A Educação Na Antiguidade Trabalho de Historia de Educacao

 

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Rgogbn Qglkhgeg Grkmi Rglg`gei Agrcns Rkagr`n Bieoglkl Rnmërkn Jirege`n Qgk`i Eicsne Onsë Gbgaur  Qneâeakg Jirrikrg @gekic Quilg Rgahk`i Etglbgahidg Pgkak Ireistn Pken Getñekn Pnektn Getñekn

G I`uagíán eg Getkmuk`g`i Rnlgeg Aursn `i Ckaieakgturg il Iesken Bçskan

Yekvirsk`g`i Vi`gmñmkag Lnetipuiz 267;

 

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Rgogbn Qglkhgeg Grkmi Rglg`gei Agrcns Rkagr`n Bieoglkl Rnmërkn Jirege`n Qgk`i Eicsne Onsë Gbgaur  Qneâeakg Jirrikrg @gekic Quilg Rgahk`i Etglbgahidg Pgkak Ireistn Pken Getñekn Pnektn Getñekn

G I`uagíán eg Getkmuk`g`i Rnlgeg Aursn `i Ckaieakgturg il Iesken Bçskan Prg rgbbgchn `i Agrç rçaatir Gvgckgtkvn, g sir  Gprisietg`n en @ipgrtglietn `i Akïeakgs `i I`uagíán i Vskancnmkg Ag`ikrg `i Hkstñrkg `i I`uagíán Ciaakneg`g en Aursn `i Ckaieakgturg il Iesken Bçskan Kᵒ gen, Kᵒ Qilistri, nrkietg`n  picn `naieti? Lr Vircn Lkmuk`g`i Getñekn Rgbiag

Yekvirsk`g`i Vi`gmñmkag Lnetipuiz 267;

 

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Ìe`kai Pilg

pgmkeg

Ketrn`uíán ………………………… ……………………………………………………… …………………………………………………0……… ……………………0………... ... Anetixtn hkstñrkan………………………… hkstñrkan…………………………………………………… ………………………………………….9.……….. ……………….9.……….. I`uagíán eg Getkmuk`g`i Rnlgeg……………………………………… Rnlgeg……………………………………………………= ……………= ………… I`uagrán Hirñkan˝Vgtrìakg………………………… Hirñkan˝Vgtrìakg……………………………………………………… ………………………………….=…………. …….=…………. I`uagíán Anslnpncktg………………… Anslnpncktg……………………………………………… ………………………………………………8………… …………………8………….. I`uagíán en Klpërkn………………………… Klpërkn……………………………………………………… …………………………………………8………... ……………8………... Vi`gmnmkg? Agrgatirìstkags Agrgatir ìstkags mirgks ……………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………..;………. ..;………. Vrkeakpgks Riprisietgetis………………………………… Riprisietgetis……………………………………………………………… ………………………………;……. …;……. Nutrgs Pie`ïeakgs ………………………… …………………………………………………… ……………………………………………76……… …………………76……… Aneacusán …………………………… ……………………………………………………… …………………………………………………..77……… ………………………..77……… Bkbcknmrgjkg…………………………………………………… Bkbcknmrgjkg……………………… ……………………………………………………… ………………………….72……... .72……...

 

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Ketrn`uíán N prisieti trgbgchn gprisietg anln tilg g I`uagíán eg Getkmuk`g`i Rnlgeg, `ietrn `isti trgbgchn trgbgc hn vglns jgcgr prklik prklikrn rn `g hkstñr hkstñrkg kg `ns Rnlgens i gs sugs jgsis i il simuk`g gbnr`glns  oç anln jnk g I`uagíán eg Getkmuk`g`i Rnlgeg pnr ÿctkln `ilns g aneacusán qui ë g sìetisi `i tu`n qui ixksti snbri isti trgbgchn. N trgbgchn nrg prnoiatg`n gprisietg ns simuketis nboiatns?

Nboiatkvn mirgc? 

Gegcksgr g I`uagíán eg Getkmuk`g`i Rnlgeg.

Nboiatkvns ispiaìjkans? 

@isarivir g I`uagíán eg Getkmuk`g`i Rnlgeg4

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Lieaknegr gs prkeakpgks jgsis `g I`uagíán eg Getkmuk`g`i Rnlgeg4

Vgrg g anesiauíán `isti trgbgchn bgsinu-si egs pisquksgs bkbcknmrçjkags iciatrñekags pgrg tnregr  ulg rigck`g`i `n prisieti trgbgchn.

 

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7. An Anet etix ixtn tn H Hks kstñ tñrk rkan an G hkstñrkg `ns rnlgens rilnetg gn simue`n lkcëekn g.A., pn`ie`n sir `kvk`k`g il trïs pirìn`ns?

G Rigcizg?  `i =91 g 96; g.A. `g jue`gíán `g Rnlg æ qui`g `n ÿctkln rik itrusan. Anl n `isievncvklietn `g aucturg `i airigks g ianenlkg `ikxnu `i si bgsigr en pgstnrikn, i lgks tgr`i n anlërakn trgesjnrlnu Rnlg il ak`g`i (urbs). Qurmku g prnprki`g`i prkvg`g qui `kvk`ku il acgssis g grkst grkstnargakg nargakg `i egsaklietn, ns pgtrìakns i g lgknrkg lgknrkg `g pnpucgíán, pnpucgíán, ns pcibius pcibius (hnlies ckvris, aglpneisis, grtisáns, anlirakgetis, sil `kriktns pncìtkans). Ietri ns pcibius hgvkg ns ackietis, gsskl ahglg`ns pnr `ipie`iril `i jglìckg pgtrìakg qui njiriakg prntiaíán ourì`kag il trnag `i pristgíán `i sirvkíns. Hgvkg pnuans isargvns, lgs issi skstilg anliígvg g sir  klpcgetg`n.

G Ripÿbckag? `i 96; g 2= g.A. Anl g qui`g `n ÿctkln rik itrusan kekaknu-si g Ripÿbckag, qui riprisietgvg ns ketirissis `ns pgtrìakns, ÿekans g tiril gaissn g agrmns pncìtkans. Anl n ierkquiaklietn `i gcmulgs aglg`gs `g pcibi, ispiakgclieti `gs qui si `i`kagvgl gn anlërakn -, ketieskjkagrgl-si gs cutgs picgs kmugc`g`is `i `kriktns pncìtkans i akvks. Qurmi ulg envg grkstnargakg ‑ eán lgks `itirlkeg`g picn egsaklietn i skl picg rkquizg, qui gspkrgvg naupgr ns gctns agrmns pÿbckans. Iequgetn Iequgetn kssn ns pcibius anetkeugvgl anetkeugvgl æ lgrmil `n prnaissn pncìtkan. pncìtkan. G  pncìtkag ixpgesknekstg anliínu en sëaucn Z g.A. i luktgs trgesjnrlgíùis `ianrrirgl `kssn.  Egsairgl mrge`is jnrtuegs i glpcknu-si g isargvk`án qui jgvnriaiu g ianenlkg `g Rnlg getkmg.

N Klpërkn?  `i 2= g.A. g 02: `.A.`g kestgurgíán `n Klpërkn æ sug qui`g, anl g kevgsán `ns  bçrbgrns. Gs lgenbrgs `i Aësgr il busag `n pn`ir gbsncutn `ilnestrgvgl g jrgmkck`g`i `g Ripÿbckag.  En Qëaucn `n Gumustn, hnuvi mrge`i `isievncvklietn aucturgc i urbgen. Hnuvi keaietkvn `gs grtis grtis i isa isarkt rktnri nriss anl anlnn Zkr Zkrmìc mìckn, kn, Hnrç Hnrçakn akn,, Nvì`kn Nvì`kn i Pktn Pktn Cìv Cìvkn kn snjrirgl snjrirgl eìt eìtk`g k`g kejcuï kejcuïeak eakgg hicieìstkag. @i ulg anlpckag`g lçqukeg burnarçtkag, n Klpërkn gulietnu n anetkemieti `i jueakne juea kneçrk çrkns ns `n mnv mnviren iren,, snbritu snbritu`n `n pgrg grriag`gíá grriag`gíánn `i klp klpnst nstns ns egs prnvìea prnvìeakgs kgs.. @g`g g anlpcixk`g`i `gs quistùis `i oustkíg, `isievncviu-si g kestktukíán `n @kriktn Rnlgen. N surmklietn `n arkstkgeksln jnk en lisln pirìn`n `n Klpërkn, i `urgeti luktn tilpn issg `nutrkeg arkstá jnk anesk`irg`g subvirskvg picns rnlgens, pnr eán gaiktgr ns `iusis pgmáns ‑ irg ulg rickmkán lnentiìstg - eil rie`ir auctn gn `kvken klpirg`nr i pnr tir anln g`iptns pnbris i isargvns. G pirsimukíán `ns arkstáns anliínu anl Eirn (gen :0) gtë qui Anestgetken pirlktku g

 

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ckbir`g`i `i auctn il 171. En jkegc `n sëaucn KZ n arkstkgeksln si tnrenu g rickmkán njkakgc. G  pgrtkr `n sëaucn KK `.A. tivi keìakn g `iag`ïeakg `n Klpërkn, lgrag`g pnr cutgs picn pn`ir, p n`ir, ag`g viz lgks pirsnegckstg, gctns klpnstns, anrrupíán, isvgzkglietn `ns anjris pÿbckans i `ksskpgíán `ns anstulis. Qëaucn KK, anl n aissgr `gs muirrgs `i ixpgesán i g arksi en isargvksln, surmku n skstilg `i ancnegtn ancneg tn (ns gmrkauc gmrkauctnris tnris ckvris jkagvgl prisns æ tirrg qui auctkvgvgl, auctkvgvgl, pgmge`n ns prnprkitçrkn prnprkitçrknss anl ulg pgrti `g prn`uíán prn`uíán). ). N `iacìekn `iacìekn `n grtisgegtn i `n anlërakn anlërakn prnvnanu g rurgckzgíán `g ianenlkg, gtë qui gs kevgsùis bçrbgrgs jrgmlietgrgl n klpërkn en keìakn `n sëaucn Z, sie`n ietán `kvk`k`n ietri Nak`ietgc (Rnlg) i Nrkietgc (Anestgetkenpcg).

2. I` I`uag uagíá íánn eg Get Getkm kmuk uk`g` `g`ii Rnl Rnlgeg geg I@YAGÍÁN EG GEPKMYK@G@I RNLGEG

 

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N qui ë Hulgekstgs. G aucturg uekvirsgckzg`g pn`i sir ixprissg picg pgcgvrg hulgekstgs ‑ en sietk`n cktirgc `i hulgek`g`i i, lgks prnprkglieti, `i i`uagíán, aucturg `n ispìrktn i iqukvgcieti æ Vgk`ëkg mrimg. @kstkemui-si `istg, en ietgetn, pnr si trgtgr `i ulg aucturg pri`nlkegetilieti hulgeìstkag i, snbritu`n, anslnpncktg i uekvirsgc, busage`n gqukcn qui agrgatirkzg n sir hulgen, il tn`ns ns tilpns i cumgris. Anl n tilpn, g Hulgekstgs `imieirnu, ristrkemke`n-si gn istu`n `i citrgs i `isauk`ge`n-si `gs akïeakgs. Vn`ilns `kstkemukr trïs jgsis eg i`uagíán rnlgeg? • I`uagíán cgtkeg nrkmkegc, `i egturizg pgtrkgragc4 • Kejcuïeakg `n hicieksln, arktkag`g picns `ijiesnris `g trg`kíán4 • Vnr jkl, g jusán ietri g aucturg rnlgeg i g hicieìstkag.

2.2 I`uagrán Hirñkan˝Vgtrìakg Ns prnprkitçrkns rurgks i muirrikrns riaibkgl ulg i`uagíán qui vksgvg g pirpitugr ns vgcnris `g enbrizg `i sgemui i auctugr ns geaistrgks. Gtë ns = gens g arkgeíg pirlgeiakg gns auk`g`ns `g lái nu lgtrneg (luchir rispiktçvic). @ipnks `kssn gs liekegs gprie`kgl en cgr ns sirvkíns `nlëstkans, iequgetn n pgk si ieagrrimgvg  pissngclieti `g i`uagíán `n jkchn. Vnr siu ulg snaki`g`i gmrìancg, n lieken gprie`kg g auk`gr  `g tirrg, gatkvk`g`i qui n ancnagvg cg`n g cg`n siehnr i isargvn. Gprie`kg g cir, isarivir, anetgr   bil anln n lgeion `i grlgs, g egtgíán, cutg i iquktgíán. Ns ixiraìakns jìskans vksgvgl g jnrlgíán `n muirrikrn. Gns 79 gens ici ganlpgehgvg n pgk gn jnrn (prgíg aietrgc) ne`i si jgzkg anlërakn i irgl trgtg`ns gssuetns pÿbckans i prkvg`ns. Gck si gprie`kg n akvksln. Agsn n pgk eán pissngclieti issgs tgrijgs `ivk`n æs muirrgs -, ul pgrieti prñxkln nu lisln ul isargvn kestruì`n gssulkg siu cumgr. Gns 7: gens n onvil irg ieaglkehg`n æ jueíán lkcktgr nu pncìtkag. pncìtkag. G i`uagíán i`uagíán irg pnuan vnctg `g pgrg pripgrn keticiatugc i lgks pgrg jnrlgíán lnrgc.

2.1 I`uagíán Anslnpncktg

 

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 Eg ëpnag `g Ripÿbckag, anl n `isievncvklietn `n anlërakn i g snaki`g`i ilirmieti lgks anlpcixg, irg ixkmk`g ulg envg jnrlg `i i`uagr. G pgrtkr `n sëaucn KZ g.A. jnrgl arkg`gs isancgs icilietgris pgrtkaucgris, ne`i si gprie`kg g cir, isarivir i anetgr, `ns = gns 72 gens. Ns listris irgl sklpcis i lgc pgmns i goiktgvgl-si il qugcquir ispgín? ulg tie`g, g ietrg`g `i ul tilpcn nu i`kjìakn pÿbckan. Qán `issi pirìn`n gs isancgs `ns mrglçtkans, il qui ns onvies `i 72 gns 7: gens ietrgl il anetgatn anl ns acçsskans mrimns, glpckge`n sius anehiaklietns cktirçrkns, gn lisln tilpn il qui istu`gvgl gs `ksakpckegs rigks, anln minmrgjkg, grktlëtkag, minlitrkg i gstrnenlkg. Qurmku ietán ul tiraikrn mrgu `i jnrlgíán, riprisietg`g picg isancg `n riktnr (prnjissnr `i ritñrkag), qui irg lgks rispiktg`ns i lichnr pgmns.   Gs isancgs supirknris `isievncvirgl-si en `ianrrir `n sëaucn K g.A. i arisairgl `urgeti klpërkn. Irgl jriquietg`ns pnr onvies `g ickti, qui si `istgagrkgl eg vk`g pÿbckag i istu`gvgl  pncìtkag, `kriktn i jkcnsnjkg, sil isquiair isquiai r gs `ksakpckegs rigks, prñprkgs `n sgbir ieakacnpë`kan. G i`uagíán jìskag liriakg gtieíán `ns rnlgens, lgks pgrg jnrlgíán `i grtis lgrakgks i anl agrgatirìstkags liens vnctg`gs pgrg ns ixpnrtis.

2.0 I`uagíán en Klpërkn G g`lkekstrgíán `n Klpërkn riquirkg ulg bil lnetg`g lçqukeg burnarçtkag, ixkmke`n `i sius jueakneçrkns picn liens kestruíán icilietgr. Oç en sëaucn K g.A. n Istg`n istklucgvg g arkgíán `i isancgs luekakpgks il tn`n n Klpërkn. Nutrn `istgqui pgrg g ëpnag `n Klpërkn jnk n `isievncvklietn `n iesken tirakçrkn, anl ns aursns `i jkcnsnjkg i ritñrkag, i g arkgíán `i açti`rgs `i li`kakeg, lgtilçtkag, liaâekag i, snbritu`n, isancgs `i `kriktn. G anetkeuk`g`i `ns istu`ns irg ixkmïeakg pgrg quil gcliogvg agrmns lgks gctns. Keÿlirgs bkbckntiags jnrgl arkg`gs i ns rnlgens si gprnprkgrgl `i egs rimkùis anequkstgs.

1.7 Vi`gmnmkg? Agrgatirìstkags mirgks

 

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Ns rnlgens usgvgl ns isargvns pgrg ns trgbgchns lgeugks, iequgetn kssn g grkstnargakg si `i`kagvg gn –ñakn `kmen“, naupge`n-si anl gatkvk`g`is keticiatugks, pncìtkags i aucturgks. @kjirietilieti `g Mrëakg, il Rnlg g rijcixán jkcnsñjkag eán liriaiu gtieíán `i ln`n tán skstilçtkan. Wuketkckgens i nutrns pi`gmnmns ieagrgvgl g jkcnsnjkg gtë anl airtg `isarieíg, i quge`n g icg rianrrkgl prijirkgl ns gssuetns ëtkans i lnrgks.

1.2 Vrkeakpgks Riprisietgetis Gsskl anln g prn`uíán jkcnsñjkag irg ln`istg ietri ns rnlgens, tglbël g pi`gmnmkg, quge`n ixkstkg qugsi silpri istgvg vnctg`g pgrg quistùis prçtkags. Ë tglbël tgr`kg oç qui sius  prkeakpgks riprisietgetis? Aìairn, Qëeiag i Wuketkckgen surmil pnr vnctg `ns sëaucns K g.A. i K`.A.

Aìairn  ( 76: 76: ‑ 01 g.A.)?  `istgag-si, ilbnrg sug jkcnsnjkg eán jnssi nrkmkegc, lgs iacëtkag, anlpnstg `i k`ikgs `i `kvirsns skstilgs anln n pcgtneksln, ipkaurksln i n istnkaksln. Hnlil auctn,, `i sgbir uekvirsg auctn uekvirsgc,c, ici vgcnrkzgvg vgcnrkzgvg g jue`gli jue`glietgíán etgíán jkcnsñjk jkcnsñjkag ag `n `ksaursn, tnrege`n-n ul `ns lgks acgrns riprisietgetis `gs hulgekstgs rnlgeg. Vgrg ici g i`uagíán ketimrgc `n nrg`nr  riquir aucturg mirgc, jnrlgíán ourì`kag, gprie`kzgmil gprie`kzgmil `g grmulietgíán grmulietgíán jkcnsñjkag, jkcnsñjkag, bil anln n `isievn `isi evncvk cvkliet lietnn `i hgbkck` hgbkck`g`is g`is ck cktir tirçrk çrkgs gs i gtë tigtrg tigtrgks, ks, klpnrt klpnrtget getis is pgrg n ixiraì ixiraìakn akn `g  pirsugsán.

Qëeiag (0 g.A. ‑ :9 `.A.)?  simue`n sug vksán, g i`uagíán pripgrg pgrg n k`igc `i vk`g istñkan? n `nlìekn `ns gpitktis pissngks, iejgtkzge`n g jnrlgíán lnrgc i `ge`n lienr klpnrtâeakg æ ritñrkag, trg`kaknegclieti vgcnrkzg`g. Naupnu-si tglbël `g pskancnmkg anln kestrulietn `i  prisirvgíán `g ke`kvk`ugck`g`i.

Lgran Jcçvkn Wuketkckgen (19 ‑ ;9 `.A.)?   gn anetrçrkn `i Aìairn, `kstgeaknu-si `g jkcnsnjkg,  prijirke`n ns gspiatns tëaekans `g i`uagíán, snbritu`n g jnrlgíán `i nrg`nr. Eán si prie`kg g `ksaussùis tiñrkags, lgs prnaurgvg jgzir nbsirvgíùis tëaekags i ke`kagíùis prçtkags. Anesk`irg klpnrtgeti g gprie`kzgmil il mrupn, gatkvk`g`i qui jgvnriai g ilucgíán, `i egturizg gctglieti sgu`çvic i istklucgeti. En k`igc `i jnrlgíán ieakacnpë`kan, ici keacuk ixiraìakns jìskans sil ixgmirn i n istu`n `g mrglçtkag.

 

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0.Nutrgs Pie`ïeakgs Il 1;9, quge`n n Klpërkn Rnlgen jnk `kvk`k`n il `ugs pgrtis (Nrkieti i Nak`ieti), n Klpërkn Nrkieti `isievncviu ketiesg vk`g aucturgc i rickmknsg. Issg ak`g`i sirkg n cnagc `i ibuckíán keticiatugc, il qui keÿlirns anpkstgs gpirjikíngrgl auk`g`nsgs tëaekags `i riprn`uíán `i nbrgs acçsskags. Nutrn gspiatn ricivgeti eissi lnlietn `i `iag`ïeakg jnk g arisaieti klpnrtâeakg `g i`uagíán arkstá (i rickmkán prnkbk`g tnrenu-si rickmkán njkakgc `n Klpërkn).

9. Aneacusán

 

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@urgeti g pisquksg `isti trgbgchn n mrupn jnk pnssìvic aneacukr qui?  G hkstñrkg `ns rnlgens rilnetg gn simue`n lkcëekn g.A., pn`ie`n sir `kvk`k`g il trïs pirìn`n qui sán? g rigcizg, ripubckag i klpërkn. G i`uagíán Rnlgeg ganetiaiu il trïs jgsis sie`n? 

I`uagíán cgtkeg nrkmkegc, `i egturizg pgtrkgragc4

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Kejcuïeakg `n hicieksln, arktkag`g picns `ijiesnris `g trg`kíán4

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Vnr jkl, g jusán ietri g aucturg rnlgeg i g hicieìstkag.

Il Rnlg, n piesglietn `ns rnlgens tie`kg pgrg n prçtkan. Il Rnlg, g jglìckg `isilpiehgvg  pgpic luktn klpnrtgeti, ne`i n pgk ë n prkeakpgc rispnesçvic picg i`uagíán i` uagíán `ns jkchns. Gti gns = gens gs arkgeígs pirlgeiail snb auk`g`ns `g lái. @ipnks `istg k`g`i, gs liekegs anetkeugl en cgr anl ns trgbgchns `nlëstkans, iequgetn n jkchn snb rispnesgbkck`g`i `n pgk, qui si ieagrrimg pissngclieti `g sug i`uagíán. N pgk til pcien pn`ir snbri ns sius jkchns, ici pn`i lgtgr ns jkchns genrlgks, agstkmgr, prie`ir, vie`ir nu lgtgr ns jkchns ribic`is. G pgrtkr `ns 79 gens, n onvil ganlpgehg n pgk en jnrn, prgíg aietrgc ne`i sán trgtg`ns ns gssuetns pÿbckans i prkvg`ns, pgrg gprie`ir akvksln. Gns 7: gens n onvil ë ieaglkehg`n g jueíán lkcktgr nu pncìtkag.

:. Bkbcknmrgjkg

 

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 GRRGKQ, I`kckge, I`uagíán il Qnaki`g`i