A Concise Grammar of Middle Egyptian.PDF

Boyo G. Ockinga

A ConciseGrammarof Middle Egyptian AN OUTLINE OF MIDDLE EGYPTIAN GRAMMAR by Hellmut Brunnerreviscdand cxpanded

/. / ^Second.revisededition

VERLAG PHILIPP VON ZABERN . MAINZ AM RHEIN

CoNrnNrs XI

Prcface

Introduction

XIII

I. Scnrpr ANDTRANSLTTERATToN ll

A) Sc'nrrr

I

:l

B) TnaNsr-rrERATroN l) Logograrns

I

2) Phonogranrs

Li

.. 1 .\ -i

$7 S8

d) Tri-literal signs 4 ,1 e)Signcornbinations

I

$9

3) Dctcrminativcs

2

\ l 0 4 t S p c c i afl c a t u r c s

a) Logogram as c o n r b i n a t i o no f c o n s o n a n t s2

$I|

b ) [ J n i - l i t c r a ls i g n s 2

S l 2 6 ) C o n v c n l i o r rparl o n u n c i a t i o r r

c ) B i - l i t c r a l s i g n s3

5) PhoneticComplcmcnts

$ l3 7) Translitcration

I I . A c c r o r r N C EA N D S y N r R x d ) q u a l i f i c db y a n o u n c) Cornparativc I I

A) NOUNS \ 1 , 1 l ) G c n d c ra n dN u m b c r I l5

a ) I i n d i n g s7

,' l6

b) Writingstr

.' I 7

c) Special fcalurcs ll

2) Genitivc .' I 8

a) Dircct Ccnitivc 9

,' l9

b ) I n d i r c c tG c n i t i v c 9

\10 ..ll

a ) C o o r t l i n a t i o nI 0

3) Coordination and Disjunctionl0 b) Disjunction l0

B) Ao:ucrrves I ) Forms

l0

a) fionr vcrbal slerns l0 b) Nrsr5e-forrnsl0

2) Usageof Adjectives a) as an attribute I I b ) a s a n o u nl l c) as a predicate I I

ll

II

fcaturcs: ir.y,nb,ky $ 25 3) Spccial

il

C) PnoNouNs | ) Pcrsonal pronouns

t2

$ 26 $ 27 $ 28

a) Independent pronouns I2 pronouns b) Dcpendcnt l3 c) Suflix-pronouns 14 2) Dcmonstrativcs a) Adjectival demonstrativcs l5 b) Norninaldcrnonstrarivcs l5 c) Arriclc 15 d) Posscssivc adjectivc l6 e) Usagel6

15

$ 29 $ 30 $ 3I $ 32 S 33 S 34

3) Intcrrogatives

t7

D) PREPosrrroNS prcpositions $ 35 l) Simple prcpositions S36 2) Compound

l8 l9

\ II]

lls

E) PARTICLES 1 ) N o n - e n c l i t ipca r t i c l e s 2 ) E n c l i t i cp a r t i c l c s

$ 62

19 2l $ 63 $ 64

F) N U M E R A L S ,' -19 1) Cardinalnumbcrs .. J{) l) Ordinalnumbcrs 3)Datcs , 'j l

21 22 22

S 65

1f

I ) AdvcrbialSentences

23

l . S i m p l ea d v . m a i n c l a u s c s2 4

.' ++

L llrtcnded adv. main clauscs24

35

S 67

3) Imperativc

35

4) Finite vcrb forms

JO

Suffix-conjugation

36

S 68

l . A c t i v eV o i c cl 6 $ 69 S 70 S 7l

b ) I } n b c d d c dA d v c r b i a l S c n t c n c c s \

1<

l . S i r n p l ec r n b c d d c cal t l v .c l a u s c s 2 6 L llrtcndcd crnbeddcdadv. clauscs26

.

1-

c ) N e g a t i o no f A d v e r b i a l S e n t c n c e s2 7

.' lf

2) NonrinalScntcnccs

,' +r,

a ) w i t h t w o n o u n s2 8

28

S 72 S 73 $ 74 S 75 S 76

b) ink - Scntcncc 29

$ 77

L with unstrcsscdsubjcct 29 2. with strcssedsubject 29

S 78 S 79

- 1 .N c g a t i o no f l h c f u l - S c n t c n c c2 9 c 1p u ' - S c n t c n c c 3 0

80 "s

l . b i - p a r t i t e p x . S c n t c n c cJ 0 2. tri-partitepn'-Scntcncc 30 3. Negation ofpw-Sentence 3 I

f59

.s4m.fliri..f 36 a. Circurnstantial b. Aorist sdnr.l'I irr.j' 37 Pcrt'cct.s/rr.ri.l38 c. (Prcsent) d. (llisr. I'crtcctsdn.f l iri..f 4l s. The Fonn s4lm.r .l' 1l f'. Futures/n(.y).l l iri.(,-)| a2 g. Subjunctivc sln.l'I iri.(t').141 2. Passivc Voicc45 45 a. tx-Passive b, PerfcctivcPassive salnt(.n,l,v) J / iri(.v'l")J 46 sQn.t,.f l iri.yt.j 47 c. Passivc d. FuturcPassive s/mi..f'I iri.n'..117 Tcnscs4lJ 3. Contingcnt Qr

a. sr_/nr. in-l' (Pcrt'cct)4tl (Aorist) 4ti b. .rr_lrr.lr'..1 c. slnt.ki.J(Fnture)49

3) Adj ectivalScntcnccs(nfr sw')3l

TABLE 1: Weak vcrb (activc)

50

4) AdjectivalScntcnccs with rrn 3l

$ 8l

5) Old Pcrfcctivc

5l

5) Expressions ofposscssion

32

$ 82

53

6) Non-possession

32

6) Infinitivc a) SubjcotandObject54

H ) T H EV E R B !. 60 r.ol

o. irregularverbs34 2) Verb groups

t d v e r b i a lS e n t e n c e s a t I n d c p c n d c nA .-+l

verbs34 b. ultirnaegernrnatac

$ 66

G) NON-VERBAL SENTENCES r

c) Modifiabilityof theroot 34 l. Strongverbs 34 2. Weakverbs 34 a. ultirnaeinfirmaeverbs 34

$83 $84

l. Subjcct 54

,. e9 I l0i) r 1r)1

. \- -'-. -.. lill \.::,: . I 101 I (l-+ ,1I'..:- -. - -..

2 . O b j e c t5 5 b) Usage of thc infinitive 55

r05

I ) Verb classes

Construction $ 8 6 7) Pseudo-verbal

a) Number of root consonants33

s87

106 l0l l0E 109

o)LausailveJJJ

s85

a) Predicatc57 l . O l d P e r f e c t i v e5 7 2 . h r . m o r r + i n f i n i t i v e5 7

x S 88

S 39 Ss90 $ 9l

S 92 S 93 S 94 $ 95

I

b) Usage 69

b) Subject58 l. with ln' 58 2. with ni=l58 3. with wnnI wn.in 58

S I I I

58 8) Complex Verb Forms a) with Particleln' 58 l. PresentPerfect59 a. iw t sdtt.tt-f'59 .r4llr(.u)'/59 b. iu' t Passive c. ;v' t Old Pcrfectivc59 AoristI 2. Cornplcx iw(.'fisclmT59 AoristlllProgrcssivc 3. Conrplcx iu'.f hr sdm 59 4. ConrplcxFutureir'.f r'.r/zr60 b) wrthauxiliaryverb'lt'.rt60 l. ch'.nsLln.n-l6l 6l 2.(h..nt Old Perf'cctive I Perf'.Pass.s1ln.u'.f 6l 3. cy'rc.ri 4.'h(.n I tlist. Pcrf.sqlnr.f6l

$ 96

c) with auxiliaryu'n-itt6l

S 97

9) F'initcVerb Forms introduccd bY m=k or is1 62 t)n k I Prcscntativc 67 l. ar Ä I Pcrl'.s4lm.n.f ( r' 2. f 2.nk I [email protected] b) lsl 62 l. is1 | Pcrl-.s4ln.n.f62 62 2. l.rl l Pass.sqln.u'..1

s\9ti

I I 10

Q I l2 l2) VcrbalAdjcctivcselm.tv'.fy a) Usage as an attributc 70 b) Usagc as a noun 70

{ I ll

c onstruction l3) NarrativC iyi.tPw iri.nJ

10

{ I 1 4 l 4 ) A u x i l i a r YV c r b2 i i

ll

S I l5 J) ADVERBS

1l

K) WoRDORnUR l cntcnccs S I l6 l)Non-VcrbaS ( s e c\ S ' { 2 ' 4 l l ' 5 4 5 7 )

62

l0) ParticiPlcs

{ I l7 2) VcrbalScntcnccs

73

\ ll8 3)Focalisation

1A

\ ll9 \ 120 $ I2I

63

a) Fonns:gcndcr,nutnber,tcnsc,voicc63 63 l. Irnperfcctivc 99 . 64 r\ 100 2. Pcrf-ectivc 64 3. Prospcctivc $ l0l S I02 s\ 103 s\ 104

l. Adjectival usage 69 2. Nominal usage 69 a. in direct genitivc 69 b. as object 69 c. in Non-Vcrbal Sentence69 d. subject in nfr sw Sentence69 e. absoluteusage69 f. with a verb as object 69

b) Usagc65 l. Nominalusagc65 usage65 2. Ad.jcctival 3. Ilxtendeduseof ParticiPlcs(16 Passivc

61 rs 105 I l ) Rclativc Form 67 Form Rclative the of Tenscs 106 a) rs RelativcForrn 68 l. sqlm.n'J' $ 107 r\ 108 2. Aorists/m.J'Iirr'J Rel.Forrn 68 RelativeFonn 6ll r\ 109 3. Prospcctive

a ) i r - C o n s t r u c t i o n7 4 l . F o c t t so n s u b j c c t 7 4 2 . N c g a t i o n l: r i - C o n s t r u c t i o n7 5 b ) T r i - p a r t i t cp u ' s c n t c n c e7 5 l . F o c u so n s u b j c c t 7 5 2 . F o c u so n o b j c c t 7 5

$ 1 2 2 c ) I i r n p h a t i cC o n s t r u c t i o n : Focus on adv. exPrcssion 76

r\ 123 4) Tcrpicalisation a) without introduction 76 S I 24

l . s u b i c c tt o P i c a l i s e d7 6

{ I 25

2 . o b j e c t t o P i c a l i s c d7 6

S I 26

3 . a d v . e x p r c s s i o nt o p i c a l i s c d7 6

it

b) following'1

ir 77

I 127

77 l. subjccttoPicaliscd

I I 28

77 2. objccttoPicaliscd

S I 29

7ll 3. adv.expressiontopicalised

16

X $ 130 5)ConditionalClatses $ 1 3 l a )f o l l o w i n!g- , . a ' z s l . f u l f i l l a b l ec o n d i t i o n s 7 8

$ 148 M) QuESrroNS

87

s 149 N) EPEXEGESTS

87

S 150 O) ReLerrvs ClausEs

87

2 . u n f u l f i l l a b l cc o n d i t i o n s 7 8 { 1 3 2 b ) w i t h o u t i n t r o d u c t i o n7 u

detcrmincd 88 S 15l l ) antecedent: $ 1 5 2 2 ) a n t c c c d c nut :n d e t c r m i n c d 8 9

L ) N E G A T T oo NF T H EV E R I I $ 133 Negativeparticlcs 8 134 Ncgativeverbstn, itni S 135 l) Impcrativc .s@rl' S 136 2) Circumstantial I 137 3) Aorist.iq/nrf' $ | l8 4) Pcrlcct.s{nr.tt I (Prospcctivc) 139 5) l'uturc .r/nr-f S { 140 6) Subjunctivc.s4ünl'

I'AllLE 2: Suffix-conjugalion

19 79 1A

79 80 til 82 82 82

P) APPENDIX $ 1 5 3 l ) T i t u l a r yo f t h ek i n g

!-::.:

{ 1 5 4 2 ) S y l l a b i c- ( G r o u p- ) W r i t i n g 9 l III. SI(iNLIST

j..:": - :

92

IV. EXb,RCISES

lt8

V. Ru,,\UINC;EX IjRCISES

138

VI. VOCABULARY

148

INDICES

t73

l ) G r a m m a t i c a li n d c x

I t-)

2) Vcrb patterns

n6 t71

U3

r 142 ti)Ncgation: ComplcxVcrb Formswith iw U4 TAT]LB 3: ComplcxVcrb Formswith lN' 85 $ 143 9) Ncgation:infinitivc I 144 l0) Ncgation:Participlcs, RelaliveForms,sQm.t1, J.v 145 a) Participlcs 86 $ Fornr[J(r S 146 b) Rclative Forrnli6 $ 147 c).s4!n.ty.Jy

90

85

3) Indcx of hicroglyphic sign list

!;

..- 'i-:r--.-

\1";:-.:-;r j-..'. - ,.:

INTRODUCTION The language ofAncient Egypt has a history that can be traced for over three thousand years. Several stages of the language can be identified: Old, Middle and Late Egyptian, Demotic and Coptic. Old Egyptian is the language in which, for example, the Pyramid Texts and the biographical and royal inscriptions of the Ol,:

: --"- -:

'Ä

-.:

:_.>-

:: _

_t_

T"I1: :r.

-

XV

work in the language.It shouldbc noted,however,that Gardiner'sinterpretationof the verbal system no longer reflects our current under-standing.Also, the structure of Gardiner's Gratnmurfollowshis own particulardidacticmethodand,unlikethis grammar,is not ordered accordingto partsof speechand syntax. syster.natically Wolfgang Schenkel, Tübinger EinJiihnmg in die klassisch-cigltptischeSprache und post-"StandardTheory" gramn.rar.It Sc'hri/i (Tübingen, 1994), is thc first compreherrsive also provides an introductionto the "StandardTheory", as well as a comprehensivc Thc latcstcdition,publishcdin bibliographyof works dcalingwith thc studyof thc language. 2005,prcscntsa ncw approachto thc syntaxofthe vcrb. Wolfharl Westendorf, Grommetik der medizinischen Texle (Berlin, 1962), is uscful for corpusof tcxts moreadvanccdwork with Middlc Egyptiantcxtssiuccit analyscsa con.rplctc whicharc ncltdcaltwith in gcucralgrammars. obscurcconstruclions anddiscusscs Antonio Lopriencl, Anc'ient Egt,ltlion. A Lingui.slic' Inlrodur'liorz (Carnbridge, 1996), prcscntsa conrprchcnsivc, linguisticallyoricntcd introductionto thc Egyptian languagc, includingthc dcvclopnrcntof thc languagcliom Old Egyptianthrough Middlc and [-atc Egyptianto Coptic. (Dannstadt, Sprar:hwis,sen,sc'haft Wollgang Schenkel, Ein/iihnrng in dia ctltög.y1ttisc'he 1990).As wcll as graulnarin thc narrowcrscnsc,this work alsodcalswith thcnrcssuchas thc vocalisation, anclmctrc. historyof thc studyof thc languagc, rlglltt). In atlclirionto an Henry G. Fischcr,Anciant Egyptian Calligruphl'. (New York, nunlcrousobscrvations to Egyptiancalligraphy,this work alsoproviclcs cxccllcntintroduction of individualsigns. on thc palacography Diclionaries Adoll'Errnan and Hermann Grapow (cds.), I|/örlerbuch dcr ägvpti.tthen Spruc'he, 12 vols. (Lcipzig and llerlin, 1926 1963). Although in part datcd, this work is thc only Dcr.notic anclCoptic)with rcf-crcnccs of thc [gyptian languagc(cxclucling cornplctcclictionary Work on lhc Bcrlin Dictionaryis bcingcotrtinucd lbr tlrcoccurrcncc of worcls("Bclcgstcllcn"). ancl is acccssiblcotr tlrc Akadcmic clcr Wisscnschaficn b1' lhc Bcrlin-Brandcnburgisclrcn dc i ntcrncturrclcr thc fbllowingU RI-: http://aacw.bbaw. I

Rayrnoncl O. Faulkner,.,1 Conc'isc Dit'tionarv o/'Middlc Egl,ptian (Oxford, 1962): tr rcl'crcnccs. andalsoincluclcs compactwork thatdcalsspccificallywith MicldlcE,gyptian Rainer Hannig, Die Sproc'heder Phctntonen(Mainz, 1995): a dictionarytlratclcalswith thc vocabularyof Egyptianfrorn thc Old Kingdomto thc Third IntcrmcdiatcPcriod(ca. 1000 BC). Thc lists of namcsof dcitics,kings and toponymsas wcll as tlrc mapsare particularly to thc occurrcncc ofwords arenot includcd. uscful.Referenccs

XVI

Rainer Hannig, Ägyptisches lVörterbuch I, Altes Reich und Erste Zwischenzeit (Mainz, 2003): a detailcdspecialiscd dictionaryof tcxts of the Old Kingdom and First Intermediate Period,which includesreferenccs. Text Editions Kurt Sethe,Ä'gyptischeLesestücke(Leipzig, 1924),providesa uscfulcollectionof Middle Egyptianhieroglyphictextsof all gcnres,inoluding"classics"suchas thc storyof Sinuhcand the talcsfrom PapyrusWcstcar. Adriann de Buck, Egyptian Reading Book (Leiden, l94tt): an anrhology of Miitdlc Egyptiantcxtsof thc Middlc andNcw Kingdon.rs with cxcrciscs. Louis Zonhoven, Middle Egyptian Zc.rLs,Vol. l: Literary T'extsin thc llierutic' Script (Leiden, 200 l). A compcndiumof all thc major Middlc Egyptianlitcrarytcxtswrittcn in thc cursivchicraticscript,prcscrrtcd in hicroglyphictranscription. A compcndiunt of rronumcrrtal tcxtsis planncd. In thc tcxtbookscricsEin/iihnrngen und Qucllett!e.\'t( :ut' Aqt'1ttoltryic,ChristianLcitz anil L o u i s cG c s t c r r n a n(nc c l s . )a, c o l l c c l i o no f t c x t c d i t i o r r sw i t h c o m m c n l a r ye, o v c r i n gv a r i t l u s gcttrcsis plarrnccl. TIrc flrst volurncclcalswith monunrcnlal hicroglyphictcxtsof thc CraccoRorran pcricrd:Christian Leitz, Quellcntc.\ta:ur )'g.v1ttj,s1'ftgp Rt'ligion, Iland I: Dlc TempeI i nsc'h r ifi cn d er gr i cc'h i st:h - rö m i.sc h en Zerl ( M ünster, 2004). Itt thc sanrcscricsa uscful tcxtbookon tlrc litcralLrrc of thc Old and Middlc Kingdomshas appcarcd, wlrichprovidcsan introduction to thc litcraryworksof thc pcriodand bibliographic rcfcrcnccsto tltc tcxt cditions in which thcy arc availablc:Günter tsurkarcl,Heinz J. Thisscn, Ein/iihrung in die ultligrtlttisc'hcLitcruttrgeschic'htc l. Altes und Miillcres Ä t , i r ' h( M ü n s t e r .2 0 0 31 . Usclulcditionsof'a trumbcro1'classical tcxls havcappcarccl in lhc scricsKleint'Ä'g.t'1tti,st'he 7'c,rlecclitctlby WollgangHclcktarrtll{lrtwig Altcnntiillcr.

Frys

-:.':

-i_-

:

',:

n^._:. f " _ _ _ ' " _

5

:::

_:i-j-

' -"J-l -.:-

:'

_ -(-\.--_,_ I.*:-;.:::

,-,i -i,:-'.

.:L

I. SCRIPT AND TRANSLITERATION A) SCRIPT Thcrc are basically two forms of script. Texts carvcd on monumcntsarc writtcn in hicroglyphic form, where the pictorialcharacterof thc sign is clcarly rccognisable (suchas thosc uscd in this book). A cursivc form of hicroglyphs (hicratic),was uscdfor textswritten in ink mainly on papyrus, writing boardsor ostraca(pot shardsor flakcsof limcstonc). Tcxtsarcmostlywrittcnfrom rightto left (Fig. 1a.& lc.), but also in thc othcrdircction(Fig. lb. & ld.), and thcy can run cithcr horizontally(Fig. la. & lb.) or vcrtically(Fig. lc. & ld.). In this book,thcy arc writtcn fiorn lcft to right; thc lastof thc rcading cxcrciscs,howcvcr, runs frorn right to lcft. In Egyptian tcxts thcrc arc ncithcr spaccsbctwccn words nor

b. c.

II It

$1

d.

ill

I,ll

Fig. I

punctuation.Although hicroglyphs arc pictorial rcprcscnt-ations, the Egyptian script is primarily phonctic and not pictorial, i.c. rnost of thc signs havc phonctic valucs. Thc scrni-consonantsn, and I arc not writtcn at all in thc carlicst tcxts but appcar rnorc licqucntly ovcr tirnc, morc oltcn in word stcrnsthan in cndings. B) TRANSr,rl'F]RATTON

$2

Egyptian has 24 consonantalphoncmcs.For thcir translitcrationand thcir approximatc phoncticvalucs scc $ 5. Thc unilitcral signs dcalt with thcrc form thc Egyptianalphabct (as rcconstructcdby modcm scholars)and thcir scqucnccis that uscd in dictionaricsand vocabularics.Vowcls wcrc not written and arc thcrcforc not considcrcd. I ) LOGOGRAMS (alsocallcd "ldcograrns")

$3

Logogramscan dcpict thc objcct they designate: rc.w

ttsuntt;

E

hw.t "housc";

?

hr

"facc"

or they can havc symbolic mcaning: i.i :l'tl

o')rt

.sJ

(s.li,oldcr.rl_rl) (writing cquiprncnt) for "scribe", "to write"

rtlr

(flamingo) for dsr "to be red", in dtr.t "the rcd land", i.e. "dcscrt" (threc strokcs) dcsignateplural

2 Script and Transliteration Somesignscanboth depictthe objectdesignatedandhavesymboliccontent: () r'.w "sunt'or "day"; l)' iä "heart"or "thought","understandingt', "wish" 2) PHONOGRAMS

$4

(followingtherebus-principle) OFCONSONANTS a) LOCOGRAMAS A COMBINATION rb ("basket") ?

in

* nö "lord"

ftr ("face")

Whcn used in this way, thc sign losesits logographiccharacterand bccomesa pure phonogram,in theexamplcsabovea bi-literal(cp. $ 6).

$s

in brackcts) b) UNI-LITERALS(pointersto convcntionalpronunciation

x I

i

(as in "hard", Scmitic aleph)

i

(as in "in", Semiticyorf

t '|l,\\

v

(asin "baby")

c

(glottalstop,Scmiticayir)

\r

ri

(

()

b

@sin "locft")

{)

lr

(asin German"icft")

z

(voiced s as in "nose")

"'

ll

s (asin "sftapc")

w (asin "way"or "pool")

J

h

k, q (Scmitic kaJ)

p

k

f

.g t

nt

t

n

(as in "ilclr")

d 'ir

i

i

,-

TI

(

d

(voiced as in ')unglc")

ft (like Semiticcmphatich)

phonctically;this applicsin By thc Middle Kingdom,z ands arc no longcrdistinguished part to t and1, as well as d and g/,so that, alongsidehistoricallycorrectwritings.onc In this book and - are transfinds caseswherethcscsignshavebcen interchanged. literatedas s. t! y at the end of a word can only bc followed by the additional but by no otherphoneticsign.The cndingst (feminine),w (plural)and a dctcrminative,

Phonograms 3

:_:rptian scripthasno distinctsignfor /, for which it uses), n or r (also.9)-r.in the Late i::rod). . -rnheruni-literals: ,1. m (acfiallyim), i/ r,i,for / or 1(actuallyrl), \, :;'ginningof a word.

*';\,,\,

atthe "\ m

s6

C)Br-LTTERALS 't\

iw

4

pJ

'ri

hl

lt/

hnt

.fi

lb, mr

pr

rl

iw

ph

\

hn

Jw

im, g,s

ml

?

hr

Sn

im

mi

ii

hs

S.!'

tl

in

mn

hd

td

ir

mr

1s

mr

&s kd

a)

mh

wl

MS

br h' !r hr

)

L) A)

i'

-' -)r

km g,m

w'

mt

hn

wp

nw

hn

)l

It

wn

nw

ftr

{t

ti

wn

nh

sJ

;r' ,

tm

wr

nm

si

wd

NS

.tlt

ht

nql

bh, hw

n1)

ii

li. \\ I

dl 8w

.s/?

st

a)

r'1

Qr

4 Script and Transliteration

s7

d) TRI-LITERALS

| 'nu ii 't ,h,

s8

i,

nlr

r ftlt

.:'1 sdnt

htp

e) SIGN COMBINATIONS 1 |

^-.-... nn

n ( .

$e

l

i)

t\ 1:l üpr

I ttkr

wth

mu,

lyi "to comc":

(

't

it)'i i

,l t tllt

tr

il

wl4

' ,,:rr' ,{,71"tO gO" ancl.r, ) in '-l' \

3) DE,TERMINATIVES detcnninativcs: Thc following is a sclcctionof thc Inostcommon

;t

rnan

cmbracc

i)i

worran

go cor.nc,

iji,ii

pcoplc

jil

cat,clrink,think, spcak

lcg,stridc

,j!

loacl,carry

cross,trcsspass

t'i ii,; -\

cncmy,dcath

skin,quadruPcd

o.

rction strcngth.

bird,inscct

praisc,plcad,grcct

srnall,bad,wcak

*l it'

tunt back

child

,l

trcc

il ili,:\r' god,king \

)t.) ,.

SCC

i'

nosc, breath, rcjoicc, angcr

plant,flowcr wood,trce hcavcn,sky, abovc

llcsh, lirnb ncgation,nothing tlJ

ttKe

hl l_1

t'luttcr,alight

I

night sun,daY,time

Determinatives 5

\.ö../

stone

cloth,clothing

I

road,travcl,locality land

il

water

':...

rr1,

Ilrc

l - ,1

mountain,dcscrt,foreignland city

festival

calculate,break book,writc, abstractnouns

r i plural

\fost words cnd with a dctcrminativc.It has no phoneticvaluc but points to thc :n!-aning of thc word.It helps,for cxarnplc,to distinguishbetwcenwordswhosestems :rrrc thc samcconsonants: wltl "lo bc grccn,frcsh"

ir

wld "a grccn stonc" A

spr "to plcad" () .tlil' "plan"

Jpr-"to arrivc (at)"

)'r'1

. r l r r" t o f a l l "

l) SPECTALFEATURES

s l0

a) Whcn a vcrtical strokc is appcndcdto a sign (dcpcndingon thc word, accornpanicdby :hc fcmininc cnding / or plural strokcs),thc sign is oftcn to bc rcad as a logograrn,which .iocsnot rcquirc a dctcnninativc: ftr "facc"

c.lt'"ann"

., nri,.t(rrir.l,.r)"city"

Thc strokc can, howcvcr, also function as a spacc fillcr: ^ti "son" b) An obliquc strokc

somctirncsrcplaccscornplicatcddctcnninativcs:

ror ili il ,,^ri"to givcbifth" c) Sign combinations,invcrsionolsigns and othcr dcviantwritings: l. for acsthcticrcasons,c.g. to fonn a ncatcrgrouping:

' " ; i " :h ) , .t o r ' , ' i l

i'.'r, lr.

a) Withoutintroduction of thc subjcct $ 124 1. Topicalisation '.ir" ( ) ll ' ,\) :;'-:ll - I !tbsu,.r-Jwl s(y) r mh 2 "Hi,sbeevtl,irwas grcatcr than2 cubits."(AdjcctivalScntcncc$ 56)

" .'-,i i. -i'!,; ll\ l^-,.,-,,,''

u,r n(.y) iw prt "ThcttHekenuoit which vou said yotr would bring, it is thc spcciality (lit.:thcgrcatncss)ofthisis|and.''(bi-partitc2w-Scntcnce$53) (thcking),irc llcw 1li.i ,..);\:, .J*- l.*'1 ,'$.. bikcb4trnctnts.wi "The.falcon olTwith his rctinuc."(HistoricPsrfcctsdnt4 \ 12)

of thc objcct $ 125 2. Topicalisation -'., . ;\r.,,1ii" I ;1i", ti

n2) tn') ' . kl;n=J'ß iri.t($ .sr(i)r=i iri.n-ist (i)r=.| "That which he thoughtlo do againstnte,I did il againsthim"

of an adverbialcxprcssion $ 126 3. Topicalisation If thc main clauscis formcdwith a complcx vcrb Form ($$ 89 96)' thc advcrbial clauscat thc hcadof thc by placingthc advcrbialsubordinatc cxprcssionis topicaliscd s c n t c n ce c.g.:

Word Order 77 o precedingch'.nsjm.n-J ($ 95)

-:,

:*,\1,'

i i. . . . - . o . !i\L i i i l w n . n = s t t ( . t ( hsQm.n=s c . n hn+,

"After she had openedthe chamber,she hcarda sound..." (advcrbialexprcssion: sQm.n-J in a subordinate clausc$ 71.2) .

prccedingiw * PassivcscJm(.w,)-J ($ 9l b) u',,1*. . , i ; i ' . , 1 , , 'I t i t . , , r l ' 1 . I , h e ! . n ( i ) r 4 ' t l c l w ) s p 2i w i r i ( . w ) m i qld-J'"Whenthe earlh haclhecomelight, very early,it was (alrcady)donc accorclingto whathc said."(adverbial cxprcssion: Circumstantial s/m.n=l'tna subordinatc clausc 7 1 . 2 ) $ o prcccdinga CornplcxAorist| (iu,-J'sQm=J) ($ 92) ') ol,r'i i;., ' . '-'1 ).sft-.fiv,--i .i;.,." ; I ii : 'iil skt=i)st1-i,,Ashe reaps,sol ploughandI rcap."(advcrbial cxprcssion: Circurnstantial Prcscnt.ralrr=l'{ 69.1) o prcccdingthc CornplcxFuturciv'=t'r.ra/nr($ 94) ' :;""-r'--*' --' jl{)il ntri=lncnhnts{i=1n iil lliif 1,,---. ll'i _,. ttp.t iw=tttt'drp n=i "As vou love li/'eand hole death,so you will rnakcoffcringfor rnc." (advcrbialcxprcssion: Circurnstantial Prcscnts,-..fii"''. ,\,ij;iiTN,, rrlji:",1i,. !\ .l' *;*,.,.,, (e)*^-ffl - il-''\,11

1l , , r ( r 0 ) - : : , \ l ) . ! t ' . i r , f ' , i l *( r ) r g r c w u p i n E r k a b ,

' llil.1f ( i.,-1,1) r,rrI ll, \1..,.tt _'.Ft',,{i Tl\)l - ..\i:* .t,'X i\ i, *--^

ItÄ"'*" ,,tt:I

$ 48-52 NominalSentences

(;. tf:j,.,),,Jii5 1r;Jl, . (r) li ,,\...],-..'^'.ir iit rrl),(,ol.i',1 /'].'^'.,.',1,, (4),.t)^ljt',1 .;jfil tullt]-l'!i,*N.{,flb.;. ,l,jl 1r;.t'-.,. l,\Llüli I I rrrl;,' ttr.ll,rll-,'i',ilil ' '.

;}. fu )lt (s)-^-."^r!-i

i.1inprace oris),f{ f !i" '

$$ 53-55 pw-Sentence

fi ,,\fr:r}ilN[] * ililil 6rllll,i;it',f ,il lt \..1! " * rrr,{}''\\s. l,jlüiä$iir*-,,r,lNrrri'ri)Nä ror \')*,,,S'Ä(,....,.*.n1.'. to\',('(z)l\\ll\\l-; N/l ,,,ä \\1.].='ll*rnr,,,,,,jl \)'

122 Exercises

$ 56 AdjectivalSentences

rrrAl-:ü: (2)>{n^$N*ffi(3)A=f^-=-: (4) =f I- ^b- 6 (oA=r:$ bä : >ffi =l ^t : (s) n^.a

f\öAf\\\*n

J]r H

tzl d | l l F *l 'o

l\\f---'r

n

+ suffix: "her ".. $ 35ltslÖtsooo* 1 r=tpr cp.

,n,5b+$:0: of Possession $ 58 Expressions

*S$l'jffi (3)r\+blTtor (,)m (2)r\[l"+$ä? oäP, (oYSS(D=N{l*:==-gR=: (a):$+ä - äft:qINq{ 'n'll[' ri ] 1i THE VERB $ 6T lmperative

zN-=Sq pr$üNgTÄS*3 r,rqäJ"S+b (1) ,o,Q-N\'+b- =7t; (5)zNq=,Flnq:b$ ?

TT:rllW-UAb$-+NSJ'1fÄ [N=fr* -=$ ö - ] Öt T\ A3 "f,* -- )? - f- FlTuuu?['tQ

Iu SÖ-*-b t : f N-" fIN ö -ä i:tq N 5\-11

S-qR1[tqNNf :ÖtNT*['S-'fr lIN0t 3ffils4s=,'q#-qK,:*3[,:

Exercises123

$$ 69-70 CircumstantialsQm=f and Aorist sQm=fI irr=f

)l 3 = N t l )fiS E,T,,o75Subj (r)h $ > ^- $ z N F, ($zssuuj

(2)e=e\\t\1*.!t)a J ? l*+ü=9i?:fr=\qN \\t[ (3)=[JN]ö*

toruNN^l*:J-N1^

,oNN^$ N z\=iS=l * =;[l* : =Niq:N i -Tl* =;$? hl rll{3usF3teä (6)[9=S$ -- f N = [ \ 8* S ö N = = ä ]* ö N ;' $ B

|'-,^

( 7 ): S :

-\\

(9)'"

l]\ (2)N5:-A*-$:HX$|XNATA =7 *ql^O6qq:e:-bp SGdmi$s0a)

,r,Iq*&

(s,_lm.rw=1' Passivc N76) N X-

"1";fo'-

:

S

.--$ü

$ 73 The Form sQm.t=f

(r):hÖl;.- " A/$-^-8tr(2)8:--offilqq".o N : $q-^-$:lifl r,rN=S\::?fie'?fi; rAr-:

X O,,r, sQm=fI iri(.y/w)=f $ 74 Future(Prospective) ,_

^-

(r)..-n-,

-

nI\

üN..sh::N:

->44

rl *l

l ( 2 )c - : J r y t

-

fn:onrJf^ (3)äqq$?nNg*-- (4)mf$fN

.n

Exercises 125

-N ('l= b,TTn,T,lib=i Y#,7 + N 3^ f,ig b @',7, ._n_0|1r_= (t t t

r tlö)-

I iri(.Y)=f sQm=f $ 75 Subjunctive

(,) i ; * I'!=e *Ö* N T *: )N":--N5*

(2) K ffiäS A:il.1; =oorQ orq.?s - gqT*ö (4) [b^qq':tuh$ oqK--m$gNF 3-H: j*$g= (7) A=,u,h*U0*:@,QIdN$= o'tQ$"äb ? =*F\^* N"$Ä: ) :: r'rJI f

uN^qqn -Y ?:*q i=i * f-?,{ t;iir5nY*(e) 5 Nä il,1 ^ q:'.fi M -? fl _$Z i - rq* " fl r'or5{{ö *_r'c osiris)

r.rgNf (,,)H"=^ :qq{S*=-+SNJIJ].Aö "ASi:g * x,:, r(S-- ?fl b i ä *- $\ P * |H: I b ;];* \o effi1 * (rr) Tjl lsz }S- ?'il*=: 3 tS S 76 t' Passive

_ ,n, \ < _ >_ ::*\Lot pcasant saysof thcchicfstcward:-, .i, ..' (l) Theeloqucnt >

N

q

tr

N

S

*

(n"r", as in othcrtcxtswrittcnin hicraticscript,- rr is writtcn

Q N [ :- 0 -- b L-1tr.=-{|ä u$ rorA-,-!),r, I ; =: -.::> thc lcttcrof thc king broughtto him:|]:: i:; Sinuhcsaysrcgarding

ff :j

126 Exercises ,^ p' v & e -r T S , , \ o : , - - - , - ^ r ^ ^ ^ - r L ^the ^ + Lking: ^r.i * E1 describes Sinuhe ^ lH1+;

:-s

S\*-lS.^=-tsttrr

- nn*)"0 -}('{NbÄ^}W1f lT-NS

v {

-

$ 77 PerfectivePassivesQm(.wly)=f

$, , '(zrFi$+:üq*lbePN S .)NHrsn'offii.:Fe

Sri 8:-Es . __",:_

'on'o) It};Äi: .-#Nä T Ytr J-mllft {ä oQ^f J-fr KepK=$@ g^]'$ tzrA Q$(se,)/tr$S[ ror t*N,1,o*)?'oN_n" \0i (s)N=äNVNV -

(u',.r.*Pcrfcctive RclativcForm$ 107"whichyou havcdonc")

$

H S

$ 80 ContingentTenses ! * X fn, *0* .,.x-,4*flliloy& (l)-()

)))\\H-*

1-

-l

n 0 | -.1- -.-nR\

o

tz)--tl)Ix

I

I\+l"*

..(Sil8"\i ?

fiornsr./in thcbcllywhichhasnocxit, suffcring f T\ e $ S trl If yousccsornconc o

i,

-1

i , F\ \ C : i l l

A

nF\

.x/

\\^

-1 " '| (4)oncwhoclocsX,.

1\

+

'i>,

.

.

r\

F, - , 4 : :

fi; -,"ISHN; b S$AHll e\--,,$

:r

= Yr\\ : (3)

--: --':

Exercises 127

:"S$-T+ .:^H$(4)A*=-U-fi:il ?Älq?fY >NlJ{l o>T"*S=:lqNm (6)TRg +N.-:$ g6?n'r3$S:F ^"-^Slffilql+"Jr]l-glfi $$ 82-85Infinitive

-= or-NdAFrN*=Aq o -NIf;ö;?A,,, iQf; q*g*S +üA.?i{l^: :.HIr,0, !-ÄNffi .'.*1"\N" :?AI--{IW*- of}flJ.*N=--,o j,0, JS^[J--N # *- : [l* T'=3 r= =1T x : Ib ; :! "$:iad rzrt>N ==?lUl=* 3,'0,l{n$ : * N N q:n$.,ft Construction $ 86-88 Pseudo-verbal

,,i{I" } ÄHä.= bÄz -\ S[eö*- qS ?[=ö ryo., Q*!: il'1,= ö o: $$s2-s3) rrr$, =- ?I : 0 $S $i ll rrr{ b etö !.!

H^-N= - roiN =SS'-- äN .-":- +r': lll i $ ,'iQSil * -- iq; \\ E ob., toi^F\\ S AK $',.^,bqä -Njq; r'r{}S'-?,t'N; ,r,Y*[ü: --'"))n

128 Exercises

q; s N3*Nrffi ^.* tn'€?Y T A=b-*F: ?R: \\6Ut'orQlS:F? ffiKN$'Nhqb; giS'; t,,r{}n?T*>hÄ:'}iQ> r'nfrJ)

* N Nq*s$l; q$.:?*N\sb

er==*HQ-:=E=

r,rtffi$#-^bl]*

S$ S9-97 ComPlexVerb Forms $ 91 PresentPerfectwith iw

Nl-l *lt{R prQb*\\S#}T un," r,rQQ^*KA

lJ_,,,Q}'FÄ*t3Ötil$.1..,i*'trNqqs,orQbdlSq QbFl'!^E l rrtS+äffilhbÖNq ).n-+:ffiil *F,, '#^,TNä^3 t'r$f^* rorQl^tN G:=b":t'rjl e*r ,uif,=+äbAl>\\= hb -:.^bll$ eu t,r€i ? iqq*!J-q*'äi?fi: (ro)'N*hlq: ,n,vlä$hS*ü=ÖtN:T ,,,,fNö .- &,XN,.P,I=N"+\HsN$XQr''r{S

Exercises 131

Itrö:?g=NF @#=S#=tq=_Ng$=Ne lUl l\ (. 1. .4. )R>\st- \ \ \sl i l S 105-111RelativeForms

=+ (2)lTgS+:.? (,)g\qq+:>Sg'Wt":-ln - STR| ßf (3)TNWY-fl +-bT5\*3 I *,Sil.nFb"Sf

('++*==B"*ll,*nS-N:Sill""*==*|]*W rurSäSN+;l*qN (DAl;AAbf*S,',Qbl = - qNIJI^'rtXHl*A:h\ ,n,b::.-= h ? * r'or3iqqb*blSN:l$J;l r,,rf*Sln (r2)Heisagod,ff u":TR$iqNu Hi rrr*o\

N\=:

ä; (,4)^FN:&Xg-tl r'rrA$3=>qq*A q-N* r,oS^trflöl{:J (traN*hlqÄ; r,,r3{ö ^S)^+l:qN ?$*+, r'nr*A rror5lg.S^-lq,r',F : qIö^lq; eullxN?^-I\:-Ä:Xsä-ilÄ -L-

/A4

^

e\ö

(23)*=€-N\o^$ 112 Verbal AdjectivesQmly--fy

,',I$Ae=Sq^-Stl;Nä^f?,,,tä:Sl$:

132 Exercises

a + Nln.l:l+lN&f ; ?N Äe:=^f äbi:h r ,!\rj^=+!fl-T+l =Öfif, :NXT +,. (3)q,\itr q* ö^$= ?: q* ^.,T gq^**T\bq--+tr2\._'ö*= Il..Nq* ob,r,43

.zN : e X,,, q- :: : -Nrn4 i YnX N = -$" z -!\I^

gqhsfl^(4)E{ffi qN,"If,:;,F Nä* Jb^,,ll^ i, | öN^^ ;i) S';(6) ;:

(8) ^S b"--;äx osiris,

| r,,351 b* ; N Ylg$"(e);-'=

Y{bc l

(,')obREil 15,,,,KN^HJ3=qq? NLfl_N

)^AY=qq ?,. LKx1lF:- gtrT

ExeRcrses V. RPeorNc l. QueenTiy (Scarabof AmenhotepIII)

: +ü*- * ":":I q'$r lxd',i i : )\.. a-Lqq")

'] :,l1 h ^ I ":]";:--.:'!l",..' i ),r'''til" '"' { I\

r N '..'N.l,.'-, ''1{

IV) 1tt*" of Thutmosis

' rf:,1'"rr t,, li"il,': :' :r"il-i:,li1,:11..'li,'(i"'l'l*l ' 'ii' *..$?i,,1li,..tf

ir-I *' f *

A

,

rr:

,

: l):iir ,.t',-*'

t-' o li{it'ili N r ^ o \ i ) . r . , ' , r , i . , , , 1 1; ' t - . * ^ -- r ,

'ti

lll'lii'".J'niii.''

l t [ i l f ; : ' ) 1, r )x ' i ;

4. Two Royal Inscriptionsfroln Schcl

': ' ",1.1," ,. * r it rnrllil, , I tlrii ',.lii. , .;'11 l . . i' ,,,,,\,;,.:l;.i,ii,)),\.'...'" ,'l)' ;, )i.liiil L \. ...

lr'

*. ,,iiiii.

' t

,,\5

''i ll ,\"'

.l,l-- " :, i.: , r,l

i)

ReadingExercises 139

b.

-rN, .,',' , []: il flF . "'l-1iij 1W[1,..', L'ri til A+l] [,_ ','.. :,\ " ',*^-

,r..-rtJ' 't $ Ä -l - l"Jt\.q-

!)l;,'*

='x€ .''-

)) -.4,.: .?-"-=ir''\,\ ll