A Course in Applied Linguistics1
February 11, 2023 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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H Glursf no Hppinfd Inokunstngs clr Ihokuhkf Wgnfogfs hod TFCI Mhstfr
Dr. Ml`jthr Jhmhdlugjf Ifgturfr lc TFCI
Dfphrtmfot lc Fokinsj Chguity lc Ifttfrs hod Ihokuhkfs Ihrbn Bfo M„jndn Vonvfrsnty,
Lum Fi Bluhkjn
ml`jthr\jhmhdlugjfAjltmhni.glm
2
H GLVRWF NO HQQINFD INOKVNWTNGW
H Glursf no Hppinfd Inokunstngs clr Ihokuhkf Wgnfogfs hod TFCI Mhstfr
Dfsgrnptnlo Tjf glursf lc hppinfd inokunstngs ht tjf Mhstfr ifvfi ns dnvndfd bftwffo ifgturfs prfsfotfd by tjf tfhgjfr hod studfots„ glotrnbutnlos no tfrms lc rfsfhrgj phpfrs, prfsfothtnlos, bll`s/hrtngifs rfvnfws, ftg. Nt ns mhnoiy bhsfd lo tjf ifgturfs bfilw but wnii hiwhys rfmhno rf mhno lpfo tl tjf plssnbninty lc fihblrhtnlo lc gfrthno ntfms, notrldugtnlo lc fxtrh mhtfrnhis (noclrmhtnlo, fxhmpifs, ths`s, rfhdnoks, ftg.) hod hdlptnlo lc ltjfr ifgturfs hs h rfsplosf tl tjf ofw hdvhogfs no tjf hrfhs lc hppinfd inokunstngs hod clrfnko ihokuhkf tfhgjnok/ifhronok wntjlut ofkifgtnok, lc glursf, studfots„ offds hod offds hod fxpfgthtnlos.
Lbefgtnvfs Hppinfd inokunstngs ns notrldugfd ht tjns ifvfi tl foihrkf studfots„ `olwifdkf lo tjf cnfid lc inokunstngs hctfr jhvnok dfhit wntj tjflrftnghi inokunstngs no tjfnr tjnrdyfhr lc tjf Bhgjfilr dfkrff (hod ltjfr brhogjfs lc inokunstngs no prfvnlus yfhrs sugj hs dfsgrnptnvf inokunstngs, kfofrhi inokunstngs hod mngrlinokunstngs). Tjf glursf sff`s tl fqunp studfots wntj pfrtnofot noclrmhtnlo hblut hppinfd inokunstngs dfcnontnlos, lrnknos, cluodhtnlos hod sglpf. Mlrf nmplrthot, h krfhtfr clgus ns pihgfd lo tjf glotrnbutnlos lc hppinfd inokunstngs tl ihokuhkf fdughtnlo, phrtnguihriy sfglod lr clrfnko ihokuhkf tfhgjnok/ifhronok.
Dr. Ml`jthr Jhmhdlugjf
Dfphrtmfot lc Fokinsj LFB Vonvfrsnty
7
H GLVRWF NO HQQINFD INOKVNWTNGW
Glotfots Kfofrhi Notrldugtnlo5 Brhogjfs lc Inokunstngs ........................................... ............................................................ ................. 4 Notrldugtnlo ............................................ .................................................................. ............................................ ............................................ ...................... 4 8. Kfofrhi vs. Dfsgrnptnvf Dfsgrn ptnvf Inokunstngs ............................................................... ..................................................................... ...... 4 2. Dnhgjrlong vs. Wyogjrlong W yogjrlong Inokunstngs ........................................... ................................................................ ..................... 6 7. Mngrlinokunstngs Mngr linokunstngs vs. Mhgrlinokunstngs ...................................... ............................................................ ............................ ...... 3 4. Tjflrftnghi vs. Hppinfd Inokunstngs ............................................. ................................................................... ........................ .. > Quttnok nt tlkftjfr ............................... ...................................................... .............................................. ............................................. ...................... 81 Glogiusnlo....................................... Glogiusnlo................. ............................................ ............................................ ............................................. ........................... .... 81 Hssnkomfot Lof ............................................ ................................................................... ............................................. .............................. ........ 88 Hssnkomfot Twl ................................. ....................................................... ............................................. .......................................... ................... 88 Hssnkomfot Tjrff ....................................... ............................................................. ............................................. .................................. ........... 88 Hppinfd Inokunstngs Dfcnofd ................................. ....................................................... ............................................. ............................... ........ 82 Tjf Offd clr hod Wglpf lc Hppinfd Inokunstngs............................................. ........................................................ ........... 86 Inokunstngs hod Hppinfd Inokunstngs ........................................... .................................................................. ............................... ........ 27 Hppinfd Inokunstngs hod Ihokuhkf Tfhgjnok5 Ho Lvfrvnfw..................................... ..................................... 26 Hppinfd Inokunstngs hod Wfglod Ihokuhkf Hgqunsntnlo5 Glotrhstnvf Glotrhstn vf Inokunstngs .... 2; Notrldugtnlo ............................................ .................................................................. ............................................ .......................................... .................... 2; 8. Glotrhstnvf Hohiysns ..................................... ........................................................... ............................................. ............................... ........ 2; 2. Frrlr Hohiysns .............................................................. ..................................................................................... ...................................... ............... 71 7. Notfrihokuhkf Hohiysns .............................. ..................................................... .............................................. .................................. ........... 72 4. Glotrhstnvf Rjftlrng.......................................... ................................................................. ............................................. .......................... .... 72 Glogiusnlo....................................... Glogiusnlo................. ............................................ ............................................ ............................................. ........................... .... 73 Rfcfrfogfs ........................................... ................................................................. ............................................ ............................................. ........................... .... 7:
Dr. Ml`jthr Jhmhdlugjf
Dfphrtmfot lc Fokinsj LFB Vonvfrsnty
4
H GLVRWF NO HQQINFD INOKVNWTNGW
Wfmfstfr N
Kfofrhi Notrldugtnlo5 Brhogjfs lc Inokunstngs Notrldugtnlo Inokunstngs, wjngj ns glmmloiy dfcnofd hs tjf sgnfotncng study lc ihokuhkf, ns dnvndfd notl h oumbfr lc subcnfids hgglrdnok tl tjf vnfw tjht ns hdlptfd lr tjf hokif crlm wjngj ihokuhkf study ns hpprlhgjfd. Clr nosthogf, inokunstngs gho lccfr tjf study lc ihokuhkfs no kfofrhi hs wfii hs tjht lc h knvfo ihokuhkf. Nt gho trhgf tjf dfvfilpmfot lc h ihokuhkf no jnstlry lr eust mh`f ho hggluot lc nt ht h knvfo plnot no tnmf. Nt gho clgus nts novfstnkhtnlo lo ihokuhkf hs h systfm no ntsfic hod clr ntsfic hs nt gho study jlw ihokuhkf lpfrhtfs no rfihtnlo tl ltjfr vhrnhbifs. Nt gho bf hpprlhgjfd hs purfiy tjflrftnghi lr hs hppinfd no h phrtnguihr cnfid. Hgglrdnokiy, Iylos (8>:8) dnstnokunsjfs tjf cnfid lc inokunstngs notl kfofrhi vs. dfsgrnptnvf, dnhgjrlong vs. syogjrlong, mngrl vs. mhgrl, hod tjflrftnghi vs. hppinfd.
8. Kfofrhi vs. Dfsgrnptnvf Inokunstngs Tjf dnstnogtnlo bftwffo kfofrhi hod dfsgrnptnvf inokunstngs ’glrrfsplods tl tjf dnstnogtnlo bftwffo studynok ihokuhkf no kfofrhi hod dfsgrnbnok phrtnguihr ihokuhkfs” (Iylos, 8>:8, p. 74). Tjns, jlwfvfr, dlfs olt nmpiy tjht tjf twl brhogjfs hrf glmpiftfiy uorfihtfd. Iylos (8>:8) fmpjhsnzfs tjht kfofrhi hod dfsgrnptnvf inokunstngs dfpfod lo fhgj ltjfr. [jnif tjf clrmfr prlvndfs glogfpts hod ghtfklrnfs clr ihokuhkfs tl bf hohiyzfd lo tjfnr bhsfs, tjf ihttfr wlr`s tl prlvndf dhth tl glocnrm lr rfcutf tjf prlplsfd tjflrnfs hod hssumptnlos. Clr nosthogf, nt mnkjt bf put clrwhrd by kfofrhi inokunstngs tjht hii ihokuhkfs jhvf oluos hod vfrbs.
Dr. Ml`jthr Jhmhdlugjf
Dfphrtmfot lc Fokinsj LFB Vonvfrsnty
6
H GLVRWF NO HQQINFD INOKVNWTNGW
Dfsgrnptnvf inokunstngs mhy rfefgt tjns jypltjfsns wntj fmpnrnghi fvndfogf tjht no slmf ihokuhkfs tjfrf ns ol dnstnogtnlo bftwffo vfrbs hod oluos. No tjf prlgfss lc jypltjfsns glocnrmnok lr rfcutnok, tjf dfsgrnptnvf inokunst lpfrhtfs usnok glogfpts prlvndfd by tjf kfofrhi inokunst, no tjns ghsf tjf glogfpts lc ‚vfrbs„ ‚vfrbs„ hod ‚oluos„. ‚oluos„.
2. Dnhgjrlong vs. Wyogjrlong Inokunstngs Tjf tfrms ‚dnhgjrlong dnhgjrlong„„ hod ‚syogjrlong syogjrlong„„ jhvf cnrst bffo glnofd by tjf Wwnss inokunst Cfrdnohod df Whussurf no tjf fhriy twfotnftj gfotury hs tfgjonghi tfrms tl sthod clr ‚jnstlrnghi jnstlrnghi„„ hod ‚olo-jnstlrnghi olo-jnstlrnghi„„. Dnhgjrlong jhs tjf intfrhi mfhonok lc hgrlss-tnmf lr wjht rfihtfs ’tl tjf gjhokfs no slmftjnok, fspfgnhiiy h ihokuhkf, tjht
jhppfo lvfr tnmf” tnmf” (Dnhgjrlong, o.d.). Fvfotuhiiy, dnhgjrlong inokunstngs ns tjf hpprlhgj studynok tjf gjhokf lc ihokuhkfs lvfr tnmf (Rngjhrds & Wgjmndt, 2181). Lo tjf ltjfr jhod, syogjrlong intfrhiiy mfhos wntj-tnmf hod kfofrhiiy rfihtfs tl ’h ihokuhkf ht h phrtnguihr plnot no tnmf, wntjlut glosndfrnok jlw nt dfvfilpfd tl tjht plnot” (Wyogjrlong, o.d.). Wyogjrlong inokunstngs tjfrfclrf rfcfrs tl tjf hpprlhgj studynok ihokuhkf ht h phrtnguihr pfrnld lc tnmf wntj ol rfcfrfogf tl nts jnstlry lr dfvfilpmfot. No ltjfr wlrds, ’no ’no h syogjrlong hpprlhgj tl dfsgrnbnok h ihokuhkf, wf clgus lo tjht ihokuhkf ht lof mlmfot no tnmf hod dfsgrnbf nt hs wf cnod nt ht tjht mlmfot”” (Trhs`, 211;, p. 2:;). Iylos (8>:8) summhrnzfs tjf dnhgjrlong-syogjrlong mlmfot dnstnogtnlo lc inokunstngs hs cliilws5 H dnhgjrlong dfsgrnptnlo lc h ihokuhkf trhgfs tjf jnstlrnghi dfvfilpmfot lc tjf ihokuhkf hod rfglrds tjf gjhokfs tjht jhvf th`fo pihgf no nt bftwffo suggfssnvf plnots no tnmf5 ‚dnhgjrlong„ ns fqunvhifot, tjfrfclrf, tl ‚jnstlrnghi„. H syogjrlong dfsgrnptnlo lc h ihokuhkf ns olo-jnstlrnghi5 nt prfsfots ho hggluot lc tjf ihokuhkf hs nt ns ht slmf phrtnguihr plnot no tnmf. (p. 76)
Dr. Ml`jthr Jhmhdlugjf
Dfphrtmfot lc Fokinsj LFB Vonvfrsnty
H GLVRWF NO HQQINFD INOKVNWTNGW
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7. Mngrlinokunstngs vs. Mhgrlinokunstngs Mngrlinokunstngs hod mhgrlinokunstngs hrf tfrms knvfo by Iylos (8>:8) tl sthod clr tjf ohrrlwfr hod tjf brlhdfr sglpfs lc inokunstngs rfspfgtnvfiy. No tjns rfkhrd, mngrlinokunstngs ns dfvltfd tl tjf study lc ihokuhkf strugturf wntjlut th`nok hoytjnok fisf notl glosndfrhtnlo. No sjlrt, nt ns tjf study lc ihokuhkf systfm no ntsfic hod clr ntsfic. Mhgrlinokunstngs, lo tjf ltjfr jhod, ns glogfrofd wntj fvfrytjnok pfrthnonok no hoy why ht hii tl ihokuhkf usf no tjf rfhi wlrid. Typnghi hrfhs lc mngrlinokunstngs novfstnkhtnlo nogiudf tjf cliilwnok85
Qjloftngs5 tjf study lc spffgj sluods hod jlw tjfy hrf hrtnguihtfd,
•
trhosmnttfd, hod rfgfnvfd.
Qjlolilky5 tjf brhogj lc inokunstngs wjngj studnfs tjf sluod systfms lc
•
ihokuhkfs. [jnif pjloftngs ns gjnfciy glogfrofd wntj tjf pjysnghi ohturf lc spffgj sluods, pjlolilky dfhis wntj tjf whys no wjngj sluods bfjhvf no ihokuhkfs.
Mlrpjlilky5 tjf brhogj lc inokunstngs wjngj studnfs wlrd strugturf. Nt ns tjf
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study lc mlrpjfmfs, tjfnr dnccfrfot clrms, hod tjf whys tjfy glmbnof no wlrd clrmhtnlo.
Wyothx5 tjf brhogj lc inokunstngs studynok sfotfogf strugturf. Wyothx ns
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glogfrofd wntj tjf whys no wjngj wlrds glmbnof tl clrm sfotfogfs hod tjf ruifs klvfronok tjf clrmhtnlo lc sfotfogfs.
Wfmhotngs5 tjf brhogj lc inokunstngs notfrfstfd no mfhonok. Wfmhotngs studnfs
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jlw mfhonok ns strugturfd, hod novfstnkhtfs tjf rfihtnlo bftwffo inokunstng
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Dfcnontnlos hdlptfd crlm Trhs` (211;) hod Rngjhrds & Wgjmndt (2181).
Dr. Ml`jthr Jhmhdlugjf
Dfphrtmfot lc Fokinsj LFB Vonvfrsnty
;
H GLVRWF NO HQQINFD INOKVNWTNGW
fxprfssnlos lr wlrds lc h ihokuhkf hod wjht tjfy rfcfr tl no tjf rfhi wlrid (pfrslos, tjnoks, fvfots, ftg.).
Qrhkmhtngs5 tjf study lc ihokuhkf usf no glmmuonghtnlo, phrtnguihriy tjf
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rfihtnlosjnps bftwffo sfotfogfs hod tjf glotfxts no wjngj tjfy hrf usfd. No mhgrlinokunstngs, notfrfst ns hiwhys pihgfd lo tjf study lc ihokuhkf no rfihtnlo tl slmftjnok no tjf rfhi wlrid, in`f ‚slgnlinkounstngs slgnlinkounstngs„„ wjngj rfcfrs tl tjf study lc ‚ihokuhkf ihokuhkf„„ hod ‚slgnfty slgnfty„„. Tjf cliilwnok hrf slmf mhgrlinokunstngs hrfhs lc novfstnkhtnlo hs dfcnofd by Rngjhrds & Wgjmndt (2181)5
Wlgnlinokunstngs5 tjf study lc ihokuhkf no rfihtnlo tl slgnhi chgtlrs, tjht ns
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slgnhi gihss, typf hod ifvfi lc fdughtnlo, ftjong lrnkno, ftg.
Qsygjlinokunstngs5 tjf study lc (h) tjf mfothi prlgfssfs tjht h pfrslo usfs no
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prldugnok hod uodfrsthodnok ihokuhkf, hod (b) jlw jumhos ifhro ihokuhkf. Qsygjlinokunstngs nogiudfs tjf study lc spffgj pfrgfptnlo no hddntnlo tl tjf rlif lc mfmlry, hod ltjfr chgtlrs (slgnhi, psygjlilknghi, ftg.) no ihokuhkf usf.
Ofurlinokunstngs5 tjf study lc tjf brhno cuogtnlos no ihokuhkf ifhronok/usf.
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Ofurlinokunstngs nogiudfs rfsfhrgj notl jlw tjf strugturf lc tjf brhno nociufogfs ihokuhkf ifhronok, jlw hod no wjngj phrts lc tjf brhno ihokuhkf ns stlrfd, hod jlw brhno dhmhkf hccfgts tjf hbninty tl usf ihokuhkf.
Dnsglursf Hohiysns lr Tfxt Inokunstngs5 tjf study lc jlw sfotfogfs no
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spl`fo hod wrnttfo ihokuhkf clrm ihrkfr mfhonokcui uonts sugj hs phrhkrhpjs, glovfrshtnlos, notfrvnfws, ftg.
Dr. Ml`jthr Jhmhdlugjf
Dfphrtmfot lc Fokinsj LFB Vonvfrsnty
:
H GLVRWF NO HQQINFD INOKVNWTNGW
Clrfosng Inokunstngs5 h brhogj tjht novfstnkhtfs nssufs lc ihokuhkf no rfihtnlo
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tl tjf ihw. Nssufs lc glogfro nogiudf clrfosng ndfotncnghtnlo (spfh`fr ndfotncnghtnlo no ifkhi ghsfs tjrlukj jhodwrntnok hohiysns lr spffgj hohiysns)0 notfrprfthtnlo clr tjf plingf hod glurts0 tjf sfmhotngs lc ifkhi tfrmnolilky (f.k. tjf ifkhi mfhonoks lc murdfr, mhosihukjtfr, jlmngndf)0 tjf dnsglursf lc plingf notfrrlkhtnlos hod ifkhi prlgffdnoks0 ftg.
Glmputhtnlohi Inokunstngs5 tjf sgnfotncng study lc ihokuhkf crlm h
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glmputhtnlohi pfrspfgtnvf.
Glmputhtnlohi inokunsts hrf notfrfstfd
no
prlvndnok glmputhtnlohi mldfis lc ohturhi ihokuhkf prlgfssnok (bltj prldugtnlo hod glmprfjfosnlo) hod vhrnlus `nods lc inokunstng pjfolmfoh. Tjf wlr` lc glmputhtnlohi inokunsts ns noglrplrhtfd notl sugj prhgtnghi hppinghtnlos hs spffgj rfglkontnlo systfms, spffgj syotjfsns, hutlmhtfd vlngf rfsplosf systfms, wfb sfhrgj foknofs, tfxt fdntlrs, hod ihokuhkf nostrugtnlo mhtfrnhis.
Hotjrlplilknghi Inokunstngs5 h brhogj lc inokunstngs wjngj studnfs tjf
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rfihtnlosjnp bftwffo ihokuhkf hod guiturf no h glmmuonty, f.k., nts trhdntnlos, bfinfcs,
hod
chmniy
strugturf.
Wlmftnmfs
hotjrlplilknghi
inokunstngs
novfstnkhtnlos notfrcfrf wntj slgnlinokunstngs hod tjf ftjolkrhpjy lc glmmuonghtnlo.
Glkontnvf Inokunstngs5 ho hpprlhgj tl inokunstngs wjngj strfssfs tjf
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notfrhgtnlo bftwffo ihokuhkf hod glkontnlo clgusnok lo ihokuhkf hs ho nostrumfot clr lrkhonznok, prlgfssnok, hod glovfynok noclrmhtnlo.
Dr. Ml`jthr Jhmhdlugjf
Dfphrtmfot lc Fokinsj LFB Vonvfrsnty
>
H GLVRWF NO HQQINFD INOKVNWTNGW
4. Tjflrftnghi vs. Hppinfd Inokunstngs Tjflrftnghi inokunstngs hnms tjrlukj studynok ihokuhkf hod ihokuhkfs tl glostrugt ’h tjflry lc tjfnr strugturf str ugturf hod cuogtnlos . . . wntjlut rfkhrd tl hoy prhgtnghi hppinghtnlos tjht tjf novfstnkhtnlo lc ihokuhkf hod ihokuhkfs mnkjt jhvf” (Iylos, 8>:8, p. 76). Hppinfd inokunstngs, lo tjf ltjfr jhod, fothnis tjf ’study lc ihokuhkf hod inokunstngs no rfihtnlo tl prhgtnghi prlbifms” prlbifms ” (Rngjhrds & Wgjmndt, 2181, p. 2>). Hppinfd inokunstngs usfs noclrmhtnlo crlm h vhrnfty lc dnsgnpinofs no hddntnlo tl inokunstngs (clr nosthogf, slgnlilky, hotjrlplilky hod noclrmhtnlo tjflry) tl cnrst dfvfilp tjflrftnghi mldfis rfkhrdnok ihokuhkf hod ihokuhkf usf hod tjfo usf tjfm no prhgtnghi hrfhs.
Dr. Ml`jthr Jhmhdlugjf
Dfphrtmfot lc Fokinsj LFB Vonvfrsnty
81
H GLVRWF NO HQQINFD INOKVNWTNGW
Quttnok nt tlkftjfr
Cnkurf 8 5 Brhogjfs lc Inokunstngs Wummhrnzfd
Glogiusnlo No glogiusnlo, nt wlrtj strfssnok tjht tjf hclrfmfotnlofd thxlolmnfs mhy lvfrihp. Hppinfd inokunstngs, clr nosthogf, ns glmmloiy usfd hs lpplsfd tl tjflrftnghi inokunstngs. ^ft, no hoy hppinfd inokunstngs prhgtnghi novfstnkhtnlo, tjfrf ns hiwhys h tjflrftnghi mldfi tl sthrt crlm. Wlmf mhy glosndfr hppinfd inokunstngs h subcnfid lc mhgrlinokunstngs, ltjfrs sff nt tjf ltjfr why hrluod. Clr dnhgjrlong, hs no ssyogjrlong, yogjrlong, notfrfst gho bf pihgfd lo ihokuhkf no kfofrhi (kfofrhi inokunstngs) lr lo phrtnguihr ihokuhkfs (dfsgrnptnvf inokunstngs) fodnok up wntj ihbfis sugj hs dfsgrnptnvf syogjrlong hod kfofrhi dnhgjrlong.
Dr. Ml`jthr Jhmhdlugjf
Dfphrtmfot lc Fokinsj LFB Vonvfrsnty
88
H GLVRWF NO HQQINFD INOKVNWTNGW Hssnkomfot Lof
- [rntf h sjlrt glmplsntnlo tl hoswfr tjf cliilwnok sft lc qufstnlos5 Nc wf study tjf dnccfrfogfs bftwffo gihssnghi Hrhbng plftry (clr nosthogf dunok tjf prf-Nsihmng frh) hod mldfro plftry (twfoty-cnrst gfotury), ns nt h dnhgjrlong lr h syogjrlong inokunstngs novfstnkhtnlo< Ns nt kfofrhi lr dfsgrnptnvf< Hod ns nt tjflrftnghi lr hppinfd< Hssnkomfot Twl
- Hoswfr tjf cliilwnok qufstnlo no tjf clrm lc h glmplsntnlo5 No wjht sfosf gho tjf study lc inokunstngs bf usfcui tl ylu< [jht ns tjf nmplrthogf lc studynok inokunstngs< Hssnkomfot Tjrff
- Hrf ylu chmninhr wntj ltjfr dnstnogtnlos lc inokunstngs< Nc yfs, dnsguss tjfm no rfihtnlo tl wjht ylu jhvf studnfd.
Dr. Ml`jthr Jhmhdlugjf
Dfphrtmfot lc Fokinsj LFB Vonvfrsnty
82
H GLVRWF NO HQQINFD INOKVNWTNGW
Hppinfd Inokunstngs Dfcnofd No tjfnr fvfrydhy prhgtngf, prlcfssnlohis wjlsf wlr` novlivfs ihokuhkf mhy cnod tjfmsfivfs no dnccnguit lr prlbifmhtng sntuhtnlos wntj ol fvndfot sthodhrd mfhsurfs tl th`f. No tjf glursf lc fmpilynok inokunstngs nosnkjts tl cnod sliutnlos tl prlbifms lc ihokuhkf usf no h dnvfrsnty lc glotfxts, lof bfglmfs novlivfd no wjht ns `olwo hs ho ‚hppinfd inokunstngs„ rfsfhrgj. rfsfhrgj. Hgglrdnok tl tjf Notfrohtnlo Notfrohtnlohi hi Hsslgnhtnlo Hsslgnhtnlo lc Hppinfd Inokunstngs Inokunstngs (HNIH), hppinfd inokunstngs ’ns ho notfrdnsgnpinohry cnfid lc rfsfhrgj hod prhgtngf dfhinok wntj prhgtnghi prlbifms lc ihokuhkf hod glmmuonghtnlo tjht gho bf ndfotncnfd, hohiysfd lr slivfd by hppiynok hvhnihbif tjflrnfs, mftjlds hod rfsuits lc Inokunstngs.” Inokunstngs. ” Tjf mhnothnos tjht tjf hrfh lc Hmfrngho Hsslgnhtnlo Hsslgnhtnlo clr Hppinfd Inokunstngs Inokunstngs (HHHI) mhnothnos hppinfd inokunstngs dfvfilps nts lwo `olwifdkf hblut ihokuhkf bhsfd lo vhrnlus dnsgnpinofs, crlm jumhontnfs tl slgnhi sgnfogfs, tl hddrfss ihokuhkf-rfihtfd nssufs hod uodfrsthod tjf rlifs clr nodnvnduhis hod slgnftnfs. Hgglrdnok tl [nddlwslo (8>:4), tjf tfrm hppinfd inokunstngs nmpinfs tjht tjf ’glogfro ns wntj tjf usf lc cnodnoks crlm tjflrftnghi studnfs lc ihokuhkf clr tjf sliutnlo lc prlbifms lc lof slrt lr holtjfr hrnsnok no h dnccfrfot dlmhno” dlmhno” (p. ;). Brumcnt (8>>8), clr nosthogf, sffs tjht hppinfd inokunstngs mhno qufst ns tl lccfr sliutnlos tl ’rfhi’rfhi-wlrid prlbifms no wjngj ihokuhkf ns h gfotrhi nssuf” (gntfd no MgGhrtjy, 2118, p. 8). Krllm hod Inttifmlrf (2188) dfsgrnbf hppinfd inokunstngs hs ’h subefgt wntj h pltfotnhiiy vfry wndf hppfhi” hppfhi” bfghusf nt ns ’h ’ h jnkjiy hggfssnbif cnfid lc hghdfmng study Ptjht] clgusPs] lo prhgtnghi prlbifms, qufstnlos hod nssufs no wjngj ihokuhkf pihys h gfotrhi rlif” (p. 8). Clr MgGhrtjy, nt ns h ‚prlbifm-drnvfo ‚prlbifm-drnvfo dnsgnpinof„ tjht mh`fs rfglursf tl tjf ‚tjflry‚tjflry-drnvfo dnsgnpinof„ lc inokunstngs strnvnok
Dr. Ml`jthr Jhmhdlugjf
Dfphrtmfot lc Fokinsj LFB Vonvfrsnty
87
H GLVRWF NO HQQINFD INOKVNWTNGW
clr pltfotnhi sliutnlos. Wnmnihriy, Gll` (2117) susthnos susthnos tjht hppinfd inokunstngs ns tjf ’hghdfmng dnsgnpinof glogfrofd wntj tjf rfihtnlo lc `olwifdkf `ol wifdkf hblut ihokuhkf tl 6). dfgnsnlo mh`nok no tjf rfhi wlrid„ (p. 6). No tjf shmf vfno, Wgjmntt hod Gfigf-Murngnh (2181) pfrgfnvf tjf dnsgnpinof hs ’usnok wjht wf `olw hblut (h) ihokuhkf, (b) jlw nt ns ifhrofd hod (g) jlw nt ns usfd, no lrdfr tl hgjnfvf slmf purplsf lr slivf slmf prlbifm no tjf rfhi wlrid” (p. 8). [ni`nos (8>>>) fmpjhsnzfs tjht hppinfd inokunstngs ns hblut hddnok tl lur `olwifdkf glogfronok tjf rlifs lc ihokuhkf no jumho hcchnrs tl fvfotuhiiy prlvndf ’`olwifdkf ofgfsshry clr tjlsf wjl hrf rfsplosnbif clr th`nok ihokuhkf-rfihtfd dfgnsnlos wjftjfr tjf offd clr tjfsf hrnsfs no tjf gihssrllm, tjf wlr`pihgf, tjf ihw glurt, lr tjf ihblrhtlry” (gntfd ihblrhtlry” (gntfd no Wgjmntt & Gfigf-Murngnh, 2181, p. 8). Jrfjlvgn` (2116), clr jns phrt, dfcnofs hppinfd inokunstngs hs ho notfrdnsgnpinohry cnfid lc rfsfhrgj clr tjf study lc hii hspfgts lc ihokuhkf usf. Bfnok h olo-ihokuhkf-spfgncng cnfid, nt prnmhrniy
dfhis wntj mltjfr, clrfnko hod sfglod ihokuhkf hgqunsntnlo but hisl fxhmnofs tjf rfihtnlosjnp bftwffo ihokuhkf hod sugj hrfhs hs tjf mfdnh, ihw, lr glmmuonghtnlo. Nt drhws lo sugj wfiifsthbinsjfd dnsgnpinofs hs inokunstngs, slgnhi hod fdughtnlohi psygjlilky, slgnlilky, hotjrlplilky, hod fdughtnlo. (Lrnknohi fmpjhsns, p. 28;) No sjlrt, hppinfd inokunstngs ns olt ho fhsy dnsgnpinof tl dfcnof. No No Dhvnfs„s (p. 8)0 no [nddlwslo„s (211;) wlrds, nt ’dlfs olt ifod ntsfic tl ho fhsy dfcnontnlo” (p. 8)0 (2111), nt ns dfvlnd lc h ’sthbif dfcnontnlo” (p. 7). Lof lc tjf rfhslos bfjnod tjns ns tjf wndf sglpf hppinfd inokunstngs sfts clr nts novfstnkhtnlo, hs wfii hs tjf krlwnok hod fvfrydhy fxphodnok usfs lc ihokuhkf wntj hii tjf prlbifms tjns mhy ifhd tl. Nt ns kfofrhiiy vnfwfd, tjlukj, hs tjf subefgt tjht drhws crlm inokunstngs, psygjlilky,
Dr. Ml`jthr Jhmhdlugjf
Dfphrtmfot lc Fokinsj LFB Vonvfrsnty
84
H GLVRWF NO HQQINFD INOKVNWTNGW
slgnlilky, fdughtnlo hod sl lo tl hddrfss ihokuhkf-rfihtfd prlbifms no tjf rfhi wlrid. Typnghiiy, hoy hppinfd inokunstngs fodfhvlur fods up wntj rfglmmfodhtnlos hod sukkfstnlos clr dfgnsnlo mh`frs glogfronok tjf usf lc ihokuhkf no h knvfo cnfid.
Dr. Ml`jthr Jhmhdlugjf
Dfphrtmfot lc Fokinsj LFB Vonvfrsnty
86
H GLVRWF NO HQQINFD INOKVNWTNGW
Tjf Offd clr hod Wglpf lc Hppinfd Inokunstngs Hppinfd inokunstngs hs h prlbifm-drnvfo hrfh lc novfstnkhtnlo sff`s tl cnod tl hoy lc tjf cliilwnok notrnghtf sntuhtnlos5
8. H spffgj tjfrhpnst sfts lut tl novfstnkhtf wjy h clur-yfhr-lid gjnid jhs chnifd tl dfvfilp olrmhi inokunstngs s`niis clr h gjnid lc tjht hkf. 2. H tfhgjfr lc Fokinsj hs h clrfnko ihokuhkf wlodfrs wjy krlups lc ifhrofrs sjhrnok tjf shmf cnrst ihokuhkf rfkuihriy mh`f h phrtnguihr krhmmhtnghi mnsth`f tjht ifhrofrs crlm ltjfr ihokuhkf bhg`krluods dl olt. 7. Ho fxpfrt wntofss no h grnmnohi ghsf trnfs tl slivf tjf prlbifm lc wjl fxhgtiy nostnkhtfd h grnmf, wlr`nok loiy wntj sthtfmfots mhdf tl tjf plingf. 4. Ho hdvfrtnsnok glpy wrntfr sfhrgjfs clr wjht wluid bf tjf mlst fccfgtnvf usf lc ihokuhkf tl thrkft h phrtnguihr slgnhi krlup no lrdfr tl sfii h prldugt. 6. H mltjfr-tlokuf tfhgjfr offds tl `olw wjht pltfotnhi fmpilyfrs glosndfr nmplrthot no tfrms lc h sgjlli-ifhvfr„s sgjlli-ifhvfr„s hbninty tl wrntf rfplrts lr ltjfr busnofss dlgumfots. 3. H intfrhry sgjlihr suspfgts tjht ho holoymlus wlr` whs no chgt wrnttfo by h vfry chmlus wrntfr hod ill`s clr mftjlds lc novfstnkhtnok tjf jypltjfsns. ;. H krlup lc gnvni sfrvhots hrf ths`fd wntj sthodhrdnznok ihokuhkf ushkf no tjfnr gluotry, lr dfgndnok mhelr hspfgts lc ihokuhkf pihoonok plingy tjht wnii hccfgt mniinlos lc pflpif (MgGhrtjy, 2118, pp. 8-2). Tjf prlbifms gntfd hblvf hrf eust fxhmpifs lc mhoy ltjfrs tjht chii wntjno tjf sglpf lc hppinfd inokunstngs novfstnkhtnlo. Hs nt gho bf oltngfd, tjfsf prlbifms hrf
Dr. Ml`jthr Jhmhdlugjf
Dfphrtmfot lc Fokinsj LFB Vonvfrsnty
83
H GLVRWF NO HQQINFD INOKVNWTNGW
olt fxgiusnvf tl ihokuhkf tfhgjnok hod ifhronok, but nogiudf ltjfr hrfhs lc notfrfst wjfrf ihokuhkf ns h gfotrhi nssuf. Gll` (2117) mhnothnos tjht no lrdfr clr dfgnsnlos tl bf mhdf, h oumbfr lc qufstnlos hod subsndnhry qufstnlos hrf tl bf hs`fd wjfrf tjfnr lpplsfd hoswfrs sjluid bf glosndfrfd. Fxhmpifs lc sugj qufstnlos, wjngj hrf by ol mfhos dnccfrfot crlm MgGhrtjy„s (2118) (2118) ‚sntuhtnlos„, hrf prfsfotfd hs cliilws5 8. [jht ihokuhkf s`niis sjluid gjnidrfo htthno bfylod bhsng intfrhgy< (Hod wjht ns bhsng intfrhgy hoywhy< Rfhdnok hod wrntnok, lr slmftjnok mlrf31s, ltjfr elurohis no tjf cnifd jhvf fmfrkfd
hilok wntj hsslgnhtnlos in`f tjf Notfrohtn Notfrohtnlohi lohi Hsslgnhtnlo Hsslgnhtnlo clr Hppinfd Hppinfd Inokunstngs Inokunstngs. Hctfr tjf Wfglod [lrid [hr, tjf krlwtj lc tjf ihokuhkf tfhgjnok prlcfssnlo whs chgfd by tjf ihg` lc `olwifdkf hblut ihokuhkf hod jlw tl tfhgj ihokuhkf clr tfhgjfrs, trhnofrs hod supfrvnslrs lc tfhgjfrs. Tjns whs hppinfd inokunstngs gjhiifokf bhg` tjfo (Dhvnfs, 211;). No tjf 8>;1s, glotrhstnvf inokunstngs hod tjf psygjlilky lc sfglod ihokuhkf ifhronok wfrf tjf trfod no hppinfd inokunstngs. Qflpif wfrf notfrfstfd ht tjht tnmf no glmphrnok hod glotrhstnok ifhrofrs„ ifh rofrs„ cnrst hod thrkft ihokuhkfs, hs wfii hs uodfrsthodnok tjf prlgfssfs lc hgqunsntnlo hod ifhronok tl chgninthtf tjf prlgfss lc hddntnlohi ihokuhkf ifhronok. Tjfrfclrf, nt ns chnr tl shy tjht tjf fmfrkfogf lc hppinfd inokunstngs whs mhnoiy mltnvhtfd by dfcngnfognfs no tjf prhgtngf lc clrfnko ihokuhkf tfhgjnok hod ifhronok. H dnsgnpinof in`f hppinfd inokunstngs whs ofgfsshry tl kl jhod no jhod wntj tjf rhpndiy krlwnok hrfh lc ihokuhkf tfhgjnok hod ifhronok no lrdfr tl brndkf tjf khp bftwffo tjflrftnghi cnodnoks lc inokunstngs hod tjf pfdhklknghi prhgtngfs lc tjf
Dr. Ml`jthr Jhmhdlugjf
Dfphrtmfot lc Fokinsj LFB Vonvfrsnty
23
H GLVRWF NO HQQINFD INOKVNWTNGW
gihssrllm. [nddlwslo (8>;>) fxpihnos no tjns rfkhrd5 ’h ppinfd inokunstngs, hs N glogfnvf lc nt, ns h spfgtrum lc noqunry wjngj fxtfods crlm tjflrftnghi studnfs lc ihokuhkf tl gihssrllm prhgtngf” (p. 8). B. Wplis`y logf sukkfstfd tjf tfrm ’fdughtnlohi inokunstngs” rhtjfr ’hppinfd inokunstngs” inokunstngs” (gntfd no Wgmntz, 2181). Curtjfrmlrf, [nddlwslo (8>:4) jlids tjht hppinfd inokunstngs ns ’ho hrfh lc foqunry bfhrnok lo tjf tfgjonqufs t fgjonqufs lc ihokuhkf tfhgjnok” wjfrf tjf mhno busnofss ’sjluid bf tjf fsthbinsjnok lc hpprlprnhtf glogfpts lr mldfis lc ihokuhkf no tjf pfdhklkng dlmhno” (p. 3). No chgt, ihokuhkf tfhgjnok hod ifhronok, fspfgnhiiy tjf ifhronok hod tfhgjnok lc clrfnko ihokuhkfs ihokuhkfs ’jhvf hiwhys bffo uonvfrshiiy rfglkonsfd hs gfotrhi tl tjf glogfros lc hppinfd inokunstngs. Nodffd, clr mhoy pflpif, hppinfd inokunstngs ns tjf hghdfmng study lc sfglod ihokuhkf ifhronok hod tfhgjnok” (Krllm ( Krllm & Inttifmlrf, pp. ;-:). Tldhy wntj tjf fxphosnlo lc tjf dnsgnpinof„s sglpf tl nogiudf ltjfr 2188, pp. 2188, hrfhs, typnghi hspfgts lc ihokuhkf fdughtnlo tjht hrf stnii gfotrhiiy nmplrthot hppinfd inokunstngs hgtnvntnfs nogiudf gurrnguium, syiihbus hod mhtfrnhis dfsnko/fvhiuhtnlo0 gihssrllm mhohkfmfot0 tfhgjnok tjf clur s`niis0 ihokuhkf tfstnok t fstnok hod ifhrofrs„ hssfssmfot0 tfhgjfr fdughtnlo0 ftg. Tl sum up, hppinfd inokunstngs whs logf clgusfd ohrrlwiy lo clrfnko ihokuhkf tfhgjnok/ifhronok bfclrf uodfrklnok h prlgfss lc rhpnd fxphosnlo lc sglpf tl bfglmf tjf dnsgnpinof tjht glvfrs h wndf rhokf lc prhgtnghi hod tjflrftnghi glogfros hs chr hs ihokuhkf usf no tjf rfhi wlrid ns glogfrofd. Jlwfvfr, clrfnko ihokuhkf pfdhklky ’rfmhnos ’rfmhnos by chr tjf ihrkfst hrfh lc rfsfhrgj hgtnvnty no glotfmplrhry hppinfd inokunstngs, hod tjns ns in`fiy tl rfmhno tjf ghsf clr tjf 84). clrfsffhbif cuturf” cuturf” (Krllm & Inttifmlrf, 2188, p. 84).
Dr. Ml`jthr Jhmhdlugjf
Dfphrtmfot lc Fokinsj LFB Vonvfrsnty
2;
H GLVRWF NO HQQINFD INOKVNWTNGW
Hppinfd Inokunstngs hod Wfglod Ihokuhkf Hgqunsntnlo5 Glotrhstnvf Inokunstngs Notrldugtnlo By chr, sfglod ihokuhkf hgqunsntnlo ns lof lc tjf vfry pfrtnofot hrfhs clr hppinfd inokunstngs novfstnkhtnlos. ’Trhdntnlohiiy, tjf prnmhry glogfro lc hppinfd inokunstngs jhs bffo sfglod ihokuhkf hgqunsntnlo tjflry, sfglod ihokuhkf pfdhklky hod tjf notfrchgf bftwffo tjf twl” twl ” (Wgjmntt, & Gfigf-Murngnh, 2181, p. 2). No tjf fhriy 8>;1s, glotrhstnvf inokunstngs whs glosndfrfd tjf mlst fccngnfot hpprlhgj tl chgninthtf tjf prlgfss lc sfglod ihokuhkf fdughtnlo. Tjfrfclrf, h oumbfr lc subdnsgnpinofs jhvf fmfrkfd uodfr tjf umbrfiih lc glotrhstnvf inokunstngs wjngj stnii uotni tldhy glotrnbutf tl lur uodfrsthodnok lc tjf prlgfss lc sfglod ihokuhkf hgqunsntnlo, hod prlvndf us wntj `olwifdkf tl fojhogf tjf prhgtngf lc hddntnlohi ihokuhkf fdughtnlo.
8. Glotrhstnvf Hohiysns Tjf Glotrhstnvf Hohiysns Jypltjfsns (jfogfclrtj GHJ) ghmf tl fxnstfogf wjfo strugturhi inokunstngs hod bfjhvnlurhi psygjlilky wfrf vfry nociufotnhi no tjf snxtnfs hs rfkhrds ihokuhkf tfhgjnok/ifhronok. ’Wtrugturhinsm hssumfs tjht tjfrf ns cnontf strugturf lc h knvfo ihokuhkf tjht gho bf dlgumfotfd hod glmphrfd wntj holtjfr ihokuhkf” (^hok, 8>>2, p. 874). Lo tjf ltjfr jhod, ihokuhkf uodfr bfjhvnlurnsm no vnfwfd vnf wfd hs h systfm s ystfm lc jhbnts wjfrf ifhronok prlgffds by prldugnok h rfsplosf tl h stnmuius hod rfgfnvnok fntjfr plsntnvf lr ofkhtnvf rfnoclrgfmfot. Hs h glosfqufogf0 wjnif ifhronok ho hddntnlohi ihokuhkf, tjf cnrst ihokuhkf jhbnts wnii
Dr. Ml`jthr Jhmhdlugjf
Dfphrtmfot lc Fokinsj LFB Vonvfrsnty
2:
H GLVRWF NO HQQINFD INOKVNWTNGW
notfrcfrf no tjf prlgfss hod tjf clgus lc tfhgjnok sjluid bf lo wjfrf tjf cnrst hod thrkft ihokuhkfs dnccfr. Tjf GHJ lrnknohtfd lrnknohtfd crlm Ihdl„s (8>6;) Inokunstngs hgrlss guiturfs guiturfs wjfrf jf mhdf lof lc tjf strlokfst gihnms lc tjf jypltjfsns5 jypltjfsns 5 ’wf gho prfdngt hod dfsgrnbf tjf phttfros tjht wnii ghusf dnccnguity no ifhronok, if hronok, hod tjlsf tjht wnii olt ghusf dnccnguity, by glmphrnok systfmhtnghiiy tjf ihokuhkf hod guiturf tl bf ifhrofd wntj tjf ohtnvf ihokuhkf hod guiturf lc tjf studfot” (Ihdl, 8>6;5 8>6;5 vnn). Jf hdds5 No tjf glmphrnslo bftwffo ohtnvf hod clrfnko ihokuhkfs infs tjf `fy tl fhsf lr dnccnguity no clrfnko ihokuhkf ifhronok….[f hssumf tjht tjf studfot wjl glmfs no glothgt wntj h clrfnko ihokuhkf wnii cnod slmf cfhturfs lc nt quntf fhsy hod ltjfrs fxtrfmfiy dnccnguit. Tjlsf fifmfots tjht hrf snmnihr tl jns ohtnvf ihokuhkf wnii bf fhsy clr jnm hod tjlsf fifmfots tjht hrf dnccfrfot wnii bf dnccnguit. (pp. 8-2)
Glotrhstnvf hohiysns (jfogfclrtj GH) fothnis tjf fxhmnohtnlo lc snmnihrntnfs hod dnccfrfogfs bftwffo ihokuhkfs sff`nok tl prlvndf mhtfrnhi clr hppinfd dnsgnpinofs (sugj hs trhosihtnlo lr TFCI) hs wfii hs prfdngtnok plssnbif hrfhs lc dnccnguity hod frrlr clr sfglod/clrfnko ihokuhkf ifhrofrs. Tjf hohiysns hod glmphrnslo lc ihokuhkfs fothnifd by glotrhstnvf hohiysns th`fs pihgf ht dnccfrfot ifvfis (pjlolilky, mlrpjlilky, syothx, ifxns, ftg.). Clgus ns hiwhys pihgfd lo hrfhs lc dnccfrfogf -wjngj fquhis dnccnguity- tl prlvndf sliutnlos clr sfglod/clrfnko ihokuhkf ifhronok prlbifms hod hdlpt hdfquhtf nostrugtnlohi glotfots (Eljhosslo, 2111). Hgglrdnok tl Crnfs (8>46), tjf mlst fccngnfot mhtfrnhis clr tfhgjnok hrf bhsfd lo h systfmhtng hohiysns lc tjf thrkft ihokuhkf cfhturfs hod glmphrnok tjfm tl tjlsf lc tjf cnrst ihokuhkf. Tjf tjrff mhno hssumptnlos uodfriynok tjf strlok vfrsnlo lc glotrhstnvf hohiysns gluid bf summfd up hs cliilws5
Dr. Ml`jthr Jhmhdlugjf
Dfphrtmfot lc Fokinsj LFB Vonvfrsnty
2>
H GLVRWF NO HQQINFD INOKVNWTNGW
h) Tjf mhno dnccnguitnfs no ifhronok h ofw ihokuhkf hrf ghusfd by notfrcfrfogf crlm tjf cnrst ihokuhkf, b) Tjfsf dnccnguitnfs gho bf prfdngtfd by glotrhstnvf hohiysns, g) Tfhgjnok mhtfrnhis gho mh`f usf lc glotrhstnvf hohiysns tl rfdugf tjf fccfgts lc notfrcfrfogf (Rngjhrds hod Wgjmndt, 2112, p. 88>). Tjf prfmnsf lc glotrhstnvf hohiysns ns snmpif5 tjrlukj tjf prlgfss lc ifhronok ho hddntnlohi ihokuhkf, ifhrofrs wnii uohvlndhbiy mh`f rfglursf tl tjfnr cnrst ihokuhkf. Nc tjf twl ihokuhkfs hrf snmnihr, ifhronok bfglmfs fhsnfr lr wjht ns `olwo hs ‚plsntnvf trhoscfr„ th`fs pihgf0 nc tjfy hrf dnccfrfot, trhoscfr wnii lggur ofkhtnvfiy. Curtjfrmlrf, Curtj frmlrf, nt ns bfinfvfd tjht ’tjf krfhtfr tjf dnccfrfogf bftwffo tjfm, tjf mlrf dnccnguit tjfy wluid bf tl hgqunrf, wjfrfhs tjf mlrf snmnihr, tjf fhsnfr tjfy wluid bf tl ifhro” (Inkjtbluod, 2116, p. 33). Ht tjf lpfrhtnlohi ifvfi, glotrhstnvf hohiysns klfs tjrlukj clur mhno stfps5 8) wrntnok clrmhi dfsgrnptnlos lc tjf twl ihokuhkfs, I8 hod I2 2) png`nok clrms crlm tjf dfsgrnptnlos clr glotrhst, 7) mh`nok h glotrhst lc tjf clrms gjlsfo, hod 4) mh`nok h prfdngtnlo lc dnccnguity tjrlukj tjf glotrhst.
Tjlukj glotrhstnvf hohiysns jhs hgjnfvfd h krfht suggfss no fxpihnonok ihokuhkf ifhrofrs„ dnccnguitnfs, nt jhs bffo subefgt tl grntngnsm rfkhrdnok nts cluodhtnlos, hssumptnlos hod prlgfdurfs. [jht glmfs ns h summhry lc tjf mhno grntngnsm hddrfssfd tl glotrhstnvf hohiysns.
Dr. Ml`jthr Jhmhdlugjf
Dfphrtmfot lc Fokinsj LFB Vonvfrsnty
71
H GLVRWF NO HQQINFD INOKVNWTNGW
Tjf cluodhtnlo lc tjf GHJ ntsfic, bfjhvnlurnsm, whs grntngnzfd. Ihokuhkf ns
•
olt h gliifgtnlo lc rfnoclrgfd jhbnts. Gjnidrfo ifhronok ho I8 mhy vfry lctfo usf tjf ihokuhkf grfhtnvfiy, olt mfrfiy rfprldugf wjht tjfy jhvf jfhrd. Fvfotuhiiy, tjfy glmf up wntj prldugnok hod uodfrsthodnok tjnoks tjfy jhvf ofvfr jfhrd bfclrf. Fvndfogf lc notfrohinzfd ruifs ns sjlwo no tjf prldugtnlo lc clrms in`f *Jf klfd. Wnmnihriy, sfglod ihokuhkf ifhrofrs dl h ilt lc tjf shmf tjnoks (f.k., lvfr-rfkuihrnzhtnlo lc clrms, in`f Jf glmfd).
Mhoy frrlrs tjht sfglod ihokuhkf ifhrofrs mh`f ghoolt bf trhgfd tl nociufogf
•
lc tjfnr I8. •
Trhoscfr lc jhbnts lr trhoscfr crlm tjf cnrst ihokuhkf dlfs olt sffm tl bf glosnstfot hgrlss ihokuhkfs. Clr nosthogf, Ulbi (8>:1) jhs cluod lut tjht Crfogj ifhrofrs lc Fokinsj chnifd tl sjlw fvndfogf lc h prfdngtfd frrlr, but Fokinsj ifhrofrs lc Crfogj dnd. No Crfogj, lbefgt prloluos kfofrhiiy glmf bfclrf tjf vfrb5 Ef ifs vlns ‚N sff tjfm (int. N tjfm sff)„. No Fokinsj lbefgt prloluos glmf hctfr tjf vfrb5 N sff tjfm. Crfogj ifhrofrs lc Fokinsj ofvfr prldugfd *N tjfm sff0 jlwfvfr, Fokinsj ifhrofrs lc Crfogj dnd prldugf tjnoks in`f *Ef vlns fiif (‚N sff jfr„ gc. Ef ih vlns).
2. Frrlr Hohiysns Frrlr hohiysns (jfogfclrtj FH) whs dfvfilpfd no tjf 8>31s tl prlvndf ho hitfrohtnvf tl GH no trhoscfr rfsfhrgj hs tjf ihttfr sthrtfd tl dfginof. Voin`f GH wjngj trnfs tl prfdngt ifhrofrs„ dnccnguity no ifhronok ho hddntnlohi ihokuhkf bhsfd lo jlw nt ns dnccfrfot crlm tjf cnrst ihokuhkf, FH novfstnkhtfs tjfnr frrlrs hctfr bfnok glmmnttfd hod glosndfrs tjfm olt loiy hs ho nmplrthot, but hisl hs h ofgfsshry phrt lc ihokuhkf ifhronok. Hgglrdnok tl @jhosnr (2182), FH fmfrkfd ’tl rfvfhi tjht
Dr. Ml`jthr Jhmhdlugjf
Dfphrtmfot lc Fokinsj LFB Vonvfrsnty
78
H GLVRWF NO HQQINFD INOKVNWTNGW
ifhrofr frrlrs wfrf olt loiy bfghusf lc tjf ifhrofr„s ohtnvf ihokuhkf but hisl tjfy rfcifgtfd slmf uonvfrshi strhtfknfs” (p. 812;). 812;). Glotrhstnvf hohiysns glosndfrs notfrcfrfogf crlm tjf cnrst ihokuhkf hs tjf mhelr ghusf lc frrlrs. Frrlr hohiysns, lo tjf ltjfr jhod, ndfotncnfs ltjfr glmpifx chgtlrs hccfgtnok tjf ifhronok prlgfss hod ifhdnok tl slmf frrlrs wjngj hrf olt duf tl ofkhtnvf trhoscfr sugj hs tjf thrkft ihokuhkf ntsfic, tjf glmmuonghtnvf strhtfknfs usfd hs wfii hs tjf typf hod quhinty lc nostrugtnlo. Rngjhrds hod Wgjmndt (2112) gihssncy tjf frrlrs fogluotfrfd by sfglod ihokuhkf ifhrofrs notl sfvfo ghtfklrnfs ghtf klrnfs hs cliilws5 8. Lvfrkfofrhinzhtnlos 5 frrlrs ghusfd by fxtfosnlo lc thrkft ihokuhkf ruifs tl nohpprlprnhtf glotfxts. 2. Wnmpincnghtnlos 5 frrlrs rfsuitnok crlm ifhrofrs prldugnok snmpifr inokunstng ruifs tjho tjlsf cluod no tjf thrkft ihokuhkf. 7. Dfvfilpmfo Dfvfilpmfothi thi frrlrs5 tjlsf rfcifgtnok ohturhi sthkfs lc dfvfilpmfot. 4. Glmmuonghtnlo-bhsfd
frrlrs5
frrlrs
rfsuitnok
crlm
strhtfknfs
lc
glmmuonghtnlo. 6. Nodugfd frrlrs frrlrs5 tjlsf rfsuitnok crlm trhoscfr lc trhnonok. 3. Frrlrs lc hvlndhogf5 rfsuitnok crlm chniurf tl usf gfrthno thrkft ihokuhkf strugturfs bfghusf tjfy hrf tjlukjt tl bf tll dnccnguit. ;. Frrlrs lc lvfrprldugtnlo5 strugturfs bfnok usfd tll crfqufotiy (Rngjhrds hod Wgjmndt, 21125 8:6).
Dr. Ml`jthr Jhmhdlugjf
Dfphrtmfot lc Fokinsj LFB Vonvfrsnty
72
H GLVRWF NO HQQINFD INOKVNWTNGW
7. Notfrihokuhkf Hohiysns Tjf tfrm ’notfrihokuhkf notfrihokuhkf”” whs lrnknohiiy prlplsfd by Wfino`fr (8>;2) wjl dfcnofs nt hs ’h sfphrhtf inokunstng systfm bhsfd lo tjf lbsfrvhbif lutput wjngj rfsuits rfs uits crlm h ifhrofr„s httfmptfd prldugtnlo lc h TI olrm” (p. 284). Notfrihokuhkf hohiysns ns bhsfd lo tjf prnognpif tjht durnok tjf prlgfss lc ifhronok h sfglod lr h clrfnko ihokuhkf, ifhrofrs mnkjt dfvfilp h systfm clr tjfmsfivfs wjngj ns tl slmf fxtfot dnccfrfot crlm tjfnr cnrst hod thrkft ihokuhkfs, but bhsfd lo tjfm ht tjf shmf tnmf. No h rfihtfd mhttfr, Jh`uth hod Ghognol (8>;;) mhnothno tjht ’ho notfrihokuhkf noglrplrhtfs gjhrhgtfrnstngs lc bltj tjf ohtnvf hod tjf thrkft ihokuhkf lc tjf ifhrofr” (p. 2>;). 2 >;). Tjns notfrihokuhkf, fvfo nc nt th`fs pihgf bfclrf tjf ifhrofr htthnos h klld prlcngnfogy ifvfi no tjf thrkft ihokuhkf, glosnsts lc h sft lc systfmhtng ruifs tjht gho bf uodfrstlld hod dfsgrnbfd. Tjfrfclrf, notfrihokuhkf hohiysns nmpinfs h glotnouum hohiysns lc ihokuhkf ifhrofrs„ inokunstng dfvfilpmfot wntj rfcfrfogf tl I8 hod I2 inokunstng systfms hod tjf trhosntnlohi glmpftfogf lc sfglod ihokuhkf ifhrofrs (Gloolr, 8>>3).
4. Glotrhstnvf Rjftlrng Glotrhstnvf rjftlrng ns ho hrfh lc rfsfhrgj tjht studnfs dnsglursf dnccfrfogfs bftwffo dnccfrfot ihokuhkfs hod guiturfs hs rfcifgtfd rfcif gtfd no tjf wrntnok lc sfglod/clrfnko ihokuhkf studfots (Znok ft. hi., 211:). Tjf fmfrkfogf lc tjns cnfid lc study ns httrnbutfd tl tjf wlr` lc lof mho, tjf Hmfrngho hppinfd inokunst Rlbfrt @hpiho. Wnogf @hpiho„s (8>33) sfmnohi study, tjf cnfid lc glotrhstnvf rjftlrng jhs glmf h ilok why crlm tjf hohiysns lc notfrohtnlohi studfots„ phrhkrhpjs no tjf ihtf 8>31s tl tjf notfrguiturhi dnsgnpinof nt ns tldhy.
Dr. Ml`jthr Jhmhdlugjf
Dfphrtmfot lc Fokinsj LFB Vonvfrsnty
77
H GLVRWF NO HQQINFD INOKVNWTNGW
@hpiho bhsfd jns wlr` lo tjf hssumptnlo tjht ilkng hod rjftlrng hrf notfrdfpfodfot hod guiturf spfgncng hs wfii. Hgglrdnokiy, dnccfrfot guiturfs nmplsf dnccfrfot pfrspfgtnvfs lc tjf wlrid, hod dnccfrfot ihokuhkfs jhvf dnccfrfot rjftlrnghi phttfros. No rfihtnlo tl tjns, @hpiho (8>33) niiustrhtfs5 Ilkng (no tjf plpuihr, rhtjfr tjho tjf ilkngnho's sfosf lc tjf wlrd), wjngj ns tjf bhsns lc rjftlrng, ns fvlivfd lut lc h guiturf0 nt ns olt uonvfrshi. Rjftlrng, tjfo, ns olt uonvfrshi fntjfr, but vhrnfs crlm guiturf tl guiturf hod fvfo crlm tnmf tl tnmf wntjno h knvfo guiturf. Nt ns hccfgtfd by gholos lc thstf wntjno h knvfo guiturf h knvfo tnmf. (p. 2)
Gloolr (8>>3) mhnothnos tjht fhgj ihokuhkf jhs nts uonquf rjftlrnghi glovfotnlos hod tjht slmf lc tjlsf glovfotnlos notfrcfrf no clrfnko ihokuhkf wrntnok. Fvfo nc tjfy usf tjf glrrfgt krhmmhr hod tjf rfifvhot vlghbuihry, olo-ohtnvf studfots„ thrkft ihokuhkf wrntnok fxjnbnts clrfnko-sluodnok clrfnko -sluodnok strugturfs tjht bfilok tl tjf cnrst ihokuhkf wjfrf mhoy lc tjfnr ’sfotfogfs mh`f mlrf sfosf no tjf studfots„ studfots„ ohtnvf ihokuhkf tjho no Fokinsj…” (Bfooun, 211:, p. ;7). Tjns wfnrdofss no studfots„ clrfnko ihokuhkf glmplsntnlo gluid bf httrnbutfd tl tjfnr uohwhrfofss lc tjf thrkft hudnfogf pfrgfptnlos hod fxpfgthtnlos, hs wfii hs tjf lrkhonzhtnlohi mldfs hod tjf slgnlguiturhi glotfxt lc tjfnr thrkft ihokuhkf wrntnok snogf ’glovfotnlos ’glovfotnlos lc wrnttfo dnsglursf hrf sjhpfd by guiturf, hod tjus dnccfr grlss-guiturhiiy…fvfry grlss-guiturhiiy…fvfry guiturf dfcnofs nts ‚kforfs„ by spfgncynok tjfnr clrm, glotfot, ihokuhkf, ihokuh kf, hudnfogf no h why tjht ns olt ofgfsshrniy sjhrfd by b y ltjfr guiturfs” (Mfrrlugjf, 2113, p. 8>7). 8>7). @hpiho„s (8>33) hrtngif ’Guiturhi Tjlukjt Qhttfros no Notfrguiturhi Fdughtnlo” whs tjf cnrst no ho FWI sfttnok tjht whs dfvltfd tl tjf study lc rjftlrngs
no wrntnok, tjus, fxtfodnok tjf hohiysns bfylod tjf sfotfogf ifvfi. @hpiho„s (8>33)
Dr. Ml`jthr Jhmhdlugjf
Dfphrtmfot lc Fokinsj LFB Vonvfrsnty
74
H GLVRWF NO HQQINFD INOKVNWTNGW
pnloffrnok study hohiyzfd tjf lrkhonzhtnlo lc phrhkrhpjs no FWI studfots„ studfots „ fsshys hod nodnghtfd tjht I8 rjftlrnghi strugturfs wfrf fvndfot no tjnr I2 wrntnok. Wthrtnok fsshys hod crlm h jlinstng hohiysns lc mlrf tjho 611 notfrohtnlohi studfots„ Fokinsj fsshys hod lo tjf bhsns lc Hrnstltfinho rjftlrng hod ilkng, @hpiho (8>33) ndfotncnfd cnvf typfs lc phrhkrhpj dfvfilpmfot fhgj rfcifgtnok dnccfrfot rjftlrnghi tfodfognfs hod ghmf tl tjf glogiusnlo glogiusnlo tjht5 ’fhgj ihokuhkf hod fhgj guiturf jhs h phrhkrhpj lrdfr uonquf tl ntsfic, hod tjht phrt lc tjf ifhronok lc tjf phrtnguihr ihokuhkf ns tjf mhstfrnok lc nts ilknghi systfm” (p. 84). Tjf cnvf lrnknohi phrhkrhpj dfvfilpmfot typfs hrf dfsgrnbfd hrf dfsgrnbfd by Gloolr (2112) (2112) hs cliilws5 Hokil-Furlpfho fxplsntlry fsshys hrf dfvfilpfd inofhriy wjfrfhs fsshys no Wfmntng ihokuhkfs usf phrhiifi gllrdnohtf gihusfs0 tjlsf no Lrnfothi ihokuhkfs prfcfr ho nodnrfgt hpprlhgj, glmnok tl tjf plnot no tjf fod0 hod tjlsf no Rlmhogf ihokuhkfs hod no Russnho nogiudf mhtfrnhi tjht, crlm h inofhr plnot lc vnfw, ns nrrfifvhot. (p. 4>4)
Glotrhstnvf rjftlrng fmfrkfd no tjf cnrst pihgf hs h rfsuit tl tjf krlwnok oumbfr lc notfrohtnlohi studfots forliinok no Hmfrngho uonvfrsntnfs wjngj mhdf Hmfrngho wrntnok tfhgjfrs hod rfsfhrgjfrs notfrfstfd no tjf dnstnogt rjftlrnghi styifs fxjnbntfd no tjf wrntnok lc olo-ohtnvf studfots. Tjfrfclrf0 no lrnfothtnlo, glotrhstnvf rjftlrng ns cuodhmfothiiy pfdhklknghi hod jhs ’h snkoncnghot nmphgt lo tjf tfhgjnok tf hgjnok lc wrntnok no bltj FWI hod Fokinsj hs h Clrfnko Ihokuhkf (FCI) gihssfs” (Gloolr ft hi., 211:, p. 8). Glotrhstnvf rjftlrng, hssfrts Gloolr (8>>3), whs lrnknohiiy dfvfilpfd tl ndfotncy prlbifms chgfd by olo-ohtnvf ifhrofrs hod try tl fxpihno tjfm. Nt httfmpts tl prlvndf tfhgjfrs hod studfots wntj `olwifdkf lc tjf ihokuhkf-guiturf rfihtnlosjnp
Dr. Ml`jthr Jhmhdlugjf
Dfphrtmfot lc Fokinsj LFB Vonvfrsnty
76
H GLVRWF NO HQQINFD INOKVNWTNGW
hod jlw wrnttfo prldugts by ihokuhkf ifhrofrs rfcifgt tjfnr dnsglursf tfxtuhi cfhturfs hod phttfros lc lrkhonzhtnlo. Jlwfvfr0 Hgglrdnok tl [hok (2113), wjfo rfvnfwnok jns lrnknohi study, @hpiho cluod tjht glotrhstnvf rjftlrng gho lccfr mlrf tjho tjf hohiysns lc rjftlrnghi dnccfrfogfs bftwffo ihokuhkfs. Nt gho prlvndf h guiturhi uodfrsthodnok hs wfii hs tjf rnkjt mfgjhonsms tjht jfip studfots lvfrglmf tjfnr dnccnguitnfs hod prldugf fccfgtnvf I2 tfxts. Mlrflvfr, jf hg`olwifdkfd tjht nts hnm klfs bfylod pfdhklky ’tl dfsgrnbf whys no wjngj wrnttfo tfxts lpfrhtf no ihrkfr guiturhi glotfxts” (Krhbf hod @hpiho, 8>>30 gntfd no [hok, 2113, p. 22). 22). Hctfr bfnok inmntfd no nts fhriy yfhrs lc dfvfilpmfot tl tjf study lc studfots„ fsshys, tldhy hctfr tjf nogrfhsf no tjf typfs lc wrnttfo tfxts wntjno sfglod/clrfnko ihokuhkf fdughtnlo hrluod tjf wlrid, glotrhstnvf rjftlrng„s cnfid lc study jhs fxphodfd tl nogiudf wrntnok no mhoy FHQ/FWQ sntuhtnlos hod glotnoufs tl glotrnbutf no uodfrsthodnok guiturhi dnccfrfogfs hod no tjf tfhgjnok lc FWI/FCI wrntnok. Ltjfr nmplrthot kforfs rfifvhot tl glotrhstnvf rjftlrng cnfid lc study hrf tjf hghdfmng rfsfhrgj hrtngifs, rfsfhrgj rfplrts hod prlplshis no hddntnlo tl wrntnok clr prlcfssnlohi purplsfs, sugj hs busnofss. No 2114 hod hctfr rfvnfwnok tjf klhis, mftjlds hod hgjnfvfmfots lc rfsfhrgj no glotrhstnvf rjftlrng0 Gloolr (2114) sukkfstfd h ofw umbrfiih tfrm tl sthod clr tjf glotfmplrhry sglpf lc guiturhi nociufogfs no sfglod/clrfnko ihokuhkf wrntnok. Tjf tfrm ’notfrguiturhi rjftlrng” whs whs prlplsfd by Gloolr hctfr sjf ghmf tl rfhinzf tjf dyohmng ohturf lc wrntnok hod guiturf, hod jlw wrntnok no h knvfo guiturf ns gilsfiy htthgjfd tl tjf notfiifgtuhi jnstlry hod tjf slgnhi strugturfs lc tjht spfgncng guiturf. Gloolr (2114) plnots lut5
Dr. Ml`jthr Jhmhdlugjf
Dfphrtmfot lc Fokinsj LFB Vonvfrsnty
73
H GLVRWF NO HQQINFD INOKVNWTNGW
Gjhoknok dfcnontnlos lc wrnttfo dnsglursf hohiysns ‗ crlm tfxt bhsfd tl glotfxt sfosntnvf sfosntnvf ‗ ‗ hod hod lc guiturf ‗ guiturf ‗ crlm crlm sthtng tl dyohmng ‗ glotrnbutf glotrnbutf tl tjf gjhoknok clgus lc notfrguiturhi rjftlrng rfsfhrgj, h ofw tfrm tjht bfttfr rfcifgts tjf dyohmng ohturf lc tjf hrfh lc study. (p. 712)
Tjf glogfpt ’notfrguiturhi rjftlrng” ghmf lut tl nogiudf grlss-guiturhi grlss -guiturhi studnfs hs wfii hs tjf notfrhgtnvf sntuhtnlos no wjngj wrntfrs wntj dnvfrsf inokunstng hod guiturhi bhg`krluods ofkltnhtf I2 wrntnok clr vhrnfd purplsfs (Gloolr, 211:). Wukkfstnok tjf tfrm notfrguiturhi rjftlrng nostfhd lc glotrhstnvf rjftlrng whs bfghusf tjf fxhmnohtnlo lc dnccfrfogfs bftwffo ihokuhkfs dlof by tjf ihttfr ns mlst in`fiy tl dfmlostrhtf lof„s ihokuhkf hs nocfrnlr tl holtjfr ihokuhkf (V. Gloolr, pfrslohi glmmuonghtnlo, Mhy, 2116). Notfrguiturhi, lo tjf ltjfr jhod, fmpjhsnzfs tjht notfrohtnlohi glmmuonghtnlo (spfh`nok lr wrntnok) rfqunrfs bltj phrtnfs tl bf no novlivfd, vlivfd, wjfrf tjf hgglmmldhtnlo tl fhgj ltjfr„s styifs ns ofgfsshry hod klfs bltj whys (nbnd.). Notfrguiturhi rjftlrng ns h bfttfr tfrm bfghusf nt sjncts httfotnlo crlm tjf purf glotrhst hod plssnbif stfrfltypnok hod foglurhkfs tjf fxhmnohtnlo lc glmmuonghtnlo no hgtnlo by studynok jlw tfxts hrf grfhtfd hod jlw tjfy hrf glosumfd n.f., clgusnok ’lo tjf slgnhi glotfxts lc dnsglursf” hs wfii hs tjf ’prlgfssfs tjht ifhd tl tjf prldugts” (Gloolr, 2114, p. 2>2). 2>2).
Glogiusnlo Glotrhstnvf hohiysns, frrlr hohiysns hod notfrihokuhkf hohiysns rfiy no tjfnr noqunry lo tjf strugturhi hpprlhgj lc inokunstng study. Tjfy lpfrhtf tjrlukj gihssncynok uttfrhogfs ht tjfnr dnccfrfot inokunstng ifvfis rfkhrdnok pjlolilky, syothx, mlrpjlilky hod sfmhotngs. Glotrhstnvf rjftlrng, lo tjf ltjfr jhod, glmphrfs
Dr. Ml`jthr Jhmhdlugjf
Dfphrtmfot lc Fokinsj LFB Vonvfrsnty
7;
H GLVRWF NO HQQINFD INOKVNWTNGW
dnsglursf strugturfs hgrlss guiturfs hod kforfs tl nmprlvf rfsfhrgj no sfglod/clrfnko ihokuhkf
wrntnok
hod
tl
prlmltf
studfots„
glosgnlusofss
lc
tjf
ohtnvf
guiturf/ihokuhkf hod tjfnr fccfgts lo tjf thrkft ihokuhkf glmplsntnlo.
Dr. Ml`jthr Jhmhdlugjf
Dfphrtmfot lc Fokinsj LFB Vonvfrsnty
7:
H GLVRWF NO HQQINFD INOKVNWTNGW
Rfcfrfogfs Bfooun, Q. (211:). H study lc I8 notfrcfrfogf no tjf wrntnok lc Tjhn FCI studfots. Mhiysnho Mhiysnh o Elurohi lc lc FIT Rfsfhrgj Rfsfhrgj, 4, ;2->8.
Gloolr, V. (8>>3). Glotrhstnvf rjftlrng5 Grlss-guiturhi hspfgts lc sfglod-ihokuhkf wrntnok. Ghmbrndkf5 Ghmbrndkf Vonvfrsnty Qrfss.
Gloolr, V. (2112). Ofw dnrfgtnlos no glotrhstnvf rjftlrng. TFWLI Xuhrtfriy, 73(4), 4>7-681.
Gloolr, V. (2114). Notfrguiturhi rjftlrng rfsfhrgj5 Bfylod tfxts. Elurohi lc Fokinsj clr Hghdfmng Qurplsfs, 7(4), 2>8-714. Gloolr, V. (211:). Mhppnok muitndnmfosnlohi hspfgts lc rfsfhrgj5 Rfhgjnok tl notfrguiturhi rjftlrng. No V. Gloolr, F. Ohkfijlut & [. S. Rlzyg`n (Fds.), Glotrhstnvf rjftlrng5 Rfhgjnok tl notfrguiturhi rjftlrng (pp. 2>>783). Qjnihdfipjnh5 Eljo Bfoehmnos Qubinsjnok Glmphoy. Gloolr, V., Ohkfijlut, F. & Rlzyg`n, [.S. (211:). Glotrhstnvf rjftlrng5 Rfhgjnok Rlz yg`n, tl notfrguiturhi rjftlrng (V. Gloolr, F. Ohkfijlut & [. S. Rlzyg`n, Fds.). Qjnihdfipjnh5 Eljo Bfoehmnos Qubinsjnok Glmphoy.
Gll`, K. (2117). Hppinfd inokunstngs inokunstngs. Lxclrd5 Lxclrd Vonvfrsnty Qrfss. Dhvnfs, H. (211;). Ho notrldugtnlo tl hppinfd inokunstngs5 Crlm tjflry tl prhgtngf (2od fd.). V@5 Fdnoburkj Vonvfrsnty Qrfss.
Dr. Ml`jthr Jhmhdlugjf
Dfphrtmfot lc Fokinsj LFB Vonvfrsnty
7>
H GLVRWF NO HQQINFD INOKVNWTNGW
Dnhgjrlong.
(o.d.).
No
Ghmbrndkf
loinof
dngtnlohry.
Rftrnfvfd
crlm
jttp5//dngtnlohry.ghmbrndkf.lrk/cr/dngtnloohnrf/hokihns/dnhgjrlong. jttp5//dngtnlohry.ghmbrndkf.lrk/cr/dngtnloohnrf/hokihns/dnhgjrlong. Crnfs, G. G. (8>46). Tfhgjnok hod ifhronok Fokinsj hs h clrfnko ihokuhkf. Hoo Hrblr5 Vonvfrsnty lc Mngjnkho Qrfss. Krhbf, [., & @hpiho, R. (8>>3). Tjflry hod prhgtngf lc wrntnok. Ilodlo5 Ilokmho.
Krllm, O., & Inttifmlrf, E. (2188). Dlnok hppinfd hppinfd inokunstngs5 inokunstngs5 H Kundf Kundf clr studfots studfots. Lxclrdsjnrf (V@) Rlutifdkf.
Jh`uth, @., & Ghognol, J. (8>;;). Trfods no sfglod-ihokuhkf-hgqunsntnlo rfsfhrgj. Jhrvhrd Fdughtnlohi Fdughtnlohi Rfvnfw, 4;(7), 2>4-783.
Jrfjlvgn`, T (2116). [jht dl wf tfhgj5 Hppinfd inokunstngs lr ihokuhkf tfhgjnok mftjldlilky< Tjflry hod Qrhgtngf no Fokinsj Wtudnfs 7 , 287-28>. Eljhosslo, W. (2111). Glotrhstnvf inokunstngs hod glrplrh. Ihokuhkfs no Glotrhst , 7. Rftrnfvfd
Euof
86,
2187
crlm
www.jc.unl.ol/nils/clrs`onok/prlsef`tfr/sprn`/pdc/se/eljhosslo2.pdc. www.jc.unl.ol/nils/clrs`onok/prlsef`tfr/sprn`/pdc/se/eljhosslo2.pdc. @hpiho, R. B. (8>33). Guiturhi tjlukjt phttfros no notfrguiturhi fdughtnlo. Ihokuhkf 21. Ifhronok, 83, 8 ‗ 21.
@jhosnr, H. H. (2182). Frrlr hohiysns hod sfglod ihokuhkf hgqunsntnlo. Tjflry hod Qrhgtngf no Ihokuhkf Wtudnfs, 2(6), 812;-8172.
Dr. Ml`jthr Jhmhdlugjf
Dfphrtmfot lc Fokinsj LFB Vonvfrsnty
41
H GLVRWF NO HQQINFD INOKVNWTNGW
Ihdl, R. (8>6;). Inokunstng Inokunstngss hgrlss guiturfs. Hoo Hrblr5 Vonvfrsnty lc Mngjnkho Qrfss. Inkjtbluod, Q. M. (2116). Ho hohiysns lc notfrihokuhkf notfrihokuhkf frrlrs no syogjrlolus / hsyogjrlolus notfrguiturhi glmmuonghtnlo fxgjhokfs. Shifognh5 Vonvfrsnty
lc Shifognh Wfrvngf lc Qubinghtnlos. Iylos, E. (8>:8). Ihokuhkf hod inokunstngs5 inokunstngs5 Ho notrldugtnlo. Ghmbrndkf5 Ghmbrndkf Vonvfrsnty Qrfss. MgGhrtjy, M. (2118). Nssufs no hppinfd inokunstngs inokunstngs. Ghmbrndkf5 Ghmbrndkf Vonvfrsnty Qrfss.
Mfrrlugjf, W. (2113). Tjf pihgf lc guiturf no tjf tfhgjnok lc Fokinsj no tjf Hikfrnho mnddif hod sfglodhry sgjlli. Vopubinsjfd dlgtlrhi dnssfrthtnlo,
Vonvfrsnty lc Mfotlurn, Glosthotnof, Hikfrnh.
Rngjhrds, E. G., & Wgjmndt, R. (2181). Ilokmho dngtnlohry dngtnlohry lc ihokuhkf ihokuhkf tfhgjnok tfhgjnok hod hppinfd inokunstngs (4tj fd.). Krfht Brnthno5 Qfhrslo Fdughtnlo.
Wgjmntt, O., & Gfigf-Murngnh, M. (2181). Ho lvfrvnfw lc hppinfd inokunstngs. No O. Wgmntt (Fd), Ho notrldugtnlo notrldugtnlo tl hppinfd inokunstngs inokunstngs (2od fd., pp. 8-86). V@5 Jlddfr & Wtlukjtlo Itd. Wgmntz, E. R (2181). Wlmf plifmnghi nssufs no hppinfd inokunstngs. RBIH, Bfil Jlrnzlotf, 81(8), 28-42.
Dr. Ml`jthr Jhmhdlugjf
Dfphrtmfot lc Fokinsj LFB Vonvfrsnty
48
H GLVRWF NO HQQINFD INOKVNWTNGW
Wfino`fr, I. (8>;2). Notfrihokuhkf. Notfrohtn Notfrohtnlohi lohi Rfvnfw lc Hppinfd Inokunstngs Inokunstngs, 81(7), 21> ‗ 278. 278. Wyogjrlong.
(o.d.).
No
Ghmbrndkf
loinof
dngtnlohry.
Rftrnfvfd
crlm
jttp5//dngtnlohry.ghmbrndkf.lrk/cr/dngtnloohnrf/hokihns/syogjrlong. Trhs`, R. I. (211;). Ihokuhkf hod inokunstngs5 inokunstngs5 Tjf `fy glogfpts (2od fd.). VWH & Ghohdh5 Rlutfidkf. [hok, [. (2113). Ofwsphpfr glmmfothrnfs glmmfothrnfs lo tfrrlrnsm no Gjnoh hod Hustrhinh5 H glotrhstnvf
kforf
study.
Vopubinsjfd
dlgtlrhi
dnssfrthtnlo.
Tjf
Vonvfrsnty lc Wydofy, Wydofy, Hustrhinh.
[nddlwslo, J. K. (8>;>). Fxpilrht Fxpilrhtnlos nlos no hppinfd inokunstng inokunstngss. V@5 Lxclrd Vonvfrsnty Qrfss. [nddlwslo (8>:4), J. K. (8>:4). Fxpilrhtn Fxpilrhtnlos los no hppinfd inokunstngs 2. V@5 Lxclrd Vonvfrsnty Qrfss. [nddlwslo, J. K. (2111). Lo tjf inmnthtnlos lc hppinfd inokunstngs. Hppinfd Inokunstngss, 82(8), 7-27. Inokunstng
[fnostfno, B. (8>:1). Ihokuhkf pihoonok no crhoglpjlof Hcrngh. Hcrng h. IQIQ, 4, 66-;;. Znok, M., [hok, E., & Wpfogfr, @ (211:). Rhnsnok studfots' hwhrfofss lc grlssguiturhi glotrhstnvf rjftlrng no Fokinsj wrntnok vnh ho f-ifhronok glursf. Ihokuhkf Ifhronok Ifhronok & Tfgjolilky, Tfgjolilky, 82(2), ;8->7.
Dr. Ml`jthr Jhmhdlugjf
Dfphrtmfot lc Fokinsj LFB Vonvfrsnty
42
H GLVRWF NO HQQINFD INOKVNWTNGW
^hok, B. (8>>2). H rfvnfw lc tjf glotrhstnvf hohiysns jypltjfsns. Tjf Dlokfun Notfrohtnlohi Notfrohtn lohi Elurohi Elurohi, 8>, 877-84>.
Ulbi, J. (8>:1). Dfvfilpmfothi hod trhoscfr frrlrs5 Tjfnr glmmlo bhsfs hod (plssnbiy) dnccfrfotnhi fccfgts lo subsfqufot ifhronok. TFWLI Xuhrtfriy, 84(4), 43>-4;>.
Dr. Ml`jthr Jhmhdlugjf
Dfphrtmfot lc Fokinsj LFB Vonvfrsnty
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