A Biblioteca Desaparecida - Histórias Da Biblioteca de Alexandria by Luciano Canfora

 

L Okofkctnal Jnslplrnakjl Dkstñrkls jl Okofkctnal jn Lfnxlijrkl

  Fuaklic Aliecrl   Zrljuçác= ENJN_KAC AL_CZZK   aýoktcs jn lfturl, ac` u` pnrà`ntrc jn jnznils n jnznils jn nstìjkcs. Xcr jnitrc, tujc ecrl slqunljc, jnsjn qun scorn c Ngktc loltnrl-sn Al`oksns, c fcuac rnk jcs pnrsls, u` vnrjljnkrc eflgnfc, qun ltë jnpcrtlrl plrl l Xërskl cs lrtnsács ngàpakcs, pnislijc n` utkfkzì-fcs plrl cs plfìakcs jn Qusl n Xnrsëpcfks. ^` pcuac `lks ljklitn, nstlvl` ls tu`ols rnlks. Jnfls rnstlvl` lpnils jnznssntn. Ic vlfn jls rlkidls, cs slanrjctns `cstrlrl`fdn l tu`ol jls aciauokils jn ]nus, ls icorns prkiansls acislgrljls è prcstktukçác litns jc `ltrk`úikc, n` jnvcçác lc jnus. @lks lfë`, jnplrcu ac` u` k`pcinitn `luscfëu. Nrl l tu`ol jn _l`sës KK, c elrlñ qun ac`oltnrl il Qàrkl acitrl cs dktktls. Dnfnikzljc, snu ic`n snrkl Csk`lijkls. Dnaltnu nitrcu. C kigrnssc nrl u` pcrtlf jn snssnitl `ntrcs jn ac`prk`nitc n vkitn jn lfturl. Ltrlvnsscu-c n sn niacitrcu iu` pnrkstkfc ac` l ecr`l jn u` quljrljc, tnijc aljl fljc anral jn vkitn `ntrcs jn ac`prk`nitc= c tntc nrl u` ofcac ýikac jn pnjrl iu` lzuf prceuijc arlvnmljc jn nstrnfls. aëu @lks nstrnfljc sustnitljc jn lprcxk`ljl`nitn cktc Nssn `ntrcs. qun nrl acfuils, nrl`,pcril acfuils rnlfkjljn, ekgurls nsaufpkjls, u`l jkenrnitn jl cutrl, tcjls nxtrlàjls jn ofcacs `cicfàtkacs. È `njkjl qun prcssngukl, Dnaltnu kl lictlijc l pflitl jc njkeàakc. Lgcrl nstlvl icvl`nitn jklitn jn u` pcrtlf= sn`nfdlitn lc jl nitrljl, `ls tctlf`nitn jnacrljc ac` rnfnvcs n jc`kiljc pcr trís nstìtuls, tcjls nfls nxtrlàjls jn ofcacs jn pnjrl ingrl. Nitrn ls trís, l `lkcr (l `lkcr nstìtul nxkstnitn ic Ngktc, glrlitkrl`-fdn cs slanrjctns) l tlf pcitc uftrlplsslvl ls cutrls juls qun nstls adnglvl`-fdn lcs mcnfdcs. L nstìtul gkglitnsal, aumcs pës `njkl` qulsn qultrc `ntrcs, rnprnsnitlvl _l`sës. Lcs snus mcnfdcs, jn u` fljc l `án, jn cutrc l ekfdl.

 

Il slfl jc aëu nstrnfljc, c tntc tkidl cktc `ntrcs jn lfturl2 lquk, qulsn sn pnrjkl jn vkstl, n l kinspnrljl `ujliçl jl lfturl jc aëu, jn slfl plrl slfl, jnsacianrtlvl lkijl `lks c vksktlitn. C qun plrtkauflr`nitn k`prnsskcicu Dnaltnu eck qun l nicr`n nstìtul jn _l`sës nrl nxtrlàjl jn u` ofcac ýikac, iác lprnsnitlijc snqunr u` lrrlidác cu `liadl. "Nstl corl", lictcu, "ë lj`krìvnf iác sñ pnfls prkiakplf`nitn pnfl tëaikal ac` qun eck trlolfdljl n pnfljk`nisþns, ilturnzl jl`ls pnjrl." Il olsn, dlvkl u`l kisarkçác qun Dnaltnu enz ac` qun trljuzkssn` plrl c grngc= "Qcu _l`sës, rnk jcs rnks", jkzkl nfl. N prcssngukl u` tlitc cosaurl`nitn= "Qn lfguë` quksnr acidnanr quác grlijn scu n cijn `n niacitrc, qun supnrn u`l jn `kidls corls". L erlsn iác nrl uiàvcal. "\uác grlijn", covkl`nitn, pcjkl rnenrkr-sn ès jk`nisþns. Zlf kitnrprntlçác pcjkl snr acrrcocrljl pnfc eltc jn qun lqunfls plflvrls sn niacitrlvl` mustl`nitn lcs pës jl gkglitnsal nstìtul, n jn qulfqunr `linkrl iác jnstclvl` `uktc jl cutrl aurkcskjljn qun c elrlñ prc`ntkl sltkselznr= "cijn `n niacitrc". @ls "quác grlijn" tl`oë` pcjkl tnr u` vlfcr `ntleñrkac, kstc ë, iác sn rnenrkr è nstlturl, `ls, pcr nxn`pfc, ès "corls" `niakciljls fcgc l sngukr. N tl`oë` l cutrl nxprnssác, "cijn `n niacitrc", nxltl`nitn ac`c acivktn cu jnslekc l jnsacorkr c slrañelgc, jlvl l nitnijnr qun sul fcalfkzlçác nrl cauftl n pnr`ktkjl lpnils sco anrtls acijkçþns. N` tcjc alsc, c vksktlitn aurkcsc, l plrtkr jlà, nrl jnslekljc, acivkjljc l u`l prcvl. Nfl tl`oë` ecr`ufljl jn `linkrl l`oàgul= "qun supnrn u`l jn `kidls corls" (ikbátc tk tþi n`þi nrgþi), kstc ë, rnlfkzn ‚ lc qun plrnan ‚ n`prnnijk`nitcs lkijl `lkcrns jc qun cs `nus. Qn tlf nrl l kitnrprntlçác acrrntl, trltl-sn nssniaklf`nitn jn u`l prckokçác. L nicr`n nstìtul sn lprnsnitlvl lc vksktlitn lkijl ic kiàakc jn snu al`kidc, n c jnsniacrlmlvl il ousal jc slrañelgc. @ls snrkl l ýikal kitnrprntlçác pcssàvnf3 Acitujc, Dnaltnu n snus lac`plidlitns acitkiulrl`. Kscfljl il nicr`n slfl, scornsslàl-sn u`l cutrl nstìtul, ac` anral jn jnz `ntrcs jn lfturl, rnprnsnitlijc u`l `ufdnr ac` trís acrcls. Lquk, c nikg`l eck-fdn k`njkltl`nitn nsaflrnakjc= nrl ‚ jkssnrl`-fdn cs slanrjctns ‚ l `án jc sconrlic, n ls trís acrcls skgikekalvl` qun ecrl ekfdl, `ufdnr n `án jn u` elrlñ. Jl slfl jls nstìtuls plsslvl-sn plrl u` pnrkstkfc cril`nitljc jn olkxcsrnfnvcs rnprnsnitlijc l al`plidl jc rnk il Olatrklil. Lfk, cs slanrjctns tl`oë` jnrl` kiecr`lçþns dkstñrkac-`kfktlrns= ilqunfl al`plidl ‚  jkssnrl` nfns ‚, c nxëraktc jc rnk acitlvl ac` :88 `kf kielitns n ?8 `kf alvlfnkrcs, jkvkjkjcs n` qultrc ecr`lçþns, aljl u`l jnfls ac`lijljl pcr

 

u` jcs ekfdcs jc rnk. L sngukr, nfuakjlrl` cs olkxcs-rnfnvcs. @ls in` sn`prn aciacrjlvl` ils nxpfkalçþns. Xcr nxn`pfc, jklitn jl plrnjn cijn sn rnprnsnitlvl _l`sës n`pnidljc iu` anrac, tnijc lc fljc u` fnác, "u`l plrtn jcs kitërprntns", lictcu Dnaltnu, "jnaflrcu sn trltlr jn u` vnrjljnkrc fnác, qun, jc`nstkaljc n arkljc pnfc rnk, niernitlvl l snu fljc cs pnrkgcs ils oltlfdls2acrlmcsc, cutrcs, `ls pnfclcacitrìrkc, aciskjnrlvl` c rnk,l kiqunstkcilvnf`nitn `ns`c tn`pc ìvkjc pcr qun fcuvcrns pcitc jn onkrlr l vufglrkjljn, ekznrl-sn rnprnsnitlr ac` c fnác plrl kijkalr l lujìakl jn sul lf`l". Dnaltnu sn jkrkgku è plrnjn sngukitn, cijn nstlvl` cs kik`kgcs vniakjcs n cs prkskcinkrcs, tcjcs rnprnsnitljcs sn` `ács n sn` ñrgács gniktlks= pcks nen`kiljcs ‚ nxpfkalrl`-fdn ‚ n sn` ecrçl pnrlitn cs pnrkgcs jl gunrrl. Il tnrankrl plrnjn nstlvl rnprnsnitljc c trkuiec jc rnk rntcriljc jl gunrrl n cs slarkeàakcs pcr nfn rnlfkzljcs n` lgrljnak`nitc lcs jnusns. Lc fcigc jl qulrtl plrnjn, pcr sul vnz, jnstlalvl`-sn juls grlijns nstìtuls snitljls, qun l rnacorkl` plraklf`nitn. Fì, on` muitc ès nstìtuls, dlvkl trís plsslgnis. Nstn ë c ýikac alsc n` qun Dnaltnu kijkal nxpfàaktl n pcr`nicrkzljl`nitn c tkpc jn lanssc jn u` lpcsnitc lc sngukitn. Xcr nssls trís plsslgnis nitrlvl-sn iu`l cutrl lfl jc njkeàakc, cijn sn anfnorlvl`, iác `lks ls gnstls gunrrnkrls, n sk` ls corls jn plz jc elrlñ.

 

 

KK L OKOFKCZNAL QLG_LJL   Dnaltnu acitcu tnrn` fdn nxpfkaljc c ac`pfkaljc pnraursc qun fnvlvl ltë c slrañelgc jn _l`sës. Acisngukrl nfujkr l prckokçác jc elrlñ, cu vnianrl l prcvl k`pfàaktl ilqunfl erlsn lplrnitn`nitn nsacimurltñrkl3 Cu snrì qun lgcrl l erlsn mì pnrjnrl sul nekaìakl, n nrl nxpcstl lpnils ac`c aurkcskjljn lcs vksktlitns jc `luscfëu3 Nks snu rnfltc= Ls trís plsslgnis acijuzkl` l u`l slfl ac` acfuils, acistruàjl n` ecr`l jn cjnác, tnijc snssnitl `ntrcs jn ac`prk`nitc. Nssl slfl nstlvl rnpfntl jn nstìtuls jn `ljnkrl, rnprnsnitlijc lfguis fktkglitns ac` c cfdlr vcftljc plrl cs muàzns. Cs muàzns nstlvl` nsaufpkjcs lc fcigc jn u`l jls plrnjns, n` iý`nrc jn trkitl, n sn` `ács2 ic `nkc, nstlvl c mukz suprn`c ac` l vnrjljn pnijnijc jc pnsacçc n cs cfdcs enadljcs, n ic adác, l snu fljc, u` `citn jn rcfcs. Nxpfkalrl` qun nssls ekgurls prntnijkl` skgikekalr ac` sul pcsturl qun cs muàzns iác jnvn` rnanonr jclçþns, n qun c mukz suprn`c sñ jnvn tnr cfdcs plrl l vnrjljn. Xrcssngukijc, nitrlvl-sn iu` pnràpltc akrauijljc pcr tcjcs cs tkpcs jn vács, cril`nitljcs ac` rnfnvcs rnprnsnitlijc l `lkcr vlrknjljn jn ekics lfk`nitcs. Lc fcigc jc pnràpltc jkstrkouàl`-sn olkxcs-rnfnvcs acfcrkjcs, iu` jcs qulks lplrnakl c rnk cenrnanijc è jkvkijljn, curc n prltl nxtrlàjcs jls `kils jurlitn c lic n` tcjc c Ngktc. Qco nssn rnfnvc nstlvl kijkaljc c rnijk`nitc tctlf, nxprnssc jn qulf prltl= 1? `kfdþns. N` sngukjl dlvkl l okofkctnal slgrljl, n` pcr `kils ak`l jl nstlvl nsarktc F^GL_ JN A^_L JL LF@L. Qngukl`-sn ls k`lgnis jn tcjls ls jkvkijljns ngàpakls, l aljl u`l jls qulks c rnk cenrnakl jìjkvls lprcprkljls, ac`c sn quksnssn jn`cistrlr l Csàrks n lcs jnusns kienrkcrns qun vkvnrl tcjl l vkjl jn `cjc pknjcsc n mustc n` rnflçác lcs dc`nis n lcs jnusns. Dlvkl tl`oë` u`l slfl, acistruàjl suitucsl`nitn, ac` u`l plrnjn qun ackiakjkl ac` l okofkctnal. Inssl slfl dlvkl u` acimuitc jn `nsls ac` vkitn trkafàikcs n ls nstìtuls jn ]nus n Dnrl, n lkijl l jc rnk. Xlrnan qun lfk nstkvnrl snpuftc c acrpc jc rnk. Jkssnrl` qun nssl slfl pcssuàl, pcr tcjl l vcftl, u`l ictìvnf sërkn jn vács, cijn nstlvl` lj`krlvnf`nitn pkitljcs

 

tcjcs cs lik`lks slgrljcs jc Ngktc. \un` suokssn pcr nssns vács vnr-sn-kl jklitn jl nitrljl jl tu`ol. Nfl sn niacitrlvl ic tntc jc njkeàakc. Infn, pcjkl-sn cosnrvlr u` aàraufc jn curc ac` 15> aýoktcs jn ac`prk`nitc n u` aýoktc jn lfturl. Inssn aàraufc, nstlvl` jnsarktcs n jkspcstcs cs jkls jc lic, u` plrl aljl aýoktc= plrl aljl jkl, nstlvl` kijkaljcs c ilsanr n c púr jcs lstrcs n csJkssnrl` skilks qun, cs lstrñfcgcs ngàpakcs, jn tlks `cvk`nitcs. qunsnguijc nssn erksc ecrl jnprnjljc pcrjnrkvl` Al`oksns il ëpcal n` qun sn lpcjnrcu jc Ngktc. Nstl ë l jnsarkçác jn Dnaltnu il trlisarkçác enktl, jcks sëaufcs `lks tlrjn, pnfc skakfklic Jkcjcrc. Xcrtlitc, Dnaltnu, ic jnacrrnr jl vksktl, plrnan tnr adngljc ltë l okofkctnal. L plrtkr jlà, snus lac`plidlitns lpnils jnsarnvnrl` cu ekznrl` k`lgkilr c rnstlitn. Jn eltc, lpñs l okofkctnal, suls kijkalçþns tcril`-sn `nics prnaksls. Xcr nxn`pfc, iác sn nsaflrnan ac`c ë l plsslgn` jl okofkctnal plrl l grlijn slfl jcs trkafàikcs2 jkz-sn lpnils qun dì u`l plrnjn n` ac`u`. @ls ë l prñprkl ilturnzl jl okofkctnal qun iác ekal k`njkltl`nitn nvkjnitn= jkgic jn ltniçác ë c jntlfdn, ilrrljc ac` grlijn prnaksác, jn qun u` rnfnvc ‚ c jcs jnusns ngàpakcs n jc elrlñ qun cenrnan jìjkvls ‚ "sngun-sn" è okofkctnal. Zujc kssc eck ilrrljc pcr Dnaltnu iu` fkvrc qulsn rc`linsac, kitktufljc  Dkstñrkls jc Ngktc, qun nsarnvnu lc ekilf jn sul vklgn`. Ukstc qun iác adngcu ltë iñs, tn`cs jn ics acitnitlr ac` lqukfc qun eck trlisarktc pcr Jkcjcrc. Dnaltnu, n` snu fkvrc, `nsafcu c litkgc n c `cjnric, acfcacu ic `ns`c pflic l litkgl rnlfkjljn ngàpakl n l icvl rnlfkjljn ptcfc`lkal, ls litkgls n ls icvls icr`ls, vkgnitns n` sul ëpcal sco c prk`nkrc Xtcfc`nu. Iu`l fcigl jkgrnssác, elfcu tl`oë` jcs dnornus ic Ngktc n jn @cksës, lssk` tcalijc iu` lssuitc jl ltulfkjljn il vkjl jc icvc rnkic grnacngàpakc. N, plrl qun tujc ekalssn lkijl `lks aflrc, kiafuku n` snu rnfltc u`l snçác kitnkrl`nitn jnjkaljl l `cstrlr ac`c cs `nfdcrns fngksfljcrns grngcs vknrl` lc Ngktc plrl trlznr kispkrlçác n jcutrkil. \un `nfdcr glrlitkl, pcks, jl nentkvl acitkiukjljn nitrn c litkgc n c icvc Ngktc3 Qnu trlolfdc eck `uktc lprnakljc pnfc sconrlic, qun fdn aciekcu u`l `kssác jkpfc`ìtkal. Xcr acitl jn Xtcfc`nu, Dnaltnu eck l Nsplrtl.  

 

Ekg. l.A., c mcvn` Xtcfc`nu eck cekaklf`nitn acfcaljc lc fljc jc plk, n jkvkjku ac` nfn c rnkiljc pcr trís lics, ltë l `crtn jc Qñ tnr. Zcrilijc-sn c ýikac sconrlic, pniscu n` sn fkvrlr jn Jn`ëtrkc= `lijcu prnijí-fc, cu tlfvnz lpnils `lití-fc sco vkgkfïiakl, litns jn tc`lr u`l rnscfuçác jnekiktkvl scorn nfn. Lssk`, Jn`ëtrkc nstlvl icvl`nitn pcr olkxc, ac`c icprnvkjnitns tn`pc jn sul `ksnrìvnf nstljl n` Znols, qulijc ls plflvrls kiutkf`nitn jn Arltns lpnils jkvnrtkl`, `ls iác c lentlvl`. Kscfljc, sco nstrktl vkgkfïiakl, iu` vkflrnmc jc kitnrkcr, u` jkl nstlvl acadkflijc. Qnitku jn rnpnitn u`l jcr fliakilitn il `ác jkrnktl, qun, jurlitn c scic, pnijkl lc fljc. \ulijc pnranonu qun ecrl `crjkjc pcr u`l snrpnitn, mì nrl tlrjn jn`lks. Nvkjnitn`nitn, c kiakjnitn ecrl lrquktntljc pcr Xtcfc`nu.

 

 

U L OKOFKCZNAL ^IKUN_QLF   Jn`ëtrkc dlvkl skjc c pfnikpctniakìrkc jl okofkctnal. Xcr vnzns c rnk plsslvl cs rcfcs n` rnvkstl, ac`c `liàpufcs jn scfjljcs. "\ulitcs rcfcs tn`cs3", pnrguitlvl. N Jn`ëtrkc c ltulfkzlvl scorn cs iý`nrcs. Zkidl`-sn prcpcstc u` comntkvc, dlvkl` enktc aìfaufcs. Dlvkl` nstlonfnakjc qun, plrl rnacfdnr n` Lfnxlijrkl ‐cs fkvrcs jn tcjcs cs pcvcs jl tnrrl", snrkl inanssìrkc u` tctlf jn >88 `kf rcfcs. Xtcfc`nu nflocrcu u`l alrtl "l tcjcs cs sconrlics n gcvnrilitns jl tnrrl", il qulf pnjkl qun "iác dnsktlssn` n` fdn nivklr'' ls corls jn tcjcs cs gíinrcs jn lutcrns= "pcntls n prcsljcrns, rntñrkacs n scekstls, `ëjkacs n ljkvkidcs, dkstcrkljcrns n tcjcs cs cutrcs `lks". Crjnicu qun ecssn` acpkljcs tcjcs cs fkvrcs qun pcr lalsc sn niacitrlssn` ics ilvkcs qun elzkl` nsalfl n` Lfnxlijrkl, qun cs crkgkilks ecssn` rntkjcs n lcs prcprkntìrkcs ecssn` nitrnguns ls añpkls2 nssn euijc eck pcstnrkcr`nitn adl`ljc jn ‖c euijc jcs ilvkcs". Unz pcr cutrl, Jn`ëtrkc elzkl u`l nxpcskçác nsarktl lc sconrlic, qun ac`nçlvl lssk`= "Jn`ëtrkc lc grlijn rnk. N` conjkíiakl è tul crjn` jn larnsanitlr ès acfnçþns jl okofkctnal, plrl ac`pfntì-fl, cs fkvrcs qun lkijl elftl`, n jn rnstlurlr ljnquljl`nitn cs jnenktucscs, jnjkqunk grlijn aukjljc, n lgcrl elçc-tn u` rnfltñrkc nta.". Iu` jnssns rnfltñrkcs, Jn`ëtrkc kfustrlvl l acivnikíiakl jn ljqukrkr tl`oë` "cs fkvrcs jl fnk mujlkal". ‖Ë inanssìrkc", prcssngukl, "qun nssns fkvrcs, sco ecr`l acrrntl, tnidl` fuglr n` tul okofkctnal." N, sngurc jn rnacrrnr l u` ic`n on`-vkijc lc sconrlic, kivcalvl l lutcrkjljn jn Dnaltnu jn Lojnrl, qun n` suls Dkstñrkls suls  Dkstñrkls jc Ngktc tlitc nsplçc jnjkalrl è dkstñrkl mujlkal. C lrgu`nitc jn Dnaltnu, aciecr`n ë aktljc pcr Jn`ëtrkc, nrl u` tlitc aurkcsc. Qclvl `lks cu `nics lssk`= "Iác lj`krl qun, n` sul `lkcrkl, cs lutcrns, pcntls n l `uftkjác jn dkstcrkljcrns iác tnidl` `niakciljc lqunfns fkvrcs n cs dc`nis qun vkvnrl` n vkvn` jn lacrjc ac` nfns2 iác pcr lalsc sn lostkvnrl`, jnvkjc lc nfn`nitc slgrljc infns acitkjc". \ulijc mì sn acitlvl` ?88 `kf rcfcs, Jn`ëtrkc vcftcu lc lssuitc jurlitn u`l vksktl jc rnk è okofkctnal. "Jkzn`-`n", lssk` sn jkrkgkijc lc sconrlic,

 

"qun ls fnks jcs mujnus tl`oë` sác fkvrcs jkgics jn trlisarkçác n kiafusác n` tul okofkctnal." "Nstì on`", rnspcijnu Xtcfc`nu, "n c qun tn k`pnjn jn prcvkjniaklr nssl lqukskçác3 Ac`c slons, tnis è tul jkspcskçác tujc c qun ë inanssìrkc , dc`nis n `nkcs." "@ls ë prnaksc trljuzk-fcs'', cosnrvcu Jn`ëtrkc, ‖nstác nsarktcs n` dnorlkac, iác n` skràlac, ac`c gnrlf`nitn sn arí2 ë u`l fàigul nstn tctlf`nitn \un` `niakcil jkìfcgcjkenrnitn." glrlitn tí-fc prnsniakljc pnssclf`nitn. Nrl u` mujnu jl ac`uikjljn jn Lfnxlijrkl, l grlijn n flocrkcsl ac`uikjljn rljkaljl ic plfìakc, kistlfljl ic `lks onfc olkrrc ‚ fl`nitlvl u` litksn`ktl n`pnjnrikjc ac`c c grl`ìtkac Lpkác ‚, u` olkrrc jnstkiljc lcs  mujnus, jkzkl-sn, pnfc prñprkc Lfnxlijrn. Xnrenktl`nitn dnfnikzljl il fàigul n il aufturl, nssl n`prnnijnjcrl pnrscilgn` scuonrl lprcvnktlr-sn jn u`l `k`ntkzlçác pnrenktl plrl nitrlr il acrtn n là aciqukstlr arëjktc n l`kzljns. ^` prcofn`l jn sul ac`uikjljn, qun fdn plrnakl `uktc lgujc, nrl l utkfkzlçác, nitác jc`kilitn, `ls sn`prn ac`oltkjl pnfcs crtcjcxcs, jl fàigul grngl ics ceàakcs skilgcgl. Xcjn`cs jn supcr qun acisnguku snr acitrltljc, gczlijc il jl acrtn jl prctnçác acrrnfkgkciìrkcs cu sk`pltkzlitns, ac`c ljkjc è okofkctnal. Jc qun nsarnvn, jnjuzk`cs qun scuon `litnr cauftl sul fkglçác ac` l ac`uikjljn mujlkal, n qun acitkiucu l elflr n nsarnvnr scorn cs mujnus ac`c u` pcvc kitnrnsslitn, `ls jkenrnitn. Jcs `ltnrklks jn nsarktl n jl acienaçác jcs rcfcs elfl ac` tlf pnràakl n prcprknjljn jn fkigulgn` qun ics fnvl l k`lgkiì-fc ac`c znfcsc n nstk`ljc "jklsbnulstës" (aurljcr jn tnxtcs)2 pcrtlitc, sn`prn suokijc il aciekliçl jn Jn`ëtrkc n kispkrljcr, muitc l nfn, jl prcpcstl rnspnktcsl`nitn kiskstnitn jn tl`oë` lorkr ls prltnfnkrls jl okofkctnal jc rnk è fnk mujlkal. @ls ë nxltl`nitn kssc= tn`cs jn k`lgkilr, pnfc `nics n` plrtn, il `njkjl n` qun icssc lutcr elfl `uktc pcuac jn sk. Jkz qun snu ic`n ë Lrkstnu n tn` u` kr`ác adl`ljc Ekfñarltns= jcks ic`ns gniukil`nitn grngcs, `ls qun tl`oë` snrác usulks nitrn cs mujnus jl jkìspcrl, aljl vnz `lks k`prngiljcs jlqukfc qun cs crtcjcxcs jnsjnidcsl`nitn adl`lvl` jn "dnfniks`c"2 qun ë l`kgc jcs jcks adnens jl gulrjl pnssclf jn Xtcfc`nu, Qcsàokc jn Zlrnitc n Lijrë2 qun prnsniakcu, ils jnpnijíiakls jl okofkctnal, c jkìfcgc nitrn Jn`ëtrkc n c sconrlic (jkìfcgc, jc qulf lak`l `niakcil`cs lpnils c kiàakc)2 pcr ek`, qun plrtkakpcu jl `kssác nivkljl pcr Xtcfc`nu l Mnruslfë`, plrl acisngukr ocis trljutcrns. Jì tl`oë` l

 

nitnijnr qun nrl lqunfn Lrkstnu lutcr jn u` fkvrc adl`ljc \un` sác cs  mujnus, nitác n` akrauflçác, tctlf`nitn olsnljc ‚ lssngurl nfn ‚ n` kiecr`lçþns jn slanrjctns ngàpakcs, nxltl`nitn ac`c c nxaursc jls  Dkstñrkls jc Ngktc jn Dnaltnu jn Lojnrl. N, niek`, tl`oë` tnitl jnssl `linkrl ‚ `ls lquk ë rnlf`nitn jkeàakf jlr-fdn arëjktc ‚ elznr-sn plsslr pcr u` "gnitkc". N` alscs jc gíinrc, ac`c snsác slon, ë jkeàakf nlvlfklr sn cu ls nxprnssþns qun elfl` n` ‖acflocrlakciks`c" nxlgnrljls kimustls sn, pnfc acitrìrkc, acití` u`l plranfl jn vnrjljn. Nvkjnitn`nitn, sn sn rlakcakilssn pnfc arktërkc, qun l lfguis plrnan ýtkf, jcs rnsuftljcs cotkjcs, tnràl`cs jn jkznr qun l kikakltkvl nitác l`ljurnakjl eck, plrl cs mujnus, jls `lks elvcrìvnks. @ls tl`oë` iác sn pcjn cauftlr l vlitlgn` qun cs jc`kiljcrns lalolvl` tnijc, pcr acidnanrn` `nfdcr snus sýjktcs. Lc jkznr qun "tl`oë`" cs fkvrcs jl fnk dnorlkal `nrnakl` snr trljuzkjcs plrl c grngc, Jn`ëtrkc nstlvl k`pfkaktl`nitn lekr`lijc qun nstn iác nrl c prk`nkrc trlolfdc jc gíinrc qun sn elrkl il okofkctnal. "Jn aljl pcvc", kiecr`l u` trltljkstl lfë` jc jc`àikc scorn sul fàigul,okzlitkic, acidnakl`"rnarutlrl`-sn prceuijl`nitnjcutcs c grngc2qun, l aljl grupc ecrl` aciekljcs cs rnspnatkvcs tnxtcs, n lssk` prnplrcu-sn "u`l trljuçác grngl jn tujc." L trljuçác jcs tnxtcs pnrsls ltrkouàjcs l ]crclstrc, ac` `lks jn ? `kfdþns jn vnrscs, nrl fn`orljl, `ns`c sëaufcs jnpcks, ac`c u` n`prnnijk`nitc `n`crìvnf. Il ëpcal jn Alfà`lac, qun ac`pkflvl cs altìfcgcs jcs lutcrns grngcs jkvkjkjcs pcr lr`ìrkcs, Dnr`kpc, snu lfuic, pniscu n` k`ktì-fc, n tlfvnz kitk`l`nitn quksnssn supnrì-fc, prnplrlijc cs àijkans jnssns ? `kfdþns jn vnrscs, jklitn jcs qulks ls pcuals jnznils jn `kfdlrns jn dnxï`ntrcs jl  Kfàljl n jl Cjkssëkl plrnakl` `kiýsaufcs ornvkìrkcs. Nssns jcutcs ecrl` cs ýikacs, iu` anrtc pnràcjc jl dkstñrkl jl okofkctnal, l usuerukr jl vksác jnsfu`orlitn, qun vkrkl l snr c scidc jn nsarktcrns elitìstkacs, jcs fkvrcs jn tcjc c `uijc. Ïiskl jn tctlfkjljn n vcitljn jn jc`àikc, iác jkvnrsls jc k`pufsc qun, snguijc ls plflvrls jn u` litkgc rntñrkac, fnvlvl Lfnxlijrn l tnitlr "uftrlplsslr cs aciekis jc `uijc". N tl`oë` sn jkzkl qun nfn prntnijnrl u`l okofkctnal jn jk`nisþns k`pcinitns n` Iàikvn, plrl l qulf `lijlrl prnplrlr trljuçþns jcs tnxtcs alfjnus. Xcrtlitc, c comntkvc lf`nmljc pnfcs Xtcfc`nus n nxnautljc pnfcs snus okofkctnaìrkcs iác nrl lpnils l lqukskçác jcs fkvrcs jc `uijc kitnkrc, `ls tl`oë` sul trljuçác plrl c grngc. Ilturlf`nitn, pcjkl` snr rnnflocrlçþns n ac`píijkcs n` grngc, ac`c, pcr nxn`pfc, ls  Dkstñrkls ngàpakls jn

 

@lintci, u` slanrjctn crkuijc jn Qnoniktc (u`l rngkác jc Jnftl) n ltulitn n` Dnfkñpcfks. @lintci rnnflocrcu jnznils n jnznils jn ecitns, rcfcs acisnrvljcs ics tn`pfcs, fkstls jn sconrlics n suls prcnzls, tlf ac`c ekznrl @ngìstnins, n`olkxljcr jc rnk Qnfnuac jl Qàrkl il acrtn kijklil jn Xltlfkputrl, ac` tlitls ecitns kijklils. Ac` ls lr`ls jcs pcuacs lics cs grngcs tcrilrl`-sn alstl jc`kilitn n` `lanjúikcs, tcjc c `uijcn`acidnakjc= jl Qkaàfkl è Ìerkal jc Icrtn,l jl pniàisufl olfaïikal è Ìskl @nicr, jc Krá è àijkl n lc Lenglikstác, cijn sn jntkvnrl Lfnxlijrn. Cs grngcs iác lprnijnrl` l fàigul jn snus icvcs sýjktcs, `ls ac`prnnijnrl` qun, plrl jc`kiì-fcs, nrl prnaksc nitnijí-fcs, n qun plrl nitnijí-fcs nrl inanssìrkc trljuzkr n rnuikr snus fkvrcs. Lssk` ilsanrl` okofkctnals rnlks n` tcjls ls alpktlks dnfíikals= iác lpnils ac`c eltcr jn prnstàgkc, `ls tl`oë` ac`c kistru`nitc jn jc`kilçác. Inssl corl skstn`ìtkal jn trljuçác n lqukskçác, acuon u` fuglr jn jnstlqun lcs fkvrcs slgrljcs jcs pcvcs jc`kiljcs, pcr snr l rnfkgkác, plrl qun` prntnijkl gcvnriì-fcs, ac`c qun l pcrtl   jn suls lf`ls.

 

UK ‖JNKTC CQ FKU_CQ XL_L XL_L INFN^''   \ulijc `crrnu Zncerlstc, iu` lic nitrn ?44 n ?4: l.A., jnsacorku-sn n` snu tnstl`nitc u`l afìusufl olstlitn nstrlidl= "Jnkxc tcjcs cs fkvrcs plrl Infnu". Lcs cutrcs lfuics jnkxlvl ac`c dnrliçl ‖c mlrjk` n l lfl`njl aconrtl, n cs njkeàakcs prñxk`cs lc mlrjk`". (Kssc fdn nrl pcssàvnf grlçls l Jn`ëtrkc, qun, ac`c snidcr jn Ltnils, acisngukrl qun Zncerlstc, `ns`c iác snijc akjljác ltniknisn, nitrlssn ekilf`nitn n` pcssn jc tnrrnic cijn sn sktulvl l nsacfl). Cs fkvrcs, pnfc acitrìrkc, jnstkilvl`-sn lpnils l Infnu. Xcr qun nssn prkvkfëgkc, n qun fkvrcs nrl`3 Infnu, ilturlf jl akjljnzkidl lskìtkal jn Qanpsk, il Zrñljn, nitác nrl prcvlvnf`nitn c ýftk`c lfuic vkvc jn Lrkstñtnfns. Nrl ekfdc jlqunfn Acrksac ernqönitn`nitn aktljc pcr Lrkstñtnfns n` suls lufls, qulijc qunrkl kijkalr, ac` u` ic`n prñprkc, u` sumnktc aciarntc. \ulijc `crrnu Xfltác, Acrksac jnkxlrl l Laljn`kl muitc ac` Lrkstñtnfns, n ac` nfn sn rntkrlrl plrl Lxc, iác jkstlitn jn Qanpsk, muitc l u` jkilstl fcalf, nx-nsarlvc n nuiuac, tnijc jnpcks sn tcriljc kiefunitn jnvkjc ìs fkglçþns nstlonfnakjls ac` Ekfkpn jl @lanjúikl, jn qun` nrl l qukitl-acfuil ic k`përkc pnrsl. @ls lfguë` c trlàrl2 c rnk jl Xërskl, alpturlijc-c, `lsslarcu-c sn` acisngukr lrrlialr-fdn u`l ýikal kiecr`lçác ýtkf. N` dcirl jn sul `crtn, Lrkstñtnfns ac`pús u` dkic qun nxprk`n n`cçác n lj`krlçác= c dkic è vkrtujn. C prñprkc Lrkstñtnfns tkvnrl u`l ecrtn fkglçác ac` nssn l`oknitn= c tutcr qun sn nialrrnglrl jnfn lpñs l `crtn jc plk Ikaú`lac, Xrñxnic jn Ltlrinu, nrl u` acitnrrïinc jn Dër`kl n Acrksac. N` su`l, Infnu pcjkl sn glolr jn flçcs dnrnjktìrkcs jn l`kzljn ac` Lrkstñtnfns n ac` u` l`oknitn qun ecrl `uktc k`pcrtlitn plrl nfn. Xcrtlitc, Zncerlstc tkidl ocls rlzþns plrl supcr qun snu suansscr il jkrnçác jl nsacfl snrkl mustl`nitn Infnu. Eck pcr kssc qun jnakjku fnglr-fdn pnssclf`nitn lqunfns onis kinstk`ìvnks qun nrl` "cs fkvrcs jn Lrkstñtnfns". Lc qun plrnan, nrl` lqunfns fkvrcs qun ecrl` sn ecr`lijc ils lufls jn Lrkstñtnfns, ac` l ltkvl plrtkakplçác jcs lfuics, l plrtkr jn ‚ n jurlitn ‚  snus niskil`nitcs. Nrl` nxn`pflrns ýikacs, tnstn`uidc, rnnflocrljc n nirkqunakjc lc fcigc jc tn`pc, jn u`l rnefnxác n` lijl`nitc, iuial

 

aciekljl l fkvrcs jnstkiljcs lc nxtnrkcr. Xrnakcscs nxn`pflrns rnsnrvljcs lc usc jl nsacfl, snijc mustc qun ecssn` aciekljcs l u` ýikac n dcirljc rnspcisìvnf, c prcvìvnf euturc nsacflral. @ls Infnu iác eck nfnktc nsacflral. @uktls acksls tkidl` `ujljc il nsacfl jnsjn qun Jn`ëtrkc eugkrl plrl c Ngktc. Ac` c gcvnric plrljn`carìtkac jc vkjl qun, plrl plrl cs litkgcs Elfnrnu eck iáccjnvn tnr skjc‐Xcfkcrantl", `uktc eìakf. lZlitc jkrkgkrprctngkjcs l nsacfl, cjn nsacfdkjc prñprkc Nstrloác, qun il acrtn ptcfc`lkal dlvkl skjc prnanptcr jc dnrjnkrc lc trcic  ‚ u`l fkglçác qun jnvn tnr pnsljc ic `c`nitc jl nfnkçác. Infnu, cenijkjc, rntkrcu-sn plrl sul akjljn iltlf, Qanpsk, ac` snu prnakcsc alrrngl`nitc jn fkvrcs. L nsacfl scernu `uktc ac` kssc. Nrl u` n`pcornak`nitc krrnplrìvnf. Iác qun kgicrlssn`, cs prkiaàpkcs gnrlks jc pnisl`nitc jc `nstrn2 pnfc acitrìrkc, plrìerlsns dlvkl jn scorl, ac`nçlijc pnfls olstlitn prcfkxls jc prñprkc Zncerlstc, qun sn`prn nivcfvnrl n` `uktcs vëus lrkstctëfkacs lqukfc qun trlzkl jn icvc n prñprkc. @ls mì iác pcssuàl`, jnvkjc è loruptljlsjnaksác Infnu, jnsnivcfvk`nitcs nspnaàekacs, c nialjnl`nitc jnjuçþnsjnac`c vknrl cs sn acistrukijc n` lics n lics jn rnefnxác= jnvkjc èqunfn prcanjk`nitc alrlatnràstkac jn Lrkstñtnfns qun aciskstkl n` rnac`nçlr, lfgu` tn`pc jnpcks, l plrtkr jn u` `ns`c lssuitc, u`l icvl rnefnxác qun l rkgcr jnvnrkl `kilr l litnrkcr, `ls qun pcr nsarýpufc, jnvcçác cu tlfvnz ltë prujíiakl cs cuvkitns n plrtkakplitns jc kiansslitn trlolfdc dlvkl` prnenrkjc mustlpcr ès al`ljls litnrkcrns, arklijc u`l jnvctl acieusác aumc jnsfkijl`nitc acuon l cutrcs, sëaufcs jnpcks, Xcr crl, cs pnrkpltëtkacs nstlvl` rnjuzkjcs l "ecr`uflr prcpcskçþns gnrlks", rnstrktcs, ac`c jkssn grlanmlijc u` nspnaklfkstl ac`c c grl`ìtkac Zkrlikác, l u`l rnpntktkvl pc`pcskjljn tác gniërkal qulitc vlzkl. _lzác pnfl qulf dc`nis ac`c Npkaurc ‚ qun lcs vkitn lics adngcu l Ltnils, ic lic jl `crtn jn Lrkstñtnfns ‚ n ]niác sñ niacitrlrl` pnfl ernitn l corl `nics crkgkilf jc `nstrn, qun nfn prñprkc puofkalrl n` vkjl sco l ecr`l alicikal`nitn pfltúikal jc jkìfcgc. @ls iác pcjnrkl plsslr jnslpnranokjl l jnsjnidcsl rntkrljl jn Infnu plrl l Zrñljn, snqönstrlijc l plflvrl vkvl jc `nstrn= prkiakplf`nitn pcrqun sn ekr`lrl il `nitn jc Ekfljnfec c prcmntc jl okofkctnal uikvnrslf. Nfn tkidl tcjcs cs `ctkvcs plrl nspnrlr, plrl snu prcmntc, l acflocrlçác jc dc`n` qun dlvkl skjc snu prnanptcr n lgcrl nrl c nsacflral jc Xnràpltc. @ls lc nxanfnitn Nstrloác iác rnstcu sniác rn`ntnr c litkgc pupkfc, lgcrl

 

sconrlic, lc kitrltìvnf Infnu. Eck k`njkltl`nitn nivkljl u`l `kssác n` sul ousal, il nspnrliçl jn cotnr pcr jkidnkrc lqukfc qun cs acfngls jn nsacfl iác tkidl` acisngukjc n` ic`n jl eë. @ls Infnu enz pcuac jcs n`kssìrkcs jc rnk jc Ngktc. Unijnu-fdns lfgu`ls añpkls jn trltljcs jn `nicr k`pcrtïiakl, jkvnrscs trltljcs jn Zncerlstc, qun pcr anrtc iác nrl` grlijn acksl,Mcgcu n prkiakplf`nitn fkvrcs qun dlvkl`tnr skjcpcssuàjc jn prcprknjljn Lrkstñtnfns. ac` ls plflvrls, lekr`lijc jn eltc jn "l okofkctnal jn Lrkstñtnfns" ‚ ac`c sustnitlvl` cs nivkljcs jc rnk ‚, `ls, prnaksl`nitn, sul okofkctnal pnssclf, cs fkvrcs qun c `nstrn pcssuàrl2 jcs qulks, jn qulfqunr `linkrl ‚ larnsanitcu nfn ‚, nstlvl prcitc, `ns`c qun jcfcrcsl`nitn, l sn snplrlr. N` Lfnxlijrkl iác sn pnranonu k`njkltl`nitn c niglic, n ics altìfcgcs jl okofkctnal rnlf enz-sn c rngkstrc= "_nkilitn Xtcfc`nu Ekfljnfec, ljqukrkjcs jn Infnu jn Qanpsk cs fkvrcs jn Lrkstñtnfns n Zncerlstc''.  

 

UKK C OLI\^NZN JCQ QÌOKCQ   Lrkstnu sn lprcvnktlrl jls akrauistïiakls. Xtcfc`nu `lf lalolrl jn lutcrkzlr l scfkaktlçác jn nentulr l trljuçác jl fnk dnorlkal, n nfn mì fdn acfcalvl u`l qunstác prn`nitn= "L fnk dnorlkal", jkssn, "qun nstl`cs prcitcs iác sñ l `lijlr acpklr, `ls ltë l trljuzkr, ë vìfkjl plrl tcjcs cs  mujnus2 n lgcrl, ac`c vl`cs nxpfkalr qun sn prcanjl l u` tlf n`prnnijk`nitc on` ic `c`nitc n` qun, ic tnu rnkiljc, tlitcs mujnus sn niacitrl` il prksác3". C `c`nitc ecrl on` nsacfdkjc, vkstc qun tl`oë` nstlvl` prnsnitns Qcsàokc jn Zlrnitc n Lijrë, cs jcks adnens jl gulrjl pnssclf jc rnk, lcs qulks Lrkstnu nxpusnrl nssl scfkaktlçác dlvkl lfgu` tn`pc, tnijc cotkjc l aciacrjïiakl jn l`ocs. L `licorl plrnanu tác dìokf qun sn adngcu l supcr qun Lrkstnu ltë prcvcalrl l kikakltkvl jl trljuçác (jn íxktc anrtc, jljls ls l`okçþns jc sconrlic) ac` c ýikac ektc jn pcjnr fnvlitlr k`njkltl`nitn l qunstác jl kiacnríiakl ac` c trltl`nitc kiefkgkjc lcs mujnus jnpcrtljcs. Lrkstnu iác jnkxcu jn lpnflr è gninrcskjljn jc sconrlic, alflijc-sn l sngukr, è nspnrl jn u`l rnlçác. C jkìfcgc qun sn snguku pcr u` kistlitn plrnanu rnprcjuzkr lqunfn qun sn jnsnircflrl u` pcuac litns, l rnspnktc jcs rcfcs. "\ulitcs `kfdlrns mufgls qun sác3", pnrguitcu Xtcfc`nu jkrkgkijc-sn l Lijrë (rnenrkijc-sn lcs mujnus, iác lcs rcfcs). N nstn, prcitl`nitn, pcks iljl kijkenrnitn è qunstác= "Xcuac `lks jn