A Classical Chinese Reader.pdf
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A Classical Chinese Reader The ‘Memoir on the Eastern Barbarians’ in Hòu Hàn shu , with notes and glosses for students of Chinese and Korean Donald B. Wagner Draft, 14 March 2007
© 2007. Permission is granted to download, print, copy, and distribute this book for any non-commercial purpose, provided only that it is not abridged, expanded, or otherwise changed without specific permission.
Contents Introduction Bibliography
iv vii
Map Conventions
xi xii
Notes and glosses Index to the glosses For my students
1 127
Text
T1
So long, and thanks for all the fish
ii
iii
INTRODUCTION
Introduction
v
The Hou Hàn sh" was written by Fàn Ye '( (398–445) on the basis of numerous earlier books. A detailed study of his sources is
This reader is intended for students who have some training in Classical Chinese, and wish to improve their skill with the language by reading a fairly long text without much need to consult dictionaries and reference books.
Hans Bielenstein ‘The restoration of the Han dynasty: With prolegomena on the historiography of the Hou Han shu’, Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities (Stockholm) 1954, 26: 1–209.
The text used here is the chapter D!ng Yì zhuàn !"#, ‘Memoir on the Eastern Barbarians’, in the standard history of the Later Hàn dynasty, Hou Hàn sh" $
The chapter D!ng Yí zhuàn has a particularly complex relationship to other texts,
%&. The chapter is a kind of ethnographic description of the non-Chinese peoples of the region which today comprises Manchuria, Korea, and Japan.
have pointed out some of these, where they can help in reading our text, but the
Because many students of Korean history read this text, the Korean pronunciations of the glosses are included, in the Hangul script, as well as the Chinese pronunciations in p#ny#n. In reading the text some background knowledge of early Chinese history will be necessary, and students will find it useful, before starting, to read or re-read the chapters on the pre-Hàn and Hàn periods in some general history of China. Those who wish to know more about the history and archaeology of northeast China and its neighbours will find these books useful: K. J. H. Gardiner The early history of Korea: The historical development of the peninsula up to the introduction of Buddhism in the fourth century A.D. Canberra: Australian National University Press, 1969. Li Ogg Recherche sur l’antiquite coréenne. I: Ethnie et societe de Kogury$. Paris: Collège de France, 1980. Erling v. Mende China und die Staaten auf der koreanischen Halbinsel bis zum 12. Jh. : Eine Untersuchung zur Entwicklung der Formen zwischenstaatlicher Beziehungen in Ostasien. Wiesbaden : Steiner, 1982 (Sinologica coloniensia, 11). Sarah Milledge Nelson The archaeology of Korea. Cambridge University Press, 1993. Richard J. Pearson (et al., eds.) Windows on the Japanese past: Studies in archaeology and prehistory. Ann Arbor, Mich.: Center for Japanese Studies, University of Michigan, 1986. iv
and there are important parallel passages in a number of early books. In the notes I mutual relations among all these texts is a difficult subject which I have not attempted to penetrate here. One proposal is shown in the diagram, taken from Paul Wheatley and Thomas See From court to capital : a tentative interpretation of the origins of the Japanese urban tradition. Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 1978. P. ••.
vi
CLASSICAL CHINESE READER
The text mentions a number of place names, many of which are difficult to identify. The map on p. xi proposes identifications for most of the places mentioned. It is taken from Tán Qixing !% (ed.) Zhngguó lìsh dìtú jí $, vol. 2: Qín, X Hàn, Dng Hàn shíq • •. Shànghi: Dìtú Chbnshè, 1982. Pp. 27–28.
One difficulty in using this chapter as a textbook is that it begins with an introductory essay which is much more difficult to read than the rest. Many students
Bibliography This is a complete list of publications cited in the introduction and the notes and glosses. Bielenstein, Hans The bureaucracy of Han times. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980. (Abbreviated B).
will decide to skip the first 22 lines, perhaps going back to the beginning after reading the remainder of the chapter.
Bodde, Derk Festivals in classical China: New Year and other annual observances during the Han dynasty, 206 B.C. – A.D. 220. Princeton University Press & The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1975.
More advice to students will be found in the introduction to my earlier book,
Bówù zhì ,. 1804 edn., repr. Táiwn.
Donald B. Wagner A Classical Chinese reader: The Han shu biography of Huo Guang, with notes and glosses for students. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press, 1998. Pp. 1–17 available at: http://www.staff.hum.ku.dk/dbwagner/TB/TB.html
This textbook started as a set of handwritten notes which I used in teaching in 1988–89. Later Thomas Meldgaard digitized it, doing a good deal of editorial work in the process, and Martin Petersen added the Korean pronunciations. I have since used the book three times in teaching, each time correcting errors and adding more material – for this added material I was unable to add the Korean pronunciations. Special thanks go to Thomas and Martin, and to all the students who have helped in the process of revision. Errors undoubtedly remain, and these are my responsibility alone.
The Cambridge history of China. Vol. 1: The Ch’in and Han empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220. Cambridge University Press, 1986. Chavannes, Édouard (tr.) Les mémoires historiques de Se-ma Ts’ien. 6 vols., Maisonneuve, Paris, 1895–1905; 1– 5 repr. Paris: Maisonneuve, 1967. Vol. 6, ed. and completed by Paul Demiéville, Max Kaltenmark, & Timoteus Pokora, 1969. Cí hi ". Rev. edn., 3 vols., Shànghi Císh Chbnshè, 1979. Suppl. vol. , 1983. (Abbreviated CH). Cí yuán >1. Rev. ed., 4 vols., Bijng: Shngwù Yìnshgun, 1979. (Abbreviated CY). Couvreur, Séraphin Tch’oun ts’iou et Tso tchouan: Texte chinois avec traduction française. 3 vols., Ho Kien Fou .: Imprimerie de la Mission Catholique, 1914. Facs. repr. with title changed to La chronique de la principauté de Lòu, Paris: Cathasia, 1951. Dubs, Homer H. (tr.) The history of the Former Han Dynasty, by Pan Ku, a critical translation with annotations. Vols. 1–3, Baltimore: Waverly Press, 1938–55. Greatrex, Roger The Bowu zhi: an annotated translation. Stockholm : Föreningen för orientalska studier, 1987. vii
viii
CLASSICAL CHINESE READER
G Hàny chángyòng zì zídin
. Bijng: Shngwù Yìnshgun, 1979. (Abbreviated GHY). Guó y (7 Typeset edn., Shànghi: Gjí Chbnshè, 1978. Hàn sh 4$. Bijng: Zhnghuá Shjú, 1962. Hàny dà cídin 47-. 12 vols. + index, Shànghi Císh Chbnshè, 1985. (Abbreviated HY). Hou Han shu 4$. Typeset edn. Shànghi: Zhnghuá Shjú, 1965. Hucker, Charles O. A dictionary of official titles in Imperial China. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1985.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Legge, James Li Chi, Book of rites: An encyclopedia of ancient ceremonial usages, religious creeds, and social institutions. Ed. with introduction and study guide by Ch’u Chai and Winberg Chai. 2 vols. New Hyde Park, New York: University Books, 1967. Loewe, Michael (ed.) Early Chinese texts: A bibliographical guide. Berkeley: Society for the Study of Early China & Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, 1993. Loewe, Michael, and Edward L. Shaughnessy (eds.) The Cambridge history of ancient China: From the origins to 221 B.C. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. Mathews, R. H. Mathews’ Chinese–English dictionary. Orig. 1931; rev. edn. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1943. Many later reprints.
Karlgren, Bernhard (tr.) ‘The book of documents’. Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities (Stockholm), 1950, 22: 1–81.
Mathieu, Rémi Etude sur la mythologie et l’ethnologie de la Chine ancienne. 2 vols., Paris: Collège de France, Institut des hautes études chinoises, 1983. 1: Traduction annotée du Shanhai jing. 2: Index du Shanhai jing.
Karlgren, Bernhard (tr.) The book of odes: Chinese text, transcription and translation. Stockholm: Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities, 1950.
Morohashi Tetsuji Dai Kan–Wa jiten . Tky: Taishkan, 1955–60. Facs. repr., n.p. (Táiwn), n.d. (Abbreviated M).
Karlgren, Bernhard ‘Glosses on the Book of Documents.’ Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities (Stockholm), 1948, 20: 39–315; 1949, 21: 63–206. Repr. as a separate vol., Stockholm: Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities, 1970.
Pirazzoli-t’Serstevens, Michèle The Han Dynasty, tr. by Janet Seligman. New York: Rizzoli., 1982.
Karlgren, Bernhard ‘Glosses on the Book of Odes.’ Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities (Stockholm), 1942, 14, 71–247; 1944, 16, 25–169; 1946, 18, 1–198. Repr. in a single vol., Göteborg: Elanders Boktryckeri, 1964. Karlgren, Bernhard ‘Grammata Serica recensa’, Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities (Stockholm), 1957, 29: 1–332. Facs. repr. as a separate vol., Göteborg 1964; Taipei: SMC Publishing, 1996. (Abbreviated GSR). Lau, D. C. (tr.) Confucius: The analects. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1979. Lau, D. C. Lao tzu Tao te ching. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1963.
Pulleyblank, Edwin G. Outline of Classical Chinese grammar. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1995. San guo zhi (. Typeset edn., Bijng: Zhnghuá Shjú, 1959. Sh Dng Jinming g Hàny cídin 1985. (Abbreviated JM).
. Knming: Yunnán Rénmín Chbnshè,
Shjì '. Typeset edn., Bijng: Zhnghuá Shjú, 1962. Shs n jng zhùsh 2*. Edn. of Run Yuán , 1816; repr., Shànghi: Shìjiè Shjú, 1935. Tàipíng yùln . 4 vols., Bijng: Zhnghuá Shjú, 1960.
ix
x
CLASSICAL CHINESE READER
Tán Qíxing (ed.): Zhngguó lìsh dìtújí $. 8 vols., Shànghi: Dìtú Chbnshè, 1982–87. English title: The Historical atlas of China. Waley, Arthur (tr.) The analects of Confucius. 1938. Repr. New York: Vintage Books, n.d. Wáng Guówéi (6 Gb n Zhúsh jìnián jíjiào $ ;%. Repr. Táibi 1957. Wang Guowei (ed.) (1984) (6. Shu jng zhù jiào 2%. Typeset edn. ed. by Yuán Ynggung &! & Liú Ynsh ng 8) , Shànghi: Shànghi Rénmín Chbnshè, 1984. Wáng Lìqì 9 F ngsú tngyì jiàozhù "+3%. Bijng 1981. Watson, Burton (tr.) Records of the Grand Historian: Han dynasty. 2 vols., Research Centre for Translation, Chinese University of Hong Kong, & Columbia University Press, Hong Kong & New York, 1993. Watson, Burton Records of the Grand Historian: Qin Dynasty. Hong Kong & New York: Research Centre for Translation, Chinese University of Hong Kong, & Columbia University Press, 1993. Yáng Bójùn (ed.) 0# Chnqi Zu zhuàn zhù /. 4 vols. + 3 loose maps, Bijng: Zhnghuá Shjú, 1981. Zhngguó cóngsh znglù (=$5), the East, South, West, North, and Centre. On L jì see e.g. Loewe, Early Chinese texts, pp. 293–297.
µ
yí Ð
Barbarian (esp. tribes to the east of ancient China); level, even, equal; just; ordinary; simple; peaceful; to be at rest; to pacify; easy; pleased; to extend, expose, display; a rule, law; a custom, institution; to hunt; to kill, destroy; to squat (GSR 551a).
Ƹ
d Û
Root, base (JM). (But see below).
meanings which I consider irrelevant. • An arrow ( ) refers the reader to the line number where the word is defined. • The sources for the glosses are indicated using the following abbreviations: B = Bielenstein, The bureaucracy of Han times. CH = Cí hi ". CY = Cí yuán >1. GSR = Karlgren, Grammata Serican recensa. HY = Hàny dà cídin 47-. JM = Sh Dng, Jinming g Hàny cídin . M = Morohashi Tetsuji , Dai Kan–Wa jiten . These dictionaries are cited in full in the Bibliography, pp. vii–x above. • A backslash (\) indicates that a word is not found in the dictionary indicated. For example, \HY means ‘not in Hàny dà cídin’. • Books referred to in the notes are cited in full in the Bibliography, pp. vii–x
‘The royal regulations’, a chapter in L Jì Чȴ.
The sentence µŷƸ& is an attempt at etymology: the name Yí µ comes from d Ƹ. Yí µ, d Ƹ, and d Ҏ probably had similar pronunciations in the Hàn period: their reconstructed Archaic pronunciations are respectively dKEr, tiEr, and tiEr (GSR 551a, 590d, KX 1069,GSR 590i). The comment cites what might be Fàn Yè’s source for the next sentence: a book of the 2nd century A.D., Fngsú tng yì ǟƌʤ̸, states that in the land of the Yí, the soil is so fertile that things (seeds) ‘begin to sprout as soon as they strike [dchù Ҏѓ] the ground’. (This is my interpretation; it is not clear that Fàn Yè interpreted the source in the same way.)
·
hoshng ī
Diligent, earnest; very, extremely;
hàoshng
to cherish life and refrain from killing (HY 4: 284.1).
PŒ
tinxìng ú
An inborn quality or characteristic (CY 0686.3).
above.
xii 1
2
A CLASSICAL CHINESE READER
2
Ƶ̈
róushùn È
Gentle and submissive (M 6: 267).
͐
dào F
...;
do F
= ϝ, to control, administer; to lead (CY 3073.2).
ɪ
yù ¯
To drive (a horse-drawn vehicle); a driver, coachman; to carry; to control; to curb, repress; to administer, govern; an administrator; pertaining to the Emperor, Imperial; to present, serve; to resist; to prevent, stop; . . .
yà ¥
to meet, welcome (JM).
ǃ
jun
. . . ; a valley (GSR 479e).
yú Â
. . . ; great ; tranquil; (GSR 97a).
(
GLOSSES
3.2
3Ș̵
ǟƌʤ ̸ Fngsú tng [yì]
ěÐ
‘Comprehensive discussion of traditional practices’, by Y ng Shào ЊѶ (A.D. ca. 140 – before 204). See Loewe, Early Chinese texts, pp. 105–112. ǟ ƌ line 130.
The passage referred to here is not in the extant edition, but is found in quotations in other works; see Wáng Lìqì jãϛ: Fngsú tng yì jiàozhù ǟ ƌʤ̸ȋŧ (Bij ng 1981), pp. 487–488, where the passage is as follows: š]_µŷ š]B · ̳űҎѓ³Ðs µŷҎ& ĩшÄ: . . . [The nine lèi ш listed are not the same as given in our text, lines 2–3.]
Ҏѓ
dchù
To butt with the horns; to strike, collide (HY 10: 1358).]
A fabulous geography, believed to be pre-Hàn; see Loewe, Early Chinese texts, pp. 357–367. The passages in question here are in Yuán K ’s ȳѾ edition, Shn hi jng jiàozhù 3Ș̵ȋŧ (Shànghi Gjí Chbnshè, 1980), pp. 254, 345. Here the text has dà h where our text has wén h [Ž and bù s mín where our text has bù s rén . There is a French translation, Rémi Mathieu: Étude sur la mythologie et l’ethnologie de la Chine ancienne, 2 vols., Paris 1983.
×
y Ï
An outer garment; a sheath; the skin of a fruit; . . . ;
yì Ï
to wear; to cover (JM).
Ǝ
gun
A cap, hat; any kind of cover;
guàn
To wear a cap; the ancient ceremony of ‘capping’ a boy at the age of 20; to place before; to surpass the multitude; to cover (JM).
ɤ
dài D
A belt; to wear at the belt; . . . (JM).
[
wén h
. . . ; a pattern; patterned (JM).
ɒ͠
Wài guó tú ¾#F
By an unknown author from Wú æ in the Six Dynasties period. There is an edition reconstructed from quotations. (Zhngguó cóngsh znglù, 2: 621).
For the reference to Confucius wishing to live among the Nine Barbarians, see Lúny ϊΓ, Book 9 (Waley’s translation, p. 141). line 164. 3.1
Shn hi jng ģ
3
ʇĚ Ⱦ Lángyé
In the Southern Dynasties, north of modern Nánj ng (CY 2061.1).
Jiojìng !
[Many attempts have been made to identify the place names in the Shn hi jng. None should be taken too seriously.]
[jùn] 3¬$
҈
4
A CLASSICAL CHINESE READER
3.3
Ëȉǎ½ Zhúsh
‘The bamboo annals’, a book written on bamboo jìnián strips found in an ancient tomb in A.D. 281. It é.7 gives a chronicle of events from high antiquity to 299 B.C. On the complex and controversial history of the text see Loewe, Early Chinese texts, pp. 39– 47.
4
5
Tɥ
Shào Kng
Ruler of Xià, trad. r. 2079–2058 B.C.
˂
Yáo ¿
Legendary ruler, trad. r. 2356–2256 B.C.
ϳ¢
X Zhòng Ķë
A person mentioned in the Shàng sh ńȉ or Sh jng 5, ‘Book of documents’ (CY 2500.3). On the Book of documents see Loewe, Early Chinese texts, pp. 376–389.
°
hòu IJ
Emperor, ruler; a prince subordinate to the Son of Heaven; Empress, the principal wife of the Emperor; . . . (JM).
ż
fn
. . . ; = Ϊ, great (HY 9: 308.2).
º
zhái Ď
A dwelling, home; to dwell, reside; to consolidate, stabilize; a grave (JM).
˥
F o
Ruler of Xià, trad. r. 1837–1819 B.C. line 47.
ҋ
yú Â
Corner or bend of a hill (GSR 124f).
åÚ
jíwèi ìÇ
(Of a ruler:) to take the throne; to take one’s place (JM).
̠
yáng ®
Sunshine, bright (GSR 720h).
ɪ
yù, yà ¯ ¥
line 2.
ΐ
gài
. . . ; (initial particle introducing a reason:) this is because (JM).
It is safest to assume that the so-called ‘current text’ (jnb n D) of the Zhúsh jìnián is a late forgery, and that the original text is lost and known only through quotations in other books. These quotations are conveniently collected together by Wáng Guówéi jɒΆ in G b n Zhúsh jìnián jíjiào xËȉǎ½ϼȋ. The passage quoted here is on p. 3b. Here it can be seen that other books quote this same passage without the character f 1so that fn ż‚ appears to be an alternate name for the Xià ruler F 1. The modern text-critical note on p. T19 (original p. 2823) indicates that some editions of Hòu Hàn sh also omit this f. 3.4
GLOSSES
Ū
Xiè
One of the rulers of the Xià dynasty, trad. r. 1996– 1981 B.C.
dž
[Xing, Xiàng?]
Ruler of Xià, trad. r. 2146–2119 B.C.
Θ
bn
A guest; to treat as a guest; to obey, submit (oneself) to; to cause to obey; to lead (JM).
The passage ĵđ is a quotation from Yáo din /, one of the books of the Shàng sh %. The full text is Kĵϳ¢ºҋµ_̠đɛΘs^Ȩ šÝ (Shísn jng zhùsh, p. 119c), which Karlgren translates, ‘Separately he charged X Zhòng to reside in Yúyí, [at the place] called Yángg, respectfully to receive as a guest the [out-coming =] rising sun, and to arrange and regulate the works of the East’ (‘The book of documents’, BMFEA 1950, 20: 2, 3). While Karlgren takes Yúyí ҋµ to be a place-name, Fàn Yè apparently takes it as the name of an ethnic group or tribe.
DZ°d
Xiàhòu shì ĞIJ¤
The Xià dynasty (CY 647.3).
Rɥ
Tài Kng č
Ruler of Xià, trad. r. 2188–2160 B.C.
ί
shdé £E
Evil (CY 712.1).
Ȟ
pàn n
= ƕ, to revolt (GHY).
6
A CLASSICAL CHINESE READER
5
fá
To chop (wood); to damage, injure; to beat (a drum etc.); to mount a punitive expedition; to brag about, flaunt; achievements; . . . (JM).
¢
Zhòng D ng ëá
Ruler of Shng, trad. r. 1562–1550 B.C.
Ю
lán 2
Indigo; tattered (GSR 609k).
Clothing; funeral attire; to wear; to carry at the belt; a matter, duty; to engage in, deal with; to undertake; to submit to; to surrender to; to accept, believe in; . . . (JM).
ɚ
kòu "
A bandit; an invader; to encroach (GHY).
Š
fú
line 5.
Shào Kng
no. 4 after line 3.
6ƥ
yhòu ÐIJ
= nƥ (CY 964.1).
k
shì
A period of 30 years; a generation; to inherit, carry on; through generations; a person’s life; an age; the world; generational; succession (JM).
fú
7
¡
Tɥ
Š
GLOSSES
6
jL
wánghuà ¼ĭ
The ruler’s civilising influence (CY 2043.1).
Ȟ
pàn n
line 4.
Θ
bn
no. 4 after line 3.
Ť
W Y gÌ
Ruler of Shng, trad. r. 1198–1195 B.C.
jƃ
wángmén ¼h
The gates of a royal palace; a royal palace; . . . (HY 4: 460.1).
Ȳɰ
shuibì Ę
To weaken and break; to decline (M 10: 185). Ȳ line 148.
я
xiàn Ħ
To present in religious sacrifice; to present (to a superior); to show, display; ϋ§H a sage, wise man; (surname) (JM).
Ґ
jìn Ċ
To seep; gradually (HY 3: 1577.2).
θΎ
yuèw ¦g
A dance accompanied by music (HY 4: 1295.1).
ʌ
shèng
Sumptuous; flourishing; mature; beautiful; fierce; outstanding; furthest point, extremity; extremely; generous; . . .
Ȑ
Jié
Last ruler of Xià, trad. r. 1818–1767 B.C.
chéng
(a type of vessel); to store in a vessel; . . . (JM).
ζǕ
bàonüè ęğ
Evil and cruel (CY 1449.1).
Ґʌ
jìnshèng Ċ
Gradually prospering (HY 3: 1578.2).
GƉ
nèiqn 4Ċ
To trespass on or invade the interior of a country (M 1: 1052).
K
fn
To separate; to spread; to distribute; to distinguish, discriminate; one half; one tenth; (measure of length:) 1/10 cùn 0, ca. 2 mm; . . . ;
˟
Tng Č
First ruler of Shng/Y n, trad. r. 1766–1754 B.C.
official rank; quality; to expect, presume; . . . (JM).
ǜĵ
gémìng Ĩb
fèn
Political changes in response to the mandate (mìng) of Heaven; . . . (HY 12: 180.1).
ϒ
qin
To raise up; to change, alter; to transfer (from one post to another); to banish, exile (JM).
8
A CLASSICAL CHINESE READER
7
7.1
9
ʂ
Huái İ
Name of a river, the modern Huái Hé ʂŨ; (a surname) (CY 1833.2).
Ǒ
Yì ¶
The famous archer of the Xià (CY 2504.1).
ň
Dài D
Alternate name for Tài Shn Ȕ3 (GHY).
ʦ
zhú ă
To pursue; to drive out; to contest; . . . (JM).
ͱ
jiàn ß ô
Gradually; a beginning; to become more serious (e.g. illness); . . . ;
On the passive construction wéi . . . su . . . ƾŔ see Pulleyblank, pp. 37–38.
jin ß
To flow into; to moisten; . . . (JM).
³ͽ ҋµ ̠Ş & ^s śđ Ð P! ŞƮ ͽ̠ đ (Shísn jng zhùsh 7.2
GLOSSES
Q
Emperor of Xià, trad. r. 2197–2189 B.C.
ͭ
pán n
A basin; to amuse oneself (JM).
˜
yóu È
To float; to swim; to spread; to amuse oneself; to wander, ramble; . . . (JM).
tián Ý
A field, cultivated land; = DŽ, to hunt; the sound of a drum; to cultivate the land (JM).
˜
yóutián ÈÝ
= ˜DŽ, to go out hunting (HY 5: 1500.1).
Ƨ
xù Ĵ
To care about; to empathize with; to relieve, succour; to arrange for; a funeral; to use with care (JM).
rénshì
Human capabilities; human feelings; worldly matters; . . . (HY 1: 1041.2).
ɳ
ğ
7.3
¢ɥ
Zhòng Kng ë
Emperor of Xià, trad. r. 2159–2147 B.C.
dž
[Xiàng, Xing?]
no. 4 after line 3.
˥
F o
no. 3 after line 3.
Θ
bn
no. 4 after line 3.
7.4
- R
Dà Wù (Tài Wù) Dgč g
King of Shng, trad. r. 1637–1563 B.C.
7.5
ŋ
G ng D ng á
King of Shng, trad. r. 1219–1199 B.C.
ˢ͐
wúdào gF
Social-political unrest; to be evil (especially of a ruler); an evil person; . . . (HY 7: 139.1).
ѣ
náng 3
A kind of bag (GHY).
ʌ
shèng. chéng
line 6.
Õ
xuè
Blood; . . . (HY 8: 1340).
£
yng ©
To lift the face, look up; to venerate; to depend on; . . . (JM).
ĵ
mìng b
. . . ; name, designation (GSR 762a).
10
A CLASSICAL CHINESE READER
ǸP
8
shètin ú
GLOSSES
The same story is told about three different ancient rulers. They shot at Heaven in order to show that they awed the spirits into submission. (CY 871.1)
ŖΗ
zhoyòu ÿÈ
To invite, summon (M 5: 192). Ŗ line 67.
µ
Yí
line 1.
ċ
Dí Ü
An ancient ethnic group in north China; . . . ;
11
Ťj
W-wáng g¼
King of Zhu, trad. r. 1122–1116 B.C.
̩
miè a
To extinguish (a fire); hidden; to eliminate, abolish, exterminate; to disappear, vanish; to wear away, obliterate; to flood, inundate (JM).
tì Ü
to wipe out and annihilate; = ʨ, distant (JM).
Ǎ
Zhòu è
Last king of Shng, trad. r. 1154–1123 B.C.
ĴI
Zhugng è
The Duke of Zhu, a minister of King W of Zhu (CY 505.2).
˲̚
Sùshèn ¢
An ancient ethnic group in ancient northeast China, mentioned in Zu zhuàn « and Guó y ͪy (HY 9: 256.2).Korean Suksin.
Ő
zhng
To walk; to travel afar; to go on a military expedition; to enlist in an army; to attack and punish; taxes; to levy (taxes); to contest, strive for (JM).
ł
dìng
To stabilize; to pacify; to decide, resolve; to fix, settle, formulate; to agree on; to stop; fixed, definite; to establish; stable, unmoving; definitely; actually; . . . (JM).
ɥj
Kngwáng ¼
King of Zhu, trad. r. 1078–1053 B.C.
Ȁ
Xú
. . . ; an ancient state, in modern Sì Ŭ County, nhu (CY 1076.1).
The story of the Sùshèn people presenting arrows of hù wood with stone arrowheads at the Zhu court is told in an apocryphal quotation from Confucius in Guó y ɒΓ, juàn 5 (Shànghi 1978 edition, p. 215).
҃
n 9
A stone arrowhead (CY 2245.3).
̦
hù ī
A kind of tree;
̦
g
of inferior quality; something improper (JM).
sh
An arrow; . . . (JM).
On the Zhu wars with the Xú Yí Ȁµ see The Cambridge history of ancient China, pp. 323–325.
Ϳ ı
Gun [Sh]
A younger brother of King W of Zhu (CY 2361.2).
͝
jiàn ô
To err, an error; untruthful; a falsehood; disorder; to usurp (GSR 660l).
υ ı
Cài [Sh] ö
Another younger brother of the same (CY 2710.1).
̿͝
jiànhào ôī
To usurp the title of a ruler; to exceed one’s authority (HY 1: 1667.1).
Ȟ
pàn n
line 4.
ʆ
shuài
To command, lead; a military commander; approximately, in general; . . . ;
lõ Z
a standard; a proportion; (an ancient unit of weight) (JM).
On the succession crisis after the death of King W of Zhu, see The Cambridge history of ancient China, pp. 310–313.
9
12
10
A CLASSICAL CHINESE READER
¡
fá
line 5.
ŁĴ
Zng Zhu æè
The capital of Zhu; the ancestral temples etc. of Zhu (CY 814.1).
ϭj
Mù-wáng d¼
King of Zhu, trad. r. 1001–947 B.C.
ǁ
wèi Ç
To fear; to threaten; to admire; dignified, majestic; . . . (JM).
]
fng
Rectangular, square; a direction; a place, territory; a norm, standard; upright, righteous; a policy, method; a recipe, prescription; to compare; just when, just as; just before; square (of a number); . . . (JM).
ϥ
chì Ĉ
Blazing; glorious; to heat; to burn; to cook (JM).
K
fn, fèn
line 6.
ωƊ
zh hóu
‘The lords’, general term for the rulers of states of the Zhu period (JM).
GLOSSES
Ĝ
l [
13
. . . ; (a measure of length, in early times equal to 300 bù ā) (HY 10: 367.1). In the Hàn, one bù was 6 ch ( line 46), and a l therefore roughly 400 metres. For the pre-Hàn period there is considerable uncertainty concerning both the number of ch in a bù and the actual length of a ch.
The expression ]nĜ appears to mean ‘[approximately] square with each side n l’. It is different from n]Ĝ, which means ‘n square l’.
This text appears to be the only extant source which mentions King Mù dividing the East into feudal territories and placing King Yn of Xú as their ruler. See Cambridge history of ancient China, p. 324.
Ö
xíng
To walk; a route, itinerary; to move; outfit, luggage; to disseminate, spread; to leave; to practise, implement, put into effect; to do; behaviour, doings; (the Five Phases, w xíng AÖ efaƁ+); . . . ;
háng
a road; a row, column; commerce, market; . . . (JM).
B
rén
One of the Confucian virtues, generally translated ‘human-heartedness’.
̸
yì
One of the Confucian virtues, generally translated ‘righteousness’.
ʰ³
lùdì Yí
On land (as opposed to the sea) (HY 11: 994.2).
Ȁ
Xú
line 9.
Ä
y u È
...;
Ɇ
Yn °
no. 2 after line 15.
yòu È
= ; (conjunction used between tens and units places in a number) (JM). line 168.
ҟÉ
Huángchí įí
(This place-name seems to be unidentifiable. The comment apparently assumes that it is related to, or the same as, a river named Huángshu ̊e no. 3 after line 15), which is not the same as the Yellow River, Huánghé ̊Ũ.)
Ѳҫ
jìlù .U
A fine horse. Chìjì ĔѲ and Lùr ҫÑ were two of king Mù’s eight fine horses (CY 3470.2).
ǡ
chéng
To drive (a vehicle); to rise, climb; to use, avail oneself of; to bully, mistreat; to pursue, follow; to defeat in battle; to calculate; to multiply; . . . ;
shèng
(measure:) one vehicle and four horses; books of history; (alternative numeral for:) four (JM).
11
14
12
A CLASSICAL CHINESE READER
ʧg
Zàofù ã{
King Mù’s coachman; (name of a star) (CY 3066.3).
ɪ
yù, yà ¯ ¥
line 2.
è
gào
To report; to inform; to accuse, inform against; to proclaim; to indicate; to request, entreat; . . . (JM).
¡
fá
line 5.
̣[j
Ch Wén- King Wén of Ch, r. 689–675 B.C. wáng ÿh¼
Йà
j bng z
To send out troops and start a war (M 5: 427.2).
̩
miè a
line 8.
j
wáng ¼
A king; . . . ;
wàng ¼
to rule a state; to rule the entire Empire; . . . (JM).
B
rén
Ѥ
GLOSSES
ˊƗ ɒ Péngchén g [guó] ĕ$
Ťǭϲ
Wyuán xiàn gÅĩ
15
(Near modern Xúzhu Ȁ ¼ County, Jings) (Zhngguó Lìsh dìtú jí, 2: 44–45➃6). Prefecture northwest of modern P County Ѽϲ, Jings (Zhngguó lìsh dìtújí, vol. 2, 44–45➃6).
The Hàn empire was geographically divided into 12–15 zhu ¼, these were each divided into a number of large units normally designated jùn ), and each jùn was divided into a number of xiàn ;. (The number of large units varied in the course of the dynasty between 57 and 103.) Bielenstein translates these terms ‘province’, ‘commandery’ and ‘prefecture’ respectively. If one of the large units was given as a fief to a king (wáng ), it was called a ó ɒ, usually translated ‘kingdom’. One of the larger or smaller units could be given as a fief to a marquis (hóu Ɗ), and be called a hóuguó Ɗɒ, ‘marquisate’. A xiàn was divided into xing ̂ (translated ‘districts’), each xing into tíng Ƈ (‘communes’), and each tíng into l (‘hamlets’). A more general term for such sub-xiàn units was jù Ή (‘agglomeration’). (Bielenstein, The bureaucracy of Han times, pp. 90– 13
δ
shù
A number; some; arithmetic; regularity; fate; . . . ;
line 10.
to count; . . . ;
quán &
sh
Power and influence; adaptability in tactics; tact; . . . (GHY).
shuò
repeatedly (JM).
ù
r n
To tolerate, condone; to endure; to restrain; heartless, cruel; ruthless (JM).
Ȁ3
Xúshn
(According to the comment it was east of the Hàn prefecture of Wyuán Ťǭ.)
ɂ
dòu đ
To fight, do battle (GHY).
Ψj
Lì-wáng ²¼
King of Zhu, trad. r. 878–826 B.C.
ǒ
zhì Ĉ
To send (someone somewhere); to express, convey, voice; to achieve, reach; to obtain; to attract; to recruit; to cause, result in; to enlist the services of; to return, hand back; extremely; . . . (JM).
ˢ͐
wúdào
no. 5 after line 7.
ɚ
rùkòu Ô"
To invade (M 1: 1039.2). ɚ line 6.
ĵ
mìng
no. 5 after line 7.
ɲ
bài
To damage; damaged; putrid, corrupt; dead of old age; to abandon; a defeat; to defeat; to be defeated (JM).
16
A CLASSICAL CHINESE READER
Ҡ¢
Guó Zhòng ë
A younger brother of King Wén of Zhu Ĵ[j (M 9: 1083.1).
Ő
zhng
line 8.
ß
kè
To bear on the shoulder; to undertake, assume (responsibility); to succeed; to complete; to defeat, vanquish; to be able to; to restrain; . . . (JM).
ƛj
Xunwáng ¼
King of Zhu, r. 827–782 B.C.
Shàogng
One of the ministers of King W of Zhu ĴŤj ( line 8) (CY 467.1).
píng
zI
14
~µ
sì yí Ð
ΦȌ I Qí Huán
17
Dng Yí šµ, X Róng Ø¿, Nán Mán ƒѯ, Bi Dí vċ (CY 560.2). Duke Huán of Qí, r. 685–643 B.C.
[gng] âĮ
ǧ
xi
To decorate, adorn; to build, construct; to repair, mend; to administer, put in order; to revise; to compile; to study; good, competent; long, tall; (surname) (JM).
Ѡ
bà Ĕ
(In the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods, the leader of the feudal lords [normally translated ‘hegemon’]); to dominate; . . . (GHY).
ǧѠ
[To function as a hegemon].
Flat, level; to smooth, level; a flat suurface; to pacify; peace; peaceful; fair, impartial; to make peace; ordinary, common; . . . (JM).
xibà Ĕ
ю
rng ® 5
To eliminate, get rid of; to usurp; to attack; . . . (GHY).
Ɠ
què
To move back, retreat; to repel, cause to retreat; to refuse; . . . (JM).
Ƣj
Yuwáng ȼ
King of Zhu, r. 781–771 B.C.
ʀ
yín Í
To soak, macerate; excessive; immoderately; to confuse; to wallow in, indulge in; evil, vicious (JM).
ʀ̋
yínluàn ÍM
Improper, immoral; sexually indulgent, promiscuous; dissolute, licentious (HY 5: 1396.2).
jio !
To cross, intersect; mutually; to come into contact with; a transaction, trade; friendship; together; . . . (JM).
Ɖ
qn Ċ
To attack; to violate, infringe on; to invade; to corrode, erode; a famine; (surname);
qn Ċ
= ͥ, ugly (JM).
jioqn !Ċ
To attack together (HY 2: 334.1).
Ɖ
GLOSSES
̣Ѯ j Ch Líng
King Líng of Ch, r. 540–529 B.C.
[wáng] ÿµ¼
The conference called by Ch ̣ in Sh n is described in the Zu zhuàn; see the comment. 15.8.
15
Ϻ
yù ¶
Comfortable, snug; to amuse oneself; be willing to; to prepare in advance; beforehand; = , to participate in; to intervene; . . . (JM).
̰
méng
An oath or treaty of alliance; allied; . . . ;
míng
to swear (an oath) (JM).
ʇĚ Ⱦ Lángyé
[jùn] 3¬$
no. 2 after line 3.
18
15.1
A CLASSICAL CHINESE READER
§
gòng
Together; to share, possess in common; in all, altogether; equal, alike;
gng
= ȁ, to respect; = Ĥ, to supply, provide; . . . ;
g ng
to surround; . . . (JM).
Őϟ
zhngzhà n áÝ
War; to go to war (M 4: 818.4).
ʮζ
língbào >ę
To bully and humiliate (CY 3279.3).
ωDZ
Zh Xià âĞ
The feudal states of the Zhu period, as distinct from the barbarians (CY 2902.2).
Ɖ̩
qnmiè Ċa
To invade and destroy (M 1: 771.1, citing this passage only). Ɖ line 14. ̩ line 12.
1ě
xiobng p
A small state or city (HY 2: 1596.1).
ńȉ
Shàng sh line 4.
-Ε
Dà gào D
15.2
ʼűø
Sn Jiàn
Bówù zhì mií
GLOSSES
19
For the quotation given here, see Bówù zhì, 1804 ed., Táiwn reprint, juàn 8, pp. 3a–3b; there are minor differences between the quotation and the original. Roger Greatrex translates, ‘The chronicle of King Yn of Xú (Xú Yn wáng zhì) says that when one of the court ladies of Lord Xú became pregnant, she gave birth to an egg. She considered that it was inauspicious and abandoned it on the river bank. Dúg M Ϩŀ had a dog named Húcng й7; it was out hunting on the river bank and found the abandoned egg, which it carried home in its mouth. Dúg M thought that it must be something strange, and covered the egg up to keep it warm; eventually it hatched, and produced a human child. At the time of his “birth” the child was lying curled up, so Dúg M called him Yn. When the court lady heard about this, she came and took Yn back to the palace. When he grew up, he was righteous and wise, and continuing the tradition, ascended the throne as Lord of the land of Xú’ (The Bowu zhi, Stockholm 1987, pp. 129–130).
dz
shn ¢
To be pregnant (GHY).
eА
shubn
A riverbank (CY 1712.1).
ŀϨ
Gdú G
Orphans and childless persons; isolated and cut off from help (CY 789.2).
Ο
xián ġ
. . . ; to hold in the mouth (GHY).
Ɇ
The ‘Three Tributaries’ who revolted in the succession crisis of early Zhu ( line 8) (HY 1: 242.2).
yn °
To lie on one’s back; to fall backward; to cover; to stop, rest; a dwarf; to hide; ˉŔ a toilet; . . . (HY 1: 1532.2).
Ͼ
. . . ; to arrest, take into custody (GHY).
‘A treatise on manifold topics’, by Zhng Huá ɦ ˳ (A.D. 232–300).
lù U Q
Ͼİ
lùq :Ă
To collect, gather; to grab; . . . (HY 11: 1343).
Ѧ
xí
To follow after, succeed (GHY).
2/
Shz Õ
Written by Sh Jio 2ѻ in the Warring States period. Known today only from quotations (CY 900.1).
‘The great announcement’, a chapter in Shàng sh ( line 4). See Karlgren’s translation, ‘The book of documents’, Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities, 1950, 22: 1–80, pp. 36–39 (text pp. 34, 38).
20 15.3
A CLASSICAL CHINESE READER
e̵ŧ
Shu jng zhù è
GLOSSES
The Shu jng is attributed to Sng Q n ȏ˛ of the Hàn period, but it is more likely to be from the Snguó period. It describes 137 Chinese waterways. Lì Dàoyuán Ѩ͐F of the Northern Wèi period [386–534] expanded this to 1252, calling his edition Shu jng zhù. (CY)
̯
Checking the index under the characters huáng ̊, wng Ą, pèi , etc., it appears that this passage is not in the present text of Shu jng zhù.
21
dng C
ħ ŷ dž ř to support each another; to resist, withstand; facing, face-to-face; to correspond, be equivalent; to hinder, block; to undertake (a task); to manage, take charge of; should, ought to; a conviction, court decision; straight; at that (time) (e.g. ̯ž̯½);
dàng C
to accord with, conform to; appropriate, suitable; to consider as, treat as; the present (time) (e.g. ̯Ȉ ̯½); . . . (JM).
Zhu Mùwáng èg»
[Apparently same as Ĵϭj]. line 9.
̊e
Huángshu
(The name of three different rivers, two in modern Hénán, one in modern Húnán) (GJDM 976.3).
Ąe
Wngshu
(Unidentifiable).
ϲ
Pèi [xiàn] Ĕĩ
Hàn prefecture, modern Pèi County ϲ, Jings (Zhngguó lìsh dìtú jí, 3: 7–8➃5).
ů e
Pào [shu] ę
(A river in modern Jings) (Zhngguó lìsh dìtú jí, 3: 7–8➃5).
ĔѲ
line 11.
Sì [shu]
(A river in modern Jings) (Zhngguó lìsh dìtú jí, 3: 7–8➂5).
Chìjì .
˦ѳ
Dàolí
Shnyáng ®
Name of a prefecture or commandery. There are three possibilities: 1. modern Xiw ǧŤ, Hénán. 2. modern Shnyáng, Shnx . 3. modern Huáin ʂ , Jings (CY 922.1).
(Name of one of King Mù’s horses); a fine horse (HY 7: 1440.2). ˦ line 165.
Ҵү
Huáliú ĭX
(Name of one of King Mù’s horses) (HY 12: 867.1).
ҫÑ
Lùr U
line 11.
ϖ
sì
A team of four horses; horses in general; = ~; to drive (a vehicle); (measure:) four horses; . . . (JM).
Ęǀ
xúnshòu
Ruler leaving his capital to go on inspection tour within his borders (CY 951.3).
öЦ
wànggu l)
To forget to return; (name of an arrow) (CY 1098.3).
υȽ
Cài Yng ö¹
[See Cambridge History of China, vol. 1, index].
Ŭ e 3̅
Șʮ ϲ Hilíng
[xiàn] ģ>ĩ
15.4
ĴЖj
The quotation from Shjì is in juàn 5, ‘The basic annnals of Qín’ (Zhnghuá Shj ed., p. 175). It is translated by Burton Watson in Records of the Grand Historian: Qin dynasty, pp. 2–3.
(In modern Tàizhu Ȕ¼, Jings) (CY 1804.2).
In Jings there are numerous canals constructed in the last few centuries. These have changed the courses of the rivers so much that it is very difficult to trace the original courses of the rivers.
15.5
22
A CLASSICAL CHINESE READER
GLOSSES
The reference is to Cài Yng’s biography in Hòu Hàn sh, Zhnghuá Shj ed., juàn 7, p. 1989, n. 16. The biography includes his essay, їΖ; here he mentions Zàofù, and the commentator explains who this was. 15.6
Ŭ¼
Sìzhu è
(In the Táng period, a prefecture in the northern part of modern Jings) (Zhngguó lìsh dìtú jí, 5: 44–45➆9).
In the Táng period (when the commentary was written), the Empire was geographically divided into ca. 350 zhu ¼; this word is normally translated ‘prefecture’ (Hucker, A dictionary of official titles in Imperial China, pp. 32, 178).
!Ѽ
Xiàp Ğ
(In modern P County Ѽϲ, Jings) (Zhngguó lìsh dìtú jí, 5: 44–45➆9).
ʼűø
Bówù zhì mií
no. 2 after line 15.
On a quick look through Greatrex’s translation I was unable to find this quotation.
îʊ
yoyì ¿Ð
Strange, mysterious (M 3: 645).
;ɣ
bùcháng
Not fixed, irregular; strange, abnormal; unusual; (euphemism:) death; . . . (HY 1: 440.1).
Ɯ
shíshì £
A stone container for ancestral tablets in the ancient ancestral temple; an archive, library; a cliff cave; a secluded house in the mountains; a house built of stone (CY 2234.2).
Ȥ
cí
(Name of an ancient rite); to offer sacrifices to (a god, ancestor, etc.); a shrine, temple (JM).
Ɇ
yn °
no. 2 after line 15.
̨ʤ
gutng "Đ
To link up (CY 1857.2). ̨ = ̜ gòu.
15.7
23
ʯ
chén ï
To display, exhibit; to state; to publicize; to arrange; obsolete; (name of a minor state in the Zhu period, in the vicinity of modern Huáiyáng ʂ̅ County, Hénán); (name of a dynasty, A.D. 557–589);
zhèn ï
battle ranks (JM).
υ
Cài ö
. . . ; a minor state in the Zhu period, originally southwest of modern Shàngcài # υ County, Hénán, later moved to the vicinity of modern X ncài : County, Hénán (JM).
Å
zh
Dark red, crimson; a crimson pigment (JM).
8
gng
A bow (for arrows); curved struts in a carriage cover; to bend; . . . (JM).
sh
line 8.
P̮
tinruì ú
A good omen from heaven; a chapter in Liè z ¨/ ; . . . (M 3: 492.4).
ϭj
Mù-wáng
line 9.
Μģ
qinsh
An ambassador sent to a foreign country; to send an ambassador (M 11: 161.2).
ǡ
chéng, shèng
line 11.
ϖ
sì
no. 4 after line 15.
c͂
Máo Sh c
The edition of the Sh jng attributed to Máo H ng cÙ in the Zhànguó period.
Èͯ
Jing Hàn Ġ
Ode no. 262, translated by Bernhard Karlgren, The Book of Odes, Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities, Stockholm 1950, pp. 232–234.
The passage from Máo H ng’s commentary is on p. 573 of the Shànghi 1935 edition of Shísn jng zhùsh ̵ŧʋ
24
A CLASSICAL CHINESE READER
?«Č
Yn Jíf Ê/{
An important minister in the time of King Xun ƛ of Zhu (CY 901.1).
ǐ
m i
Excellent, beautiful (of taste, colour, form, sound, etc.); talented, virtuous; fine, happy; to appreciate, consider beautiful; a good deed; to praise (JM).
ƛj
Xunwáng ¼
line 13.
ϴȲ
xngshui ĵ
γ̋
25
GLOSSES
¾
shì Ë
A rule, law, pattern, model; to be a model to; to follow the model of; to use; (a particle) (GSR 918f). Karlgren’s gloss no. 1039: an empty particle, Glosses on the Book of Odes, Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities, Stockholm 1964.
͍
. . . ; = џ pì, to open (GSR 853a).
Prosperity and decline (HY 2: 167.2). (But here more likely not a binome: ‘to restore what was in decline’.)
bì w Ĝ
ͪ
chè û
. . . ; to divide land according to a certain share system (GSR 286c).
bluàn oM
To suppress rebellion (M 5: 389.3).
м
jing
A boundary, limit (GSR 710h).
zI
Shàogng
line 13.
Note that the quotation leaves out several lines and also reverses the last two characters in order to give a rhyme.
ʂ
Huái İ
line 6.
Ț
fóu
To float; frivolous; surpass (GSR 1233l).
̫
to F
Voluminous flow; rushing water; reckless; insolent;
táo F
To assemble, to crowd (GSR 1078d).
Ǭ
f i
»
n
15.8
̍
Zu
zhuàn
‘Master Zu’s commentary’ (on the Spring and autumn annnals, Chnqi ƱNj), one of the most important sources for the history of the Chnqi period. See Loewe, Early Chinese texts, pp. 67–76.
The passage is in the Chnqi ƱNj, and there is more about the event in the Zu zhuàn; for the text and translation see Couvreur, La chronique de la principauté de Lòu, vol. 3, pp. 79–83. 16
ʂ
Huái İ
line 6.
. . . ; not (GSR 579c).
Ŭ
Sì
nos. 3 and 6 after line 15.
Comfortable, relaxed; smooth, steady; safe; to stabilize; to pacify, placate; to support (e.g. parents); to preserve good health; to arrange, place; (interrogative:) where, how (JM).
˒
sàn
To separate; to scattter, diffuse; to distribute; to find diversion from boredom;
sn
dispersed; lacking self-discipline; unoccupied post; . . . (JM).
mín k
Slaves; ordinary people (anyone not in an official position); people (JM).
˜
yóu
no. 2 after line 7.
Ă
qiú
To seek; to investigate, explore; to request; to beg for; to need (JM).
. . . ; subjects of a ruler (M 6: 837.3).
idle;
an
26
A CLASSICAL CHINESE READER
27
Y
hù ī
A door; a domicile; . . . (JM).
#Ġ
shàngjng
Capital city; . . . (CY 60.1).
Y
mínhù kī
Ordinary people; . . . (HY 6: 1421.2).
jʖ
Usurper, r. A.D. 8–24.
ʯș
Chén Shè ï
The first leader of the revolt against Qín.
Wáng Mng ¼^
ϯ
ȹà
qbng .z
To raise an army, send out troops (M 10: 839.1).
cuàn ó
To take by force; perineal zone of the human body (CY 2370.2).
ϯÚ
To usurp the throne (HY 8: 1228.2).
ɡμ
bngkuì
To be defeated and dispersed; to disintegrate, collapse (CY 939.1).
cuànwèi óÇ
ͅ
Ϧ
yàn
A swallow (kind of bird); disrespectful, irreverent; = Ƕ, to entertain guests, to pacify, satisfy;
Mò _
A kind of animal; an ancient pejorative term for an ethnic group in northeast China (GHY).
Yn
О³
bìdì Ĝí
To take refuge from disaster; to retire from the world. Also written О Ϋ [bìzhuì] (HY 10: 1269.1). О no. 3 after line 160.
˗Т
Cháoxin
An ancient state, roughly modern North Korea (Zhngguó lìsh dìtú jí, 2: 27–28➃7). Korean ChosOn.
wáng, wàng ¼
line 12.
ŤƠ
W-dì gâ
(Emperor, r. 140–87 B.C.)
̩
miè a
line 8.
j
Korean Maek.
an ancient state in the vicinity of modern Bij ng (JM).
The story of Wèi Mn χͰ (Korean Wiman) and his establishment of the kingdom of Cháoxin 0< is told in the Sh jì (Zhnghuá Shj ed., p. 2985) and translated by Burton Watson in Records of the Grand Historian: Han Dynasty II, pp. 225–226. See also Cambridge history of China, vol. 1, pp. 447–448.
17
GLOSSES
18
ɚ
kòu "
line 6.
ɚф
kòubin "x
To infringe the borders (HY 3: 1503.1).
ƤŤ
Jiànw g
(Reign period, A.D. 25–55.)
˗ȸ
cháogòng ã
A feudal lord or tributary state bearing tribute to the emperor (M 5: 1059.3).
Ͻš Ⱦ
Liáodng [jùn] ¿H$
Hàn commandery in the southeastern part of modern Liáoníng, east of the Liáo river ϽŨ (CY 3087.3). Korean Yodong.
R¹
tàish u č
Grand Administrator, in charge of a commandery (jùn )) (B).
ʏѹ
Zhài Róng âË
(He lived at the end of the 2nd century A.D.; see Cambridge history of China, vol. 1, pp. 822–823.)
ƙҵ
wizhé Ç
To frighten; to fear (CY M 3: 704.1).
28
A CLASSICAL CHINESE READER
GLOSSES
З
shng
A sound; music; a tone, musical note; language, speech; a message, news; reputation, popularity; an announcement; . . . (JM).
ģ̺
shpìn
To send a diplomatic mission; the presentation of gifts by a diplomatic mission (M 1: 738.4, HY 1: 1331, only example is this passage).
Șſ
hibio ģĚ
Far-off places beyond the borders of China (CY 1803.3).
ƻʤ
liútng ÈĐ
Transportation; unimpeded, free (CY 1788.3).
Ҥ
huì ¶
Deep and wide (water); filthy; to assemble, flock together; (name of a river);
́
dài č þ
O Ĭ͒ when; . . . (GHY).
Wèi
(name of an ancient place and ethnic group) (HY 6: 160).
ž
Yngch µÿ
Reign period, A.D. 107–113.
Ҥͅ
Huìmò ¶_
Ancient ethnic group of northeast China, named after the Huì Ҥ river, which is east of modern F ngchéng Υ Ɨ , Liáoníng (CY 1889.3, with references to this and another chapter of Hòu Hàn sh). ͅ line 17.
ч
nán 1
Difficult; to make (something) difficult; with difficulty; unpleasant (e.g. nánkàn чLJ, ‘ugly’);
nàn 1
misfortune, calamity;to denounce; to blame; an enemy (JM).
Korean Yemaek.
̃
cho ÿ
Also written ú, to steal; . . . (GHY).
ɚ̃
kòucho "ÿ
= ɚú, to attack and plunder (CY 845.2). ɚ line 6.
Ȍ Ơ
Huán[-dì] Įâ
Emperor, r. A.D. 147–167.
Ѯ Ơ
Líng[-dì] µâ
Emperor, r. A.D. 168–188.
ƭ
shzhèng £á
Political disorder (CY 711.2).
ͱ
jiàn, jin ß ô
line 7.
ˠɍ
zmàn Õ]
= ˠτ, to grow and spread (CY 1859.1). ˠ line 165.
Ǩ С
W ½
. . . ; (ancient name for Japan) (GHY).
Hán Ġ
(The name of several different ancient Chinese states); . . . (HY 12: 679.1).
Japanese Wa or Yamato.
Korean Han. cháoxiàn ãĦ
Feudal lords or tributary states presenting their local products as tribute (CY 1491.1).
Zhng [dì] Ùâ
Emperor, r. A.D. 76–88.
ij Ơ
Hé[-dì] ĭâ
Emperor, r. A.D. 89–105.
6ƥ
yhòu ÐIJ
line 5.
pìn
To visit, inquire after; to invite; to recruit; a dowry (GHY).
˗я ʲ Ơ
19
29
̺
19.1
Ə ͯ ȉ Qián
[Hàn] sh ÝĠ
= Hàn sh ͯȉ.
The quotation is from Hàn sh, juàn 95 (Zhnghuá Shj ed., pp. 3863– 3864), with several differences. Approximately the same text is in the Sh jì; line 16.
30
A CLASSICAL CHINESE READER
GLOSSES
31
¦
quán Ý
Complete; to preserve, maintain; . . . (GHY).
Ŷ³
kngdì í
Vacant land (M 8: 649.4).
ʉ
lüè P
A border; to patrol (a border); to seize by force; to plan; the essentials; to reduce; approximate; approximately; slightly; (preceding a negative:) in the slightest degree; . . . (JM).
˧
sho ÿ
Slightly; gradually; extremely; soon; just now, just then; suddenly; . . . (JM; HY 8: 82).
õ
yì ³
To guard the borders; a border guard; military service; forced labour, corvée; to do military service; to employ forced labour; a servant; a disciple; to prompt, urge on; a battle, war; ranks (JM).
õњ
yìzh ³
To subjugate and employ (CY 1068.1).
њ
sh
To belong to; . . . (GHY).
zh Ā
To join, link; to entrust; . . . (GHY).
lüèsh
To occupy territory (HY 7: 1358.1; only example is this passage).
ʉњ Ȣˤ Ⱦ
Zh npn [jùn] ïs$
A comment in the Hàn sh (Zhnghuá Shj ed., p. 3864, n. 4) indicates that wángzàizh ö´ŷ means ‘those who had fled [wáng, from other states] and were present [zài, in Cháoxin]’. The Sh jì version ( line 16) has wángmìngzh
A Hàn commandery whose location is uncertain. It is placed near Seoul by Zhngguó lìsh dìtú jí (vol. 2, 27–28➃8), but much farther south by Cambridge history of China (vol. 1, p. 167). The pronunciation is given in note 3 after line 107.
˗Т
Cháoxin ã
line 16.
¬
lì Ĉ[
(Pre-Hàn:) (general term for officials); (Hàn and after:) a lower-ranking official (JM).
Ϯ
zhù
To build; a building; . . . (JM).
Π
zhàng Ù
To separate; a dike; border fortifications; a protective screen; . . . (CY 3294.2).
ϩ
Lú Wn 9
Person, 256–193 B.C. (CY 2195.2).
)ĵ
wángmìng To flee into exile (CY 149.1). ^b
҂e
Pèishu Ĕ
A river in Korea, identified as the modern Chongchon River ɿ4È (Zhngguó lìsh dìtú jí, 27–28➂8). Korean P‘aesu.
jЁ
19.2
Wángxin (According to the Sh jì ( line 16), this was the ¼ħ place where Wèi Mn χ Ͱ established his capital.)
The quotation is from Hàn sh, the biography of Wáng Mng j ʖ (Zhnghuá Shj ed., p. 4130), translated by Dubs, vol. 3, pp. 325–6.
Ɂ}ѳ
Gogulí "Q
An ancient state, also written Ɂ}ъ = Ɂѳ; a Hàn prefecture, northeast of X nb n 8 County, Liáoníng (CY 3483.1). Korean Kogury .
Ǘ
pò m
To force; to urge, promote; to face, confront; to approach; in difficulties; urgent, critical; narrow (JM).
ϞǗ ɧǗ
qiángpò m
To coerce (HY 4: 139.2).
s̒
chsài ą
To go out through a mountain pass; to leave a country (M 2: 178.3). ̒ line 64.
32
20
A CLASSICAL CHINESE READER
ЦĶ
gujiù )"
To blame (CY 1678.2).
͆
hé, háo, mà
...;
Mò _
= ͅ (HY 10: 1336.1). line 17.
ΰ»
wèin ǧ
To comfort and console (M 4: 1167.1).
Zhngx n g ëĵ
The restoration of the Hàn Dynasty, after the period of Wáng Mng. See Cambridge history of China, vol. 1, s. 240 ff.
Θ
bn
no. 4 after line 3.
Ȉ
shí
The seasons; one of the twelve two-hour periods of the day; time; an age; ‘the times’, current political situation; an opportunity; luck, fortune; on time; often; at that time; timely, seasonable; . . . (JM).
. See Pulleyblank, p. 137.
Σ
jinlng S
To manage, oversee (M 8: 132.4).
zng Ù
= ў, a bribe, booty (JM).
ʟ
zé, zhài ÷
line 34.
ѩ
yánxué ±Ī
A mountain cave (CY 949.1).
Ȧ˨
zshuì ã
General term for land tax and other levies in ancient times (CY 2304.1).
ęƽ
yìluò ÍL
line 31.
˽
dio ÿ
line 29.
ȭÎ
qílo .9
An old person (CY 2521.1).
94 ɘĻ
bìqiè ü
Concubine, maidservant (CY 760.3).
͞
cháng
To taste; to try; to undergo, experience; (mark of past tense); = ɣ, always, often; . . . (JM; Pulleyblank, p. 119).
95 ̶̨ɖ
Zhìgulóu ••••
97 160.3 lìzuò ¬ 52 lián Ⱦ 32 Liáns ʛɤ 133
132
Liáodng jùn ͢ĤǢ 18 Liáosuì ͢ʎ 74 Liáox jùn ͢©Ǣ 63 Lính i jùn ǁǢ 160.3 Líntún jùn 8Ǣ 61.3 lng ̓ 105 lìng I 84 língbào Ʌ̢ 15 Lng dng ̓Ĥ 106 língg ˑ˗ 124 língxng ˒ū 56 Líng-dì ςś 19 liúwáng Ų 135 liùchù *LJ 31 liútng ŲȽ 19 liúyí Ųȫ 159 Lì-wáng ̖D 13 Lóng Du n ͩ˲ 74 Lóngxng ͩū 61.4 lòu ƍ 163 lòu ζ 121 lóuguàn ̣τ 154 lòujì ζϒ 121 l ɍ 160.3 lù ͣ 15.2 lù ζ 121 lù Ɏ 160.3 l ̙ 121 l 4 ȣ 9 lùdì ɇ
10 lùq ͣ÷ 15.2 Lú W n ͑˵ 19.1 lüè ȋ 84 lüè ȥ 19.1 lüèsh ȥα 19.1
A CLASSICAL CHINESE READER
lu ̃ 46 luò Ŵ 36.1 Luòláng jùn ̤ƿǢ 38 lu tn ̃ȳ 46 má ɏ 44 mà ˂ 19.2 M Hán Ǥ 75 mlán Ǥβ 27 mlán Ǥδ 27 mázhù ɏϔ 141 mái Ơ 89 Mán σ 21 máo n 30 Máo Sh @ʾ 15.7 màoyì ʋĠ 129 méi Ò 34 m i ƃ 15.7 ménhù ł: 101 ménzú łȓ 147 méng ʰ 15 miánbù _ 110 miomio żż 168 miè ʪ 8 mièjué ʪɺ 133 mín d 16 mínhù d: 16 míng ʰ 15 mìng ü 7.5 mò Ò 34 Mò ˂ 19.2 Mò ˁ 17 Mò gng ˁ 62 mólì ̞Ω = ͒Ω 160.3 mòrù Ò 59 mùyè ̡ÿ 56
INDEX
Mùzh guó m;Ǵ 117 Mù-wáng ͕D 9 nà ϖ 29 nà ϖ 36.6 nán Ρ 19 nàn Ρ 19 Nán L ŏ̼ 103 náng θ 7.5 nèiqn )ņ 5 nèish )α 66 nì ǟ 71 niánsuì ʨ 111 niánzhng Ł 152 nónggng ˊN 123 Nóngxiáng ˊȩ 61.4 nú [ 36.6 n Ĕ 48 n ϑ 8 núbì [Ǻ 34 pán ˥ 7.2 pàn dž 4 páo ȵ 121 Pào shu įB 15.3 pèi Î 55 Pèishu ϐB 19.1 Pèi xiàn Î͚ 15.3 Péngchéng guó ɜœǴ 12 Pénglái ̱ʀ 158 p Ȳ 33 pí l 45 p / 81 pì / 81 pfà Ȳ́ 143 píròu l£ 89
pin Ǭ 168 pin ţ 129 pián ň 48 pinyì Ǭή 168 pìn ʷ 19 píng ` 13 píngchng `ɢ 29 Píngr ng `Φ 90.1 píngyì ʅέ 59 p ̒ 131 pò Nj 97 pò Nj 132 pò Ɗ 19.2 pòxio Ɗ 92 pú ̀ 149.2 q ă 35 q ͼ 160.3 qí Δ 73 Qí ̕ 102 q 80 Q ȑ 7.2 qì 80 qì ̈́ 21 qì ă 35 qì ȗ 107 qì ƾ 26 qbng ǝ¯ 16 qíchéng ΔƔ 120 Qí Huán gng ̕Ƹ+ 14 qíjiù Ǔ 108 qílo Ǔ 96 qìlì ƾ 60 qíshèng ΔƔ 120 qìyòng ̈́j 21 qz ă 84 qzuì ʵ 80
qin ̻ 6 qián ̧ 72 qin ̌ 40 Qián Hàn sh Ō˧ƶ 19.1 Qián Hàn sh ynyì Ō ˧ƶƑʶ 61.4 qinsh ̌î 15.6 qiángpò ͆Ɗ = ȆƊ 19.2 qiángy ng ͆Ŏ=ȆŎ 30 qn ņ 14 qn ņ 14 qnfàn ņf 111 qnfù ͝Ń 81 qnmiè ņʪ 15 qíng ϵ 142 qnggài ̳ 109 qngjiàn ̳Ù 151 qngjiàng ̳Ǝ 80 qngshí ńp 48 qngxiáng ̳Ǝ 80 qióng ̭ 98.1 qiú X 26 qiú Ì 15.7 qiútú XƮ 32 q Ǯ 167 q Č 143 qú ɪ 69 q ÷ 78 qlng ̓ 109 qlüè ηȥ 80 qúshuài ɪŜ 69 qun dz 36.3 quán z 19.1 quán ι 12 qu ΐ 39
133
què Ő 14 què ΐ 39 què Σ 142 qúnjù ˻ 56 ránhòu ɯŠ 59 rng Χ 14 rànglù ρˆ 128 ráowò ίÓ 160.3 rozá Β 164 rén 36.2 rén % 10 r n Å 12 rèn 25 rèn 36.2 rénmín d 159 rènshn ½ 25 rènshn ½á 25 rénshì ê 7.2 rénxìng Ę 60 rénxìng Ę 145 Róng 22 róujn ŬΎ 162 róushùn Ŭʑ 1 rùkòu ǻ 13 rúshng i 89 Ruòshu ƭB 23 si ʗ 64 sài ʗ 64 sn ɣ 16 sàn ɣ 16 snfng = 163 S n Jiàn ˮ 15.1 snlo 108 sng ɓ 77 sàng ɓ 77 so ʚ 35
134
sè ʗ 64 sè ʭ 129 shlüè țȥ 74 shndo Ʃ 136 Shn hi jng ǁʳ 3.2 shnxin ͦ 44 Sh nyáng ʏ 15.3 shng 126 shngg ǰ˅ 164 Shàngg jùn ÜǢ 66 shàngguó Ǵ 164 shàngjng ë 17 shàngsh ċƶ 77 shàngyán Û 77 sho ɳ 19.1 Shào K ng 5ȅ 3.4 shonián 5 121 shàonián 5 121 shoy u 5 153 Shào-gng S+ 13 shè ȼ 78 shèjì ĵ̫ 56 shèlìng ȼI 80 shénxin ǍJ 158 shètin Ƨ1 7.5 shn Ņ 22.1 shn ƣ 15.2 shn Ȟ 52 Shn Yíng Í̩ 160.3 shng 18 shéng Κ 122 sh ng ź 107 shèng Ɣ 11 shèng ȧ 6 sh ngjin ź· 165 shngjiàng 0Ǝ 32
A CLASSICAL CHINESE READER
shngk u i 79 sh ngyn Ƒ 33 sh 34 sh ŧ 48 shí Ƶ 20 shí Ƶ 159 sh î 55 sh ŧ 48 sh o 8 sh Þ 26 shì E 5 shì ê 124 shì ʕ 145 shì ^ 128 shì 15.7 shì q 79 shì ʄ 68 shì ̸ 125 shì ˕ 58 shì ˕ 121 shì ϴ 160.1 shìbì íǺ 153 shdé Z̛ 4 shìér íð 25 shgun ZĊ 22.1 shláo ÞÕ 26 shmìng îü 37 shpìn îʷ 19 shrén î 150 shíshì pŗ 15.6 shìshì EE 139 shyì îο 20 shìyù ʕȚ 109 Shyuán ą( 104 shzh îķ 55 shzh îķ 93 shzhèng ZŦ 19 Shz 15.2
INDEX
shòu ˹ 39 shòuko ˞ 145 sh uwèi ̲ 154 shuyng ̽ 27 shú μ 81 sh α 19.1 sh ̠ 13 shù ̠ 13 shúzhí μij 81 shui ǘ 148 shuài ȣ 9 shuibì ǘȎ 6 shuàifú ȣģ 83 Shuàishng Ŝ0 151 shungxué ͿɈ 160.3 shuì ̅ 64 shubn Bͱ 15.2 Shu jng zhù Bʳĩ 15.3 shn ϝ 142 Shùn-dì ʑś 39 shu ̅ 64 shuò ̠ 13 s 36.5 s ɤ 36.5 sì « 44 sì ɤ 36.5 sì ̿ 15.4 sìshí WƵ 134 Sì shu ĭB 15.3 swáng 110 sì yí W 14 Sìzhu ĭ 15.6 sìz ʖ 39 sngbi ĥŮ 60 sòng zhng Ǟȭ 60 sú ʼn 20 Sm shì ΫǤϬ 133
Sùshèn ɽʟ 8 stú Ϋʘ 124.2 sunzo ̍ɧ 30 suí ͥ 52 suì ʨ 37 suì ϰ 57 suì ˍ 26 Suì Chéng ˍ 71 suìni ˍ 162 suìshí ʨƵ 107 su Ě 163 su ǐ 36.1 su líguó ǐΑǴ 25 tà ͽ 123 Tài K ng 3ȅ 4 tàish u 3 18 Tài Wù 3b 7.4 Tàiyuán jùn 3ƝǢ 67 tán ͯ 113 tn ȳ 46 Tánz ϗ 22.1 T ng ɫ 5 to ʬ 15.7 táo ʬ 15.7 topò ǙNj 76 t Ȗ 45 tí 33 tí ϴ 160.1 tí ϴ 157 tì Ö 8 tián k 7.2 tiáncán kπ 100 tinruì 1ʮ 15.6 tinxìng 1Ę 1 tiányè kʤ 52 tiánzhòng k˰ 87
Ti nz 1 22.1 Ti ntián 1k 61.4 tiáowén Ș
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