A Brief Journey Through Arabic Grammar
September 15, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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Arabic Grammar
APPENDIX B: A BRIEF JOURNEY THROUGH ARABIC GRAMMAR
You will cover the basics of the following topics in this Part. 1. 2.
Subject and Predicate Predicate………………… ………………………… ……… 19 Masculine and Feminine Genders…………… 20
3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Numbers:and Singular, Dual, and Plural……… Plural……… 22 Adjective its Noun………………………… 23 The Possessive Case or Genitive………………24 Genitive……………… 24 Interrogativ Interrogatives es ………………………… ……… 26 Pronouns………………………………………… Pronouns ………………………………………… 26 The Prepositions……………………………… Preposition s…………………………………29 …29 Subject, Verb, and Object………………………30 Object……………………… 30 The Tense…………………………………………31 Tense……………………………… …………31 10a. Past Tense ………………………………… ………………………………… 31 10b. Imperfect Tense ……………… …… …………… … ……… 34 10c. Imperative and Negative Imperative…… 37 10d. Derived Forms of the verb ……………… 42
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1. Subject and Predicate
Arabic Grammar
Allah is creator. Muhammad (peace be upon him, pbuh) is prophet. Tariq is Mujahid (one who struggles) The sentences like these are composed of a subject and a predicate which are called in Arabic.
To translate such sentences into Arabic, just put Tanveen (
words (in case they are singular masculine). masculine). Tanveen (
and
) on each of these
) is also also known as double pesh or
double dhammah.
Allah is creator. Muhammad (pbuh) is Prophet.
Tariq is a Mujahid .
******************** ********** ************** **** Vocabulary for Lesson No. 1 ********************** *********** ************* ** creator prophet one who struggles house
big mg. slave
pious truthful
religion
one
scholar
======================= ====================== = Exercises for Lesson No. 1 ======================= Using the words and th their eir meanings meanings given given above, above, translate the following following sentences into English. The translation is also provided to help you check your answers. The house is big. The slave is pious. The Muslim is truthful.
Islam is a religion. Allah is one. Javeed is a scholar
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Arabic Grammar
You must have heard the Arabic names, for e.g., for a boy and for a girl. girl. There lies the rule. Just put at the end of a masculine (singular) (singular) word to make make it feminine (singular).
2. Masculine and Feminine Feminine Genders
For example,
Notes: 1. Arabic has two genders, i.e., masculine gender and feminine gender. There is no common gender in Arabic. 2. A comm common on sign of a feminine feminine word is
(in general) as the last letter letter of the word. 3. To make a specific reference, we put in front of a common noun in Arabic just as we put "the" in front of a common noun in English. When is attached to an Arabic word, we remove one of (dhamma or pesh) from the two (Tanveen or double pesh). For example,
is use used d to imply generality also. For e.g., (the human being). If the (subject) is feminine, then its (predicate) will also be feminine. For example,
4. Occasionally, the prefix
5.
Additional rules for making feminine gender gender of dual dual and plural nouns nouns are given in the following following lesson.
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Arabic Grammar
************************ *************** ********* Vocabula Vocabulary ry for Lesson Lesson No. 2 ************************ ************************
mg. small fg. small mg. big fg. big mg. intelligent
uncle (father's brother) aunt (father's sister)
uncle (mother's brother) aunt (mother's sister) mg. truthful
brother mg. worshipper
mg. beautiful
fg. beautiful
son
daughter father
mother
fg. worshipper
sister
======================= ====================== = Exercises for Lesson No. 2 ======================= Find out the masculine and feminine words in the following sentences and translate them into English. The translation is also also provided to help you you check your answers. The son is beautiful. The daughter is beautiful. The father is pious. The mother is pious. The uncle is big. The aunt is big.
The brother is intelligent. The sister is intelligent. The uncle is truthful. The aunt is truthful. The son is small.
The daughter is small.
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3. Numbers: Singular, Dual and Plural
Arabic Grammar
There are specific rules in Arabic for making singular, dual, and plural forms of a word. (Yes, dual is a separate and a nd distinct Number in Arabic). There are two types of plurals in Arabic. plural form depends upon upon the ) and Broken Plural ( ). The plural
Solid Plural (
context in which it is used, as shown below (for the Solid Plural case only):
'Aaraab forms ↓
Plural
when used as subject with Fatha ( - ); when used as object with Kasra ( - ); when the noun is used with preposition with Dhamma ( - );
Dual
Singular
Gender mg. fg.
mg.
fg.
mg.
fg .
******************* ******** *********** Vocabulary & Exercises for Lesson No. 3 ******************* ********* ********** Try to practice the rules of making dual and plural by reproducing the above table for the following words (both for masculine and feminine case): hypocrite patient scholar pious protector
believer helper
disbeliever worshipper
one who struggles
one remembers
killer
truthful
one who prostrates
prophet
who
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Arabic Grammar
Look at the following phrases and their translations:
4. Adjective and its its Noun
a true Muslim a small book a big mosque
a pious person a trustworthy uncle a beautiful house
These phrases are said to be composed of
(adjective) and
(the noun of the
adjective). To translate these into Arabic, just reverse the order of the words (Muslim (Muslim
and
then true ) and put tanveen ( ) on each of them. them. The tanveen could could be or depending upon the context in which this phrase is used.
or
The rules are similar to those those of
:
(subject and predicate) predicate) except that in case of
1: The order of the words is reversed; and 1:
2: 2: If the first word is attached with
, , then the second will also have attached to it.
For e.g., using the same phrases given above, we will have: the true Muslim
the small book the big mosque And remember, as in case of
the pious person
the trustworthy uncle
the beautiful house
(subject and predi predicate), cate), if the first first word is feminine, feminine,
the second should also be feminine. Further, if the first word is dual or plural, the second should also be dual or plural in number, i.e, the two words should agree in gender in gender and number with respect to each other. For example: example:
true Muslim the woman true the Muslim
the true Muslim man the true Muslim men
women
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Arabic Grammar
==================== Exercises for Lesson No. 4 ==================== Try to translate the following following sentences and phrases. Notice the difference in Arabic construction for a simple sentence ( noun (
) and for adadjective jective and its
).
The house is big. The slave is pious. The Muslim is truthful.
the pious slave the truthful Muslim
The path is straight. The uncle is pious. The aunt is pious.
the big house
the straight path the pious uncle the pious aunt
5. The Possessive Case or Genitive Genitive
Look at the following phrases and their translations:
the creation of Allah the nation of Hud
the call of the prophet
the command of the Qur'an
the house of Allah
the creation of Allah
Notes:
1. To convey the meanings of "of," we place Dhammah or pesh ( - ) on the first word and
double kasra ( - ) on the second word. he second word has 2. As usual, if tthe
attached with it, then instead of double kasra
( - ), we will have single kasra ( - ) on the second word.
3. The first noun called
in the sentence
second noun is is called . The second
, which should always be a proper noun. 24
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Arabic Grammar
and automatically takes care of the " 's " or "of" (Allah's creation OR the creation of Allah) as shown in the above examples. The construction of and automatically implies specific person or
4. In Arabic the construction of 5.
thing. Therefore, 'the' is always added in English translation translation of this phrase. *********************** *************** ******** Vocabulary Vocabulary for Lesson Lesson No. 5 *********************** ***********************
grance rebellion
the people house hereafter food sinner
day
judgement
to establish
the prayer to obey parents earth
way, system messenger
words
human being remembrance the most doubt
beneficent ======================= =================== ==== Exercises for Lesson No. 5 ======================= Translate the following into English. answers. the establishment of prayer the obedience to parents the earth of Allah
the rebellion of the people the house of the hereafter the food of the sinner the house of Hamid
The translation is also provided to help you check your
the book of Allah the way of the messenger the doubt of the human being the remembrance of the most Beneficent. the grace of Allah the words of Allah
the day of judgement
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6. Interrogatives
Arabic Grammar
When Where Why How much, How many Is?
Am?
Are?
Do?
Who What Which (masculine) Which (feminine) How
Have?
7. Pronouns
7a. Relative Pronouns
Relative Pronoun
Demonstrative Pronoun
(The one) who (The two) who
(Those) who (The one) who (The two) who (Those) who
This These (two)
Those (more than two)
These (more than two)
That
This
Those (two)
Those (more than two)
Gender
sr.
That Those (two)
Number
These (two)
These (more than two)
dl.
mg.
pl.
sr. dl.
fg.
pl.
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Arabic Grammar
7b. Personal and Possessive Possessive Pronouns Pronouns Examples on pronouns his book their house
her mother their house their belief
their house your book your house your messenger your house your book
my book gave me rizq your house
our book
Possessive Pronouns his their (of two) their her their (of two) their your your (of two) you
your your (of two) your my
me
he they two
she
they
our
Personal Pronouns
they
they two
you you two
you all
you you two
Per son
mg.
pl.
3rd person
sr. dl.
fg.
pl. sr. dl.
mg.
nd
pl
2
pl.
dl.
sr.
person f g.
mg. fg. 1st
we
dl.
sr.
Gen der
sr.
you all
I
No.
dl.,
mg.,
pl.
fg.
person
NOTE: Memorize these pronouns thoroughly because they occur quite often in the Qur'an.
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Arabic Grammar
************************ *************** ********* Vocabulary Vocabulary for Lesson No. 7 ************************ ************************
Companions
hearing
Shop
relatives
from son
I helped Sustainer, Lord
and
for Verily
tongue
======================= =================== ==== Exercises for Lesson No. 7 =======================
He is a Muslim. I am a believer. your tongue my son I helped him
from you towards us towards them (males) from you our Lord your Lord our messenger
You are a scholar. She is righteous. for him towards me towards them (females) for us
verily you (males)
your hearing verily we my house for them my relatives
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8. The Preposition Prepositions
in
from
on
like
about
Arabic Grammar
Examples of Prepositions / usage
in a house We read from the Qur'an. on a mountain
like a man
I heard about Prayer in the Masjid
for towards with
I enetered with security for people
towards a city
until the day-break
By Allah
until
by (of oath)
Rules of using Prepositions wordsPrepositions: are used as :connectors. 1. These
used with with a proper noun, then then a double kasrah ( - ), is placed o on n the 2. When these words are used
last letter letter of word (or (or a single single kasra, kasra, - in case
is is attached with it).
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Arabic Grammar
9. Subject , Verb , and Object In general, in an Arabic Arabic sentence, the v verb erb comes first, followed followed by the subject and the object. A
Double Dhammah or tanveen tanveen ( - ) is pla placed ced on th thee subject and double fathah ( - ) is placed on the object. Look at the the following examples: examples:
Hameed read the Qur'an.
Iqbal wrote a book.
In the first sentence, read is the verb, Hameed is the subject, and the Qur'an is the object. In the second one, wrote is the verb, Iqbal is the subject, and a book is is the object. ************************* ************** *********** Vocabulary Vocabulary for Lesson Lesson No. 9 ************************* *************************
separated water
read wrote cheated
made
collected wealth, means created
======================= ====================== = Exercises for Lesson No. 9 ======================= Translate the following into English. The translation is also provided to help you check your answers. Allah Muhammad (pbuh)made a messenger. Allah created the people. Allah revealed the book. The Satan cheacter the man. We parted the sea. Note: When a word is attached with
then one one of of two two fa fathah thah ( - ) , kasrah ( - ) or dhammah (
- ) in a tanveen ( - - or - ) are dropped. For example, as shown in the ab above ove sent sentences, ences, double dhammah, whereas one dhammah since is attached with has double has one has double has only . Similarly, double fathah, fathah, whereas whereas only one fathah.
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Arabic Grammar
10.
Tense
10a. The Past Tense Past Tense
he did
they two did they all did she did
they two did they all did you did you two did you all did you did you two did you all did I did We did
Gender:: mg.: Masculine gender; Gender Number: sr.: Singular; dl..: Dual;
Possessive Pronouns
Personal Pronouns
No.
Gen- Per der son
sr.
dl. mg.
pl. sr.
person
dl. fg. pl. sr. dl. mg.
pl
sr.
nd
2
person
dl. fg. pl. mg. fg. 1st dl., mg., person pl. fg.
sr.
fg.: Feminine gender pl.: Plural (n)
3rd
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Arabic Grammar
Try to practice the pronouns and past past tense by repeating the conjugation table u using sing the following words. This will greatly help you in getting yourself familiarized with the verb forms. Is it not worth repeating it 10 to 15 15 times so that you can remember remember it for the the rest of your life? life? It certainly is! Learning and practicing practicing them for the sake of understanding Qur'an is one of the best worship for which you will be abundantly rewarded by Allah, inshaAllah. ************************* ************** *********** Vocabulary Vocabulary for Lesson No. 10a ************* ************************* ************ he did he wrote he read
he killed he made
gave example he demanded
he entered he drank
he found he refused he joined
he created
he opened
he helped he hit,
he went
he sent
he provided rizq
====================== ==================== == Exercises for Lesson No. 10a ======================= Try to translate the Arabic words given below. The Engli English sh ttranslation ranslation is provided provided ffor or you to ccheck heck y your our answers.
mg. pl. you did mg. pl. they did mg./fg. dl. you two did mg. dl. they two did mg. you did fg. she did fg. pl. they did mg. pl. you went mg./fg. dl. you two helped
mg. dl. they opened
mg. pl. they wrote mg. you helped
mg./fg. dl. you two opened
mg. pl. you demanded mg. dl. they two wrote mg. pl. they demanded mg. you went mg./fg. dl. they two
demanded
mg. pl. you wrote
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fg. dl. they two helped mg./fg. dl. you two went mg. pl. you helped fg. you wrote mg. he wrote mg. pl. you opened
mg. you demanded
Arabic Grammar
fg. dl. they two hit mg. pl. they went mg. you opened
mg./fg. dl. you two wrote
You already know that as
mg. pl. they opened
mg. you demanded mg. dl. they two went mg. pl. they hit
Active and Passive Voices
voice ce of this, you have to write it means (he) did . To make passive voi
which means (it) is done. Further examples examples are given given below. mg. pl. you created mg. pl. you were created mg. he killed mg. he was killed Mg. pl. they demanded mg. pl. they were demanded mg. he sent mg. he was sent I sent I was sent we provided we were provided mg. pl. they provided mg. pl. they were provided
Important Note: Always be careful in placing A'araab (fathah, kasrah, or dhammah) on different parts of a sentence. A little little change change in these A'araab A'araab may may lead to a completely different message. message. The tense may change from active to passive or the the object may be changed changed to subject. In some cases, the sentence may not make any sense at all.
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10b. The Present (and Future) Tense Present Tense
he does they do. they do
Arabic Grammar
Possessive Pronouns
Personal No. Pronouns
she does. they do. they do. you do you do you do
Gen- Per der son
sr. dl. mg. pl. sr.
you do I do We do
person
dl. fg. pl. sr. dl. mg.
pl
nd
2
person
you do you do
3rd
sr. dl. fg. pl. mg. fg. 1st dl., mg., person pl. fg.
sr.
Gender: Gender:
mg: Masculine gender;
fg: Feminine gender
Number:
sr.: sr.: Sin Singu gular lar;;
pl: Plural Plural (n)
dl. dl.:: Dual; Dual;
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Arabic Grammar
actually is the Imperfect Tense and refers to an action which IMPORTANT NOTE: is incomplete at the time to which reference is being made. It refers to the present present tense in general. It becomes Future tense by addition of the prefix
or the particle before the
forms. ****************** ******** ********** Vocabulary & Exercises for Lesson No. 10b ****************** ************ ****** Try to translate the Arabic words words given below. The translation is provided ffor or you to check yourself.
mg. dl. they two drink
I know I open fg. sr. you collect mg. pl. they thank mg. pl. they disbelieve I worship mg. he collects
mg. you know
we don't hear
fg. pl. you make
fg. dl. they two drink mg. dl. you two make fg. dl. they two make mg. dl. you two drink
pl. we worship mg. pl. they recite mg. pl. you recite mg. they don't know
I don't disbelieve
And they will not grieve. They hear the words of Allah. I do not worhsip what you worship. We do not worship except Allah. They believe in Allah and His
messenger.
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Arabic Grammar
Active and Passive Voice:
is made papassive ssive by writing for verbs in past tense. However, in case of present tense, is made made passive passive by writing writing iitt as , i.e., first letter will will have
As you have have seen earlier, earlier,
dhammah / pesh ( - ) and the third lletter etter will have have fathah ( - ). The remaining letters will will have the same A'araab as in the case of active voice. Concentrate on the following examples: he drinks
they (all, mg) are helped
they (all, mg) help you (mg) ask
he is made / given to drink
you (mg) are asked
******************** ********** *************** ***** Vocabulary & Exercises ********************** *********** ***************** ****** Try to translate the Arabic words words given below. The translation is provided ffor or you to check yourself.
they understand
they (women) are asked they do not fear
(it) is opened. they do not cut you are provided. you are provided.
they cut they will not asked they they are killed
you understand you are helped you are helped
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Arabic Grammar
10c. Imperative and Negative Imperative
You can order only to the person in front of you (2nd person). Therefore, the imperative and negative forms for only the 2nd person are provided below. Negative Imperative
Imperative
Don't do (it).
Don't do (it).
Don't do (it).
Don't do (it). Don't do (it). Don't do (it).
Poss. Prns.
Pers. Prns.
(you two) Do (it).
Do (it).
No.
Gen- Per der son
sr. dl. mg.
pl sr. Do (it). (you two) dl. Do (it). (you all) pl. Do (it). (you all) Do (it).
nd
2
person
fg.
************************ *************** ********* Vocabulary Vocabulary for Lesson No. 10a ************************ ************************ to act, work to know
to open, expand (he) separated, divided came near
asked drank rode went
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Arabic Grammar
======================= ================== ===== Exercises for Lesson No. 10c =======================
ni. mg./fg. dl. (You two) Do not go near (it). ni. fg. sr. Do not fear (it). im. mg. sr. Open. im. mg. sr. (you) Say open up for me (you all) drink (you all) ride im. mg. sr. (you all) Say im. mg. sr. Be. im. mg. sr. (you) Go
im. mg. pl. Know. ni. mg. sr. Do not do (it). ni. mg. sr. Do not go. ni. mg. sr. Do not make. ni. mg. pl. Do not say.
(you two) don't come near don't ask me and (you all) listen ni. mg. pl. Do not be divided. ni. mg. pl. Do not be.
IMPORTANT NOTE All the verb forms of
that
were taught in the previous lessons along with personal and
possessive pronouns are given in the table on the next page. Try to reproduce th this is table a couple of times for different verbs such as:
.
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Arabic Grammar
Conjugation table for the verb
Poss. Prns.
Pers. Prns.
No. Gen- Per der son
sr.
dl. mg. pl. 3rd sr. dl. fg. pl. sr. dl. mg. pl 2 sr. dl. fg. pl. sr. mg. fg. 1st mg. dl. pl. fg. person
nd
person
person
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Arabic Grammar
Conjugation table for the verb
Poss. Prns.
Pers. Prns.
No. Gen- Per der son
sr. dl. mg. pl. sr.
person
dl. fg. pl. sr. dl. mg. pl 2
nd
sr.
3rd
person
dl. fg. pl. sr. mg. fg. 1st mg. dl. pl. fg. The verb forms of are extensively used in the the Qur'an. Try to reproduce this table table a couple of person
times to get a very good familiarity of all the forms shown above.
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Arabic Grammar
Conjugation table for the verb
Different forms of
Poss. Prns.
Pers. Prns.
sr.
dl. mg. pl. 3rd sr. dl. fg. pl. sr. dl. mg. pl 2 sr. dl. fg. pl. sr. mg. fg. 1st mg. dl. pl. fg. person
No. Gen- Per der son
nd
person
person
are frequently used in the Qur'an. Try to reproduce this table a couple of
times to get a very good familiarity of all the forms shown above.
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Arabic Grammar
10d. Derived Forms of theVerb Verbal Noun
Passive p articiple
Present (& future) Tense future)
Active p articiple
Past Tense Tense
S. No. No.
2 3
1
5 6 7 8 9 4
1 0
Note: It is suggested that you practice on this table after memorizing memorizing the meanings meanings of around a Juz' ( parah). Try to repeat this this table for a couple couple of verbs. You will have a much wider understanding of different different verbs and their meanings which occur in the Qur'an. After this practice, you will be able to remember and connect the derived derived forms with with their root word word easily. For each of the verb, you can repeat the table table given under the title "Con "Conjugation jugation table for the verb verb
" and feel for yourself yourself the power of Arabic language. language. The following page gives an example of how the table given under th thee title "Conjugation table table for the verb " can be reproduced for the derived form number 3, ,. You can reproduce the follow following ing for each of the derivativ derivatives. es.
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Arabic Grammar
An Example: Conjugation table table for the verb
Pos osss.
Prns ns..
Pers.
P Prrns.
No.
Gen- Per der son
sr. dl. mg. pl. sr.
3rd person
dl. fg. pl. sr. dl. mg.
pl
sr.
nd
2
person
dl. fg. pl. mg. fg. 1st dl. mg. person pl. fg.
sr.
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Arabic Grammar
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