A. F. CHALMERS - ΤΙ ΕΙΝΑΙ ΑΥΤΟ ΠΟΥ ΛΕΜΕ ΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΗ

January 17, 2017 | Author: vrasidas5152 | Category: N/A
Share Embed Donate


Short Description

Download A. F. CHALMERS - ΤΙ ΕΙΝΑΙ ΑΥΤΟ ΠΟ&Upsi...

Description

)

I

1

..

A . F. Chalmers

TI EINAI

nOY

AYTO

To AEME

EmLTHMH; MIa neoainUJ77 "1p; cpVm}l;, TOV )(aO£atrVro, )(aL TCI)V

pe06l>wv nil; £lllV"t7}J.l.'Ir;

AIlOMlIH rIA EMIIH1!V- .

ruiJ(lYor; ~OVYl1S' EmrnlNO/'iI "II EIIIMEAEJA:

A(>WTEim,r;

M7foJ..TCi~

,

flANEnIHHMIAKH EMOIEI! KPHTHf 61l1{ltO nUT)(Q lln~~ EY\OOtUll; AllrQ\ ~frs

1 6QUH)(~

HP AKA.EIO 1.,1



-

n ANE niITHMIAKEr EKAOI El r KpHTH r I ~ " VMA TE XNOAOn".r I(A I E I' E YNAI:

Hvuxltw Kl)ljt'l;. T.e . 1 ~27.1 11 10. Tq).. (OSI) 394235. Fu: 394236

A6",,'u : MciV1'\i 5. 10681. T'l~ (01) 38 18372, F;u.: (01) 33019'1

e-mai l: pcl!. @:ial.fonh.g,r)(OIpck @:physic5.uch.V

URL IMlp:lf......" .... pL"t.LI('h.p .

! EI PA: I ttQP I A KA I {AO!OI , A Tfl! En IITt-I M H i

TIl J.o; npwrorvlIoo: Wh;)t is Ihis Ih i n~ called Science'! An

assessmen t orthe nalUIT and status c science and ils methods, C: 1978·1992, by UNIVERSITY Of Q UEEN S..... NO P RESS , ST. L.l:r"lA J99 01993.

i'IQ

tq\'E;'iJJWI(~ y.l.ti.oo'oa.'

I1A1'IEnl!THMI AKEI EKMJtEn:

npWf'l ix~,,:

1994

dElHi:!»1 iK&xY'1:

1996

TpiT'J b,/ivo'1:

1998

Mt7Iv;1{Jflnq:

r IW(lYOeYI.£Qctj.mEv"[

KEIflAAA IQ ~EKATQTP ITO

PooktOj.t.O~ , EQYOhaO''(Qa'tla XOl ohijSaa

KE3u 30uc3«;>Y. ~(I)llfA,03rlt.aa'DX Mw> 01\9rl101J3'(1"'0~3 ...3S' 5Ull\1.101lt3

stu

1J.r\"l.1J.,(91UI. ~'(1J.th{\

H

·« ~Dp..uenU '01.o1P. D1fI1Dl~!OU!l t;l01l" :.rrI!,\Oetu -ro3rM.D 011. unoo!oY.19 3Ol?Y. 3 rt1\OX3, ·... ro...911Ill.onn A(l)1 1J)'i{ Stul -1p.tmn stu D!l..\l(lfiD MU.o twlt.'(X1ll3 tw1119 xnrll)1.t 1'0111)1;900 ·«A.nOI'p10U! 53.\011!,~1011."3 10 1019110 lOX Sort nopi Suo,. 119 SUtAoAft ::LU.t'(~1l>Y. ''OX "5%LL"('O 'O~.t13fiP90UO 11:>A13 5.0'(919

~y"l.On1lldJU'9 luod>£>9CIll O'!rl 'Solrrr1,.

'"""'"

:1U'iHllllB 3mY OJ. ,1,00 OUV [VSG LL:A1II'1'I'Q

SD91C)3 1.to1.L(}~X01'DX

n

cor

-Tl 30 1'01"O~)0D9 O'('(;J '01011;J)£ '5,~O riOl "O'('(no ~Q}!.1"O'{

1J))(

Sr)oxtcbooo,£lIb 30 ~mlono l»l"O~lOO~ '1J.o,.1.1Inl,>tq ~ U~'1l9~)1'O UX19!03"(U 1D1"O~1l"'3 "3\1 53!dmae 5~'l\CYIi\w)1I!1 10 119 9Tl0 -1001..0 1 0\01 MO~1 dlt l O nou 01or1~O'1lXnt3 ()l 9 1m 'O~liOlOO 'S3A!'i'(lXb03 m,\!3 53)ofO:10 S;mlA01"llUOllt3 S:,nOl!T,JX 119 3lJ).O 1Jlcl 9C1l o\3Q ')cr)u

'OX 1 9!Ol"(111~'"Il 'O"!fU)X1 5oqoe~1

5~:b oo !ll.OOl.DX 00 no!! ~r1A ll.O ltl. 9 :1t'O 531'iOK.Q.1.Q o>O~'OOll!

l',) L\'OAI\.O ."0990311 ~X IJI.OTlltlOllt'. .- SUl ltotu~K»)'J.nolM.1) ltOl1i'9 m)( l;t '(UO "ltw )l ltOXDOUO ;'lOU 0139'9UDOdu It 11,9 m~l19 '0" m~e'Olt.OO(h= 00 a0r!919 nO l U1JX1A.1.D ltl:! '5')191.1'('0 5£!)....'OOul (I)~ ~ ·5'!lel'.-~u ,~oe1.nq())m 1),,- '\l,\oOOuTI n.... 5l!3mJ() S?)(M.ori -lI.l.D1L."l 10 50~o 5t.l1 lw;>g lu..o 5090Qrrt D'!'1'O)( llXOJ?llf\ AlV '!to99 OlOl.~ J)111 91."1) '\~1(}m30 "CIlX1II.or1luolln \tA(T)ko~ tuo ·l.ugt~O "'-11 lD11J''l.V.3 nOl! 1)!OOit19tl19 "'i'..6\; rnoywYLxOI; ~QO . 0116.;, xaB' vOlAtlJOS: O'tOV 6a9j.i.O 1tO'U LY.C):Vo..OlEi. 6),(" 1.0. XQLtiJQ1ClltOU 1tQOObLOQi-tn '1 uQX.i! 'tTt; E:t'aywviJc;, Oa xal£A.ll· yE Of 'l'evbts: Q\)~Qaol1O- 1tClQQ TO yeyov6; on oW; 01 ;tQo· )I.£i~lM!:;; tOl! eivcu (1),lIBeLs:. 6.£'V eO. txo\Jf.lE Xalne! i..oyo/.t\ «vll· ..a..ar;. H £V l.Oyw yai.0;wU­ Xc, ).OL.QV, "tTl" J"[QWT ll xt.6A.o.~ IlilKl nr; 1taQt;. f.UtOQOUv

1tttOtj, T1J'Y xa8aQOtflta TOU

vu OfllQttoV'tOL al.l'W; Ot. a:ta\'TI'lOn;; H EQWtflOTl ElVUL o llfUl­ vnx~

lI:uElw,

0 xaT(tA~ 'to,\' :ruQaliay..00'11 &v Sa t6J..e.n:av "to oxi)f10 3 00'11 Ilia o;(.(i:) 6~~uio-ta t7) 6uita!;'l YQQIlIlWv. 6£wQw to::: bEt 0'1, tw"Y ~l6w).(l)v 1l0l) OX'lllatitoVT(IlptE to TlQoou)JtO. : va u:lOotmnJllf 6-u lO £i.&,o)"o OlaV Clltifll6)"lto lOU bey a)J.o~t~ O1tO t11 01'1),l1ij ]t0l) AVot:I 111 XOt avaxn).L'\jH:1 lO aQOoW:lO. KOI ay )tunol' J..('OE~ ll1 onatmu:(paAt.ci. ~nvoxOt.1uSEI atrt6T1 xOva. 00 ~"t0Qt(JE1 [-('Xo;-o va tMXQi,Yt:l ~avtl :n:Q6ow:ro. KOl 6£ lO\ItO lO :tUQ n e; t I XOVC; ;tOU livCl!; ;1f",it"lQUlltvOe; .:toQUTlIQY 6LO.xQi.V£.~. Katl t£lOIO 1lQiJt£1 va auvt6'lowv , ot'rfUYE ylU JtQWTIl qIOQa to l'lM:mc.61l10 w; oQY QEl.tv1lO 'l lOU oUQu\'ou. 01 EJtlq:lJ},d;el; nflll ~

w; itQOS TIJV aJtOOO1.~ cp£t 1:1~

aU.. ayF~

F C&A/..IbI:

n EISAI AYTO nor TO ,\EWE EmITlDIH;

ltOU £1tE(lXOV'tUL

o'tllv

Ot091lT'lQtaX~

EI.uw.Qla tv6; qlOtTIlTtl Til\; lo.tQIXli~ o'tav 1J09aiva. va I'hoyvooeu; e~uu.toV'tro; j.Lla aXtlvOYQarpLo..

XOVl'::1

00. ei.vo~ o n m CtJto

t'l'Y ~61a

:tCtQf)£i:(£

tva q>OlTlJTtl tIE lUtQLXTK 1tOU JtaQO)(oA.ouOEl

tva v.uOll~O OX€lIWI.l£ l'l'llllo"r'wo'1 ttVtWOvtXWV VOO'lV-ci.­ nov l!faXtlvt; X. Meoa oe tva (T;.ottIVO 6u.>~'tlO,I5Abr£1 L;(Vll oov oxti~ Jtovw OE fila CPWO~ltO\lOCl 096V1l, Tono· OeTll~tV'l Ill'l'QOO"tG mo o"t'i)9o; £v~ ooOevo~ XOi CtXOl.,£1 tOY oxuvok6yo va au~'l'ta at: JLla ubl)(~ y>..Wooa ...,e 'lOU; 6oTj9oiK; TOU TO O1J~ai.VOYTO lUOQX'tllQ!.O'tIXci. OUlOJV TUIV ffi'.I0)'.... :Etl'J" OQXt\. 0 ~tl}Ti}!; d\'QI [vru~ ~tJiv~

To ",avo Jtou p..1tOQE~ va 6u:txQi.vu O£ Ili.a oxuvOYQoatplxl}; ll"lXovl}s. rLa va IU)" nUQ£; 'TY'leW, W; ~xaeOQi.ol,l) IICU a.u: t o :tCtQUllUVW. n UWt OV, OiYOl'(lU ~v tet q:UOLxci. ahla t(l)V £LOOl.w.., mOl!;" n~I(Jll(j).,~ V1:~ ~ta; b£v flOt'\' XOIlLCt OXEOTI ~ O,tl 6Ainou ~t.t vo, 6ouIJof o.tt Oi).ouJoIt:. QIJtOOO, .lUll.." 6}.c OOCt011·

1t0lJ

6M.Jt0\11Jof O Qro

~lU 1lt:~l6: il.OI aVtLAl)l"ItlxlS e.,.,u:.lll>i€S aM 1", Ax?~o XQl elV I\t-..(~ 6t~ xci9E l'lOQ(nr 0Tl nl>OQ6O:011 Of. OVU).1'jJttL X£S ql1lEl.Q[~ XCI) y~l.'Qo &v 0'lJ116oi. vtL 'to l.6LO X(ll ~ tl.ai.i~ ~td· AW TtIS E1(lO't~~T);, yivUOL q>aveQ6 on. Of CX V't lOEUT] II.E "tou; cn:aywyunutOV; IOXUQIOJ.lO~. 1'.0:0(' :.aQa't'lQ'lOUlx,i a1tOqJov, C1tl 1tQOO;tOLtEi. xCr.1tOl.O; ~qnl; 9c1lJQi.a xat on Ot :taQ6­ 6).lJl1a. nQoUltoetUI Otl 11£0(1 CI.lfO to ('I!ti'IQO :'U,it8o; rno9rrnJ· QlnXWV tIlJtEtQu.i)V ]tOO nQooAojJ.MvEt ivac; :tCl.QoTTjQI"ft1i; . 'to uUvo).o 'to.l\' ul08'lDlQIClXWV ElAJtElQubv ]tou 1tQoEQxovrol eut6

wOtO TQO:tO O£

XOI.vO 01:OlX£lO

1:OJV

eiaOTJ XOXXlVWV QVnXI'.l llevwv El\'Ul xata XCutotOV t Q6:ro &OtreCSlllO ltQO£ {ueQeVvflOTl. 'OIlWC; aut6 "to oVvo).o &v ov)JJ.· )'ElQL ClJtO 1161.'0 "tou. nQl.O dvai TO XOITWL.O OUJ.lq.'W\'a J.IE to 01I0t0 xwu:)t.e~ aw9lrnlQlay..Es ~:~t.1tf"IQi£; 0UJL1n:Q1Aoll60.\,Ovtat 0' aut6 to aUvoAo XO~ ~ alliC; aJtOY.A.£iOVta~; To XQI-n;. QI.O, aof{lO.~, Ei.vUI 6tt "'ovo at. alOOrrnlQUXY..€; tj.Lm:lQiL; NOI< ' )!/VCl. lll aV"tlx.el~vWV ovllncQI},0IA60:voVTUI atO oVvo}.o. H EV ).6yw avtU lJ'V1l1tQO(bW&tttl "t"r'f" i.6lO. tTl" EVVOUl, t'1l" Ibi.OnrtQ

1:"1

YO r i vat xcin XOXXlVO, tyt; Mota~ TTl'" XQO€:i.£.\Joll Em:6W'XE va

t;'IJY'Iiot;l. 0 lOX\IQIOIA6s on Ol yovElS lUll youv

t)t.

000"0;.01 nu/i ·

oVvOAO XOXXIVW"Y aVUXftlAtvW"Y (l"tav ~aeai.vouv

ota be-\' ~~Otilil trtclQx~ un.£(Ki0l'H0ll tTJ; ena)'il)y\Omnl; (tvTD.rN''K, YUIll auto 1100 EV61.O.u ELval 'to 1tWs 11 tVVOLO _XOXX l VOIlO wdxTl}OE TO vOrllla TT)c; yiQ l1QW'tI'J cpoQtJ. 0 IOXUQ10110; O-U II ivvow _xox_

1!(lt6t.6: t'l" XQtQV01}OT1 TTJS MOlac;

.x6~y.t ''0....

xo.6w; XC'll. OllOLQbTptO'tf aUlJ {WOI.(l, 1tQoEQ1.E'tO.I a.nG­ Y).(ll Ol1tAaVtllEC; xLVOVvta~ ou elJ..el1[nxi; 'tPOXlt s yU.

...., F ClIA.uIW; n EISAI .... rro

noy TO

.\ OIE: ErIIITlUr1II;

t'l40» t:LvaL E:'I'UmUIOVIXO; '{terti. IOXUQi.~Ul on Ot :rQ OI(l"l!t:UOlIlOTITWC;. 0, v61lOt «01. e'tEQW­

VUjtOL IlaY"lluxoi. 1[oi..m eAXovt:al» iJ «~ 1t-Qo(rngeflEvo OE &lOTJ 6iVE' 6.i..ac; XOl VEQ6.., on.wc; XaL ci.llol)'l(lQOjlOlOL VOIlOt.. II1[Of?OUv EtrM>Ao

va.

VI)S .00000nfQUJlOQ~ Y.Qt "'fl' ettrt6v «XQIGW~ TO\'

XUQuXTllQL060Uv bW'llEUotjlOl. 00't000 OL

bIUljmUOIOXQo.n:c; LOX\.IQltovtat on tmo.QX01JY OtOOQl£r;, OL on-ot­ t;~. E"W E:TU!:pawLoxci. (JlCtLYEtal 6n OlU()!!"t0 1JY 6).0 TU XOQaxTll­

OtE \J1tOXQEW~VOt "a til jIf)'ETI)oOlJ~tt: ).eJttOIU:Q~ 1 1 o..'1(lIX OOIlI1E Of !J.La xaQomtoUQCl "t1']c;. Ym'tQ) :to),)....; 11'U'f.o).oytX£b, )(Ol"WVLxi~ )tal 9Q'1 0 XfUTI /-1

!ouac; xu).,'\; E1UOTllJlovnolr; geWQia;:. OTlIV 1fQoYjton ­ xOTtlTO 6cv flvOi 6t(l\jICUolllf; Xo.l, wr; EX 'toUtO\l, ELVal ~VO Qlonx(t

C-""tLAJ"tTlf.WVLxCS BEOlQi.E; XUl lT QEllEl VU a.1tOQQi.­ TlTOV10t. 0 06lT1[Ii"Q LO'1.lJQl ~6 tav 6 "[1 tOUi.o.XL{]1"OV xci:rou::; 0­ 1[0 w; f:x60X£t; "tTl; j.LOQ~lO'"tLXt'ls 6EWQio; "tTlt; uHoQLa;. t'l; q>QOiJ6LX"~ VVXa"Ycikoo'l"tooT'1QitEL TIl Oew­ Ql(' TOU: 0 avS(J(:);iw; dXE llQOqlOVW; (tYU¥X'1 va l;eneQ60El "to.

).6-t

n1t~ta ylu TIl" et"OQWnLV1J c; lpO­

eivOl avOtX10; ont" xQLUxi] e.x ~­ onolot. l OU XQt:WVOlJ\' tOY rimo tttl;l.'P\1'fTr; ttoo xaQox"t1')Qi.~L t"l"] l-l0vtei(1. E6:v xo.ttOta OE OOQ1U va Pxtl d.'lQ )'lO

'!o "l

OT'1)' U\,TlOTOlX'l tou Ntvt(l1vo. Q!> 9EWQin 1 ~vw tOw tou; TQEl; v6!louc.;; to\) yt.a TI]\' )J

)(.06,ot"a~ XtvounUl E/.i.wmW: yUp(J,) (l;"to 'toy i);'10 'to\.s.

(6) 'OM>l. 01

o'n

8eWOcil oaqic,;; 0 VOlJoc.;; (IS) CtV'll:lQOOW:7teU£1 EJHOTIWo­ V1.X'; yvtixnJ CtVWTt.QOU t.."JTEbo\) WIG 6.n 0 vOlJoc; (a). O...alAo; (6) 1J~).h1 oka Ooa 110b).in 0 VGlJoc.;; (0) xru axOlJa ntQlooO­ ttQO. 0 vOlJo; (6), 'tov onoLo :n:po"UIJOullI:. elvUl l"IEQlOoOTtQO blmptOOllloc.;; a.n:o 'tov v61J0 (a). Euv tmciQ;ouv ;(a{,lf1TllQi)oE:lc,; Eni. tOU j\Qll ()I. o.n:.oi.Ec,;; bl.O~ rov vOlJO (a). aa bta\jIEU­ bow t!1U.0T!'; xa~ '[Q'\I VOIJO (6). Kci9E bl16 lOU; bUVTj' tlXo\:; bLO\j7ruOttt; t1'); 9EWQi,at; TaU Nrnwva OlNUJTOW O~la ­

bE;

MOCfuVOEWV n:ou uvaq:tQoV'lUl DE ;u.(lVljTlxi~ OEoEle;:

OuyxtXQtlltVf:~

XQOvtxiS onwi.;. Y:I(iQl.ollY

o~WS i'.(lt

XaTa

:1O)J..ol

QUat tt'lOtOl 6W'l'EUOTt;. ).lETa);\! ToW oJtOicov 6U1nmwVOVTal CUtoq:avou; nov uvaqiQovtUl Qnl (JUfUt£QICfOQO: oWJ!atWV xu· lo. TfJV Ei.fUOr.Q'l 1IlW0'l tOU;. 01:11 O\:~l:lEQtq..OQa El(l(QEV-tllV, OtOV auaxU\OllO llUV nu),IQQQ to bE'l.rUQOAt.'UO nQWt:o.; ti val :t£Qloo6t£()O 6ta~I£UoqLO; um; l O~ o't£vo ouvbt:&Pf:vrS tl;TQIllion; y\C1 ax. \'tIO excpQ0OTJ; nQO)(U;nolN a6iama CtJtO til x~ oVT1.).II"''1),\o til" t:Jlt(nt1~U'I'

YQ(qqlfl . Eival :tOA.U

v~ GQoiJllt mXQ 6\Na't~ q.tJC1LXl) xatciot.J!yI.Ou.;, cptaon n:l..lxo' vu ' I~EL OVCtXU1pa Eva XUt VOUpIO JtQOO).ll~O ym I I 1.0"(011; V(1 :turtei'Ol1f.K on au EivOl :toJ.'; /)u~q:t' oXfo'1lU 'to UQZlXo. }.,u~"o IlQo6i..l'Jll a , A l1t ( :tQOOAI'JJ.10 OJtOl'tei. t:1')V EJrtv6'rj0Tl vtwv l.o:tOOiI) j.LE TI) OEIQ« tO L'S, ava~I.OOYOvoVv 'tTl 6LU~%UO i(Qtt:IX~, H 6la6uwoio (lulli o\JVfy'i~ElQI i Tc n O'tt 6e" ~OQei. va HJtWOEl YIO Ina OEwOiu th 600 xo}.,ci. Y.Ut av £Xu avrU1tI:;lW£1 OlOV 0% i.1)I OltolO uno6h'J9rtx£, ~_,,[oQ()~U' Ol1toc; va drri~oul OE eiOll va HT,(UQt.OT01!I I£ Otl ~H(I lQtxOOOU ('h:w 'tli:Q'l a!to Ttr; IlQo%rn6;.:ot'; tTl;. ).11: Tllv hvow OT va aVTant'/;f:l.O£t at c).iY,(ot); rrou bU\ ~lI'll(Ja\' tl; DQlv ~£l6:00llJ.lE oQlOlutva R(1QaDti.YJ.1atCl -l ~O\1V If)v 1)lUtiJE\lUtO%Q(1 tL~~ OVti).ll'l111 '(IU f

II

veu 1teQi1tou300 )( 1()'5 ;'IQ(~To;

fd,lQCl

to

bevtEoO'.E.:TtO, UXQl6c.Ot;: y\(lTi 0'

ci vm 1rt(lWnOTE(lO 6 tQt:i.

va ujI'o6nxOo(ov J1cQlO(}('m:tIU t:lftT \llEi;. AlITES ltQElm va yivovv avux.r.(l-l.EvO

QXOj.lQ )"u·o

ot

n4utuie;

o.uo-U)Q11; XQl 'tl X~

dJ:yxou. KaL o'tav xcbtouJ. OTt y~t11, ~lla un6OEo'l .itOU alO Itfm;"! t.~tt (LVTmn:';E}..OEt ~u: Il1tlruxiu Ot .itO;.;_OU; X(H notxi­ i.ou.; (LUO'tllQOU; wyxo~. oQa t l JV RQ6000 tl}; Ift'OLXi);. Vft

Aoxtt,O\J~ !.Il: tva n:Q061T]~ta . 0\ VU',(TtQij ;ttToirY yQTjyoQa. xo,t tUxOAo, Q1toq:eVyovto

6evtQUIV. t(t Tt'\A£yQi] "']I; n£lQ­ Mrfll 6EwQto on to. twa, 6n:wS XOt Ol uv6Qw1I:0l-, 6).bwvy j.LE Of.

6riY~(lTO,

to ~na 't0lJ'i . 'Evat; ()(,(l~It·\)OtOXlla.Tll; eft E.:UZElltlllUEL \'0 Au.. to ltQ06).ruu) XQvoV'w; j.lLa (lxao\.a ..; ~o unOOEOT}. ' I ow~

Oft

\l.iOOTllQl~l.

JloQ'

ow 1tO'U )tend to. (pmv6~a OL vtr,(tEQibEt;

how txq:»JA.w~a JAlitlQ, Qute;_ xani £vav 'tQo;ro no\) ayw.,­ BeOTl va 6Ainow utaV01tOl.rp:lxO: TIl vUxTO: Xl'TJ­ TJ VJtOBEO'l e.-'Ul>qUQL ilrr1.o. Meon OE £Vo (1)tO'ttI.v6 6w"uino mo o.i[oi.o \);«iQ1..OI"" &aqlOQt.ov ilU:Qi.a. :u ~1i.U 1tQOOno.Otla va ;e1tfQuoni o.u1l1 11 b\lo....o/.i.u ;((lOto.Oflze.. ano 1:O'V 1\e.6EQI£ (Leverrier) (]tTl fallta Xol anD 'to~ i\V'to.~C; (Adams) (J't llv Ayy>.i.u . 1l lm.C'lQ;fJ Ev6~ uyvwO"tou we; 'tot:e. it}.o.vtlT'1 xovta otav OVQO.vO. H £;.;.1'1 Qm~ll'oo 0' aUTov t o\, u1tou Oi"u:vo .nUt· vftt'll'I.o.l t:o'V Ch.'Qa'Vo geWQtl{hPLE wtE"ilOlMl ytu tlJV O1[o-M.J.o '1 tt¥; t Q.avOaOIJ.fVll. H 61a~ 'tl'JS £~; 'lOU KtnA.t:Q, oi~ \'0 I-tI! nJV onoi.a OL OJtOOtUOEll; IlEta;U tu)V ;da\'llTl%WV 'tQo-­ Xt-Wv ltQeneL va t;'1YTlOOVV J1f avaqJOQu ota JtE:vt:e xa\,ov1,xa crtE:QEci tau m.o:twva. 6ev O'1.I"(X(l'tO.).,tye:(u~ ava~ (flo. O'lf.la­ vn'Kci OQOcrr]~ tIt; ; tutOPOl1\' vo tlL{11~£uotlovv )(.{It vu u:t.OQQL(Jl80Uv, £\'cO a~"'t:i'fQl on OL at·

wQI.e,;:

~o\rv

1001:£ va xa1:o!;uJ,)eoUv we;; aA'l6ei.e;;

Ii JUeavw;

9EwQlwv.

tTfY oJtola aJt06i.6ouv

at \~ho.!pI

avCtJt-ru:;'1 t1); F,.]tLO't~J1'l;: lll..aqx>QO:n:OfIS TWV vEO)\' 6l·hJQUltV clven O'l"nmVTl ri; otav 6ue~o :OWl' TO U:X'

va ns nvtlxa8wta

XOl

v.~QLO JlOU enutUQ6:l"Yovv tTlV EXCIOQ01(Olf:i

bLa~'EuatOZ(lU.tI; ; crtTlv m: p.ryu).o bo8till TTl"

Clv"tl.hp./J1i "t(JU; 1reQL E1tLXUQWC1Tl; 0Jt6 tTlv av-riOlOlX1J TWV fJtO· yUJ'(LO"tWV. Iuf.UJlUlvo ~ "tTlv E1tClYW'lLUnx'i "tOJ"totlETllOll TlIV

oltOio JreQlYP(i"tPOI-U! 01:0 KE(J1aAal.O 1, 11 OlllA.O.oio tW\· :taQuul' Qijo£:wv nou enlxUQwvoUV ....l.Ci 9twQi.a xoSO{)tl;nm wtOXA.EL· (I"UXa OltO tll hUyllnj 01.£011 ,IElUS1; TUI\· ;mponlPljOtflZt;,V rutOlpO.VOEWV nOll Enl xuQwvoVlal . XOI nr, 6EmQi.o.; TTJV O:rolCl «Uti!) u 6uOiJoU 1tAi:OVEXnij.lClt O OE j.li.a BrulQla, £O:v almi :tpo-.u:':rm UX; urrO'tfJ.t:Oj.lO dino\.! ~t la; ,iu; :tQoohtp'l;. n QUWCl TO 01tOlO O'TIj.l.otvtL O'tL /olta UlUtilQC1lo 'l 8EUlQEt.m O'll1av 'nx~

Olav, (no nhOlUW lOU YVWOlClXOU uJt066.8Qou 'II'}/; EnOx'ts. bEv ­ QUIDO) aUQLO ILia 8EWQia mJlAqJw\'(t !l£ rrrv OlTOLa '1 6(lQun x iJ tAl;" QVcil1Eoa De 600 uci)l.Io:ta t!;aQ1:U:rm a.'"[O 'til 9EQj.l.oxQu­ ola 'to\Jll;;. xcin n:o'U So. bti'fJru& T1l Saueta 'too Neinwva. eO. £XU) nQoyj.l.a't01t(11)0E1 j.l.la Ol1j.1.O.vm~tl OtTVeWq>OQq:wvo. H A.oylXlj x(l.T(io'TQOT) eLvat )'tuQOj.l.Ot.Q xen mu; boo :I£Qun O)Of:I;. H Ot­ WOto. 1tQ06)J7tEL, Ot l«i9£ 1tEQlMWO'T), 1TJV QvtXWUOTl eablO­ xwci.tWV xat, (J£ xa.Be 1tEQUt'tw01l. '1 EJtl1tr,(1)i; 'tou; aVlXVEOO'l nUQi):t:~ EnaymY1xtl 01tlOL;'1 OT'1 SEwQta. 00.000, 0 XEQTI; Eival, xm lhxai.ws. ()uimU.lO; yw 't'lV e..."r10"01110VtXtl to'U ou· VEwqJoQa, EVW O~ OUXvis £JILXWWoElS I10U ayvooUvtQl, e.ni · 011~

hutatw;. ano e1t tOTllIIOvlloj «:rml"l. 0 XI!QT~ nQOX11l(H10l! Eva Oll).lavUXO 6';1.1(1 ).IJtQ()(J1;o. '01:a\l eyw axoUw Qabtowtll rpoQa n ;; A.e1tto!-'tQEW; t111; y.alvoUQIG; oo'tQOVO\1iaS "ttl,I" 1':l1'IQ~av

JtOhAo. £m:y'[ IQtl~ata nov I-IltoQoUoav "a eyEQBom' £vav t t.OV 1:OU, ilJt{1l;; ~IU JtlJti.Y\1"'u £YlVE, To. £1UY.Et.Qtl~.t(:n(l at'To. 'jw v tyx\JQa m: O)''£ffil ~£ tllv [;tI01 TllLOVLX"; yvWOTltll; VlOXi); X{U ~ KOi"tiQVIXO; &v xa toQOwm: va uJtfQaorn.~i. ~i(avo.."tOlTTU y'~ TIl 6I"tlQiu. l OU o.1tt'vavtt tOL'c.;, rlU "a lut0QfoOt'll.£ va &Y. n~,,· oou\lf XUhCt Dlv xa tCtOla0'1 , XQEuit.nu~ llio. y.OstOta (~Ul"-f'.i.(l)· a ll \1£ OQ10~Vf(: OWE-LS "t11~ aQIO t OtEA LXt); x00I-l0av t D,Tl\illl; n:o.vw ml1" 0:10[0 o'tl]Qi.x(hpmv '(a f ;tl),.fll}tlI'HlU ..,,,o n iov l OU Ko1tiQVLXO", '000. axol.ou6oliv r iveu tva :tC.P~.f I ()O O:l,r.7)(un!"1 flQL01"OIDI'Y.t)

OI'II;1((V

llTUV i'HaLQl-' !'.'\,v

ano

01) XUl \1(0. ,

61.E'UQw0Tj amI}; n-,; tx.u.Jl.xn.. . ~-"_, ,~~ ,

CPOQE"tIXf.>; nUQoTllQTJou; "twv SiOEWY t wv it. ouy!d; 6ev OUJ,(jt.6ci~d ~; Y'fwxev"tQtKi; TQOXU:;. 0 nTOh£~lo.~os Eta'" Xtl)(AoU;: OlO a\xr-u)J1Q, t~ rutolo-u; ovO"uoe I

~aq:oQt"tI~ XQOVL.xi;;

~o. t? T~01lOl'1~O oUoTll~W.. OL rU..o.virTEl;

at )(l'X~ ELTe O£ EJUX't1Xlo-u;, 6l}Aabij Of: X1.~A wV,ta xEvtQO XlVoVvtO L XtntALXo. yUpw ana TT) tl~; l{>OXIi; ~oOOOV va JtQ006tOQlOTOW on '1 1lt0J.ltQElO. ov JtQOOtiOevtov £1I:ixu)( ~ x~u;. x,l..n" J.It til OW t QOttO WallO '(0 6)..0 m'Ou OO~"tOl I-Ie '(I; nopatT)QI}otLb TWV nA0VTftutili... 0

'''''Q''

.

ELval Ixav6 va 1tQ~),£1tEL 116llovtLxfC; nAn"'lu".t. U OvtlgeOIII-iE 'tOY MQX'(O OJ-la16 )(().l o.~ ! QQ

t~ ~Qoehr,vl(t;; 1teQ1OXtlS, O'f'llV \nlO(Jf{.';:J

QlQQ"''(OUOE

'1

'1 OVWt-rul;Tl XUl Tl Moot 'Oh£~ Ol ouo~ trr; WtO(JE).1h

v.etooo).. l\.

~ )C?t '1 crOoQu, 'ItO" .J.lIYfUltO t Eoo-tav Wt6 10 xivtpo t-,,; rT); ~u'~ t;;nq:;a':£to "tr)t; oq>aiQQ; ltOU xaeoQL~c -" t(>..0 'to OtOj.lO'tu 6teOttnv Ilia roOOUQLXTl 'taOTl va xLVT\80Uv eu6UyQul1jlu, tt~ TO 11:(lv(O it 1tQ0I; to. )('01J9OO

O,\~ M10l:;a{) O1U9l1.o3'(I.U. 01 10)(

O!O'{l'fO J AOl 3" '9:':l..O.l'(l1l 01 3TI SO)lY'(',(DJ

o 3.oII!Olt01miAo01£ nOll 5130!.taU1Dc}m.c 10 511XlQOllO o\DA -lA~ nou l...,lJ..uo hl

rln 90ro/. A:I\1' '~:I..~.ml.'I'( o/\'~ 1J)~ no-r:I,\3.p.c.o)I 0.01

ull,?xn

:X:u>Q

-n1!O 5.1.01"OlJ.. 0)Xnl11!3 llrl9Y.0 tl')rl 3.03'f~10llD 5U.1190omy

Siu

A(f)30 9'h l\t'l)lltthn'(9XOAO H ·ltJ ~ldD()(b U.Alll~I'({DgO:u\'11u lOX 9 A'03n0 0l.0DQlb9 OI::f'(P ,\OHI o.o3nVhn

tunOi!"9'9 ~ Y.l"'(UOlD'(}D

.wl 3Clln9hO L'il '5ltJ SUl O\~lno ,11 D0C!'1 3~D101t~ SiQE:1 'to 'trVJ::Oll1T1i; WciZVCl atov OUQov6 YUl xatL JtO\l6e:v 'f"WQit;,El. 6f:!J E~Val t'1..7.uio,W;

nQOS ttl" nrrOlPll ul1t'f\, "to yeyO\~ ou '1 YQUqJll(l] am:lx6"011 aM tOv raMAntO tT}S EJtL(P'.0\ xO:n:Olou; XQClnl­ (lE; 01 oJtolQl 01lJv 1tQUYIlQUXOT'1H.1 bEY ,m:aQXo uv. nQO­ fJNl~ ClUtOi. QI. ocxQa~ .. O«!£iwvtav 01~ aJ.j..cxw(J£l~ :tou evtiXE '1 A.ELt O'UQ'Yia toov x6.0e aUo JtaQ£.oT}. Aev 'itav l)Ai9lOt XUI1U'IOl.la'ta­ I.>rt&; nvubQQonxot 6>..01. OOOl all!plouijnlouv 'ta EUpll!JQtQ lOU raW.aiou. H 6lxmo)..6yr) 1C4."1 "Ill"'0 ' 10\1 P . Duhr:rn, 1M A.im olld Sm.crJlrt 0{ l'Ity~kol J (I.

AIhenwn, 1962) O"TO

&6llo

IOU

1961), o . 20·46. York. Random

~ IOU W.V. Quine, wT""" 00Jn wgicol Poi,u of Vitw (New Yon: 6,640 I OU " '. KUhn. Tilt c,'/¥r"irOt.

Kll1"CO

Fr"", 1:10

H OlIK ,

(J

1959).

10\1

A . Koyr~. M l I(Jp/rys.n

(LoncIon: Chipman aocl H.aJI, 1968) )((II tOIl P.K. Ferrnbcnd O U/lint of all A IIonltiJ/ic Thwry oj Kllowltdgt (Lonllw\: 1975), unOQ;(OI/V t.GtOQl:«}: /)(w,niOt'I!; (1)5: ~XlIa; t avo&lXvl>O\rY I ll;

6~ JlOl..' UUt~ tlVllJlQOOWnait:l yu

III

ltg

nttas. Eiv(lt EJlioT}; anq:t~ 6n mite 01 £7Ulyurytcni; oW

O~ 6lO~l£l)(nO'l({XiTt'i .11tOQOVv va l)woouv Ilia E1UlQx ll1tCQ~YQO.·

IJM1

t1l;. O~

vets: ivvou:;

'[11,; 6irva~1}C; xm '[1')1; abQ6:VE~a5 bey

1) unoyQOV.­ ~CJ'tT'lX£ utO KE.q)(L\mo 3, ex 1W.QO.tl)QTlOwxtr; tL""t.Oql(iVOE~ 6£v ~OQoirv n:oQa va lhanmwvOVTQl aU1 yAO>ooO xOxOl.Or; 9Ew­ Qial). Ko'ta ouvbu:w, mlTtr; (» Clnoq:>OvoEU;, 6nux; xal 01. i:vvm­ e~ noo tllcpavi.t;ov'toL ota nAoiouJ. 'to~, &"(1\. aXQl& ir; Xal M'lQoQi.t;£t l¥)1) to VOll!JO CtQi'..crcilv Ii!;.£rov. 0 NfU­

6£v 60 lL7OOI?ot'xre va O(},oe, Ul ~~a rl 1:'1 bUvolJ.'! XQf1O\­ 1A01[OHuVta; i;vvo,~ T')'; n:Qo-\T\milV£ln; 1f1..'Otxi& AVTiQuo. nov

lOU XQ£a.O:orrpt£ vn lJJteQ6£1 Til" OQOkoyio 1:0\1 :'t(V.toU EVVOt.Q­ XOYlxoiI oucrt~"U:l104; xm va ova:n:lU;EL aUo ItOI Voi'QIQ. Mi.a (u..ATj

cvoiJ.QXTlX"" aVT-il.'l'i''l

'UitOOTtlQitF.L

on "[0 VC)'l~U) "U.II\'

f:VVOtIi>v eyxoOl6(>tJetCJ.l "tiow 1tOQctTr,Q'lO'tl;. ILE '11'1 GOt)O£lQ XO­ raiS£I.Y.ltxaW O(lIOluiJv (ostensive derWlions). 'EXO'UJW it6TJ cM;fJ­ U}ot:L Ilia 6aOlX~ bllUl«))Jo nov O\NOvtO autrl TJ avtii.'l'I'II. oe oxiOfl j.l£ T1'jvevvola ..-XOXXI,Vo» atTJ ae).,ioo 72. 6t:v IL:tOQ£i xo· ~ va qnaoo 0't'flV MOW « ~I;.a.. 1l0v0 lte t'l" JlOQatr]QflOll 000 E;Ovt."XU:l'tIXO: XUL uv Jt(tQuTTJQti O\.T'(';(QOl.Qf,lf\'E;: ll-"'tuIJ.E; 11:tlkUiQl'Iou, 6aQl"J OE d,atrlQLa, JleQIq;EQ6JLEVo~ l'tl.aV~tES; x.An. 0\n.E ELVQL l'Iwat o va l'ILOa;eL at Q)j~ "(·0 vOl"JJlQ t"IlS "Q~UI; &:lXVOVtac;, aJlMi>; "(hOlo (1\)1,60:v"(OQlXij XQ1)oTJ oQoov ~ .. ni.w'l". "IOXU;I> YoOI o0; EXEi:vo f~ e, YQOltl.t(l1~ aou urro&l)(vtJo, o"toor; t:;1I 0T~~OV

"to "tl J1tO,

1tQE.1t£l va xavow

JTaeO

"to n

~uaq:t; xaL .n:l~ booKo}.o va

6f:v

JlQi."TI

AQOO6WQuJl

0.:[0 ~o TJ uQVfJtLx'l lUQt;l1Uti). H 8t:tLX~ tuQett

'to

Jtw; 0 axAT\QOc; 1tUQi}va; :tQf.;t£t. va 01J~1lI. TK



%(nuoU'i tXovo.; va eSTJ)'ti. XQl va lIQ06U JI

q>Cll voJ.t.£Va. :rilplfwvu

JU! tOY i.1>r.o

'tOV AcixQTOI

ae Eva, J.IlQLXWc; aQOQlul-liV: U1tULVlYIJ.WV oxewKo IJ.E TO m.i>~ :tl

Qf:4xlj ovviO'tU"tOl

be.i.SEo)V

,

;C(lL

~ouv

ii'

wtoOEOl!wv. etA-AU XUL "t'lV avonTl!!;TJ e:naoxwv "to I;£)(wT)f.UI "tou )(o,'lt:Qvi.xeLOlJ 7tQOY\KiI1IIQ1o;



E.n:El;.t~Qyo:o~a XOL "UJV k."'ttOIt£Qi} elfOllf.ll JtQl "t1]E)ou\' EXOQ«£t;:: f.l001Jlluniti; "tqVl.xiS yta 't~v El'C LXUXk1.;uov )(lvljoEWV, tkhuolli:v£«; r~7.VI.;oQ x1)S rro.(JO.Tr)QfJ011l) WI E1tOQy.ur; 9EwQU:; yt.a til' "tlJS XQtiortc:; f.li.(~ XOl%lJ..ia; OQrUvwv, )'lQ "tIlv

. O s :1TQQab£lYlJ.o "t"l); iVvoLas nIl) e£ H X~; AUX(l t~ XQfIO'L~ono(1lO£ "tfJV :n{XilLf.lTJ LOtOQia t1 "t ryt; v eu"twvuar; 9flJl{lioS "tTJI)

Gu"nillITo;. ' ONe

QT]va. Amvavn o'tytv flHFaO TJ n o\! UJlooibn 0 AuxOtQS OtlS

9~;ce yLQ nQoJT1] ipOQci (}'tov «v0IJ.O "tou CtVTlOT(l ywvou" Yl a t T)v eA)(tlxt) 6Uvaf.l'1 E;E"ta~O\lta< 11 x i VYJ01J nor;: OlIlIEt(f%aU 1tJ.nV1jnl y\IoW alto i· yo ~ELo;.~O 'I).LO. ·H "ta.... oa; CQC1M ,lalOS EJuu:Ati.'tal XWQl.c; va ).0.1l60voV'tOt en:' "is nUQatllQTJoLOX£S bL01pI::Uo£i.S. rlO va /)0£ iva £QCVV1')'TlXO ::1QOYQOltJ.lU va llQCl"(IHno.'10 6VVaJ.lIXO, 7tQ£JttI YO OUYXPOtT)Ekt tvns xQt~ yaoj.1lvos xm r;'toQ:.OlQa, Mia -citato tOV VOllljllJ £av nQQllXE 'tT) buvcnotlJ'tQ XOlYO(, TtXWV c)i:yxwv OL OltOi.OL vo ob'lYotJoov EVbt( Qvaxo).,"'l'fl xanotWv unQoooox'llWV XUQUxtl utllQOtyatQoS tTl; yrt­ Q6.~ XMOl.OC; ouoi.al!; 01:0 EOW"[f:QLxO cnnwv 100V oC))llcnwv. n QIV Me 1:1~ onTUX.~ lOU wQovtoiu, -.')TOV 1l OtwQio Tf)I!; bQUOll; roW on6moOT) om~ n:ou E9ttilQtllo n:QOOOtmlxiJ· Eix.e obTJY1i­ ott OTTJV ovoxw"u'i"l "(1)l!; L".tOvaTllTU'i ~i(l; q!tu/.rt; Leyden (Ao\.!, y00r XI

vT}otl J.lt "tov ~Qci~EV"t 6n 'l J.l(OOOo}.oy dVOL ,,{;va It.llt'IXO xoaf.l.'IJw.", xcm oav I-IV'I oUQ(I)V t.nO"l.w'y , 'tou n o\! 0 xOoJLOS nLUT£U'! O\lVOtO vo aoxftot~ xov£i.C; !ILO 1600 aUvOet1J j OlQOCPLXij OO"l.JAtui COV 't1]v enLOtf]!I'l. alUOLQy.ml')(O x6· o~. anou:l.o1iv t:1tiOl); ,uQOS Me; MQoOOyJ.lU'tOl;. H EcpaQ'

vtmvaoo 1t.IlQ1()o:'1 TU YO OUVlotO 7t(uyvi.&. Eov boxl~tGooVfl 11£· Oa (nClJTWlIOOOl'lloE 6 " 0.0'\' OQtO~ vu; ~ :t6qlt!vx'to XCtJtO\,o llQaot1JQLOt1]tu ltOV OtY t:t fJ(l VOl va Ot:WQ~E W; J'lmyvi.& ~ on. CtvtlOlQO, ,m; 0:T0'l.1..£(1:1 IllO i)QO(1T1]Q~Ot'IJt a t'1" oaola y"i.Ot. 0 K OlTV IOX'U{)it;£tOl &u t o (&.0 L'Ot 0[00­

[yo; EeCUV 'l"f1 l4.0U

ana

"tbiou

to ~t)6tv , l\tl4.ULOAOYWVla;: E~ ClQX1i;

Ql1ltxol TI); Jtt:Ql6bOV 111; JtQO-t:1t lOTilln~

&v bLClq:-WVoUv fl6vo

O€I.u),(wc5tOv eeW{l IITl y.Li)v JluQaboy'·(~\· oD.{t xal mi to\) dbO'Vl; twv 1to(011)Q1)mOXwv c:pmvo~livwv nov O"I.Ed tO­ vml 11£ TIC;; Of-WQlt:; l OU;, 1:TO '"~TQO JtOU 0 Kouv avayvwpitf.1 tOY Qil},o TO\} JtuQCl6dY)LnT(); 0111"" y.((OoMIY'to'l nl~ UVU~i)l 'l­ Olt; itCn 111; tQ Ill1~i((S tlCiQOl1lQl)oqtWV q>O.lVO~WV, \lloOE"tEi. r.Cti to nf:QlooouQa OJt') 60(( 1U:QlfYQOlPO 0"10 KEq)(ii..mo 3 OJ;: £;Q(11)O'1 T'1; l'l.iytL y~a T.~ bta61i" u 0' QU­

ujv t'l bUVotot'l'ta I')J.I£QOAOYt.ClX11'i; Ii-ETaQQOOIU.. j.o.10\l, 0tt ,'IT UV ).a90;;. wo'[ooo, '10 9EwgT)oou!U' Ott Tl JtQOOi:yytOTl "C1'fS El'HOtrU.lty,; o.ne 'tov Kovv CUW QQ£U 116'10 (L""[o ",iu (Ut"~ A lVlHtll v xm

1t£QIYQUtJll'j Tl); EiTt0T11!10\'t Xlj; 6QUUT IIQtOT'ltl ~noO'!aluXl)aDX

1)1\

mI

-ffi'!DX '9 01 3r111D~ 009l! ~ox no1 ~dl19 luo tT)~1 &11WOl: De ·J)131.;WW lU:I 'DXlOLD~l"l) «5Olv£~ I1E tll j.lt9000· koyia tOU Aaxoto«; xo. ~ eov OEV \l1tOQ~EI XQ.:n:OICt lXOvOllOLTrn ­ )(~ ~WW2( zil t:;iJYl'lOlj Qvtl;aQt~t~ TfZ!llmLlIl~II:VTj, 0(( £7.O\lf.l£ TOq.LtlQlO OVEJto.QX.UOt; a\l't~£ tl); J-It90bo)..oylat;, El6LXo. Eav itcinOl.Cl ovti.n.okTj ,u:Oooo).oyi.a IlJtoQiCJEL va aVtLJl.ETwJtl· on XIIAlrtEQO TO tv MryW unOQlx6 n(IQcibEtYIlO' Aa.xotO;:. )..autOv. ltO-OEXEt Eva y..a8o).J.xD XQLt~QLO 00 90­ ).oylxDTlltCtS vn6 ItOQQ:lf} (.l)(OO~Q~ itOU oq>t:tAu v(t \lJlOOttl rov E~U TlIS LcrtOQio; U\r;: e;llOT~j.l!I;· E;u;t).iov, 0 ibtOr;: 10XlJQi­ tUOI "to xQL't1iQIO UVU'.:.E O'tOV f).s;yxo nou (lV'lI.1l:QO­ owJttUoUV btuqloQa EItEloobia alto I'lV to'toQi.a 1.'1; CPUOlZt1;

,.row

rvrt

o

a'l (1)1;o

'tU)V td.EUtotwv boo at.O, aUJltpCllva IJ£ to Molo 0 Ao:xQtO; !tQoobIOQtoE:~ xavovts: y\a ttlv E~cil.r:l 'till q YQaJ.4lotwv XOL yta UTV avOxalTlO1l t'li 6to Olls:. 001.600. Itaoa UJV im;a~'lllUQCIl'lQr,t.; ll£900okoyia tOl.! A6.xa'to«; bEY rlVO~ Of 0':0'1 "tou; f nlOTllJlovt; rn' QVtoU, xaL 0 i.6LDC; 0 I YVWQLt;,Et. U ~11'(X£xQ t(.lhra. bEv anO~l 0\1\Ii: koyias: tOU I\O;xato«; 0 ltQv6var;: cnJf,LqlOJVU ~ OTtu1OVfS oqll:iI..oUV va vu>getOUv JtQoOOEtnUI XOL va EyXOtaJ..ELnOW tu EX(PUI.I ~OJ.UN(I. T1:t:o 1.'1" E1UlvOOo "u xi-ow. f13lOQEi. avO: 1[0.00 crtLYfl tl va tJtavUaa (T(O nQOO'Kfrv\.o. Kavivo. JU'£O\,2xnUlQ &v fl-""fO­ Q£L va 9EWQ"eeL anOAu"tW..0 1\OU

5.

nPQ! Ml A MAAr... TON OPON TIf t ~IAMAXI

:E' o.vtO to ~qxi).(ltO. I) out'rt'lOtI1tCQl OQ80)' 'tLXLO~U E1lLXf:VtQw61'JXE oxeMv 01tOltAuO't

OEIS xal XQiOEI~ ;"(QU ocpoQoUv o1jlelC; tn~ , ' '1 )

"-T)6 ' IXOf,l.E ~L£ bLOqloQES aVO),WE LS 0XnLXU XQI'tl}QI.WV 1{OU m~'tpbtouv at atOJ.lO ~ OllelOet tei nOOo Ilia 9£WQlO rivm xw..wQ1') axO !Jia'

av xciJtOLO O\1yXf:XQIIJiVO OWj.lO yvtUOEW" (ive H xO'toll1')A6tTj'to ti t O~Wv eQw't1)olWv 600'1 N.OX1l xa'tuvOTjOTf tl'K qnjall; tllS EJtlOtTlI.ll')S, 1 (0)..w eut6 tll oUY!J"; JlO\l Sa yi.vo OVTtATVtTt WtOQ;tL t-Uo oacpitc; btoxQtOTf aVc:llLEoo (J£ OQlO OEL;: 1tQaYI10'twv xaL atLS )(Q L~~ awlJWv ~ 0 ~ owS U.C; )((l'toO'taatIS. Aev ~OQOUJ.lE o.QU) 1.1£, 1tOQ'''; 'tT!c;: (J.IL tllV MOW xov'tmeQQ 0'tT)'V U),'l')eELO , o n Ellu"l.t:1 )l(1)' UlE~ 1tQ06AJivo'to. on iva XOAWQO Tj ~ onotoln;rroTC aMTj MOta) axoJ.lQ XaL tel"

OU'VI.O'to

aum"

In £:tlCp1.IMXootl

0lJ uta

i-va oomY-o (6).o Ylo TIl" XOl\"W\'tOAoyti{i) avO.Al)­ "QOOtyytml; TOll. 1"I0}.U)j yo. ;rg,i­

JtA.alOiO n);

£1 1tQ~ 't1')V X(l~

xi}c;

tTl!) O\J'YXQOn)OTJt;

6ev 7tQOldv£L

9t:(!~iu; > Wl

'tQ6l'to\.~

IllW; XOlVWVUlAOYl'

bU:i:i'.QU7TIS 'twv

a."lO-

bm TooV O;"t olWV ~"tO­ QEl va em:reuxeti ovva.lveCJ'1l. 0 Aiu«no; m 1[&£1 xWtws: xw.u. 6£x'tw'Y XOl 'flO\' j.tl1 01toCwX1WV TpO.."'tWV

TEQO 0 ' OU'fO TO mUlti-a, UTO'- 6uO~6 no\! ~\ to ~oo ~ Ul ..Ei Ilia avtlAll\l'1 a\JliC(mVU !If til" o:cola 'lO O"t04.XEiu t rtS: ol l~, mto n; ol'ti.t; !t QO't ciOE~ tw; t ~ 0'tivge'tt~ 6£wQic;. blaOi· l OIJV LOlOHp':f; xm XU(!UXtllQlO'UX o. 110V uncQ6ulvouv tL~ :rtE' ][(101)0[1; )(01 TTJ O\IVCi6rl'Jll fX(iv(I)\' :COl' TO. i(u.u(J..m..u~ow ti to CtvtL~T(j)l'fito1JY. (eo O'UJ.UJ WVoUoE hotru>V IIE"11l" OVlLx.f4 · IU!VIOltX'; otoy) l\ ;ruQUt!}Ql")CJT) 01:1 0 ClVT Il'£LI1£VlOIIQ,; :10\1 00 nUQOuotc:iow 0 ' am6 TO iWfid.mo IlJlOQfi va Nt!.£( avnq:.a­ OEIS ~ va OOrJYCLO£ O'lJP.JU:QuoIlUtU TooV omwv bE\' Exw auv£(· 6'10'1 XUt t li tnb nOlI

[II

1)0\

~1 IL~O 5t;tXllxlxh r 5?X111t"ooibt 53k>l..~X 5~lDNlg (11\ X31 S ;~Xl1minol3u 5.niJ0"!tOnlQ lC,l f)lA " · 51.t~l! !"J() 5~;('lllloOOU 53A11i01aO S~l»I\I\Q ,~01.0190Y. 5?X 10011 lUX 5~llud(ll3EI5n1)oXJmQ '0 'So!d f1)3(} 51.1.1 ~I) ,\1.11 0'1/.. Af1)l~UOU}NlQ O'{O~O DA;l 1l)l.3~"910 PliO)mc Sl,ldlDMO h 1I:)X u~om:lO O!r! ",).ouxhwl.O ,lint) (\()1 ~1..!1l1?Al) o~~w ]09)( 'lJ: '(f)lDAJ1g'O 'O::nr-U9U 0 lOX 501'O;(9V 0 'A(I)1\9-r1U101lt3 A001 S~'(11.''3 511 I))X 513or;):ooUO 51w 900d>no\.l) "3'1'1 P€l~3 OA ~3aOl.'11 A~Om39 ~t}, D'f(J.) 111l.9 l'OA1d>OlCO Sp.uqu.,

--UO"LXrr;. XOlQlt; "totS cpOO\Y.oi~, 11 ; £1tu:n~JlOVO~ ~ xa­ JtOU1 £1tLo.

(1l()

lnv,

UA:ofOS.

1].

471.

)5. r l(t '''£"tOLI:~I Q }(QI "tOY

miyxtxn))I.01

J' GTI­ ~ t'l',; f1IlO-n;Il'1!; 6nflJli· nClQul\l:iYlJOlo;; XOQtV, 0 &.0,..0.; olj.l6f'lnl~ tO\l n 6",UQ. B}" K.R. Pop ~ r . Tht Logic 0/ Scicli/iii" Discovery (r...oodO!1: Hutchinson, 1968) KtIP. 6. 11 . flO t~ oxt~ ~a~" twY ~ 'lOU A(WI''ti'l ltlll lOU rolJ.l.aiou. 6e~ Mi liritt CI.vdin. The Na,,,rnl Pllilo5ophy f1/ Goli/~o (Cambridge. Ml\.S$1ChusictS: M. I.T. Preu. 1974), KLqI.3. 12. v. Roodti. ~ The Influence 01 the Earty o.:",dopme!11 01 {)ptk$ on Science and Philmoptly... OlO Goliko: MOil of Sc'~Ila. ed. .E.. McM ulliD (New Yon: Bu.ic Boob. 1967). o. 195·206. "':to'(QClI'.uorU; am ;tQWTOnmO. 13. Francoi5 J,,:ob. TIlt lA,;~ of Lilt: A Hil'ary 01 Hued,,, ( Ntw York: Vinugc Boob, 1976), o. II. 14. J .C. Mu ....dl. " Awm •. 010 Tilt Sciullific PQJH'J 01 Ja"'~1 Clt r. MQxw~lI. TOil. 2. ~. W.O. NiVEn (New Yorl: Dover. 19(5) o. 445-&.1, £I ­ &xao.47L U. rw t h~e; QlI o:mQCC;, Me uhat. _Why Did E ill,Slcin'S Propamme S upcrserle l.oTen!Z'S ? " XQI A. MU5&UVe, . l.ogieal VersUJ H i$lontal Thtor~ "I' eonrumation•• BmlJil J()t4rnul for 1M PlUlosopiry of $cit,fa 25(19'74): 1_23.

b.crvru­

16.

A1U)IttIQf:e; lOOIlOIt~IIO~ I(1\) axAr)QOU XUQ"tYQ lOU l'I QOYQO: I'I'QlO; lOU NeU1Wv(I {lY(I~.t~"Y1U\ U T O A_ Mu,~r..vc, _Mcthoo Of Madness•• f.JsqyJ in MOllory of I"'T6 '..lIi:AIOJ, tlb. R.S. Cohcn. P.K. Feycl1lbcnd. M.W. WanoM.,. (Dodf't.'Chl: Reidel Publ. Co.. 1976), n&w aue; o. 464­ 73.

HANAPXIKH 8EQPIA rNQUlLTOY EYle­

Qa~. I' o.vtO t o ieyU:PO,UlEVl unotJ't'lpi.t,EL lie 1ttwu xci. 1:':'llXEl.Q'ifJo,m on OL !-lE!1oooAoyl e~ t"l£ Utlcrt~)lT]; 6ev exouv xataUQO tOU 4l£yt£QCill.;,,(I:VT, 1(>01'­

J,livo bExa xQ6vw l'I'QIV o1t6 TO EvavlIa (mr" .""li8000. t:E ITtt:i yLOd "'to «OAo u u t(>£l'tOVtOl. 6E\I 1t(>EiWl va L'Xkall6Qi£;. lu:v un60xEL 6uvo.­ t6UTta Ilia; wYU(ftc; JtaQt:y\£QOtJ.'WVt £xovv va xO:vovv I!£ l:TJV f:'x"li~lytO"'1 "tOll )(QTli 1"(,­ 00 ami~ ei.Vo.L Y(>OIJ.IJ.LxtS tl 1-'"'1 YQaIJ.I!Lxi~. avvty.uid.; Ii 1J.'l1JU­ vtxnxis. xata n 600 OUVlf:yu:(,>(111JI(}Vt', 1') OEo l1oltot'lOfJ

t'1C;: £l'tLQ1" tlXWV 15£0)..0),l(OV xo, OT'1v E;aocf(lA.HJ'l t1')C;: 5uvo'fot:T]Tat; E· J..eVec.QlJS EJttA.oyrit; OlU 0t:0110 , x,wQi,c;: yo. 'to'uc;: EJttt)cii)£L xalHa

tOU

au .:YXntm (JT'Il (.ll',o,HU'Tj 11'1 ;

16£O)..oy10 nugu HI O~· )..'l(J'l TOvc;:.lI

" F CIIJ.UIUJcn EUW "ITO nov TO "EME EnIt1'H)&H; H EVVO\.O 't'l'V; Ekueq~lao; x.o.~ til!; XE1QO.q:it'l'J1'}l; TOU UtO~ tll" 01[0\0 0 4>t)'1(QO..,ut~vt 60VEitum 031:6 tOV MdJ. [~vm

OoVOXVQwl'Tl OlTEvOvtl ere Ilia JtOA.U Y"won] EvO'TI1011. H OVTLJ..rr \liT] "t'Il; eA.eueEQla~ 0.1"; aJtE/.no(MowCJT] am) )1.0.81.0 IT£(lt.OQ~OIA~ 1l(lQ06).f;(£.L Til Otnx~ l'fMUQO. TOU ~11n'u.lO"t~, XQ.l O\1'(XEXQl~­ va to ~""'IlIW t(o'Y 6vvatot1'jtw'Y ltOtl IiltOQairv 'Yo qouv TO ato~ ota MaLOI.(1 IJola.,; XOL'YW"l'XI); 001Jof)c;. Eciv, itoQo6dy­

~'YW; 'Yo O'YQhUoOlJIJoE tTJV xoLvwvueT)

boj.I.l\­

O'tO'Y [Va OlllAtlO OtO El'avrLG art} Mi8O&; )"(tvr Ifai venH va €ZE(, t::ti yvWO'T] Otltwv trov I

ll1tooT]].U:i wOT] axr:nxa IU 'l1" EA.tuOeQin tQW

a t"1lIOtT)lJoo'Yo; :rcI?IOtJi~et(u Qf(OI-.lTJ O;U) oQ'();v{J)v to\), -co 6loetolP.o XQlll-.l011X('1 TooV oOf)Owv tO\.l, n] Otaol] tWV o\1\la6£) a ~u'IJtJ)'Y O"l.rVfQyotwv tOv - nepl.OQii;,etot q:roouds, 6ol;d va ouvaoq:iQ£1 onlY uva­ n:ru;.., ntc; e.monu,'K f:xel va avtq.lEtwn:toa Ilia (tV'tOtELf1£VI.X~ X(ttuOTOOl'l. hOI xaL £Vet chollo ;rou tWtCl va XaAtn:£Qciua l1TY xOLvuMa £Xu va avn~rolTiO£l lJ.i.o avu>'..ElI-lEvtJ(~ XOlVUJV\.· xit iUltc:ia"mOT}. ExL1U.tov, oxei.6W; 6~ ~ ElU.O't1l~ OlE IlLo bEooJ.li:vrl xmaoTcJ(Jl'} EXEt m il 6ul9Eaij 'tOll Ilia OEI.QU an:o ge0lQ1'JU~ xa~ 1tEt.Qt.l.OOo;i.f;: tUJV cnoj.lU)v J.UWQmJv va OJtO'tll-l'lOoilv Z(lI. va a VaAu90Vv e1ta,l'xWc; y.6vo 1iOIl. o. 315. vo 9.

A.f.CIlAl.llW:Tl EJtlAI AITO JJOYTO o\DiE EnJtnfMH;

17. :Em ibm, cr. 20. 18. l:ro (bw, G. 299. t9. :E-ro (liw, o. 307. 20. It(J {btll, O.

KEOAMI O ~EKATO TPITO

308. 1r.IAAAIO OEKATO TPITo

PEMI!MO!, EPrMEIOKPATIA KAI MH6EIA

1. E1.tAronK r::I rtAPATHPHIEJl: ~ 'AYTO KAt ITO E rJ O~1ENO ",t-:¢lAAA10 00 :1QOc):TUO'lOW va

~ 6taO:Cl(PTJVtaOl OQlO~"'Q OtQHp va EQO,ITI'u.tcno 1tOtJ Ct'TO(>Ol1\' t'1 oxtOll l(t)V eru.o-t'lIIQVlxWV 9£lll{ltWV ' " 10'1 xOoy.o EJ'tL 'tOU O:lCXOtJ 1t{!OOQlt O'Y'tQt va eq:CtQIU)(JToi"o'. Ana 't'l lJ.io IJEQW, 01 E1tlOl 'lI-'OV\xU; 9EwQi.e~ Ol)\'l.OtOUV ove(lu"tLve~ X(L"t Ct(j..u;:ti~)t at

OE }lia, LOwe; a6L(b('o1f'l. 6LU6u(ClOLo. l.l.uu60A'l;: XU! "ttl" a/J.Il. 'l Ot,L."lI"Qlq.O(Xi t o\) xOo ~\l E.l,ti TOO onoio\! O\rri~ OL fk(:,)QLFC 1tQOOQ'~OV'lQt va £C{OQltOOTOi:v bE" wtOXELVtQl

Et()\I~ ll;· Arm

U1tOXELV tUI oe ILf.ta60hil. tQui,UllO'tOV 01:'1" MQi.Jnroo'l 'tou q lUOIXOU

)(OOllou.

n Ola EiVQL

'1 OXEO'l Qvap.Eoa

o'

ami;

tl~

600 e1tr)(QE"lIQfTtXOTl1tO 4Lci. A xOf.la XOI '1 Ewola tl)c; Ilxo).05 TOt: ~ QliX1!:1 OEWQ1}ltl'. i; l()lO"trJ1~ , o:rr:wc 010IlIX(" ~'lta . L"[OV 6a9\-1o n.ou Ol eQyoAUO:l.{?OUt; TOU; EnaywytOtEIi EXI!:i.vll t'lv xoxvnORfl"] ' wOd va flJ)v onobEXovtOt ti.KOtE niQav 00 npoeA60IN ono "ttl'" uoq:ah,j 6cio'l 1'l; 1tUp(t Tau.; unOV0I-IWt:10l 0;"(0 TO Yf:(OVQ.; el"tL o.VOfL5 ELVal c ;aQ TlJfU~VEo; weD Tli OqxlA£lC;. H O]tAot iC~ EQyaAeLOXQ'l

Ql,fYOO l OU 6t.6l.Lou

l..')..~x6)'lO ,llO %l.'lll%11 am,\;

TI')C; ruti.oixl};

E'XOOx't; nr; t:QyaAuoxQQ1:iac;_-10(:):;: '1 ]flO 9£,.l.u uoolK XQITtil.~ riv{ll 0U11j n:()U Ql"Il'UOt.'VtTO I Ot'lV tOl1.'Q~ tQYJlOll.I nQO.yJW. nO\l i.oC; 1l£Qi (lA1 YEL £va t{ryaJ..t LOXQO t txO OTOl;(£i.O 110\) tQXtTO Tou; 'fE'-\tWn:QO'Uc; QEQS

.'l" W.Yj8EH1, MTOQQ£U.

Y1tCtQXE~

'1

tva; 'tQ61toc; IJ.E lOV MoLO ~0QEi. va llQOlflu)..oX9ti

UVTV''l~!ll

to\) nO:l1U': Q 1tEQt JlQcKJiyyun,; 5t(JO; "[JfV ai:r,!OnQ Wl6 OUtcro W\Jti.~ t1fo' XQt'tLXlJ. Km aut~ riven '1 t(t'fU)..ELO· XQOtIXr) tQIlTl"tta tWV 9E.WQLWV. Eliv, ltQQU6EiY!lUto; XOOtv. 1tQooBiOOUI!£ O'tuU; U1X\lQLOILOU; Tl1; 6cmQiw; 'lOU NUl tWVo.

1tQoxtlXiC; 6t.a6lXO.oir.flJ, O. 233.

8. no6oq:law; ~ WIOOQ~a,,; TI'f> ~ tl'l; Q).~ ~QO\1Y 6i.a 1(1 XtlQUxUJQWTlXo. rvOs: tx!foo.f;.~ "QOyQO.IlI,I.atOt;­ 9.

K.R. Popper_ Ohjeclive Knowledge,

0.

40.

KE.AAAlO llEKATO TETAI'T'

MH ANAnAPAITAl1KOHEAA

t.

H IXEI: H METAEY 0-IA60X rKQN 9EQPIQN

~ TO OPOHrQYM.,ENO KEA.AAIO aUXT]oa Y.(ll T

~y(f).floxQanxi.:; OnoQIiaEu;

'[1')(; q)tlO lY.l'J; ()

nO; QEO.M.onxit; 8ewQ'iotu; nov ci'lQl OW'a ( Ilia (lVno'tOlXlUl:lX~ 9nogLa OAtleUo.::;. Evurr

f,liva va nQoruvw Ilia t'hWOL).L'Il EVa}),UXTl)(~ oaywyi] 0' am-a 'to EYXflQlllW, o'tT)'l ;'tctQ()\KJC ltV)

f.1.EQLxci 1tQ6.Yllma axof.l-u yta t1') OX€01] m

QLE£" nov n(1:oJtl~OvtUL ano to JtQoax~vw "0' VQ o 'to'CLxi]l;: aAAay~t; XOl Of fxdVEt;

nov

T

El VUl 60ALitO va ETI:lXEvt:QUlUW 'I{la.; tomo t O't1'] OX£O"J] 11Eta1;v "[(ov €i€llJllLlOY tOu NeuTlJJ'

OtclLv, Ilia axio"l nou yw TOY Kovv xat TO' a Vt LJtQOOW1t€Uel 'to 1tlO (lVUYAtxpo

](ugo,sUYI

lOLOL OV6Iut~a\' (tOlllJ.llHQla.

'O:rcw; ixw it071 XHOL OtT)

9EwQLa

uno aUT~v

l't0lJ

to'VLOEL, T] 1ttQl YQOq;~ 'tOl! NE\)"'[WV(l

evixuOL

:LO'tL)(~ 6twQio. a).ll6Ei.ac;. EVQnOi'.£I 'taL wov 010 IoIiva va lti,.lOnlvOI Ill(/. 6 1(;JOLII'1 fvaij.u)('tlX ~ BE0JQ f]0T]. Os EL­ oaywvY! 0' autO 'to EyxElQllllo. Cffi]V 1[U00\'Oo. ;l(!Qci.';'Qacpo On nw IJ.€{lOUl ngO:yp.(I'tQ O)(Olto ym tTl OXEO'I1 a\la~lrOa rJl:L; Ot:w­ QLcC; nOll EXtunL t ovTclL altO 'to ltQOOx:tiVlO ).6y{l) xu....mat; ena­ vQotauxrlC; oU,e.tY1iS xm OE EZriVtt; ;TUU n; Ou:zhil.0\, w I. EivOL OO).,L)(O va EJtLxtV"tQWOu) ngO t; tOUtO tTfV 1[QoOO"I.'i IlOll Ot11 0Z':O II IlnO;\! nov BEWQlOOV 'tou NElltWVa :'QOI-lO awS'lxwv. To 6QlO aUlWv t(j)V at! (lit;OV'taL a:n:o 'tTl SEWQio.

'lOU

Ai:VQtCllV. H

StWQLWV. nOQa6e.i.y~toc; XOQ\V, IUOOQOUI1-E va bd­

LaxUs tl')S SEWQi.aS to\l Nemwva ~0Q£i. va.:l tvW_ eav 0 XO..owi,rov avaqloQo.~ ,

xwv. .1.£v IlJtOQoUIlt: va \]j[oo'tTJPi.;ouIlE 6 ' Ntirtwvo aYfLO"l04.X£i. cna )'£'YOV6lU. WOTO(fO

tcpooov Tl 'taxVtTlta tOU EV ).6yw oucm'!I'O'tDl; OE oxto ll ~ . au­ "Co. 'to MotOta avo Q£IlMonxio; avtu..il'iJtt; Ilf TO )'£YOV6c; O'tl OL ElFWQl.£; JI.OlOx.E­ ",iaS. ta ruivta t i.vOL otiLO YVWJl'lS'" wtOY.:L:LIlEVI:Xl1; L""tllre..ioC;. A1J.o ,",io E'UQUuQ'l Q£«/,I(1t\X~ OX01tltl, Ol O(wQifS mOXf1XHN rrt11 aUll'1'l'11 XWtOl.aC; 61pTlS lOU XOOJlOU. XaL aum fQlUOL UE avtlBw111-1.f: "",\I ~'1xou cpai"VEl"OL va Ul'LO'VOEi l OL (me; 1(£­ QLoo6tt!f.l£~ 0Xf. nXLOUXeS "'(01t OO"T~a£L S O'IJ~q)(Uva \-It "t'lV OllOL.o. 0 110vo; AOyOS yla "'(ov onolo avrutWaoovtaL 6EWQL£t;; tl.VOL "'(0 \10. mUEL 0 b>oe; lOY o.Uo O",(L ExtLb~XlO.

QO, JAio

5.

TI MAI NOJA ZOYN O AA AYTA ;

NOlli ~u> o n 1106£ '1 wQa 0' amirv nrv ruX\f1'UlU J'Ut(')((YQU(f.Q taU til6Aiou va Ovtll1E"too:rrLoOl "to EQWTIlf.L0 'Il; XOlloqtinT{t6:;

rlU nOQo6nYJlo,

on

w'

Ml "to\!. n.a '[~

va

~l

xovci; mov 'J.I} ~n(l 1JlOQ!i im lit llltOlm)QI' xn; tvO; (ltW.' OlloU]lOU O\M.IIp(livnru jr.t. 1:TJV (lV"UOlOtXluuxq Owt­

6.

A. F.OIAI..IIW:l1 ElNAI AITO

!J\)

QW n ")'; U),,'fluu-; Q(fElAouv va e;'TfllooUV WY

noy

TO hEME Enll1lfl,IH;

lQOl'IO j.IE loY

oJUJto

;1((­

Trrav oc 0E0rt Yet ~o.v01J'/ .em:ru­

Xfi; nQ06~ :laQ' OW )'t OU, l4! hWV'tGS xUQlOA.exnKO:, &v UVllOtOl'

"l,oUoo.v uta )'EY'OvOta. 'Exw Tl]V r:vUmUK1l] JUJ~ a" cuxaQtjoouv l«i"tl

Q WX'l ~!> OEmQi.e!>, O:lo:.>; '1 vt:UMVUU,

tf"to!.O

Sa dvru u:tOX~~ va Il106t:Titoovv jliU1tQOOtyfLOlI u vUJ..o..

yw l«iflt: 'Puo\KT] ~u.

)'1]14' u U"t1']v :lOU E'((io wIOO"t'lQitu)

EYPETHPIO

A Adams, 1.C., 82, III Adler, A., 62-63 A"lvmo:tV, 73-74, 84, 87,101, 136,149-150,154,180, 185,198,207,209,219. 220,248,250-251,255­ 257.269 Al Hazen. 201 Althus~n, L., 192, 223, 230 AQW"tOtfA'l~, 2, 73, 80, 106, 150, 160,214 AQXq.ujorr;, 200, 201,209 Ayer, A.J., 17

Bunge. M.

Camap, R. Cavendish.

Coller, R.S 2OB-2(

Coilldny, Ii Currie, G.

208

Cunhoys, J

B Bacon, F., J Barker, E., 230, 244, 252 Bhaskar, R., 244-245. 252, 256 Black,l.,44 Bloor. D. 136, 157. 175,192 Bohr, N .. 104, 129 Brahe, T. 101, US, 126 Brown, H.I., 174,236 BUCk, R.C., 176, 193, 208 Bukharin N.l. , 175

Dallon, J.. Darwin. c.. Davi t~>

J.J. Descarti:s. I Dixon, A., . Drake, S. 1 Droscher. \

EYPETHPIO

A

Bunge, M., 42, 229, 252

Ada m~ ,J. C. ,

82, 131

Adler, A., 62-63

A"ivotci~v. 73·74, 84, 87, lOJ,

136, 14 9- 150. 154,180 ,

185, 198, 207,209 .2 19.

220, 248,250-251 , 255­

257.269

r ra).LAalo;, 2, 118, 2l'f)

c

Catnap. R., 17

Cavendish, H ., 129. 134

A I fu.z.c n, 20 1

A I1hu~ r . L., 192,223,230

Coher. R.S., 136, 174, 176, 193,

AQW t Ott~ l')~.

Colodny, R.o 91

2, 73 , 80, 106,

150. 160,2 \4

A QXL~U'th'1;. 200, 201 , 209

Aycr. Al., 17

208·209

Currie, G., 1.36, 175-176, 193.

20S

Curthoys. J., 228

A

B Bacon, F., 1

6'lf40xQLto;,16O

Barker. E. , 230, 244, 252

Bh3!'.kar, R., 244.245, 252, 256

81acl: , I .,44

Bloor, D. nil. 157. 175, 192

D D3JtOIl , J.,

ISO

Darwin, C . 42

Buck., R.C. , 176. 11.)),208

D3vies, JJ.• 2, 18

Descar1e~. R.o 180

Dixon, B., 192

Drake, 5. 118,197, 209

Bukharin N.I. , 175

Drosc her, V.B., 56

Bohr. N., 104 , 129

Srahe, T . 101 , 115,126

Brown, H.I., 174 ,236

m

A.f.OII.un..u:'I1 fll(AI AYTO noY TO ADlE EnlITllWH;

Ouhem. P. 31. 117

I:-: a.~l!ake.

[ C.L.. 75

Eddington, A ., 84

Z Zahar. E., 136, 198.209,219 Ziman, J" 192

o

KOI:ngc, N., 91. 136

Ko...tiQv~l'.o;. N., lOS, 117.136,

162.252 Koming. C.R.• 56

O siander. A ., 48, 237·238

Kuyre, A., 117. 246 Krige, I.. 228, 269 Kuhn. T. , 56, 117- 11 8 , 136, 14J,I58.252

m.au.OY. 85, 178

II

n Q,vtCtyOQa;.1 6 1 112,1 15,201

SdlJ'6dinJl SkJa;r, L., Smllt1. JJ J

p

Sneed, lSi Soddy,F..

nlo J..r.j.l Ctio;;. 106· 107 , III ,

L

F Faraday, M., 122, 134, 184 Feigh. H., 91 Fefm.bend. P, 55·56. 117-118,

137. 174. 2llY, 211 . 228-229 Fi12.gernld. G.r ., 184 Fourier, 1., 188

Frt!snel, A.J., 88, IS3, 188

Lak:ato~,

Imrc, 5, 31, 91,1 04. 117· 11 8,136·137, 157·1 58, 174·176, 193 , 195 , 208. 209.220 LavoiSier. A ., 81. 149·150 Lecoun, 0 .. 192 Leverrier. UJ., R2, 13l Locke, J. , JRO, 2:!6, 230 LocIgc , 0 ., 1 ~5

G Galle, 1., 83, 89, 129 Goelhe, J.W., 67. 75 Gombrich, E., 56 Gregory, R.L., 56, 136,208

H Hansoo. R.N., 36,37. 55·56 Hempel. c.G., 18

Hcnz. H.,50 Hessen, 8., 162. 175

Howson, c.. 136. 174 , 176, 193 , 208-209. 229 Hume, D., 22, 29. 31,226. 230

Lorcnll, H .A .. 136, 209

M Mane, Kar l, J92· I93, 230 Maynard. P ., 9 1 Maxwcll, 0 ., 91

Ma-.;well, J.e" SO, 54, 86-87 , 90. 104, 11 8, 122, 142 , 148· \49,184·185 . 193,204. 209. 232, 236,2:'19 McM ulli n, E .. 209 Mcdawar. P ., 75 Mill,l.S ., 17, 224, 226

Mund Ie, e.w.K. , 17, 202 M u.~ grayc.

J Jacob, I.. 203, 209

K

A., 91 , 117·11 ~, 136 ,

157 ·158, 174. 175, 189, 192·11)3,208·209

N

Kekulf , F., 236

NeWlon, I., 1. 116, 121 , 127 ­

Kepler, 1 , 49, 53, 65. 85, 96097, 112, 11 5·116,119,201

Niven, W.O., 118. 2()9

128, )45, 175. 1296,208

Salman, '0\

Schemer. Sclillpp, p 193

Pauli, W., 148·149 Peme, G., 91

Poisson. S.P ., 88, 183 Polany;, M. , 56,146,158 Popper, K.R., 31 , 55, 75, 118,

Siegmullci

Stove, O.C Suchling,l

Suppe. F.,

192·193,209,252·253 Post, H .R .. 91

Q

TarskL A., Thomson, .

Quine, L.V.O.,117

R Radni Eny, G., 174 R3 vCtz, J.R. , 187 Roentgen, W. , 52,70 Ronchi, Y., 201 , 209

Rosen, E., 56, 252 Rousseau, J., 230 Russell. 8., 21, 3 1 Russell, 0 ., 175

Young, T.,

Wanofsky, Webe" W..

Wewnan, J Will&enstei WOmllL J. 193,2(

m

E'ftmmo

o Cki3flder, A., 48, 237·238

n

m.atWV, 85. 178

ngWtuyOQU!>. 16 1

n t OAq.lUi:O
View more...

Comments

Copyright ©2017 KUPDF Inc.
SUPPORT KUPDF