99883283-TNB-Tech-Guidebook-for-the-Connection-of-Generation-to-the-Distn-Network.pdf

Tenaga Nasional Berhad

TNB Research

First Edition, March 2005

Technical Guidebook for the Connection of Generation to the Distribution Network

Prepared by: TNB Research Sdn. Bhd. in Collaboration with: APS Sdn. Bhd., Malaysia RWE Npower plc, United Kingdom

-1– 1_DG_Technical_GUIDEBOOK_Edition_1_MARCH_2005

Tenaga Nasional Berhad

TNB Research

Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................ 2 CONTRIBUTORS .............................................................................................. 7 PREFACE PREFACE....................................................................................................... 8 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION...............................................................................10 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8

BACKGROUND ....................................................................................................................10 OBJECTIVES OF THE GUIDEBOOK ............................................................................................11 DEFINITIONS OF KEY TERMS USED IN THE GUIDEBOOK ..............................................................12 GUIDEBOOK APPROACH .......................................................................................................13 STATUTORY ACTS, REGULATIONS, RULES AND CODES ..............................................................14 SCOPE OF THE GUIDEBOOK ...................................................................................................14 USING THIS GUIDEBOOK .......................................................................................................15 CONTENTS OF THE GUIDEBOOK ..............................................................................................15

CHAPTER 2: PROCESS FOR GETTING CONNECTED CONNECTED.....................................................17 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7

SUMMARY OF PROCESS .......................................................................................................17 PROJECT PLANNING ............................................................................................................20 EXCHANGE OF PLANNING INFORMATION & PRELIMINARY STUDY.................................................21 PROJECT DESIGN ................................................................................................................22 PROJECT CONSTRUCTION .....................................................................................................23 PROJECT TESTING AND COMMISSIONING ................................................................................23 DG OPERATION ..................................................................................................................23

CHAPTER 3: TECHNICAL ISSUES AND REQUIREMENTS FOR CONNECTION ........................24 3.1 RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE DISTRIBUTORS TO CUSTOMERS AND THE DGS .....................................24 3.2 QUALITY OF SUPPLY REQUIREMENTS .....................................................................................24 3.3 TECHNICAL ISSUES..............................................................................................................28 3.4 VOLTAGE CONTROLS AND REGULATIONS .................................................................................28 3.5 FAULT LEVELS ....................................................................................................................32 3.6 NETWORK/FEEDER CAPACITY AND SECURITY ASSESSMENTS ......................................................34 3.7 SUPPLY QUALITY – RELIABILITY AND POWER QUALITY .............................................................38 3.8 PROTECTION AND CONTROLS ................................................................................................39 3.8.1 General General.......................................................................................................................39 3.8.2 Short term Occasional Parallel Operation ................................................................40 3.8.3 Loss of Mains Mains.............................................................................................................40 3.8.4 Auto-reclosing Auto-reclosing............................................................................................................42 3.8.5 Islanded Operation Operation.....................................................................................................42 3.9 LOSSES .............................................................................................................................44 3.10 EARTHING AND USE OF INTERFACE TRANSFORMERS ...................................................................46 3.11 STABILITY .........................................................................................................................47 3.12 OVER VOLTAGES AND RESONANT OVER-VOLTAGE ......................................................................47 3.13 DATA REQUIREMENTS..........................................................................................................48 3.14 SAFETY .............................................................................................................................48

-2– 1_DG_Technical_GUIDEBOOK_Edition_1_MARCH_2005

Tenaga Nasional Berhad

TNB Research

CHAPTER 4: PLANNING, CONNECTION AND OPERATION OF THE DGS DGS..............................50 4.1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................50 4.2 PRELIMINARY PLANNING STUDY ...........................................................................................50 4.2.1 Objective ....................................................................................................................50 4.2.2 Connection Facilities Under the Distributor’s Responsibility...................................51 4.2.3 Basic Connection Issues Issues............................................................................................54 4.2.4 Preliminary System Study Procedure Procedure........................................................................55 4.2.5 Basic Protection, Control, Metering and Monitoring Requirements ........................56 4.2.6 Preliminary System Study Report .............................................................................56 4.3 POWER SYSTEM STUDY .......................................................................................................57 4.3.1 Objectives: .................................................................................................................57 4.3.2 Data Requirements ....................................................................................................57 4.3.3 Power System Study Methods and Analyses.............................................................58 4.3.4 Additional Analysis in Power System Study..............................................................59 4.3.5 Power System Study Report and Liaison ..................................................................62 4.4 CONNECTION OF THE DG PLANT TO THE DISTRIBUTION NETWORK ...............................................62 4.4.1 Connection Point and Connection Process................................................................62 4.4.2 Protection Coordination Study...................................................................................62 4.4.3 Protective Equipment Tests and Settings Settings..................................................................64 4.4.4 Inspection and Pre-Commissioning Tests Tests.................................................................65 4.4.5 Commissioning Procedure Procedure.........................................................................................66 4.4.6 Plant Commissioning and Tests Tests................................................................................67 4.4.7 Establishment of ‘Connection Operation Manual’ Manual’.....................................................68 4.5 OPERATION OF THE DG PLANT WITH THE DISTRIBUTION NETWORK .............................................70 4.5.1 Control Operation.......................................................................................................70 4.5.2 DG Operating Modes..................................................................................................70 4.5.3 Distribution Operation Planning ................................................................................72 4.5.4 Exchange of Operational Information........................................................................72 4.5.5 Operating and Safety Requirements .........................................................................74 CHAPTER 5: INTERFACE DESIGN REQUIREMENTS AND NETWORK REINFORCEMENTS REINFORCEMENTS..........75 5.1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................75 5.2 BASIC CONNECTION INTERFACE REQUIREMENTS .......................................................................76 5.2.1 Isolation .....................................................................................................................76 5.2.2 Connection through Star-Delta Transformer .............................................................77 5.3 UTILITY ACCESS .................................................................................................................78 5.4 SYNCHRONISATION .............................................................................................................79 5.5 PROTECTION AND CONTROL ..................................................................................................80 5.5.1 Protection Protection...................................................................................................................80 5.5.2 Controls Controls......................................................................................................................82 5.6 INTERLOCKING....................................................................................................................84 5.8 SCADA AND AUTOMATION ...................................................................................................86 5.9 COMMUNICATIONS ..............................................................................................................87 CHAPTER 6: GLOSSARY ....................................................................................89 6.1 6.2

GENERAL TERMS ................................................................................................................89 OTHER TERMS .................................................................................................................101

-3– 1_DG_Technical_GUIDEBOOK_Edition_1_MARCH_2005

Tenaga Nasional Berhad 7.

TNB Research

APPENDIX A: SUMMARY OF TNB POWER SYSTEMS SYSTEMS........................................... 108 7.1 INDUSTRY STRUCTURE ......................................................................................................108 7.1.1 A Brief History of Electricity Industry in Malaysia...................................................108 7.1.2 Electricity Industry Reform ......................................................................................108 7.1.3 Renewable Energy (RE) and The Small Renewable Energy Programme (SREP) ..108 7.1.4 Current structure of electricity industry...................................................................108 7.1.5 Regulation and Licensing ........................................................................................110 7.2 POWER GENERATION .........................................................................................................111 7.2.1 Generation Entities ..................................................................................................111 7.2.2 Generation Mix.........................................................................................................111 7.2.3 Self Generation and Co-generation .........................................................................112 7.3 TRANSMISSION AND POWER SYSTEM OPERATION ..................................................................112 7.3.1 Transmission System...............................................................................................112 7.3.2 Power System Operation .........................................................................................114 7.3.2.1 Load forecasting ...............................................................................................114 7.3.2.2 Planning & Investment......................................................................................114 7.3.2.3 Operational planning .........................................................................................115 7.3.2.4 Control operation (NLDC) .................................................................................115 7.3.3 Control of System Frequency...................................................................................115 7.3.4 Control of System Voltage .......................................................................................115 7.4 DISTRIBUTION ..................................................................................................................116 7.4.1 Distribution Organisations.......................................................................................116 7.4.2 Voltages ...................................................................................................................116 7.4.3 Protection in Distribution Networks.........................................................................116 7.4.3.1 Fault and fault current .......................................................................................116 7.4.3.2 Protection system .............................................................................................117 7.4.3.3 Fault level and equipment rating .......................................................................117 7.4.4 Distribution Network Planning.................................................................................118 7.4.5 Control and Operation of Distribution Network .......................................................118

8.

APPENDIX B: TYPES OF DGS ...................................................................... 120 8.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................120 8.1.1 Energy Source ..........................................................................................................120 8.2 HYDROPOWER ..................................................................................................................120 8.3 FUEL CELLS .....................................................................................................................122 8.4 LANDFILL GAS ..................................................................................................................123 8.5 WIND POWER ..................................................................................................................123 8.6 MICROTURBINES...............................................................................................................125 8.7 GEOTHERMAL ...................................................................................................................125 8.8 PHOTOVOLTAIC .................................................................................................................126 8.9 COGENERATION ................................................................................................................126 8.9.1 Definitions of Cogeneration.....................................................................................126 8.9.2 Cogeneration plants in Malaysia.............................................................................128 8.9.3 Description of Cogeneration Technologies .............................................................130 8.9.3.1 Back-pressure steam turbine ................................................................................130 8.9.3.2 Pass-out condensing steam turbine......................................................................131 8.9.3.3 Gas Turbine...........................................................................................................131

-4– 1_DG_Technical_GUIDEBOOK_Edition_1_MARCH_2005

Tenaga Nasional Berhad 9.

TNB Research

APPENDIX C: DATA AVAILABLE AND TO BE SUBMITTED ...................................... 133 9.1 9.2 9.3

10.

DATA AVAILABLE FROM TNB AT THE INITIAL STAGE ................................................................133 DATA TO BE SUBMITTED BY DG DEVELOPER FOR ‘PRELIMINARY SYSTEM STUDY’ – ES.08.01 ......134 DATA TO BE SUBMITTED FOR ‘POWER SYSTEM STUDY’ – ES.08.03..........................................135 APPENDIX D: TNB DISTRIBUTION PLANNING CRITERIA CRITERIA.................................... 139

10.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................139 10.2 DISTRIBUTION NETWORK DESIGN PHILOSOPHY .....................................................................139 10.3 NETWORK CAPACITY AND REINFORCEMENT NEEDS .................................................................139 10.4 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM PLANNING/DESIGN CRITERIA ..............................................................140 10.4.1 Steady State Criteria............................................................................................140 10.4.2 Steady State Voltage limits .................................................................................140 10.4.3 Thermal Ratings Limits .......................................................................................141 10.4.4 Fault Level Ratings Limits (Short-circuit Rating) ...............................................141 10.4.5 Frequency Limits .................................................................................................141 10.4.6 Security of Supply Criteria under Contingency Situation....................................141 10.4.6.1 Network Reliability ............................................................................................141 10.4.6.2 Urban/Sub-Urban Medium Voltage Distribution Feeders ..................................141 10.4.6.3 Rural Medium Voltage Distribution Feeders (