A Constituição Da Realidade Segundo A Psicanálise

 

 

M GH@WTITVIÁÇH DM _FMLIDMDF WFAV@DH M RWIGM@ÍLIWF   Crfud f Lmgm` f`gh`trmk Em`t f Dfsgmrtfs

 

Kmrghs OVLGÇH @MWGIKF@TH  

 

KM_GHW OVLGÇH @MWGIKF@TH é dhuthr fk Cilhshcim pflm V`ivfrsidmdf df Wçh Rmulh, ghk dhuthrmdh-sm`duëgjf pflm V`ivfrsity hc Whutj Gmrhli`m. Gmrhli`m. Armduhu-sf fk Cilhshcim tmkoék pflm VWR, tf`dh cfith sfu kfstrmdh fk Tfhrim Rsigm`mlëtigm `m V`ivfrsité df Rmris SIII.  SIII.  Cfz p÷sdhuthrmkf`th pflm VCOM (R_HDHG-GMRFW) f pflm VWR (CMRFWR), ghk fstíaih df pfsquism `m V`ivfrsity hc Lh`dh` - Oireofge Ghllfaf. Ghllfaf. Mtumlkf`tf f`si`m `m V`ivfrsité du ]uéofg (V]T_), `h Gm`mdí, h`df vivf ghk sum fsphsm f dums ciljms. Oulgçh puolighu mté mqui gi`gh `m sflh` írfm mgmdîkigm>  —    Lm  Lm Gh`stitutih` df lmlivrhs _émlité lm Rsygjm`mlys Rsygjm`mlysff (Éditih`s V`ivfrsitmirfs Furhpéf``fs> ?2=1)  —   F`iakms  F`iakms Crfudim`hs> Crfudim`hs> h prho prholfkm lfkm dm gh`sgiî` gh`sgiî`gim gim f hutrhs pm pmrmdhxhs rmdhxhs (EO_> ?2=3)  —   Crfud  Crfud m`d tjf prholfk prholfk hc gh`sg gh`sgihus`fss> ihus`fss> sh shlutih` lutih` (EDR> ?2=1)  —   H _fmliskh @mturmlistm df ]ui`f (V@IGMKR/ GLF> ?22:)  —   M  M Cilhshcim df ]ui`f ]ui`f f Hutrhs F`s F`smihs mihs (EDR> ?2=1) Fstrfhu fk litfrmturm df `çh-cigáçh fk ?2=4, ghk H Cil÷shch Rfrfari`h, df Lh`drfs m _hkm m pé ‗  ?.222ek `m Sim Crm`gëaf`m (Fdithrm _fghrd) f km`ték uk olha — “Rf`sh, lhah jfsith‛ (jttp>//kmrghsoulgmh.whrdprfss (jttp>//kmrghsou lgmh.whrdprfss.ghk) .ghk) — h`df fsgrfvf shorf cilhshcim, psigm`ílisf, vimafk f fsphrtfs. F-kmil> koulgmhBakmil.ghk

 

Ghpyriajt B ?2=1 oy Kmrghs Oulgmh @msgikf`th Thdhs hs dirfiths rfsfrvmdhs.

 XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX   XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX  Fssf livrh chi hriai`mlkf`tf puoligmdh pflm FDVCOM (?221), ghk h tëtulh “M Gh`stituiáçh dm _fmlidmdf `h Wunfith> Rsiquiskh, _fml f Fpistfkhlhaim‛.

 

 XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX   XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX  =. _fmlidmdf ?. Wunfith 7. 4. Rsigm`ílisf Fpistfkhlhaim 6. Rsiquiskh 3. Rri`gëpih dh prmzfr f dm rfmlidmdf 1. Mpmrfljh psëquigh :. Lmgm` 9. Em`t =2. Dfsgmrtfs  

 

WVKÍ_IH  

 

  R_FCÍGIH> RH_  OF  OF@TH R_MDH NV@IH_

1

I@T_HDVÁÇH 9  M rfmlidmdf `m tfhrim tfhrim psigm`mlëtigm  M fspfgicigidmdf dm psigm`ílisf> h sunfith dh i`gh` i`gh`sgif`tf sgif`tf H gmki`jh l÷aigh dm fxphsiáçh

 

I. H RWI]VIW RWI]VIWKH> KH> F@T_F H _FML F H WIKOHLIG WIKOHLIGH H  Dh i`m`ikmdh â vidm vidm  Fspfgicigidmdf jukm`m> jukm`m> m i`mdfqu i`mdfqumáçh máçh dh honfth HRF_MÁÖFW F TF@DÎ@GIMW R_IKH_DIMIW ?3  Liamáçh f psiquiskh psiquiskh  Ms prikfirms fxpfriî`gims fxpfriî`gims jukm jukm`ms `ms H pmrmdhxh dh ahzh KFK×_IM F LI@AVMAFK. I@T_HDVÁÇH DH HVT_H 71  M Gmrtm 6? H mpmrfljh df li`aumafk  M rftrm`sgriáçh rftrm`sgriáçh pré-gh`sgif` pré-gh`sgif`tf tf  _fthkmdm dm fxpfriî`gim fxpfriî`gim df smtiscm smtiscmáçh áçh H Hutrh f m f`trmdm `h Wiko÷ligh _ FML FML F WIKO×LIGH  6= Ahzh> m smtiscmáçh rfml f h kmis-df-ahzmr  Dms Di`a> uk curh curh rfml `h mpmr mpmrfljh fljh psëquigh

??

 

II. M _FMLIDMDF SMGILM@TF  Liamáçh f h fu ]VM@DH H G_ITÉ_IH CMLJM  I`ioiáçh f prhgfssh prhgfssh h`ërigh H prholfkm dm qumlidmdf f dm khtrigidmdf

34 39

R_FGM_IFDMDF I__FKFDIÍSFL

M

  i`thlfrívfl  M rfmlidmdf i`thlfrívfl  M fstruturm f sfus sfus kfgm`iskhs

16

 

 III. FRIWTFKHLHAIM F RWIGM@MLIWF

:6

_ FML FML Z @HVKF@H@> M FWRFGICIGIDMDF DM RWIGM@ÍLIWF :3 MW DVMW SF_DMDFW> DFWGM_TFW GHK LMGM@ H HONFTH M RF_DIDH F@T_F EM@T F DFWGM_TFW

 M mlif`máçh f m dfsmpmriáçh dfsmpmriáçh dh sunfith H u`írih f h oi`írih> W= ghkh chrm dm gmdfim

97 =2?

 

GH@WIDF_MÁÖFW CI@MIW OIOLIHA_MCIM

==7 =?7

 

 

M @i`m f ki`jms dums ciljms, Ofmtriz f Gjlhf  

 

R_FCÍGIH   @fssf livrh, rfsultmdh dm dissfrtmáçh df kfstrmdh dh muthr, é fxphstm m ikphrtm`tf qufstçh dm rfmlidmdf `m tfhrim psigm`mlëtigm. Wum lfiturm rfvflm trmomljh frudith f ci`urm `m m`ílisf gh`gfituml. Rhdfkhs gh`sidfrmr quf h fskfrh `m m`ílisf dhs gh`gfiths df sunfith f rfmlidmdf rfvflm-sf, mlék df tudh, `h rfspfith âs mkoiauidmdfs dfssms `háöfs `h gmkph trmtmdh. H muthr trmomljm m rflmáçh f`trf hs dhis gmkphs dh smofr, cilhshcim f psigm`ílisf, pmssm`dh pflms gh`gfpáöfs kftmcësigms f fpistfkhl÷aigms df Em`t f df Dfsgmrtfs f fstmoflfgf`dh hs likitfs f`trf m fxiaî`gim dh smofr cilhs÷cigh f dm psigm`ílisf. É m gh`stituiáçh dh sunfith quf `hrtfim fssm ghkpmrmáçh f dflikitmáçh. M m`ílisf dm cilhshcim em`tim`m f`chgm ms `háöfs df ghism-fk-si f df gmusmlidmdf, rfcfri`dh-ms mh gh`gfith df dms dms  Di`a      Di`a  f dms gmdfims sia`icigm`tfs fk Lmgm`. H muthr gh`glui pflh fstmoflfgikf`th dm divfraî`gim gh`stitutivm f`trf m psigm`ílisf f h em`tiskh, tf`dh ghkh gf`trh m rmzçh f m u`ivfrsmlidmdf em`tim`ms f ms gh`gfpáöfs df sunfith f df pulsçh lmgm`im`ms. Dh lmdh dm m`ílisf dm cilhshcim gmrtfsim`m, phr sum vfz, fxiof-sf m ghrrfsph`dî`gim f`trf ms dums vfrdmdfs phstms phr Dfsgmrtfs, m quf fkfraf dm cmsf pré-ghaith f dþvidm, f`qum`th vfrdmdf dh sunfith, f m vfrdmdf amrm`tidm pflh Dfus, ghkh vfrdmdf dh Hutrh.   F`tf`dfkhs quf é i`faívfl h kérith dh prfsf`tf trmomljh, sf`dh `htívfl, shorftudh, m glmrfzm dh tfxth f sum prfgisçh gh`gfituml `uk gmkph  — h dhs f`smihs `m trmdiáçh lmgm`im`m — h`df tmis qqumlidmdfs umlidmdfs sçh rmrms. Cmzsf `htmr mi`dm m lmraufzm dm oioliharmcim, tm`th `m vfrtf`tf dm tfhrim psigm`mlëtigm ghkh dm cilhshcim. Rhr tudh issh, `çh tfkhs dþvidm df quf h lfithr sf of`fcigimrí kuith dm lfiturm dfssf livrh.   OF@TH R_MDH NV@IH_ Rrhcfsshr Titulmr dh Dfpmrtmkf`th df Cilhshcim f Kfthdhlhaim dms Giî`gims, V`ivfrsidmdf Cfdfrml df Wçh Gmrlhs Rrhcfsshr Fkérith, CCLGJ, V`ivfrsidmdf df Wçh Rmulh

 

I@T_HDVÁÇH  

H honftivh afrmlm tfhrim dfstf psigm`mlëtigm. trmomljh é fxmki`mr m gh`stituiáçh dm rfmlidmdf `h sunfith, sfau`dh Fstm prikfirm dfkmrgmáçh df `hssh gmkph df pfsquism ikpligm ní trîs ikphrtm`tfs mssu`áöfs hu prfssuphsths, m smofr> (=) m mssu`áçh df quf jí fcftivmkf`tf uk prhgfssh  prhgfssh df  df gh`stituiáçh   dm rfmlidmdf, isth é, df quf m rfmlidmdf `çh é uk gh`nu`th df gh`stituiáçh dmdhs ikutívfis f fvidf`tfs, uk gh`nu`th prh`th f quf sf hcfrfgf ikfdimtmkf`tf â pfrgfpáçh. Ghk fcfith, m rfmlidmdf sf chrkm, sf gh`str÷i, f isth sf pmssm `h tfkph. (?) Fstf prhgfssh gh`gfr`f h sunfith sunfith   jukm`h jukm`h,, sf`dh `flf, phrtm`th, quf sf dfvfk prhgurmr ms gh`diáöfs f pmrtigulmridmdfs dfstm gh`stituiáçh. (7) M i`vfstiamáçh sfrí cfitm sfau`dh hs gh`gfiths psigm`mlëtighs, quf tfhrims suafrf quf quftmkoék jí pmrtigulmridmdfs dicfrf`gimk dmshhutrms tîk m rfmlidmdf`fstm ghkhtfhrim tfkm. quf m Ghk fcfith, hutrms tfhrims mlék dm psigm`mlëtigm (f m`tfs dflm) mohrdmrmk m tfkítigm dm rfmlidmdf f h cizfrmk tmkoék qufstih`m`dh sum ikutmoilidmdf suphstm, sfu mgfssh cígil f dirfth5 fk ukm pmlmvrm, sfu gmrítfr df mssikilmáçh ikfdimtm f sfk fquëvhgh. Trmtm-sf fcftivmkf`tf df uk tfkm fpistfkhl÷aigh glíssigh f df arm`df ikphrtï`gim, h quml gh`gfr`f shorftudh hs likitfs f ms phssioilidmdfs dh gh`jfgikf`th jukm`h, i`tfrfssm`dh kuith, phrtm`th, tm`th m cilhshcim qum`th m giî`gim. Fstfdhtfkm diz rfspfith psigm`ílisf `çhâ sfnm fxmtmkf`tf gh`jfgikf`th qufiaumlkf`tf fstm tfhrimâ trmtm, flm `çhf,sffkohrm km`ték distï`gim dfstfs prholfkms fpistfkhl÷aighs. Mh gh`trírih, dfsdf sfu i`ëgih, flm fstí kfrauljmdm fk tmis rfclfxöfs. Df cmth, Crfud cmz sum chrkmáçh mgmdîkigm `uk gmkph gif`tëcigh dhki`mdh phr ukm gh`gfpáçh quf sf phdfrim gjmkmr ‚phsitivistm’, ‚`mturmlistm’ dm rfmlidmdf, h quf `çh gfsshu df tfr i`cluî`gim shorf flf, shorf sfu kéthdh df trmomljh f idfml df gh`jfgikf`th. Gh`tudh, h prharfssh dh pf`smkf`th crfudim`h vmi, phugh m phugh, gh`duzi-lh m qufstih`mr nustmkf`tf mlau`s dhs prfssuphsths phsitivistms. ***

 

Wfau`dh m phsiáçh phsitivistm, phr fxfkplh, m rfmlidmdf phdf sfr pfrcfitmkf`tf mprff`didm pflms pfrgfpáöfsU=[  f, dfsdf quf sf smiom prhgfdfr phr kéthdhs riahrhshs f ofk dfci`idhs, phdfr-sf-í fstf`dfr fstf gh`jfgikf`th tçh lh`af qum`th sf qufirm. Df ukm chrkm supfr-sikplicigmdm, `÷s phdfkhs gh`gfofr m hrif`tmáçh kfthdhl÷aigm phsitivistm dm sfaui`tf chrkm> m hosfrvmáçh é mhosfrvmdhs u`idmdf df dçh omsfluamr pmrm mm pfsquism. Ms rfaulmridmdfs f`gh`trmdms `hs cmths lfis. M pfrgfpáçh `çh é ghlhgmdm fk qufstçh `h sfu pmpfl df mprff`dfr m rfmlidmdf. Flm é gh`ciívfl, f sfus likitfs fvf`tumis phdfk sfr ghkpf`smdhs pflm grimáçh df i`strukf`ths. Mssik, cu`dmdhs shorf h riahr dm hosfrvmáçh, h frrh é fvmdidh. Ghk m giî`gimU?[, `÷s phdfkhs gh`jfgfr m rfmlidmdf. Crfud pmrtirí dfstms mssu`áöfs fkpiristms pmrtiljmdms phr sfus gh`tfkphrï`fhs, mpf`ms pmrm suovfrtî-lms fk sfauidm. Ghk fcfith, ofk gfdh fk sum gmrrfirm, Crfud ghkfám m tfr ph`ths ikphrtm`tfs df divfraî`gim gh`gfituml, h quf cmz ghk quf flf tfrki`f phr khdicigmr sia`icigmtivmkf`tf sfu hljmr shorf qufstöfs gf`trmis, f`trf fssms mquflm dm rfmlidmdf. @÷s phdfkhs i`digmr ukm rupturm ikphrtm`tf ní phr hgmsiçh df sfu trmomljh shorf ms mcmsimsU7[. @fstf khkf`th, Crfud ti`jm ghkh i`tfrlhguthrfs f mdvfrsírihs kmis dirfths Qfr`igef f Kfy`frt, pmrm hs qumis m chrkm pflm quml h jhkfk gmptmvm h ku`dh sf cmzim mtrmvés df ikprfssöfs flfkf`tmrfs, ms qumis, msshgimdms fk arm`dfs ghkplfxhs, cu`gih`mrimk ghkh g÷pims dh ku`dh. Jmvfrim ukm rflmáçh ph`th  ph`th phr ph`th f`trf ms fstikulmáöfs prhvf`if`tfs dh ku`dh fxtfrihr f ms rfprfsf`tmáöfs (lhgmlizmdms fk ph`ths dftfrki`mdhs dh g÷rtfx gfrforml), h quf amrm`tim, phr mssik dizfr, m cidflidmdf U4[

dm g÷pim df. tml Crfud, fstudh ní fk qufstçhdmsm vmlidmdf tfsf,`hprhph`dh mh kf`gih`mdh, kfskh tfkphvmi ukmghlhgmr hutrm gh`gfpáçh mcmsims. Fstm `hvm gh`gfpáçh vmi trmzfr ukm grëtigm sfvfrm âs mssu`áöfs df omsf sustf`tmdms phr Kfy`frt f Qfr`igef. Ghk fcfith, Crfud vmi khstrmr quf m gh`stituiáçh dh gmkph rfprfsf`tmtivh é trioutírim df uk mgfssh i`dirfth mh ku`dh fxtfrihr, f quf, dfstm km`firm, ms rfprfsf`tmáöfs quf `÷s tfkhs dh ku`dh mssukfk sum sia`icigmáçh `çh `çh `ukm  `ukm rfcfrî`gim dirftm mhs honfths dh ku`dh fxtfrihr, kms kms   `ukm rflmáçh thtmlkf`tf i`tfr`m mh gmkph U6[ rfprfsf`tmtivh .

 

Fstfs dhis ph`ths sçh ní sucigif`tfs pmrm ghkprhkftfr hs pilmrfs dms tfhrims mdvfrsírims. Fcftivmkf`tf, pflh prikfirh, Crfud dfsgmrtm m jip÷tfsf df ukm ghrrfsph`dî`gim ph`th phr ph`th f`trf ms fstikulmáöfs f ms rfprfsf`tmáöfs f khstrm `çh shkf`tf quf jí ukm trimafk dhs fstëkulhs ní `h `ëvfl dhs sf`tidhs, kms tmkoék quf m rfprfsf`tmáçh dh ghrph `h g÷rtfx U3[

gfrforml `çh phdf sfr Hrm,ikpligm sf h ku`dh `çh éph`th, rfprfsf`tmdh dirftm f fxmtmkf`tf `h sf`çh `hssh pmrgiml gérforh,. isth h sfau`dh m smofr, quf é `fgfssírih uk “trmtmkf`th‛ dhs dmdhs dhs sf`tidhs m cik df quf `÷s phssmkhs gh`struir ukm visçh dh ku`dh. Fk hutrms pmlmvrms, hs dmdhs dhs sf`tidhs `çh mdquirirçh sia`icigmáçh f, phrtm`th, vmlhr psëquigh sf`çh `m kfdidm fk quf flfs sf i`sgrfvfk `ukm rfdf mrtigulmdm df rfprfsf`tmáöfs. M fstf rfspfith, Crfud i`hvm ukm vfz kmis. Mh dicfrf`gimr mcmsim mssiko÷ligm mssiko÷ligm   df ma`hsim ma`hsim,, flf `hs pfrkitf gh`stmtmr `h psiquiskh m dicfrf`gimáçh f`trf ukm rflmáçh df sia`icigmáçh sia`icigmáçh   f ukm rflmáçh df sia`h sia`h,, df ë`digfU1[. M rflmáçh df sia`h sia`h é  é mquflm f`trf h rfcfrf`tf rfcfrf`tf —  — h honfth dh ku`dh fxtfrihr — f m rfprfsf`tmáçh-honfth quf sf chrkm m pmrtir dflf. M rflmáçh df sia`icigmáçh é mquflm f`trf ms rfprfsf`tmáöfs-honfth f ms rfprfsf`tmáöfspmlmvrmU:[. M prikfirm rflmáçh i`digm m prfsf`ám df uk honfth fxtfrihr, rfml, kms flm `çh é gmpmz df `hs dizfr h  quf quf   fstf honfth é. Flm i`digm mssik uk chrm   dh gmkph fki`f`tfkf`tf rfprfsf`tmtivh, siko÷ligh. Df hutrh lmdh, m chrm rflmáçh f`trf ms rfprfsf`tmáöfs é fcftivmkf`tf m rfsph`sívfl dm prhduáçh df sf`tidh, sf`dh f`tçh fstf gmkph rfprfsf`tmtivh h luamr privilfaimdh h`df hs mtriouths sfrçh dfci`idhs f h`df m rfmlidmdf phdf sfr mssikilmdm pflh psiquiskh. Hrm, fssm fspégif muth`hkim  muth`hkim   dm prhduáçh sf`tidh fk rflmáçh mh honfth fxtfrihr, rfml,dftfrí gh`sfquî`gims omstm`tfdf ikphrtm`tfs. Fcftivmkf`tf, `m kfdidm fk quf m sia`icigmáçh é gh`stituëdm `h i`tfrihr dh mpmrfljh psëquigh, ms lfis dfstf vçh dfsfkpf`jmr uk pmpfl grugiml `m sum chrkmáçh. Rhr fxfkplh, m pmrtir dh khkf`th fk quf m cu`áçh pri`gipml dh mpmrfljh psëquigh é m df ousgmr m smtiscmáçh, mgh`tfgf quf thdh h gmkph rfprfsf`tmtivh, sum gh`stituiáçh, sfrí chrtfkf`tf i`cluf`gimdh phr `hsshs prhgfsshs dfsfnm`tfs. Mssik, vfkhs quf isth quf gjmkmkhs ‚`hssm rfmlidmdf’, m rfmlidmdf jukm`m, lh`af df sf hcfrfgfr dirftm f honftivmkf`tf mh `hssh gh`jfgikf`th, `çh sf mprff`df f `çh sf gh`stitui sf`çh `uk prhgfssh

 

fki`f`tfkf`tf i`dirfth f suonftivh. Fk ukm pmlmvrm, m rfmlidmdf quf `hs gh`gfr`f `çh sf `hs “rfvflm‛ sf`çh df ukm chrkm fxtrfkmkf`tf prfgírim.

 

  M “rfmlidmdf‛ `m tfhrim psigm`mlëtigm Tmlvfz sf dfvm m fstm “prfgmrifdmdf‛ h cmth df quf h tfkm dm rfmlidmdf sf khstrf tçh rfghrrf`tf `m horm df Crfud. @÷s vfkhs, ghk fcfith, quf sf chrkmk mh rfdhr dfstm prholfkítigm mlaukms df sums `háöfs cu`dmkf`tmis. Rhr fxfkplh, Crfud vmi disti`auir f`trf m rfmlidmdf kmtfriml f kmtfriml f m rfmlidmdf psëquigm, psëquigm, m prikfirm dfsia`m`dh tudh h quf é hotidh m pmrtir dh ku`dh fxtfrihr, m sfau`dm dfsia`m`dh mh kfskh tfkph ms gh`struáöfs cm`tmskítigms dh dfsfnh f m mprhprimáçh quf flf cmz dm rfmlidmdf kmtfriml. Flf vmi, df hutrm pmrtf, hphr h pri`gëpih dh prmzfr  prmzfr  mh pri`gëpih dm rfmlidmdf, mtrioui`dh m fstf h pmpfl df pri`gëpih “ghrrftivh‛ dh prikfirh U9[. F, ci`mlkf`tf, `çh dfvfkhs fsqufgfr quf Crfud dfci`iu m `furhsf ghkh ukm fspégif df cuam df uk crmakf`th i`suphrtívfl dm rfmlidmdf U=2[  f m psighsf ghkh m rfnfiáçh f uk rfkhdflmkf`th drmkítigh dfstm þltikm. Hrm, h quf `÷s gh`stmtmkhs é quf fstms dfci`iáöfs f dicfrf`gimáöfs `çh sçh tçh glmrms f tçh `ëtidms qum`th phdfrë phdf rëmkhs mkhs suphr â prikfirm vistm. Df cmth, sf hljmkhs kmis df pfrth, vfkhs phr fxfkplh quf h pri`gëpih dh prmzfr `çh sf hpöf vfrdmdfirmkf`tf mh pri`gëpih dm rfmlidmdf, fstf þltikh `çh sf`dh kmis dh quf, `uk gfrth sf`tidh, uk pri`gëpih dh prmzfr rftmrdmdhU==[. Mlék dissh, `÷s tmkoék pfrgfofkhs quf, dfsdf h crmgmssh dm tfhrim crfudim`m dm sfduáçh, sf f`crmqufgf h ikpérih dm rfmlidmdf kmtfriml fk rflmáçh mh dm rfmlidmdf psëquigm, ní quf fstm tfk h phdfr `çh mpf`ms df grimr uk ku`dh i`dfpf`df`tf dmquflm, kms tmkoék df fstf`dfr sfus fcfiths shorf mpsighsf. rfmlidmdf kmtfriml flm kfskm. F é fxmtmkf`tf h quf sf vî `m `furhsf f `m Mqui, f`trftm`th, jí mi`dm uk marmvmkf`th> ghk fcfith, h quf sia`icigm ukm cuam hu uk rfkhdflmkf`th dm rfmlidmdf kmtfriml, cfiths phr hu m pmrtir dm rfmlidmdf psëquigm8 Mqui é m hgmsiçh df sf pfrau`tmr sf thdm rfmlidmdf kmtfriml `çh é ní mprff`didm fk tfrkhs df rfmlidmdf psëquigm. É h khkf`th df sf pfrau`tmr sf jí fcftivmkf`tf kfihs `futrhs f honftivhs df mprff`dfr m rfmlidmdf, qufr dizfr, sf m rfmlidmdf `çh é ní f sfkprf gh`tmki`mdm pflhs gh`tmki`mdm  pflhs cm`tmskms f dfsfnhs dh sunfith. Fstf qufstih`mkf`th vmi mdquirir thdm sum dikf`sçh f mlgm`gf m

 

pmrtir dms `hvms gmtfahrims gh`gfitumis trmzidms phr Lmgm`, `htmdmkf`tf sum dicfrf`gimáçh dhs trîs rfaistrhs> h rfml, h siko÷ligh f h ikmai`írih. Kms quf `çh sf pf`sf quf fstfs `hvhs gh`gfiths lmgm`im`hs `hs vîk “smlvmr‛ dm prfgmrifdmdf rfvflmdm phr Crfud. Mh gh`trírih, nustmkf`tf m prfgisçh f m dflikitmáçh kmis ci`ms dfstm qufstçh vçh pfrkitir-`hs f`xframr quf tml prfgmrifdmdf i`fvitívfl, f kfskh fstruturml.quf fstruturml . Ghk fstm gh`glusçh qufé gjfam Lmgm` qum`dh df flfgmrítfr `hs dfkh`strm `çhfcfith, mpf`msé m`hssm mprhprimáçh dh rfml phr i`tfrkédih dh siko÷ligh f dh ikmai`írih é sfkprf f `fgfssmrimkf`tf i`ghkplftm, kms quf flm tfk tmkoék `fgfssírims ikpligmáöfs df f`am`h f kml-f`tf`didh.  

M fspfgicigidmdf dm psigm`ílisf> h sunfith dh i`gh`sgif`tf Hrm, cmlmr df f`am`h f df kml-f`tf`didh ikpligm chráhsmkf`tf df cmlmr dfsçh ukcu`dmkf`tmlkf`tf sunfith   f tmkoékdfvidhs sunfith df sumâ rflmáçh mh Hutrh. cmth, tmis prholfkms i`ghkprff`sçh dh Df i`divëduh df sum pr÷prim kf`smafk (h quf ikpligm m dicfrf`gimáçh f`trf h sunfith dh f`u`gimdh f h sunfith dm f`u`gimáçh, f`trf h khi khi   f h nf),  nf), dfvidhs mh cmth df quf h sf`tidh dm kf`smafk dh sunfith vfk dh Hutrh. H sunfith phdf, gfrtmkf`tf, mssukir m f`u`gimáçh df uk dizfr, kms é h Hutrh quf vmi dfgidir, dftfrki`mr h sfu sf`tidh. “Fk hutrhs tfrkhs, h Hutrh é h luamr dm vfrdmdf dh quf diz h lhguthr‛U=?[. Mqui, `÷s f`gh`trmkhs m hgmsiçh df rfthkmr h diílhah ghk m giî`gim f ghk m cilhshcim, ní quf m qufstçh dm vfrdmdf vmi mdquirir ukm dikf`sçh fspfgiml `m tfhrim psigm`mlëtigm, sfau`dh flm fstfnm dh lmdh dh sunfith hu dh Hutrh. Fstf diílhah airmrí fk thr`h shorftudh df dhis ph`ths, gmdm uk dflfs kmrgm`dh m fspfgicigidmdf dm psigm`ílisf fk rflmáçh â cilhshcim f â giî`gim. Fk prikfirh luamr, é prfgish khstrmr quf ukm prikfirm fspfgicigidmdf dm psigm`ílisf fk rflmáçh â giî`gim f â cilhshcim gh`sistf `m i`glusçh dh i`gh`sgif`tf i`gh`sgif`tf f  f dh sunfith sunfith,, fstf thkmdh fk sum vfrdmdf vfrdmdf   si`aulmr si`aulmr.. Hrm, dizfr quf m giî`gim f m cilhshcim hs fxglufk df sfus gmkphs df pfsquism ikpligm dizfr quf m vfrdmdf dm giî`gim é dicfrf`tf dm vfrdmdf dh sunfith dh i`gh`sgif`tf f quf, gh`sfquf`tfkf`tf, jí dums chrkms phssëvfis chrkms phssëvfis df dfci`iáçh

 

df vfrdmdf> m vfrdmdf vfrdmdf dh  dh sunfith sunfith dh  dh i`gh`sgif`tf é mquflm quf sf rfvflm hu sf dfsvflm fssf`gimlkf`tf `m fscfrm dh trmomljh m`mlëtigh, mquflm quf sf gh`tm ukm m ukm f quf é tçh fvm`fsgf`tf qum`th h sunfith. M vfrdmdf vfrdmdf   dm dm   cilhshcim cilhshcim,, dm giî`gim giî`gim,, mh gh`trírih, é m vfrdmdf quf sf prftf`df ftfr`m, quf é vílidm pmrm thdhs hs sunfiths, gunm ghrrhohrmáçh phdf sfr mssfaurmdm mtrmvés df tfstfs i`tfrsuonftivhs. m vfrdmdf m quml sfu suphrtf fk sfu Dfus vfrmz,É cu`áçh qufgmrtfsim`m, é mssukidm pflhtfkarm`df Hutrh,suprfkh fk tfrkhs lmgm`im`hsU=7[. M hphsiáçh f`trf ms dums vfrdmdfs sfrí fspfgimlkf`tf kmrgmdm mtrmvés dm m`ílisf dm i`vfrsçh lmgm`im`m dh ghaith ghaith,, m quml `hs pfrkitirí prfgismr h khkf`th df disnu`áçh dms dums vfrdmdfsU=4[. Fk sfau`dh luamr, é prfgish khstrmr quf ukm hutrm fspfgicigidmdf dm psigm`ílisf é h cmth df quf flm `çh fstí vhltmdm fxglusivmkf`tf fk dirfáçh mh rfml “fxtfrihr‛, ghkh h sçh thdms ms tfhrims gif`tëcigms f fpistfkhl÷aigms. Thkm`dh dfstm vfz Em`t ghkh gh`trmph`th, `÷s khstrmrfkhs fk quf m tfhrim psigm`mlëtigm vmi mlék dms qufstöfs purmkf`tf fpistfkhl÷aigms f h quf pfrkitf quf pfrkitf km`tfr h sunfith dh i`gh`sgif`tf `h gf`trh df sums prfhgupmáöfs tf÷rigms. Ghk fcfith, fk cmzf`dh m disti`áçh f`trf h rfml lmgm`im`h f h `hukf`h` `hukf`h`   em`tim`h, sfrí phssëvfl vfr ghkh m gmtfahrim psigm`mlëtigm df rfml phdf sfrvir pmrm i`digmr `çh shkf`tf h `÷ irrfdutëvfl dh gh`jfgikf`th, kms tmkoék f shorftudh h `÷dulh gmusml þltikh dh sunfith dh i`gh`sgif`tfU=6[U*[.  

H gmki`jh l÷aigh dm fxphsiáçh Thdmvim, h fixh gf`trml df `hssm mraukf`tmáçh `çh sfrí cfith fk rflmáçh â qufstçh fpistfkhl÷aigm. Tçh ikphrtm`tf qum`th flf sfnm, h mspfgth fpistfkhl÷aigh `çh `hs omstm. H fxmkf dm gh`stituiáçh dm rfmlidmdf sf nusticigm pfr   pfr  sf sf `h  `h i`tfrihr kfskh dm tfhrim psigm`mlëtigm f kfrfgfrí mssik arm`df mtf`áçh. Mlék dissh, fk rmzçh dm mkplitudf dh tfkm dm rfmlidmdf, h quml ghkprff`dfrim m tfhrim psigm`mlëtigm i`tfirm, sfr-`hs-í `fgfssírih dflikitmr mi`dm kmis `hsshs prhp÷siths f honftivhs. Df hutrh khdh, mgmomrëmkhs phr `hs pfrdfr `ukm tmrfcm virtumlkf`tf i`ci`itm, phr gmir `m ilusçh df qufrfr fxpligmr thdms ms `háöfs psigm`mlëtigms fk ukm gf`tf`m df píai`ms.

 

Fstm dflikitmáçh sfrí hotidm pflm dicfrf`gimáçh f`trf h prhgfssh  prhgfssh df gh`stituiáçh dm rfmlidmdf f hs rfsultmdhs rfsultmdhs   dfstm gh`stituiáçh. Fk hutrms pmlmvrms, `hssh i`tfrfssf sfrí diriaidh mh quf sf mprfsf`tm ghkh gmusm gmusm   dm gh`stituiáçh, f `çh `çh   mh quf sf mprfsf`tm ghkh fcfith fcfith   dm kfskm. Dith orfvfkf`tf, é m rfmlidmdf f`qum`th gh`stitui`tf gh`stitui`tf   quf `hs i`tfrfssm, f `çh f`qum`th gh`stituëdm. Fk tfrkhs gh`trmpmrtidm dicfrf`ám gh`stituëdm f`trf  ms .gh`diáöfs f`trf  gh`diáöfs    df df phssioilidmdf dh fpistfkhl÷aigm, gh`jfgikf`th fé hm gh`jfgikf`th f`qum`th mdquiridh mdquiridh.. Ghk fcfith, Em`t, `m Grëtigm dm _mzçh  Rurm,, fxmki`m m phssioilidmdf df gh`jfgfr ghk sfaurm`ám, hs kfgm`iskhs df  Rurm mssikilmáçh dhs dmdhs, ms gmrmgtfrëstigms dfstfs kfgm`iskhs quf cmzfk ghk quf sum mprff`sçh sf cmám df ukm km`firm gh`ciívfl, sfaurm. É phr issh quf flf fxmki`m nustmkf`tf ms gmtfahrims dh f`tf`dikf`th f ms chrkms dm sf`sioilidmdf, ms qumis vçh dfsfkpf`jmr h pmpfl df amrm`tfs dm vmlidmdf m rihri dms rihri  dms lfis dms tfhrims gif`tëcigms. @hssh trmomljh tf`tm sfauir uk fsqufkm m`ílhah. Df cmth, `÷s fxmki`mrfkhs h mpmrfljh psëquigh, sums lfis f prhgfdikf`ths prikhrdimis, ghkh flf phdf cmzfr cmgf mh rfml, ghkh flf h mssikilm f cmz dflf m mprhprimáçh fk tfrkhs siko÷lighs. Wçh ms gh`diáöfs f hs kfgm`iskhs df rfghrtf rfghrtf dh  dh rfml quf `hs i`tfrfssmk, f `çh h rfsultmdh fcftivh quf tml rfghrtf trmzU=3[. Mssik, é h cmth dm prfkmturmáçh jukm`m, dm i`fxistî`gim df uk honfth pré-dfci`idh df smtiscmáçh, df sum i`sfráçh `m li`aumafk quf `hs i`tfrfssm. É h rfgmlgmkf`th f`qum`th gmusm dh si`thkm quf `÷s irfkhs i`vfstiamr, f `çh h si`thkm fk si kfskh. É m pulsçh f`qum`th tml quf `hs sfrí `fgfssírih dfci`ir, f `çh sfus dfsti`hs vmriívfis. Trmtm-sf f`tçh df uk trmomljh quf gh`gfr`f hs cu`dmkf`ths dm tfhrim dm psigm`ílisf, hs gh`gfiths quf fstçh `m rmiz dm chrkmáçh dhs dfkmis. *** Vkm vfz quf h mpmrfljh psëquigh é h suphrtf df thdhs hs prhgfsshs gh`gfr`f`tfs â gh`stituiáçh dm rfmlidmdf, `hssm fxphsiáçh ljf dfdigmrí mtf`áçh fspfgiml. É, mci`ml df gh`tms, mtrmvés dflf quf phdfrfkhs khstrmr quf m chrkm pflm quml sf hram`izmk hs honfths dh ku`dh fxtfrihr é trioutírim dm chrkm pflm quml sf hram`izmk hs khdhs df smtiscmáçh pulsih`ml. Thdm fstm prholfkítigm sfrí dfsf`vhlvidm `h prikfirh gmpëtulh, h quml flugidmrí m gh`fxçh f`trf fstms dums hrdf`s df gh`gfiths> m hrdfk pulsih`ml f m hrdfk dm li`aumafk. M prikfirm gh`gfr`f h cmth dm cixmáçh dhs gmki`jhs

 

df smtiscmáçh f m tf`dî`gim â sum rfpftiáçh5 m sfau`dm gh`gfr`f m li`aumafk f sfu phdfr df (rf)hram`izmr hs khdhs df pfrghrrfr fstfs gmki`jhs. Rflm prikfirm, `÷s tfkhs h suostrmth gmusml þltikh — rfml — dh phsigih`mkf`th dh sunfith `h ku`dh5 pflm sfau`dm, tfkhs h i`strukf`th privilfaimdh —  siko÷ligh — pmrm mté flf gjfamr f, df mlauk khdh, “km`ipulí-lh‛. Isth dfci`idh, `÷s fxmki`mrfkhs prhprimkf`tf m “grfdioilidmdf‛ df ukm rfmlidmdf quf sf gh`stitui m pmrtir df tmis omsfs. Mssik, h gmpëtulh sfau`dh sf hgupmrí dhs kfgm`iskhs psëquighs f`gmrrfamdhs dm ghrrfáçh  huu ghrrfáçh h rhtfáçh   dh mpmrfljh psëquigh gh`trm hs distþroihs hu dfsvihs fvf`tumis m rhtfáçh pmrtir dm mssikilmáçh dh rfml. Wfrí m hgmsiçh df vfr m hphsiáçh f`trf h pri`gëpih dm rfmlidmdf f h pri`gëpih dh prmzfr, m ikphrtï`gim f mh kfskh tfkph m prfgmrifdmdf dh gritérih gritérih   df disti`áçhU=1[ f, ci`mlkf`tf, m `fgfssidmdf fstruturml df ukm mprff`sçh i`ghkplftm f gh`tmki`mdm dh rfml fk rmzçh kfskm dhs dhis kfgm`iskhs cu`dmkf`tmis dfstm mprff`sçh, m smofr, h rfgmlgmkf`th f m chrmglusçh. @çh sfrí sf`çh `h tfrgfirh f þltikh gmpëtulh quf h dfomtf f`trf psigm`ílisf f fpistfkhlhaim sfrí cfith. Ghkh `÷s ní h m`tfgipmkhs, Em`t f Dfsgmrtfs sfrçh `hsshs i`tfrlhguthrfs, f sfrí m pmrtir dh diílhah ghk sums tfhrims quf sfrfkhs gmpmzfs df thr`mr kmis glmrms ms dicfrf`áms f`trf giî`gim hu cilhshcim f psigm`ílisf, f`cmtizm`dh sfkprf h sunfith dh i`gh`sgif`tf. Fstf sfrí, phrtm`th, h `hssh pfrgursh, f hs gh`gfiths quf sfrçh fxmki`mdhs f dfsf`vhlvidhs `h gursh dfstf trmomljh `çh h sfrçh sf`çh â kfdidm quf hs honfths tmis qumis chrmk dfci`idhs h fxinmk fstritmkf`tf.

 

-IH RWI]VIWKH> F@T_F H _FML F H WIKO×LIGH   GH@WIDF_MÁÖFW R_FLIKI@M_FW

Dh i`m`ikmdh â vidm.   M`tfs df fxmki`mr gfrtms gmrmgtfrëstigms dh mpmrfljh psëquigh jukm`h, ghkh, phr fxfkplh, m ghkpulsçh â rfpftiáçh, é `fgfssírih ghlhgmr fk fvidî`gim gfrths prfssuphsths suonmgf`tfs, tmis ghkh m prfkmturmáçh jukm`m f m i`mdfqumáçh mh honfth df smtiscmáçh f, m`tfs kfskh dissh, m tf`dî`gim m uk rfthr`h mh i`m`ikmdh. Crfud, fk Mlék dh pri`gëpih dh prmzfr, prmzfr, dfsf`vhlvf ukm lh`am rfclfxçh shorf hs cu`dmkf`ths dm fxistî`gim df ukm ghkpulsçh â rfpftiáçh `h jhkfk. Wfus pf`smkf`ths lfvmk-`h m f`gh`trmr uk pri`gëpih quf flf gjmkm “rfthr`h mh i`m`ikmdh‛. M fxpligmáçh df ukm tml tf`dî`gim sfrim sikplfs> thdhs hs sistfkms, sfnmk hraï`ighs, sfnmk i`hraï`ighs, tfrimk ghkh lfi kmis prikitivm m fliki`máçh df thdm f`fraim quf hs i`vmdf. @uk sistfkm i`hraï`igh, isth `çh ghlhgm prholfkm mlauk. Thdm qum`tidmdf quf `flf f`trm é fliki`mdm ikfdimtmkf`tf phr ukm fspégif df máçh rfclfxm hu df gh`duáçh kfgï`igm dirftm. Crfud gjmkmukfstm lfi quf horiam m `çh dfsgmram ghkplftm ri`gëpih df i`érgim i`érgim. . Gh`tudh, sistfkm hraï`igh vivh phdf cu`gih`mr u`igmkf`tf sfau`dh fstf pri`gëpih. Hofdfgf`dh shkf`tf m flf, h hram`iskh phdf fliki`mr ms qum`tidmdfs vi`dms df chrm, kms isth `çh h livrmrí dms qum`tidmdfs f`d÷af`ms. M máçh rfclfxm dm dfsgmram khthrm `çh fliki`m h fstëkulh df ch`tf i`tfr`m, df khdh quf h hram`iskh dfvf f`gh`trmr ukm hutrm shluáçh pmrm sf km`tfr ghkh uk hram`iskh vivh. Gh`trm h fstëkulh i`tfr`h, `çh jí cuam phssëvfl. M shluáçh, sfau`dh Crfud, rfsidirim `m phssioilidmdf df suphrtmr suphrtmr   ukm gfrtm mgukulmáçh df qum`tidmdf (]) `h sistfkm, h quml phdfrí mssik rfmlizmr m máçh mdfqumdm `h ku`dh fxtfrihr pmrm cmzfr gfssmr fk sfauidm m fstikulmáçh i`tfr`m. Rhrék, `çh ljf sfrí phssëvfl fliki`mr thdm thdm   m qum`tidmdf dh hram`iskh, rfduzi`dh-m m uk zfrh moshluth

 

(gmsh df uk sistfkm i`hraï`igh). M tmrfcm mahrm é m df km`tî-lm `uk `ëvfl gh`trhlmdh, df khdh quf, dfsdf quf flm fxgfdm uk gfrth likitf, flm phssm sfr dfsgmrrfamdm mtrmvés df ukm máçh `h ku`dh fxtfrihr. H pri`gëpih df i`érgim dh sistfkm prikitivh dfvf gfdfr luamr mh pri`gëpih mh pri`gëpih df  df  gh`stï`gimU=:[. H rfthr`h mh i`m`ikmdh `çh phdf sfr f`tçh cfith sf`çh mp÷s uk gfrth dfsvih quf sf gjmkm vidm vidm..  

Fspfgicigidmdf jukm`m> m i`mdfqumáçh dh honfth Thdmvim, fstf “dfsvih‛ dm vidm `çh omstm `mturmlkf`tf m gmrmgtfrizmr h quf é prhprimkf`tf jukm`h. Ghk fcfith, vfkhs quf h sfr jukm`h, gh`trmrimkf`tf m hutrhs sfrfs vivhs, `msgf ghkplftmkf`tf dfsmpmrfljmdh pmrm shorfvivfr. ]um`dh flf cmz sum mpmriáçh `h ku`dh, flf sf f`gh`trm `ukm situmáçh `h kë`ikh dfligmdm. Wfu dfsf`vhlvikf`th khthr é fxtrfkmkf`tf — flfdfphis `çh phdf dfslhgmr-sf phr—sfus pr÷prihs kfihs (f `çh phdfrí prfgírih cmzî-lh sf`çh df mlau`s kfsfs) f sfu prhgfssh df kifli`izmáçh gfrforml tmkphugh fstí ghkplfth. Mssik sf`dh, flf dfvfrí gh`tmr `fgfssmrimkf`tf ghk m mnudm df ukm hutrm pfsshm, sfu pr÷xikh, pmrm shorfvivfr. Mom`dh`mdh â sum pr÷prim shrtf, flf khrrfrí i`duoitmvflkf`tf. Wum shorfvivî`gim fstí dfstf khdh i`tfirmkf`tf dfpf`df`tf dm i`tfrvf`áçh df uk hutrh sfr jukm`h. Vk tml fstmdh df dfpf`dî`gim é moshlutmkf`tf grugiml `h quf diz rfspfith mh prhgfssh df gh`stituiáçh dh sunfith f, phr gh`sfquî`gim, df sum rfmlidmdf psëquigm. @h f`tm`th, fstm dfpf`dî`gim `çh é tmkphugh sucigif`tf â dflikitmáçh dm fspfgicigidmdf jukm`m. Df cmth, fk quf fxmtmkf`tf h sfr jukm`h dicfririm df hutrhs m`ikmis supfrihrfs, ukm vfz quf sf phdfrim dizfr quf uk gjikpm`zé rfgék-`msgidh tmkoék `çh tfrim m kf`hr phssioilidmdf df shorfvivfr sfk m mnudm df sum kçf, f h kfskh vmlfrim pmrm uk amth, quf `msgf kfskh ghk hs hljhs cfgjmdhs8 Isth qufr dizfr quf `çh phdf sfr shkf`tf fstm dfpf`dî`gim prikhrdiml dh hutrh mquilh quf fxprikirí m pmrtigulmridmdf jukm`m (fkohrm flm tf`jm ukm ikphrtï`gim dfgisivm `m sum gh`stituiáçh phstfrihr). Dfvf-sf f`tçh prhgurmr hutrhs mtriouths pmrm fstmoflfgfr fstm dicfrf`ám. M li`aumafk, m gmpmgidmdf siko÷ligm jukm`m, mprfsf`tm-sf

 

lhah ghkh m rfsphstm kmis prhvívfl. _fmlkf`tf, h jhkfk é h þ`igh m`ikml cmlm`tf quf fxistf, quf phssui uk sistfkm siko÷ligh mltmkf`tf ghkplfxh, gmpmz df grimr gulturm, h quf ljf pfrkitf trm`skitir h smofr mdquiridh df afrmáçh fk afrmáçh. Fstm phssioilidmdf df ‚mgþkulh’ df smofr é kfskh m omsf pmrm m gh`stituiáçh dh quf sf gjmkm givilizmáçh. Gh`tudh, mi`dm quf `÷s phssmkhs fstmr smtiscfiths ghk fstf mspfgth df disti`áçh — thtmlkf`tf dfgisivh —, grfkhs quf é `fgfssírih mi`dm mssik mgrfsgf`tmr m fstf uk hutrh, ukm vfz quf flf é m tflm tflm   df df   cu`dh cu`dh,, phr mssik dizfr, shorf m quml m mquisiáçh dm li`aumafk cmz sum mpmriáçh. Fstf mspfgth gh`gfr`f â prfkmturmáçh dh sfr jukm`h, ní kf`gih`mdm, kms, dfstm vfz, fstm sfrí trmtmdm `çh mpf`ms hu fxmtmkf`tf `h sf`tidh df quf flm ikpligm ukm dfpf`dî`gim dh hutrh pmrm shorfvivfr, sf`çh `h sf`tidh kmis prfgish df quf h jhkfk `msgf sfk tfr uk honfth pré-dfci`idh df smtiscmáçh. Gh`trmrimkf`tf mhs hutrhs m`ikmis quf ní `msgfk ghk i`struáöfs ofk prfgisms shorf sfu honfth df smtiscmáçh, shorf h khdh df rfgh`jfgî-lh f df prhgurí-lh, h sfr jukm`h `msgf dfsprhvidh df tmis i`struáöfs, sf`dh-ljf phrtm`th `fgfssírih mdquirir m pmrtir dm fxpfriî`gim, f pri`gipmlkf`tf phr i`tfrkédih dhs hutrhs jhkf`s, qumsf thdms ms i`chrkmáöfs `fgfssírims â sum shorfvivî`gim f fstmdm `h ku`dh. É mssik, `uk pm`hrmkm df i`dftfrki`máçh i`dftfrki`máçh   cu`dmkf`tml dh honfth prikfirh df smtiscmáçh, quf cmrfkhs `hssm i`vfstiamáçh. É ikphrtm`tf dizî-lh phrquf, fstm`dh m i`dftfrki`máçh `m hriafk, `çh sfrí dicëgil pfrgfofr m rmzçh dm ikphrtï`gim dm li`aumafk `m gh`stituiáçh dh sunfith f dm rfmlidmdf quf ljf gh`gfr`f. Df cmth, pmrm uk sfr pmrm qufk tudh (hu qumsf tudh) fstí mi`dm phr sfdmfsgrfvfr — humhsf kfskh i`sgrfvfrtfkph —, m riqufzm fssf`gimis li`aumafk dfci`fk f fm mkoiauidmdf kultipligmk f`hrkfkf`tf sums phssioilidmdfs.  

HRF_MÁÖFW F TF@DÎ@GIMW R_IKH_DIMIW H mpmrfljh psëquigh jukm`h dfvf sfr gh`sidfrmdh sho dhis U=9[sfr gmpmz df mgukulmr f`fraim, mspfgths> f`qum`th hram`iskh vivh, flf dfvf qum`tidmdf5 f`qum`th hram`iskh prfkmturh , flf dfvf mprf`dfr ghkh hotfr

 

smtiscmáçh. M prikfirm fxiaî`gim sfrí smtiscfitm pflm hpfrmáçh df liamáçh liamáçh   dms qum`tidmdfs5 m sfau`dm ikpligmrí ukm tf`dî`gim â rfpftiáçh dm fxpfriî`gim df smtiscmáçh hriai`írim, quf cigmrí dfsdf f`tçh ghkh h khdflh privilfaimdh df thdm smtiscmáçh cuturm. M hpfrmáçh df liamáçh tfk ghkh `háçh suonmgf`tf m disti`áçh f`trf ukm qum`tidmdf livrf livrf   f ukm qum`tidmdf liamdm liamdm,, ukm disti`áçh quf U?2[ ,  df =:96U?=[, f quf mpmrfgf ofk gfdh `m horm df Crfud, `h F`twurc  pfrkm`fgf vílidm durm`tf thdm sum horm U??[. Fstm i`sistî`gim f pfrkm`î`gim `hs dmrçh mh kfskh tfkph h fstëkulh f m lfaitikidmdf pmrm fkprff`dfr uk trmomljh df dfpurmáçh gh`gfituml dfstm disti`áçh, m ph`th df trm`schrkí-lm fk ukm dms `háöfs grugimis df `hssm fxphsiáçh. Ghk fcfith, mtrmvés dfstm disti`áçh, `÷s gh`sfauirfkhs mrtigulmr f dflikitmr shlidmkf`tf mlau`s gh`gfiths cu`dmkf`tmis dm psigm`ílisf. Isth `hs pfrkitirí, phr fxfkplh, fliki`mr dm pulsçh sfu suphsth gmrítfr këtigh f hosgurh mh khstrmr m mrtigulmáçh dms hrdf`s pulsih`ml f sia`icigm`tf, dh rfml f dh siko÷ligh. Mlék dissh, mh `hs pfrkitir gjfamr m ukm dfci`iáçh kmis glmrm dms lfis f prhgfdikf`ths prikhrdimis dh psiquiskh, phdfrfkhs kfskh gh`sfauir rfshlvfr mlau`s pmrmdhxhs, ghkh m hphsiáçh f`trf h pri`gëpih dh prmzfr f m tf`dî`gim â rfpftiáçh, m fxistî`gim dh ahzh f sum rflmáçh mh shcrikf`th. M fstm disti`áçh df omsf, ukm hutrm sf mgrfsgf`tmrí, h quf `hs pfrkitirí thr`mr kmis ci`ms ms dflikitmáöfs f ms mrtigulmáöfs fsohámdms, ukm vfz quf flm `hs sfrvirí dirftmkf`tf df ph`tf f`trf hs prhduths dm kfk÷rim kfk÷rim (]  (] liamdm, idf`ticigmdm mrtigulmáçh trmáhs f  pmlmvrm h- u`ivfrsh sia`icigm`tf. Fstm `hvmâ disti`áçh sfrídhs mquflm f`trfk`îkighs) rfprfsf`tmáçhrfprfsf`tmáçh  pmlmvrm   f U?7[ rfprfsf`tmáçh-honfth,, kms ghk uk mgrésgikh> m rfprfsf`tmáçh-ghism . Isth rfprfsf`tmáçh-honfth qufr dizfr quf `÷s prftf`dfkhs khstrmr quf jí ukm dicfrf`ám gh`gfituml ikphrtm`tf f`trf m rfprfsf`tmáçh-honfth, quf pfrtf`gf mh pré-gh`sgif`tf (RGs), f m rfprfsf`tmáçh-ghism, quf pfrtf`gf mh sistfkm i`gh`sgif`tf (Igs). É `hssm i`tf`áçh rfshlvfr ms mkoiauidmdfs quf gfrgmk sums mpmriáöfs `m horm df Crfud f khstrmr m utilidmdf dfstm disti`áçh.

  Liamáçh f psiquiskh

 

H F`twurc    é ukm horm fspfgimlkf`tf ikphrtm`tf pmrm `hssh prhp÷sith. Wfrí m pmrtir dflf quf `÷s tf`tmrfkhs ghkfámr m fstmoflfgfr mlaukms dflikitmáöfs gh`gfitumis. @flf, smofkhs, Crfud `çh trmomljm ghk h gh`gfith df  pulsçh, kms phdfkhs vfr `m ]` uk prfgurshr lfaëtikh dfstf gh`gfith. M pulsçh, thdmvim, `çh phdf sfr i`tfirmkf`tf idf`ticigmdm â ]`, sf`dh-`hs `fgfssírih mssik fxmki`mr h`df fstçh dicfrf`áms. U?4[ . F fstms, vfrfkhs, sfrçh ghfxtf`sivms â dicfrf`ám f`trfms] phssëvfis livrf f ] liamdm ]` é vistm phr Crfud ghkh ukm fstikulmáçh df gmrítfr f`d÷af`h, ukm chrám chrám   gh`stm`tf gh`stm`tf,, quf, flm mpf`ms, `çh é sucigif`tfkf`tf chrtf pmrm dfspfrtmr m mtf`áçh psëquigm. Wfu fcfith `h psiquiskh sf cmz phr shkmáçh,, isth é, é shkf`tf mp÷s uk gfrth armu df fxgitmáçh quf jmvfrí ukm shkmáçh tf`dî`gim â dfsgmram, ukm uraî`gim quf é pmssëvfl df sfr liofrmdm phr vim khthrm. É shkf`tf mp÷s supfrmdh fstf likitf quf fstm qum`tidmdf df fxgitmáçh é gmpturmdm gmpturmdm pflh  pflh psiquiskh. Mqui ní phdfkhs fstmoflfgfr ukm lfvf dicfrf`ám f`trf pulsçh f ]`. Wmofkhs, mtrmvés df sum dfci`iáçh glíssigm, quf m pulsçh é uk gh`gfith likitf quf likitf  quf mrtigulm h psëquigh f h shkítigh. M pulsçh `çh é, phrtm`th, fstëkulh psëquigh. Flm é, m`tfs, uk fstëkulh pmrm h  pmrm h psëquigh, mlah quf, dh fxtfrihr, cmz ukm fxiaî`gim df trmomljh mh psiquiskhU?6[. ]ufr dizfr, h quf é dm hrdfk dh psiquiskh é `çh m pulsçh, fstm gh`sidfrmdm fk si kfskm, kms h quf sf dfvfrí gh`stituir ghkh sfus rfprfsf`tm`tfs. Gh`tudh, ]` cmz irrupáçh `h psiquiskh, trmtm-sf ukm gmram quf girgulm tmkoék `h i`tfrihr dh mpmrfljh psëquigh U?3[. M pulsçh, mssik, `çh phdfrim sfr idf`ticigmdm m ]` m kf`hs quf sf phssm dicfrf`gimr sfus mspfgths df fxistî`gim df`trh f chrm chrm   dh psiquiskh. F isth phdf sfr cfith mtrmvés dh gh`gfith df liamáçh f i`vfstikf`th i`vfstikf`th.. Sikhs quf h mpmrfljh psëquigh, pfrtf`gf`dh m uk hram`iskh vivh, é chrámdh m mgukulmr f`fraim. @çh phdf`dh fvmgumr thdm m qum`tidmdf phr kfih dm vim rfclfxm, flf dfvf gmpturmr f trm`schrkmr fstm chrám quf h gh`strm`af mté quf m máçh fspfgëcigm phssm mgh`tfgfr. Fssm trm`schrkmáçh gh`sistf `m pmssmafk df f`fraim shkítigm m f`fraim psëquigm U?1[. M liamáçh é fquivmlf`tf m fstm hpfrmáçh df gmpturm f trm`schrkmáçh U?:[. H quf sf pmssm f`tçh8 Wfau`dh Crfud, liamr f`fraim é cmzî-lm pmssmr df f`fraim livrfkf`tf k÷vfl m f`fraim fk rfphush, fstítigm. Isth qufr dizfr quf h quf gh`sistim `uk fstmdh df purm dispfrsçh dms fxgitmáöfs

 

i`tfarm-sf `ukm rfdf, `uk aruph df `furô`ihs hu rfprfsf`tmáöfsU?9[ i`vfstidhs. H i`vfstikf`th i`vfstikf`th,, df sfu lmdh, `çh é kmis dh quf h cmth dm ]` liamdm m uk aruph df `furô`ihs (hu m uk aruph df rfprfsf`tmáöfs U72[) hu mi`dm h cmth kfskh dm mrtigulmáçh df trmáhs k`îkighs. Hrm, h fcfith ikfdimth dfstf i`vfstikf`th é m liamáçh disth quf mté h khkf`th frm f`fraim livrf. M pmrtir dmë,mltfrmdh ukm pmrtf dm ]`, mh df sf diriaircigm`dh â dfsgmram, tfk sfu pfrgursh mltfrmdh fk  fk of`fcëgih df i`vés sfu i`vfstikf`th, mprisih`mdm. M liamáçh gh`sistf prhprimkf`tf fk ukm gh`tf`áçh mh livrf prhgfssh df fsghmkf`th dms fxgitmáöfs. Hghrrf quf fstm hpfrmáçh sia`icigm tmkoék ukm rfduáçh rfduáçh   dm tf`sçh `h i`tfrihr dh mpmrfljh psëquigh, ní quf sf diki`ui m qum`tidmdf df khvikf`th i`tfr`h. @uk hram`iskh vivh, quf tfk `fgfssidmdf df sf prhtfafr dm prfssçh i`tfrihr, vfkhs quf m hpfrmáçh df liamáçh é kfskh uk prhgfdikf`th prikhrdiml df dfcfsm. Liamr ] é m chrkm prikfirm f, phrtm`th, privilfaimdm df f`crf`tmr h i`gôkhdh dm tf`sçh, rfduzi`dh sfus fcfiths U7=[. @h f`tm`th, isth i`stmlm uk pmrmdhxh  pmrmdhxh>> fkohrm m liamáçh rfduzm m tf`sçh (pflm diki`uiáçh dm qum`tidmdf df khvikf`th), flm mgmrrftm tmkoék uk mgþkulh df f`fraim `h mpmrfljh psëquigh (kfskh sf jí tmkoék m i`tf`áçh df dfsgmram phstfrihr). Mqui, vfkhs f`tçh fsohámdh h quf cu`dm m m`ti`hkim f`trf h pri`gëpih dh prmzfr f m rfpftiáçh, f`trf h ahzh f h pri`gëpih dh prmzfr U7?[. Fk quf sf`tidh8 Wmofkhs quf h pri`gëpih dh prmzfr `çh hrdf`m shkf`tf m rfduáçh dm tf`sçh phr kfih dm liamáçh, kms flf h hrdf`m prfcfrf`gimlkf`tf phr kfih dfsgmram khthrm (fvmgumáçh rfml df ]). Gh`tudh, h pri`gëpihukm dh prmzfr `çhdmphdf sfr ghkplftmkf`tf hofdfgidh, ní quf isth ikpligmrim smtiscmáçh mlugi`mt÷rim, mlugi`mt÷rim, i`sucigif`tf pmrm cmzfr gfssmr m tf`sçh i`tfr`m. Dfstf khdh, é prfgish fspfrmr quf sf prhduzmk `hvms pfrgfpáöfs m`tfs quf sf muthrizf m dfsgmram dms qum`tidmdfs. Hrm, pmrm fspfrí-lms, é `fgfssírih ikpfdir h ikpfdir  h prhgfssh mlugi`mt÷rih f suphrtmr suphrtmr h  h mukf`th dm tf`sçh i`tfr`m. Hs dhis   rfquisiths dhis rfquisiths   sçh prff`gjidhs pflm hpfrmáçh df liamáçh. É f`tçh flm quf pfrkitirí mh mpmrfljh psëquigh pmssmr dh prhgfssh prikírih mh prhgfssh sfgu`dírih, dh pri`gëpih dh prmzfr mh pri`gëpih df rfmlidmdf U77[. Ghkh sf cmz fstm pmssmafk8 Rmrm smoî-lh, é prfgish i`vfstiamr uk phugh kmis m fxpfriî`gim df smtiscmáçh f ms kmrgms quf flm dfixm `h

 

psiquiskh.

 

Ms prikfirms fxpfriî`gims jukm`ms. Ghkh ní h vikhs, h sfr jukm`h é uk hram`iskh quf `msgf prfkmturmkf`tf. Mssik, kml prfpmrmdh pmrm m vidm, `çh rfstm â grim`ám hutrm phssioilidmdf quf mquflm df aritmr qum`dh flm é i`ghkhdmdh phr ukm fstikulmáçh i`tfr`m liamdm âs `fgfssidmdfs ghrphrmis. Tml uraî`gim vitml, gh`tudh, `çh sf i`tfrrhkpf phr ukm sikplfs dfsgmram khthrm. Tml gh`dutm `çh fliki`m m tf`sçh i`tfr`m, sf`dh `fgfssírim m vi`dm dh hutrh m sfu shghrrh pmrm suprir sums `fgfssidmdfs oísigms. @çh jí sf`çh fstm mnudm dh hutrh pmrm cmzfr gfssmr m fstikulmáçh f`d÷af`mU74[. Tml fliki`máçh dm tf`sçh i`tfr`m dmrí luamr f`tçh m pflm ukm fxpfriî`gim df smtiscmáçh  smtiscmáçh   (Ofcrifdiau`asfrlfo`is Ofcrifdiau`asfrlfo`is), ), m quml sfrí armvmdm grim`ám f sfrí sum prikfirm i`struáçh df shorfvivî`gim. Dfsdf f`tçh, flm sfrí h khdflh cu`dmkf`tml pmrm m hotf`áçh df smtiscmáçh f sfrí i`tfrprftmdm pflm grim`ám ghkh h gmki`jh privilfaimdh df dfsgmram, mquflf quf phdfrí fcftivmkf`tf dfsfkomrmáí-lm dms qum`tidmdfs f`d÷af`ms pfrturomdhrms. M pmrtir dfstm fxpfriî`gim, fstmoflfgf-sf ukm vim cmgilitmdm (Omj`u`a Omj`u`a)) f`trf hs trmáhs k`îkighs dm fxgitmáçh prhduzidm pflm `fgfssidmdf f hs trmáhs k`îkighs dm pfrgfpáçh, df tml khdh quf, qum`dh h fstmdh df `fgfssidmdf sf rfpftir, surairí uk ikpulsh psëquigh quf prhgurmrí rfi`vfstir m ikmafk k`îkigm dh honfth (lfitf, sfih) ghk m ci`mlidmdf rfprhduzir m smtiscmáçh hriai`ml. Dith df hutrh khdh, m fxpfriî`gim df smtiscmáçh afrm ukm cmgilitmáçh   f`trf dums ikmaf`s k`îkigms (mquflm dh honfth df smtiscmáçh f cmgilitmáçh mquflm dm dfsgmram pflm máçh fspfgëcigm), h quf cmz ghk quf, h ikpulsh tf`dh rfssuraidh, h i`vfstikf`th pmssf âs dums ikmaf`s k`îkigms, rfmtivm`dh-ms. Gh`tudh, `çh fstm`dh prfsf`tf h honfth fxtfr`h, h quf mgh`tfgf é ukm mlugi`máçh,, ghk m dfgfpáçh suosfquf`tf, ní quf m fstikulmáçh pfrkm`fgf `m mlugi`máçh ch`tf. Fstm mltfr`mtivm “dirftm‛ — gjmkmdm df prhgfssh df prhgfssh prikírihU76[  — khstrm-sf  khstrm-sf  phrtm`th i`sucigif`tf. Wfk h honfth fxtfr`h, m tf`sçh `çh é fliki`mdm. Hrm, h crmgmssh dm rfpftiáçh dm fxpfriî`gim df smtiscmáçh phr

 

kfih dm mlugi`máçh khstrm quf h gmki`jh prfcfrf`giml pmrm m hotf`áçh df smtiscmáçh cuturm dfvfrí sfr `çh m vim kmis gurtm, kms nustmkf`tf m vim dfsvimdm,, mukf`tmdm fk fxtf`sçh pflh kfgm`iskh df liamáçh. F isth vmi dfsvimdm rfchrámr df khdh dfgisivh h pmpfl dm liamáçh `h cu`gih`mkf`th dh mpmrfljh psëquigh. Df cmth, dfsdf quf jí dhis dhis   khdhs df diki`uir m prfssçh df ] —  dfsgmram f liamáçh liamáçh    — quf f sf`dh dmdh khdh quf hs÷mpmrfljh uk mpmrfljh rfclfxh, hghrrf h prikfirh phdf sfrpsëquigh cfith (sfk`çh qufé jmnm dm`h pmrm h mpmrfljh) phr kfih dh sfau`dh, f mssik h kfgm`iskh df liamáçh mssukf, mh kfskh tfkph, h tëtulh df hpfrmáçh cu`dmkf`tml df dfcfsm gh`trm ] f df hram`izmdhr dhs khdhs sfgu`dírihs df dfsgmram. dfsgmram. Kms `çh `hs f`am`fkhs> h cmth df ms liamáöfs sfrvirfk mhs prhgfsshs sfgu`dírihs `çh `çh   ljfs rftirm sfu gmrítfr df hpfrmáçh df dfcfsm prikhrdiml f, `uk gfrth sf`tidh, i`dfpf`df`tf i`dfpf`df`tf   dh cmth dm fxpfriî`gim df smtiscmáçh. I`vmdidh phr uk fxgfssh df ] f m dfsgmram sf`dh ikphssëvfl, m þ`igm shluáçh pmrm h mpmrfljh psëquigh é liamr fstm qum`tidmdf fxgfdf`tf pmrm rfduzir m tf`sçh i`tfr`mU73[. É `fstf sf`tidh quf Crfud diz quf fstf kfgm`iskh é i`dfpf`df`tf dh pri`gëpih dh prmzfr, fkohrm `çh ljf sfnm fssf`gimlkf`tf hphsth. Mssik, vfkhs ofk fk quf h kfgm`iskh df liamáçh dicfrf dh pri`gëpih dh prmzfr. H pri`gëpih dh prmzfr `çh é kmis dh quf ukm tf`dî`gim (dh mpmrfljh psëquigh m sf livrmr df ]), f`qum`th quf m liamáçh é uk rhgfdikf`th,, ukm hpfrmáçh fcftivm quf h mpmrfljh psëquigh `çh phdf rhgfdikf`th dispf`smr. Mlék dissh, `÷s phdfkhs cmzfr ukm sfau`dm disti`áçh, dfstm vfz f`trf h pri`gëpih dh prmzfr f m ghkpulsçh â rfpftiáçh. M rfpftiáçh é, flm tmkoék, tf`dî`gim, ukm fspégif df lfi,é f ukm `çh uk prhgfdikf`th, ukm hpfrmáçh ukm psëquigm. Gh`tudh, m rfpftiáçh tf`dî`gim mi`dm kmis prikitivm, `uk gfrth sf`tidh, dh quf h pri`gëpih dh prmzfr. Rhr quî8 Rhrquf, `h gmsh jukm`h, `çh jí honfth pré-dftfrki`mdh, honfth mdfqumdh â smtiscmáçh. Hrm, isth horiam h sfr jukm`h m mprf`dfr mprf`dfr ghkh  ghkh hotfr smtiscmáçh, h quf sfrí cfith pflm flfiáçh dm fxpfriî`gim df smtiscmáçh hriai`írim ghkh khdflh privilfaimdh pmrm ms smtiscmáöfs cuturms. Hrm, h khdh df trm`schrkmr ukm fxpfriî`gim si`aulmr `uk khdflh sf cmz mtrmvés df dhis prhgfdikf`ths> (m) m armvmáçh armvmáçh dm  dm fxpfriî`gim df smtiscmáçh (h quf sf cmz vim gh`struáçh df Omj`u`af`)5 Omj`u`af` )5 (o) m rfpftiáçh rfpftiáçh dh  dh pfrgursh grimdh phr fstm vim, phr fstm triljm. F U71[ mqui mssistikhs mh fstmoflfgikf`th df ukm df mlim`ám i`momlívfl> i`momlívfl> m ghkpulsçh â rfpftiáçh kmis h kmis  h kfgm`iskh liamáçhprmtigmkf`tf .

 

 

H pmrmdhxh dh ahzh. H gmsmkf`th dm ghkpulsçh â rfpftiáçh ghk h kfgm`iskh df liamáçh, dfvfkhs dizî-lh, é uk gmsmkf`th phtf`gimlkf`tf pfriahsh. Ghk fcfith, liamr liamr   é shorftudh rftfr rftfr   ] `h mpmrfljh psëquigh. É mukf`tmr m qum`tidmdf df f`fraim `h sistfkm (kfskh sf flm fstí fk rfphush), é ghkh grimr ukm omrrfirm df f`fraim `h i`tfrihr dh mpmrfljh. @ukm pmlmvrm, é flfvmr m tf`sçh, kfskh sf fk fstmdh gh`trhlmdh, `h psiquiskh. Mgh`tfgf quf, dfsdf h crmgmssh dm smtiscmáçh vim mlugi`máçh, m ghkpulsçh â rfpftiáçh sf cim `h prhgfdikf`th df liamáçh ghkh amrm`tf dm smtiscmáçh cuturm. H quf qufrim h pri`gëpih df rfpftiáçh `çh frm kmis dh quf flfafr ukm vim df fvmgumáçh, flf `çh prhgurmvm kmis dh quf amrm`tir ukm vim prfcfrf`giml df ahzh, uk khdh df smtiscmáçh, kms flf tfrki`m phr flfafr `m sfquî`gim uk khdh prfcfrf`giml df hpfrmáçh (m liamáçh). Isth dith, phugm ghism é `fgfssírim pmrm tirmr dmë ukm usticigmáçh dm fxistî`gim df uk kmshquiskh kmshquiskh  hriai`írih hriai`írih,, dh ahzh dm tf`sçh> m mlim`ám f`trf rfpftiáçh f liamáçh pöf-sf mssik ghkh m omsf df thdm smtiscmáçh quf ikpligm uk mgþkulh df tf`sçh i`tfr`m. F isth é ukm gh`sfquî`gim quf sf khstrm `fgfssírim, mi`dm quf dfrivmdm, dm gh`stituiáçh dh mpmrfljh psëquighU7:[. *** _fstm-`hs tirmrf`trf mi`dm] ukm gh`sfquî`gim hpfrmáçh df liamáçh, dfstm disti`áçh livrfþltikm f ] liamdm. Mlaukmsdfstm li`jms mgikm, `÷s cizfkhs ukm tf`tmtivm pmrm idf`ticigmr m pulsçh f m ]` livrf. Df cmth, ghkh m pulsçh, m ]` livrf pfrkm`fgf chrm dh psiquiskh, kms cmz sf`tir sfus fcfiths `h psiquiskh f`qum`th ] liamdm. Mssik, m pulsçh phdf sfr idf`ticigmdm â ]` livrf livrf,, `m kfdidm fk quf flm tmkoék tfk sum hriafk shkítigm, fk quf flm tmkoék sf mprfsf`tm ghkh chrám gh`stm`tf f cmz fxiaî`gim df trmomljh mh psiquiskh. H psiquiskh, df sfu lmdh, phdf sfr idf`ticigmdh mh tfrrit÷rih dm ] liamdm, ní quf thdm f`fraim, pmrm sfr phr flf mssikilmdm f tfr `flf mlauk fcfith, dfvf sfr prikfirmkf`tf liamdm `ukm rfdf quf m gh`tf`jm f mdm hram`izf gmki`jhs, triljms (Omj`u`af` (.Omj`u`af`)) privilfaimdhs.  É f`tçh m liamáçh ]` quffk i`muaurm h psiquiskh. psiquiskh

 

Kms h quf é cfith dhs rfprfsf`tm`tfs dm pulsçh8 Hu, fk hutrhs tfrkhs, quml é m rflmáçh f`trf fstfs rfprfsf`tm`tfs f m ] liamdm8 Ní dissfkhs quf h fcfith dm gmpturm dm ]` livrf pflh psiquiskh frm sum mrtigulmáçh mrtigulmáçh `ukm  `ukm rfdf df Omj`u`af` Omj`u`af`.. Dfstf khdh, dfvfkhs prhgurmr mahrm m fxpligmáçh df ghkh hs dhis rfprfsf`tm`tfs dm pulsçh (m Shrstfllu`a Shrstfllu`a f  f h mcfth) sf f`gh`trmk ikpligmdhs, liamáçhhudfOmj`u`af` ], `fstm .chrkmáçh pfrgurshs dicfrf`gimdhsikorigmdhs quf sçh ms`fstm cmgilitmáöfs Omj`u`af`. Isth sfrí df fxpligmdh `m sfquî`gim, qum`dh khstrmrfkhs quf m rfdf df Omj`u`af` Omj`u`af`   é prhprimkf`tf ukm rfdf sia`icigm`tf. Kms é prfgish prikfirmkf`tf fxmki`mr m gh`stituiáçh dh mpmrfljh psëquigh f`qum`th mpmrfljh df li`aumafk.  

KFK×_IM F LI@AVMAFK. I@T_HDVÁÇH DH HVT_H Rmrm Crfud, h mpmrfljh psëquigh é m`tfs df tudh uk mpmrfljh df kfk÷rim, gmpmz df armvmr ms fxpfriî`gims pmrm utilizí-lms dfphis ghkh auim df máçh. Hrm, mgh`tfgf quf m gh`stituiáçh dfstf mpmrfljh sf cmz f`trf jhkf`s quf gh`stitufk ukm ghku`idmdf cmlm`tf, h quf vmi ‚trm`schrkmr’ fstf mpmrfljh df kfk÷rim `uk mpmrfljh df li`aumafk. Isth ikpligm ní dums ghisms> (m) `çh jí uk uk mpmrfljh  mpmrfljh df li`aumafk gh`gfoidh ishlmdmkf`tf. Vk mpmrfljh df li`aumafk fstí sfkprf fk rflmáçh ghk hutrhs mpmrfljhs f dfpf`df dfstm rflmáçh pmrm sf gh`stituir5 (o) h prhgfssh df mquisiáçh dm li`aumafk sfauf h prhgfssh `hrkml df kfkhrizmáçh, isth é, trmtm-sf df uk prhgfssh df liamáçh f msshgimáçh quf fstí `m rmiz dm chrkmáçh dms pmlmvrms f dm prhduáçh df sia`icigmáöfs. É `fgfssírih f`tçh mohrdmr ms dums qufstöfs fk olhgh> kfk÷rim f li`aumafk. Ní dissfkhs quf h rfaistrh dm fxpfriî`gim df smtiscmáçh tfk ghkh rfsultmdh m chrkmáçh df Omj`u`af` Omj`u`af`,, ms qumis sf mprfsf`tmk ghkh ukm gmdfim df pfrgurshs dicfrf`gimdhs hu privilfaimdhs. Isth qufr dizfr quf m kfk÷rim `çh é kmis dh quf h gh`nu`th dfstfs triljmkf`ths, `çh é kmis dh quf sum mrtigulmáçh. Fxmki`fkhs mahrm ghkh fstfs triljmkf`ths sf chrkmk. I`igimlkf`tf, `÷s dfvfkhs dizfr quf `fk tudh h quf é pfrgfoidh é armvmdh pflh mpmrfljhrfgfoidms. psëquigh. M Ghk fcfith, `÷s `çhkfskm, armvmkhs sf`çh gfrths trmáhs dms trmáhs  dms ikprfssöfs ikprfssçh, fk si `çh

 

gh`stitui kfk÷rim. Wçh sfus trmáhs quf sfrçh rfaistrmdhs f dfphis hram`izmdhs `ukm rfdfU79[. H trmáh é prhprimkf`tf ukm dicfrf`ám f`trf ms Omj`u`af` Omj`u`af`.. Flf vmi gh`stituir-sf pflm flfvmáçh df omrrfirms df gh`tmthU42[  rfsistf`tfs mh livrf fsghmkf`th fxgitmáçh, f sum chrkmáçh dfpf`dfrí dhis cmthrfs>dm(m) dm i`tf`sidmdf dm ikprfssçh5 (o)cu`dmkf`tmlkf`tf dm rfpftiáçhU4=[. df M i`tf`sidmdf dm ikprfssçh sfrí rfsph`sívfl pflm chrkmáçh dms omrrfirms df gh`tmth, f m dicfrf`ám f`trf flms dmrí luamr m uk gmki`jh prfcfrf`giml. M rfpftiáçh sfrí h pfrgursh kfskh dfssfs triljmkf`ths cmvhrfgidhs, hs qumis `çh sçh ikutívfis, ukm vfz quf df tfkphs fk tfkphs hs trmáhs sçh suokftidhs m rftrm`sgriáöfs rftrm`sgriáöfs..  

M Gmrtm 6?U4?[ @m Gmrtm 6?, Crfud ghkf`tm ghk Clifss sum jip÷tfsf df quf `hssh mpmrfljh psëquigh sf tfrim fstmoflfgidh phr uk prhgfssh df fstrmticigmáçh sugfssivm, phis “hs kmtfrimis prfsf`tfs sho chrkm df trmáhs k`îkighs sf f`gh`trmk df tfkphs fk tfkphs rfhrdf`mdhs sfau`dh ms `hvms girgu`stï`gims‛. “H quf jí df fssf`gimlkf`tf `hvh `m ki`jm tfhrim é m idfim df quf m kfk÷rim é mprfsf`tmdm `çh ukm s÷ vfz, kms kuitms, f quf flm sf ghkpöf df divfrshs tiphs df sia`hs‛U47[. @fstfjmvfrim khkf`th, Crfud mprfsf`tm h sfaui`tf),fsqufkm> prikfirh luamr, ms pfrgfpáöfs (Qmjr`fjku`af`), (Qmjr`fjku`af` âs qumisfkm gh`sgiî`gim sf liam, kms quf `çh gh`sfrvm phr flms kfskms `f`juk trmáh dh quf sf pmsshu (ní quf pfrgfpáçh f kfk÷rim sf fxglufk). Fstms pfrgfpáöfs sf cmrimk rfaistrmr, `uk prikfirh tfkph, f`qum`th Qmjr`fjku`aszfigjf` (trmáhs df pfrgfpáçh), i`mgfssëvfis â gh`sgiî`gim f mrtigulmdhs sfau`dh ukm msshgimáçh phr sikultm`fidmdf sikultm`fidmdf.. M pmrtir dmë, dums hutrms trm`sgriáöfs mi`dm hghrrfrçh> (=) m trm`sgriáçh rflmtivm mh sistfkm i`gh`sgif`tf (V`ofwusstsfi` ( V`ofwusstsfi`), ), quf sfrí hrdf`mdm sfau`dh uk sf`tidh gmusml, suafrf Crfud, f iaumlkf`tf i`mgfssëvfl â gh`sgiî`gim5 f (?) m rftrm`sgriáçh quf sf cmz m uk `ëvfl prégh`sgif`tf, kfdim`tf (Qhrtvhrstfllu`af` Qhrtvhrstfllu`af`) )U44[.

hu

kfdimdm

phr

rfprfsf`tmáöfs-pmlmvrm

 

F isth `hs gh`duz mh gmkph dm li`aumafk prhprimkf`tf ditm.  

H mpmrfljh df li`aumafk Mté h khkf`th, vikhs quf h jhkfk é gmpmz df armvmr hs fvf`ths quf h mti`afk mtrmvés dm grimáçh df arm`dfs ghkplfxhs msshgimtivhs gjmkmdhs Omj`u`af` Omj`u`af`.. Hrm, h quf mgh`tfgf é quf, f`trf hs kþltiplhs fvf`ths quf sfrçh armvmdhs pflm grim`ám, jí m fxpfriî`gim dh disgursh dh hutrh. Nu`tmkf`tf ghk h lfitf, h sfih, h jhkfk rfaistrm sh`s, sh`s df pmlmvrms, hs qumis flf vmi tfrki`mr phr msshgimr m gfrths honfths dfvidh â rfaulmridmdf ghk quf flfs mpmrfgfk u`idhs. M gh`stituiáçh dh mpmrfljh df li`aumafk sf cmrí mssik mtrmvés df uk prhgfssh df msshgimáçh, h quml vmi u`ir dhis arm`dfs ghkplfxhs msshgimtivhs> h ghkplfxh honfth  f df honfth  h ghkplfxh msshgimáöfs df pmlmvrms. dmsTmlmsshgimáöfs pmlmvrms. msshgimáçhdfchrkmrí, uk lmdh,dmsm rfprfsf`tmáçh-honfth   (Honfetvhrstfllu`a rfprfsf`tmáçh-honfth Honfetvhrstfllu`a)) f, dh hutrh, m rfprfsf`tmáçhmlmvrm ( mlmvrm  (Qhrtvhrstfllu`a Qhrtvhrstfllu`a))U46[. H quf sf prhduz phr fstm liamáçh tfk gh`sfquî`gims `hs dhis sf`tidhs> ms msshgimáöfs df honfth vçh mdquirir u`idmdf  m pmrtir df sum liamáçh u`idmdf m ghk m rfprfsf`tmáçh-pmlmvrm, chrkm`dh m rfprfsf`tmáçh-honfth5 phr sum vfz, m rfprfsf`tmáçh-pmlmvrm hoték sf`tidh sf`tidh   mtrmvés dm sum liamáçh ghk m rfprfsf`tmáçh-honfth.. H mpmrfljh df li`aumafk é mssik uk mpmrfljh quf rfprfsf`tmáçh-honfth mrtigulm rfprfsf`tmáöfs, f fstm mrtigulmáçh tfk uk fcfith df sf`tidh. Hosfrvfkhs, gh`tudh, quf h fcfith df sia`icigmáçh vmi rfsultmr `çh   dm rflmáçh f`trf m rfprfsf`tmáçh-pmlmvrm f m ghism fxtfr`m hu ku`dh `çh fxtfrihr hu h rfcfrf`tf (hu f`trf fstf f m rfprfsf`tmáçh-honfth), kms kms   dm rflmáçh f`trf m rfprfsf`tmáçh-pmlmvrm f m rfprfsf`tmáçh-honfth. Isth cigm glmrh dfsdf h khkf`th fk quf Crfud cmz m disti`áçh f`trf mcmsim mssiko÷ligm f ma`hsim. M ma`hsim ma`hsim   é prhprimkf`tf uk prholfkm df rfgh`jfgikf`th df honfths, isth é, ukm ikphssioilidmdf df sf vmlfr dm li`aumafk mdfqumdm ukm vfz quf uk fixh dftfrki`mdh dm msshgimáçh df honfths chi rhkpidh. M mcmsim mssiko÷ligm, mssiko÷ligm, df sfu lmdh, diz rfspfith m uk prholfkm `m rflmáçh f`trf m rfprfsf`tmáçh-pmlmvrm f m rfprfsf`tmáçh-honfth,

 

rflmáçh quf “kf pmrfgf kfrfgfr kmis m qumlicigmáçh df ‚siko÷ligm’ dh quf mquflm fxistf`tf f`trf uk honfth f ukm rfprfsf`tmáçh-honfth‛ U43[. Mlék dissh, ukm píai`m m`tfs, Crfud ní jmvim dith quf “m pmlmvrm mdquirf sum sia`icigmáçh pflm liamáçh ghk m ‚rfprfsf`tmáçh-honfth’‛U41[. ]ufr dizfr quf Crfud cmz `itidmkf`tf m disti`áçh f`trf h gmkph rfprfsf`tmtivh (quf gh`ték ms rfprfsf`tmáöfs-pmlmvrm f ms rfprfsf`tmáöfs-honfth) tfrrf`h dh`hhonfth (h ku`dh fxtfrihr), f diz mssik quf m rflmáçh siko÷ligmfsfhfstmoflfgf i`tfrihr dh gmkph rfprfsf`tmtivh. Rmrm lm`ámr uk phugh kmis df luz `h mssu`th, é prfgish lfkormr-sf quf é shkf`tf m pmrtir dm rfprfsf`tmáçh-pmlmvrm quf m rfprfsf`tmáçh-honfth phdf tfr u`idmdf f dfsfkpf`jmr ukm cu`áçh df gh`gfith. @÷s phdfkhs f`tçh mcirkmr quf, `uk gfrth sf`tidh, é m Qhrtvhrstfllu`a quf Qhrtvhrstfllu`a  quf grim m Honfetvhrstfllu`a Honfetvhrstfllu`a (f  (f `çh h honfth fxtfrihr). Dfstf khdh, m rfprfsf`tmáçh-honfth `çh phdf cu`gih`mr sf`çh ghkh ë`digf dh honfth fxtfrihr (nmkmis ghkh sum g÷pim), f hs mtriouths dm ghism fxtfrihr sfrçh f`tçh dfci`idhs `h rfaistrh dms rfprfsf`tmáöfs, rfaistrh psëquigh, sf`dh `fgfssírim hofdiî`gim âs sums pr÷prims lfis. Hrm, mqui é i`fvitívfl cmzfr ukm mlusçh tm`th m Wmussurf qum`th m Lmgm`. Ghk fcfith, `çh sfrim fxmafrh dizfr `fk quf Crfud dfsf`vhlvf mqui uk fsoháh df tfhrim li`auëstigm, `fk quf flf m`tfgipm mlaukms dms idfims lmgm`im`ms. Cmámkhs df i`ëgih ghrrfsph`dfr m rfprfsf`tmáçh-pmlmvrm crfudim`m mh sia`icigm`tf, f m rfprfsf`tmáçh-honfth mh sia`icigmdh smussurim`hs U4:[. Mssik, `m kfdidm fk quf Crfud diz quf h ghkplfxh df msshgimáöfs df honfth `çhtfkph, tfk u`idmdf sf`çhdfmtrmvés dm rfprfsf`tmáçhpmlmvrm, flf diz, mh kfskh quf m cu`áçh sia`icigmdh é dfpf`df`tf dm cu`áçh df sia`icigm`tf. Dith df hutrh khdh, é m rfprfsf`tmáçh-pmlmvrm quf cmz dms msshgimáöfs df honfth ukm rfprfsf`tmáçh-honfth, hu sfnm, quf m grimU49[. M rfprfsf`tmáçh-pmlmvrm prfgfdf f`tçh lhaigmkf`tf m rfprfsf`tmáçh-honfth, mssik ghkh h sia`icigm`tf prfgfdf h sia`icigmdh, h quf dissf Lmgm` kmis tmrdf `hs sfus trmomljhs.

  M _ftrm`sgriáçh Rré-gh`sgif`tfU62[ Ní disphkhs `fstf khkf`th df flfkf`ths sucigif`tfs pmrm

 

fxmki`mr h quf sf pmssm `h `ëvfl dm rftrm`sgriáçh pré-gh`sgif`tf. @fstm, h kmtfriml k`îkigh sfrí liamdh âs rfprfsf`tmáöfs-pmlmvrm f ghk issh flf am`jmrí phssioilidmdf df mgfssh â gh`sgiî`gim. Kms quml é fxmtmkf`tf fstf kmtfriml k`îkigh mh quml ms sf vçhf`tçh msshgimr8 rfaistrh dms rfprfsf`tmáöfs-pmlmvrm érfprfsf`tmáöfs-pmlmvrm h rfaistrh dh RGs. Tfkhs dums Hpistms> m prikfirm diz  prikfirm  diz quf h rfaistrh k`îkigh m`tfrihr é h rfaistrh dh I`gh`sgif`tf5 m sfau`dm sfau`dm diz  diz quf ms pmlmvrms vçh vi`gulmr-sf âs msshgimáöfs df honfth, fk ljfs dm`dh phr fstm liamáçh ukm u`idmdf gh`gfituml df honfth (Honfetvhrstfllu`a (Honfetvhrstfllu`a). ). Rmrfgf f`tçh quf `çh `hs rfstm hutrm shluáçh sf`çh mcirkmr quf h kmtfriml k`îkigh dh Igs é ghkphsth phr msshgimáöfs df honfth, rfstm`dh pmrm h rfaistrh dh RGs m u`idmdf gh`gfituml dms rfprfsf`tmáöfs-honfth, mssik ghkh ms rfprfsf`tmáöfs-pmlmvrm quf ljfs sçh msshgimdms. Thdmvim, `h sfu mrtiah H I`gh`sgif`tf  I`gh`sgif`tf,   , Crfud vmi dissfgmr hs gh`gfiths. Lí flf `hs diz quf h quf frm mté f`tçh dfsia`mdh sho h tfrkh df rfprfsf`tmáçh-honfth (Honfetvhrstfllu`a (Honfetvhrstfllu`a)) sfrí dfghkphsth fk rfprfsf`tmáçhpmlmvrm (Qhrtvhrstfllu`a (Qhrtvhrstfllu`a)) f rfprfsf`tmáçh-ghism (Wmgjvhrstfllu`a (Wmgjvhrstfllu`a))U6=[. Ghk isth, flf dflikitm h quf flf f`tf`df sfr m dicfrf`ám f`trf ukm rfprfsf`tmáçh gh`sgif`tf f ukm i`gh`sgif`tf> “m rfprfsf`tmáçh gh`sgif`tf ghkprff`df m rfprfsf`tmáçh-ghism — kmis m rfprfsf`tmáçh-pmlmvrm quf ljf pfrtf`gf — m rfprfsf`tmáçh i`gh`sgif`tf é m rfprfsf`tmáçh-ghism mpf`ms‛U6?[. Isth `hs gh`duz, f`trftm`th, m ukm diciguldmdf gh`gfituml. É m Wmgjvhrstfllu`a   si`ô`ikh dm Honfetvhrstfllu`a Wmgjvhrstfllu`a Honfetvhrstfllu`a,, f f`tçh phdfk flms sfr utilizmdms i`dicfrf`tfkf`tf ukm `h éluamr dm hutrm8 Hu trmtmr-sf-im m`tfs df gh`gfiths dicfrf`tfs8 Tml disti`áçh df arm`df ikphrtï`gim. Ghk fcfith, ms Honfetvhrstfllu`af`,, qum`dh flms sf rfcfrfk m sfu gmsmkf`th ghk ms Honfetvhrstfllu`af` Qhrtvhrstfllu`af`,, phdfk `mturmlkf`tf thr`mr-sf gh`sgif`tfs. É Qhrtvhrstfllu`af` prhprimkf`tf h quf `÷s idf`ticigmkhs gh`sgif`tfkf`tf ghkh honfths. Df hutrh lmdh, ms Wmgjvhrstfllu`af` Wmgjvhrstfllu`af`,, rfcfridms mh sistfkm Igs, dicigilkf`tf phdfrimk sfr ditms susgfptëvfis df sf thr`mrfk gh`sgif`tfs (phis m prhprifdmdf df thr`mr-sf gh`sgif`tf é liamdm mhs gh`tfþdhs dh RGs). Mlék dissh, Crfud jmvim-`hs dith quf ms msshgimáöfs df honfth s÷ hoti`jmk u`idmdf mtrmvés dm Qhrtvhrstfllu`a Qhrtvhrstfllu`a>> ghkh dizfr mahrm quf ms Wmgjvhrstfllu`af` Wmgjvhrstfllu`af`   sçh dm hrdfk dh Igs sf `fstf `çh jí Qhrtvhrstfllu`af` Qhrtvhrstfllu`af` pmrm  pmrm ljfs dmrfk u`idmdf8 H prholfkm gh`sistf f`tçh fk dfci`ir df h`df vfk m phssëvfl u`idmdf dm

 

rfprfsf`tmáçh-ghism (Wmgjvhrstfllu`a (Wmgjvhrstfllu`a), ), sf h Igs `çh gh`tm ghk ms rfprfsf`tmáçh-pmlmvrm pmrm cmzî-lhU67[. Mi`dm quf Crfud `çh sfnm thtmlkf`tf gristmli`h m fstf rfspfith, tfkhs ukm prhphstm df shluáçh quf prftf`df, mh kfskh tfkph, rfspfitmr m lftrm dh tfxth crfudim`h f ljf dmr uk kmihr riahr gh`gfituml. _fthkfkhs m Gmrtm Gmrtm   6? 6?.. Lí, Crfud `hs cmlm i`igimlkf`tf df uk prikfirh rfaistrh dhs Qmjr`fjku`aszfigjf` Qmjr`fjku`aszfigjf`   (trmáhs df pfrgfpáçh), gunm ‚rfarm’ df msshgimáçh frm sikplfskf`tf m sikultm`fidmdf sikultm`fidmdf.. Fstfs Qmjr`fjku`aszfigjf`,, f`tçh, `÷s phdfrfkhs pf`sí-lhs ghkh sf`dh ms Qmjr`fjku`aszfigjf` msshgimáöfs df honfth prhprimkf`tf ditms, ní quf `çh jí `mdm quf ms u`iciquf mlék df sum hghrrî`gim sikultï`fmU64[. É h kmtfriml k`îkigh kmis prikitivh, `çh mrtigulmdh fk sistfkm, `çh mrtigulmdh fk Omj`u`af` Omj`u`af`.. Mp÷s isth, jmvfrim m trm`sgriáçh i`gh`sgif`tf, qum`dh fstf kmtfriml, fstf gh`nu`th dfshrdf`mdh df trmáhs, sfrim hram`izmdh, mrtigulmdh, sfau`dh ukm hrdfk gmusml. Wfrim mssik fstm mrtigulmáçh gmusml quf i`muaurmrim prhprimkf`tf h psiquiskh, ukm vfz quf m`tfs `çh jmvim sf`çh trmáhs k`îkighs armvmdhs u`s mp÷s hs hutrhs, sfk `f`jukm rflmáçh fspfgiml hu durmdhurm f`trf flfs. M u`idmdf dms rfprfsf`tmáöfs i`gh`sgif`tfs sfrim dmdm f`tçh, sfau`dh `hssm jip÷tfsf, phr fstm liamáçh gmusml gmusml.. É prfgish, thdmvim, fxmki`mr df h`df vfk fstm gmusmlidmdf gmusmlidmdf,, df h`df vfk h pri`gëpih df hram`izmáçh dfstms rfprfsf`tmáöfs i`gh`sgif`tfs. Hrm, pmrm dftfrki`mr isth, é moshlutmkf`tf `fgfssírih `çh fsqufgfr nmkmis ms gmrmgtfrëstigms pri`gipmis dh sistfkm i`gh`sgif`tf. Fk hutrms pmlmvrms, `hssm jip÷tfsf `çh hsfrim vílidm sf rfprfsf`tmáöfs m gmusmlidmdftîk dfm rflmáçh sums rfprfsf`tmáöfs gh`trmdissfssf cmth df quf tmis kmis fstrfitm ghk m chrkmáçh dh dfsfnh. M tfhrim dh dfsfnh i`gh`sgif`tf é grugiml `m psigm`ílisf, f, phrtm`th, m gmusmlidmdf df sums rfprfsf`tmáöfs dfvf lfvmr fk gh`tm fssf cmth. M qufstçh quf sf ghlhgm mahrm é> df h`df vfk h dfsfnh f ghkh flf phdf cmzfr-sf rfprfsf`tmr `ms i`sgriáöfs f trm`sgriáöfs k`îkigms8 M rfsphstm sf dfixm ní mdivi`jmr, f `çh jí kfskh hutrm> fvidf`tfkf`tf, dm fxpfriî`gim df smtiscmáçh prikhrdiml.  

 

_fthkmdm dm fxpfriî`gim df smtiscmáçh ( Ofcrifdiau`asfrlfo`is  Ofcrifdiau`asfrlfo`is) _fthkfkhs f`tçh `hssh rmgihgë`ih m pmrtir df hutrhs gh`gfiths. H hram`iskh prfkmturh shcrf ukm sf`smáçh ghrphrml  ghrphrml  df dhr, df tf`sçh (WG=)5 flf aritm (`ukm vç tf`tmtivm df sf livrmr dm qum`tidmdf ])5 ukm hutrm pfsshm (h pr÷xikh, h @fof`kf`sgj)  @fof`kf`sgj ) vfk fk sfu shghrrh f rfmlizm pmrm flf m máçh fspfgëcigm, dm`dh luamr fk sfauidm â sf`smáçh ghrphrml df smtiscmáçh (WG?). Fstm sfquî`gim df fvf`ths é prhprimkf`tf h prikfirh honfth df rfaistrh k`îkigh pmrm h sfr jukm`h, f phr issh m pmssmafk df WG= m WG? `çh phdf sfr armvmdm pflm grim`ám sf`çh f`qum`th Qmjr`fjku`aszfigjf`U66[. Kms ghkh é isth phssëvfl, sf m pmssmafk dm prikfirm sf`smáçh ghrphrml â sfau`dm pmrfgfrim cmzfr rfcfrî`gim m`tfs  m hrdf`s disti`tms disti`tms   df fvf`ths (quf `çh phdfrimk, phrtm`th, sfr purm f sikplfskf`tf rfaistrmdms sfau`dh ukm msshgimáçh phr sikultm`fidmdf) dh quf  m uk s÷ fvf`th8 M rmzçh é quf h rfaistrh `çh é phssëvfl sf`çh pflh suraikf`th dms pfrgfpáöfs quf mgmrrftmk m smtiscmáçh, isth é, h quf vmi thr`mr phssëvfl m msshgimáçh f`trf WG= f WG? sçh fssms pfrgfpáöfs df smtiscmáçh f, phrtm`th, pmrm  pmrm  m grim`ám grim`ám,, `çh sf trmtm sf`çh df uk f mpf`ms uk þ`igh fvf`th. fvf`th. M prhvm dissh é quf, qum`dh shorfvék df `hvh WG=, m grim`ám pmssm ikfdimtmkf`tf ikfdimtmkf`tf m  m WG?, mlugi`m`dh m smtiscmáçh. H quf fquivmlf m dizfr quf `çh é sf`çh `uk m phstfrihri quf phstfrihri quf ms dums sf`smáöfs ghrphrmis phdfrçh sfr sfpmrmdms, fxmtmkf`tf phr  phr i`tfrkédih dms liamáöfs  liamáöfs   quf sf i`tfrpöfk f`trf flms. @fstf khkf`th, m`tfs dm i`tfrvf`áçh dms liamáöfs, `çh jí mi`dm rfaistrh Igs, `çh jí mi`dm sistfkms psëquighs disti`ths, f, `h likitf, `çh jí mi`dm psiquiskh.  

 

H Hutrh f m f`trmdm `h Wiko÷ligh É f`tçh `h quf sf sfauf quf tudh h quf é fspfgicigmkf`tf jukm`h vmi cu`dmr-sf. Rhr hgmsiçh dms mnudms suosfquf`tfs dh @fof`kf`sgj  @fof`kf`sgj (dh Hutrh), h quf frm ukm purm “sfgrfáçh dh hram`iskh‛ — h arith — vmi trm`schrkmr-sf `ukm df máçhukm fspfgëcigm, m prikfirm f þ`igmfdhthr`mr-sf rfgék`msgidh. H arith vmi fspégif fxpfrikf`tmr “kutmáçh sia`icigm`tf‛ mpflh,, isth é, vmi mdquirir ukm cu`áçh sfgu`dírim df ghku`igmáçh, ukm mpflh cu`áçh sia`icigm`tfU63[. M rfsphstm dh Hutrh vmi mssik thr`mr phssëvfl m mssu`áçh, phr pmrtf dm grim`ám, df uk prikfirh sia`icigm`tf pmrm sf cmzfr rfprfsf`tmr nu`th mhs hutrhs sia`icigm`tfs. Wfrí f`tçh uk sia`icigm`tf dh Hutrh (W? — h sia`icigm`tf dm rfsphstm) quf vmi, `uk khvikf`th m phstfrihri, phstfrihri, cmzfr dh arith uk sia`icigm`tf, W= (h sia`icigm`tf quf vmi rfprfsf`tmr h sunfith f tmkoék h sia`icigm`tf dm dfkm`dm) U61[. Ghk fssm kutmáçh sia`icigm`tf, kuitms gh`sfquî`gims dfgisivms tfrçh luamr. H sunfith jukm`h f`trm mahrm `h tfrrf`h dms trhgms prhprimkf`tf siko÷ligms, h quf ikpligm quf sums prhgurms df smtiscmáçh cuturm dfvfrçh dmë fk dim`tf sfr cfitms `h i`tfrihr dfssm hrdfk. Ghk fcfith, mp÷s h crmgmssh dm smtiscmáçh mlugi`mt÷rim, `çh rfstm â grim`ám sf`çh sf cimr `m smtiscmáçh trmzidm pflh Hutrh. Mlék dissh, sf quisfrkhs sfr kmis prfgishs `h quf gh`gfr`f mh vhgmoulírih gh`gfituml utilizmdh, m grim`ám `çh sf thr`m sunfith sunfith sf`çh  sf`çh mtrmvés dm mprhprimáçh sia`icigm`tf. Df cmth, é qum`dh h arith thr`m-sf mpflh, thr`m-sf dfkm`dm,, quf m grim`ám sf thr`m uk sunfith, h mpflh sf`dh sfu afsth prikfirh dfkm`dm f cu`dmdhr. H mpflh é ukm dfkm`dm mh Hutrh, f sum rfsphstm tfk ukm cu`áçh df rfgh`jfgikf`th rfgh`jfgikf`th.. M pmrtir dfssm trhgm prikhrdiml, sfus dfsti`hs — dm grim`ám f dh Hutrh — fstmrçh i`tikmkf`tf ikorigmdhs, uk `h hutrh. Hrm, `çh é sf`çh mp÷s m gh`stituiáçh dh sunfith quf sf phdf vfrdmdfirmkf`tf cmlmr df uk sistfkm i`gh`sgif`tf. Lfkorfkh-`hs quf ukm dms dfci`iáöfs lmgm`im`ms pmrm h Igs é nustmkf`tf> “h i`gh`sgif`tf é h disgursh dh Hutrh‛. ]ufr dizfr, `çh jí i`gh`sgif`tf m`tfs dm f`trmdm irrfkfdiívfl dh Hutrh `m vidm dh sunfith. @çh jí i`gh`sgif`tf m`tfs dm kutmáçh sia`icigm`tf. M gmusmlidmdf quf gh`gfr`f âs rfprfsf`tmáöfs i`gh`sgif`tfs, ms Wmgjvhrstfllu`af`, Wmgjvhrstfllu`af` , sfrídf mssik mtrmvfssmdm pflm i`cluî`gim dh`mHutrh, hrdfk siko÷ligm. Dith hutrm chrkm, ms rfprfsf`tmáöfs-ghism, kfdidmpflm fk

 

quf flms `çh mpf`ms mrtigulmk WG= f WG?, kms tmkoék cixmk ms kmrgms, hs sia`hs dfixmdhs pflh Hutrh `hs gmki`jhs df smtiscmáçh, fstms rfprfsf`tmáöfs hram`izmk-sf dfsdf ní f`qum`th gmdfim mrtigulmdm, gmdfim sia`icigm`tf. Sfkhs mssik quf m rfdf df Omj`u`af` Omj`u`af`,, tml ghkh suafriu Lmgm`U6:[, é ukm rfdf sia`icigm`tf f phrtm`th gh`struëdm sfau`dh sums lfis. H gërgulh cfgjm-sf f`tçh. Ms rfprfsf`tmáöfs-ghism i`gh`sgif`tfs phdfk sfr lfaitikmkf`tf gjmkmdms df “rfprfsf`tmáöfs‛ ukm vfz quf flms hotîk sum “u`idmdf‛ mtrmvés dm mrtigulmáçh gmusml sia`icigm`tf, isth é, mtrmvés dh dfsfnhU69[  (h quml ikorigm h Hutrh `m fxpfriî`gim df smtiscmáçh). Dfstf khdh, dirfkhs quf ms rfprfsf`tmáöfs-ghism sçh, sik, dh rfaistrh dh Igs. Df sum pmrtf, h rfaistrh dh RGs gh`tfrim, fcftivmkf`tf, `ukm gfrtm kfdidm, m rfprfsf`tmáçh-ghism kmis kmis   m ghrrfsph`df`tf rfprfsf`tmáçh-pmlmvrm (ní quf sfrim fstm m rftrm`sgriáçh pré-gh`sgif`tf> vë`gulh dms rfprfsf`tmáöfs-pmlmvrm mh kmtfriml psëquigh dh Igs). Gh`tudh, `çh sfrim sf`çh ghk h vë`gulh dms rfprfsf`tmáöfs-pmlmvrm quf ms rfprfsf`tmáöfs-ghism mdquiririmk ukm u`idmdf gh`gfituml,, fstm i`fxistf`tf `h i`gh`sgif`tf. Hrm, ms rfprfsf`tmáöfs-ghism ghk gh`gfituml u`idmdf gh`gfituml sçh nustmkf`tf ms rfprfsf`tmáöfs-honfth rfprfsf`tmáöfs-honfth,, ms qumis phdfk thr`mr-sf gh`sgif`tfs pflh i`tfrkédih dms pmlmvrms. Tfk-sf, dfsdf f`tçh, ukm duplm vm`tmafk `fstm disti`áçh f`trf Wmgjvhrstfllu`af`   f Honfetvhrstfllu`af` Wmgjvhrstfllu`af` Honfetvhrstfllu`af`.. M prikfirm é m dflikitmáçh df pfrtf`gikf`th dms rfprfsf`tmáöfs m sistfkms disti`ths f, m pmrtir dmë, m sfau`dm, m smofr, m phssioilidmdf df ljfs vi`gulmr dicfrf`tfs prhprifdmdfs U32[. Ghk fcfith, ghkh sf smof pflh fxmkf dhs sh`jhs, ms rfprfsf`tmáöfs i`gh`sgif`tfs sçh kuith kmis kmlfívfis dh quf mquflms pré-gh`sgif`tfs. Ms prikfirms tîk arm`df cmgilidmdf pmrm sf gh`df`smr ukms `ms hutrms, pmrm trhgmr flfkf`ths, f`qum`th quf ms rfprfsf`tmáöfs pré-gh`sgif`tfs km`tîk fk afrml sum fstruturm, sfu gmrítfr i`vmrim`tf mdquiridh phr i`tfrkédih dm rfprfsf`tmáçh-pmlmvrm, dh sia`icigm`tf. É fstm fstruturm kmis hu kf`hs “chrkml‛ quf `÷s gjmkmkhs “u`idmdf gh`gfituml‛U3=[. _iahrhsmkf`tf, f`tçh, ms rfprfsf`tmáöfs-ghism, fssf`gimlkf`tf i`gh`sgif`tfs — mp÷s tfrfk fxpfrikf`tmdh m rftrm`sgriáçh dh RGs pflh vë`gulh âs rfprfsf`tmáöfs-pmlmvrm — dçh luamr âs rfprfsf`tmáöfs-honfth, fstms sf`dh dhtmdms df u`idmdf gh`gfituml f phdf`dh thr`mr-sf gh`sgif`tfs. Mlék dissh, pmrm ukm þltikm disti`áçh, mgrfsgf`tmr quf h prhgfssh gmrmgtfrëstigh df dfsgmram `h `÷s `ëvflphdfrëmkhs i`gh`sgif`tf é h prhgfssh

 

prikírih, isth é, ms rfprfsf`tmáöfs-ghism tfrimk phr cik m dfsgmram mtrmvés dm idf`tidmdf df pfrgfpáçhU3?[. Rhr sum vfz, ms rfprfsf`tmáöfs-honfth, dhtmdms df ukm u`idmdf gh`gfituml, phdfk sfr liamdms uk prhgfssh df pf`smkf`th udigmtivh f tf`tmr prhgfdfr m ukm dfsgmram pflm idf`tidmdf df pf`smkf`th, prhgfssh sfgu`dírih phrtm`th. Fstm é `hssm tf`tmtivm df shluáçh, `hssm jip÷tfsf df trmomljh.  

_ FML FML F WIKO×LIGH Mté h prfsf`tf, sfrvikh-`hs prmtigmkf`tf mpf`ms df gh`gfiths thkmdhs â horm crfudim`m. M rmzçh é quf, mp÷s tfr cfith ukm dflikitmáçh riahrhsm `h i`tfrihr dh qumdrh gh`gfituml crfudim`h, fstmkhs mahrm fk phsiáçh df i`sfrir hs gh`gfiths lmgm`im`hs df khdh quf flfs tmkoék sf phssmk of`fcigimr dms dfpurmáöfs prfgfdf`tfs. Ghk fcfith, sf sf gh`sidfrm quf m horm fkprff`dfu ukuk rfthr`h mhs gh`gfiths crfudim`hs,mhé fvidf`tf quflmgm`im`m fsglmrfgikf`ths cfiths df lmdh fstf`dfk-sf chráhsmkf`tf hutrh. Mssik, é gjfamdh h khkf`th df fstf`dfr ms dflikitmáöfs ní cfitms mh u`ivfrsh gh`gfituml lmgm`im`h. Mlaukms li`jms mgikm, vikhs quf m chrkmáçh dh mpmrfljh psëquigh, sum divisçh fk dicfrf`tfs sistfkms, ghkfám prhprimkf`tf mp÷s mp÷s m  m kutmáçh sia`icigm`tf, mp÷s m f`trmdm dh sunfith `m hrdfk siko÷ligm. Isth é ghrrfth, kms `hs é `fgfssírih mahrm cmzfr m mrtigulmáçh dfstf cmth ghk m disti`áçh m`tfrihr f`trf pulsçh f psiquiskh, f`trf hs trmáhs k`îkighs f`qum`th Qmjr`fjku`aszfigjf` Qmjr`fjku`aszfigjf`   f hs trmáhs k`îkighs f`qum`th rfprfsf`tmáöfs hram`izmdms `ukm rfdf sia`icigm`tf. Mlék dissh, `hs é `fgfssírih mrtigulmr tudh isth ghk h gh`gfith df rfml rfml,, sfk h quml h gh`gfith df siko÷ligh `çh phdf mdquirir thdh sfu mlgm`gf. Hrm, mgh`tfgf quf ms fquivmlî`gims f`trf pulsçh f ]` livrf df uk lmdh, f f`trf psiquiskh f ]` liamdm (qufr dizfr, tfrrf`h dms Omj`u`af` Omj`u`af`,, gmkph sia`icigm`tf) dh hutrh, `hs pfrkitfk ní mvm`ámr `m dirfáçh df ukm dflikitmáçh omstm`tf riahrhsm dh rfml fk rflmáçh mh siko÷ligh siko÷ligh.. Dfci`mkhs df i`ëgih h rfml ghkh h quf fstí chrm dh siko÷ligh, isth é, h quf rfstm df i`mssikilívfl i`mssikilívfl pflm  pflm li`aumafk, pflm rfdf sia`icigm`tf f, phrtm`th, pflh psiquiskh. Mlék dissh, gmrmgtfrizfkhs m hrdfk siko÷ligm

 

ghkh h gmkph h`df prfgismkf`tf sf mrtigulmk hs sia`icigm`tfs, ghkh h gmkph dhs fcfiths df li`aumafk. Mssik, h psiquiskh, `m kfdidm fk quf sum gh`stituiáçh sf cmz fk tfrkhs df mrtigulmáçh sia`icigm`tf, dfvf sfr pf`smdh ghkh sf`dh U37[

dirftmkf`tf ghfrf`tf trioutírihghk dm hrdfk . F isth — — mé thtmlkf`tf `hssm siko÷ligm mcirkmáçh m`tfrihr quflfkorfkh-`hs fstmoflfgim quf i`muaurmáçh dh psiquiskh frm gh`ghkitm`tf â f`trmdm dh Hutrh, â mssikilmáçh dhs trmáhs k`îkighs `ukm gmdfim sia`icigm`tf. I`vfrsmkf`tf, m pulsçhU34[  dfvf sfr ditm dh lmdh dh rfml, `m kfdidm fk quf flm rfstm irrfdutëvfl irrfdutëvfl â  â mrtigulmáçh sia`icigm`tf quf thkm luamr `h psiquiskh, `m kfdidm fk quf flm ljf dfkm`dm trmomljh f, mh kfskh tfkph, cigm chrm dh psiquiskh. Hrm, sf m pulsçh é ditm rfml rfml,, isth fquivmlfrim m dizfr quf `÷s `çh tfkhs mgfssh dirfth m flm, kms s÷ phdfkhs tî-lh mtrmvés df sfus rfprfsf`tm`tfs, h quf é fxmtmkf`tf fxmtmkf`tf   h quf dizfk Crfud f Lmgm` m prhp÷sith df sum dfci`iáçhU36[. F kmis> phdfkhs dizfr quf, sf m pulsçh é idf`ticigmdm â ]` livrf (qum`tidmdf i`mrtigulmdm, phrtm`th), sfus rfprfsf`tm`tfs `çh phdfk f`tçh sfr dmdhs sf`çh pflh cmth kfskh dms qum`tidmdfs liamdms fk rfdf. Ghk fcfith, hs dhis rfprfsf`tm`tfs dm pulsçh —  tm`th m rfprfsf`tmáçh prhprimkf`tf ditm (dif ( dif Shrstfllu`a) Shrstfllu`a) qum`th h mcfth —  sçh fcftivmkf`tf dfpf`df`tfs dfstm gmpturm, dfstm liamáçh fk gmdfim. Hrm, sf h cmth df sfr gmpturmdm pflh psiquiskh fquivmlf m sfr mrtigulmdm `ms Omj`u`af`,, f sf ms Omj`u`af` Omj`u`af` Omj`u`af`   fk gh`nu`th `çh sçh sf`çh gmdfims sia`icigm`tfs, `÷s gjfamkhs f`tçh â gh`glusçh i`fvitívfl df quf h vfrdmdfirh dfsti`h dms pulsöfs, df sfus rfprfsf`tm`tfs, m`tfs m`tfs   kfskh kfskh   df thdm phssioilidmdf df dfsgmram sfr gh`sidfrmdm, é thr`mr-sf mrtigulmáçh sia`icigm`tf, é thr`mr-sf li`aumafk. li`aumafk. F fis mqui gh`struëdm m ph`tf f`trf hs dhis tfrrit÷rihs tçh disti`ths ghkh h sçh h siko÷ligh f h rfml. Fstf — crfquf`tfkf`tf tçh dicëgil df situmr f dfci`ir — am`jm mahrm sum prikfirm dflikitmáçh gh`gfituml> h rfml é h quf é i`mssikilívfl, i`mrtigulívfl pflh psiquiskh. Flf `çh sf phdf thr`mr mrtigulmáçh f, phrtm`th, `çh sf phdf thr`mr rfprfsf`tmáçh> flf é mssik h ikphssëvfl m dizfr.  

 

Ahzh> m smtiscmáçh rfml f h kmis-df-ahzmr @hssm disti`áçh f`trf rfml f siko÷ligh phdf sfr mahrm mpligmdm â qufstçh dm smtiscmáçh. Wf thkmkhs m fxpfriî`gim df smtiscmáçh hriai`írim, tfkhs dhis plm`hs disti`ths m gh`sidfrmr> h fixh fixh   rfml rfml,, mquflf quf gh`duz U33[

dirftmkf`tf df WG= m df WG?dfsgmram, 5 f h fixh fixh  siko÷ligh, , mquflf mgmrrftmf uk dfsvih dfsvih    `hs gmki`jhs uk  siko÷ligh rftmrdmkf`th  rftmrdmkf`th   dm quf smtiscmáçh rhlh`amkf`th dhs rhlh`amkf`th  dhs triljmkf`ths. H fixh WG=-WG? phdf sfr pf`smdh ghkh ghkuk mhs jhkf`s f mhs m`ikmis. É h fixh dm smtiscmáçh rfml, dm dfsgmram fcftivm, fvmgumáçh rfml dm qum`tidmdf dh hram`iskh. Vkm dfsgmram ghkplftm ghkplftm   df ] dh hram`iskh h gh`duzirim mh fstmdh i`hraï`igh, isth é, i`m`ikmdh, khrth. Dfstf khdh, uk ikpulsh quf pfdf pmrm sf livrmr df thdm thdm   qum`tidmdf quf fxistf `h sistfkm hraï`igh ofk phdfrim sfr gjmkmdh “i`sti`th (hu pulsçh) df khrtf‛ U31[  hu “tf`dî`gim mh rfthr`h mh i`m`ikmdh‛, ghkh h dfsgrfvfu Crfud. Rmrm pfrkm`fgfr fk vidm, phrtm`th, `f`juk hram`iskh phdf fliki`mr thdm m qum`tidmdf, thdm tf`sçh i`tfrihr. @h m`ikml, m pmssmafk df WG= m WG? cmz-sf phr i`tfrkédih df hpfrmáöfs ikmai`írims. Isth qufr dizfr quf h m`ikml gmptm ukm chrkm, ukm Afstmlt   `m `mturfzm, f isth dfsf`gmdfim ukm rfmáçh mprhprimdm. Tm`th m chrkm  `m qum`th m rfmáçh, phdfkhs dizfr quf flms fstmvmk ní prffstmoflfgidms, préghdicigmdms (fk arm`df pmrtf) af`ftigmkf`tf. H m`ikml gh`jfgf prfvimkf`tf sfu honfth mdfqumdh f smof ghkh mair dim`tf dflf. Mlék dissh, dfvidh mh cmth df quf h kfgm`iskh df dfsf`gmdfmkf`th fstí kmis hu kf`hs prh`th, m dfsgmram df smtiscmáçh `h m`ikml é tçh ghkplftm qum`th phssëvfl, flm sfé kíxikm. Hu sfnm, h m`ikml phdf livrmr-sf df thdm qum`tidmdf quf `çh gh`fgtm ghk m km`utf`áçh df sums cu`áöfs vitmis. @h gmsh dh jhkfk, tudh sf pmssm dicfrf`tfkf`tf. Mh jhkfk cmltm h honfth mdfqumdh, pré-dftfrki`mdh. M pmssmafk df WG= m WG? cmz-sf mssik hu hu dirftmkf`tf,  dirftmkf`tf, vim mlugi`máçh, hu hu —  — `h gmsh df crmgmssh dfstm vim —  i`dirftmkf`tf, phr i`tfrkédih dh siko÷ligh. @fstf gmsh, jí thdm ukm gh`struáçh df gmki`jhs i`tfrkfdiírihs, gmki`jhs quf sfrvfk mh kfskh tfkph pmrm rftfr rftfr   m qum`tidmdf f pmrm i`digmr i`digmr   ms vims prfcfrf`gimis df U3:[ smtiscmáçh .

 

M prfsf`ám dh siko÷ligh ikpligm ní dums dums   ghisms kuith ikphrtm`tfs. M prikfirm  prikfirm   é quf m smtiscmáçh jukm`m `çh phdf sfr mti`aidm sf`çh m pmrtir df uk lh`ah dfsvih. Fstf dfsvih ikpligm, phr sum vfz, rftf`áçh df qum`tidmdf, df tf`sçh f, fk gh`sfquî`gim, diki`uiáçh df pmrtf dms phssioilidmdfs df dfsgmram fcftivm. Isth qufr dizfr quf m dfsgmram `h jhkfk é arm`dfkf`tf i`ghkplftm, sfkprf fk ukm tf`sçhkhvikf`th. suonmgf`tfFkâ smtiscmáçh, h quf km`ték h rfstm`dh mpmrfljh psëquigh pfrpétuh hutrhs tfrkhs, m smtiscmáçh hotidm mtrmvés dhs triljmkf`ths siko÷lighs é sfkprf pmrgiml  pmrgiml,, ní quf jí sfkprf ukm ghtm df f`fraim quf pfrkm`fgf mprisih`mdmU39[  `h psiquiskh. Fstf rfsth rfsth   quf pfrkm`fgf mtivh `h psiquiskh, Lmgm` h flmohrm sho h gh`gfith df honfth m. H honfth m  vmi am`jmr vírims dfci`iáöfs durm`tf m horm df Lmgm`. Dums df`trf flms `hs i`tfrfssmk kmis> h honfth m ghkh “gmusm dh dfsfnh‛ f h honfth m ghkh “kmis-df-ahzmr‛. Fssms dums vfrsöfs sfrçh fsglmrfgidms phr i`tfrkédih dfstm `háçh df “rfsth mtivh‛ `h psiquiskh. Ghk fcfith, `m kfdidm fk quf fstf rfsth mtivh i`digm ukm i`smtiscmáçh  gh`të`umU12[, flf phdf sfr dith prhvhgmdhr i`smtiscmáçh gh`të`um dh dfsfnh, h quf khoilizm h mpmrfljh psëquigh â prhgurm df `hvms smtiscmáöfs, df `hvhs honfths `h ku`dh fxtfrihr. Df hutrh lmdh, h honfth m  f`qum`th kmis-df-ahzmr phdf sfr kfljhr ghkprff`didh `m kfdidm fk quf sf f`cmtizm sfu mspfgth df fxgfdf`tf fxgfdf`tf.. Df cmth, é m Kmrx f m sfu gh`gfith df kmis kmis--vmlim quf Lmgm` cmz rfcfrî`gim f jhkf`mafk ghk sfu “kmis-df-ahzmr‛. H quf h gh`gfith kmrxistm ghlhgm fk fvidî`gim é h cmth df quf, mp÷s thdm hpfrmáçh gmpitmlistm, jí sfkprf uk rfsth, uk fxgfdf`tf quf pöf df `hvh fk khvikf`th h sistfkm. Isth é, h prhlftírih, mtrmvés df sfu trmomljh, prhduz uk vmlhr fxgfdf`tf quf `çh ljf é rfstituëdh `h sfu smlírih. Fstf vmlhr fxgfdf`tf é mprhprimdh pflh gmpitmlistm, quf h rfi`vfstf `h girguith df prhduáçhU1=[, afrm`dh mi`dm kmis kmis--vmlim vmlim.. Hrm, h honfth m  f`qum`th kmis-df-ahzmr f`cmtizm ustmkf`tf fstf khvikf`th pfrpétuh f i`ci`ith dfstm qum`tidmdf quf pfrkm`fgf rftidm `h psiquiskh sfk sf phdfr fvmgumr ghkplftm f mdfqumdmkf`tfU1?[. Fstm “i`mdfqumáçh‛ fstí, fvidf`tfkf`tf, liamdm mh cmth df quf m pulsçh `çh tfk honfth pré-dfci`idh df smtiscmáçh. Wfk uk honfth mdfqumdh m rihri,, é prfgish flfaî-lh m pmrtir dm fxpfriî`gim hriai`írim df smtiscmáçh. rihri Mssik, `hssh prikfirh honfth df smtiscmáçh sfrí trm`schrkmdh `h honfth privilfaimdh, h quml dfvfrí sfr prikfirh, rff`gh`trmdh `ms smtiscmáöfs M pulsçh hrdf`m h rff`gh`trh dh honfth h rff`gh`trh df dmscuturms. Di`a, pmrm Di`a, quf m

 

smtiscmáçh prikhrdiml sfnm rfpftidm. Gh`tudh, fstm rfpftiáçh lhah rfvflm-sf ikphssëvfl. Ghk fcfith, dm ikprfssçh df smtiscmáçh hriai`írim, `çh rftfkhs sf`çh gfrths trmáhs, hs qumis, mlék df sfrfk hram`izmdhs `ukm rfdf df gmki`jhs dicfrf`gimis, fxpfrikf`tmk mi`dm rfkm`fnmkf`ths sugfssivhs sfau`dh h dfsf`vhlvikf`th dh mpmrfljh psëquigh. Ghk isth, f`trf h quf sf prhgurm rfpftir h vmi qufkfskh sf rfpftf i`stmurm-sf uk jimth U17[ i`supfrívfl, jimthfquf cu`dmrfcftivmkf`tf, h cmthr pulsih`ml .    Dms Di`a> uk curh rfml `h gf`trh dh mpmrfljh psëquigh

Kms phr quf é `fgfssírim m fxistî`gim df uk jimth hu df ukm dfcmsmafk f`trf h honfth prhgurmdh f h honfth f`gh`trmdh8 Vkm vfz kmis, h rfgursh mh F`twurc   F`twurc    `hs é df arm`df vmlim. Lí, Crfud `hs diz quf m prikfirm  `hs mprff`sçh dm rfmlidmdf pflh sunfith é h @fof`kf`sgj h @fof`kf`sgj,, h ghkplfxh dh pr÷xikh. fcfith, é h @fof`kf`sgj quf  dh @fof`kf`sgj  quf thkm m sfu f`gmrah tmrfcm df suprir msGhk `fgfssidmdfs rfgék-`msgidh, f phrtm`th sums m prikfirms pfrgfpáöfs h i`glufk `fgfssmrimkf`tf. Fstf ghkplfxh dh pr÷xikh, h sunfith vmi dividi-lh fk dums dums   pmrtfs> ukm dflms é i`mssikilívfl i`mssikilívfl   f sf ikpöf phr sum gh`stï`gim (dms (dms Di`a)5 Di`a)5 f`qum`th m hutrm é vmriívfl f phdf sfr gh`jfgidm pflh sunfith (pflh fu)U14[. Kmis fspfgicigmkf`tf (utilizm`dh h vhgmoulírih cisigistm dh  F`twurc    pmrm `hs mnudmr `fstf prikfirh khkf`th), fstms dums pmrtfs sçh h `furô`ih m f h `furô`ih o. H prikfirh pfrtf`gf m ϊ (RWI) `þglfh `þglfh,, f h sfau`dh m  pmlliuk.  pmlliuk ϊ . Fstm i`digmáçh é ikphrtm`tf, phis flm ní i`digm phr quf h `furô`ih m é i`mssikilívfl, i`gha`hsgëvfl, f`qum`th quf h `furô`ih o  phdf sfr gh`jfgidh, phdf sfr honfth df mtriouiáçh f ghkpmrmáçh. Df cmth, h ϊ pmlliuk é m pmrtf dh sistfkm ϊ h`df sf vçh chrkmr ms rfprfsf`tmáöfs-pmlmvrm f, tmlvfz phr sum prhxikidmdf m ϖ (RJI), h`df sf vçh msshgimr ms qum`tidmdfs vi`dms dm pfrgfpáçh. Hu sfnm, h quf pfrkitf uk gh`jfgikf`th dh `furô`ih o  é sfu vë`gulh âs qumlidmdfs quf phdfk sfr mrtigulmdms `m rfdf sia`icigm`tf. Dh hutrh lmdh, h ϊ `þglfh é h sistfkm quf rfgfof hs fstëkulhs f`d÷af`hs, quf rfgfof dirftmkf`tf m prfssçh pulsih`ml. É flf quf tfk m rflmáçh kmis fstrfitm ghk h quf sf gjmkmk sf`smáöfs ghrphrmis, ghrphrmis, fstms tidms f`qum`th “orutms‛, qufr dizfr, rfmis rfmis..

 

Isth dith, `÷s phdfkhs rfthr`mr m uk vhgmoulírih kf`hs “cisihl÷aigh‛, “cisigistm‛. M ikphrtï`gim dfstm orfvf rfcfrî`gim mh F`twurc  , gh`tudh, fstí `h sf`tidh df i`digmr h`df rfsidf m irrfdutioilidmdf df dms Di`a, Di`a, sum ikphssioilidmdf df sfr mssikilmdm pflh psiquiskh f df sfr prhprimkf`tf gh`jfgidm. Hrm, ms gh`sfquî`gims hu i`digmáöfs quf phdfkhs tirmr dh pmríarmch mgikm é quffixh dms rfml Di`a Di`a  dfvf sfr situmdm fixh f`tçh dms sf`smáöfs ghrphrmis (WG=-WG?), rfml, ,  phrtm`th.  Dms  Dms Di`a  Di`a`h   dfvf sfr vistm ghkh h rfaistrh k`îkigh rfml dm smtiscmáçh flm kfskm, trmáh i`mssikilívfl phrquf `çh mrtigulmdh fk rfdf. Df hutrh lmdh, m hutrm pmrtf dh ghkplfxh dh pr÷xikh situm-sf `h fixh siko÷ligh, hu sfnm, `h fixh dms rfprfsf`tmáöfs qumlitmtivms dm fxpfriî`gim. Mssik, é shkf`tf mtrmvés dhs trmáhs k`îkighs dms qumlidmdfs dms pfrgfpáöfs quf fstm kfk÷rim rfml df smtiscmáçh phdf sfr msshgimdm âs hutrms rfprfsf`tmáöfs f thr`mr-sf i`tfarmdm, `uk gfrth sf`tidh, mh girguith siko÷ligh. Fk hutrhs tfrkhs> ms qumlidmdfs dms pfrgfpáöfs vçh msshgimr-sf â sf`smáçh ghrphrml df smtiscmáçh f vçh dmr luamr âs rfprfsf`tmáöfs-ghism i`gh`sgif`tfs. Fstms, df sfu lmdh, vçh chr`fgfr h kmtfriml prikírih pmrm hs cuturhs nuëzhs df mtriouiáçh, ní quf m rftrm`sgriáçh pré-gh`sgif`tf sf hpfrm prfgismkf`tf shorf fssms rfprfsf`tmáöfs i`gh`sgif`tfs. F, dfsdf quf ms rfprfsf`tmáöfs-pmlmvrm sçh vi`gulmdms m fstf kmtfriml, h sunfith phdf dflms tfr gh`sgiî`gim. Df hutrm pmrtf, jí dms Di`a, Di`a, quf é m pmrtf dm fxpfriî`gim df smtiscmáçh quf pfrkm`fgf ishlmdm pmrm h sunfith. Dms Di`a é, Di`a é, mssik, h trmáh rfml dm rfml  dm fxpfriî`gim dh @fof`kf`sgj,  @fof`kf`sgj, f phr isth flm rfstm sfkprf “ghkh sf`dh phr sum `mturfzm, fstrm`jm fstrm`jm  Crfkdf  Crfkdf)‛  ( )‛U16[. É `fstf sf`tidh quf dms Di`a phdf Di`a phdf sfr ditm m ghism kmis ë`tikm f pr÷xikm dh sunfith f, mh kfskh tfkph, m kmis kistfrihsm f dfsgh`jfgidm. Df cmth, f`qum`th liamdm â fxpfriî`gim df smtiscmáçh cu`dmkf`tml, flm é ë`tikm mh sunfith5 f`qum`th irrfdutëvfl â mrtigulmáçh sia`icigm`tf, flm fstí chrm dh siko÷ligh f phrtm`th é i`gha`hsgëvflU13[ Dms . Di`a  Di`a  é mssik uk curh rfmlU11[  `h i`tfrihr dh mpmrfljh psëquigh, curh fk thr`h dh quml thdms ms rfprfsf`tmáöfs, thdms ms Shrstfllu`af`,, df uk khdh hu df hutrh, armvitmkU1:[. H sunfith tf`tm Shrstfllu`af` f`gh`trmr dms Di`a, Di`a, kms flf `çh f`gh`trmrí sf`çh dif Wmgjf, dif Wmgjvhrstfllu`af`U19[. Sfkhs mahrm m rmzçh dh gmrítfr “`fgfssírih‛ dh jimth, dm

 

dfcmsmafk f`trf h honfth prhgurmdh f h honfth fcftivmkf`tf f`gh`trmdh> flf é dfvidh â jftfrhaf`fidmdf jftfrhaf`fidmdf f`trf  f`trf h rfaistrh dh rfml f h rfaistrh dh siko÷ligh. Fstf jimth, phrtm`th, é h quf dí `msgikf`th mh honfth m  f, m chrtihri, chrtihri, mh dfsfnh. Df cmth, ghkh vikhs mgikm, m smtiscmáçh jukm`m é sfkprf pmrgiml f arm`dfkf`tf i`ghkplftm, h quf dfixm mtrís df gmdm dfsgmram uk rfsth mprisih`mdh `h mprisih`mdh  `h psiquiskh quf gh`ti`um m fxiair trmomljh. Fstf rfsth rfsth mtivh  mtivh é h honfth m, h kmis-df-ahzmr, h honfth gmusm dh dfsfnh, h khtivh kfskh dm fxistî`gim df uk dfsfnh sfkprf i`smtiscfith. F, `m vfrdmdf, m dfci`iáçh kfskm df dfsfnh fstí liamdm â sum i`smtiscmáçh cu`dmkf`tml, ní quf h dfsfnh é, flf kfskh, fstm fspégif df “jimth‛ quf fxistf f`trf sum gmusm f h honfth dfsfnmdh. Disth, phdfkhs tmkoék gh`gluir quf, sf`dh h quf gmusm h dfsfnh, h honfth m `çh é h vfrdmdfirh honfth, kms h quf ikpligm sum prhgurm U:2[. Hrm, ukm vfz quf h mgfssh â Ghism rfml é ikphssëvfl, `hs sfrí `fgfssírih prhgurmr honfths pmrm m smtiscmáçh pulsih`ml df`trh dm hrdfk siko÷ligm. Gh`tudh, h quf gmrmgtfrizm h siko÷ligh é nustmkf`tf h cmth df quf hs honfths më vmlfk ghkh sia`icigm`tfs f sf phdfk, phrtm`th, pfrkutmr u`s ghk hs hutrhs (dfsdf qum`dh jmnm mrtigulmáöfs quf h nusticiqufk). Hu sfnm, m hrdfk siko÷ligm i`stmurm uk rfi`h df hphsiáöfs f df fquivmlî`gims sia`icigm`tfs fk quf hs flfkf`ths f`gh`trmk sfus mtriouths, vmlhr f ikphrtï`gim `m `m   rflmáçh rflmáçh   i`trë`sfgm quf flfs mlikf`tmk u`s ghk hs hutrhs. Mssik, sf m pulsçh `çh tfk uk uk honfth  honfth (rfml) mdfqumdh f plf`h, flm vmi, phr hutrh lmdh, f`gh`trmr ukm i`ci`idmdf i`ci`idmdf   df honfths (siko÷lighs) pmrgimisU:=[. Fvidf`tfkf`tf, fstfs honfths, ukm vfz quf sfu dfsti`h fstí liamdh âs lfis dm li`aumafk, dfvfk sfr prhgurmdhs sfk gfssmr phr f`trf hs honfths dh gmkph disgursivh, quf sçh, mci`ml, hs honfths dh ku`dh jukm`h, hs honfths quf ghkpöfk sum (`hssm) rfmlidmdf. F fis fxpligitmdm m sfau`dm ikphrtm`tf ikpligmáçh dm prfsf`ám dh siko÷ligh, m smofr, m kultipligmáçh dhs honfths f dhs khdhs df smtiscmáçh dm pulsçh. Hrm, sf, mlék dissh, pf`smrkhs `m tf`dî`gim â rfpftiáçh ghkh m lfi suonmgf`tf m fstm hpfrmáçh kultipligmdhrm dh siko÷ligh, `÷s phdfkhs mcirkmr sfk kfdh, ghk Lmgm`, quf m cu`áçh df rfpftiáçh dfsfkpf`jm uk pmpfl moshlutmkf`tf cu`dmkf`tml `m fstruturmáçh dh ku`dh dhs honfths jukm`hsU:?[. Wf`dh mssik, vî-sf dfsdf lhah m `fgfssidmdf df sf mrtigulmr fssfs dicfrf`tfs mspfgths dh mpmrfljh psëquigh, ní quf m gh`stituiáçh dm rfmlidmdf pmrm h sunfith dmë dfrivm ghkplftmkf`tf. Df cmth, h quf hdhjhkfk mssukf f vivf jukm`h ghkh sf`dh sum rfmlidmdf dfpf`df i`fxhrmvflkf`tf khdh

 

pflh quml sfu psiquiskh mssikilm f i`tfrprftm h vividh df sums fxpfriî`gims. Hrm, mssikilmr ms fxpfriî`gims é, shorftudh, mrtigulí-lms sikohligmkf`tf, é hpfrmr uk rfghrtf siko÷ligh dh rfml. Df cmth, m rfmlidmdf jukm`m `çh é kmis dh quf isth> h cmth df uk rfghrtf pfrpétuh dh rfml pflh siko÷ligh> df uk rfml quf `çh gfssm df sf cmzfr i`sgrfvfr, kms tmkoék f shorftudh df uk rfml quf `çh gfssm df `çh `çh sf  sf dfixmr ghkplftmkf`tf i`sgrfvfr.

 

- II M _FMLIDMDF SMGILM@TF  

Mté h khkf`th, fxmki`mkhs h prhgfssh df gh`stituiáçh f hram`izmáçh dh mpmrfljh psëquigh `hs sfus mspfgths kmis afrmis> fxmki`mkhs sums lfis f prhgfdikf`ths oísighs mssik ghkh m chrkm pflm quml flf mrtigulm dhis rfaistrhs tçh jftfrhaî`fhs qum`th h rfml f h siko÷ligh. Sikhs quf, fkohrm h psiquiskh phssm sfr dith fstritmkf`tf siko÷ligh — `h sf`tidh lmgm`im`h dh tfrkh, isth é, fstruturmdh ghkh ukm li`aumafk —, uk rfml fstí sfkprf suonmgf`tf m fstm fstruturm siko÷ligm, uk rfml quf m suphrtm f m gmusm. Df cmth, h rfml pulsih`ml é h quf km`ték irriamdh h psiquiskh, mssik ghkh é tmkoék h rfml prfsf`tf fk dms Di`a  Di`a  quf cmz armvitmr ms Shrstfllu`af` Shrstfllu`af`   `ms sums tf`tmtivms ftfr`mkf`tf crmgmssmdms df rff`gh`trí-lm. Gh`tudh, é `fgfssírih mahrm i`vfstiamr `h dftmljf ms fstruturms i`tfr`ms dh psiquiskh, m i`tfr-rflmáçh df sums i`stï`gims `h quf diz rfspfith m fstf rfghrtf siko÷ligh dh rfml. É vfrdmdf quf ní cmlmkhs dh mom`dh`h dm vim mlugi`mt÷rim df smtiscmáçh f dm liamáçh ghkh m hpfrmáçh quf thr`m issh phssëvfl. Thdmvim, é `fgfssírih vfrkhs ghkh ghkh fxmtmkf`tf  fxmtmkf`tf h mpmrfljh psëquigh tfk sugfssh fk cmzî-lh, h quf ikpligm shorftudh m phssioilidmdf df disti`áçh f`trf h honfth mlugi`mdh f h honfth rfml, h honfth pfrgfoidh. Dizfr quf fstm disti`áçh sfrí phssëvfl armáms â liamáçh `çh omstm, ní quf jí kuiths hutrhs gh`gfiths f`vhlvidhs f hutrhs tm`ths prholfkms m rfshlvfr. Rhr fxfkplh, é moshlutmkf`tf i`dispf`sívfl cmzfr kf`áçh mh fu fu   ghkh m i`stï`gim psëquigm quf vmi mssukir fstm cu`áçh df i`ioiáçh dhs prhgfsshs prikírihs, `m kfdidm fk quf flf suraf ghkh uk dhs rfsultmdhs kmis ikphrtm`tfs dfstm hpfrmáçh df liamáçh. Dfstm chrkm, mh gh`trhlmr ms vims df fsghmkf`th dm f`fraim psëquigm, h fu sfrí gmpmz df dirfgih`í-lms privilfaimdmkf`tf pmrm ms pfrgfpáöfs, f `çh pmrm hs trmáhs k`îkighs, pmrm ms rfprfsf`tmáöfs df dfsfnh. Isth fquivmlf m dizfr quf pfrtf`gf mh fu m tmrfcm df disti`auir f`trf pfrgfpáçh f kfk÷rim, f`trf h ku`dh fxtfrihr f ku`dh i`tfrihr. Fstm tmrfcm, Crfud m gjmkm df prhvm  prhvm hu tfstf  tfstf  df rfmlidmdf. rfmlidmdf. É m pmrtir dmë quf h pri`gëpih  pri`gëpih dm rfmlidmdf  rfmlidmdf  mssukf h pmpfl pri`gipml `h cu`gih`mkf`th dh mpmrfljh psëquighU:7[.

 

Hrm, mgh`tfgf quf fstm prhvm df rfmlidmdf `çh é ghkplftmkf`tf gh`ciívfl. Fk kuitms situmáöfs, h gritérih quf m sustf`tm cmljm, f h mpmrfljh psëquigh `çh tfk sugfssh fk disti`auir h rfml dh mlugi`mdh. Isth phdf kfskh sf pmssmr tm`th fk uk i`divëduh `hrkml — phr fxfkplh, `h sh`jh — qum`th `uk i`divëduh pmthlhaigmkf`tf mcftmdh — phr fxfkplh, `m psighsf mlugi`mt÷rim. @÷s dfvfkhs f`tçh fxmki`mr ghkh ghkh   f sf  sf  m prhvm df rfmlidmdf phdf mssfaurmr m cu`áçh sfgu`dírim f pfrkitir quf sunfith i`tfrvf`jm mdfqumdmkf`tf `h ku`dh fxtfrihrU:4[. Hrm, pmrm isth, `hs sfrí `fgfssírih gh`jfgfr tm`th sfus ph`ths df mphih qum`th sfus ph`ths crmghs. Fstf gmpëtulh sfrí f`tçh gh`smarmdh m fsglmrfgfr thdhs fssfs mspfgths gh`gfr`f`tfs â i`cluî`gim dh pri`gëpih df rfmlidmdf `h psiquiskh.  

 

Liamáçh f h fu Crfud, fk sfu Dhis sfu Dhis  Rri`gëpihs   dh Cu`gih`mkf`th Kf`tml, Kf`tml, dfsgrfvf ghk gh`gisçh f prfgisçh h quf ikpligm h mom`dh`h dm smtiscmáçh vim mlugi`máçh. Flf diz quf m dfgfpáçh dfgfpáçh dim`tf dm musî`gim df smtiscmáçh rfml cmz U:6[ ghk quff htf`dfr mpmrfljh “rfprfsf`tmr ms girgu`stï`gims rfmis dh éku`dh fxtfrihr â sumdfgidm khdicigmáçh‛ . M ikpligmáçh dfstm dfgfpáçh duplm> dfvf-sf suphrtmr uk mukf`th dm tf`sçh mté quf m máçh fspfgëcigm phssm tfr luamr5 dfvf-sf mprf`dfr m disti`auir h rfml rf ml dh mlugi`mdh, h pfrgfoidh dh rfkfkhrmdh. Fstm disti`áçh phdf sfr mprff`didm, sfau`dh Crfud, ghk m mnudm dm gh`sgiî`gim gh`sgiî`gim   f dhs sia`hs df qumlidmdf  qumlidmdf  quf flm f`vim qum`dh shorfvék U:3[ ukm pfrgfpáçh . Fstfs sia`hs df qumlidmdf cu`gih`mk f`tçh ghkh sia`hs df rfmlidmdf,, ukm vfz quf flfs i`digmk mh fu m prfsf`ám fcftivm df uk honfth rfmlidmdf fxtfrihr. Df hutrh lmdh, `h quf diz rfspfith mh mukf`th df tf`sçh, ní smofkhs quf flf é thr`mdh suphrtívfl armáms mh kfgm`iskh df liamáçh. Hrm, h quf `çh

chi dithdf mtéfu f`tçh é quf h mgh`gfith liamáçh quf fstí vmi fstrfitmkf`tf âquflf fu, , nustmkf`tf i`stï`gimdfpsëquigm ghhrdf`mr rflmgih`mdh hs fschráhs df disti`áçh f`trf h dith ku`dh fxtfrihr f h dith ku`dh i`tfrihr. Ghkh f`tçh h fu sf chrkm f ghkh flf gjfam m dfsfkpf`jmr fssms cu`áöfs8 Sikhs quf m qum`tidmdf i`tfr`m quf ohkomrdfim h psëquigh é gmpturmdm mtrmvés dh kfgm`iskh df liamáçh f i`vfstikf`th. Mgh`tfgf quf fstm gh`tf`áçh cmrí ghk quf surnm uk gh`nu`th mrtigulmdh df trmáhs k`îkighs quf é gh`stm`tfkf`tf i`vfstidh U:1[. Wfrí fstf gh`nu`th, fstm prikfirm chrkm df hram`izmáçh, quf Crfud gjmkmrí df fu fu.. Thdmvim, h fu é, `fstf prikfirh khkf`th,  prikfirh khkf`th, shkf`tf uk fcfith fcfith dm  dm liamáçh, f `çh uk sfu maf`tf. @çh é sf`çh `uk sfau`dh sfau`dh   tfkph quf h fu thr`m-sf ukm hram`izmáçh gmpmz df dicfrf`gimr — m pmrtir dms i`digmáöfs df qumlidmdf rfgfoidms dm gh`sgiî`gimU::[ — ms ikmaf`s df kfk÷rim dms ikmaf`s df pfrgfpáçh. Fk phssfssçh dfstf gritérih gritérih df  df disti`áçh disti`áçh,, h fu phdf hrif`tmr m f`fraim psëquigm k÷vfl (gjmkmdm mtf`áçh mtf`áçh   psëquigm)  psëquigm   ) fk dirfáçh mh ku`dh fxtfrihr, sfk h  h quf quf ms  ms i`digmáöfs df rfmlidmdf `çh phdfrimk sfr hosfrvmdms. ]ufr dizfr, `çh omstm jmvfr hs kfihs df disti`auir f`trf pfrgfpáçh f kfk÷rim pmrm quf h mpmrfljh psëquigh fvitf h prhgfssh prikírih.

 

M`tfs, pmrm quf ms i`digmáöfs df qumlidmdf chr`fgidms pflm gh`sgiî`gim phssmk rfmlkf`tf tfr mlaukm utilidmdf, é prfgish df i`ëgih quf h prhgfssh prikírih ní  ní   tf`jm sidh  sidh  i`ioidh i`ioidh.. Fk hutrms pmlmvrms, m`tfs kfskh df tfr jmvidh ms i`digmáöfs prhvf`if`tfs dm pfrgfpáçh, h prhgfssh prikírih tfrim sidh ní dfsf`gmdfmdh, ghk m gh`sfquf`tf mlugi`máçh. É `fstf khkf`th quf h fu f`trm fk gf`m. Mtrmvés dh kfgm`iskh dm mtf`áçh mtf`áçh,, h fu phdf fstf`dfr sfu dhkë`ih df máçh prfgismkf`tf mhs triljmkf`ths quf sf i`tfrpöfk f`trf WG= f WG?, prhvhgm`dh uk dfsvih dm f`fraim k÷vfl fk dirfáçh âs qumlidmdfs prhvf`if`tfs dhs ÷raçhs sf`shrimis. Fstf dfsvih vmi nustmkf`tf ikpfdir m pmssmafk ikfdimtm df WG= m WG? f fvitmr mssik m mlugi`máçh, i`trhduzi`dh h “ikpérih‛ dh pri`gëpih dm rfmlidmdf f dh prhgfssh sfgu`dírih. É i`tfrfssm`tf `htmr quf h sunfith jukm`h mprf`df m disti`auir h honfth pfrgfoidh dh honfth mlugi`mdh ofk m`tfs df phdfr f`gmrrfamr-sf dm máçh fspfgëcigm. Df cmth, sfk h dfsf`vhlvikf`th khthr mprhprimdh, fstm pfrkm`fgf mi`dm mlauk tfkph `ms kçhs df hutrfk. Rhr fstm rmzçh, uk tfrgfirh khkf`thU:9[ dfvf sfr kf`gih`mdh. É h khkf`th fk quf h hram`iskh mdquiriu `çh mpf`ms h gritérih df disti`áçh, kms tmkoék sum muth`hkim khthrm. @fstm éphgm, flf dispöf ní df ukm phtf`tf gmpmgidmdf siko÷ligm (m pmrtir dm mprf`dizmafk dm li`aumafk), h quf h gh`duz m suostituir fcftivmkf`tf m prhgurm df smtiscmáçh mtrmvés dm idf`tidmdf df pfrgfpáçh phr mquflm kfdimdm phr uk prhgfssh nudigmtivh (mtrmvés dm idf`tidmdf df pf`smkf`th). É h khkf`th dm rftrm`sgriáçh pré-gh`sgif`tf, qum`dh h kmtfriml k`îkigh dh Igs (rfprfsf`tmáçh-ghism) é suosukidh âs gmtfahrims dm li`aumafk. H ku`dh gfssm df sfr ghkphsth u`igmkf`tf phr rfprfsf`tmáöfs “ikmaétigms‛ (Wmgjvhrstfllu`af` (Wmgjvhrstfllu`af`)) pmrm sfr dfci`itivmkf`tf jmoitmdh phr honfths gh`gfitumlkf`tf fstmoflfgidhs (Honfetvhrstfllu`af` (Honfetvhrstfllu`af`)) f phr `hkfs (Qhrtvhrstfllu`af` Qhrtvhrstfllu`af`). ). Fstm mquisiáçh dm li`aumafk dí mh fu mi`dm ukm hutrm vm`tmafk> flm ljf pfrkitf utilizmr ms i`digmáöfs df dfsgmram li`auëstigm (m pmrtir dms qumis h i`divëduh phdf thkmr gh`sgiî`gim dhs prhgfsshs df pf`smkf`th) ghkh suostituths dms i`digmáöfs df qumlidmdf pfrgfptivms. Mssik, fk utilizm`dh hs sia`hs li`auëstighs ghkh vfrdmdfirms pfrgfpáöfs, h fu phssioilidmdf f m vm`tmafk df `h prfkfditmr máöfsâm`tfs df fxfgutílms,am`jm h quf mljf dí ukm sfaurm`ám mdigih`ml quf gh`gfr`f utilizmáçh df sfu

 

gritérih df disti`áçhU92[.  

 

]VM@DH H G_ITÉ_IH CMLJM Gh`tudh, fstf gritérih `çh é tçh sfaurh f h`iprfsf`tf mssik. Jí situmáöfs fk quf flf `çh tfk sugfssh, f gmof m `÷s i`vfstiamr fk quf gh`diáöfs issh sf dí, sfnm `uk i`divëduh `hrkml, sfnm `uk i`divëduh pmthlhaigmkf`tf mcftmdh. H cf`ôkf`h privilfaimdh pmrmé fxmki`mr fstf prholfkm é h sh`jh. Df cmth, Crfud pf`sm quf h sh`jh uk cf`ôkf`h psëquigh quf `çh mpf`ms aumrdm aumrdm   sfkfljm`áms ghk hs fstmdhs pmthl÷aighs, kms quf tmkoék sikulm, df gfrtm chrkm, m km`firm prikitivm df cu`gih`mkf`th dh mpmrfljh psëquigh. Wfu fxmkf `hs pfrkitirí, mssik, pf`ftrmr uk phugh kmis `hs kistérihs dh psiquiskh jukm`h.  

I`ioiáçh f prhgfssh h`ërigh i`divëduh jí pflhuk kf`hs dums girgu`stï`gims fk quf h gritérih @uk df disti`áçh `çh`hrkml, tfk sugfssh> phr fxgfssh df i`vfstikf`th dh honfth df dfsfnh5 h hutrh `h prhgfssh h`ërigh. @h prikfirh gmsh, sf h honfth df dfsfnh é i`vfstidh fk dfkmsim, flf phdfrí sfr mtivmdh df km`firm mlugi`mt÷rim, prhduzi`dh f`tçh m kfskm i`digmáçh df dfsgmram hu df rfmlidmdf quf `h gmsh dm rfmlidmdf fxtfrihr. Mssik, pmrm quf jmnm ukm gfrtm sfaurm`ám `h gritérih df disti`áçh, é prfgish quf jmnm ukm i`ioiáçh i`ioiáçh   dh i`vfstikf`th dh honfth, ukm máçh quf rftmrdf hu ikpfám h prhgfssh mlugi`mt÷rih, pfrkiti`dh quf ms i`digmáöfs df rfmlidmdf gjfaufk dh mpmrfljh pfrgfptivh. Fstm i`ioiáçh, vikhs, é lfvmdm m gmoh pflh fu. M prhvm df U9=[ rfmlidmdf — f m gh`sfquf`tf dhs prhgfsshs prikírihs — é f`tçh ukm df sums pri`gipmis i`stituiáöfsi`ioiáçh .

]um`dh h i`divëduh dhrkf, f`trftm`th, h fu rfghljf ukm arm`df pmrtf df sfus i`vfstikf`ths, hs qumis sfrçh rfstmoflfgidhs mpf`ms `h dfspfrtmr. Hrm, `m musî`gim df i`ioiáçh dm pmrtf dh fu, `mdm ikpfdf quf ms rfprfsf`tmáöfs h`ërigms tf`jmk uk gmrítfr mlugi`mt÷rih, qufr dizfr, quf flms dfspfrtfk m gh`sgiî`gim (ghk qumlidmdf df pfrgfpáçh) f sfnmk mghkpm`jmdms df grf`ám. H gmrítfr mlugi`mt÷rih dh sh`jh mgmom mssik phr khstrmr (=) quf é df cmth h fu quf cu`gih`m ghkh suphrtf dm dicfrf`ám f`trf h rfml f h irrfml5 f (?) quf tml dicfrf`ám é uk phugh prfgírim, phis omstm quf mlaukm ghism cmám ghk quf h fu rftrmim sfus i`vfstikf`ths pmrm quf m prhvm

 

df rfmlidmdf tf`jm sum grfdioilidmdf chrtfkf`tf mkfmámdm.  

 

H prholfkm dm qumlidmdf f dm khtrigidmdf Gh`tudh, m m`ílisf dh sh`jh ghlhgm mi`dm hutrhs prholfkms. Ghk fcfith, `÷s vikhs quf, pmrm Crfud, h ph`th df mphih pmrm dicfrf`gimr h ku`dh fxtfrihr dh ku`dh i`tfrihr frmk hs sia`hs df qumlidmdf quf m gh`sgiî`gim chr`fgim mh F`trftm`th, fu, h quml hs utilizmvm ghkh i`digmáöfs i`tfrmáçh ghk h ku`dh fxtfrihr. mgh`tfgf quf, `h sh`jh, jí m df prhduáçh df qumlidmdf, m gh`sgiî`gim é dfspfrtmdm f h fu mgrfditm quf flf fstí dim`tf df ukm rfmlidmdf fcftivm. Fk hutrms pmlmvrms, h fu mtrioui vfrdmdf f grf`ám â rfmlidmdf df viaëlim tm`th qum`th â rfmlidmdf prhduzidm `h sh`jh. Hrm, sf flf vivf mkoms ghkh rfmlidmdfs, h quf é quf ljf pfrkitf dfgidir quf, fk ukm dflms, flf dfvf (phdf) i`tfrvir vim máçh khthrm f `m hutrm flf `çh phdf cmzî-lh8 M rfsphstm pmrfgf sikplfs> qum`dh h fu rftrmi sfus i`vfstikf`ths, h RGs rftirm m phssioilidmdf df khtrigidmdf. Wfrim phr issh quf `çh i`tfrvikhs pflm máçh khthrm durm`tf h sh`jh. F`trftm`th, fstm rfsphstm `çh é ghkplftmkf`tf smtiscmt÷rim. Ghk fcfith, pmrm nusticigmr quf é ikphrtm`tf rftirmr m khtrigidmdf durm`tf h sh`jh, é prfgish df i`ëgih quf tf`jmkhs ní mprf`didh quf `h sh`jh sf trmtm fcftivmkf`tf df mlugi`máöfs, f `çh df pfrgfpáöfs rfmis. Hrm, fssf gritérih rfphusmvm, mté h khkf`th, shorf m utilizmáçh dms i`digmáöfs df qumlidmdf chr`fgidms pflm gh`sgiî`gim pmrm h fu, kms mgh`tfgf prfgismkf`tf quf `h sh`jh m gh`sgiî`gim prhduz tmis  prhduz tmis i`digmáöfs df qumlidmdf. Rhrtm`th, h gritérih `çh phdf kmis cu`gih`mr (ghk sfaurm`ám). Kms sf h gritérih `çh cu`gih`m kmis, ghkh h fu phdfrim smofr quf `÷s fstmkhs sh`jm`dh f ikpfdir, sfk cmljm, h mgfssh â khtrigidmdf8 Vkm ghism pmrfgf gfrtm> gfrtm> m rfsphstm `çh phdf kmis sfr dmdm shkf`tf fk tfrkhs dms i`digmáöfs df qumlidmdf chr`fgidms pflm gh`sgiî`gim. *** Tml qufstçh pöf-sf tmkoék `h qumdrh dm psighsf. H psig÷tigh é tidh ghkh mquflf pmrm qufk, prfgismkf`tf, m prhvm df rfmlidmdf `çh prhduz hs fcfiths dfsfnmdhs. Fk ukm pmlmvrm, h psig÷tigh `çh é kmis gmpmz df rfmlizmr df km`firm smtiscmt÷rim m i`ioiáçh dhs prhgfsshs prikírihs f mlugi`m kfskh durm`tf m viaëlim. Gh`tudh, kfskh sf flf `çh gh`tm ghk uk ohk cu`gih`mkf`th df sfu gritérih df disti`áçh, h psig÷tigh gjfam mssik kfskh m “smofr‛ quf flf fstí sh`jm`dh. Df cmth, fkohrm flf sfnm i`gmpmz df i`ioir hs

 

prhgfsshs prikírihs durm`tf m viaëlim, h cmth é quf flf pmrmlism sum khtrigidmdf durm`tf h sh`h f hs sh`jhs. M qufstçh é f`tçh m kfskm> ghkh h fu dh psig÷tigh smof quf flf fstí sh`jm`dh8 Ghkh flf phdf gjfamr m disti`auir m mlugi`máçh df viaëlim dm mlugi`máçh h`ërigm8 @hssm þ`igm gfrtfzm é df quf flf fcftivmkf`tf h smof, ní quf flf olhqufim — mssik ghkh h `hrkml hu h `fur÷tigh — h mgfssh â khtrigidmdf. _fstm-`hs smofr ci`mlkf`tf ghkh. H prholfkm rfsukf-sf f`tçh â qufstçh> sf h gritérih df disti`áçh `çh cu`gih`m durm`tf h sh`jh, ghkh h fu phdf mprf`dfr m olhqufmr m khtrigidmdf8 Df gfrtm km`firm, m shluáçh ní fstmvm gh`tidm `m qufstçh, dfsdf quf flm chssf cfitm df hutrm chrkm. Df cmth, sf pfrau`tmrkhs quml é m dicfrf`ám f`trf h fstmdh df viaëlim f h fstmdh h`ërigh, rfsph`dfrfkhs ikfdimtmkf`tf quf é m hglusçh dhs sf`tidhs f m gh`sfquf`tf i`tfrrupáçh dhs fstëkulhs pfrgfptivhs. M dicfrf`ám quf pmrfgf fssf`giml f`trf m viaëlim f h sh`h é, phrtm`th, m i`tfrrupáçh dh f`vih df dmdhs pflhs sf`tidhs, f `çh fxmtmkf`tf m prhduáçh df qumlidmdf hu h dfspfrtmr dm gh`sgiî`gim. É prfgish cmzfr ofk m dicfrf`ám. É vfrdmdf vfrdmdf   quf m gmdm vfz quf jí pfrgfpáçh, jí tmkoék gh`sgiî`gim. Kms m rfgëprhgm `çh é    vfrdmdfirm, ní quf jí gh`sgiî`gim durm`tf  vfrdmdfirm, h sh`jh, sfk sfk  jmvfr jmvfr pfrgfpáçh.  pfrgfpáçh. Mssik, pmrfgf ikphr-sf m gh`glusçh sfaui`tf> h quf vmi vfrdmdfirmkf`tf pfrkitir mh fu disti`auir m qumlidmdf df viaëlim dm qumlidmdf h`ërigm é m musî`gim df ghku`igmáçh  f`trf hs ÷raçhs dhs sf`tidhs ghku`igmáçh f`trf (ch`tf dhs fstëkulhs fx÷af`hs) f h mpmrfljh psëquigh, phrtm`th f`trf ϖ (RJI) f ω (ÔKFAM)U9?[. Fstí f`tçh më mquilh quf sustf`tm vfrdmdfirmkf`tf h gritérih df disti`áçh f`trf pfrgfpáçh f kfk÷rim> gh`sidfrm`dh ϖ-ω  ghkh h fixh df ghku`igmáçh f`trf hs ÷raçhs dhs sf`tidhs f m gh`sgiî`gim ( ω), `÷s phdfkhs sikplfskf`tf dizfr quf h fu olhqufmrí m khtrigidmdf qum`dh m ghku`igmáçh f`trf ϖ f ω chr i`tfrrhkpidmU97[. _fstm-`hs mpf`ms msshgimr m pmrmlisim khthrm durm`tf h sh`jh ghk m rftrmáçh dhs i`vfstikf`ths dh fu, ní quf isth é, sfau`dh Crfud, ukm dms pré-gh`diáöfs `fgfssírims dh sh`h. H limkf é fvidf`tf. @h sh`jh, h fu rftirm sfus i`vfstikf`ths f `çh kmis phdf km`tfr m mtf`áçh diriaidm pmrm h fixh ϖ-ω. ]ufr dizfr, m rftrmáçh df sfus i`vfstikf`ths ikpligm m ikphssioilidmdf dh fu df gh`ti`umr m hrif`tmr m f`fraim psëquigm `m dirfáçh dhs cmths pfrgfptivhs.

 

Rhrtm`th, h sh`jh ghkprhkftf duplmkf`tf h ohk cu`gih`mkf`th dh gritérih> `h sh`h, (=) `çh jí m i`tfrvf`áçh df ϖ f, phrtm`th, m gh`fxçh pfrgfptivm5 f (?) ghk m rftrmáçh dhs i`vfstikf`ths dh fu, h kfgm`iskh df mtf`áçh `çh fstí kmis disph`ëvfl ghkh `m viaëlim. Km`tfkhs, dfstf khdh, m gh`glusçh m`tfrihr df Crfud, m smofr, quf é h kfgm`iskh dm mtf`áçh quf pfrkitf quf ms i`digmáöfs df qumlidmdf sfnmk lfvmdms fk gh`sidfrmáçh f phssmk sfrvir ghkh i`digmáöfs df rfmlidmdf. M rfsphstm f`tçh sf ghkplftm> h fu mprf`dfu m dmr uk vmlhr disti`tivh fssf`giml mh fixh pfrgfptivh, f é m pmrtir dfstm mprf`dizmafk quf flf phdfrí i`ioir h prhgfssh prikírih. Fstf mprf`dizmdh ikpligm fxmtmkf`tf m hrif`tmáçh dm f`fraim k÷vfl mtrmvés dhs triljmkf`ths quf sf i`tfrpöfk mh gmki`jh mlugi`mt÷rih fk dirfáçh âs i`digmáöfs df qumlidmdf quf sçh afrmdms m pmrtir dhs dmdhs f`vimdhs df   ϖ (ní quf é dmë quf phdfrí vir m pfrgfpáçh dfsfnmdm).

 

  M R_FGM_IFDMDF I__FKFDIÍSFL Tudh pmrfgf pfrcfith mahrm. H jhkfk tfrim uk gritérih df disti`áçh vílidh f, `h gmsh fk mh qufolhqufmr flf `çh cu`gih`mssf, ghkh `h sh`jh, flf tfrim smoidh prhtfafr-sf ofk m khtrigidmdf. Rfrcfith dfkmis, dirëmkhs `÷s, ní quf `hs sunfiths `fur÷tighs f psig÷tighs hutrms ghisms sf pmssmk quf ghkprhkftfk m fcigígim dh prhgfssh df mprff`sçh dm rfmlidmdf. Ghk fcfith, Crfud `hs khstrm quf tm`th `m `furhsf qum`th `m psighsf, h sunfith phdf vfr-sf gh`crh`tmdh m ukm rfmlidmdf i`dfsfnívfl, h quf h horiam m kmsgmrí-lm df mlauk khdh hu m dflm cuair. Sî-sf, mssik, quf h gritérih df disti`áçh tfk kmis mkfmáms mh sfu ohk cu`gih`mkf`th dh quf h quf sf fspfrmvm.  

M rfmlidmdf i`thlfrívfl Ghk fcfith, mgh`tfgf quf h fu f`gh`trm phr vfzfs ukm arm`df diciguldmdf fk gh`gilimr ms fxiaî`gims pulsih`mis ghk m rfmlidmdf quf sf mprfsf`tm. Mssik, fstm`dh `m ikphssioilidmdf df smtiscmzfr tmis fxiaî`gims, h fu `çh f`gh`trm hutrm shluáçh sf`çh mltfrmr  m pmrtf dm rfmlidmdf quf `çh ljf é mltfrmr m gh`vf`if`tf. Hu sfnm, h fu prhgurm — sfnm `h `fur÷tigh, sfnm `h psig÷tigh —  suostituir m rfmlidmdf i`dfsfnívfl phr ukm hutrm kmis gh`chrkf m sfus dfsfnhs. Wfau`dh Crfud, h quf mgh`tfgf `m `furhsf é quf uk crmakf`th dm rfmlidmdf é fvitmdh pflh khdh dm cuam cuam.. H `fur÷tigh `çh qufr smofr df `mdm dfstf mspfgth dm rfmlidmdf. Ghk fstf prhgfdikf`th, h `fur÷tigh prhtfaf-sf df uk f`gh`trh ghk fstf crmakf`th i`dfsfnívfl. Kms isth `çh omstm, phis `çh frm shkf`tf fstf crmakf`th quf h i`ghkhdmvm, kms jmvim tmkoék ms fxiaî`gims dh lmdh dm pulsçh. F`tçh, é prfgish `çh mpf`ms fvitmr h quf `çh ljf gmi ofk, kms tmkoék suostituë-lh df mlauk khdh phr ukm rfmlidmdf kfljhr. Isth é phssëvfl mtrmvés dh rfgursh m uk ku`dh cm`tmskítigh, cm`tmskítigh, “`h quml h `fur÷tigh sf `utrf dh kmtfriml mdfqumdh m sums `hvms chrkmáöfs df dfsfnh‛ U94[. H quf h `fur÷tigh `çh gjfam m rfmlizmr phr sums máöfs, flf h rfmlizm mtrmvés df sums cm`tmsims. Isth é, “m `furhsf ikpligm m rf`þ`gim mh honfth rfml. M lioidh quf é rftirmdm dh honfth rfml vhltm shorf uk honfth cm`tmskmdh f, m pmrtir dmë, shorf

 

uk honfth rfgmlgmdh‛U96[. Ms ghisms pmssmk-sf df hutrh khdh `m psighsf. Wfau`dh Crfud, h psig÷tigh `çh fvitmrim sikplfskf`tf uk crmakf`th dm rfmlidmdf, kms h rfnfitmrim.. Fk hutrms pmlmvrms, `m psighsf, h fu rfnfitm ukm rfprfsf`tmáçh rfnfitmrim i`thlfrívfl, qufrfmlidmdf cmz ghkU93[quf tfrki`f sfpmrmr mssik, thtml . RmrmflfCrfud, isthphr é “msfrfmáçh m ukm pfrdm qufhum pmrgimlkf`tf,h dm rfmlidmdf mcirkm, kms quf h fu dfvf `famr, phrquf i`suphrtívfl. H fu f`tçh rhkpf m rflmáçh ghk m rfmlidmdf‛U91[. “H fu sf dfsvim`dh mssik dm rfmlidmdf, m prhvm dm rfmlidmdf é ghlhgmdm df lmdh, hs cm`tmskms dh dfsfnh — `çh rfgmlgmdhs f thtmlkf`tf gh`sgif`tfs — phdfk pf`ftrmr `h sistfkm f sçh, më, rfgh`jfgidhs ghkh ukm kfljhr rfmlidmdf‛. Fstm pmrtf rfnfitmdm, h psig÷tigh vmi tf`tmr ghkpf`smr sum pfrdm “grim`dh ukm `hvm rfmlidmdf gh`trm m quml h i`divëduh `çh sf gjhquf kmis‛. Gh`tudh, é prfgish `htmr quf m suostituiáçh psig÷tigm é kuith kmis drístigm dh quf mquflm cfitm pflh `fur÷tigh. Wf h `fur÷tigh gh`tf`tmpsëquigh‛, ghk sums chrkmáöfs cmzf`dh ukm fspégif dfsf“rfcþaih h psig÷tighcm`tmskítigms, `çh é kmis gmpmz df dflms disti`auir f`trf h quf é i`tfrihr f h quf é fxtfrihr. Fk hutrms pmlmvrms, sfu ku`dh cm`tmskítigh é phsth ghkh rfmlU9:[. Rmrm h khkf`th, h kmis ikphrtm`tf m pfrgfofr é quf, tm`th `m `furhsf qum`th `m psighsf, jí ukm pfrdm  pfrdm fssf`giml, fssf`giml, f quf “h quf dicfrf df ukm m hutrm é h kfgm`iskh  dfstm pfrdm, gh`stitui`dh m rmiz df gmdm ukm dms kfgm`iskh dfstm fstruturms f gh`digih`m`dh ms vims vims   df rfthr`h rfthr`h   disth quf é pfrdidh‛U99[. É m pmrtir dmë quf Lmgm` vmi rfthkmr fstms qufstöfs, isth é, m pmrtir dh fxmkf dhs dicfrf`tfs kfgm`iskhs quf gmrmgtfrizmk m `furhsf f m psighsf. Fstfs kfgm`iskhs sçh h rfgmlgmkf`th (dif (dif Sfrdrä`au`a) Sfrdrä`au`a) f m chrmglusçh (dif (dif Sfrwfrcu`a). Sfrwfrcu`a ).

  Ms fstruturms f sfus kfgm`iskhs Lmgm`, qum`dh flf fxmki`m fstm qufstçh, sf dí gh`tm df quf h quf fstí fk nhah é uk prhgfssh df sikohlizmáçh dm rfmlidmdf pfrgfoidm f df quf, `fstf prhgfssh, jí sfkprf mlaukm ghism quf pfrkm`fgf, df uk khdh hu df hutrh, fxgluëdh, pfrdidh. Hrm, h quf Lmgm` vmi khstrmr — f vmi mssik dmr `hvms chráms mh tfxth crfudim`h — é quf fstm pfrdm é m pfrdm df uk

 

sia`icigm`tf. @m `furhsf, fstf sia`icigm`tf é rfgmlgmdh sia`icigm`tf. rfgmlgmdh,, f`qum`th quf `m psighsf flf é rfnfitmdh rfnfitmdh.. “@h prikfirh gmsh, sum ‚fxistî`gim’ chi, `uk prikfirh tfkph, rfgh`jfgidm, i`sgritm `h gmkph dh psiquiskh, dms rfprfsf`tmáöfs quf h sunfith mdkitf, pmrm lhah sfr ghlhgmdm â pmrtf dm gh`sgiî`gim fk rmzçh df sum i`gh`vf`iî`gim. @h hutrh gmsh, é m fxistî`gim kfskm quf é rfgusmdm, df`famdm. Vk f hutrh gmsh supöfk ukm phsiáçh suonftivm quf cmz mth f dfci`f m fstruturm‛U=22[. M idfim é f`tçh m sfaui`tf> ní dissfkhs quf m rfmlidmdf dh sunfith é dfvidm m ukm mprhprimáçh quf h mpmrfljh psëquigh cmz dh rfml. Isth qufr dizfr quf h sunfith fxpfrikf`tm h rfml f h sikohlizm, h mssikilm sho ukm chrkm siko÷ligm. @h gmsh dh rfgmlgmkf`th, h quf mgh`tfgf é quf jí ukm prikfirm ftmpm, l÷aigm, df mdkissçh mdkissçh prikhrdiml  prikhrdiml dmquilh quf flf fxpfrikf`thu dh rfml f dfphis jí ukm fspégif df sfpmrmáçh, df ishlmkf`th dfstf gh`tfþdh dms hpfrmáöfs `hrkmis dh psiquiskh. Fstf gh`tfþdh, fstf sia`icigm`tf, é dith rfgmlgmdh, isthsfk é, ikpfdidh df sf i`tfarmr mhs hutrhs gh`tfþdhs psëquighs, cigm`dh f`tçh mgfssh â gh`sgiî`gim. M rmzçh dh rfgmlgmkf`th é quf fstf sia`icigm`tf, fstm rfprfsf`tmáçh, sf khstrm i`gh`vf`if`tf mh fu, h fu m gh`sidfrm pfriahsm f prhvhgmdhrm fk phtf`giml df dfsprmzfr. Mssik, ustmkf`tf pmrm fvitmr h dfsprmzfr, h fu m ishlm f m ikpfdf df vir â gh`sgiî`gimU=2=[. Fstm prikfirm ftmpm df mdkissçh, df mcirkmáçh (Ofnmju`a ( Ofnmju`a), ), Lmgm` m phstulm ghkh lhaigmkf`tf `fgfssírim prfgismkf`tf phrquf flf sf dí gh`tm df quf flm phdf `çh mgh`tfgfr. Df cmth, f ms psighsfs h dfkh`strmk, phdf mgh`tfgfr quf ukm pmrtf dm sikohlizmáçh `çh sf cmám. “Rhdf mgh`tfgfr quf h sunfith rfgusf h mgfssh, m sfu ku`dh siko÷ligh, df mlah quf f`trftm`th U=2?[ flf   fxpfrikf`thu flf fxpfrikf`thu‛‛ . F`tçh, `çh tf`dh tidh luamr m ftmpm df mdkissçh, m sfau`dm ftmpm, mquflm df fxpulsçh hu ishlmkf`th, gh`stitui h rfml f`qum`th flf suosistf chrm dm sikohlizmáçh. F é më quf rfsidf m dicfrf`ám fssf`giml, fstruturml, f`trf m psighsf f m `furhsf> `fstm þltikm, ukm vfz quf h quf chi fxgluëdh pflh rfgmlgmkf`th jmvim sidh prfvimkf`tf mdkitidh `h rfaistrh siko÷ligh, sfu rfthr`h sf cmrí f`tçh `h sfu i`tfrihr kfskh. Df cmth, h rfthr`h dh rfgmlgmdh phdfrí mrtigulmr-sf i`tfirmkf`tf `m gmdfim sia`icigm`tf, më cmzf`dh sf`tir sfus U=27[

fcfiths Mhmdkissçh gh`trírih,i`igiml `ms psighsfs, h quf`çh chiphdf rfnfitmdh, fxmtmkf`tf pflh cmth dfstm .`çh `h siko÷ligh, rfthr`mr sf`çh `h rfml.

 

Mssik, h fvf`th quf `çh chi sikohlizmdh prikitivmkf`tf pfrkm`fgf sfkprf chrm dh siko÷ligh f, phrtm`th, fstrm`jh mh sunfith. Kms ukm fstrm`jfzm fspfgiml quf sf mssfkfljm df gfrtm km`firm âquflm df dms  Di`a.. Hu sfnm, h sunfith fxpfrikf`tm mlaukm ghism quf h tfrricigm f phr fstm  Di`a rmzçh flf `çh m mssikilm f ikpfdf sum f`trmdm `m hrdfk siko÷ligm, `m hrdfk mrtigulmdm. É `fstf sf`tidh quf Lmgm` diz quf “sf trmtm df uk prhgfssh prikhrdiml df fxglusçh df uk i`tfrihr (dfdm`s (dfdm`s)) prikitivh‛, df mlah quf chi fxpfrikf`tmdh, kms quf `çh tfvf m mssikilmáçh mh siko÷ligh mdkitidm. Hrm, h quf pfrkm`fgf dfstm km`firm `çh mssikilmdh `çh phdf sfr gh`jfgidh, kfskh sf flf gh`gfr`f i`tikmkf`tf mh sunfith. F fis phr quf h quf rfthr`m `h rfml tfk h mr, pmrm h psig÷tigh, df sfr tçh cmkilimr mh kfskh tfkph fk quf disth flf `mdm smof. Df cmth, df sfus dflërihs, h psig÷tigh phdf `çh mrtigulmr `mdm df prfgish f, f`trftm`th, tfr fstm gh`vigáçh, fstm gfrtfzm df quf thdms fstms gh`struáöfs ljf dizfk rfspfith. Fk hutrms pmlmvrms, mpfsmr dh gmrítfr cu`dmkf`tmlkf`tf f`iakítigh dh dflërih, h psig÷tigh tfk ukm gfrtfzm gfrtfzm   rmdigml df quf flf ljf gh`gfr`f. *** M tëtulh df mgrésgikh, dfvfkhs mahrm mohrdmr uk tfrgfirh kfgm`iskh quf sf mli`jm ghk hs dhis prikfirhs. É h kfgm`iskh dm df`famáçh   (dif df`famáçh dif   Sfr`fi`u`a Sfr`fi`u`a). ). M df`famáçh é uk kfgm`iskh quf sf mssfkfljm, `uk gfrth sf`tidh, mh rfgmlgmkf`th. M dicfrf`ám é quf, f`qum`th h rfgmlgmkf`th sf hpfrm `h `ëvfl dms Shrstfllu`asrfpräsf`tm`zf` Shrstfllu`asrfpräsf`tm`zf`   — isth é, `h `ëvfl dh ghrtf f`trf m rfprfsf`tmáçh prhprimkf`tf ditm f h mcfth ghrrfsph`df`tf —, m df`famáçh hpfrm prhprimkf`tf `h `ëvfl dms Qhrtvhrstfllu`af`,, dms rfprfsf`tmáöfs-pmlmvrmU=24[. Qhrtvhrstfllu`af` Gh`tudh, phdfr-sf-im ofk dizfr quf é h kfskh gh`tfþdh dh rfgmlgmdh quf é honfth dm df`famáçh. Df cmth, tm`th `uk qum`th `hutrh, jí uk gh`tfþdh quf é sikultm`fmkf`tf mdkitidh f km`tidh â distï`gimU=26[. M dicfrf`ám é quf, `h rfgmlgmkf`th, fstf gh`tfþdh é ghlhgmdh â pmrtf dm gh`sgiî`gim, f`qum`th quf `m df`famáçh h gh`tfþdh rfgmlgmdh phdf irrhkpfr `m gh`sgiî`gim “sho m gh`diáçh df sf dfixmr `famr (“`çh é m ki`jm kçf‛). M df`famáçh é ukm chrkm df thkmr gh`sgiî`gim dh rfgmlgmdh5 `m vfrdmdf, é ukm suspf`sçh Mucjfou`a  Mucjfou`a) ( ) dh rfgmlgmdh, fkohrm flm `çh sfnm ukm mgfitmáçh U=23[

. Hrfgmlgmkf`th quf m df`famáçh ghlhgm fk fvidî`gim é nustmkf`tf quf h dh rfgmlgmdh‛ honfth vismdh pflh é ukm rfprfsf`tmáçh, f kmis prfgismkf`tf

 

sfu gh`tfþdh gh`tfþdh,, `m kfdidm fk quf flf phdf trmzfr gh`sfquî`gims dfsmarmdívfis pmrm h fu. Ghk fcfith, sf m rfprfsf`tmáçh é mdkitidm `m gh`sgiî`gim `m sum chrkm `famdm, isth sia`icigm quf `çh é sikplfskf`tf m rfprfsf`tmáçh fk si kfskm quf é dfsmarmdívfl, kms quf é h quf flm sia`icigm qum`dh flm é mrtigulmdm ghk ms hutrms. Hu sfnm, é m sia`icigmáçh prhduzidm pflm mrtigulmáçh sia`icigm`tf dfstm rfprfsf`tmáçh ghk ms dfkmis quf dfvf sfr ikpfdidm df vir â gh`sgiî`gim. *** Fstf fxmkf dfstfs kfgm`iskhs tfk pmrm `÷s ukm ikphrtï`gim kþltiplm. Df uk lmdh, flf `hs thr`hu phssëvfl dicfrf`gimr m fstruturm psig÷tigm dm fstruturm `fur÷tigm m pmrtir dm phsiáçh quf h sunfith mssukf fk rflmáçh mh sia`icigm`tf prikhrdiml> m rfnfiáçh df sum sikohlizmáçh gmrmgtfrizmrim m psighsf5 m mdkissçh f phstfrihr fxglusçh gmrmgtfrizmrim m `furhsf. Df hutrh lmdh, flf `hs ghlhghu fk aumrdm gh`trm m ilusçh df quf h gritérih df disti`áçh omstmrim pmrm amrm`tir ukm i`tfrprftmáçh sfaurm dm rfmlidmdf. Ghk fcfith, `÷s vikhs quf, cmgf â gh`crh`tmáçh m ukm rfmlidmdf ikplmgívfl, h fu tfrki`m phr mltfrí-lm, trm`schrkí-lm, suostitui`dh sfus dmdhs kmtfrimis phr hutrhs cm`tmskítighs. Gh`tudh, é `fgfssírih mahrm tirmr dfstm gh`stmtmáçh ms gh`sfquî`gims kmis rmdigmis `h quf gh`gfr`f â gh`stituiáçh dm rfmlidmdf jukm`m. Hrm, h quf `÷s `çh dissfkhs mi`dm é quf Lmgm` cmz dfstfs dhis kfgm`iskhs `çh mpf`ms hs kfgm`iskhs df dicfrf`gimáçh f`trf `furhsf f psighsf, kms tmkoék hs dhis kfgm`iskhs fssf`gimis m pmrtir dhs qumis thdh sfr cmlm`tf phdf utilizm f`crf`tmr h rfml. Hu sfnm, thdh sunfith jukm`h, dhprikhrdimis þ`igh cmth df quf flf cmlm, `fgfssmrimkf`tf ukthdh dhs sunfith dhis kfgm`iskhs pmrm dfcf`dfr-sf dh rfml. É f`tçh ukm `fgfssidmdf fstruturml, f `çh ukm gh`ti`aî`gim smëdm df ukm rfmlidmdf quf sf khstrmrim phr vfzfs mkiaívfl, phr vfzfs cfrhz. H quf Lmgm` `hs vfk khstrmr é quf h si`thkm — mssik ghkh thdm chrkmáçh dh i`gh`sgif`tf — é `çh `çh   ukm mcfgáçh gh`ti`af`tf, quf `çh mti`airim sf`çh mlau`s phughs i`cflizfs, kms kms   uk cmth `fgfssírih, fstruturmlkf`tf `fgfssírih, pmrm thdh mpmrfljh psëquigh mtrmvfssmdh pflm li`aumafk. Wf`dh mssik, vfkhs quf m rfmlidmdf fstí irrfkfdimvflkf`tf ghkprhkftidm `m sum phssioilidmdf df sfr ofk mprff`didm, phis h quf fstfs

 

dhis kfgm`iskhs ikpligmk é nustmkf`tf quf thdm thdm   rfmlidmdf rfmlidmdf é,  é, df uk khdh hu df hutrh, kmis hu kf`hs mltfrmdm, trm`schrkmdm, pflms kmrgms quf flfs dfixmk `h psiquiskh. Kmrgms quf phdfk sfr tçh drmkítigms mté h ph`th df lfvmr â suostituiáçh qumsf i`tfarml dm rfmlidmdf kmtfriml pflm rfmlidmdf cm`tmskítigm, ghkh é h gmsh dm mkî`gim mkî`gim df  df Kfy`frtU=21[. Hrm, isth `hs ikpulsih`m m ukm gh`glusçh omstm`tf dfsgh`chrtívfl. Df cmth, sf fstfs kfgm`iskhs sçh `fgfssidmdfs fstruturmis, isth sia`icigm quf `çh jí rfmlidmdf kmtfriml quf `çh sfnm “mltfrmdm‛, isth é, gh`stituëdm fk mghrdh f m pmrtir dm rfmlidmdf ditm psëquigm. É vfrdmdf quf isth í jmvim sidh dith mtrmvés dm `háçh df uk “rfghrtf siko÷ligh dh rfml‛, phrék pmrfgf-`hs quf shkf`tf mahrm h vfrdmdfirh mlgm`gf dfstm mcirkmáçh phdf sfr lfvmdh fk gh`tm. _fmlkf`tf, h rfghrtf siko÷ligh dh rfml `çh é `fgfssmrimkf`tf ukm hpfrmáçh quf `hs dfixm ghkplftmkf`tf â pmrtf dh quf sfrim vfrdmdfirmkf`tf m `mturfzm. ]ufr dizfr, h rfghrtf cmz, `mturmlkf`tf, ukm sfpmrmáçh cu`dmkf`tml f`trf m ditm rfmlidmdf fk si kfskm f m rfmlidmdf-pmrm`÷s. Thdmvim, é nustmkf`tf `fstm “rfmlidmdf-pmrm-`÷s‛ quf rfsidf m dicfrf`ám fssf`giml f`trf h hljmr psigm`mlëtigh f h hljmr cilhs÷cigh m rfspfith dh prholfkm dm rfmlidmdf. Sfnmkhs isth df kmis pfrth. *** Thkfkhs ghkh i`tfrlhguthr Em`t. Flf tmkoék sfpmrm drmkmtigmkf`tf f df khdh irrfvfrsëvfl m rfmlidmdf fk si, dms Di`a  Di`a  m` m`   sigj sigj,, dm rfmlidmdfm pmrm `÷s,f,m phrtm`th, rfmlidmdf ditm “cf`hkî`igm‛. F`trftm`th, flf rfsamtmflfm sfaurm`ám, gfrtfzm m fstmoilidmdf dhs rfcfrf`gimis, qum`dh `hs diz quf, sf h `hukf`h` `hukf`h` `hs  `hs é i`mgfssëvfl, h cf`ôkf`h, mh gh`trírih, phdf sfr honfth df vfrdmdfirh gh`jfgikf`th, dfvidh mhs nuëzhs si`tétighs m prihri (hs qumis sfrimk phssëvfis armáms âs chrkms dm sf`sioilidmdf f âs gmtfahrims dh f`tf`dikf`th). Hrm, h quf `hs khstrmk Crfud f Lmgm` é quf fstf rfsamtf dm sfaurm`ám `çh é phssëvfl. Wf phdfkhs suphr quf tfkhs mlah ghkh ms gmtfahrims dh f`tf`dikf`th quf `hs gh`duzfk m nuëzhs si`tétighs m prihri, prihri, dfvfkhs thdmvim suphr quf fstfs nuëzhs `çh sçh df chrkm mlaukm vílidhs vílidhs   m rihri.. H fxmkf dm Sfrdrä`au`a rihri Sfrdrä`au`a   f dm Sfrwfrcu`a Sfrwfrcu`a   khstrhu-`hs ofk quf

 

“`hssms gmtfahrims‛ sçh m`tfs ch`tf df f`am`h quf df gh`jfgikf`th sfaurh. M rfmlidmdf rfvflmdm pflm psigm`ílisf pfrkm`fgf i`fxhrmvflkf`tf prfgírim.

 

- III FRIWTFKHLHAIM F RWIGM@ÍLIWF  

@h ci`ml dh gmpëtulh prfgfdf`tf, thgmkhs `uk ph`th dfligmdh dm qufstçh dm rfmlidmdf, m quml `hs ghlhgm `h gf`trh df uk ikphrtm`tf prholfkm fpistfkhl÷aigh, mquflf quf gjmkmkhs mqui “h prholfkm dh rfcfrf`tf‛ hu h prholfkm dh mgfssh â rfmlidmdf (fk si kfskm). Fstf prholfkm é grugiml pmrm thdm rfclfxçh fpistfkhl÷aigm, ní quf flf vmi ghlhgmr m qufstçh df smofr ghkh phdfkhs gh`jfgfr sfk tfr mgfssh â ghism quf sf trmtm df gh`jfgfr. Df cmth, ghkh phdfr f`u`gimr ukm prhphsiáçh vfrdmdfirm vfrdmdfirm   shorf ukm kmtérim dftfrki`mdm sf nustmkf`tf fstm “kmtérim‛ `hs fsgmpm hu é trm`schrkmdm, khdicigmdm phr `hsshs kéthdhs df mgfssh hu mprhprimáçh8 Mssik, h prholfkm dh rfcfrf`tf ghkprff`df hu gh`duz mh prholfkm dm vfrdmdf,, dhis tfkms quf `f`jukm rfclfxçh fpistfkhl÷aigm phdf dfsprfzmr. vfrdmdf Isth é uk cmth. F`trftm`th, fk quf fxmtmkf`tf fssfs tfkms fki`f`tfkf`tf fpistfkhl÷aighs gh`gfr`fk â psigm`ílisf8 Fk prikfirh luamr, phdfkhs rfssmltmr uk i`tfrfssf df “dfkmrgmáçh‛. Isth é, é `hssh i`tuith tf`tmr dfsvflmr fk quf gh`sistf m fspfgicigidmdf dm psigm`ílisf cmgf âs tfhrims gif`tëcigms hu cilhs÷cigms. É `hssh i`tfrfssf dflikitmr h quf é pr÷prih â psigm`ílisf, h quf cmz dflm ukm tfhrim fk vírihs sf`tidhs hriai`ml f i`hvmdhrm, f, shorftudh pmrm isth,ghkh thkmrfkhs fstfs tfkms fki`f`tfkf`tf fpistfkhl÷aighs uk ph`th df mphih  mphih   pmrm `hs mnudmr `fstf prhp÷sith df dfpurmáçh gh`gfituml. Isth qufr dizfr quf `çh sfrí prhprimkf`tf ukm disgussçh i`tfrdisgipli`mr quf vfrfkhs `fstf gmpëtulh. M`tfs, `çh cmrfkhs rfcfrî`gim m fstfs tfkms sf`çh `m fxmtm kfdidm fk quf flfs `hs sfrvirfk m fsglmrfgfr gfrths ph`ths df `hssm fxphsiáçh. Flfs tfrçh, phrtm`th, uk pmpfl muxilimr, mi`dm quf kuith ikphrtm`tf.    _ FML Z @ HVKF@H@  HVKF@H@ > M FWRFGICIGIDMDF DM RWIGM@ÍLIWF

H rfgursh m Em`t — ní fsohámdh mlaukms li`jms mgikm — `hs é

 

duplmkf`tf ikphrtm`tf. Df i`ëgih, flf `hs lm`ám ikfdimtmkf`tf `h gf`trh dh dfomtf fpistfkhl÷aigh, m rfspfith dm qufstçh dh mgfssh â rfmlidmdf, mh rfcfrf`tf, f â qufstçh quf dflm dfrivm, m dm vfrdmdfU=2:[. Mlaukms dicfrf`áms sçh tmkoék ní `htmdms> sf m cilhshcim em`tim`m hcfrfgf uk rfsamtf dm sfaurm`ám phr i`tfrkédih dhs nuëzhs si`tétighs m prihri, prihri, m psigm`ílisf `çh h cmz> m rfmlidmdf gh`sfrvm sfkprf sfu mspfgth df irrfkfdiívfl prfgmrifdmdf. Kms isth ghlhgm kfskh mssik mlau`s prholfkms, fkohrm flfs sfnmk uk phugh dicfrf`tfs dmquflfs dm fpistfkhlhaim “glíssigm‛. Ghk fcfith, pmrm m psigm`ílisf, h prholfkm dh rfcfrf`tf vmi ghlhgmr qufstöfs shorftudh shorf gfrtms dflikitmáöfs gh`gfitumis, ghkh phr fxfkplh m dfci`iáçh dms crh`tfirms f`trf h `hrkml f h pmthl÷aigh hu m dikf`sçh pmrtigulmr dm mltfrmáçh dm rfmlidmdf `m psighsf f `m `furhsf. Df cmth, sf m gh`stituiáçh dm rfmlidmdf df qumlqufr sunfith pmssm `fgfssmrimkf`tf pflh rfgmlquf rfgmlquf   f pflm chrmglusçh chrmglusçh,, `çh sfrëmkhs horiamdhs m mssukir quf `çh jí mlah ghkh “m `hrkmlidmdf‛8 Fk sfau`dh ghkhdhphdfrëmkhs dizfr quf sçh m rfmlidmdf psig÷tigm é kmis “mltfrmdm‛ dh luamr, quf mquflm `fur÷tigh sf ms dums gh`stituëdms, gh`struëdms m pmrtir df uk kfgm`iskh prikhrdiml df rflmáçh mh rfml8 Ghkh dmr priviléaih â “h`thlhaim‛U=29[  `fur÷tigm smëdm dh kfgm`iskh dh rfgmlquf m`tfs dh quf âquflm psig÷tigm, smëdm dm chrmglusçh sf `hs cmltm nustmkf`tf uk rfcfrf`giml ikutívfl m pmrtir dh quml ghkpmrí-lms hu nulaí-lms8 M rfsphstm m fssms qufstöfs sfrí hotidm mtrmvés dh fxmkf dm `háçh df vfrdmdf vfrdmdf.. Tmkoék m rfspfith dfssf mssu`th, m ikpligmáçh pmrm m psigm`ílisf é uk phugh dicfrf`tf dmquflm pmrm m giî`gim hu m cilhshcim. ]um`dh cmlmkhs df tfhrim psigm`mlëtigm, é prfgish `çh fsqufgfr quf më sf trmtm df uk sunfith sunfith,, sunfith dh i`gh`sgif`tf, sunfith shorf h quml prfgismkf`tf m giî`gim `mdm qufr smofr. F`tçh, `hs é `fgfssírih cmzfr ukm rfclfxçh shorf dhis dhis   tiphs tiphs   df vfrdmdf vfrdmdf>> m vfrdmdf vfrdmdf   dh sunfith   f m vfrdmdf sunfith vfrdmdf   gif`tëcigm gif`tëcigm.. M prikfirm é ukm vfrdmdf “fvm`fsgf`tf‛, quf suraf fk gfrths khkf`ths dh trmomljh m`mlëtigh. M sfau`dm é m vfrdmdf quf plfitfim ukm vmlidmdf u`ivfrsml, hu kfskh ftfr`m U==2[. Fk sfau`dh luamr, f `hssm mtf`áçh vmi `fstf khkf`th gh`gf`trmr-sf fspfgimlkf`tf `fstf ph`th, hs gh`trmstfs f`trf h `hukf`h` em`tim`h f h rfml rfml   lmgm`im`h `hs pfrkitirçh cmzfr ukm prikfirm dfkmrgmáçh gh`gfituml f`trf m psigm`ílisf f m cilhshcim (hu m giî`gim). Ghk fcfith, fstm ghkpmrmáçh `hs dmrí ukm prikfirm chrkulmáçh dh quf é prfgish f`tf`dfr phr “chrmglusçh dh sunfith dh i`gh`sgif`tf‛, quf é cfitm, sfau`dh Lmgm`, tm`th pflm cilhshcim qum`th pflm giî`gim.

 

*** M ghkpmrmáçh f`trf h `hukf`h` `hukf`h`   em`tim`h f h rfml rfml   lmgm`im`h `çh é `hvm. H pr÷prih Lmgm` m i`digm `m Étigm,  Étigm, fkohrm ní kmrgm`dh hs likitfs df tml ghkpmrmáçh> Em`t tfrim f`trfvisth m cu`áçh df dms Di`a, Di`a, kms `çh h U===[

tfrim cfithdfsf`çh pflms vimskhstrmr dm tfhrimquf dm hgiî`gim m gjmvf `hssh trmomljh dflikitmáçh> gh`gfith. F dffstí rfmlmëfk Lmgm`dh`çh sf likitm mh rfml “fxtfrihr “fxtfrihr‛‛U**[, mh rfml phsth ghkh h rfcfrf`tf þltikh dh gh`jfgikf`th, ph`th gf`trml df prfhgupmáçh dm cilhshcim em`tim`m. Ms mprhxikmáöfs f distï`gims dh rfml rfml   lmgm`im`h f dh `hukf`h` `hukf`h`   em`tim`h `hs dmrçh mssik m hphrtu`idmdf df mprff`dfr ms dicfrf`áms suostm`gimis f`trf m vim thkmdm pflm giî`gim f pflm cilhshcim f mquflm thkmdm pflm psigm`ílisf. Tm`th h “rfml‛ em`tim`hU==?[  qum`th h rfml lmgm`im`h phdfk sfr dfci`idhs ghkh h “i`mgfssëvfl “i`mgfssëvfl‛‛ phr fxgflî`gim. Ghk fcfith, m flf `çh tfkhs mgfssh f phrtm`th dflf `çh tfkhs gh`jfgikf`th sf`çh phr kfihs i`dirfths. É ukm fspégif df dfduáçh l÷aigm quf `hs cmz ghlhgí-lh ghkh h suostrmth þltikh f irrfdutëvfl dmquilh quf `hs mpmrfgf, dmquilh quf é rfmlidmdf pmrm `÷s. Fk hutrms pmlmvrms, h rfml fstí më sfkprf f shorftudh ghkh gmusm gmusm,, ghkh gh`diáçhU==7[ prikfirm. Wfau`dh Em`t, m hpfrmáçh df mprff`sçh dh “rfml‛ sf cmz phr kfih dms chrkms dm sf`sioilidmdf f dms gmtfahrims dh f`tf`dikf`th U==4[. Mtrmvés dflms, h jhkfk vmi mprff`dfr h ku`dh dm fxpfriî`gim ní hram`izmdh sfau`dh lfis f rflmáöfs dftfrki`mdms. Rrikfirmkf`tf, flf hram`izm hram`izm h  h divfrsh sf`sëvfl fk pfrgfpáöfs, f dfphis flf hrdf`m hrdf`m hs  hs cmths dmë dfrivmdhs phr kfih dhs nuëzhs m prihri. prihri. Hram`izmr Hram`izmr   h divfrsh sf`sëvfl `ukm pfrgfpáçh ikpligm pfrgfofr h ku`dh `çh ghkh uk purh marfamdh df sf`smáöfs títfis, visumis f si`fstésigms, kms ghkh ghkphsth df honfths, df suostï`gims, ms qumis fstmrçh sfkprf disphstms `h fspmáh f `h tfkph. Hrdf`mr Hrdf`mr hs  hs cmths kfdim`tf nuëzhs m rihri   ikpligm, phr fxfkplh, pfrgfoî-lhs ghkh sf`dh `fgfssmrimkf`tfU==6[ rihri mrtigulmdhs `ukm gmdfim gmusml. M gmtfahrim df gmusmlidmdfU==3[  tfrí fcftivmkf`tf uk pmpfl fssf`giml `m tfhrim em`tim`m, ní quf flm fstí `m omsf dm “prhvm‛ dm vmlidmdf u`ivfrsml dh gh`jfgikf`th gif`tëcigh. Mlék dissh, h frrh phdf sfr fvitmdh dfsdf quf sf hofdfám m gfrtms rfarms, ghkh phr fxfkplh, `çh chrkmr uk gh`gfith sfk ukm i`tuiáçh quf ljf ghrrfsph`dm. Mqui, dhis mspfgths m

 

gh`sidfrmr> (m) thdh gh`jfgikf`th — gif`tëcigh hu `çh — dfvf cmzfr rfcfrî`gim m ukm i`tuiáçh, isth é, m uk flfkf`th fxtfrihr fxtfrihr   mhs gh`tfþdhs dm rmzçh5 (o) m i`mgfssioilidmdf dm ghism fk si kfskm (dms ( dms Di`a  Di`a  m` m`   sigj sigj)) `çh fliki`m thdm phssioilidmdf df gh`jfgikf`th, phis ms chrkms f gmtfahrims dh fspërith jukm`h thkmk ghkh tmrfcm h hrdf`mkf`th dhs cmths sfau`dh rflmáöfs omstm`tf sfaurms (ní quf u`ivfrsmis f vílidms m prihri) prihri)U==1[. Fk Lmgm`, h rfml sf pöf tmkoék ghkh h kmtfriml i`dicfrf`gimdh m pmrtir dh quml h siko÷ligh cmrim m mprhprimáçh f h rfghrtf. Gh`tudh, hs i`strukf`ths f kfgm`iskhs df mprff`sçh f df hram`izmáçh sçh ghkplftmkf`tf dicfrf`tfs. @m psigm`ílisf, sçh h rfgmlquf f m chrmglusçh quf gh`digih`mk m gmpturm dh rfml, h quml sfrí mssikilmdh pflh psiquiskh fk tfrkhs df gmdfim sia`icigm`tf. Mlék dissh, fstm tfrí sum “gmusmlidmdf‛ dftfrki`mdm pflm rflmáçh dhs sia`icigm`tfs ghk h dfsfnh i`gh`sgif`tf, f `çh pflm fxiaî`gim df hram`izmáçh f dftfrki`máçh grfsgf`tf dm fxpfriî`gim sf`sëvfl. Mssik, sf, dh U==:[ lmdh  —dfquf Em`t, _mzçh idfml df gh`jfgikf`th kmxikizmdh fstí éfkm nhah5 dh — lmdhf dmsfupsigm`ílisf, sçh m`tfs ms pulsöfs quf fstçh `m omsf df thdh prhgfssh df mprff`sçh dm rfmlidmdf. Isth qufr dizfr quf, sfau`dh m psigm`ílisf, h quf h sunfith prhgurm é `çh h gh`jfgikf`th fk si kfskh, kms h ahzh ahzh.. F sf h sfr jukm`h sf vi`gulm phr vfzfs tçh chrtfkf`tf â prhgurm dh gh`jfgikf`th, isth sf dí mpf`ms pflh cmth df quf flf ahzm ahzm   qum`dh h cmz. M prhgurm dh gh`jfgikf`th `çh é, ghk fcfith, sf`çh uk dhs dfsti`hs phssëvfis dm pulsçh, uk dhs kþltiplhs dfsti`hs mtrmvés dhs qumis m pulsçh phdf hotfr smtiscmáçh U==9[. @fstf khkf`th, m dicfrf`ám fssf`giml f`trf ms dums tfhrims ní phdf sfr phstm fk fvidî`gim. Df i`ëgih, pfrgfof-sf quf h rfml em`tim`h `çh é sf`çh uk rfml “fxtfrihr “fxtfrihr‛. ‛. Df cmth, h quf fstí fk nhah `m cilhshcim em`tim`m `çh é sf`çh h gh`jfgikf`th f h dhkë`ih dfstf “chrm‛ (dms gmtfahrims dh f`tf`dikf`th f chrkms dm sf`sioilidmdf). Rhr fstm rmzçh, h sunfith jukm`h f`qum`th tml fstí mpmamdh, fxgluëdh, dm rfclfxçh. Flf `çh ikphrtm sf`çh `m fstritm kfdidm fk quf flf `hs dí m gjmvf dfstm phssioilidmdf df gh`jfgikf`th, m smofr, `m kfdidm fk quf flf sf khstrm gmpmz df nuëzhs si`tétighs vílidhs m prihri. prihri. Jí ukm sfpmrmáçh chráhsm f`trf h sunfith dh gh`jfgikf`th f h honfth m sfr gh`jfgidh. H sunfith dh gh`jfgikf`th `çh sf kisturm ghk h honfth gh`jfgidh. H idfml kfskh é quf flf dfsmpmrfám dfstm rflmáçh df gh`jfgikf`th, h quf ikpligm quf, qum`dh sf trmtm df gh`jfgfr, h sunfith thr`m-sf flf kfskh uk honfth, flf thr`m-sf fxtfrihridmdf. fxtfrihridmdf .

 

@m psigm`ílisf, df hutrh lmdh, lidm-sf tmkoék ghk uk rfml “fxtfrihr fxtfrihr‛‛ (h rfml rfghrtmdh pflms pfrgfpáöfs, phr fxfkplh), kms ri`gipmlkf`tf   ghk uk rfml “i`tfrihr ri`gipmlkf`tf “i`tfrihr‛> ‛> mquflf dms pulsöfs, mquflf df dms  Di`a.. Rhdfrëmkhs kfskh dizfr quf é më quf rfsidf m chrám f i`hvmáçh dm  Di`a tfhrim psigm`mlëtigm. Df cmth, é `fstf khvikf`th quf flf phdf rff`gh`trmr h luamr pfrdidh pmrm h sunfith f, shorftudh, rff`gh`trmr pmrm flf uk luamr `m tfhrim h`df flf `çh sf mpmauf ghkplftmkf`tf. É hrif`tm`dh sum tfhrim f sum prítigm fk dirfáçh mh rfml dms pulsöfs f dh ahzh quf m psigm`ílisf triu`cm mh rfgupfrmr h quf jí df pmrtigulmr fk gmdm sunfith. Kmis prfgismkf`tf, `h luamr df rfduzi-lh mh u`ivfrsml dms chrkms em`tim`ms hu dms lfis gif`tëcigms, m psigm`ílisf gh`tm h sunfith uk uk   m  uk uk.. F isth `çh sf phdf cmzfr sf`çh fk mrtigulm`dh h rfml pulsih`ml df gmdm sunfith ghk m mprhprimáçh siko÷ligm quf flf cmz dflf. M psigm`ílisf mssik phdf plfitfmr flm tmkoék h dirfith df cmlmr df ukm vfrdmdf, kms ukm vfrdmdf quf pmrmdhxmlkf`tf sf mprfsf`tm ghkh pmrtigulmr, i`dividuml, mté kfskh fvm`fsgf`tf. Mssik ghkh h sunfith quf m sustf`tm.  

 

MW DVMW SF_DMDFW> DFWGM_TFW GHK LMGM@ É prfgish mahrm fxmki`mr fxmtmkf`tf m pfrti`î`gim df cmlmr df dums   vfrdmdfsU=?2[  f, shorftudh, df dfcf`dfr m lfaitikidmdf df cmlmr df ukm dums vfrdmdf quf, phr sum “`mturfzm‛ kfskm, `çh pfrdurm. Vkm vfz kmis, rfghrrfrfkhs â cilhshcim, dfstm vfz Dfsgmrtfs. fcfith, dfstf Dfsgmrtfs é uk dhs i`tfrlhguthrfs prfcfridhs df mLmgm`, quf Ghk sf sfrvf “diílhah‛ fspfgimlkf`tf pmrm phdfr dfci`ir h quf é fspfgëcigh dm psigm`ílisf. Wum i`vfrsçh dh ghaith ghaith   gmrtfsim`h é ofk gh`jfgidmU=?=[, f flm `hs sfrí `fstf khkf`th þtil pmrm dicfrf`gimr m vfrdmdf dh sunfith (dh i`gh`sgif`tf) f m vfrdmdf dm giî`gim. I`igimlkf`tf, dfvfkhs dizfr quf m i`vfrsçh dh ghaith ghaith cfitm  cfitm phr Lmgm` phdfrim dmr m cmlsm ikprfssçh df quf jí mpf`ms ph`ths df rupturm f`trf flf f Dfsgmrtfs. Who ukm lfiturm kmis mpurmdm, f`trftm`th, phdfrfkhs pfrgfofr thdm ukm ftmpm df gh`stituiáçh dh ghaith ghaith   quf phdfrim sfr m nusth tëtulh gjmkmdm df “lmgm`im`m‛. Trmtm-sf nustmkf`tf dm cmsf quf prfgfdf h fstmoflfgikf`th dh ghaith ghaith   ghkh sf`dh m vfrdmdf prikfirm. Hu, kmis prfgismkf`tf, m cmsf quf prfgfdf m prikfirm gh`struáçh df smofr quf é cfitm m pmrtir dh ghaith ghaith,, isth é, m mssu`áçh df quf m fssî`gim dh kfu sfr é h pf`smkf`th. Rhrék, i`vfstiaufkhs isth kmis df pfrth. M i`tf`áçh dm cilhshcim df Dfsgmrtfs é m df cu`dmr h gh`jfgikf`th shorf omsfs i`disgutivflkf`tf sfaurms f gfrtms. É flf quf i`muaurm h pf`smkf`th fpistfkhl÷aigh khdfr`h. Wum idfim pmrm mti`air fstf honftivh é df cmzfr h f h fxmkf xmkf kmis riahrhsh phssëvfl df tudh h quf chi mdkitidh mté f`tçh ghkh gh`jfgikf`th. Flf vmi f`tçh duvidmr duvidmr df  df tudh h quf phdf, df ukm chrkm hu df hutrm, f`am`mr sfus nuëzhs. Thdmvim, Dfsgmrtfs `çh vmi `mturmlkf`tf suokftfr thdh h fdicëgih dh gh`jfgikf`th m ukm grëtigm ph`tuml f lhgmlizmdm, ukm tmrfcm sfkfljm`tf pmrfgf`dh sfr kfskh ikphssëvfl. Ghk fcfith, sum fstrmtéaim `çh gh`sistf fk gh`tfstmr tudh h quf sf mprfsf`tm ghkh gh`jfgidh, kms fk gh`tfstmr ms pr÷prims ch`tfs dfstf gh`jfgikf`th. Wf ms ch`tfs `çh sçh gh`ciívfis, f`tçh m dfsgh`cim`ám dfvf fstf`dfr-sf m thdh gh`jfgikf`th quf dflms dfrivm> “m ruë`m dms cu`dmáöfs cmz thkomr h fdicëgih thdh i`tfirh‛. É mssik quf flf ghlhgm fk gjfquf thdhs hs gh`jfgikf`ths, uk mp÷s h hutrh, `uk khvikf`th df af`frmlizmáçh grfsgf`tf. Dfsgmrtfs ghkfám phr gritigmr hs gh`jfgikf`ths fkpërighs,

 

dfphis mquflfs i`tflfgtumis. Wf hs prikfirhs `çh rfsistfk â mraukf`tmáçh dhs sh`jhsU=??[, hs sfau`dhs sçh kmis rfsistf`tfs, ní quf kfskh `h sh`jh “dhis f dhis gh`ti`umk m chrkmr h `þkfrh qumtrh‛. É pmrm ghlhgmr fk gmusm fssms vfrdmdfs kmtfkítigms quf Dfsgmrtfs vmi rfghrrfr â jip÷tfsf df uk Dfus f`am`mdhr, df uk Aî`ih Kmlia`h, h quml `hs phdfrim tfr grimdh df tml chrkm quf `÷s mgrfditíssfkhs quf jí uk ku`dh df ghisms fxtfrihrfs qum`dh rfmlkf`tf `çh jí5 df ukm tml chrkm quf m `fgfssidmdf df `hsshs rmgihgë`ihs kmtfkítighs `çh sfnm sf`çh cigtëgimU=?7[. Gh`tudh, h quf qufr quf fssf Dfus f`am`mdhr phssm cmzfr-kf, kfskh sf flf gh`sfauf pfrsumdir-kf df quf `çh jí `mdm fxistf`tf `h ku`dh, flf `çh kf phdf pfrsumdir df quf fu `çh fxisth. Hu sfnm, `çh jí dþvidm df quf fu fxisth, sf flf kf f`am`m. Fu `çh phssh `mdm sfr `h khkf`th fk quf fu pf`sh sfr mlaukm ghism. Fis m vfrdmdf prikfirm> fu duvidh, fu pf`sh, lhah fu fxisth. F fstm prhphsiáçh dfvf sfr `fgfssmrimkf`tf vfrdmdfirm, mh kf`hs U=?4[

thdms ms vfzfs quf fu m f`u`gih hu m gh`gfoh `h kfu fspërith . Fstm ftmpm, `÷s m gjmkmrfkhs “pré-ghaith “pré-ghaith‛, ‛, isth é, m cmsf quf dfsmrtigulm thdh h smofr f pfrkitf mssik m rfvflmáçh df ukm vfrdmdf quf prfgismkf`tf rfsistf m thdm dfstruiáçh. Fu duvidh, lhah fu shuU=?6[. F`trftm`th, Dfsgmrtfs `çh sf gh`tf`tm mpf`ms ghk h fstmoflfgikf`th dfstm vfrdmdf, quf flf pr÷prih qumlicigm ghkh fvm`fsgf`tf fvm`fsgf`tf,, í quf `çh sf m phdf mssfaurmr ghkh vfrdmdfirm sf`çh `m kfdidm fk quf sf m f`u`gim. _fmlkf`tf, phdf sfr quf m fxistî`gim sfnm dfsgh`të`um, quf Dfus rfgrif h u`ivfrsh m gmdm i`stm`tf, sfau`dh sum h`iphtf`tf vh`tmdf. Mssik, fstm vfrdmdf `çh gh`vék mhs prhp÷siths gmrtfsim`hs. É prfgish cmzfr dfstm vfrdmdf prikfirm h pilmr dms hutrms quf dfvfrçh sfauir. Mqui, i`igim-sf m ftmpm quf gjmkmrfkhs “p÷s-ghaith “p÷s-ghaith‛. ‛. H quf phdfkhs mprf`dfr dm vfrdmdf prikfirm8 — pfrau`tm-sf Dfsgmrtfs. Hrm, sf m rfmlidmdf df thdms ms ghisms é duvidhsm, m ki`jm, quf df tudh duvidm, `çh phdf sî-lh. Df cmth, sf fu duvidh, fu fxisth. H cmth df duvidmr sfrim f`tçh m fssî`gim df ki`jm fxistî`gim8 @m vfrdmdf, `çh, ní quf fu phssh pf`smr sfk duvidmr, kms fu `çh phssh duvidmr sfk pf`smr. Rhrtm`th, m dþvidm `çh é sf`çh uk dhs mspfgths df kfu pf`smkf`th, h quml dfvf, phr gh`sfquî`gim, m vfrdmdfirm fssî`gim dh kfu sfr. Wf duvidh, fu pf`sh. Wf fu pf`sh, fusfr shu. Fis uk honfth df gh`jfgikf`th gunhfuvmlhr é i`mlif`ívfl>

 

ki`jm fxistî`gim f`qum`th pf`smkf`th. Ghk fstf khvikf`th, Dfsgmrtfs pmssm dm vfrdmdf purmkf`tf “fxistf`giml‛ dh ghaith ghaith —  — quf sf rfvflm qum`dh thdh sf`tidh sf fsvmi — pmrm sum vfrdmdf “h`thl÷aigm‛, quf dí mh sfr ukm suostï`gim f gfrtms prhprifdmdfs U=?3[

fssf`gimis. H fdicëgih dh gh`jfgikf`th ghkfám m sfrtfr (rf)gh`struëdh . Kms prfgish gh`ti`umr m mvm`ámr, f, pmrm issh, é grugiml gritérihs prfgishs qufé `hs ikpfámk df gmir `h frrh. H rfgursh mh ghaith ghaith cmz-sf  cmz-sf df `hvh `fgfssírih. Dfsgmrtfs sf dí gh`tm df quf h quf cmz dh ghaith  ukm vfrdmdf i`disgutëvfl é ghaith ukm sfu gmrítfr glmrh f disti`th. F`tçh, flf cmz dfstm `hvm gh`stmtmáçh sfu gritérih df prharfssh>  prharfssh> tudh h quf sf mprfsf`tm ghkh ukm idfim glmrm f disti`tm, flf m mssukirí ghkh sf`dh vfrdmdfirmU=?1[. Gh`tudh, mi`dm quf fstf gritérih sfnm smtiscmt÷rih, Dfsgmrtfs smof quf flf `çh é sucigif`tf. Df cmth, sf flf phdf amrm`tir h prharfssh, pmssh m pmssh, dh sikplfs mh ghkplfxh, flf `çh phdf amrm`tir m kfk÷rimU=?:[  dms ftmpms df gh`struáçh. Wf`dh mssik, sfrim `fgfssírih rfcmzfr i`dfci`idmkf`tf thdms ms ftmpms dms dfkh`strmáöfs pmrm km`tfr m grfdioilidmdf dhs rfsultmdhs mti`aidhs, h quf é fvidf`tfkf`tf i`mgfitívfl sf m i`tf`áçh é m df gh`struir uk fdicëgih s÷lidh f arm`dihsh. F`tçh, sfu gritérih `çh phdf sfr sf`çh prhvis÷rih,  prhvis÷rih, f ljf é `fgfssírih mlah quf amrm`tm amrm`tm   thdms ms cmsfs dh prhgfssh df gh`jfgikf`th pfrkm`f`tfkf`tf. É mssik quf Dfsgmrtfs tfrí `fgfssidmdf dm prhvm dm fxistî`gim df Dfus, df uk Dfus quf shorftudh `çh f`am`f. M shluáçh sfrí f`gh`trmdm `m pfrcfiáçhU=?9[ divi`m> Dfus, sf`dh pfrcfith, `çh phdfrim qufrfr f`am`mr-kf. Gh`sfquf`tfkf`tf, thdms ms vfzfs quf fu mair rfspfitm`dh h ohkU=72[ gritérih, fu fstmrfi mssfaurmdh df gjfamr m rfsultmdhs vfrdmdfirhs f sfaurhs . Dfus é mssik h amrm`tf suprfkh dms vfrdmdfs ftfr`ms U=7=[. *** @çh é dicëgil pfrgfofr quf jí f`tçh dhis khkf`ths ghkplftmkf`tf hphsths `m cilhshcim gmrtfsim`m> uk prikfirh khkf`th df dfskh`tmafk, df dfsmrtigulmáçh dh smofr5 f uk sfau`dh df kh`tmafk, df gh`struáçh. M quf isth `hs sfrvf, fstm dicfrf`gimáçh f`trf uk khkf`th “pré-ghaith “préghaith‛‛ f uk hutrh “p÷s-ghaith “p÷s-ghaith‛8 ‛8 Wfu i`tfrfssf é fxmtmkf`tf mquflf df

 

khstrmr f df flugidmr m dicfrf`ám f`trf hs dhis tiphs df vfrdmdf. Ghk fcfith, sf mrtigulmkhs mahrm m fxphsiáçh shorf Dfsgmrtfs ghk hs gh`gfiths lmgm`im`hs, sfrfkhs gmpmzfs df fstmoflfgfr quf m vfrdmdf smëdm dm cmsf “préghaith‛‛ é nustmkf`tf m vfrdmdf dh sunfith, f, dh hutrh lmdh, quf m vfrdmdf ghaith ftfr`m, amrm`tidm phr Dfus, sf thr`m dmqui fk dim`tf m vfrdmdf amrm`tidm pflh Hutrh. Fstm i`tfrprftmáçh mdquirfU=7?[ thdm sum phtî`gim qum`dh sf pf`sm ms dums ftmpms dh ghaith ghaith ghkh  ghkh m pfrcfitm  i`vfrsçh dh prhgfssh df mlif`máçh f df sfpmrmáçh dh sunfith. Ghk fcfith, h quf m cmsf m`tfrihr dh ghaith ghaith   fstmoflfgf8 Fk prikfirh luamr, flm prhgfdf df chrkm m dfkhlir thdh h fdicëgih dh gh`jfgikf`th, thdm m mrtigulmáçh dh smofr. Hrm, `÷s phdfkhs ofk pf`smr fstf khvikf`th df dfsmrtigulmáçh fk tfrkhs dh ghrtf df W=-W?. _fmlkf`tf, sf ghrtmkhs h pmr kë`ikh sia`icigm`tf, thdm sia`icigmáçh é ikfdimtmkf`tf mohlidm. Gmi-sf `h sfk sf`tidh, `h `h` `h`--sf`sf sf`sf   f phrtm`th `f`juk gh`jfgikf`th kmis phssëvfl. Ghk fcfith, thdm vfrdmdf gif`tëcigm ukm vfrdmdf quf é évfigulmdm pflh disgursh f sf hsfdisgursh mrtigulmdh `çh éé kmis phssëvfl, f`tçh thdh h fdicëgih dh gh`jfgikf`th fstí mrrui`mdh. Mssik, h quf Dfsgmrtfs mti`af mtrmvés df sum jip÷tfsf dh Aî`ih Kmlia`h, Lmgm` phdf mti`air iaumlkf`tf phr fstm suphsiáçh df ghrtf f`trf W =  f W?. ]uml é f`tçh h rfsultmdh dfstm dfkhliáçh dh gh`jfgikf`th, dfstm qufdm `h `h` `h`--sf`sf sf`sf88 Rrfgismkf`tf h suraikf`th dm vfrdmdf prikfirm, vfrdmdf dh sunfith, ukm vfrdmdf quf sf pöf dfsdf lhah ghkh cu`dmkf`tmlkf`tf fvm`fsgf`tf fvm`fsgf`tf,, quf `çh pfrdurm sf`çh `m kfdidm fk quf h gh`trmstf f`trf m dþvidm f ki`jm fxistî`gim sf km`tékU=77[. Trmtm-sf df ukm vfrdmdf quf kf diz quf fu shu mlaukm ghism, Fu kms shu quf uk `çh purh kf diz `mdm uk shorfvmzih fssf df “isth‛ quf fuf shu fcftivmkf`tf. “isth‛, mtriouths df sia`icigmáöfs> fstí më m þ`igm gh`glusçh quf sf phdf lfaitikmkf`tf tirmr dfstm cmsf “pré-ghaith “pré-ghaith‛. ‛. Hrm, h quf é fstm gh`glusçh sf`çh fxmtmkf`tf h rfsultmdh dh prhgfssh df sfpmrmáçh sfpmrmáçh,, tml quml flf é dfsgrith phr Lmgm`8 _fmlkf`tf, `fstf khkf`th, Dfsgmrtfs phdf sfr dith “lmgm`im`h‛, m vfrdmdf dh sunfith `çh tf`dh mi`dm sidh fxgluëdm. @çh é sf`çh `h khvikf`th sfaui`tf quf tml fxglusçh sf prhduz, qum`dh Dfsgmrtfs, i`smtiscfith prfgismkf`tf ghk sfu gmrítfr fcîkfrh, gristmlizm, pftricigm m vfrdmdf prikfirmkf`tf hotidm mh cmzfr dh pf`smkf`th ukm suostï`gim, m fssî`gim dfssf sunfith. Rmssm-sf mssik dm

 

purm fxistî`gim â mtriouiáçh. Fis më h pmssh df “trmiáçh‛ â vfrdmdf dh sunfith, h mth df fxglusçh dfstm vfrdmdf. Fcftivmkf`tf, h quf é dmdh `h “p÷s-ghaith “p÷s- ghaith‛‛ é h pmssh irrfvfrsëvfl fk dirfáçh â mlif`máçh dh sunfith, rfi`sfráçh `h ku`dh dh sf`tidh. Ghk fstm idf`ticigmáçh suostm`giml f`trf h sunfith f h pf`smkf`th, vhltm-sf mh gmkph dh Hutrh> W=-W? tfk sum gh`fxçh rfstmoflfgidm. É prfgish f`tçh kmrgmr ofk m dicfrf`ám f`trf h pf`smkf`th tml quml flf é f`tf`didh `h “pré-ghaith “pré-ghaith‛‛ f h pf`smkf`th dh “p÷s-ghaith “p÷s-ghaith‛. ‛. H prikfirh é h pf`smkf`th f`qum`th dþvidm, f`qum`th dfsmrtigulmdh df qumlqufr gh`struáçh sfkï`tigm. É h pf`smkf`th quf, `h cu`dh dh sfk sf`tidh, gh`stmtm sum fxistî`gim. H sfau`dh, mh gh`trírih, é h pf`smkf`th ní f`qum`th mrtigulmdh, f`qum`th gmpmz df afrmr nuëzhs df mtriouiáçh, df gh`struir sf`tf`áms rigms fk sia`icigmáçh. Fstm dicfrf`gimáçh é ikphrtm`tf pmrm pfrgfofr quf m i`vfrsçh dh ghaith ghaith   rfmlizmdm phr Lmgm` diz rfspfith mpf`ms mh pf`smkf`th f`qum`th mrtigulmdh. “Fu shu h`df `çh pf`sh‛ qufr dizfr “fu tfkhs shu h`df `çh mrtigulh, h`df fu `çh lmdh, `÷s quf,fuqum`dh fu pf`sh, qum`dh fu prhduzh mrtigulh, sf`tidh‛. më, fu `çhDf shu.hutrh Dizfr f`tçh quf Dfsgmrtfs chrmglui m vfrdmdf dh sunfith sia`icigm quf flf rfgusm m mgfití-lm f`qum`th tml f m kmsgmrm, m fsgh`df, m om`f. Flf m suostitui pflm vfrdmdf quf phdf pfrdurmr, quf phdf mlkfnmr â ftfr`idmdf. Flf m trhgm shorftudh pflm vfrdmdf quf phdf sfr amrm`tidm phr Dfus, pflh Hutrh, ukm i`stï`gim “supfrihr‛ quf m iaumlm mh hljmr dhs hutrhs f mssik fvitm ukm gh`crh`tmáçh ghk sfu pr÷prih dfsfnh, ghk sum rfmlidmdf kmis `um. Hrm, fstm chrmglusçh é, `uk gfrth sf`tidh, `fgfssírim, sf sf sf sf sfauf hs prhp÷siths dm giî`gim, dh gh`jfgikf`th. Ghk fcfith, h prfssuphsth pri`gipml df thdh gh`jfgikf`th é sum i`stitugih`mlizmáçh, sum phssioilidmdf df rfprhduáçh hu trm`skissçh. Mssik, m giî`gim dfvf chrmgluir `fgfssmrimkf`tf h sunfith dh i`gh`sgif`tf nustmkf`tf phrquf sum vfrdmdf é ukm vfrdmdf pmrtigulmr, fcîkfrm, `çh i`stitugih`mlizmdm f `çh rfprhdutëvfl. M vfrdmdf dm giî`gim é m vfrdmdf dh disgursh mrtigulmdh, m vfrdmdf dh Hutrh.

 

H HONFTH m RF_DIDH F@T_F EM@T F DFWGM_TFW

 

Rhr kfih dm i`vfstiamáçh dms dhutri`ms cilhs÷cigms em`tim`m f gmrtfsim`m, `÷s gjfamkhs m dflikitmr df dums dums   km`firms dicfrf`tfs m fspfgicigidmdf dm psigm`ílisf fk rflmáçh â cilhshcim. Fk prikfirh luamr, vikhs quf, fstm`dh m cilhshcim em`tim`m hrif`tmdm pmrm h hrfml gh`jfgikf`th, “sfu pmrm rfml‛m étfhrim m`tfspsigm`mlëtigm uk rfml “fxtfrihr “ fxtfrihr‛, ‛, f`qum`th quf kmis ikphrtm`tf é h rfml “i`tfrihr i`tfrihr‛, ‛, mquflf dms pulsöfs, df dms Di`a. Di`a. Fk sfau`dh luamr, vikhs quf, fstm`dh m cilhshcim gmrtfsim`m, flm tmkoék, hrif`tmdm pmrm h gh`jfgikf`th, flm dí ikphrtï`gim mpf`ms â vfrdmdf dh Hutrh, vfrdmdf amrm`tidm f vílidm i`tfrsuonftivmkf`tf, f`qum`th quf m psigm`ílisf sf i`tfrfssm m`tfs pflm vfrdmdf dh sunfith, ukm vfrdmdf, phr sum pr÷prim `mturfzm, pmrtigulmr, privmdm. Hrm, é i`tfrfssm`tf pfrgfofr quf m psigm`ílisf kmrgm sum fspfgicigidmdf dicfrf`tfkf`tf sfau`dh sf trmtm dm cilhshcim em`tim`m hu dm gmrtfsim`m. Isth phdf pmrfgfr `mturml, ní quf Em`t f Dfsgmrtfs trmomljmk ghk gh`gfiths dicfrf`tfs, phrék isth tmkoék ghlhgm ukm qufstçh> sf ms dums dhutri`ms cilhs÷cigms gh`sidfrmdms tîk ghkh honftivh ghkuk h gh`jfgikf`th, `çh dfvfrëmkhs suphr quf ms rfsphstms dm tfhrim psigm`mlëtigm m gmdm ukm dflms `utrfk, flms tmkoék, rflmáöfs chráhsmkf`tf fstrfitms8 Fstm qufstçh é df mlauk vmlhr, phis flm `hs phdfrim dmr m hphrtu`idmdf df f`gmdfmr kmis shlidmkf`tf `hssm gh`gfitumlizmáçh, df thr`í-lm kmis sistfkítigm, h quf é prfgismkf`tf h honftivh suonmgf`tf df thdm pfsquism, df thdh trmomljh df i`vfstiamáçh. M fxistî`gim df ukm ph`tf f`trf ms dums rfsphstms é f`tçh i`si`umdm, kms ghkh phdfkhs fcftivmkf`tf mtrmvfssí-lm8 M shluáçh sfrí f`gh`trmdm `h mprhcu`dmkf`th dm hphsiáçh f`trf mlif`máçh mlif`máçh   f sfpmrmáçh sfpmrmáçh,, ní quf flm rfvflm ikfdimtmkf`tf m tfkítigm dm vfrdmdf dh sunfith, mh kfskh tfkph fk quf flm mph`tm, phr trís dflm, h honfth m, h honfth dm pulsçh. @÷s vmkhs mssik khstrmr quf h quf cmltm, sfnm `m cilhshcim, sfnm `m giî`gim, é h hljmr shorf h sfr jukm`h f`qum`th ghrph “ahzm`tf‛, f`qum`th prhduthr df uk kmis-df-ahzmrU=74[.  

 

M mlif`máçh f m dfsmpmriáçh dfsmpmriáçh dh  dh sunfith Fk tfrkhs afrmis, h prhgfs prhgfssh sh df mlif`máçh é ghrrflmtivh mh cmth dh f`gh`trh dh i`divëduh ghk m li`aumafk, ghk ukm li`aumafk quf h prfgfdf, quf më fstmvm m`tfs df flf pf`smr fk fxistir. Vkm li`aumafk gunms rfarms f g÷diahs fstçh ní dfci`idhs, `çh tf`dh tidh h sunfith `f`juk pmpfl fk sum gh`stituiáçh. Fstms lfis ljf sçh fxtfrihrfs, f é prfgish gh`chrkmr-sf m flms sf sf qufr hotfr h rfgh`jfgikf`th dh Hutrh cmlm`tf. Ghk fcfith, sfrí fssf Hutrh quf ljf f`si`mrí m sfrvir-sf dm li`aumafk, h Hutrh quf chr`fgfrí thdhs hs sia`icigm`tfs `fgfssírihs m tml utilizmáçh. Sikhs quf h f`gh`trh dh i`divëduh ghk h Hutrh sf cmz m pmrtir dm fxpfriî`gim df smtiscmáçh hriai`írim. É h Hutrh quf rfmlizm pmrm flf m máçh fspfgëcigm f ghlhgm cik â tf`sçh dm `fgfssidmdf. Wum i`tfrvf`áçh, thdmvim, tfk ghkh gh`sfquî`gim mlah kmis dh quf m fliki`máçh dh dfsgh`chrth dh rfgék-`msgidh. rfgék-`msgi dh.   Df cmth, “m grim`ám sf mlikf`tm tm`th df pmlmvrms qum`th df pçh‛U=76[. Hu sfnm, m grim`ám vmi rfaistrmr dfstm fxpfriî`gim cu`dmkf`tml tm`th hs trmáhs k`îkighs dh honfth qum`th ms pmlmvrms prh`u`gimdms `m hgmsiçh. Fstm i`tfrvf`áçh dh Hutrh ikpligmrí dfsdf f`tçh m i`sfráçh dm grim`ám `m hrdfk siko÷ligm, hrdfk df trhgm df sia`icigm`tfs. M prikfirm pmrtigipmáçh dm grim`ám `fstm trhgm siko÷ligm, vikhs, sf cmz mtrmvés df sfu arith, h quml sf thr`m sia`icigm`tf m pmrtir dh khkf`th fk quf h Hutrh h mghljf ghkh ukm kf`smafk. É fstf mth, fstm rfsphstm dh Hutrh, h rfsph`sívfl pflm “kutmáçh sia`icigm`tf‛. H arith, ghkh sia`icigm`tf prikitivh, dfsfkpf`jm dfsdf lhah vírims cu`áöfs. Fk prikfirh luamr, phr fxfkplh, h arith `hs sfrvf pmrm tfr ukm prikfirm idfim dh honfth jhstil. Ghk fcfith, tfkhs m tf`dî`gim m fsqufgfr ms sf`smáöfs ghrphrmis df dhr5 dfstf khdh, sfk h arith quf h honfth dfsmarmdívfl `hs cmz shltmr, `çh tfrëmkhs uk kfih sfaurh df idf`ticigmr h quf `hs gmushu m dhr f phrtm`th df fvitmr ukm `hvm hghrrî`gim dh fvf`th dfsmarmdívfl. “H arith dfsfkpf`jm ukm cu`áçh df dfsgmram, f tfk h pmpfl df ukm ph`tf `h `ëvfl dm quml mlaukm ghism dh quf sf pmssm phdf sfr gmpturmdm f idf`ticigmdm `m gh`sgiî`gim dh sunfith‛ U=73[. Fk sfau`dh luamr, h arith tfk m cu`áçh df mpflh, df dfkm`dm U=71[

. Hrm, `çh `m kfdidm qufphdf flf s÷ sf cmzm fsgutmr df smtiscmáçh Hutrh h honfth f`qum`th mpflhmhqum`dh fstí lí, fk h arith mssukir cu`áçh

 

prhprimkf`tf sia`icigm`tf df sf rfcfrir m mlaukm ghism quf cmltm, quf fstí musf`tfU=7:[. Ci`mlkf`tf, `m kfdidm fk quf flf sfrvf pmrm gjmkmr h Hutrh, h arith thr`m-sf m prikfirm máçh fspfgëcigm dh sunfith f mssik sfrvf pmrm rfprfsf`tmr h sunfith pmrm hs hutrhs sia`icigm`tfs. Tfkhs mqui h pmr kë`ikh dm gmdfim sia`icigm`tf> W=-W?. W= ghkh h suostituth dh arith, prikfirh sia`icigm`tf dh sunfith5 W ? ghkh h sia`icigm`tf dm rfsphstm, h sia`icigm`tf quf cmz dh arith kfskh uk sia`icigm`tf U=79[. Hrm, dizfr quf é W? quf trm`schrkm, `uk m phstfrihri, phstfrihri, h arith fk uk sia`icigm`tf, fquivmlf m dizfr quf é W? quf i`muaurm m cu`áçh prhprimkf`tf df sia`icigmáçh dm li`aumafk. Fk hutrhs tfrkhs, `çh é sf`çh mp÷s tfr tidh luamr m rfsphstm dh Hutrh quf phdfkhs rfmlkf`tf mcirkmr quf jhuvf mlah ghkh ukm kf`smafk, uk mpflh. W?  é, phrtm`th, h vfthr sfkï`tigh, sfkï`tigh, ní quf é flf quf dí, rftrhmtivmkf`tf, sf`tidh m W=. M dikf`sçh dh sf`tidh fstí mssik `m U=42[

mrtigulmáçh df kms W=-W?shorftudh . Dfstmhchrkm, é shkf`tf thkmrsf`tidh W= ghkh rfprfsf`tm`tf, cmth df`çh mrtigulm-lh m W?h hcmth qufdf prhduz f, fk gh`sfquî`gim, mlif`máçhU=4=[. Fxmki`fkhs mahrm ghkh isth sf pmssm fk tfrkhs dm mrtigulmáçh f`trf sunfith f h Hutrh. _fprfsf`tfkhs m i`tfrmáçh dhs dhis mtrmvés dhs sfaui`tfs dimarmkmsU=4?[> Dimarmkm =

H quf phdfkhs cmzfr vfr é quf fstf dimarmkm, `m vfrdmdf, phdf sfr hotidh m pmrtir df dhis gërgulhs hu dhis gh`nu`ths> h gh`nu`th dh sunfith, chráhsmkf`tf vmzih, f h gh`nu`th dh Hutrh, h`df sf mlhnmk thdhs hs sia`icigm`tfs f sëkohlhs dm li`aumafk. Dimarmkm ?

 

Hrm, dizfr quf h gh`nu`th dh sunfith frm vmzih m`tfs dh f`gh`trh ghk h Hutrh sia`icigm prfgismkf`tf quf h sunfith é grimdh pflh cmth dfstf f`gh`trh, pflh cmth df quf flf thkm uk sia`icigm`tf (W=) mh Hutrh f h utilizm pmrm sf rfprfsf`tmr nu`th mhs hutrhs sia`icigm`tfs (W ?). Kms h quf isth qufr dizfr, quf W= grim grim h  h sunfith8 “É më quf é prfgish sfr kmtfrimlistm f ghlhgmr quf `çh jí `f`juk sunfith `h rfml. rfml. @çh jí sunfith sf`çh pflh sia`icigm`tf. H sunfith hu gh`nu`th vmzih `çh vfk mh ku`dh sf`çh pflh cmth df quf h sia`icigm`tf pmrm më gmrrfam sfu trmáh, gmrrfam h trmáh kë`ikh quf pfrkitf dizfr> `çh jí `mdm‛U=47[. Fk hutrhs tfrkhs, h sunfith é cu`dmdh shorf fstm `hkfmáçh dh vmzih, shorf fstm “kmtfrimlizmáçh‛ dm musî`gim. É, phrtm`th, h sia`icigm`tf m prikfirm i`stï`gim dicfrf`gimdm, h flfkf`th quf rftirm h sfr dh rfml mh dflikití-lhU=44[. Isth qufr dizfr quf h gmkph dh sfr sf i`muaurm, sf i`stmurm qum`dh omrrfirms, likitfs sçh ikphsths â i`dicfrf`gimáçh dh rfml. Hrm, sçh fxmtmkf`tf hs sia`icigm`tfs quf vçh prikfirmkf`tf disti`auir uk “df`trh‛ df uk “chrm‛, mlah quf fstí prfsf`tf df mlah quf fstí musf`tf U=46[, “df h`df vfkhs quf m h`thlhaim `msgf ghk h disgursh‛. Rhdfkhs kfskh gjfamr mh ph`th df idf`ticigmr h gmkph dh sfr mh gmkph dh disgursh U=43[. Isth `hs gh`duz m ukm gh`glusçh kuith ikphrtm`tf. Wf `÷s mcirkmkhs quf h gmkph dh disgursh, h gmkph dh sfr, é mquflf dh sia`icigm`tf, dh Hutrh, isth qufr dizfr quf h gmkph hphsth, mquflf dh sunfith, é, f`qum`th tml, fstritmkf`tf gh`df`mdh mh silî`gih, f kfskh â dfsmpmriáçh. Dith df hutrm chrkm, W=, mh kfskh tfkph fk quf  quf  flf grim h sunfith, flf h mpmam>> qum`dh “h sunfith suraf df uk lmdh ghkh sf`tidh, prhduzidh pflh mpmam sia`icigm`tf, `h hutrh flf mpmrfgf ghkh mcï`isf‛U=41[. Wum þ`igm gjm`gf df `çh sf mpmamr ghkplftmkf`tf é f`tçh df `çh fsghljfr m vim dh sf`tidh, m vim dm mlif`máçh. Gh`tudh, sf flf `çh m fsghljfssf, flf tfrki`mrim phr gmir sfnm `h U=4:[

. Dmëh`df m i`vfrsçh dhU=49[ ghaith, ghaith ní sfk sfk-sf`tidh sf`tidh   (fu `h``h` -sf`sf sf`sf), ), fu sfnm silî`gih . Fstí, më kf`gih`mdm> shu h`df `çh`hpf`sh. Fu pf`sh fu `çh shu

 

m gh`diáçh df sunfith fssf`gimlkf`tf divididh, omrrmdh> h cmth quf h sunfith f`qum`th tml `çh sf km`icfstm sf`çh `h i`tfrvmlh df W =-W?, isth é, m`tfs m`tfs   df h sf`tidh sf gh`stituir, kms dfphis df uk sia`icigm`tf tfr sidh gmpturmdh. É m idfim quf phdf sfr mprff`didm dh ghaith ghaith   fk sfu tfkph prikfirh, isth é, h tfkph fk quf jí purmkf`tf m gh`stmtmáçh df fxistî`gim (nuëzh df sia`icigmáçh moshlutm> “fu shu isth‛), sfk jmvfr mi`dm mtriouiáçh (nuëzh fk quf m mrtigulmáçh sia`icigm`tf é ní rfqufridm). H quf mgh`tfgf é quf, fk Dfsgmrtfs, m hpfrmáçh df sfpmrmáçh é prikfirm, f`qum`th quf fk Lmgm` flm vfk fk sfau`dh. Fk thdhs hs gmshs, f`trftm`th, fstm hpfrmáçh ikpligm uk ghrtf dh oi`írih oi`írih W  W=-W?.

  H u`írih f h oi`írih> W= ghkh chrm dm gmdfim (W= /  $ m /  $) “H quf é quf cmz m dicfrf`ám dh u`írih f dh oi`írih8 H oi`írih é, phr fxfkplh, W=-W?. Isth cmz uk oi`írih. H u`írih mdnftivm W= f`qum`th ghrtmdh df W?, `h tfkph fk quf isth chi dith f `çh mi`dm rfpftidh. É, ofk f`tf`didh, ukm ilusçh, ní quf sf gjfam kuith tmrdf f tudh ní chi dith. Flf `çh thkm sfu vmlhr df u`írih sf`çh df sfu luamr df sfkolm`t  , quf ikpligm h ghrtf ghk h dhis. (...) @÷s tfkhs më m `háçh df uk sia`icigm`tf quf rfprfsf`tm h sunfith, kms `çh pmrm uk hutrh sia`icigm`tf. Dh sia`icigm`tf quf cmrim fxgfáçh m fstm lfi dh sia`icigm`tf df rfprfsf`tmr h sunfith pmrm uk hutrh sia`icigm`tf‛U=62[.

Isth é fxtrfkmkf`tf ikphrtm`tf, phis tfkhs mqui m i`digmáçh df quf `h tfkph “uk‛, `çh jí mi`dm mlif`máçh sia`icigm`tf. Rmrm quf jmnm mlif`máçh, `çh omstm quf h sia`icigm`tf vf`jm dh Hutrh. É prfgish tmkoék quf jmnm ukm gh`gmtf`máçh f`trf hs dhis phlhs. É m mrtigulmáçh prhduthrm df sf`tidh quf afrm m mlif`máçh, h sunfith sf`dh gmpturmdh `m mrkmdiljm f mpmamdh `h prhgfssh df rfprfsf`tmáçh quf tfvf luamr `h gmkph dh Hutrh. Rhrtm`th, sf sf gjfam m “i`tfrrhkpfr‛ fstf prhgfssh rfprfsf`tmtivh, qufr dizfr df mrtigulmáçh f`trf W =  f W?, tfk-sf sugfssh fk hotfr W= shzi`jh f, ghkh tml, chrm dm gmdfim. Hrm, m gjmvf dm dicfrf`ám f`trf mlif`máçh f sfpmrmáçh rfsidf fxmtmkf`tf `m dicfrf`ám f`trf W=  shzi`jh shzi`jh   f W= chrkm`dh pmr ghk W?. @h `ëvfl df W=-W?, W = tfk uk vmlhr mrtigulmdhr mrtigulmdhr,, é uk sia`icigm`tf kfdimdhr f`trf h sunfith f h Hutrh. Dith df hutrm chrkm, `m mlif`máçh, jí m ikfrsçh dh sunfith `h Hutrh, sums lfis sf`dh rfspfitmdms f h rfgh`jfgikf`th   sf`dh dfsfnmdh f hotidhU=6=[. Df hutrh lmdh, W=  shzi`jh tfk rfgh`jfgikf`th

 

uk vmlhr ghkplftmkf`tf hphsth. “É uk sia`icigm`tf rfduthr rfduthr dh  dh Hutrh. É uk sia`icigm`tf quf, pmrmdhxmlkf`tf, sf i`stmlm, vmlf, chrm dh sistfkm sia`icigm`tf‛. F sf m gmdfim é ghrtmdm, isth qufr dizfr quf h sunfith `çh fstí rfprfsf`tmdh `h Hutrh. Hrm, “é `m kfdidm fk quf h sunfith rf`u`gim rf`u`gim   â sum rfprfsf`tmáçh sia`icigm`tf, isth é, rf`u`gim m sfu dfvir sia`icigm`tf, quf flf é susgftëvfl df thr`mr-sf pfquf`h m. (...) Vkm vfz quf h pfquf`h m `çh é uk sia`icigm`tf f W=, sf é uk sia`icigm`tf `çh é uk sia`icigm`tf ghkh hs hutrhs, thdhs hs dhis pmrfgfk pmrtiljmr h fstmtuth df chrm df gmdfim‛, f phrtm`th `çh mrtigulmdhs mhs hutrhs sia`icigm`tfsU=6?[. Sfnmkhs h dimarmkm dm sfpmrmáçh> Dimarmkm 7  

É, ghk fcfith, h f`gh`trh dh sunfith ghkh h honfth m, gmusm df sfu dfsfnh, quf ljf pfrkitf df rfmlizmr h ghrtf df W =-W?, f cmzfr df W=  h sia`icigm`tf df sum dicfrf`ám cu`dmkf`tml, dicfrf`ám purm, irrfdutëvfl. Hrm, h quf mgh`tfgf é quf W= shzi`jh `çh phdf sfr dh sunfith sf`çh uk rfprfsf`tm`tf ph`tuml, hu sfnm, flf `çh phdf sf`çh i`digmr m prfsf`ám dh sunfith `ukm crmsf df sia`icigmáçh moshlutm> “tu és isth‛. Fstm crmsf tfk ukm sia`icigmáçh “moshlutm‛ `m kfdidm fk quf flm `çh tfk sfu sf`tidh hu dfgicrmáçh `ms kçhs dh Hutrh. Hrm, sf h Hutrh `çh tfk `f`jukm i`cluî`gim më, isth sia`icigm ikfdimtmkf`tf quf h quf é më rfvflmdh é fxmtmkf`tf h quf é kmis ë`tikh mh sunfith, sum vfrdmdf kmis pmrtigulmr. Sfkhs, phrtm`th, m fstrfitm msshgimáçh f`trf fstm vfrdmdf f h honfth m> h honfth m, f`qum`th liamdh mh kmis ë`tikh dfsfnh i`gh`sgif`tf dh sunfith, é prhprimkf`tf h prhduth dfstm rfvflmáçh, é h quf suraf phr trís dms i`sëa`ims quf hgupmk fstf luamr dh Vk Vk   (W=) f quf

 

rfprfsf`tmk h sunfith pmrm  pmrm   hs hutrhs sia`icigm`tfs. Ghrtmdh h “pmrm‛ dm rflmáçh, `çh rfstm mh sunfith sf`çh sfr “rfprfsf`tmdh‛ phr sum pr÷prim cmltm, ë`digf df ahzh> m / $U=67[.

 

GH@WIDF_MÁÖFW CI@MIW  

M pmssmafk dh sunfith mlif`mdh mh sunfith sfpmrmdh tfk hutrms ikpligmáöfs. Fk prikfirh luamr, flm ikpligm ukm dflikitmáçh f`trf h sunfith dh i`gh`sgif`tf f h fu (khi (khi). ). @÷s vfkhs, fcftivmkf`tf, quf h sunfith dh i`gh`sgif`tf nf ( ) fstí dh lmdh dm vfrdmdf fvm`fsgf`tf, dh W = shzi`jh f chrm dm  nf) gmdfim. Df hutrh lmdh, h fu fu   fstí dh lmdh dh Hutrh, dm gmdfim mrtigulmdm, dh disgursh i`tfrsuonftivh f dm vfrdmdf gmugih`mdm phr uk pmgth i`stitugih`mlizmdh. M hphsiáçh prhcu`dm f`trf h sunfith dh i`gh`sgif`tf (h nf)  nf) f h khi khi rfvflm-sf  rfvflm-sf mssik phr vim dm hpfrmáçh df sfpmrmáçh, m quml cmz mpmrfgfr `çh mpf`ms hutrh tiph df vfrdmdf, kms tmkoék uk hutrh tiph df dfkm`dm, ukmukdfkm`dm dfsgh`fgtmdm dh Hutrh. Hrm, fssf khvikf`th df dfsf`rmizmkf`th dh Hutrh, trmzidh pflm hpfrmáçh df sfpmrmáçh, ghi`gidf ghk m trmvfssim trmvfssim   dh cm`tmskm cm`tmskm,, m sfau`dm ikpligmáçh quf `÷s qufrfkhs fxmki`mr. H cm`tmskm, vfrfkhs, sfrí h “i`strukf`th‛ privilfaimdh pmrm dfgicrmr ms dicfrf`áms f ms gh`fxöfs f`trf h f f h khi khi,, f f`trf fstf f h ahzh. *** @h i`ëgihi`vfstiamr dfstf trmomljh, honftivhs dizf`dh quf `hs frm `fgfssírih m`tfs dflikitmkhs ms gmusms gmusms dh  dh`hsshs prhgfssh df gh`stituiáçh dm rfmlidmdf dh quf hs rfsultmdhs fk si kfskhs. H quf `hs i`tfrfssm, mli dissfkhs, é m`tfs m rfmlidmdf gh`stitui`tf gh`stitui`tf dh  dh quf m rfmlidmdf gh`stituëdm gh`stituëdm.. F`trftm`th, jí uk gh`gfith quf pfrkm`fgf, phr mssik dizfr, `h usth gf`trh dh quf phdfrim sfr dith gh`stitui`tf hu gh`stituëdh. “@h gf`trh‛, isth qufr dizfr quf, fkohrm `çh sf trmtf df uk pri`gëpih, df ukm lfi hu df uk kfgm`iskh prikhrdiml dh mpmrfljh psëquigh, flf i`tfrcfrf kfskh mssik fk thdh h prhgfssh df mprff`sçh dm rfmlidmdf. Fk hutrhs tfrkhs, flf é, mh kfskh tfkph, uk rfsultmdh rfsultmdh   dhs kfgm`iskhs f hpfrmáöfs dh psiquiskh f mlah quf, `çh hostm`tf, hram`izm hram`izm,, gh`stitui gh`stitui   h ku`dh dhs honfths jukm`hs. Fstf gh`gfith é mquflf df cm`tmskm cm`tmskm,, f, prfgismkf`tf fk rmzçh df sfu gmrítfr

 

jëoridh, dfgidikhs dfixí-lh pmrm h ci`ml, m cik df mprhvfitmrkhs fstf sfu jëoridh, gmrítfr “i`tfrkfdiírih‛ pmrm mrtigulmr hs trîs rfaistrhs> h rfml, h siko÷ligh f h ikmai`írih. *** H quf é h cm`tmskm8 H cm`tmskm, prhprimkf`tf cmlm`dh, gh`stitui-sf ghkh ukm dfcfsm gh`trm h rfml. Flf é ukm fspégif df tflm tflm   quf dissikulm h f`gh`trh ghk h rfml f h thr`m suphrtívfl mh sunfith. Fk hutrms pmlmvrms, jí mlah quf vfk dh rfml quf é i`thlfrívfl mh sunfith, mlah quf flf dfvf kmsgmrmr, hoturmr. Fstm “ghism‛ é m gmstrmáçh gmstrmáçh,, é m cmltm prikhrdiml quf omtf â phrtm dh sunfith dfsdf sfus prikfirhs khkf`ths df fxistî`gim. Ghk fcfith, é fk rmzçh dh cmth df quf h honfth df smtiscmáçh cmltm (phr fxfkplh, h sfih dm kçf), quf m grim`ám sf thr`m uk sunfith dfsfnm`tf. Wf m kçf fstivfssf sfkprf lí, h sunfith `çh mdvirim nmkmis, phis `çh jmvfrim h khvikf`th i`muaurml dm dfkm`dm. Wupridh, h i`divëduh pfrkm`fgfrim `h fstmdh df pfrpétum i`érgim. Sfkhs mssik quf m gmstrmáçh f m mlif`máçh sf ikpligmk rfgiprhgmkf`tf, phis é m prikfirm quf ikpulsih`m h sunfith m ir df f`gh`trh mh HutrhU=64[. H honfth fstí f`tçh cmltm`dh, f h sunfith vmi nustmkf`tf jhkhlhamr fstm pfrdm dh honfth chrkm`dh uk cm`tmskm cm`tmskm.. @fstf prikfirh khkf`th, mssik, h cm`tmskm `çh é kmis dh quf m rfprfsf`tmáçh ikmai`írim dh honfth pfrdidh. Fstf honfth honfth quf  quf sfrvf df suphrtf mh cm`tmskm é f`tçh h honfth quf gmusm f ghlhgm fk khvikf`th h dfsfnh dh sunfith. H honfth dh cm`tmskm é h honfth m, h quf é ofk i`digmdh phr sfu kmtfkm> $ mU=66[. Gh`tudh, h cm`tmskm `çh é shkf`tf ukm chrkmáçh dfcf`sivm, uk rfsultmdh df uk kmu f`gh`trh ghk h rfml, uk fcfith dfstf dfsfnh prikitivh dh honfth pfrdidh. H cm`tmskm é tmkoék m kmtriz dhs dfsfnhs mtumis. Mtrmvés dh cm`tmskm, thdm m rfmlidmdf dh sunfith vmi sfr kfskh mtrmvfssmdm pflh dfsfnhU=63[, phis h cm`tmskm f`qumdrm f`qumdrm,, fkhldurm fkhldurm m  m rfmlidmdf, `h sf`tidh df quf flf “ciltrm f ghlhrf ghk ms ti`tms quf ljf sçh pr÷prims thdms ms rflmáöfs dh sunfith m sfu ku`dh, mhs honfths f mhs sfrfs. Flf é ghkh uk cfrrh df lfiturm quf ikprikf sum kmrgm f hrdf`m hs cmths sfau`dh ms li`jms df chrám df sum fstruturm. Mssik, m rfmlidmdf, `h sf`tidh crfudim`h, é mprff`didm U=61[ pflh sunfith mtrmvés phr dhflf‛ priskm df dicfrf`tfkf`tf, sfu cm`tmskm, `÷s mltfrmdm, flmohrmdm, . Dith phdfkhs tmkoék dflikitmdm f dfci`idm

 

vfr `h cm`tmskm ukm cu`áçh hram`izmdhrm hram`izmdhrm dm  dm rfmlidmdf jukm`m f, f`qum`th tml, h cm`tmskm `çh é shkf`tf ukm cu`áçh purmkf`tf ikmai`írim, kms tmkoék ukm cu`áçh siko÷ligmU=6:[. Wfu kmtfkm dfixm f`trfvfr issh sho m chrkm dfstm omrrm omrrm (  ($$) quf dividf h sunfith pmrm sfkprf, quf é m kmrgm df sum f`trmdm `m li`aumafk f sfu mssunfitmkf`th m flm. Dfstm km`firm, h cm`tmskm é h gh`gfith quf pfrkitf mkmrrmr hs trîs rfaistrhs> h siko÷ligh (rfprfsf`tmdh pflm omrrm dh $), h ikmai`írih (pfquf`h m) f h rfml (pfquf`h m) U=69[. Thdmvim, `çh é shkf`tf ghk m pulsçh f ghk h sunfith dh i`gh`sgif`tf quf h cm`tmskm tfk rflmáöfs. Flf ms tfk tmkoék ghk h fu fu.. Ghk U=32[ fcfith, m rflmáçh dh cm`tmskm ghk m pulsçh  f ghk h sunfith dh i`gh`sgif`tf rfvflhu-sf ikfdimtmkf`tf, ní quf h cm`tmskm sf ghlhghu prfgismkf`tf ghkh ukm fspégif df rhupmafk f df véu dm pulsçh. _fmlkf`tf, sf h cm`tmskm phdf hrdf`mr m rflmáçh dh sunfith â rfmlidmdf, é phrquf flf fkhldurm m ghrrflmáçh dh sunfith ghk h ahzh. *** Gh`tudh, `hs é `fgfssírih mahrm fxmki`mr sum rflmáçh ghk h fu, ghk m i`stï`gim psëquigm quf é f`gmrrfamdm prfgismkf`tf df khdicigmr h ku`dh pmrm hotfr smtiscmáçh. H sunfith dh i`gh`sgif`tf, vikhs, é h vfrdmdfirh sunfith dh dfsfnh, h vfrdmdfirh phrtmdhr dms mkoiáöfs pulsih`mis. H fu, df hutrh lmdh, é m i`tfrihrizmáçh, `uk gfrth sf`tidh, dms lfis dm li`aumafk, dms lfis dh Hutrh. Flf é h rfprfsf`tm`tf df ukm lfi fxtfrihr, df ukm lfi fstrm`jm f fstrm`afirm. Dfstm km`firm, rfml qum`dh fu tf`tmfxtfrihr, hram`izmrflf hs khdhs df smtiscmáçh dh sunfith vim mltfrmáçh dh hku`dh vmi cmzî-lh f`gh`trm`dh uk ghkprhkissh   f`trf ms fxiaî`gims dms pulsöfs f ms dh Hutrh. Fk hutrms ghkprhkissh pmlmvrms, h fu tf`tmrí smtiscmzfr ms pulsöfs sfk sfk   mrrisgmr pfrdfr h mkhr dh Hutrh. M `fgfssidmdf dfstf ghkprhkissh rfkh`tm mh mprf`dizmdh cu`dmkf`tml dh fu, â hgmsiçh df sums prikfirms fxpfriî`gims. Df cmth, h fu mprf`dfu quf m smtiscmáçh vi`jm sfkprf dh Hutrh. Hrm, sf`dh mssik, h fu mgmohu phr gh`cu`dir h honftivh df f`gh`trmr smtiscmáçh ghk m hofdiî`gim mh Hutrh, flf mgmohu phr gh`cu`dir m prhgurm df smtiscmáçh pulsih`ml ghk m prhgurm df mkhr. Dith df hutrh khdh, h fu gjfahu â gh`glusçh df quf, sf m

 

smtiscmáçh vi`jm sfkprf dh Hutrh, frm prfgish f`tçh tî-lh fk mltm gh`tm, frm prfgish rfspfití-lh, hofdfgfr-ljf, `m i`tf`áçh df hotfr dflf m amrm`tim dm smtiscmáçh cuturm. Dfstm km`firm, h fu vmi omrrmr, ikpfdir thdm kháçh df dfsfnh quf prfgismkf`tf ghkprhkftm h rfspfith f h mkhr dh Hutrh. F fis më h pmrmdhxh jukm`h> m cik df amrm`tir m smtiscmáçh (sfaurm), flf sf privm dm smtiscmáçh (ikfdimtm). Flf m ikpfdf phrquf flf cigm prfsh `m mrkmdiljm, `m ilusçh df quf flf `çh phdf hotfr smtiscmáçh sf`çh mtrmvés dh Hutrh, mtrmvés df sfu dfsfnh, df sum lfaitikmáçh f rfgh`jfgikf`th. H fu, mssik, mprf`df m smgricigmr m pulsçh pflh mkhr. F`si`husf mh fu m rf`u`gimr mh prmzfr dh frhtiskh pmrm phdfr sfr mkmdh. H quf sf pmssm f`tçh é ukm i`tfrihrizmáçh dh Hutrh, df sums prfsgriáöfs f df sums prhioiáöfs. H fu é ghkh m vhz dh Hutrh, sfu i`térprftf i`tfr`h. Flf é h sunfith idf`ticigmdh mhs idfmis dh HutrhU=3=[. É h quf pfrkitiu m Lmgm` i`stmlmr, `m sum tfhrim, `h luamr dh fu, m li`aumafk f sums lfis, m li`aumafk f sum mrtigulmáçh fstruturml. *** Rhrék, phr quf dissfkhs nustmkf`tf quf sfrim h gh`gfith df cm`tmskm quf sfrvirim df ph`tf f`trf m qufstçh dh sunfith — f phr trís dflm, mquflm dh ahzh — f h fu8 Rurm f sikplfskf`tf phrquf h honfth dh cm`tmskm é prfgismkf`tf h quf sf pöf f`trf h honfth dm pulsçh f h “honfth dh fu‛, f`trf m purm vh`tmdf df ahzh f m dfkm`dm dfsfspfrmdm df mkhr. Ghk fcfith, é mtrmvés dh cm`tmskm cu`dmkf`tml quf ms fxiaî`gims pulsih`mis f`gh`trmk sum dikf`sçh psëquigm fk tfrkhs df gh`tfþdh hram`izmdh, gh`tfþdh quf sfrí utilizmdh pflh fu pmrm cmzfr cmgf â “rfmlidmdf i`thlfrívfl‛. H cm`tmskm cu`dmkf`tml é, dfstm chrkm, `çh mpf`ms ukm fspégif df auim df i`tfrprftmáçh dhs fvf`ths quf mti`afk h mpmrfljh psëquigh, kms tmkoék uk kfih df mgfssmr h ahzh. É mssik quf h cm`tmskm dfsfkpf`jm h duplh pmpfl df dmr tfstfku`jh tfstfku`jh df  df uk kmu f`gh`trh ghk h rfml f df chr`fgfr chr`fgfr h  h kmtfriml m pmrtir dh quml m rfmlidmdf phdf thr`mr-sf df `hvh uk “fspmáh jmoitívfl‛U=3?[. Fk hutrms pmlmvrms, é phr gmusm dh cm`tmskm quf thdh f`gh`trh ghk h rfml dfixm df sfr ikphssëvfl df suphrtmr. Fstm liamáçh f`trf m pulsçh, h cm`tmskm f h fu khstrm-sf mi`dm

 

kmis glmrm `h gmsh dm smtiscmáçh suolikmt÷rim, `m quml h fu gh`sfauf prfgismkf`tf gh`nuamr ms fxiaî`gims dh Hutrh (sum dfkm`dm df sfr mkmdh) f ms fxiaî`gims dm pulsçh. Fstm gh`nuamáçh é phssëvfl nustmkf`tf qum`dh hs honfths cm`tmskítighs quf khoilizmk m lioidh f`gh`trmk tmkoék ukm mprhvmáçh dm shgifdmdf, qufr dizfr, qum`dh flfs sçh shgimlkf`tf vmlhrizmdhsU=37[. *** Isth dith, h quf phdfkhs gh`stmtmr é quf h fu, phr si kfskh, `çh tfk h quf sf phdfrim gjmkmr “ukm vh`tmdf pr÷prim‛. Wf h fu lutm phr uk ghkprhkissh f`trf m pulsçh f h Hutrh, rfgusm`dh kuitms vfzfs â pulsçh uk kfih df sf smtiscmzfr, isth é mssik mpf`ms pflh cmth df quf h fu é h rfsultmdh df uk mraukf`th cmlmgihsh, mquflf quf diz quf, pmrm hotfr smtiscmáçh, é prfgish df i`ëgih rf`u`gimr m flm. Sfkhs mssik quf h fu é uk cmlsh cmlsh  sunfith sunfith,, ní quf flf `çh dfsfnm, prhprimkf`tf cmlm`dh, `mdm. Mh gh`trírih, fstm dfkm`dm df mkhr dh fu `çh é uk vfrdmdfirh dfsfnh f tfk mpf`ms ukm s÷ rmiz> m pulsçh, sum fxiaî`gim df ahzh. Fk hutrms pmlmvrms, é phrquf h fu qufr amrm`tir m smtiscmáçh pulsih`ml quf flf sf cmz fsgrmvh dms lfis dh Hutrh. Mh cmzfr issh, h fu pmrfgf kudmr df kfstrf, kms `m vfrdmdf `çh jí sf`çh uk f þ`igh kfstrf> m pulsçh. Mssik ghkh jí mpf`ms uk þ`igh f vfrdmdfirh sunfith dfsfnm`tf, h sunfith dh i`gh`sgif`tf. Df cmth, sf `hs vhltmkhs shorf `hssms gh`struáöfs i`igimis, lfkormrfkhs qufmtrmvés m pulsçh vism sf`çh ukm s÷ ghism> m smtiscmáçh, m quml s÷ phdf sfr hotidm dm`çh rfpftiáçh dh pfrgursh dh triljmkf`th prikhrdiml. Fis më m rfmlidmdf dm pulsçh f m þ`igm rfmlidmdf vfrdmdfirmkf`tf irrfdutëvfl dh sunfith> m pulsçh fxiaf m rfpftiáçh dfstf gmki`jh, f é tudh. @mdm kmis ikphrtm.   Gh`tudh, pmrfgfrim uk phugh drístigh mcirkmr issh dfstm chrkm, í quf — m pmrtir dh fxmkf dh cu`gih`mkf`th dh mpmrfljh psëquigh — sf thr`hu glmrh quf m chrkm pflm quml fssf gmki`jh é pfrghrridh é kuith ikphrtm`tf. Wik, phis fk gmsh gh`trírih, sf fstmrim kfskh ghrrf`dh h risgh df mlugi`mr mté m khrtf. Hrm, fstí më nustmkf`tf h ph`th irrfdutëvfl df thdh

 

sunfith jukm`h. jukm`h. M pulsçh é ukm pulsçh df khrtf, m quml hrdf`m m rfpftiáçh m thdh gusth. Kms, f`tçh, phr quf smëkhs dfstf girguith mlugi`mt÷rih8 Df ukm km`firm mgidf`tml, phdfr-sf-im dizfr. Rrfkmturhs f i`gmpmzfs df cmzfr qumlqufr ghism fk prhl df `hssm pr÷prim shorfvivî`gim, mgh`tfgf df uk hutrh sfr jukm`h `hs smlvmr m vidm. Sikhs h dim f`trf sfrfs quf thkmk m sfu f`gmrah m shorfvivî`gim dhs rfgék-gjfamdhs. Ghk fstm mnudm dh Hutrh, tfkhs `hssms prikfirms `fgfssidmdfs smtiscfitms, f é m pmrtir dfssf cmth, dfssf khvikf`th dh Hutrh fk `hssm dirfáçh, quf hs gmki`jhs df smtiscmáçh pulsih`ml vçh i`sgrfvfr-sf fk `hssh sistfkm k`îkigh. Dfstf khdh, é phrquf dfpf`dfkhs dh Hutrh pmrm shorfvivfr quf mgmomkhs phr gh`struir gmki`jhs df smtiscmáçh quf sf dfsvimk, phugh m phugh, dm fstrmtéaim rípidm, dirftm f suigidm dm mlugi`máçh i`dfci`idm. Fstm rflmáçh df dfpf`dî`gim tfk ukm gh`sfquî`gim mi`dm kmis mkplm qum`dh pf`smkhs quf flm `hs i`sgrfvf `uk sistfkm df trhgm siko÷ligm fdfsgrfvfr `hs horiam m utilizmrf pmlmvrms pmrm `hs rfcfrir m honfths, sf`smáöfs pmrm dftfrki`mr honftivhs. H qufsia`icigm`tfs dfvfrim sfr pmrm uk sikplfs kfih df rftmrdmkf`th rftmrdmkf`th dm  dm hotf`áçh df smtiscmáçh (`çh mlugi`mr mté m gjfamdm dm ohm pfrgfpáçh) mgmohu phr sf trm`schrkmr `uk lh`ah dfsvih gjfih df gurvms si`uhsms. Hrm, é nustmkf`tf fssf dfsvih quf gh`stitui h quf é prhprimkf`tf jukm`h, f é fssf sunfith jukm`h quf dfspfrthu h i`tfrfssf df Crfud f dfphis h df Lmgm`. Fstf sunfith quf `çh smof `mdm shorf sfus dfsfnhs cu`dmkf`tmis f gunm þ`igm phssioilidmdf df ljfs mgfdfr sf hcfrfgf phr kfih df rfkm`fnmkf`ths sugfssivhs df sums i`sgriáöfs k`îkigms. É phr issh quf m psigm`ílisf utilizmrí ukm tég`igm quf sf gf`trm `m pmlmvrm, ní quf é shkf`tf mtrmvés dflm Mquf phdfkhs pf`ftrmrgh`sistf uk phugh kmis `fstf phugh dfsormvmdh. rfvhluáçh crfudim`m fxmtmkf`tf `fstm tfrrf`h dfsghofrtm df quf h sunfith jukm`h dfsgh`jfgf sfu dfsfnh irrfdutëvfl. Mssik mdvfrtidh, flf phdfrí tfr ukm fsgutm fspfgiml `m sum prítigm glë`igm, ukm fsgutm quf tfk sum mtf`áçh diriaidm pmrm h quf sf rfpftf, pmrm h quf sf trmvfstf, sf trm`schrkm, kms sfkprf pfrsistf f rfthr`m. É `fstm i`sistî`gim quf Crfud vmi rfgh`jfgfr hs dfsëa`ihs dm pulsçh f phdfrí tf`tmr fkprff`dfr m gurm. “Gurm‛, f`trftm`th, `çh sia`icigm mqui dmr hu rfstituir mh sunfith m liofrdmdf moshlutm shorf sfus gmki`jhs df smtiscmáçh, kms mpf`ms ljf pfrkitir ukm gfrtm khoilidmdf `h quf gh`gfr`f m thdh mgfssh phssëvfl m fstfs khdhs df smtiscmáçh. M “gurm‛ psigm`mlëtigm `çh vism rfstituir mh sunfith h phdfr thtml df sfu dfsti`h f df sfus dfsfnhs, kms mpf`ms dmr-ljf m phssioilidmdf df trmomljmr, df mair shorf uk

 

tfrrf`h df gh`ti`aî`gim, shorf ukm pfquf`m orfgjm quf sf morf `h rfml pulsih`ml. É phr issh quf thdh h trmomljh m`mlëtigh sf gf`trm `m mohrdmafk dh cm`tmskm, phrquf é phr sfu i`tfrkédih quf h sunfith phdf mgfdfr mh sfu pr÷prih ahzh f fspfrmr, m pmrtir dmë, ukm kudm`ám `h kfskh. M gurm psigm`mlëtigm `çh vism, mssik, `mdm sf`çh dmr mh sunfith m gjm`gf df cmzfr sum m sum pr÷prim vfrdmdf, cmzfr sfu h sfu pr÷prih fstilh. Vk fstilh quf vfk shorftudh dh honfth pfquf`h m, f `çh uk fstilh ikphrtmdh dh Hutrh. H quf m “gurm‛ vism é m trmvfssim dh cm`tmskm, fstf khvikf`th quf ikpligm m mssu`áçh dm cmltm cu`dmkf`tml, m mssu`áçh df uk sia`icigm`tf quf `çh mdquirf sia`icigmáçh sf`çh phr rflmáçh mh honfth gmusm df dfsfnh5 fk ukm pmlmvrm> fstf khvikf`th quf ikpligm quf h sunfith phssm rf`u`gimr â sum rfprfsf`tmáçh sia`icigm`tf f thr`mr-sf flf kfskh pfquf`h m.

 

OIOLIHA_MCIM   Mlquié, C. Lm déghuvfrtf kétmpjysiquf df l’jhkkf gjfz Dfsgmrtfs, Dfsgmrtfs , Rmris> RVC, =962. Msshu`, R.-L. I`trhdugtih` R.-L. I`trhdugtih` â lm kétmpsygjhlhaif crfudif``f, Rmris> R.V.C., =997.  XXXX. I`trhdugtih`  I`trhdugtih` â l’épistékhlhaif crfudif``f, Rmris> Éditih`s Rmyht, =9:=. Oru`h, R. “Wur lm chrkmtih` dfs gh`gfpts crfudif`s df psygjiquf/ pjysihlhaiquf‛, i`> @huvfllf i`> @huvfllf _fvuf df Rsygjm`mlysf `. 7, Rmris> Amllikmrd, =91=. Gjfkmkm, _. (dirfgtih`) Digtih``mirf (dirfgtih`) Digtih``mirf df lm Rsygjm`mlysf, Rmris> Lmrhussf, =997. Ghttft, W. “Nf pf`sf hù nf `f suis pms, nf suis hù nf `f pf`sf pms‛, i`>  Lmgm` (dirfgtih` df Aérmrd Killfr), Rmris> Ohrdms, =9:1. Dfsgmrtfs, _. Hfuvrfs df Dfsgmrtfs, Dfsgmrtfs, Éd. Gjmrlfs Mdmk & Rmul Tm``fry, == vhls., Rmris> Sri`, =917-=91:.  XXXX, Disghurs df lm kétjhdf, kétjhdf, vhl. SI.  XXXX, Kéditmtih`s kétmpjysiqufs, kétmpjysiqufs, IZ-=.  XXXX, Rri`gipfs  Rri`gipfs df lm pjilhshpjif, pjilhshpjif, vhl. IZ-?.    XXXX. _farms pmrm m dirfáçh dh fspërith, fspërith, Amkm, Lisohm> Fdiáöfs 12. Df Afhrafs, R. Lfáh`s df Gjhsf, Ghllfgtih` Trmkfs — Mgtumlité df lm Rsygjm`mlysf, =991. Fgglfs, N.> Rhppfr, E. H Fu f sfu Gérforh, Gérforh, Gmkpi`ms5 Wçh Rmulh> Rmpirus5 Ormsëlim5 DC> Fdithrm V`ivfrsidmdf df Ormsëlim, =99=. Chrli`, F. M  M dþvidm kftmcësigm f m gh`stituiáçh dh ghaith ghaith    `m horm df  Dfsgmrtfs,, Dissfrtmáçh df Kfstrmdh df Cilhshcim, Dfpmrtmkf`th df  Dfsgmrtfs Cilhshcim dm V`ivfrsidmdf df Wçh Rmulh, Wçh Rmulh> =993, i`édith. Crfud, W. Moréaé df Rsygjm`mlysf, Rsygjm`mlysf, Rmris, R.V.C., =?f éditih`, =996.

 XXXX. “F`twurc fi`frIkmah Rsygjhlhaif‛, i`> Mus i`>  Mus =962. df` M`cä`af` dfr  Rsygjm`mlysf  Rsygjm`mlysf. . Lh`dh`> Ruolisji`a Ghkpm`y,

 

 XXXX. “Fsquissf phur u`f Rsygjhlhaif Wgif`ticiquf‛, i`> Lm @missm`gf df lm Rsygjm`mlysf, Rsygjm`mlysf, Rmris> R.V.C., 3f éditih`, =99=.  XXXX. Rrhnfth df ukm Rsighlhaim Gif`tëcigm, Gif`tëcigm, (trmduáçh dirftm dh mlfkçh f `htms grëtigms df Hskyr Cmrim Amooi Nr.), _ih df Nm`firh> Ikmah Fd., =996.  XXXX. Muccmssu`aSfrlma, dfr Mpjmsif`> fi`f eritisgjf Wtudif, Wtudif , Crm`ecurt> Cisgjfr^ur Tmsgjf`ougj =99?.  XXXX. Gh`trioutih` â lm Gh`gfptih` dfs Mpjmsifs, u`f étudf gritiquf. gritiquf. Rmris> R.V.C., =9:1.  XXXX. “Kftmpsygjhlhaisgjf Fraä`zu`a zur Trmuklfjrf‛, i`  Kftmpsygjhlhaisgjf Wgjrictf`, Wgjrictf`, Crm`ecurt> Cisgjfr Tmsgjf`ougj Sfrlma, =99?.  XXXX. “Ghkplékf`t Kétmpsygjhlhaiquf â lm tjéhrif du rîvf‛, i`>  Kétmpsygjhlhaif,, Rmris> Éditih`s Amllikmrd, =93:.  Kétmpsygjhlhaif  XXXX. “Dms V`ofwusstf‛, i`> Kftmpsygjhlhaisgjf  Kftmpsygjhlhaisgjf Wgjrictf`, Wgjrictf`, Crm`ecurt> Cisgjfr Tmsgjf`ougj Sfrlma, =99?.  XXXX. “L’I`gh`sgif`t‛, i`> Kétmpsygjhlhaif,  Kétmpsygjhlhaif, Rmris> Éditih`s Amllikmrd, =93:.  XXXX. “@htf sur l’i`gh`sgif`t f` Rsygjm`mlysf‛, i`>  i`>  Kétmpsygjhlhaif, Rmris> Éditih`s Amllikmrd, =93:.  XXXX. “Rulsih`s ft Dfsti`s dfs Rulsih`s‛, i`> Kétmpsygjhlhaif,  Kétmpsygjhlhaif, Rmris> Éditih`s Amllikmrd, =93:.  XXXX, “Lm pfrtf df lm rémlité‛, i`  Lfs > Lfs Rsygjhsfs,   Rsygjhsfs, Éditih` Wm`d, Rmris, =9:6  XXXX. “Lfttrf 79‛ (2=/2=/=:93), i`> Lm  Lm @missm`gf df lm Rsygjm`mlysf, Rsygjm`mlysf, f Rmris> R.V.C., 3  éditih`, =99=.  XXXX. “Lfttrf 6?‛ (23/=?/=:93), i`> Lm  Lm @missm`gf df lm Rsygjm`mlysf, Rsygjm`mlysf, Rmris> R.V.C., =99=.  XXXX. “Lfttrf 16‛ (=4/==/=:91), i`> Lm  Lm @missm`gf df lm Rsygjm`mlysf, Rmris> R.V.C., =99=.  XXXX. “Km`usgrit F‛, (=:948), i`> Lm  Lm @missm`gf df lm Rsygjm`mlysf, Rmris> R.V.C.,=99=.  XXXX. “Km`usgrit A‛, i`> Lm @missm`gf df lm Rsygjm`mlysf, Rmris> R.V.C., =99=.  XXXX. “L’i`quiétm`tf étrm`afté‛, i`> L’i`quiétm`tf  L’i`quiétm`tf étrm`afté ft mutrfs

 

fssmis, Rmris> Amllikmrd, =9:6. fssmis, Crfud, W., HO_MW GHKRLFTMW, trmduáçh dirftm dh mlfkçh, Fdithriml Oiolihtfgm @ufvm, Kmdrid> 7 vhls., =931. “Duflh y kflm`ghlëm‛ (=9=6), thkh I. “Fl ‚olhge’ kmrmvillhsh‛(=9?4), thkh II.  Fl gjistf y su rflmgi÷` gh` lh i`gh`sgif`tf (=926), i`gh`sgif`tf (=926), thkh I.  Fl kmlfstmr f` lm gulturm (=972), thkh III. “Fl prholfkm fgh`÷kigh dh kmshquiskh‛ (=9?4).  Fl “yh‛ y fl “fllh‛ (=9?7), “fllh‛ (=9?7), thkh II.  Fsqufkm dfl Rsighm`ílisis (=97:), Rsighm`ílisis (=97:), thkh III.  I`jioigi÷`, Wë`thkm y M`austim, M`austim, (=9?6), thkh II.  I`trhduggi÷` ml `mrgisiskh (=9=4), thkh I.  I`trhduggi÷` ml psighm`ílisis, lfggi÷` ZZIII (=9=1), thkh II. “Lm ftihlhaëm df lm jistfrim (=:93), thkh I. “Lm jfrf`gim y lm ftihlhaëm df lms `furhsis‛ (=:93), thkh I.  Lm i`tfrprftmgi÷`  i`tfrprftmgi÷` df lhs sufýhs (=922), sufýhs (=922), thkh I. “Lm `famgi÷`‛ (=9?6), thkh II. “Lm pérdidm df lm rfmlidmd f` lm `furhsis y f` lm psighsis‛ (=9?4), thkh II. “Lm sfxumlidmd f` lm ftihlhaëm df lms `furhsis‛ (=:93), thkh I. “Lhs dhs pri`gipihs dfl cu`gih`mkif`th kf`tml‛ (=9=2), thkh II.  Kís mllí dfl pri`gipih dfl plmgfr (=9?2), plmgfr (=9?2), thkh III. “@furhsis y psighsis‛ (=9?4 (=9?7)), thkh II.  Rrhyfgth df u`m psighlhaëm pmrm `fur÷lhahs (=:96), `fur÷lhahs (=:96), thkh III.  Rsighlhaëm df lms kmsms y m`ílisis dfl yh (=9?=). yh (=9?=).  Rsighpmthlhaëm df lm vidm ghtidim`m (=92=), ghtidim`m (=92=), thkh I. “_fgufrdh, _fpftigi÷` y Flmohrmgi÷` (=9=4), thkh II. T÷tfk y Tmoþ (=9=?-7), Tmoþ (=9=?-7), thkh II. Trfs f`smyhs pmrm u`m tfhrëm sfxuml (=926), sfxuml (=926), thkh I. Amrgëm-_hzm, L. M. Mgmsh  Mgmsh f _fpftiáçh fk Rsigm`ílisf, Rsigm`ílisf, _ih df Nm`firh> Nhraf ^mjmr Fdithr, =9:3.

 

 XXXX. Crfud f h I`gh`sgif`tf, I`gh`sgif`tf, _ih df Nm`firh> Nhraf ^mjmr Fdithr, =9:4.  XXXX. I`trhduáçh â Kftmpsighlhaim Crfudim`m =, _ih df Nm`firh> Nhraf ^mjmr Fdithr, =99=.  XXXX. I`trhduáçh â Kftmpsighlhaim Crfudim`m ?, _ih df Nm`firh> Nhraf ^mjmr I`trhduáçh Fdithr, =99=.â Kftmpsighlhaim Crfudim`m 7, _ih df Nm`firh> Nhraf  XXXX. ^mjmr Fdithr, =996.  XXXX. H Kml _mdigml fk Crfud, _ih df Nm`firh> Nhraf ^mjmr Fdithr, =9:4. Amy, R. Crfud  Crfud —  — ukm vidm pmrm `hssh tfkph, tfkph , Wçh Rmulh> Ghkpm`jim dms Lftrms, =9:9. Armyli`a, M. G. - M`  M` I`trhdugtih` th Rjilhshpjigml Lhaig, Lhaig, Dugewhrtj, =992. Arff`, M. “Df l’Fsquissf â l’I`tfrprétmtih` ’I`tfrprétmtih`   dfs dfs  _îvfs  _îvfs>   > ghupurf ft glôturf‛, i`> @huvfllf _fvuf df Rsygjm`mlysf, `.6, Rmris> `.6, Rmris> Amllikmrd, =91?. Auérhult, K. Dfsgmrtfs sflh` l’hrdrf dfs _mish`s, ? thkhs, Rmris> Muoifr, =967. Jm``s, L. Digih`írih ghkf`tmdh dh mlfkçh df Crfud, _ih df Nm`firh> Ikmah, =993. Jfafl, A.Q.C. Lm Rjé`hké`hlhaif  Rjé`hké`hlhaif  df L’Fsprit,  L’Fsprit,  ? thkhs, Rmris> Muoifr, =94=. Jfidfaafr, K. “Lm Gjhsf‛, i`> Fssmis ft Gh`cérf`gfs, Rmris> Amllikmrd, =96:. Jussfrl, F. Mrtiglfs sur lm Lhaiquf. Rmris> R.V.C., =916.  XXXX. _fgjfrgjfs Lhaiqufs I f II. Rmris> R.V.C., =93=. Nmkfs, Q. Gh`gfpáçh Q. Gh`gfpáçh dm Sfrdmdf `h Rrmamkmtiskh, i`> “Hs Rf`smdhrfs - Qillimk Nmkfs‛, Wçh Rmulh> @hvm Gulturml, =9:9. Nurm`villf, M. Lmgm` f m Cilhshcim, _ih df Nm`firh> Nhraf ^mjmr Fdithr, =9:1. Emj`, L. “Lfs dfr`ifrs khts, lfs prfkifrs‛, i`> L’Égrits du Tfkps, `. :/9, Rmris> Lfs Éditih`s df Ki`uit, =9:6. Em`t, I. Grëtigm dm _mzçh Rurm, Rurm, Wçh Rmulh> @hvm Gulturml, =993.  XXXX. Rrécmgf â lm ?f éditih` df lm Gritiquf df lm _mish` Rurf, @mtjm`, =9:=.

 

Eipkm`, W.-D. “V` gjmt fst u` gjmt ft u` gjmt> psygjm`mlysf ft sgif`gfs gh`tfkphrmi`fs‛, i`> L’Égrits  L’Égrits du Tfkps, `. :/9, Rmris> Lfs Éditih`s df Ki`uit, =9:6. Euj`, T. M  M Fstruturm dms _fvhluáöfs Gif`tëcigms, Gif`tëcigms, Wçh Rmulh> Fdithrm Rfrspfgtivm, =996. Lmgm`, N. Égrits  Égrits,, thkh I, Rmris> Éditih`s du Wfuil, =91=. “Ch`gtih` ft gjmkp df lm pmrhlf ft du lm`amaf f` psygjm`mlysf‛ (=967). “Lf stmdf du kirhir ghkkf chrkmtfur df lm ch`gtih` du Nf‛ (=949). “L’i`stm`gf df lm lfttrf dm`s l’i`gh`sgif`t hu lm rmish` dfpuis Crfud‛.  XXXX. Égrits  XXXX.  Égrits, thkh II, Rmris> Éditih`s du Wfuil, =91=. “Lm sgif`gf ft lm vérité‛ (=936-33). “Wuovfrsih` du sunft ft dimlfgtiquf du désir dm`s l’i`gh`sgif`t crfudif`‛ (=932).livrf II, Lf khi dm`s lm tjéhrif df Crfud ft dm`s lm  XXXX. Lf Wéki`mirf, tfgj`iquf df lm psygjm`mlysf, psygjm`mlysf, Rmris> Wfuil, =9:3.  XXXX. Lf Wéki`mirf, Wéki`mirf, livrf III, Lfs psygjhsfs, psygjhsfs, Rmris> Wfuil, =9:=.  XXXX. Lf Wéki`mirf, Wéki`mirf, livrf IS, Lm rflmtih` d’honft  , Rmris> Wfuil, =994.  XXXX. Lf Wéki`mirf, Wéki`mirf, livrf SI, Lf désir ft sh` i`tfrprétmtih`, i`tfrprétmtih`, i`édit.  XXXX. Lf Wéki`mirf, Wéki`mirf , livrf SII, L’étjiquf df lm psygjm`mlysf psygj m`mlysf,, Rmris> Wfuil, =91:.  XXXX. Lf Wéki`mirf, Wéki`mirf, livrf ZI, Lfs  Lfs qumtrf gh`gfpts ch`dmkf`tmux df lm  psygjm`mlysf, Rmris> Wfuil, =917.  psygjm`mlysf,  XXXX. Lf Wéki`mirf, Wéki`mirf, livrf ZIS, Lm lhaiquf du cm`tmskf, cm`tmskf, i`édith.  XXXX. Lf Wéki`mirf, Wéki`mirf, livrf ZSII, L’f`vfrs df lm psygjm`mlysf, psygjm`mlysf , Rmris> Wfuil, =917.  XXXX. Lf Wéki`mirf, Wéki`mirf, livrf ZIZ, …Hu …Hu Rirf, Rirf, i`édith.  XXXX. Lf Wéki`mirf, Wéki`mirf, livrf ZZ, F`ghrf, Rmris> Wfuil, =916.  XXXX. Lf Wéki`mirf, Wéki`mirf, livrf ZZII, i`> Hr`igmr 8, `hs ?, 7, 4, =916.  XXXX. Lf Wéki`mirf, Wéki`mirf, livrf ZZIII, Lf Wi`tjhkf, i` > Hr`igmr 8, `h 3.  XXXX. H Wfki`írih, livrf SII, M étigm dm psigm`ílisf, _ih df Nm`firh> Nhraf ^mjmr Fdithr, =9::.  XXXX. H Wfki`írih, livrf ZZ, Kmis, mi`dm, _ih df Nm`firh> Nhraf ^mjmr

 

Fdithr, =9:?  XXXX. “Wuovfrsih` du sunft ft dimlfgtiquf du désir dm`s l’i`gh`sgif`t crfudif`‛, i` > Égrits, thkh II, Rmris> Éditih`s du Wfuil, =91=  XXXX. Télévisih`, Rmris> “Éditih`s du Wfuil‛, =914. Lmghstf, R. “_flmtih`s Sérité‛, i`> L’Égrits du Tfkps, `. :/9, Rmris> Lfs Éditih`s df Ki`uit, df =9:6. Lmlm`df, M. Shgmoulmirf tfgj`iquf ft gritiquf df lm pjilhshpjif, Rmris> R.V.C., =93:. Lmplm`gjf, N. ft Rh`tmlis, N.-O. Shgmoulmirf df Rsygjm`mlysf, Rsygjm`mlysf, Rmris> f R.V.C., =?  éditih`, =994. Lmurf`t, F. “Mlif`mtih` m`d Wfpmrmtih`‛, i`> _fmdi`a  _fmdi`a sfki`mr ==> Tjf chur cu`dmkf`tml gh`gfpts chr psygjhm`mlysis. psygjhm`mlysis. _igjmrd Cfdstfi`, Orugf Ci`es, Kmrif Nmm`us Fdithrs, Wtmtf V`ivfrsity hc @fw Yhre> =996.  XXXX. vfrdmd‛, i`> Dfsgmrtfs,  Dfsgmrtfs, _fvistm I`tfr`mgih`ml, M`h Z, Z,“I`tfrprftmgi÷` `. =4, =4, G÷rdhom>yM`íchrm Fdithrm, =996.  XXXX. “I`trhduggi÷` m lm Ghsm‛, i`> Wfki`mrih dfl Gmkph Crfudim`h df  Kmdrid   (=9::-:9)  Kmdrid (=9::-:9)55 “Lm Ftigm dfl Rsighm`mlisis‛5 I`stituth dfl Gmkph Crfudim`h. Lfrhi-Ahurjm`, M. Lf Afstf ft lm Rmrhlf. Rmrhlf. Thkf I. Rmris> Mlai` Kigjfl, =934. Lfvêvrf-Rh`tmlis, N. “I`tfrvf`tih` sur L’F`twurc‛, i` > Lfttrf Crfudif``f, m`h IZ, `.1/: Lévy, K. “Lm Rjysiquf Tjéhriquf ft lm rémlité‛, i`> L’Égrits du Tfkps, `. :/9, Rmris> Lfs Éditih`s df Ki`uit, =9:6. Kfrlfmu-Rh`ty, K. Tfxths Whorf Li`aumafk, i`> Hs Rf`smdhrfs,.  Rf`smdhrfs,.  Wçh Rmulh> Fdithrm Moril, =916. Killfr, N.-M. Gf qui cmit I`sia`f, gursh I`sia`f, gursh i`édith, Rmris> =9:3-:1.  XXXX.   XXXX.  Du   sykptôkf mu cm`tmskf, ft rfthur, rfthur, gursh i`édith,  i`édith, Rmris> =9:=-:?.  XXXX  . Lmgm` Flugidmdh, _ih df Nm`firh> Nhraf ^mjmr Fdithr, =991.  XXXX  . Lf Rmrtf`mirf-sykptôkf, gursh i`édith, Rmris> =991-9:.  XXXX. Rfrgursh df Lmgm`, _ih df Nm`firh> Nhraf ^mjmr Fdithr, =9:1. Kil`fr, N. L’ŗuvrf glmirf, glmirf, Rmris> Wfuil, =996. Kh`hd, N. H Mgmsh f m @fgfssidmdf, Rftr÷phlis> Fdithrm Shzfs Ltdm.,

 

=9:9. Khsghvigi, W. “Lm @mturf Gréf‛, i`> L’Égrits du Tfkps, `. :/9, Rmris> Lfs Éditih`s df Ki`uit, =9:6. @msih, N.-D. Gi`gh Liáöfs shorf m tfhrim df Nmgqufs Lmgm`, _ih df Nm`firh> Nhraf ^mjmr Fdithr, =997. Hr`stfi`, _. M Fvhluáçh dm Gh`sgiî`gim, Gh`sgiî`gim, Wçh Rmulh> Fdithrm Ofst Wfllfr, s.d. Rmty, K. “Rmssmaf du réfl> l’honft df lm pjysiquf‛, i`> L’Égrits du Tfkps, `. :/9, Rmris> Lfs Éditih`s df Ki`uit, =9:6. Rhi`gmré, J. M Giî`gim f m Jip÷tfsf, Ormsëlim> Fdithrm V`ivfrsidmdf df Ormsëlim, =9::. Rhppfr, E. Gh`nfgturfs m`d _fcutmtih`s - tjf Arhwtj hc Wgif`ticig  E`hwlfdaf, Lh`dh` m`d @fw Yhre> _hutlfdaf, =9:9.  XXXX. Honfgtivf E`hwlfdaf — m` Fvhlutih`mry Mpprhmgj, Hxchrd> Glmrf`dh` Rrfss, =996.  XXXX. Tjf Lhaig hc Wgif`ticig Disghvfry, Lh`dh` m`d @fw Yhre> _hutlfdaf, =99?. Rhrgjmt Rfrfirm, H. Sfrdmdf, _fmliskh f Gftigiskh, Gftigiskh, i`> Disgursh,  Disgursh,   `. ?6, Wçh Rmulh> Disgursh Fdithriml, =996 _ighfur, R. Df l’I`tfrprétmtih`> fssmi sur Crfud, Crfud, Rmris> Wfuil, =936. Wmussurf, C. Ghurs df li`auistiquf aé`érmlf, Rmris> Arm`df Oiolihtjêquf Rmyht, Éditih`s Rmyht ft _ivmafs, =996. Whlfr, G. “Fl Wë`thkm‛, i`> Dfsgmrtfs, _fvistm I`tfr`mgih`ml, M`h Z, `. =4, G÷rdhom, M`íchrm Fdithrm, =996.  XXXX. “Tjf suonfgt m`d tjf Htjfr‛, i`> _fmdi`a  _fmdi`a sfki`mr ==> tjf chur cu`dmkf`tml gh`gfpts chr psygjhm`mlysis. psygjhm`mlysis. _igjmrd Cfdstfi`, Orugf Ci`es, Kmrif Nmm`us Fdithrs. Wtmtf V`ivfrsity hc @fw Yhre> =996. Smllfnh, M.> Kmamljçfs, L. Lmgm`>  Lmgm`> Hpfrmdhrfs df Lfiturm, Lfiturm, Wçh Rmulh> Fdithrm Rfrspfgtivm, =99=. Qi`f, @. Rulsçh f I`gh`sgif`tf. I`gh`sgif`tf. _ih df Nm`firh> Nhraf ^mjmr Fdithr, =99?.   U=[ Mprff`sçh

quf phdf, `mturmlkf`tf, sfr mnudmdm f f`riqufgidm phr i`tfrkédih dhs i`strukf`ths df kfdidm f df hosfrvmáçh.

 

U?[

 Fvidf`tfkf`tf, fstm `çh é m gh`gfpáçh dfcf`didm phr thdh gif`tistm. Jí hutrhs quf dfcf`dfk, phr fxfkplh, m idfim df quf ms tfhrims gif`tëcigms sçh mpf`ms i`strukf`ths df prfdiáçh, f `çh tf`tmtivms df dfsgriáçh fcftivm dm rfmlidmdf (gh`gfpáçh prmakítigm). Thdmvim, `çh é mqui `hssm i`tf`áçh fxphr ms dicfrf`tfs gh`gfpáöfs fpistfkhl÷aigms, kms shkf`tf girgu`sgrfvfr, mi`dm quf orfvfkf`tf, h mkoif`tf h`df Crfud cfz sum dfsghofrtm. É fssm m rmzçh dh priviléaih gh`gfdidh â gh`gfpáçh phsitivistm (fxphstm df ukm chrkm fxtrfkmkf`tf sikplicigmdm, gfrtmkf`tf). U7[ Crfud,

W. ^ur Muccmssu`a dfr Mpjmsif`> fi`f eritisgjf Wtudif, Wtudif, p. =?=5 Gh`trioutih` â lm Gh`gfptih` dfs Mpjmsifs, u`f étudf gritiquf, gritiquf, p. =?1. Fstf tfxth mpmrfgfu fk =:9=. U4[  Gc. Mpjmsifs  Mpjmsifs,, hp. git., p. 94-91. U6[

M sia`icigmáçh é prhduzidm `m rflmáçh f`trf m rfprfsf`tmáçh-pmlmvrm (Qhrtvhrstfllu`a ( Qhrtvhrstfllu`a)) f m rfprfsf`tmáçh-honfth (Honfetvhrstfllu`a (Honfetvhrstfllu`a). ). M fstf rfspfith, vfr h gmpëtulh dfdigmdh mh mpmrfljh df li`aumafk. U3[  “M pfricfrim dh ghrph `çh fstí gh`tidm `h g÷rtfx ph`th phr ph`th, kms flm më fstí df khdh kf`hs dftmljmdh phr ciorms sflfgih`mdms‛ (gc. Mpjmsifs  Mpjmsifs,, pp. =22-=). U1[  M mcmsim mssiko÷ligm gh`stitui uk prholfkm `m prikfirm rflmáçh (isth é, uk prholfkm `m mrtigulmáçh sia`icigm`tf), f`qum`th m ma`hsim é h rfsultmdh df ukm pfrturomáçh `m sfau`dm rflmáçh (isth é, uk prholfkm `m msshgimáçh f`trf m rfprfsf`tmáçh-honfth f h rfcfrf`tf fxtfrihr, h quf sf fxpfrikf`tm ghkh uk prholfkm `h rfgh`jfgikf`th dhs honfths (gc. Mpjmsifs  Mpjmsifs,, p. =?:)). U:[  Tm`th

ms rfprfsf`tmáöfs-pmlmvrm qum`th ms rfprfsf`tmáöfs-honfth sçh ghkplfxhs msshgimtivhs. Ms rfprfsf`tmáöfs-pmlmvrm sçh chrkmdms m pmrtir dms msshgimáöfs df pmlmvrm (ikmafk sh`hrm, df lfiturm, fsgritm, ftg.)5 ms rfprfsf`tmáöfs-honfth, m pmrtir dms msshgimáöfs df honfth (ms qumis `çh sçh kmis dh quf m msshgimáçh dhs divfrshs flfkf`ths dms pfrgfpáöfs> ms ikmaf`s títfis, visumis, si`fstésigms, ftg.). M fstf rfspfith, vfr h gmpëtulh I, fspfgicigmkf`tf m pmrtf gh`gfr`f`tf â kfk÷rim f li`aumafk. U9[  _fmlkf`tf, ní quf m suokissçh i`gh`digih`ml mh pri`gëpih dh prmzfr gh`duz â mlugi`máçh, h pri`gëpih dm rfmlidmdf vfih pmrm ghrriair hu rfticigmr m i`tfrprftmáçh fquivhgmdm quf h mpmrfljh psëquigh phssm dmr dhs trmáhs df kfk÷rim. Fk hutrms pmlmvrms, h pri`gëpih dm rfmlidmdf tfk m cu`áçh df pfrkitir m disti`áçh f`trf h honfth rfml f h honfth mlugi`mdh f mssik df thr`mr phssëvfl m mltfrmáçh dh ku`dh fxtfrihr. “H pri`gëpih dm rfmlidmdf vfk ghkh uk pri`gëpih df ghrrfáçh, df gjmkmdm â hrdfk. H khdh pflh quml flf hpfrm `çh é sf`çh dfsvih, prfgmuáçh, rfthquf. Flf ghrriaf, ghkpf`sm fssm i`gli`máçh cu`dmkf`tml dh mpmrfljh psëquigh> m mlugi`máçh‛ (Lmgm`, N. Lf  Lf Wéki`mirf, livrf SII, L’Étjiquf df lm  Rsygjm`mlysf,, p. 71).  Rsygjm`mlysf U=2[ U==[ Dm rfmlidmdf kmtfriml.

 H quf fstí fk mghrdh ghk Lmgm` (gc.  Lf Wéki`mirf, livrf II, p. 1:). U=?[  Whlfr, G. “Fl Wë`thkm‛, p. 7=. U=7[   M mssikilmáçh dm vfrdmdf dm giî`gim â vfrdmdf dh Hutrh dfvf-sf nustmkf`tf mh cmth df quf sf f`gh`trmk `h Hutrh ms gh`diáöfs kfskms df sum f`u`gimáçh> m kmtfrimlidmdf dh disgursh (hs sia`icigm`tfs), hs g÷diahs df i`tfrprftmáçh f sia`icigmáçh (ms lfis df mrtigulmáçh sia`icigm`tf) f tmkoék m phssioilidmdf df trhgm f trm`skissçh (m ghku`igmáçh flm kfskm f h pmgth suonmgf`tf m thdm i`stituiáçh dm li`aumafk). U=4[  H quf `÷s khstrmrfkhs é quf jí dums ftmpms disti`tms dh ghaith> ghaith> m  m prikfirm é h khkf`th fk quf suraf m vfrdmdf prikfirm dh sunfith, purm gh`stmtmáçh df sum fxistî`gim shorf uk cu`dh df dþvidm af`frmlizmdm5 f m sfau`dm é m cmsf fk quf Dfsgmrtfs gristmlizm, pftricigm fstm vfrdmdf prikfirm mh ljf vi`gulmr mtriouths fssf`gimis (“m fssî`gim df kfu sfr é h pf`smkf`th‛) f gh`str÷i mssik thdh h fdicëgih dh gh`jfgikf`th m pmrtir df rmgihgë`ihs cfiths fk thr`h dfstms prhprifdmdfs. U=6[ Ghk fcfith, h rfml lmgm`im`h phdf rfcfrir-sf tm`th mh “ku`dh fxtfrihr‛ thkmdh ghkh i`dicfrf`gimdh f i`gha`hsgëvfl (sf`tidh em`tim`h) qum`th mh “ku`dh i`tfrihr‛ `hs gh`gfiths df pulsçh f df dms Di`a

 

(qum`dh flf thgm `m qufstçh dm pmrtigulmridmdf dh sunfith).  M dicfrf`ám f`trf uk rfml “i`tfrihr‛ f uk rfml “fxtfrihr‛ é ukm dicfrf`ám kfrmkf`tf didítigm didítigm,, ní gh`struëdm `h i`tfrihr dh siko÷ligh, f `çh prftf`df, mssik, rffditmr ukm hutrm dighthkim `h luamr dmquflm f`trf rfmlidmdf kmtfriml f rfmlidmdf psëquigm. psëquigm. Mlék dissh, sfaui`dh m pr÷prim dfci`iáçh hcfrfgidm df rfml  — mquilh quf pfrkm`fgf i`dicfrf`gimdh, i`mssikilmdh f i`mrtigulmdh —, vfkhs rfmlkf`tf quf tml gh`gfith `çh suphrtmrim dighthkims `ukm mohrdmafk kmis purm. Rmrm kmihrfs

U*[

fsglmrfgikf`ths, vfr gmpëtulh III. U=3[

 H kfljhr fxfkplh é m dicfrf`ám f`trf h prhgfssh df rfgmlgmkf`th f sfu rfsultmdh, h si`thkm. Ghk fcfith, fstudmrfkhs h kfgm`iskh dh rfgmlgmkf`th (f dm chrmglusçh tmkoék), kms `çh m chrkmáçh dh si`thkm (hu dh dflërih). U=1[  M pmrtir dh quml h honfth mlugi`mdh phdf sfr dicfrf`gimdh dh honfth rfml, hotidh pflm pfrgfpáçh. U=:[   Isth é, km`tfr ] `uk `ëvfl tçh crmgh qum`th phssëvfl, pmrm utilizí-lm `m rfmlizmáçh dm máçh fspfgëcigm. U=9[

 @h sfau`dh sf`tidh fxmki`mdh, m smofr, df quf `çh jí honfth df smtiscmáçh dftfrki`mdh. U?2[  F`twurc   fi`fr Rsygjhlhaif. Rsygjhlhaif. Sfr tmkoék ms trmduáöfs gh`sultmdms> Fsquissf phur u`f Rsygjhlhaif Wgif`ticiquf   f Rrhnfth Wgif`ticiquf  Rrhnfth df ukm Rsighlhaim Gif`tëcigm Gif`tëcigm   (trmduáçh dirftm dh mlfkçh f `htms grëtigms df Hskyr Cmrim Amooi Nr.). U?=[   Isth `çh é thtmlkf`tf fxmth. @÷s vfkhs mpmrfgfr m idfim df ukm qum`tidmdf hu tf`sçh psiquigmkf`tf liamdm ní `h Km`usgrith  Km`usgrith   F   (“Ghkh `msgf m m`aþstim‛), dmtmdh df mprhxikmdmkf`tf  nu`jh df =:94. =:94. U??[   Ghk fcfith, fstm disti`áçh, Crfud m utilizm fk vírihs khkf`ths df sum horm, phr fxfkplh, `hs mrtiahs H I`gh`sgif`tf, Mlék dh Rri`gëpih dh Rrmzfr, mssik ghkh fk sfu tmrdih Fsoháh  Fsoháh df Rsigm`ílisf. Rsigm`ílisf. U?7[

 Qhrtvhrstfllu Qhrtvhrstfllu`a, `a, Honfetvhrstfllu Honfetvhrstfllu`a `a f Wmgjvhrstfllu` Wmgjvhrstfllu`aa, rfspfgtivmkf`tf. U?4[   ]`  é m ] df hriafk f`d÷af`m. ], `h vhgmoulírih dh F`twurc  , é utilizmdm pmrm sf rfcfrir sfnm â qum`tidmdf df hriafk fx÷af`m, sfnm â qum`tidmdf fk afrml. @h prfsf`tf gmsh, utilizmkhs ] `h sf`tidh afrml df ‚qum`tidmdf’. U?6[  Gc. “Rulsih`s ft sfs dfsti`s‛, pp. pp. =7, =1. U?3[

@h i`tfrihr dh sistfkm ϊ, sfau`dh hs gh`gfiths dh F`twurc   F`twurc  . U?1[ @÷s vfrfkhs quf fstm “trm`schrkmáçh‛ ghrrfsph`df â pmssmafk dm f`fraim thkmdm fk sfus mspfgths qum`titmtivhs â f`fraim thkmdm fk sfus mspfgths sfkï`tighs. ]ufr dizfr, h fcfith df sfr gmpturmdh pflh psiquiskh é h df mrtigulmr m f`fraim pulsih`ml fk rflmáöfs sia`icigm`tfs. U?:[  Gc. Lmgm`, N. Lf Wéki`mirf, livrf II, p. 1:> “Wf h psiquiskh tfk uk sf`tidh, sf jí sfrfs vivhs, é pflh cmth df quf jí ukm hram`izmáçh i`tfr`m quf tf`df mté uk gfrth ph`th m sf hphr â pmssmafk livrf f ilikitmdm dms chráms f dms dfsgmrams f`fraétigms tmis quf `÷s ms phdfkhs suphr, df uk khdh purmkf`tf tf÷righ, sf f`trfgruzm`dh `ukm rfmlidmdf i`m`ikmdm‛. U?9[  “@furô`ihs‛, sfau`dh h vhgmoulírih dh F`twurc   F`twurc  . “_fprfsf`tmáöfs‛, sf sf thkm h rfsth dm horm df Crfud. Gh`tudh, kfskh `h i`tfrihr dh F`twurc  , `÷s vfkhs prharfssivmkf`tf h mspfgth sfkï`tigh am`jmr ikphrtï`gim fk rflmáçh mh mspfgth purmkf`tf qum`titmtivh. Ghk fcfith, é h quf sf gh`stmtm qum`dh vfkhs Crfud mohrdmr m qufstçh dm `furhsf m pmrtir dh rfgmlgmkf`th df gfrtms rfprfsf`tmáöfs quf sçh fspfgimlkf`tf i`vfstidms phr gmusm df sum sia`icigmáçh sfxuml. ]ufr dizfr, h quf é honfth dh rfgmlquf é prhprimkf`tf h mspfgth sfkï`tigh dm rfprfsf`tmáçh, f `çh sfu mspfgth qum`titmtivh. Df cmth, dfsdf quf fstm qum`tidmdf sf liam m ukm rfprfsf`tmáçh mgfitívfl, `çh jí prholfkm df mgfssh â gh`sgiî`gim. U72[  Fstf aruph df `furô`ihs hu rfprfsf`tmáöfs gh`stm`tfkf` gh`stm`tfkf`tf tf i`vfstidh é h Crfud gjmkmrí df “fu‛. H

 

fu sfrí honfth df m`ílisf dh gmpëtulh dhis. U7=[  Gc. Qi`f, @. Rulsçh f I`gh`sgif`tf I`gh`sgif`tf,, h`df sf lî> “m trm`schrkmáçh kfskm dh fstëkulh fxtfr`h fk ukm f`fraim liamdm é ní sf`tidm ghkh uk mlëvih dm tf`sçh, ukm chrkm df smtiscmáçh, phrquf m f`fraim `çh cmz kmis m prfssçh `h sf`tidh dm dfsgmram‛ (p. =?6). U7?[  Ghk fcfith, h pri`gëpih dh prmzfr hrdf`m m dfsgmram thtml dm fxgitmáçh, f`qum`th m liamáçh rfduz m tf`sçh fk thr`m`dh-m ik÷vfl (kms rftf`dh-m `h mpmrfljh). Wf f`tçh khstrmkhs quf h ahzh é m rfpftiáçh dms vims df smtiscmáçh hriai`írims, f quf fstms vims sçh cixmdms mtrmvés dm hpfrmáçh df liamáçh, vfrfkhs dfsdf lhah phr quf h ahzh pfrkm`fgf msshgimdh m uk mukf`th df tf`sçh `h mpmrfljh psëquigh. U77[

 Rmrm pmssmr dh pri`gëpih dh prmzfr mh pri`gëpih dm rfmlidmdf é prfgish i`ioir h prhgfssh mlugi`mt÷rih. Fstm i`ioiáçh sfrí tmrfcm dh fu fu,, quf phdfrí cmzî-lh qum`dh pudfr hrif`tmr m f`fraim psëquigm pmrm ms pfrgfpáöfs (f `çh pmrm ms rfprfsf`tmáöfs dm kfk÷rim). Hrm, h quf mgh`tfgf é quf m pr÷prim gh`stituiáçh dh fu sf dfvf mh kfgm`iskh dm liamáçh, h quml pfrkitf m fxistî`gim df uk aruph df rfprfsf`tmáöfs gh`stm`tfkf`tf i`vfstidm. Isth sfrí fxmki`mdh `h dftmljf fk sfauidm. U74[  M máçh gmpmz df cmzfr gfssmr m fstikulmáçh f`d÷af`m é ditm máçh fspfgëcigm (gc.  Fsquissf,, p. 773).  Fsquissf U76[  Gc. Fsquissf  Gc.  Fsquissf , pp. 773-15 l’F`twurc  l’F`twurc  , pp. 42?-7. U73[  Wfrí mpf`ms `uk sfau`dh khkf`th, m phstfrihri, phstfrihri, quf fstms liamáöfs tfrçh m cu`áçh sfgu`dírim df hram`izmr hs pfrgurshs df smtiscmáçh. U71[  Df cmth, ukm vfz quf m kfk÷rim é rftf`áçh df i`chrkmáçh, rftf`áçh â pmssmafk df ], flm ikpligm dirftmkf`tf h kfgm`iskh df liamáçh. U7:[

 “Dfrivmdm‛ phrquf sf `çh jhuvfssf h crmgmssh dm smtiscmáçh mlugi`mt÷rim, fstm mlim`ám “i`momlívfl‛ `çh sf chrkmrim. Gh`tudh, fstf crmgmssh é ‚`fgfssírih’ `m kfdidm fk quf m shorfvivî`gim dh sunfith jukm`h ikpligm sfkprf h shghrrh dh Hutrh, quf f`si`m mh hram`iskh uk kfih kmis sfaurh df hotfr smtiscmáçh. U79[   “Ms ikprfssöfs fk si kfskms sçh i`mrtigulmdms. (…) ]um`dh flms sçh liamdms, ms ikprfssöfs f`trmk `m hrdfk dms rfprfsf`tmáöfs sia`icigm`tfs‛ (gc. Qi`f, @., Rulsçh f I`gh`sgif`tf, I`gh`sgif`tf, p. =?3). U42[    sfau`dh m tfrki`hlhaim fkprfamdm `h F`twurc  . @h rfsth df sum horm, Crfud `çh  Eh`tmetsgjrm`ef,  Eh`tmetsgjrm` ef, sfau`dh  F`twurc  utilizmrí kmis m `háçh df omrrfirms df gh`tmth. gh`tmth. Gh`tudh, h quf é ikphrtm`tf crismr é h mspfgth df rftf`áçh df rftf`áçh  df f`fraim, df qum`tidmdf. Isth pfrdurmrí `m horm df Crfud sho m `háçh df i`sgriáçh i`sgriáçh.. Hu sfnm, m rftf`áçh df ] thr`m-sf m rftf`áçh df trmáhs trmáhs df  df ikprfssöfs hu trmáhs df pfrgfpáöfs. H vhgmoulírih qum`titmtivh dí luamr m uk vhgmoulírih “sfkï`tigh‛, f kfskh sia`icigm`tf. Fstm kudm`ám, ghkh ní h i`digmkhs, phdfHsfrquf `htmdm ní `h F`twurc    F`twurc  , h`df`çh m mohrdmafk gfdf luamr`çh â mohrdmafk dms rfprfsf`tmáöfs. cmzfkhs mqui é khstrmr mpf`ms qufdmhqum`tidmdf mspfgth qum`titmtivh é m`ti`ôkigh mh mspfgth rfprfsf`tmtivh, sfkï`tigh, kms tmkoék quf flf sfrvf mi`dm m fsglmrfgfr gfrtms rflmáöfs f`trf fstf mspfgth sfkï`tigh, sia`icigm`tf, f h mspfgth pulsih`ml, ghkh sf vfrí fk sfauidm. U4=[  Gc. Fsquissf  Fsquissf,, p. 7?= U4?[

 Gmrtm 6?, df 3 df dfzfkorh df =:93. i`> Lm @missm`gf @missm`gf df lm Rsygjm Rsygjm`mlysf, `mlysf, hp. git., p. =67-=32. U47[  Gmrtm 6?, pp. 6?, pp. =67-4. U44[  Gmrtm 6?, 6?, pp. =64-6. U46[

 Gc. Mpjmsifs  Mpjmsifs,, p. =?15 Mpjmsif`  Mpjmsif`,, p. =?=. U43[   “(…) wfil kir dif Ofzifju`a zwisgjf` Qhrt u`d Honfetvhrstfllu`a fjfr df` @mkf` fi`fr ‚sykohlisgjf`’ zu vfrdif`f` sgjfi`t mls dif zwisgjf` Honfet u`d Honfetvhrstfllu`a‛ Mpjmsif`  Mpjmsif`, ( , p. =?75  Mpjmsifs,, p. =?:).  Mpjmsifs U41[

  “Dms Qhrt frlm`at mofr sfi`f Ofdfutu`a durgj dif Sfre`üpcu`a kit dfr ‚Honfetvhrstfllu`a‛, wf`iastf`s wf`` u`sfrf Oftrmgjtu`a muc Wuostm`tivf` ofsgjrä`ef`‛. Mpjmsif`  Mpjmsif`, ( , p. =??. Mpjmsifs  Mpjmsifs,, p.

 

=?1). U4:[   Ghkh ofk h i`digm Msshu`, Crfud rff`gh`trm Wmussurf mi`dm `h cmth df quf m rfprfsf`tmáçhpmlmvrm (h sia`icigm`tf) é rfprfsf`tmdh `m gmdfim msshgimtivm pflhs rfaistrhs mgþstighs, f`qum`th quf m rfprfsf`tmáçh-honfth (h sia`icigmdh) é pri`gipmlkf`tf rfprfsf`tmdh pflh rfaistrh visuml (gc. Msshu`, R.L. I`trhdugtih` â lm kétmpsygjhlha kétmpsygjhlhaif if crfudif``f crfudif``f). ). U49[  Gc. Df Afhrafs, R., Lfáh`s df Gjhsf, p. Gjhsf, p. =?:> “H honfth `çh tfk fxistî`gim sf`çh pflh cmth df gmir sho uk gh`gfith. Flf tirm sfu sf`tidh df sum dicfrf`ám ghk m ghism i`tfarmdm‛. U62[  Gc. Gmrtm Gmrtm  6?, 6?, p. =66 U6=[  Gc. “L’I`gh`sgif`t “L’I`gh`sgif`t‛, ‛, p.  p. ==3. “Dms V`ofwusstf‛, p.=6=. U6?[  “L’I`gh`sgif`t‛, p. ==1. “Dms V`ofwusstf‛, p. p. =6= U67[  Ghk fcfith, ní quf cmlmr df rfprfsf`tmáöfs ikpligm suphr mlah ghkh ukm u`idmdf. Vk ghkplfxh msshgimtivh fk si kfskh `çh phdfrim sfr dith ukm rfprfsf`tmáçh m kf`hs quf fxistm uk pri`gëpih df u`icigmáçh quf cmám ghk quf ms msshgimáöfs df quf flf sf ghkpöf pfrdurfk, sf km`tf`jmk nu`tms. M rfprfsf`tmáçh-pmlmvrm (hu h sia`icigm`tf), `m kfdidm fk quf flm é ukm fspégif df i`vmrim`tf l÷aigh, phdf mssukir tml cu`áçh df pri`gëpih df u`icigmáçh. _fstm-`hs m dfsghorir h quf phdf dfsfkpf`jmr fssf pmpfl `h gmsh dms rfprfsf`tmáöfs i`gh`sgif`tfs. U64[  Kmis prfgismkf`tf> ms Qmjr`fjku`aszfigjf` Qmjr`fjku`aszfigjf` sçh  sçh hs trmáhs dms pfrgfpáöfs, isth é, hs flfkf`ths flfkf`ths quf  quf sfrçh rfu`idhs `uk ghkplfxh msshgimtivh pflm sikultm`fidmdf dm hghrrî`gim. Hu mi`dm> ms msshgimáöfs df honfth sçh ms Qmjr`fjku`aszfigjf` Qmjr`fjku`aszfigjf` f`qum`th  f`qum`th rfu`idms phr sum hghrrî`gim sikultï`fm. U66[  Ghkh vikhs, fssfs trmáhs df pfrgfpáçh chrkmk h prikfirh rfaistrh k`îkigh, h quml “`çh é mi`dm fstruturmdh ghkh ukm li`aumafk, kms é hram`izmdh sfau`dh m msshgimáçh phr sikultm`fidmdf‛ (gc. Amrgëm-_hzm, L.-M. I`trhduáçh â Kftmpsighlhaim C Crfudim`m rfudim`m ??,, p. =3?). U63[

 Gc. Killfr, N.-M., Gf qui cmit i`sia`f, mulm df 21/2=/=9:1. Sfr tmkoék l’F`twurc  , h`df Crfud cmz mlusçh mh cmth df quf m mnudm dh hutrh phdf sfr cfitm qum`dh m mtf`áçh df ukm pfsshm fxpfrikf`tmdm é diriaidm â grim`ám m pmrtir df sfu arith. Hu sfnm, h arith dm grim`ám é i`tfrprftmdh pflh Hutrh ghkh dfkm`dm,, ghkh ukm fspégif df pfdidh df shghrrh, quf isth vmi “mdquirir mssik ukm cu`áçh sfgu`dírim dfkm`dm df fxtrfkm ikphrtï`gim> mquflm df ghkprff`sçh kþtum (Sfrstä`diau`a (Sfrstä`diau`a)‛ )‛ L’F`twurc  ( , p. 42?5 Fsquissf  Fsquissf,, p. 7735). U61[  Gf qui cmit i`sia`f, =1/=?/=9:3, 21/2=/=9:1. U6:[  “M Omj`u`a Omj`u`a fvhgm  fvhgm m gh`stituiáçh df ukm vim df gh`ti`uidmdf, ukm gmdfim, f fu pf`sh kfskh quf isth phdf sfr mprhxikmdh dm gmdfim sia`icigm`tf‛ (Lmgm`, L’Étjiquf  L’Étjiquf,, pp. 49-62). U69[  Ghk fcfith, m pmssmafk dm `fgfssidmdf mh dfsfnh sf cmz nustmkf`tf m pmrtir dh quf sf gjmkm “m kutmáçh sia`icigm`tf‛, m pmrtir dm trm`schrkmáçh dh arith fk mpflh, dh arith fk dfkm`dm mh Hutrh. U32[  F, `mturmlkf`tf, nusticigmr m hriafk df tmis dicfrf`áms. U3=[

 Wfkprf rfcfridm mh sia`icigm`tf, quf tfk uk pmpfl df i`vmrim`tf l÷aigh. Ghk fcfith, h sia`icigm`tf pfrkitf km`tfr nu`ths flfkf`ths quf sçh, fk si kfskhs, jftfrhaî`fhs. U3?[  Dith df hutrh khdh, jmvfrim `h i`gh`sgif`tf ukm tf`dî`gim â smtiscmáçh mlugi`mt÷rim dh dfsfnh, tml ghkh flm mgh`tfgf `h sh`jh. Thdmvim, kfskh fstm tf`dî`gim sf disti`auf ní fk vírihs mspfgths dm mlugi`máçh prikitivm dm smtiscmáçh hriai`írim, phrquf m tf`dî`gim mlugi`mt÷rim dh i`gh`sgif`tf pmssm ní pflm i`cluî`gim dh dfsfnh, dms mrtigulmáöfs sia`icigm`tfs. U37[   Sfrfkhs, f`trftm`th, quf h psiquiskh `çh é uk gh`nu`th gh`sistf`tf `h quf gh`gfr`f mh sfu mspfgth siko÷ligh. Ghk fcfith, jí curhs “rfmis‛ quf h dftfrki`mk, ghkh m prfsf`ám df dms Di`a  Di`a  fk sfu i`tfrihr (gc. i`crm i`crm). ). U34[  F`qum`th idf`ticigmdm â ]` ]` livrf.

 

U36[

  Df cmth, hs dhis muthrfs suoli`jmk h cmth df quf, dm pulsçh, `÷s gh`jfgfkhs mpf`ms sfus rfprfsf`tm`tfs, f df quf, mlék dissh, h þ`igh kfih df mgfssí-lhs é mtrmvés dm li`aumafk. U33[  Wf h fixh WG=-WG? é h fixh rfml, tfkhs f`tçh quf ms Qmjr`fjku`aszfigjf` Qmjr`fjku`aszfigjf` sçh  sçh tmkoék dm hrdfk dh rfml. Df cmth, `çh phdfrim sfr df hutrh khdh, ní quf fstfs trmáhs df pfrgfpáçh pfrkm`fgfk dfsmrtigulmdhs dm rfdf f, phrtm`th, `çh mssikilmdhs pflh psiquiskh. H cmth df sfrfk mrtigulmdhs fk Omj`u`af` é, Omj`u`af`  é, fk gh`sfquî`gim, si`ô`ikh dh cmth df sfrfk mssikilmdhs pflh psiquiskh. U31[ Hrm, dfsdf quf h þ`igh honftivh dm pulsçh é h df sf smtiscmzfr, h df gjfamr m ukm dfsgmram, tfkhs m gh`glusçh df quf thdm pulsçh é, `m vfrdmdf, pulsçh df khrtf. Wf jí uk dfsti`h dicfrf`tf pmrm m pulsçh mlék dmquflf df ukm dfsgmram ghkplftm, df uk rfthr`h mh i`m`ikmdh purh f sikplfs, isth sf dfvf m fssf dfsvih quf sf gjmkm vidm f mh siko÷ligh, quf sf f`gmrrfam dm hram`izmáçh dms kþltiplms f `hvms vims df smtiscmáçh. U3:[

 H quf é fxmtmkf`tf h rfsultmdh dm hpfrmáçh df liamáçh liamáçh.. Fstm sfrvf m rftfr f`fraim (rfduzi`dh hs fcfiths `hgivhs, thr`m`dh-m fstítigm) f m i`digmr h gmki`jh kmis gh`vf`if`tf quf m f`fraim dfvf sfauir pmrm mti`air m smtiscmáçh. M dfgisçh shorf m “gh`vf`iî`gim‛ dfstfs gmki`jhs pfrkm`fgfrí, fk arm`df pmrtf, m gmrah dh fu, fu, ghkh vfrfkhs kmis tmrdf. U39[   Fstf gh`gfith df “mprisih`mkf`th‛ df ] mtivm `h psiquiskh é, sho kuiths mspfgths, ghkplfxh. Ghkh vfrfkhs kmis tmrdf, `hs sfrí `fgfssírim m disti`áçh f`trf dhis tiphs df ] `h i`tfrihr dh mpmrfljh psëquigh> m ]` liamdm, fstítigm, f ukm ]` k÷vfl, girgulm`tf. H prholfkm é fsgmpmr dm gh`cusçh ghk m ]` U12[ “livrf‛, pulsih`ml.   H mgþkulh df ] ikpligm uk mukf`th dm tf`sçh i`tfr`m, f m tf`sçh i`tfr`m é vistm ghkh i`smtiscmáçh, ghkh ukm kháçh quf ghlhgm h mpmrfljh fk khvikf`th. M tf`sçh é ukm dfkm`dm hu kfskh fxiaî`gim df trmomljh. @çh é f`tçh ukm kfrm ghi`gidî`gim quf m dfci`iáçh df kháçh pulsih`ml sfnm prfgismkf`tf fssm> h quf fxiaf trmomljh mh psiquiskh f h ghlhgm fk khvikf`th. H rfsultmdh é h dfsfnh quf tf`tm sfr smtiscfith pflhs honfths sia`icigm`tfs. U1=[  H quf phdf sfr cfith sfnm mtrmvés dm ghkprm df `hvms kíqui`ms, sfnm mtrmvés dh mukf`th dh `þkfrh df cu`gih`írihs, ftg. H kmis ikphrtm`tf m kmrgmr `fstf gmsh, sfau`dh m tfhrim kmrxistm, é m `fgfssidmdf moshlutm dfstf rfi`vfstikf`th dm kmis kmis--vmlim vmlim.. É prhprimkf`tf h quf gmrmgtfrizm h sistfkm gmpitmlistm. Ghk fcfith, sf sf lfvm kmis mdim`tf fstm diarfssçh, pfrgfofrfkhs quf gfrtms gh`sfquî`gims i`fvitívfis dh gmpitmliskh (ms qumis mnudmrimk m gh`duzi-lh m khrtf) — ghkh ms grisfs df supfrprhduáçh — sfrimk dfvidms m fssf rfi`vfstikf`th pfrpétuh. Wfau`dh Kmrx, `mturmlkf`tf. U1?[  M fssf rfspfith, vfr phr fxfkplh @msih, N.-D. Gi`gh Liáöfs shorf m tfhrim df Nmgqufs Lmgm`, p. ?1, h`df flf diz nustmkf`tf quf h kmis-df-ahzmr é h ahzh quf é rftidh `h i`tfrihr dh sistfkm psëquigh. Flf é “kmis‛ phrquf fstf ahzh rfsiduml ikpligm sfkprf uk fxgfdf`tf, h quf mkplicigm m tf`sçh i`tfr`m. U17[

  H honfth m  phdf sfr mssik dfci`idh mtrmvés dfstm `háçh df ‚jimth’, ní quf é fstf ‚jimth’ hu dfcmsmafk f`trf h honfth prikfirh f hs suostituths quf cmz ghk quf h sunfith prhlh`auf sums pfsquisms i`dfci`idmkf`tf. U14[  “Mssik, h ghkplfxh dh @fof`kf`sgj sf  @fof`kf`sgj sf sfpmrm fk dums pmrtfs, ukm dms qumis sf ikpöf phr uk mpmrmth gh`stm`tf quf pfrkm`fgf u`idh ghkh ghism  — ghkh Di`a  Di`a‛. ‛. Gc. Lmgm`, L’Étjiquf  L’Étjiquf,, p. 34 f tmkoék, Crfud, Fsquissf  Fsquissf,, p. 7135 Rrhnfth  Rrhnfth,, pp. :2-:=5. U16[  Crfkdf,   fstrm`jm, fstrm`afirm. Gc. L’Étjiquf, pp. 34-36. U13[

 H tfrkh grimdh phr Lmgm` quf dí gh`tm dfssm “dupligidmdf‛ df dms Di`a é h df fxtikh (fx-tikf fx-tikf), ), qufr dizfr, dms Di`a  Di`a  fstí mh kfskh tfkph df`trh f chrm dh mpmrfljh psëquigh. “Rhis dms Di`a  Di`a  fstí  nustmkf`tf `h gf`trh `h sf`tidh df quf flm fstí fxgluëdm. Hu sfnm, `m rfmlidmdf flm dfvf sfr phstm ghkh fxtfrihr‛ L’Étjiquf  L’Étjiquf, ( , p. :1). Flm fstí df`trh df`trh   dh mpmrfljh psëquigh `m kfdidm fk quf flm é rfaistrh k`îkigh dm fxpfriî`gim df smtiscmáçh5 flm fstí chrm, fxgluëdm dh fxgluëdm dh mpmrfljh psëquigh `m kfdidm fk quf flm é i`mssikilívfl â rfdf sia`icigm`tf. É fssf h sf`tidh df “fxtikh‛> uk curh rfml `m hram`izmáçh

 

siko÷ligm dh mpmrfljh psëquigh. U11[  Ghkh vikhs, h gh`gfith df rfml kmis ukm vfz sf dfci`f ghkh mquilh quf pfrkm`fgf i`mssikilívfl,  ní quf `çh mrtigulmdh `m f pflm rfdf sia`icigm`tf. Gh`tudh, h cmth df `çh sfr mssikilmdh (mrtigulmdh) (mrtigulmdh) `çh ikpfdf sum i`cluî`gim gh`të`um f dfgisivm `m gh`stituiáçh dh psiquiskh. Sfkhs f`tçh quf ms dums dflikitmáöfs dh gh`gfith df rfml aumrdmk sums gmrmgtfrëstigms ghku`s> h rfml é h quf, kfskh sfkprf cigm`dh df chrm, `çh gfssm df sf cmzfr i`sgrfvfr, mi`dm quf sfkprf df khdh dfrivmdh f suostitutivh. U1:[ Dms  “ Di`a  é Di`a é

h quf — `h ph`th i`igiml, l÷aigm f grh`hlhaigmkf`tf, dm hram`izmáçh dh ku`dh `h psiquiskh — sf mprfsf`tm f sf ishlm ghkh h tfrkh fstrm`afirh fk thr`h dh quml airm thdh h khvikf`th dm Shrstfllu`a‛ Shrstfllu`a‛ (  L’Étjiquf pp.  L’Étjiquf  (  pp. 1=-?). U19[

 Ofk ghkh ms Honfetvhrstfllu`af` Honfetvhrstfllu`af` f  f Qhrtvhrstfllu`af` Qhrtvhrstfllu`af`.. U:2[  Gc. Lmgm`, N., Lf Wéki`mirf, livrf livrf   ZZII, ZZII, _.W.I.  _.W.I., mulm df ?=/2=/=916> “Wf fu diah quf m é h quf gmusm h dfsfnh, isth qufr dizfr quf flf `çh é h honfth. Flf é shkf`tf fstm gmusm quf gmusm sfkprf‛. U:=[  Dmë m cmkhsm pmssmafk> “h honfth dm pulsçh (…) é h quf jí df kmis vmriívfl‛ Rulsih`s ( ft Dfsti`s dfs Rulsih`s, Rulsih`s, p. =:-9). U:?[  Gc. Lmgm`, N., Lf Wéki`mirf, Wéki`mirf, livrf II, p. =?6. U:7[  @h sf`tidh df quf é mtrmvés dhs prhgfsshs sfgu`dírihs quf h sunfith vmi prhgurmr m smtiscmáçh. U:4[  Isth é, sfr gmpmz df rfmlizmr flf kfskh m máçh fspfgëcigm. U:6[ “Lhs dhs pri`gipihs dfl U:3[

cu`gih`mkif`th kf`tml‛, p. 496.  M idfim é m df quf m gh`sgiî`gim afrm qumlidmdf qum`dh jí pfrgfpáçh. É fstm afrmáçh df qumlidmdf quf é utilizmdm pflh fu ghkh ë`digf dm prfsf`ám df uk honfth fxtfrihr, uk ë`digf df rfmlidmdf, phrtm`th. É m pmrtir dmë quf h mpmrfljh psëquigh phdf disti`auir f`trf h quf é i`tfr`h (ms rfprfsf`tmáöfs, hs trmáhs k`îkighs) f h quf é fxtfr`h (ms pfrgfpáöfs f h rfml suonmgf`tf). Fstm tfhrim é dfsf`vhlvidm `h F`twurc   F`twurc  . _fsukmkh-lm> qum`dh jí pfrgfpáçh, hs `furô`ihs ϖ (RJI) trm`skitfk sfus pfrëhdhs  pfrëhdhs m ω (ÔKFAM), quf hs i`tfrprftm ghkh qumlidmdf. Fstm fstikulmáçh df ω phr ϖ afrm sia`hs df qumlidmdf fk ϊ (RWI), h quf i`digm m prfsf`ám rfml df uk honfth fxtfrihr. Rhrtm`th, fstfs sia`hs df qumlidmdf cu`gih`mk tmkoék ghkh sia`hs df rfmlidmdf. ϖ é h sistfkm df `furô`ihs quf sfrvf â pfrgfpáçh. ω é h sistfkm h`df fcftivmkf`tf m pfrgfpáçh sf prhduz, ghk m afrmáçh df qumlidmdf. É h sistfkm pfrgfpáçh-gh`sgiî`gim. pfrgfpáçh-gh`sgiî`gim. F ϊ é h sistfkm dm kfk÷rim, h`df hs fvf`ths sçh rfaistrmdhs. É f`tçh fk ϊ quf ms liamáöfs sf vçh chrkmr f tmkoék h fu. U:1[   Gh`nu`th df `furô`ihs, `h vhgmoulírih dh F`twurc  . Gh`tudh, ghkh ní jmvëmkhs mssi`mlmdh, hs `furô`ihs `m tfhrim mprfsf`tmdm `h F`twurc  pri`gipmlkf`tf â cu`áçh dfdfsuphrtf dms rfprfsf`tmáöfs, ms qumis `çh frmk`h F`twurc  `m hriafk  sfrvfk sf`çh trmáhs rfmis f i`mrtigulmdhs pfrgfpáçh (Qmjr`fjku`aszfigjf` Qmjr`fjku`aszfigjf`). ). Isth qufr dizfr quf m mrtigulmáçh dhs `furô`ihs fk Omj`u`af` fquivmlf  fquivmlf  â mrtigulmáçh dhs trmáhs k`îkighs, gunh rfsultmdh é m gmdfim sia`icigm`tf. Dfstm chrkm, h fu phdf lfaitikmkf`tf sfr pf`smdh ghkh uk gh`nu`th sfnm df `furô`ihs, sfnm df trmáhs k`îkighs, sfnm df rfprfsf`tmáöfs, gh`stm`tfkf`tf i`vfstidh f mrtigulmdh. Thdmvim, mp÷s Lmgm` tfr flmohrmdh sum tfhrim dh sia`icigm`tf, `hs é kuith kmis þtil pf`sí-lh prfcfrf`gimlkf`tf ghkh dfrivmdh dm mrtigulmáçh df rfprfsf`tmáöfs, df sia`icigm`tfs. U::[  Hu ω, `h vhgmoulírih dh F`twurc   F`twurc  . U:9[  Jí mi`dm uk khkf`th i`tfrkfdiírih, f`trf h sfau`dh f h tfrgfirh, quf é mquflf qum`dh m grim`ám sf dí gh`tm df quf sfu arith é `çh mpf`ms m fxprfssçh khthrm df sfu dfsgh`chrth, kms quf flf tmkoék phdf tfr m cu`áçh df gjmkmr m mtf`áçh dh hutrh. É h khkf`th dm kutmáçh sia`icigm`tf, trmtmdm `h gmpëtulh I. U92[ Mtrmvés dh pf`smkf`th vfroml, h

fu phdf grimr fstmdhs df fxpfgtmtivms gh`sgif`tfs. Fk pfrghrrf`dh ms vims msshgimtivms liamdms mh honfth dh dfsfnh f vi`gulm`dh-ms âs rfprfsf`tmáöfs-pmlmvrm, h fu phdf pfrkitir h mgfssh dfstms rfprfsf`tmáöfs â gh`sgiî`gim. @mturmlkf`tf, isth `çh phdf mgh`tfgfr sf`çh mh

 

kmtfriml quf fxpfrikf`thu m rftrm`sgriáçh pré-gh`sgif`tf f quf chi suosukidh m sums lfis. U9=[  Gc. Fsquissf  Fsquissf,, pp. 742-4. U9?[   _flfkorm`dh> ϖ é h sistfkm df `furô`ihs quf sfrvf  sfrvf â pfrgfpáçh, f`gmrrfamdh, phrtm`th, df rfgfpgih`mr hs dmdhs prhvf`if`tfs dhs sf`tidhs. ω é h sistfkm pfrgfpáçh-gh`sgiî`gim, f`gmrrfamdh dm afrmáçh df qumlidmdf. U97[  F isth vmlf tm`th pmrm h sunfith `hrkml hu `fur÷tigh qum`th pmrm h sunfith psig÷tigh. U94[  Crfud, W. “Lm pfrtf df lm rémlité‛, i`>  Lfs Rsygjhsfs Rsygjhsfs,, p. =7=. U96[  “L’I`gh`sgif`t‛, p. =29. U93[  “Lm pfrtf df lm rémlité‛, p. ==1. U91[  “Ghkplékf`t kétmpsygjhlhaiquf‛, p. =4=. U9:[  “Lm pfrtf df lm rémlité‛, rémlité‛,   pp. =?2-=. U99[  Df Afhrafs, R.  Lfáh`s df Gjhsf Gjhsf,, p. =?=. U=22[  Idfk,   ioidfk. U=2=[  “H quf h rfgmlgmkf`th cmz é hpfrmr ukm gisçh `h u`ivfrsh siko÷ligh dh sunfith, fk rfduzi`dh ukm pmrtf dfstf u`ivfrsh mh silî`gih, fk ljf rfgusm`dh h mgfssh‛ âs msshgimáöfs vfromis f fk gh`sfquî`gim “h mgfssh â gh`sgiî`gim. Gh`tudh, isth `çh dfstr÷i sum phtî`gim sia`icigm`tf‛ (Amrgëm_hzm, L.-M. I`trhduáçh â Kftmpsighlhaim Crfudim`m Crfudim`m   7,  7   , p. =13). U=2?[ “… f quf `çh é

`mdm df hutrh `fstm hgmsiçh mlék dm mkfmám df gmstrmáçh‛. Lmgm`, N. Lf Wéki`mirf, Wéki`mirf, livrf III, Lfs Rsygjhsfs Rsygjhsfs,, p. ?=. U=27[  “H rfgmlgmdh fstí sfkprf lí f sf fxprikf df ukm chrkm pfrcfitmkf`tf mrtigulmdm `hs si`thkms f `ukm kultidçh df hutrhs cf`ôkf`hs‛ (Lmgm`, N., Lfs  Lfs Rsygjhsfs Rsygjhsfsp. p. ?=). Df cmth, tm`th hs si`thkms qum`th hs gjistfs f hs mths cmljhs tîk glmrmkf`tf sfu lmdh df mrtigulmáçh â gmdfim sia`icigm`tf. H quf `çh é df khdh mlauk gh`trmdit÷rih ghk h cmth df quf flfs tîk tmkoék sfu lmdh rfml. Isth cigm dfkh`strmdh ukm vfz quf ms rfprfsf`tmáöfs-pmlmvrm sçh rftrm`sgriáöfs fk gikm dms rfprfsf`tmáöfsghism, ms qumis `çh sçh kmis dh quf rfprfsf`tm`tfs dm smtiscmáçh pulsih`ml (ghkh jmvëmkhs fxpligmdh `h gmpëtulh prfgfdf`tf). F, rfmlkf`tf, isth `çh phdfrim sfr dicfrf`tf, ní quf é prfgismkf`tf sfu lmdh rfml quf ljfs pfrkitf gmusmr distþroihs `m hrdfk dh disgursh RGs. U=24[   “H `ëvfl dms Shrstfllu`asrfpräsf`tm`zf` Shrstfllu`asrfpräsf`tm`zf`   é h luamr dm Sfrdrä`au`a Sfrdrä`au`a.. H `ëvfl dms  é h luamr dm Sfr`fi`u`a ( , p. 1:). Qhrtvhrstfllu`af` é Qhrtvhrstfllu`af` Sfr`fi`u`a‛‛ L’Étjiquf  L’Étjiquf, U=26[  Msshu`, R.-L. I`trhdugtih` â lm kétmpsygjhlha kétmpsygjhlhaif if crfudif``f crfudif``f,, hp. git., p. =21. U=23[  Crfud, W. Lm  Lm  “  @famgi÷`  @famgi÷`‛,   ‛, p. ==74. Gc. tmkoék Amrgëm-_hzm, L.-M. I`trhduáçh â Kftmpsighlhaim  Crfudim`m 7, 7, p. ?:?). U=21[  Gc. Crfud, W. “Ghkplékf`t kétmpsygjh kétmpsygjhlhaiquf‛, lhaiquf‛, p. =4=. U=2:[  Gh`tudh, m fssf rfspfith, h rfgursh m Em`t `çh `hs cmz sf`çh hrif`tmr `hssm mtf`áçh. Ghk fcfith, `çh sfrí m pmrtir dflf quf irfkhs fxmki`mr prhprimkf`tf m qufstçh dm vfrdmdf, kms m pmrtir df Dfsgmrtfs. H quf m rfkissçh m Em`t `hs mnudmrí m cmzfr é m prikfirm dfkmrgmáçh f`trf m psigm`ílisf f m cilhshcim, `h quf gh`gfr`f â i`glusçh hu fxglusçh dh sunfith dh i`gh`sgif`tf. U=29[  Mgrfditmkhs phdfr cmlmr mqui lfaitikmkf`tf df ukm “h`thlhaim‛ . Vkm vfz quf h psig÷tigh grî vfrdmdfirmkf`tf `m fxistî`gim df sfu dflërih, phdfkhs f`tçh dizfr quf sfu ku`dh df ghisms, df “f`tidmdfs‛, é chráhsmkf`tf chráhsmkf`tf dicfrf`tf dh ku`dh dh dh `fur÷tigh. Mlék dissh, ms “rfarms‛ “rfarms‛ hu lfis dmquflf ku`dh sçh tmkoék dicfrf`tfs ukms dms hutrms. U==2[  M hphsiáçh sfrí, phrtm`th, f`trf m vfrdmdf dh sunfith f m vfrdmdf dh Hutrh Hutrh.. @÷s cmrfkhs fquivmlfr â vfrdmdf dm giî`gim m vfrdmdf dh Hutrh, mphimdhs `m ghkpmrmáçh quf h pr÷prih Lmgm` cfz f`trf h pmpfl dh Dfus gmrtfsim`h f mquflf dh Hutrh, `h quf gh`gfr`f â amrm`tim dm vfrdmdf.

 

U===[

 Gc. L’Étjiquf, p. 3:.   _flfkormkhs mqui quf m disti`áçh f`trf uk “rfml ‚i`tfrihr’‛ f uk “rfml ‚fxtfrihr’‛ é kfrm f sikplfskf`tf df gmrítfr didítigh didítigh.. Cfitm fssm ikphrtm`tf rfssmlvm, mgrfditmkhs quf tml disti`áçh gh`sfrvm sum utilidmdf. Df cmth, m ddighthkim ighthkim lm`ámdm f` f`trf trf i`tfrihr f fxtfrihr fxtfrihr,, é ukm dighthkim quf tfk luamr `m hrdfk siko÷ligm. Hrm, kms é prfgismkf`tf `m hrdfk siko÷ligm quf m dicfrf`ám f`trf giî`gim f psigm`ílisf prfgism f dfvf sfr cfitm. Mssik, tml dighthkim hu disti`áçh vmi mph`tmr pmrm hs ph`ths df rupturm f`trf ukm f hutrm. Mh dizfrkhs quf m giî`gim é vhltmdm pmrm m “fxtfrihridmdf‛ “fxtfrihridmdf‛,, pmrm h quf sf mprfsf`tmrim, fk pri`gëpih, m thdh f qumlqufr hljmr, i`digmkhs mssik sum prfcfrî`gim pflh quf é pmssëvfl df  prhvm i`tfrsuonftivm  prhvm i`tfrsuonftivm,, pflh quf é ghkuk mh sunfith jukm`h fk afrml. I`vfrsmkf`tf, mh dizfrkhs quf m psigm`ílisf chgm-sf `fssm “i`tfrihridmdf‛ “ i`tfrihridmdf‛ (sfkprf  (sfkprf f`trf mspms), gjmkmkhs m mtf`áçh pmrm h cmth df quf flm sf prfhgupm ghk  pmrtigulmridmdf   m pmrtigulmridmdf, ghk h quf é gh`ti`af`tf f þ`igh fk gmdm sunfith. U==?[  H `hukf`h` `hukf`h`.. Rhr ahsth dm jhkhaf`fidmdf `m disgussçh, utilizmrfkhs dmqui fk dim`tf “rfml‛ `h luamr df `hukf`h` `hukf`h`.. Isth é muthrizmdh pflh cmth df quf `÷s vmkhs dfcf`dfr nustmkf`tf m idfim df quf h `hukf`h` em`tim`h é fquivmlf`tf mh rfml lmgm`im`h f`qum`th “fxtfrihr‛ “ fxtfrihr‛ (gmpturmdh  (gmpturmdh f rfghrtmdh pflms pfrgfpáöfs, phr fxfkplh, fk hphsiáçh mh rfml “i`tfrihr‛ “i`tfrihr‛ df dms Di`a f Di`a f dms pulsöfs). U==7[   É i`tfrfssm`tf vfr m pmlmvrm  Di`a  Di`a‛ “ ‛ `m chrkmáçh df uk mdnftivh kuith ikphrtm`tf `m cilhshcim em`tim`m, mquflf df “u`ofdi`at  “u`ofdi`at  ‛ (i`gh`digih`ml hu i`gh`digih`mdh).  Fi`f “ u`ofdi`atf Metih` Metih`‛‛ é  nustmkf`tf ukm máçh quf `çh é i`cluf`gimdm phr `f`jukm khtivmáçh pmthl÷aigm hu sf`shriml, `fk dftfrki`mdm phr `f`juk fvf`th quf m prfgfdfu. É, mh gh`trírih, flm quf vmi i`igimr ukm `hvm gmdfim U**[

gmusml. Mssik, fk si kfskh, uk mth livrf fstí chrm dh tfkph, ní quf thdhs hs fvf`ths quf tîk luamr `h tfkph dfvfk suokftfr-sf `fgfssmrimkf`tf â gmtfahrim df gmusmlidmdf, h quf ikpligm sfr dftfrki`mdh phr mlaukm ghism quf h prfgfdfu. É h pmrmdhxh f`trf m liofrdmdf f h dftfrki`iskh, pmrm h quml Em`t f`gh`trhu ukm shluáçh mtrmvés df sum dicfrf`gimáçh f`trf h `hukf`h` `hukf`h` f  f h cf`ôkf`h cf`ôkf`h,, m ghism fk si f m ghism pmrm `÷s. U==4[  Fstm fxphsiáçh dm cilhshcim em`tim`m `çh tfk `f`jukm prftf`sçh df sfr ghkplftm. Mh gh`trírih, flm tfk uk gmrítfr chráhsmkf`tf ilustrmtivh, isth é, flm `çh sfrvf sf`çh m i`digmr mlau`s ph`ths df mprhxikmáçh f df mcmstmkf`th f`trf Em`t f Lmgm`. U==6[  Hs nuëzhs m prihri sçh prihri sçh i`dfpf`df`tfs dm fxpfriî`gim, sums gmrmgtfrëstigms pri`gipmis sf`dh mssik m u`ivfrsmlidmdf f m `fgfssidmdf. Gh`trmrimkf`tf, hs nuëzhs m phstfrihri  phstfrihri  sçh mdquiridhs mtrmvés dm fxpfriî`gim, dhs dmdhs fkpërighs. Rrhvi`dhs dm fxpfriî`gim, flfs `çh phdfk sfr sf`çh gh`ti`af`tfs. @÷s phdfkhs vi`gulmr-ljfs m prhomoilidmdf, kms nmkmis m `fgfssidmdf. Isth é kuith ikphrtm`tf df sf km`tfr fk kf`tf `h quf gh`gfr`f â cilhshcim em`tim`m> m fxpfriî`gim `çh `hs dí `mdm df u`ivfrsml hu df `fgfssírih. U==3[  Gmtfahrim quf fstmoflfgf quf “thdh fcfith tfk ukm gmusm‛. Fstf nuëzh é h prht÷tiph df uk nuëzh si`tétigh m prihri. prihri. Flf é ghk fcfith uk nuëzh si`tétigh si`tétigh,, phis dh gh`gfith df “fcfith‛ `çh é phssëvfl dfduzir mquflf df “gmusm‛, f flf é tmkoék m prihri, prihri, phis nmkmis uk nuëzh `msgidh dm fxpfriî`gim `hs phdfrim dmr `fgfssidmdf hu u`ivfrsmlidmdf. Thdmvim, é fxmtmkf`tf h quf sf pmssm ghk fssf nuëzh, ukm vfz quf shkhs gh`duzidhs m hrdf`mr thdhs hs cmths `ukm sfquî`gim gmusml, f `çh `hs é phssëvfl pfrgfoî-lhs dicfrf`tfkf`tf. U==1[  Wfau`dh Em`t, h cmth df sfrkhs gmpmzfs df nuëzhs si`tétighs m prihri nusticigm prihri nusticigm `hssm prftf`sçh df mti`air uk gh`jfgikf`th sfaurh. Vk gh`jfgikf`th ghk likitfs, gfrtmkf`tf, kms quf phdf sfr fstf`didh ghk sfaurm`ám dfsdf quf `çh sf fxtrmphlf hs phdfrfs dm rmzçh, mh cmzî-lm, phr fxfkplh, trmomljmr shzi`jm `m tmrfcm df gh`jfgfr. Rmrm gh`jfgfr, m rmzçh dfvf rfghrrfr âs i`chrkmáöfs hcfrfgidms pflm fxpfriî`gim sf`sëvfl. U==:[  Ghk fcfith, sfau`dh Em`t, uk dhs idfmis dm _mzçh é nustmkf`tf h df fstf`dfr m hram`izmáçh f m dftfrki`máçh dm fxpfriî`gim sf`sëvfl tçh lh`af qum`th phssëvfl. U==9[   Isth é gh`chrkf mh cmth df quf, `m rmiz df thdh prhgfssh rfprfsf`tmtivh, jí ukm khtivmáçh

 

pulsih`ml. Ghk fcfith, vikhs quf ms prikfirms rfprfsf`tmáöfs (rfprfsf`tmáöfs-ghism, i`gh`sgif`tfs) ti`jmk ghkh suostrmth df sum chrkmáçh ms sf`smáöfs ghrphrmis df dhr f df smtiscmáçh, h quf ikpligm quf h ghrph pulsih`ml fstí `m rmiz kfskm df thdh prhgfssh df rfprfsf`tmáçh f, phrtm`th, df sia`icigmáçh. Isth ikpligm f`tçh quf> (m) `çh jí rfprfsf`tmáçh sfk ukm smtiscmáçh pulsih`ml quf ljf dî hgmsiçh df surair5 f, fk gh`sfquî`gim, (o) `çh jí gmdfim sia`icigm`tf sfk uk sunfith quf mrtigulf ms rfprfsf`tmáöfs f`trf flms m pmrtir dm i`tfrvf`áçh dh Hutrh. U=?2[

 Vkmmquflm vfrdmdf mquflm dh sunfith, f ukm hutrm ftfr`m, mquflm dm giî`gim, hu, ghkh h vfrfkhs, dh fvm`fsgf`tf, Hutrh. U=?=[  “Fu pf`sh h`df `çh shu. Fu shu h`df `çh pf`sh‛. U=??[  Gc. Kéditmtih`s kétmpjysiqufs, p. =4. Ghk fcfith, `h sh`jh, grfkhs fxpfrikf`tmr ghisms quf `çh ghrrfsph`dfk mh quf sf pmssm `m rfmlidmdf (df viaëlim) f, f`trftm`th, `÷s ljfs vi`gulmkhs m kfskm grf`ám quf mhs fvf`ths quf sf fxpfrikf`tmk `m viaëlim. Hrm, phdfrim sfr quf m vidm i`tfirm `çh pmssmssf df uk sh`jh gh`të`uh f quf, phrtm`th, tudh mquilh quf mgrfditíssfkhs gh`jfgfr phr sfu i`tfrkédih `çh sf khstrmssf sf`çh ilusöfs. U=?7[  Kéditmtih`s kétmpjysiqufs kétmpjysiqufs,, p. =6-=1. U=?4[  Kéditmtih`s,, p. =95  Kéditmtih`s  Disghurs df lm Kétjhdf, Kétjhdf, p.  p. ?1. U=?6[  Fcftivmkf`tf, ghkf`tmdhrfs ghkh Mlquié dfcf`dfk m idfim df quf m chrkulmáçh dh ghaith ghaith   `ms  Kéditmtih`s pöf  Kéditmtih`s  pöf m vfrdmdf dm fxistî`gim dirftmkf`tf m pmrtir dm dþvidm (gc. Mlquié, C. Lm  Lm déghuvfrtf U=?3[ kétmpjysiquf df l’jhkkf gjfz

Dfsgmrtfs Dfsgmrtfs, , pp.Dfsgmrtfs. =:6-=:3).  Dfstm vfz shorf omsfs sfaurms, sfau`dh U=?1[  Kéditmtih`s,  Kéditmtih`s   , p. 7:. U=?:[  Ní quf m kfk÷rim sf khstrhu fk hutrms hgmsiöfs f`am`mdhrm. U=?9[  M pfrcfiáçh df Dfus é ikphrtm`tf fk pflh kf`hs dhis sf`tidhs. Fk prikfirh luamr, é m pmrtir df sum pfrcfiáçh quf Dfsgmrtfs “dfkh`strmrí‛ Wum fxistî`gim. H mraukf`th, fk li`jms afrmis, é h sfaui`tf> (m) fu tf`jh m idfim df pfrcfiáçh, df i`ci`ith5 (o) é uk cmth quf m gmusm dfvf tfr mh kf`hs tm`th fcfith quf m gh`sfquî`gim, isth é, h fcfith `çh phdf sfr kmihr `m gh`sfquî`gim dh quf `m gmusm (phr fxfkplh, uk ohlm df oiljmr M, df vflhgidmdf x,  x, `çh phdf dmr m ukm hutrm ohlm df oiljmr O uk ikpulsh tml quf m vflhgidmdf df O ultrmpmssf m vflhgidmdf hriai`ml df M — sfk ukm chrám fxtrm gh`ghrrf`tf, ofk f`tf`didh). Hrm, fu shu, sfk `f`jukm dþvidm, ci`ith f ikpfrcfith. Rhrtm`th, fu `çh phdfrim sfr m ch`tf dm idfim df i`ci`ith, df pfrcfiáçh, tml ghkh flm sf mprfsf`tm `m ki`jm kf`tf. Gh`glusçh, dfvf fxistir, df cmth, uk sfr suprfkh, pfrcfith f i`ci`ith, gmpmz df ikprikir tml idfim `h kfu fspërith. Fk sfau`dh luamr, m pfrcfiáçh df Dfus i`glui sum oh`dmdf, h quf fxglui m phssioilidmdf df uk Aî`ih Kmlia`h f f`am`mdhr. U=72[  É i`tfrfssm`tf `htmr quf Dfsgmrtfs `çh sf gh`tf`tm fk cmzfr df Dfus h amrm`tf dms vfrdmdfs. É prfgish mi`dm dfsgulpí-lh df `hsshs frrhs. Fstfs sçh fxpligmdhs pflh cmth df quf h jhkfk tfk ukm vh`tmdf kmihr dh quf sfu f`tf`dikf`th. Mssik, thdms ms vfzfs quf h sunfith prhcfrir nuëzhs shorf uk dhkë`ih qumlqufr df quf flf `çh tfk smofr hu giî`gim, h frrh é uk rfsultmdh gfrth. U=7=[  Gc. Kéditmtih`s  Kéditmtih`s,, p. 7:, h`df Dfsgmrtfs diz nustmkf`tf quf é Dfus quf amrm`tf h cmth df quf thdms ms ghisms quf gh`gfofkhs glmrm f disti`tmkf`tf sçh vfrdmdfirms. F Flf phdf amrm`ti-lh phrquf flf é uk sfr pfrcfith (f phrtm`th ohk). U=7?[  “Rfrcfitm‛ `h sf`tidh df quf h prikfirh khvikf`th dh ghaith ghaith é  é uk khvikf`th df sfpmrmáçh sfpmrmáçh,, ghk h suraikf`th dm vfrdmdf dh sunfith, f h sfau`dh uk khvikf`th df mlif`máçh mlif`máçh,, ghk m rfspfgtivm rfi`sfráçh `ms lfis dh Hutrh. Fk Lmgm`, mh gh`trírih, h prhgfssh df mlif`máçh vfk fk prikfirh luamr. Vkm hutrm hosfrvmáçh> `çh ia`hrmkhs quf h prhgfssh df mlif`máçh cmz rfcfrî`gim m`tfs â cilhshcim jfaflim`m dh quf â gmrtfsim`m. Gh`tudh, isth `çh i`vmlidm `hssm tf`tmtivm df khstrmr m hphsiáçh f`trf m vfrdmdf dh sunfith f m vfrdmdf dh Hutrh m pmrtir dm ghkpmrmáçh ghk m cilhshcim gmrtfsim`m. M cilhshcim jfaflim`m é þtil shorftudh pmrm fsglmrfgfr m qufstçh dh rfgh`jfgikf`th f dm ikpligmáçh dh Hutrh `h

 

dfsfnh dh sunfith. U=77[   Rhdfr-sf-imk rfsukir mssik ms gh`glusöfs> “(=) `mdm df gfrtfzm sfk f`am`h5 (?) `mdm df “fu pf`sh‛ sfk ukm suspf`sçh df thdh smofr. Fstí më m disnu`áçh dh smofr f dm vfrdmdf5 (7) ph`tumlidmdf dfstf sunfith `h tfkph f `fgfssírih fvm`fsgikf`th dh kfskh‛ (gc. Ghttft, W. “Nf pf`sf hù nf `f suis pms, nf suis hù nf `f pf`sf pms‛, i`> Lmgm`  Lmgm`,, p. ?2). U=74[  Vkm dms dfci`iáöfs dh honfth m, ghkh `÷s h vikhs `h gmpëtulh I. U=76[ Lmgm`,  Lf Wéki`mirf, livrf IS, Lm rflmtih` d’honft  d’honft  , p. =:9. U=73[  L’Étjiquf,  L’Étjiquf   , p. 4?. U=71[  M dfkm`dm df smtiscmáçh sf trm`schrkmrí kmis tmrdf fk dfkm`dm df mkhr. U=7:[  Lmgm`, N. Lm rflmtih` d’honft  d’honft  , p. =:?. U=79[   É `fstf sf`tidh quf Killfr diz quf h vfrdmdfirh sia`icigm`tf prikfirh é W?, ní quf flf prfgfdf lhaigmkf`tf m gh`stituiáçh df W=. Isth qufr dizfr quf W= `çh é sia`icigm`tf sf`çh phr gmusm df W?. “H W? é h sia`icigm`tf dm rfsphstm. É W? quf hpfrm m trm`schrkmáçh dh arith fk mpflh f quf, m fstf rfspfith, cmz fkfrair uk sunfith lí h`df hriai`mlkf`tf frm mpf`ms ukm musî`gim‛ I`sia`f  I`sia`f, ( , mulm df 21/2=/=9:1). U=42[  Fk Crfud tmkoék, m dikf`sçh dh sia`icigm`tf, dh sf`tidh, pfrtf`gf mh tfrrit÷rih dm mrtigulmáçh f`trf ms rfprfsf`tmáöfs. Sfr gmpëtulh I. U=4=[   H prhgfssh df mlif`máçh gh`sistf prfgismkf`tf fk quf h sunfith sf cmám rfprfsf`tmr phr uk sia`icigm`tf pmrm   pmrm  hutrhs sia`icigm`tfs. M gjmvf fstí `m prfphsiáçh “pmrm‛, prfphsiáçh quf i`digm h mssunfitmkf`th âs lfis dh Hutrh. U=4?[  Lmgm`, N. Lfs ]umtrf Gh`gfpts Gh`gfpts,, p. ?73. U=47[  I`sia`f,  I`sia`f   , mulm df ?:/2=/:1. É `fstf sf`tidh quf sf phdf gh`sidfrmr, sfk gh`trmdiáçh, quf h gh`nu`th dh sunfith é vmzih mh kfskh tfkph fk quf flf sf rfcfrf mh hram`iskh f`qum`th vivh. Isth qufr dizfr quf h hram`iskh vivh, m`tfs dm f`trmdm `h siko÷ligh, fstí dh lmdh dh rfml, f h rfml `çh sf prfstm m chrkmr uk gh`nu`th. Vk gh`nu`th é ukm chrkmáçh  ní siko÷ligm. É `fgfssírih jmvfr flfkf`ths disti`ths  ní siko÷ligm. quf fstçh df`trh f hutrhs quf fstçh chrm (ní quf é prfgish mh kf`hs uk flfkf`th chrm pmrm quf jmnm uk gh`nu`th). Dfstm chrkm, m`tfs dm u`içh ghk h gh`nu`th dh Hutrh, h gh`nu`th dh sunfith frm vmzih, `çh phdf`dh gh`tfr `f`juk flfkf`th dfstmgívfl quf sf pudfssf hphr m hutrhs flfkf`ths. U=44[   Fk ukm pmlmvrm, h sia`icigm`tf é m prikfirm suostï`gim. Wfau`dh m tfhrim df Lmgm`, shkhs gh`duzidhs m gh`gluir quf m suostï`gim, h sfr, fstí dh lmdh dh sia`icigm`tf, f `çh dh lmdh dh sunfith (h quf ghrrhohrm `hssm lfiturm df Dfsgmrtfs, m quml fstmoflfgf quf `çh é sf`çh `h tfkph dhis dh ghaith quf jí m pftricigmáçh dh sunfith fk ukm suostï`gim, m smofr, qum`dh Dfsgmrtfs dftfrki`m quf m fssî`gim dh kfu sfr é h pf`smkf`th (mrtigulmdh). H sfau`dh tfkph é, phrtm`th, h tfkph dm mlif`máçh, tfkph dm dfsmpmriáçh dh sunfith f`qum`th tml. U=46[  _fmlkf`tf, m hphsiáçh prfsf`ám-musî`gim é phssivflkf`tf m hphsiáçh kmis ikphrtm`tf dm hrdfk siko÷ligm. Ghk fcfith, é armáms m fstm disti`áçh quf m grim`ám pmssm dm hrdfk dm `fgfssidmdf âquflm dm dfkm`dm. Wf m kçf `çh sf musf`tmssf nmkmis, `çh jmvfrim gjm`gf pmrm quf m grim`ám ghkfámssf m dfsfnmr, m gh`gfofr mlah ghkh cmltm`tf. U=43[  Fstf kfskh rfsultmdh phdfrim sfr mti`aidh phr ukm hutrm vim, m smofr, phr i`tfrkédih dhs tfrkhs crfudim`hs. Ghk fcfith, h rfsultmdh dm gmpturm dh rfml, dh pulsih`ml, i`dicfrf`gimdh f dfshrdf`mdh, é m pr÷prim gh`struáçh df Omj`u`af` Omj`u`af`,, gunm mrtigulmáçh fk rfdf fquivmlf â gmdfim sia`icigm`tf. Hu sfnm, mqui ghkh lí, jí, ghkh rfsultmdh dm ikphsiáçh df ukm fstruturm dftfrki`mdm mh rfml, m prhduáçh df sf`tidh. Df cmth, sfr é shorftudh sfr `hkfmdh, sfr disti`auidh, sfr phsth ghkh dicfrf`tf df ukm hutrm ghism qumlqufr. Mssik, fk Crfud, m prhduáçh df sf`tidh vfk ghkh prhduth dm mrtigulmáçh dms rfprfsf`tmáöfs5 fk Lmgm`, m prhduáçh dh sf`tidh vfk ghkh rfsultmdh dm mrtigulmáçh dhs sia`icigm`tfs. U=41[  Lfs   qumtrf gh`gfpts, p. ?76. Gh`glusçh quf ní jmvim sidh suafridm `m hgmsiçh dh fxmkf dm

 

cilhshcim df Dfsgmrtfs> qum`dh flf pmssm mh tfkph dhis dh ghaith ghaith,, flf mpmam mh kfskh tfkph m vfrdmdf prikfirm dh sunfith, sfu gmrítfr fvm`fsgf`tf f purmkf`tf fxistf`giml. U=4:[  Dfsgmrtfs tmkoék mti`af m vfrdmdf prikfirm dh ghaith ghaith mtrmvés  mtrmvés df ukm fsghljm dh sf`tidh. Ghk fcfith, é m pmrtir dm dfgisçh df duvidmr duvidmr   quf h fdicëgih dh gh`jfgikf`th phdf ruir f dmr hgmsiçh â mpmriáçh dh ghaith ghaith   `m sum prikfirm chrkulmáçh. Gh`tudh, gh`trmrimkf`tf m Lmgm`, h quf Dfsgmrtfs prhgurm, m vfrdmdf, é nustmkf`tf h khvikf`th df mlif`máçh mlif`máçh,, khvikf`th fk dirfáçh â amrm`tim dh Hutrh. U=49[

 Gc. Lmgm`, N. Lf Wéki`mirf, livrf ZIS, Lm lhaiquf du cm`tmskf, mulms df =4/=?/=9335 ==/2=/=931, i`édith. Ghkh ní jmvëmkhs hosfrvmdh, “pf`smr‛ é utilizmdh mqui `h sf`tidh dm mrtigulmáçh sia`icigm`tf f`trf W=-W?. Isth rfspfitm tmkoék h tfxth crfudim`h, pmrm qufk pf`smr frm shorftudh mrtigulmr ms rfprfsf`tmáöfs. Mssik, “fu shu h`df fu `çh mrtigulh‛ fquivmlf m “W =, qum`dh sfpmrmdh df W?, dfsvflm $‛. Kms sf m dfsmpmriáçh dh sunfith é gh`digih`mdm â mrtigulmáçh df W =  f W?, isth qufr dizfr quf W= shzi`jh `çh omstm pmrm mpmamr $, h quf pmrfgf gh`trmdizfr h quf chi dith mlaukms li`jms mgikm. Fstf pmrmdhxh sfrí rfshlvidh m pmrtir dm `háçh df sfpmrmáçh sfpmrmáçh,, quf dí uk fstmtuth fspfgiml â gh`diáçh df W= shzi`jh, `çh mrtigulmdh m W?. U=62[

 I`sia`f  I`sia`f,   , mulm =?/==/=9:3.   M `háçh df rfgh`jfgikf`th é, ghk fcfith, fssf`giml. Flm ikpligm m idfim df uk pmgth, df uk gh`sf`sh mh rfdhr df mlau`s pri`gëpihs hu lfis, quf dfvfk sfr hofdfgidhs. U=6?[  I`sia`f,  I`sia`f   , mulm df ?=/2=/:1. U=67[  Fstf “thr`mr-sf pfquf`h m‛ é prhprimkf`tf h quf Lmgm` flmohrhu sho m `háçh df “trmvfssim dh cm`tmskm‛. U=64[  Gc. Lmgm`, N. Lm lhaiquf du cm`tmskf cm`tmskf,, mulm df =:/2=/31. Sfr tmkoék h þltikh gmpëtulh, shorf h prhgfssh df mlif`máçh. U=66[  Lfim-sf> sunfith omrrmdh pu`áçh  pu`áçh df pfquf`h m. U=63[  Whorf fssf lmáh f`trf dfsfnh, rfmlidmdf f cm`tmskm, vfr, phr fxfkplh, Lm lhaiquf du cm`tmskf> cm`tmskf> “H quf gmrrfam h cm`tmskm tfk dhis `hkfs quf gh`gfr`fk ukm s÷ f kfskm suostï`gim> dfsfnh dfsfnh,, rfmlidmdf‛. “H dfsfnh é m fssî`gim dm rfmlidmdf‛. “M rfmlidmdf (...) é h prît  h prît  -â phrtfr  phrtfr    dh cm`tmskm‛ (mulm df =3/==/33). U=61[  Df Afhrafs, R.  Lfáh`s df  df Gjhsf Gjhsf,, p. =61. U=6:[  “M rfmlidmdf i`tfirm `çh é `mdm df hutrh quf ukm kh`tmafk dh siko÷ligh f dh ikmai`írih‛ Lm ( lhaiquf du cm`tmskf, cm`tmskf, mulm df =3/==/33). U=69[  Fstf duplh mspfgth (ikmai`írih f rfml) dh honfth m nusticigm-sf, df ukm pmrtf, pflh cmth df quf thdhs hs honfths quf prftf`dfk mssukir h luamr dh honfth cmltm`tf dfsfkpf`jmk uk pmpfl df suplî`gim f phrtm`th uk pmpfl ikmai`írih df prff`gjikf`th. Df hutrm pmrtf, h mspfgth rfml dh honfth m thr`m-sf fvidf`tf qum`dh é lfkormdm sum dfci`iáçh f`qum`th kmis kmis--df df--ahzmr ahzmr,, qufr dizfr, f`qum`th rfsth i`mssikilívfl f f`trftm`th mtivh `h psiquiskh. U=32[  Rhis h honfth dh cm`tmskm é, `uk gfrth sf`tidh, tmkoék h honfth dm pulsçh, h honfth m. F`trftm`th, h honfth dh cm`tmskm `çh ghi`gidf thtmlkf`tf ghk mquflf dm pulsçh, ní quf h honfth dm pulsçh `çh dfvf sfr gh`cu`didh ghk ms chrkmáöfs ikmai`írims dh cm`tmskm. H honfth pulsih`ml dfvf sfr mohrdmdh m`tfs dh lmdh dh prmzfr dm ohgm, dh quf dh lmdh dh sfih ikmai`írih quf h susgitm. U=3=[  H quf é pfrcfitmkf`tf ghkpmtëvfl ghk m dhutri`m crfudim`m, phis, pmrm Crfud, m rfmlidmdf i`glui sfkprf h disgursh dm hrdfk fdugmtivm f dm hrdfk shgiml. U=6=[

U=3?[

 Issh quf qufrsums dizfr`hvms quf h chrkmáöfs fu  vmi suostituir fu  m rfmlidmdf ghljf`dh `h ft ku`dh cm`tmskítigh h kmtfriml df dfsfnh fxiafk.i`thlfrívfl (Crfud, W, “@évrhsf Rsygjhsf‛, i`> Lfs  Lfs  Rsygjhsfs, p. =7=).

 

U=37[

 L’Étjiquf,  L’Étjiquf   , p. ==7.