY,

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.

189

MEASURE OF LENGTH. 189.

10 rin 10 sun

6 shaku 10 shaku

60 ken 36 cho

The shakn English

The ken

or kaneshaku

More

foot.

bu sun shaku ken

i

= = = = = =

10 bu

i i

i i

ri

i

be taken as equal to one

may

accurately,

jo cho

i

it is

11.93 inches.

nearly six English feet (71.58 inches).

is

The

ri is

equal to 2.44034 English miles.

The

hiro

is

not

much used

for accurate

measurements.

may be taken as equal to about 5 feet, and like our fathom is chiefly used in speaking of the depth of water.

It '

'

For nautical purposes, the European Geographical mile (kai-ri) is used.

DRY GOODS MEASURE. 190.

For measuring dry goods, a shaku

kujirajakii) of 14.913 inches

pretty

used.

(called the

The English yard

is

generally known.

Japanese cotton and pieces

is

of a

little

goods are usually made up in lof yds (tan) or of twice that

silk

over

length (hiki).

SUPERFICIAL OR LAND MEASURE. 191. 30 tsubo

10

se

10 tan

=

i

=

i

=1

se

tan cho

The tsubo, which is the ordinary unit, of 6 kaneshaku square or about 3.95 sq. yds. to 2.45 acres.

measurement

The

cho

is

is

equal

TIME, MONEY, WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.

IQO

\VKIGHT. 192.

I

10 fun

i

100

1000 1

The/H me

is

= = mommc =

10 rin

60

mommc mommc

is

kamme

the weight

commonly used

is

It is

10 shaku 10 go 10 sho 10 to

is

to about

~

commercial transac-

if

132.5073 Ibs. avoirthe kin were ij Ibs.

CAPACITY.

= = = = =

i

shakn

i

go

i

sho

i

to

i

koku

is

of a ton or a

194. All the ts2ibo,

the kam-

used for liquids and grain. The slid is a gallon. A 5//o of rice weighs about 2^ kin. The used for junks' measurement. One koku is equal

This measure koku

in

;

or picul (100

equal to

usually taken as

193. 10 sai

f

kin

The hyaku-kin

MEASURE OF

397

i

equal to 5.7972 grains avoirdupois

tions with foreigners.

dupois, but

Jiyakii-me

=

to 8.2817 Ibs. avoirdupois.

kin)

fun mounne

words

piculs. in the

above

tables, except hiro

and

are of Chinese origin, and are accompanied by Chin-

ese numerals only. See Chap. V.

CHAPTER COMMON ERRORS

IN

XV.

SPEAKING JAPANESE.

The

195.

likely to fall

The use

following list of errors into which he may be useful to the beginner

of the honorific words and particles

(as in arimasu}, nasaru, (as in o ide nasare), addressing servants or coolies.

O

'

Shinjo means to

The

'

respectfully to offer,'

mean simply

late in the

and should not be

hltotsii,

in

futatsu,

where

&c.

32.

of the form of the adjective ending in

u

in

give.'

custom requires the words described

The use

go, masu.

'

of the numerals

use

o,

and anata

kayo means early,' and should not be used without some special meaning. day

made

most

is

:

z

where

Yoroshi arimasu, warui

that ending required. gozaimasu, are often heard instead of yoroshiu arimasu, in

is

waru gozaimasu.

The

indiscriminate introduction of personal and possessive

pronouns.

pronouns

See Chap. IV. in

Remember

that for one of these

Japanese there are at least ten

in English.

Confounding in pronunciation short and long vowels and single and double consonants.

The arrangement order.

of the words of a sentence in a

See Chapter XIII.

wrong

CHAPTER

XVI.

EXTRACTS.

The

following extracts are intended chiefly to illustrate use of honorifics. They are taken from modern

the

Japanese novels, the conversations the

in

which are

narrative

in

in the

the written

part being Yencho's novels, which are entirely composed in the spoken language, are an exception. Ycnclw is the bestcolloquial

style,

language.

known public down his

story-teller

The number and

it

called

of Tokio,

and an amanuensis

he delivers them.

tales exactly as

takes

of lady students of Japanese

is

increasing,

therefore be convenient to state that the story

may

Asiikagawa, the opening passage of which

The

in Extract V., is suitable for their reading.

is

given

narrative

in the written style, and perhaps the not to attempt to read it but to get a plan relate the substance of it viva voce. teacher to Japanese

part,

is

however,

will be

best

I.

Conversation with a Jinrikisha Coolie. Fare.

Oi I

Coolie.

(for iku

!

He,

he,

no da) ka ?

kochira this

Kurumaya !

oi !

say

jinriksha daiidbit quite safe shittc

gara gara). rattle rattle

F.

came Oil oi! I

say

michi road

ga

ka ?

?

F.

Doko yc ikunda where

is

oru

chigai iva shinai ka ? not do ?

mistake

dc trnzaimasu^

knowing remain

kara mairimashlta

way from

man

C.

to go is He, zonjitc orimasii knowing remain

:

Iw ga chikai no dc gozaitnasv. (gara is near rattle

side

shittern Daga, doko da ka But where is ? knowing remain

EXTRACTS. ka ?

C.

He,

he,

orimasu.

zonjitc

knowing remain

?

oru

ja remain with

de iva)

(for

is

ni.

rattle

rattle

Zonjite

knowing

Doko yc iknnda

not intelligible

where

to

go

?

C.

is

to in matte kitrc having waited give that saying

!

this

rattle rattle

F.

(gara gam).

wakaranai.

Korc

F.

He, he (gara gara).

193

gara gara gara).

(gara gara gara

rattle rattle rattle rattle rattle rattle

in

From

a Japanese novel called Shosei katagi.

TRANSLATION. Fare. Coolie.

I

Yes,

are going F.

are not you going the

!

F.

wrong way?

Do you know where you

know, this is the short road (rattle, rattle). you know where it is (I am going) ? C. Yes, I don't understand what you F. (rattle, rattle).

Yes,

?

man

all right, Sir.

it is

Sir,

Sir, I

say, but do

I

Sir,

say, jinriksha

I

know,

mean with your

'

Where

know.'

I

Sir (rattle, rattle).

Look here

F.

!

is

it

wait,

you are going I

tell

you.

?

C. Yes,

(rattle, rattle,

rattle, rattle, rattle, rattle).

II.

A Lady

Teacher

is

informed by one of her pupils that come to pay her a visit.

a gentleman of rank has

O

Tadaima Yagimoshi-agcmasn. say raise just now wara sama ga o ide ni narimashita ga, o ima ye o tushi come became pass sitting room mushimashu ka? Teacher. E, nani ? Yagiwara sama eh what (humble auxiliary) ? Pupil.

shisho

sama

ye

teacher

Ima wa ano oku no yori back sitting-room rather than ko-zashikl annai Sore kara yc go moshi-agete kudasai. invitation (humble aux.) that after small-parlour please

ga....

O, say d desu ka ?

oh

so

is it

?

ni mo go shht shiu snye ye iitstikctc, o tomo no servant to ordering suite of persons to too sake

wo

daslute,

put out no o riuri wo o mochi take back part of the house always of cooked food nasai yot Hayakn nasaranu. to (ikcnai) o isogl ka mo zonjiif soon not do not haste ? even

oku

mascnu yo.

know Shinso no gajin.

yc

mo

it

sumo

EXTRACTS.

IQ4

TRANSLATION. beg to inform you that Mr. Yagiwara has Shall I show him into the sitting-room ? Teacher, Mr. Yagiwara has Is that so ? Don't show

Madam,

Pupil.

just arrived.

Eh

!

what

him

?

I

into the sitting-room but

Then

the back of the house.

into the small reception tell

room

at

the servants to let the people

of his suite have some sake, and being the usual refreshments to the back part of the house. You must be quick about it, for he may perhaps be in a hurry.

Note the highly respectful forms sama, moshi-ageru, used by the pupil teacher, and the honorific references to the guest by the use of sama, o idc ni naru, o tushi mH'shimashu, go aitnai, o riuri and o isogi. to the

The

teacher's language to the pupil differs from that used to a servant

as the forms

show.

It

desii,

has an

kudasai, o machi nasai, nasaranS. and zonjimascnu, of friendly condescension.

air

III.

A young man as the latter

is

of the lower class meets a merchant's son going to the bath-house.

A. Toki ni waka-danna ! kore kara go ni niutu nattc, time enter bath having become young master this from sore kara do nasarit no desu ? B. Uchi ye kayerii no sa. A. O is that from how do house to return ni sore kara nattc, ye o kayeri house to return having become that from

uchl

knu no yo.

A.

eat

?

B.

Asameshi wo morning rice

sore kara ? Asa gozcn wo meshi-agatte, having-partaken of that from morning meal

B. Urusai na; mise ni

akinai

itte,

wo sum no

bothersome shop to having gone business

Nanthodo : sono become quantity that

o

akinai business

wo

shite

sa.

A.

do hi

ga kiircm

having done sun go down to ? B. Yu-meshi wo knu no sa. A. Sono go yuhan ga when that eat evening meal evening rice aite sumu do nasaimasu ? B. Mise no ivakai mono wo to, finish when how do shop young person partner ni (shitf) hanashi demo sum no sa. A. Sono hanashi ga sianit finish that talk talk even do to?

B.

when ncru

Urusai na. bothersome

no

hoka !

sa.

go to bed Mfiji uki yo no furo.

else

ni

shikata mo do-side even

nai not

is

kara,

because

EXTRACTS.

195

TRANSLATION. You are now going to have a young master what will you do ? B. I shall go home. A. When you have gone home, what next ? B. I shall have my A. And when you have had your breakfast, what breakfast. then ? B. You are a nuisance, I go to the shop and attend to Well but

A.

A.

business.

sun goes down is

!

After that

bath.

finished;

To

be sure.

?

B.

And when

have

I

what do you do

my

is

and the

over,

And when

A.

supper very likely have a talk with And when your talk is over ?

B.

?

business

supper. I

the youug men in the shop. A. B. You are a nuisance. Then there

nothing else to be done

is

but to go to bed.

IV. Interview with a ragman. Ragman. Kudzuya dc gozai kudzu wa o harai wa gozaimascnu, it is sell is not ragman rags Choito ! kudzu ya san ! kore wo totte ka ? Customer. ? a little Mr. this ragman having taken R. He, he! yes

o ktire.

give

haiken Itashimasho look (respectful) will do

soshite

fnrubite

and having become old n i Itadakimasu, ikahodo

how much

R. He, he,

yo.

d'attayo;

was ne?

R.

but

Omayc ma

demo

wa

wa

ga

chirimcn

?

C.

how

wa

moto

takaku dear

nareba because it

;

Bakana

koto

foolish thing

takaku.

dear

tamaru

estimate being knocked

moto

He

is

goran funde having estimated see

ikaga sama

fiimi-taosarctc

much

He ;

this

C.

you

originally

ga; kore

?

that with even originally

sonnani so

having become dirty

hassen de eight sen with

Sore

oil denaiyo. say is not

tolerably

imasu na.

yogorete

receive

for

zuibun

;

down endure

te kirei

nl

pretty

chigal

kircl

te

and pretty mono ka ?

thing

arimasaiu

mistake

not

is

koso

hassen (emphatic part.) eight sen

is crape do shite he. itadakimasu; sore de nakercba for receive (humble) that for were-it-not how having done watal mo hassen de wa iyada C. Atarlmaye da ne ; da kara I dislike is because too eight sen for ordinary it is

nl

mo

]

to

iunda, ne saying is

:

jiu go sen nl o shl ; sore de omayc ni son fifteen sen do that with you to loss

wa is

nai not

EXTRACTS.

196

(emphatic part.) un'tlfsu

itashimashttc

sore

having done

well then every

C. Shikata do-side

fie.

zonjimasu:

you dc gozai.

nai nc not

ga

He,

motte

;

maldo

R. Arigatu

thank

go

maldo

jisscn; arigatu zonjlmasu. thank you exactly ten sen every time Ing

na kudzu ya da

hard

ragman

C.

gozarimasctiu,

R.

nc.

ncgatime re-

sore dc yoroshlkuthat with if good

o ide yo.

having taken

is

cln~>do

is

it

jisscn ni itadakimashd. will receive

kara,

ja

because ten sen

is

questing

ba

DO how

R.

yo.

Kudzu

Kudzu ya ragman

u'a o liarai dc sell

rags

ka?

not

is

Kudzu ya no

kago.

TRANSLATION. Ragman,

Customer. Yes, besides

The Ragman

(calls) I

Ma'am please let me see it yes, Ma'am how much shall !

;

a price on

put

Would

Don't talk nonsense

it

was new and

it

Yes,

Ma'am

!

was new, and

No

I

I

it is

is pretty old, and dirty give you for it ?

it.

eight cents

was

that

;

it

it

was a

just because

otherwise

I

?

a very pretty and expensive thing

can't let

doubt

for eight sen,

you

it

!

;

Do you

!

ragman! won't you take this?

say,

Yes, Ma'am.

when

rags for sale

Any

!

for so little as that.

go

and expensive thing when crape that I will take it from

pretty

it is

really

Well, suppose you have a right to name your price, but I would have you know that I have something to say to it too and I

won't take eight sen.

I

by

Make

it

sen

fifteen

;

you

will lose

nothing

it.

Ma'am,

Really,

a good customer,

I I

could'nt think

will take

it

.

Well then, as you are such

from you

for ten sen.

If that will

suit

you Well

it

!

Thank

obliged for

How Any

can't be helped, take

you, all

Ma'am,

(here

your custom,

fond that ragman rags for sale

!

is

Exit.

is

it

away.

your money) (calls)

just ten sen.

The Ragman

of a hard bargain

!

!

Much

EXTRACTS.

197

V.

A

young engaged couple view the plum blossoms and

listen to the nightingale.

:;:

Takco

She (from the garden).

He

(from the house).

anything dcsii.

(comes

it is.

Ima

She.

out).

san

!

Takeo san

(personal name) Mr. Nani ka arimashlta kn ?

was muko

?

no

no\v opposite

.

chotto.

!

a ;

moment

ima

iku

tokoro

now

go

place dc

mumcbayashi plum grove

in

no hatsu ne ga shita desu. kiki ni kara, yd first note did manner is because hear to nightingale ikimashu. He. Sayo desu ka. Sore wa yukai desu na : sd, let us go thus it is ? that is come pleasant itte kikimasho. (A little later). O jo san! anata wa o Miss having gone let us hear you ttguisu

damashi

wa

de

mascnu

is

She.

ne.

Chitto mo ugiiisu ga nakia little even nightingale sings sakki wo shite, futa lye, yoi ne no a while ago good voice having done two

arimascnu ka ?

deceiving

not

not

?

kara anata wo o yobi tiwshita no desu. koye bakarl nakimashlta call did is cries only because sang you ate ni naraHe. So desn ka ? Shlkashi nan? da ka it is so not ? but somehow reliance

na yd manner

nai

become

sakki a while ago

matte

naita

hodo

desu ne.

Ko thus

it is

nodo

will see

amount waiting

if

nakimashlta

completely kara sukoshi because a little

nakanakattara do nasaimasu. She. SO so should not sing how do

Nan'daka hinata ye what is it sunshine to

shimashiJ. will do

kawaita

ga

She. Mattaku

ne.

sung He. Sonnara kore kara mo ichiji if so this from more one hour

thing

matte

shimasn does

wa

mimasho.

waiting remaining

space

ga

koto

sung

ite

kan

kl

mind

yd

desu

kara,

detara since

kahe

went out

wo

ii-tsukc

became dry appearance it is because coffee order iku o tsukai wo shimasho. He. Sorewa omoshiroi. Watakushi I that is amusing go your messenger will do

throat ni to

mo nanda ka too

what

is it

noini

mono ga hoshiku

drink thing

naita tokoro desu kara desirous have become place is because

She. Sore de zvatakushi no o yaku that with office my *

The uguisu

is

wa

dekhnashlta ga; has been made

not a nightingale but a bird

moshi if

somewhat resembling

it.

EXTRACTS.

198

wa

anata should sing you watakushi mo sono naitara

He. So dcsu

do nasaimasu. do

how

it

o

if

it is

ni ikimasho.

tsitkai

Naitara

nc.

should sing She. Sore wa ikcmathat won't

so

your messenger as will go scnu yo. Sono koto wa watakushi ga kangaycta no dcsu, kara. I is do that thing because thought of He. Sonnara nan demo o nozoml no koto wo shimasho. She. if so will do anything at all your wish thing also

I

1

mite mono o idc nasatta watashi no namayerashl a while ago reading my nameresemhling thing you were no ntta ano o tcgami wo o mise nasal na. He. Yo gozaimasu, ;

Sakki

was

that

show

letter

it is

good

ni kakcmashO. naitara o me She. Kitto desuka? if it should sing your eyes on will hang certain it is ? o me ni kakcmasu to mo. sakarl He. Kitto She. Ima ga

moshi

certainly dcsu, ne.

so

is

fioka no

plum

other

see person

now

it is

mume wa mint hlto

now

eyes on will hang

He. So dcsu, Ima ga chodo

exactly see-place

it

is

truly

kin ga yoi kara chigattc flowers from differing quality is good because liana

to

made

shizen

as far as

naturally

no kokoro heart

dcsu nc. yd manner it is

blossom

full

midokoro dcsu ga, jitsu ni

to

Hlto

She. Sayo de gozaimasu. it is thus

naru

kosho ni elevated

no

become kosal

intercourse

people

mo

korc to onajl-koto de watashi nado mo ko sliitc anatagaalso this as same thing being I etc. also thus doing you ta

no yuna o kata to o tsnki-ai wo shijiu kind of gentleman with constantly association

no de jibun no

ichi

dcsu. Toki kanjin important is by the

mo

ni,

way

wa

hito

wa

sonna wake ni such reason

tomodachl friends

people o jo san

!

Miss

wa

ga, o kajimuki no o

shirabe

no

koto

not stick

thing

household

investigation

well

shirimascnu, ga, do not know but

is

anata

you

She.

?

ga

choosing

tsftkanai

dcsn ka.

mai-

do

wo ycrabn

wo

o

kiki

inquire

moshimasu ga, kono mayc no Nichiyo mo ima no Nichiyo this before now (humble aux.) Sunday Sunday wa nanika o shirabe mono no Daijin yo His Excellency appearance something investigation

yoku wa

irit

doing

shizen to agaru ka to omoimasu yo. ? rises think

ga

by own naturally position He. Do watakushi nado shite; how having done I etc. rimascnu ga: nan'dc not go (pause) anyhow

shttc

mo also dcsu, is

lye, watashl

mo

no

too

mo go

zonji no

too

know

I

tori

manner

EXTRACTS. mai-toshi

kono

mume

every year

this

plum

itashimastt

does

no

sakari full

199 nl

bloom

kono aida haha kara because the other day mother

wa

ko-toshi

mashttara, she spoke of

yenkai entertainment

sono koto that thing

ga

wo

mfishi-

when is

unfortunately investigation

wa gozarimasenu is

to

wo

shirabc-mono ga aru

ayanikn

this year

kara yenkai because entertainment

wa

at

kotayemashita.

answered

not

Asiikagawa.

TRANSLATION. (from the garden) Takeo He. (from the house) what is it ? She.

!

comes

(he

come here I'll

for a little.

be with you in a moment,

out).

thought just now I heard the first song of the nightingale from the plum orchard over there let us go and listen to it. I

:

How

Indeed. later)

!

will

go and hear

Have you not been humbugging me, Miss

does not sing a bit. Yes, a while ago,

was why Indeed It

Come we

nice!

I

it

?

it.

The

(a little

nightingale

did sing twice with a beautiful note, and that

called you.

But somehow

!

I

don't feel quite satisfied.

did really sing a while ago, so let us wait a

Well then,

we'll wait for an hour from

little

now, and

and if it

see.

does not

what will you do ? Well, I'll tell you what I will do. Coming out into the sun makes me thirsty, so I will go and order a cup of coffee for you. That is a good idea. I do feel as if I should like something to

sing by that time,

drink.

Now

that

it is

settled

what

does sing, what will you do

have got to do,

I

if

the nightingale

?

If it sings, I will go as your messenger. Certainly. That will never do that was my idea. Well then, I will do anything you like. Show me the letter you were reading a while ago which had :

something

like

Very good

;

my name

if it

sings,

You promise me I

I

in

it.

will

show

it

to you.

faithfully.

promise faithfully to show

it

to you.

EXTRACTS.

200 The

plum-trees are just

Yes,

now

now

a quality so as it were the minds of those

You

blossom.

in full

Indeed the plum is of exactly the time to see them. far surpassing other flowers that it naturally elevates

is

And

who

look on

it.

same with the

society one keeps ; of a person like myself were naturally raised by constant association in this way with gentlemen like you. Not at all that is not so in my case. Still people ought to be I

are right.

the

is

it

feel as if the position

!

very careful in their choice of friends. By the way, Miss! to change the subject, I want to ask you a question. Both last

Sunday and today His Excellency seems to have been engaged something; is it some private matter ?

in investigating

No, I really do not quite know, but as you will remember, he has been in the habit of giving an entertainment every year when the plnm-trees are in full blossom. When my mother asked him about it the other da}', he said that unfortunately he would be prevented from giving it this year by an investigation which he had in hand.

VI.

A man

of high rank talks to a newly-engaged

servant. Kore

Master.

korc

!

this

Servant.

z>'