9789088905469 - Petit en Morandi Bonacossi 2017 - Nineveh. Hoofdstad Van Een Wereldrijk - E-book

Duies ^ktjt k` He`jkdk Lmre`hj Fm`eimssj (rkh.)

Yjhkstm`k ^rkss  E `k `kw w o k` k`kk re rett j m ` m a ^u ^uf fdjsbj`o

 Zmu  Z mu er erk k rk rkeh ehj` j`o o e au audd dd vk vkrs rsjm jm` ` ma tb tbjs js fm fmmc mc,, am amrr ar arkk kk!! Xbjs fmmc js pert ma tbk Yjhkstm`k k-djfrery wbkrk lmst ma mur pufdjietjm`s erk auddy eiikssjfdk amr arkk. Amr eiikss tm lmrk arkk fmmcs vjsjt7 www.sjhkstm`k.iml/djfrery www.sjhkstm`k.iml/djfrery

Hmw`dmeh Audd ^HA Qjsjt tbk Yjhkstm`k k-djfrery tm frmwsk mur k-fmmcs. Amr e lj`jled akk ymu ie` puribesk e auddy au`itjm`ed ^HA e`h fy hmj`o sm, ymu bkdp tm ckkp mur djfrery ru``j`o.

www.sjhkstm`k.iml/djfrery

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Duies ^kj k` He`jkdk Lmre`hj Fm`eimssj (rkh.)

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Hkzk pufdjietjk js vkrsibk`k` tkr okdkok`bkjh ve` hk tk`tmm`stkddj`o ‒@j`kvkb - bmmahsteh ve` kk` wkrkdhrjgc‚, ve` 6> mctmfkr 6>5? t/l 6; leert 6>52 tk zjk` j` bkt Vjgcsluskul ve` Muhbkhk` tk Dkjhk`. Hk ertjckdk` j` hjt fmkc zjg` kk` skdkitjk ujt hk wktk`sibeppkdjgck, K`okdstedjok pufdjietjk ‒@j`kvkb. Xbk orket ijty‚, hjk tkokdjgc ujtokokvk` js.

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Duies ^kj k` He`jkdk Lmre`hj Fm`eimssj, E``e hk _j

Hk kxpmsjjk ‒@j`kvkb - bmmhseh ve` kk` wkrkdhrjgc‚ k` hk fjgfkbmrk`hk pufdjiejks cm`hk` wmrhk` okrkedjskkrh he`czjg sku` ve` bk Fdmicfuskrm`hs, Lm`hrjee` Am`hs, Xurj`o Amu`hejm`, ^rj`s Fkr`berh Iuduurm`hs, ^rj`s Ideus Am`hs, Lj`jskrjk ve` MI_, Am`hs5252 k` hk Qkrk`joj`o Qkrk`joj`o Weck`vrjk`hk` We ck`vrjk`hk` ve` bk Vjgcsluskul ve` Muhbkhk`. @ejm`ed Okmorepbji js lkhjeper`kr ve` hk k`mm`skddj`o, k` bk Vjgcsluskul ve` Muhbkhk` wmrh oksku`h hmmr hk Fe`cOjrm Dmkrjg.

QMVLOKQJ@O & IMQKV HKYJO@ Lere Cdklk`, Dkjhk` Imvkr okfeskkrh mp ielpeo`k-m`wkrp ve` Yuhjm Fkrry Ydmc, Elskrhel [`hkr tbk petrm`eok ma

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Khuietjm`ed, Yijk`tjſti e`h

Iudtured Mroe`jzetjm`

MLYDEOAMXM ^mrrk ve` kk` Eccehjsibk cm`j`o (© Fjdheribjv Amm Lerfuro / Edfkr Bjrlkr/Jrloerh Kr`slkjkr-Bjrlkr) Okrkim`srukkrhk sehslurk` rm`h hk ruí`ks ve` @j`kvkb (© @ejm`ed Okmorepbji/Ve`hy Mdsm`)

© 6>5? Vjgcsluskul ve` Muhbkhk`, k` hk j`hjvjhukdk eukurs.

[JXOKOKQK@ HMMV Yjhksm`k ^rkss, Dkjhk` www.sjhksm`k.iml

AVM@XJY^JKIK Vkim`sruijk ve` bk @mmrhpedkjs ve` cm`j`o Essurfe`jped. © Dker`j`o Yjks J`i.

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JYF@ :?2-:>-22:>-;81-: Mmc fksibjcfeer eds k-fmmc (^HA)7 JYF@ :?2-:>-22:>-;8?-1

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J`trmhuitjk (Duies ^kj k` He`jkdk Lmre`hj Fm`eimssj)

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Bmmahstuc 5 @j`kvkb j` hk fjgfkdsk, gmmhsk k` ibrjskdjgck rehjjks (Gôrok` We`ok`fkro)

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Bmmahstuc ; Hk mpmorejk (Gesm` [r)

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Bmmahstuc 5> _ekr vmmr bk Essyrjsibk rjgc (He`jkdk Lmre`hj Fm`eimssj)

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Bmmahstuc 6 @j`kvkb j` hk cdessjkck djkreuur (Lk`im Qdeerhj`okrfrmkc) Bmmahstuc 9 @j`kvkb j` hk wkskrsk cu`s (Ge` hk Bm`h) Bmmahstuc 8 Qrmkok Qrmkok rkjzjokrs (^emdm Lebjek)

Bmmahstuc 1 Are`s m`hkrzmkc (Erje`k Xbmles) Bmmahstuc ? Mporevj`ok` hmmr bk Frjjsb Luskul (Gmb` Iurjs) Bmmahstuc 2 Eribkmdmojk, pmdjjkc k` spjm`eok (Arkhkrjic Lerjm Aedks) Bmmahstuc : Jreecs m`hkrzmkc (Gmb` LeiOj``js)

Bmmahstuc 55 @jkuw-Essyrjsibk @jkuw-Essyrjsibk be`hkd be `hkd (Hjkhkrjc (H jkhkrjc G._ G._. Lkjgkr) Bmmahstuc 56 Fkrmklhk cm`j`ok` (Frehdky G. ^erckr) Bmmahstuc 59 ^reibjok pedkjzk` (Hevjh Ckrej) Bmmahstuc 58 Hk uj`k` ve` Yk``eibkrjf (Ykpbe`jk Heddky) Bmmahstuc 5; Yibrjgvk` k` sprkck` (Ge` Okrrj Hkricsk`) Bmmahstuc 51 Omhk`, hklm`k` k` rkdjojk (Ferfere @. ^mrkr) Bmmahstuc 5? Bk kj`hk ve` kk` wkrkdhseh (Leri Qe` Hk Ljkrmmp)

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56? 599

Bmmahstuc 52 @j`kvkb k` Lmsud (Bjcle Fesbkkr Ed-Esweh)

59: 586 582

Eutkurs 

Bmmahstuc 5: Vkik`k vkrwmksj`ok` (E. Fje`ibj k.e.)

Ee`fkvmdk` djtkretuur  Qkrcderk`hk wmmrhk`djgst k` rkojstkr 

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QMMV_MMVH _jl _kjgde`h ’ hjrkitkur Vjgcsluskul ve` Muhbkhk`, Dkjhk` 

J` bk vmmrgeer ve` 6>58 m`sm`h bk pde` ml kk` k`mm`skddj`o k leck` mvkr @j`kvkb, hk muhk seh ve` hk Essyrjã rs. Qmmr Qmmr vkkd luskulfkzmkckrs bkk hk `eel ve` hk seh kk` lyskrjkuzk, fjgfkdsk im``mejk. E`hkrk` ck``k` hk preibjok rkdjãs uj bk Frjjsb Luskul k` bk Dmuvrk m bmpk` mmj kk`s `eer Jrec k cu``k` rkjzk` ml hk ruí`ks r uí`ks ve` we kk`s hk ormmsk seh kr wkrkdh wes lk kjok` mok` k cu``k` fkcjgck`. @mmj kkrhkr js kr kk` zm ormk k`mm`skddj`o mvkr hkzk seh okmroe`jskkrh. @e k`jo m`hkrzmkc werk` wk krve` mvkrujoh he hk oksibjkhk`js ve` hk seh, hk dkok`herjsibk vkrbedk` k` hk 5:hk-kkuwsk zmkcmib ve` wkskrsk eribkmdmok` rujl vmdhmk`hk lekrjeed dkvkrhk` vmmr kk` fjgzm`hkrk k`mm`skddj`o. _k sm`hk` vmmr hk eec ml ljhhkds frujcdkk`okvkrs kk` rkprksk`ejkvk skdkijk fjgkk` k frk`ok` ve` vm`hsk` hjk mvkr hk bkdk wkrkdh vkrsprkjh werk` okreec. Kk` ormk k` cmsferk m`hkr`klj`o, hjk eddkk` cm` wmrhk` okrkedjskkrh lk kxkr`k j`e`ijkrj`o ve` m`hsk` k` spm`smrk`. Hk okfkurk`jssk` ve` kfruerj 6>5; vkrskrck` m`zk vesfkrehk`bkjh ml hkzk k`mm`skddj`o k leck`. Gjbehjsk` ve` Jsdeljjsibk Yee (JY) fkzkk` j` hjk lee`h hk seh Lmsud k` heerfjg mmc hk ruí`ks ve` @j`kvkb. Wjg pufdjikkrhk` vjhkm‚s weerj` k zjk` js bmk lk`sk` okwepk`h lk hrjdfmrk` k` belkrs bk kkuwk`muhk kromkh ve` @j`kvkb vkr`jkdk`. J` hk heermpvmdok`hk gerk` wkrhk` mmc fkkdhk` vrjgokokvk` ve` vkrwmksj`ok` j` e`hkrk e`jkck skhk` j` bk Ljhhk`-Mmsk`, zmeds ^edlyre k` @jlruh. Qmmrmpokskdh he hk m`hkrhruccj`o k` fkhrkjoj`o ve` hk dmcedk j`wm`krs kk`jkhkr vkrvud lk wmkhk k` vkrhrjk, js hk vkr`jkdj`o ve` kromkh ’ k` heerlkk hk sibk`hj`o ve` kk` iudurkdk jhk`jkj ’ kk` cdep j` bk okzjib ve` hk lk`sbkjh. Qkrsibjddk`hk @khkrde`hsk m`hsk` rkeokkrhk` zkkr pmsjjk mp m`zk vreeo ml j`e`ijãdk sku`. Bk Fdmicfuskrm`hs, hk Xurj`o Amu`hejm`, bk ^rj`s Fkr`berh Iuduurm`hs, bk Lm`hrjee` Am`hs, hk Fe`cOjrm Dmkrjg, hk Yjibj`o Weck`vrjk`hk` VLM k` bk ^rj`ik Ideus Au`h skdhk` ok`krkuzk fkhreok` fksibjcfeer. Bk lj`jskrjk ve` M`hkrwjgs, Iuduur k` _kk`sibep cwel m`s koklmk j` hk vkrzkckrj`oscmsk`. Hk @ejm`edk [@KYIM Imlljssjk he`ck` wjg vmmr bu` lkhkwkrcj`o k` ehvjks. Eddk perjgk` behhk` bkzkdhk hmkd vmmr mok`7 hk fkzmkckrs ve` bk Vjgcsluskul ve` Muhbkhk` ck``js dek` leck`

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lk hk iuduur ve` hk Essyrjãrs k` bu` bmmhseh @j`kvkb. Lk bu` leibjok cm`j`ok` k` j`hrucwkcck`hk pedkjzk`, hk lj`ujkus ujokbeck rkdjãs, k` hk spjgckrsibrjefdkk` hjk `jk eddkk` kk` fkkdh sibksk` ve` bk heokdjgcs dkvk` ve` hk Essyrjãrs, leer mmc bu` hk`cwkrkdh prjgsokvk`. Oreeo he`ck` wk `jk eddkk` hk m`hsk` k` spm`smrk`, leer mmc eddk e`hkrk j`skddj`ok` k` pkrsm`k` hjk hk k`mm`skddj`o lmokdjgc bkffk` okleec. Hk frujcdkk`okvkrs7 Lkrmpmdje` Luskul m Er, @kw Zmrc3 Frjjsb Luskul, Dm`hk`3 Lusêk hu Dmuvrk, ^erjgs3 Qmrhkresjejsibks Luskul, Fkrdjg`3 Qejiee`sk Luske, Qejiee`seh3 Èoypjsibks Luskul u`h ^epyrusselldu`o, Fkrdjg`3 Cm`j`cdjgck Luske vmmr Cu`s k` Oksibjkhk`js, Frusskd3 Ajzwjddjel Luskul, Ielfrjhok3 Luskm Eribkmdmojim @ezjm`edk, Admrk`ik3 Esblmdke` Luskul, Mxmrh3 Luskm Ferreiim, Vmlk3 Luskm Eribkmdmojim, Xurjg`3 Luskm Eribkmdmojim, Qk`kjã3 Vmyed Esjeji Ymijky, Dm`hk`3 Jsrekd Luskul, Gkruzedkl3 Edderh ^jkrsm` Luskul, Elskrhel3 Vjgcsluskul, Elskrhel3 [`jvkrsjkjsfjfdjmbkkc Qrjgk [`jvkrsjkj, Elskrhel3 Luskul Fmkrbeevk, Dkjhk`3 @khkrde`hs J`sjuu vmmr bk @efjgk Mmsk`, Dkjhk`3 [`jvkrsjejrk Fjfdjmbkck`, Dkjhk`3 @ejm`eed Ljdjejr Luskul, Ymks3 _krkdhluskul, Vmkrhel. K` hk selk`wkrcj`osper `krs7 Xkib`jsibk [`jvkrsjkj Hkd3 Xmcym [`jvkrsjy m Ers3 [`jvkrsjkj Dkjhk`3 [`jvkrsjî hj [hj`k3 [`jvkrsjî hj Xmrj`m k` Ik`rm Vjikribk Eribkmdmojibk k Yievj hj Xmrj`m (IVEYX)3 [`jvkrsjy m @mrbelpm`3 @khkrde`hsk elfessehk j` Jrec3 @khkrde`hsk [`ksim Imlljssjk3 ^rj`s Ideus Am`hs3 Jreecsk elfessehk j` @khkrde`h3 Lj`jsry m Iudurk, Xmurjsl e`h E`jqujjks m Jreq3 Xbk Kim`mljs3 Yckibef3 UhkpU3 Jedje` Vksmrejm` Ik`kr j` Vmlk3 Miê-Xkib`mdmojks Miê-Xkib`mdmojks F.Q F.Q.3 EVXK3 @ejm`ed Okmorepbji. Fmvk`ed oee he`c uj `eer bk prmgkikel ve` bk Vjgc sluskul ve` Muhbkhk`, he m`hkr dkjhj`o ve` im`skrvemr hr. Duies ^kj k` prmgkidkjhkr E``e hk _j lk vkkd pdkzjkr k` mkwjghj`o ee` bk prmgki bkk okwkrc. ^rm. hr. He`jkdk Lmre`hj Fm`eimssj ([`jvkrsjkj ve` [hj`k, Jedjã) spkkdhk heerfjg kk` ormk rmd. @jk eddkk` js bjg lkhk-eukur ve` hkzk pufdjiejk, leer bjg wes mmc `euw fkrmcck` fjg hk mse`hcmlj`o ve` hk k`mm`skddj`o. Vks ljg u vkkd ok`mkok` k wk`sk` lk hk k`mm`skddj`o k` hj fmkc.

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J@XVMH[IXJK Duies ^ktjt k` He`jkdk Lmre`hj Fm`eimssj  Hk m`wjcckdj`o ve` bk @jkuwEssyrjsibk rjgc k` hk dmiejk ve` @j`kvkb. Xmpmoreſtsibk ceer © Yêlbur/ _jcjlkhje Imllm`s.

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Hk rksk` ve` @j`kvkb djook` ee` hk mmsmkvkr ve` hk rjvjkr hk Xjorjs, mlrj`oh k` hkkds mpoksdmc hmmr hk lmhkr`k Jreecsk Jreec sk seh Lmsud. Bmkwkd bk eribkmdmojsibk krrkj` lkkr he` ?>> bkierk fksdee, zjg` kr leer wkj`jo zjibferk ruí`ks hjk bkrj``krk` ee` hk vrmkokrk sibmm`bkjh k` leib ve` hkzk seh. @j`kvkb wes hk bmmhseh ve` bk @jkuw-Essyrjsibk rjgc he zjib j` bk 5sk ljddk``jul ljddk``j ul v.Ibr. v.Ibr. ujsrkck ve` hk Ljhhkdde`hsk Wkk m vkr j` bk Jree`sk fj``k`de`h, k` ve` Xurcjgk m j` Koypk. Bk wes cm`j`o Yk``eibkrjf hjk hk fksibkjhk`

prmvj`ijkseh rm`h ?>> v.Ibr. m`wjcckdhk m odmrjkuzk lkrmpmmd. Bjg dkohk kk` okeve`ikkrhk j`resruiuur ee` k` djk ormk  fmuwwkrck`  fmuwwkr ck` mprkcck`, mprk cck`, lk eds bmmokbmmo kpu` zjg` jlpmse`k pedkjs lk lkkr he` eibjo vkrrkcck`. Kk` cdkj`k kkuw dekr wkrh hk seh imlpdkk vkrwmks hmmr kk` eddje`jk ve` Fefydm`jãrs, Lkhk` k` ^krzk`. _e _e rksk wes vkrved k` vkrokkdbkjh. Leer hk `eel ‒@j`kvkb‚ fdkk rm`hzj`ok`, hmmr fjgfkdpesseoks zmeds bk vkrbeed ve` Gm`es k` hk wedvjs k` hmmr kcsk` ve` cdessjkck sibrjgvkrs. Bk beh lkhk heer-

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ml kk` ormk ee`rkccj`oscreib mp hk kkrsk rkjzjokrs k` wkk`sibeppkrs hjk j` bk Ljhhk`-Mmsk` Ljhhk`-Mmsk` mp zmkc oj`ok` `eer eribkmdmojsibk sibetk`. Hk vmmrwkrpk` hjk uj hk orm`h wkrhk` okbeedh ’ bkzjg uj wkk`sibeppkdjgck j`krkssk, bkzjg vmmr imllkrijãdk hmkdkj`hk` ’ wkrhk` `eer luske mvkr hk bkdk wkrkdh vkrvmkrh, weer zk m mp hk heo ve` ve`heeo fkzmkckrs j`spjrkrk`. Leer wjk de`os hk luurpe`kdk` k` e`hkrk muhbkhk` dmmp, rkedjskkr zjib ljssibjk` `jk he @j`kvkb mp reojsibk wjgzk rkik`kdjgc mp`jkuw oksibjkhk`js bkk oksibrkvk`. Hj fmkc, weeree` wkk`sibeppkrs ve` mvkr hk bkdk wkrkdh bkffk` fjgokhreok`, vkrkd mvkr hk de`ok oksibjkhk`js ve` @j`kvkb k` hk rjgchml ve` beer lekrjãdk iuduur3 bk dee zjk` bmk hk seh cu`sk`eers k` eribkmdmok` j`spjrkkrhk k` bk fkbe`hkd bujhjok kromkhcwksjks.

QE@ HMV^ XMX _KVKDHYXEH @j`kvkb js bkrck`feer ee` wkk `khkrzkj`osbkuvkds m kdds  ’   ’ Cuyu`gjc k` hk cdkj`krk bkuvkd @kfj Zu`us ’ hjk fkjhk efrup uj hk vdeck vkrrjgzk`. Bk mporevj`oswkrc im`ik`rkkrhk zjib vmmr`elkdjgc mp hkzk wkk bkuvkds, weer zjib hk lkksk rksk` ve` klpkds k` pedkjzk` fkvm`hk`. Hk seh  fksrkkc  fksrkk c kibkr ki bkr kk` k k` vkkd vk kd ormkr o rmkr okfjkh, okfjk h, ee`e e`ok`mlk` he hk sehsluur uj hk ?hk kkuw v.Ibr. hk fujk`ork`s vmrlhk. Hk cdkj`k rjvjkr Cbmsr, hjk wekr ee`vmkr ve`uj bk  fkroeibjok  fkroeib jok `mmrhk`, `mmrhk `, hmmrs`jgh hmmrs` jgh hk vj`hvj`h pdees ve` mms `eer wks k` lm`h uj j` hk Xjorjs, hjk de`os hk wksork`s ve` @j`kvkb dmmp. Bk zujhkdjgck hkkd, lk @kfj Zu`us, js j`ljhhkds hkkds fkfmuwh lk lmhkr`k bujzk`, krwjgd bk cdkj`krk `mmrhkdjgck hkkd m vmmr cmr rkdejk m`oklmkjh js okdek`. @j`kvkb m`wjcckdhk zjib j` bk 5sk ljddk``jul v.Ibr. m kk` ve` hk ormmsk k`  fkde`orjgcsk  fkde`or jgcsk skhk` kr wkrkdh. Heer hrmk-

ok` hrjk eimrk` ee` fjg. Xk` kkrsk wkrh @j`kvkb mlrj`oh hmmr ujzm`hkrdjgc vruib ferk vdeck` lk vmdhmk`hk `kkrsdeo vmmr de`hfmuw. Ml hk hrmok gerk`, hjk zjib `u k` he` vmmrhkhk`, k mvkrdkvk`, djkk` hk Essyrjsibk cm`j`ok` jrrjoejkce`edk` ee`dkook`. Wm cm` hk seh kk` ormk pmpudejk vmkhk`. Xk` wkkhk oe hk djooj`o ee` wkk rjvjkrk` hk seh kk` srekojsib vmmrhkkd7 @j`kvkb wes kk` ussk`bedk mp kk` ve` hk fkde`orjgcsk be`hkdsrmuks ussk` hk Ljhhkdde`hsk Wkk k` hk J`hjsibk Mikee`. K` k` hkrhk beh hk pdkc kk` fkde`orjgck ormk rkdjojkuzk fkkck`js vmmr hk Essyrjãrs. Ed rujl wkkhujzk`h geer kkrhkr sm`h kr j` @j`kvkb kk` rkojm`eed bkjdjohml okwjgh ee` hk omhj` Jsger. J` vrmkok spjgckrsibrjkcsk` wmrh bk fkde`o ve` @j`kvkb vmmr hk rkojm fk`ehruc k` fjg hk mporevj`ok` js  fkwjgs  fkwj gs okvm`hk` okvm` hk` ’ zjg bk sibeers sibee rs k` reolk`erjsib ’ he bk krrkj` ed j` hk prkbjsmrjk wkrh fkwmm`h. J` bk 6hk ljddk``jul k` bk fkoj` ve` bk 5sk ljddk``jul v.Ibr. crkok` hk Essyrjãrs skkhs lkkr kim`mljsibk k` pmdjjkck leib k` ormkjhk @j`kvkb `k eds e`hkrk Essyrjsibk skhk` uj m kk` sylfmmd ve` sibmm`bkjh k` leib. Hk jlpmse`k klpkds k` cmdmssedk pedkjzk` werk` ve` vkr zjibfeer k` hk bkdk seh, lk j`fkorjp ve` hk vkdk wmm`bujzk`, mpk` rujlks k` ecckrs, wkrh mlsdmk` hmmr kk` rkuseibjok luur ve` skk` k` cdkjjibkds.

Hk eribkmdmojsibk vj`hpdees @j`kvkb j` lkj 6>>2. Lk he`c ee` Hje`k Yjkfre`h.

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Orm`hpde` ve` @j`kvkb k` hk lmhkr`k seh Lmsud.

Qe`e m`okvkkr eibjk` sehspmmrk` dkjhhk` hrucck wkok` `eer e`hkrk iudurkdk k` kim`mljsibk ik`re j` bk Essyrjsibk rjgc.

^EVEHJGY QMMV EVIBKMDMOK@ Qdec `ehe hk ormk Essyrjsibk cm`j`o Yerom` JJ j` ?>; v.Ibr. mp bk sdeovkdh wes oks`kuvkdh, cmms zjg` zmm` Yk``eibkrjf @j`kvkb eds hk `jkuwk bmmhseh ve` bk rjgc. Hk gm`ok cm`j`o ckkrhk zjg` vehkrs bmmhseh Cbmrsefeh hk ruo mk uj e`os he

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hjk seh m`okduc zmu frk`ok`7 bk djibeel ve` zjg` vehkr wkrh `elkdjgc `mmj okvm`hk` k` fkorevk` ’ kk` dm he hk Essyrjãrs zkds bu` krosk vjge`hk` `jk mkwk`sk`. Yk``eibkrjf djk j` @j`kvkb m`ljhhkddjgc mpk`ferk k` prjvêokfmuwk` vkrrjgzk`, vkrsjkrh lk cjdmlkkrs ee` we`hpe`kdk`. Hkzk cedcsk`k` rkdjãs vmrlk` kk` sibe ee` j`mrlejk vmmr bjsmrjij k` eribkmdmok`7 zk  fkvetk` zmrovudhjo zmrovudhj o ujokbeck vmmrskddj`ok` weerj` fmuwkib`jkck`, de`hsibeppk`,

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Vkim`sruijk ve` hk Essyrjsibk seh @j`kvkb (Dker`j`o Yjks, J`i.).

cdkhj`o, mmrdmosbe`hkdj`ok`, vkdhmibk`, ikrklm`jks, vkrvmkrsljhhkdk` k` ekrkdk` uj bk heokdjgcs dkvk` k zjk` zjg`. Leer kr js lkkr he @j`kvkb m kk` perehjgs vmmr eribkmdmok` k` bjsmrjij leec. J` hk pedkjscelkrs wkrhk` jk`hujzk`hk` cdkjefdkk` lk kcsk` mvkr ujkk`dmpk`hk m`hkrwkrpk` m`hkc. Hk lkksk heerve` behhk` hkkd ujokleec ve` hk fkeelhk fjfdjmbkkc ve` cm`j`o Essurfe`jped, kk` cdkj`zmm` ve` Yk``eibkrjf. Essurfe`jped wes kk` ve` hk wkj`jok okdkkrhk, okd kkrhk, bmmom`wjcckdhk Essyrjsibk vmrsk` k` bjg vkrzelkdhk mp m`okck`hk sibeed oksibrkvk`  frm``k`,  frm`` k`, ecmlsjo ecml sjo uj kdc bmkcgk bmkc gk ve` zjg` rjgc k` mp kdc ck``jsokfjkh. Bkdees wes ck``js eddkk` `jk vmdhmk`hk ml bk Essyrjsibk rjgc vmmr hk m`hkroe`o k fkbmkhk`. Hk m`hkrwmrpk` vmdck` cwelk` okzelk`djgc j` mpse`h kok` hk fruk m`hkrhruccj`o ve` bk Essyrjsibk dkokr, k` j` 156 v.Ibr. leeck` zjg @j`kvkb lk hk orm`h okdjgc. Heerlkk cwel kr kk` kj`hk

ee` fjg`e 5;>> geer Essyrjsibk mvkrbkkrsj`o. Kr werk` k`ckdk mvkrdkvk`hk` hjk zjib bk odmrjkuzk vkrdkhk` ve` hk seh cm`hk` bkuok`, leer `e vkrdmmp ve` jgh vkrveeohk mmc hjk bkrj``krj`o. Hk muhk seh @j`kvkb zm`c wko j` hk vkrokkdbkjh.

FKVMKLH LEEV _KOOKQEEOH Hk cdessjkck sibrjgvkrs werk` bk krmvkr kk`s he @j`kvkb kk` j`hrucwkcck`hk seh wes okwkks, ljssibjk` wkd hk ormmsk mmj. Leer j` bu` fksibrjgvj`ok` mvkrhrkvk` Hjmhmrms ve` Yjijdjã k` Rk`mpbm` hk mlve`o ve` hk seh, hjk j` bu` jgh ed fkhmdvk` deo m`hkr bk ze`h. Mmc bk vkrbeed mvkr hk vkrwmksj`o ve` @j`kvkb vm`h beer wko j` eddmzk kcsfrm``k`. Bjkrj` spkkd hk jijkvk cm`j`o Yerhe`epedus kk` fkde`orjgck rmd. Bjg zmu hk cm`j`o ve` @j`kvkb zjg` okwkks mp bk lmlk` he hk seh vkr`jkjoh wkrh hmmr kk` dkokr ve` m`hkr e`hkrk` Lkhk` k` Fefydm`jãrs. Yerhe`epedus wkrh mlsibrkvk` eds kk` mmskrsk cm`j`o

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KK@ OVMMXY EQM@X[[V

Frjs cre`k`fkrjib uj 62 kfruerj 52;6 mvkr hk ee`cmls ve` kk` Essyrjsib fkkdh j` bk Frjjsb Luskul j` Dm`hk`.

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hjk lkkr jgh fkskkhhk ee` eerhsk ok`kuok` he` ee` skrjkuzk zeck`, zmeds rkokrk`, k` hjk heerml ce`sdmms wes j` hkzk srjgh. Bk fkkdh ve` @j`kvkb eds j`hrucwkcck`hk mmskrsk seh hjk beer hkj`jjkvk vkr`jkjoj`o k he`ck` beh ee` sdkib fksuur k` hk ok`mzuib ve` beer leibs fkdusk  fkdus k cm`j`o k` j`wm`krs zmu `mo de`o  fdjgvk`  fdjg vk` fksee`. fks ee`. Mmc j` hk h k fjgfkdsk fjgf kdsk k` vrmkovrmko ibrjskdjgck rehjjks spkdk` wmksk @jkuwEssyrjsibk cm`j`ok` uj @j`kvkb kk` rmd, bmkwkd zk vmdok`s hjk vkrbedk` `jk edleibjo werk`. J` `evmdoj`o ve` hk cdessjkck vkrsdeok` wkrh @j`kvkb j` hk Fjgfkd eoksibjdhkrh eds sylfmmd ve` errmoe`jk, vkreomhj`o k` wrkkhbkjh, leer Omh sibm`c hk @j`kvjkk` ok`ehk mk` zk kok` hk vkrweibj`o j` fkrmuw mm`hk`. Ljhhkdkkuwsk sibrjgvkrs k` vrmkok wkskrsk cu`sk`eers `elk` hkzk fjgfkdsk k` cdessjkck jhkkã` mvkr. Qmmr bk` wes @j`kvkb kk` ormk seh hjk beer imlpdkk vkrwmksj`o k wjgk` beh ee` hk kkrdmmsbkjh ve` beer j`wm`krs. Leer bmk hk seh kr heehwkrckdjgc uj beh okzjk`, wjs kjok`djgc `jkle`h7 hk wkj`jok okokvk`s hjk vmmrbe`hk` werk`, werk` okfeskkrh mp okruibk`. Hk Kurmpke`k` skdhk` zjib @j`kvkb vmmr eds kk` wkskrsk seh, `euwkdjgcs k m`hkrsibkjhk` ve` kk` okljhhkdhk Kurmpksk seh.

@ehe vkrsibjddk`hk rkjzjokrs, ve` wjk Iersk` @jkbfur rm`h 5?1; hk fkrmklhsk js, hk ruí`ks ve` @j`kvkb mp hk mmskdjgck mkvkr ve` hk Xjorjs behhk` okíhk`jſtikkrh, zmu bk `mo lkkr he` vjgjo geer hurk` vmmrhe bk kkrsk wkk`sibeppkdjgck m`hkrzmkc ve` ser oj`o. Hk Frjsk im`sud Ideuhjus Gelks Vjib fksuhkkrhk hk ruí`ks j` 526> k` kck`hk hk kkrsk fkrmuwferk pdetkorm`h. Bjg fkrkjhhk hk wko vmmr Deyerh, Vessel k` eddk e`hkrk m`hkrzmkckrs, hjk, ljssibjk` lk ujzm`hkrj`o ve` Fmte, kvk` hjkp m`hkr hk j`hruc werk` ve` hk sibmm`bkjh ve` hkzk mmj zm fdmkjk`hk seh. Wk ormkvk` `jk eddkk` kk` seh mp, leer mmc kk` sylfmmd ve` rjgchml k` leib. @j`kvkb wes vmmr wkskrsk eribkmdmok` kk` jhkedk vj`hpdees mlhe bk vmmrcwel j` hk fkck`hk cdessjkck k` ibrjskdjgck frm``k`. Hk mporevj`ok` j` @j`kvkb oj`ok` hmmr m j` hk 6>sk kkuw, mmc mk` hk ormkjk`hk seh Lmsud hk kkuwk`muhk ruí`ks ed beh mlsdmk` k` hkkds beh mpoksdmc. Hmmr ujlu`k`h rkseurejkwkrc ee` hk sehsluur k` kk` hkkd ve` hk pmmrk` wjsk` Jreecsk eribkmdmok` kk` ormm hkkd ve` hk vj`hpdees k fkbmkhk` vmmr hk mprucck`hk fkfmuwj`o. Hk j`wm`krs ve` Lmsud wkrhk` fkrmcck` fjg bk m`hkrbmuh k` hk fksibkrlj`o ve` hk ruí`ks k` ljhhkds hjvkrsk prmgkik` js bk krrkj` mlokvmrlh m kk` sylfmmd ve` kk` odmrjkus vkrdkhk`.

KVAOMKH J@ IVJYJYXJGH J` 6>58 k` hk heermpvmdok`hk gerk` hrm`o m m`s hmmr he hk oksibjkhk`js ve` kk` bjsmrjsibk vj`hpdees `mmj kj`hjo. Hk lmkhwjddjok vkr`jkjoj`o ve` hk rkskrk`hk ruí`ks ve` @j`kvkb, hjk sylfmmd sm`hk` vmmr fksibevj`o k` iudurkdk vmmrujoe`o, wes kk` `jkuwk relp j` hk `kok`hujzk`h-

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gerjok oksibjkhk`js ve` hk seh. Hkzk he eh, k` hk heermpvmdok`hk vkr`jkdj`ok` j` m`hkr e`hkrk Bere, @jlruh k` ^edlyre, dkjhhk` wkrkdhwjgh m kk` rmkp ml fksibkrlj`o ve` m`s vkrdkhk`. Bmk weerhkvmd bk mmc js he zmvkkd lk`sk` j` zmvkkd de`hk` fkde`o bkibk` ee` kromkh, gujs he leec hk lm`ulk`k` cwksfeer vmmr iudurkdk zujvkrj`ok`. Bmk j`k`sjkvkr wk bk wkrkdhkromkh prmfkrk` k fksibkrlk`, bmk ormkr hk ce`s he bk mp kk` okokvk` lmlk` bk ljcpu` wmrh ve` u`helk`edjsk` k` pdu`hkreers. Bk js kk` hjdklle weervmmr okk` mpdmssj`o djgc k fksee`7 lmkk` wk bk fkde`o ve` eribkmdmojsibk vj`hpdeesk` m`hkrsrkpk` m lmkk` wk hk bjsmrjsibk fkkck`js `kokrk` ml hkzk dmiejks k fkbmkhk` vmmr kk` m`okwjssk mkcmls= _jg ’ k` heerlkk hmkdk` wk mmc mp sehsm`wjcckdeers k` iudurkdk m`hkr`klkrs ’ lmkk` dkrk` dkvk` j` kk` okodmfedjskkrhk wkrkdh weer bjsmrjsibk mvkrfdjgskdk` `jk vmmr jkhkrkk` hkzkdhk fkkck`js bkffk`. Qmmr smlljok` zjg` bk sylfmdk` ve` sibmm`bkjh k` leib, ve` kk` f ksibeehk wkrkdh3 vmmr e`hkrk` zjg` bk ljhhkdk` ml hk ee`heib k vksjok` mp kk` bmokr hmkd m ml sjlpk dwko okdh k vkrhjk`k`. _k cu``k` bmmp puk` uj hk okheibk he hk suhjk ve` bk vkrdkhk` kk` le`jkr js ml m`zk mkcmls vkjdjo k skddk`. Lkkr he` wkkbm`hkrh geer de`o js @j`kvkb ujokfrkjh m`hkrzmib hmmr rkjzjokrs, eribkmdmok`, bjsmrjij, essyrjmdmok` k` vkdk e`hkrk wkk`sibeppkrs ve` mvkr hk bkdk wkrkdh. Hk mpzkkdjgck, skdskdlejok vkrwmksj`o ve` m`s oklkk`sibeppkdjgc kromkh js k`  fdjg  fdjg  kk` reokhjk reokhj k hjk hjk` k wmrhk` vkrmmrhkkdh, leer vkkd j`mrlejk mvkr bk esferk k` m`esferk kromkh ve` bk muhk @j`kvkb js okduccjo fkweerh okfdkvk`.

HE@C Hk rkheikurk` zjg` vkkd he `c vkrsibudhjoh ee` eddk eukurs ve` hj fmkc, hjk fkrkjh werk` bu` orm`hjok ck``js ve` @j`kvkb k` hk Essyrjsibk iuduur k hkdk`. _k bkf fk` lk vkkd vkk d pdkzjk pdk zjkrr bk bkdk bkd k prmiks prmi ks okvmdoh, he fkom` lk cmrk erjckdk` k` kj`hjohk lk hj fmkcwkrc. Qkrhkr wjddk` wk m`zk ormk he`c ujsprkck` ee` Cersk` _k`j`c k` zjg` imddkoe‚s fjg Yjhksm`k ^rkss vmmr bu` m`hkrsku`j`o k` vmmr bk m`wkrp k` hk prmhuijk ve` hkzk pufdjiejk. Hk erjckdk` j` hj fmkc zjg` vkreedh uj hk K`okdsk pufdjiejk @j`kvkb, bk Orke Ijy. Yylfmd ma Fkeuy e`h ^mwkr  (^kj   (^kj k` He`jkdk Lmre`hj Fm`eimssj 6>5?). Heerfjg js okprmfkkrh ml hk kcsk` zmvkkd lmokdjgc mp kdceer ee` k dek` sdujk` hmmr ljhhkd ve` j`dkjhk`hk k` cehkrkcsk`. _k zjg` J`okr Djlfuro k` Kds hk Vmm` Bkrmok vkkd he`c vkrsibudhjoh vmmr bu` vkredj`o k` vkdk zj`vmdk rkheijm`kdk mplkrcj`ok`.

@kfj Zu`us k` Lmsud j` lkj 6>>2. Lk he`c ee` Hje`k Yjkfre`h. Hk vkr`jkdj`o ve` hk Lesgcj-pmmr j` 6>51.

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Cm`j`os`eel

Vkokrj`ospkrjmhk

Bmmahsteh  

Eheh-`jrerj JJ X u c u d  j - @j ` u r  e J J Essur`esjrped JJ Yedle`esskr JJJ Ygelsgj-Eheh Q Eheh-`jrerj JJJ Yedle`esskr JQ Essur-he` JJJ Essur-`jrerj Q Xjode-^jdkskr JJJ Yedle`esskr Q Y erom` JJ Y k ` ` ei b k r j f Kser behh m` Essurfe`jped Essur-kjd-jde`j Y j ` - s g u lu - d j s g j r Yj`-sgerru-jsgcu` Essur-ufeddj JJ

Ie. :56-2:5 v.Ibr. 2:5-229 v.Ibr. 229-2;: v.Ibr. 2;:-268 v.Ibr. 268-255 v.Ibr. 255-?29 v.Ibr. ?29-??9 v.Ibr. ??9-?;; v.Ibr. ?;;-?8; v.Ibr. ?8;-?6? v.Ibr. ?6?-?66 v.Ibr. ?65-ie. ?>; v.Ibr. Ie. ?>;-125 v.Ibr. 125-11: v.Ibr. 112-ie. 195 v.Ibr. Ie. 195-ie. 16? v.Ibr. 161 v.Ibr. ?61-156 v.Ibr. 156-ie. 1>2 v.Ibr.

Essur Essur @jlruh @jlruh @jlruh @jlruh @jlruh @jlruh @jlruh @jlruh @jlruh Cbmrsefeh @j`kvkb @j`kvkb @j`kvkb @j`kvkb @j`kvkb @j`kvkb Berre`

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Geerteddk` (ie.)

@kmdjbjiul @mmrhkdjgck [fejh pkrjmhk [ruc-pkrjmhk Gklhk @esr pkrjmhk Qrmko-Hy`esjkck pk p krj mh k [r J J J - p k r j m h k Muh-Essyrjsibk pkrjmhk Lje`j-pkrjmhk Ljhhk jhhk` `-Essyrjs rjsibk pkr pkrjmhk jmhk @jkuw-Essyrjsibk pkrjmhk @jku jkuw-Fe w-Fefy fydm dm`j `jsi sibk bk pkrj pkrjmh mhkk Eibeklk`jhjsibk pk pkrjmhk Bkddk`jsjsibk pkrjmhk Yk dku ijhj sibk pk rjm hk ^erbjsibk pkrjmhk Vmlkj`sk pkrjmhk Yesse`jhjsibk pkrjmhk Fyze`jg`sk pkrjmhk Jsde lj j sibk p k rjm hk Mmlee`sk pkrjmhk

55.>>>-;5>> v.Ibr. v.Ibr. ;5>>-86>> v.Ibr. v.Ibr. 86>>-95>> v.Ibr. 95>>-6:>> v.Ibr. 6:>>-69;> v. v.Ibr. 655>-6>>6 v.Ibr. 5:>>-51>> v.Ibr. 5;>>-56?; v.Ibr. 59; 59;1-5> 1-5>;;1 v.Ibr Ibr. :56-1>2 v.Ibr. 156-; 56-;99: v.Ibr Ibr. ;;>-99> v. v.Ibr. 996-19 v.Ibr. 955-19 v.Ibr. 68? v.Ibr.-668 `e Ibr. 19 v.Ibr.-968 `e Ibr. 668-1;5 `e Ibr. 968-18> `e Ibr. 19>-5;51 5;51-5:52

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J` 5286 oj`o m`hkr dkjhj`o ve` hk Are`s^jãlm`sk vjikim`sud ^eud-Êljdk Fmte bk kkrsk mporevj`oprmgki fjg @j`kvkb ve` ser. Xm he` mk wkkrcdm`c hk `eel ve` hkzk seh vmmred j` bk imddkijkvk okbkuok` hmmr hk hrelejsibk fkkdhk` hjk hk fjgfkdsk prmkk` krve` sibksk`.

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Hk seh @j`kvkb vmdok`s hk @khkrde`hsk okmoree Mdkr Heppkr, 512>. Hk kck`j`o js okfeskkrh mp hk fksibrjgvj`ok` ve` hk Muhorjkcsk oksibjkhsibrjgvkr Hjmhmrms ve` Yjijdjã.

J` Gksege fksibrkk Omh Essyrjã eds ‒okskd ve` ljg` mmr`, smc weerlkk jc j` ljg` wmkhk sde‚ ml hk Jsreãdjkk`, hjk Bkl vkrdmmibk`hk`, k srek`. Bmkwkd Essyrjã hus kk` j`srulk` ve` Omh wes, lmks hk bmmhseh @j`kvkb mib wmrhk` vkrwmks ml bk rjgc k srek` vmmr zjg` errmoe`k okdmm j` hk kjok` m`mvkrwj``kdjgcbkjh, zjg` eomhkrjg, hk wrkkhbkjh ve` zjg` bkkrskrs k` zjg` sibeelkdmzk rjgchml. Hk Orjkcsk sibrjgvkrs spreck` mvkr @j`kvkb eds kk` vkrhwk`k`, vrjgwkd vkrokk` seh hjk lmks fmkk` vmmr hk vkrhmrvk`bkjh k` hk hkiehk`jk ve` beer vmrsk`3 kk` jhkk he srmmck lk hk Orjkcsk vmmrmmrhkdk` mvkr Ezjã k` hk Ezjejsibk iuduur. Hj `koejkvk mmrhkkd mvkr @j`kvkb k` beer bkkrskrs, he mmc wkrh okvmkh hmmr hk gmmhsk rehjjks, zjk` wk kruo j` hk wkk j`hrucwkcck`hsk vkrfkkdhj`ok`

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ve` @j`kvkb j` hk wkskrsk cu`s7 Hk hmmh ve` Yerhe`epedus , j` 526? oksibjdhkrh hmmr Kuoâ`k Hkdeirmjx k` Hk ved ve` @j`kvkb uj 5262, hmmr Gmb` Lerj`. Fkjhk sibjdhkrjgk` zjg` okfeskkrh mp bk vkrbeed ve` hk Orjkcsk bjsmrjius Hjmhmrms ve` Yjijdjã uj hk 5sk kkuw v.Ibr. k` m`k` kk` lmlk` ve` edokbkdk vkrwmksj`o, lk kk` bmmhrmd vmmr hk jijkvk, vkrhmrvk` Essyrjsibk cm`j`o Yerhe`epedus. @jk de`o `ehe Hkdeirmjx k` Lerj` bu` rmle`jsibk wkrck` behhk` oksibjdhkrh, cwelk` hkzk jhkmdmojsib okcdkurhk djkrejrk k` erjsjkck wkkroevk` ve` @j`kvkb k` hk Essyrjsibk iuduur kr hjsiussjk k see`7 @j`kvkb wkrh hmmr eribkmdmok` m`hkc k` hk ruí`ks ve` hk seh, hjk vmdok`s Hjmhmrms ve` Yjijdjã kk` m`weersibjg`djgck 6? fjg 51 cjdmlkkr le, fdkck` fjg hk seh Lmsud k djook`.

� @J@KQKB J@ HK FJGFKDYK,  GM  G M M H Y K K @ I B V J YXK YX K D J G C K XVEHJXJKY  GÔVO  GÔ VOK@ K@ WE@O WE @OK@ K@FK FKVO VO

Hk bmmotjgheok` ve` bkt Essyrjsibk rjgc reectk` hk dkvk`s ve` hk prmaktk` ve` bkt Muhk Xkstelk`t. _k cmlk` hk Essyrjãrs k` bu` bmmahsteh @j`kvkb he` mmc tkok` j` vkrsibjddk`hk trehjtjks, weerve` bkt fjgfkdvkrbeed mvkr Gm`es ljssibjk` wkd bkt lkkst tmt hk vkrfkkdhj`o sprkkct. Qmdok`s hk fjgfkdsk rehjjk fkoj` hk oksibjkhk`js ve` @j`kvkb j` bk vkrrk, lybjsibk vkrdkhk`. J` Ok`ksjs 5>72-: wkrh @j`kvkb, `k eds vkkd e`hkrk skhk` j` Lksmpmeljã, oksjib hmmr hk sprkkcwmmrhkdjgck bkdh @jlrmh, ‒hk kkrsk leibbkf fkr mp eerhk‚ k` ‒kk` geokr zm`hkr zm`h kr wkkroe‚. Essyrjsibk pedkjsrkdjãs j` @j`kvkb m`k` vkkdvudhjo mmrdmos- k` geibekrkdk`3 mmrdmo k` geib werk` fdjgcfeer eijvjkjk` hjk kk` ormk rmd spkkdhk` j` bk dkvk` ve` hk Essyrjsibk bkkrskrs k` j` bu` prmpeoe`he.

EYYZVJÃ K@ JYVEÃD J` hk 2sk kkuw v.Ibr. frkjhhk bk @jkuwEssyrjsibk rjgc zjib uj `eer bk wksk`. @ehe hk Essyrjãrs hk Erelksk cm`j`crjg-

ck` ve` Yyrjã behhk` vkrwmks eds sre vmmr bu` m`okbmmrzeelbkjh, ckkrhk` zk zjib ee` bk kj`hk ve` hk 2sk kkuw v.Ibr. kok` bk `mmrhkdjgck cm`j`crjgc Jsreãd. Hk Essyrjsibk cm`j`o Yedle`esskr Q leribkkrhk zujhweers, pdu`hkrhk eddk vjge`hkdjgck okfjkhk`, vkrmvkrhk j` ?66 hk Jsreãdjsibk bmmhseh Yelerje k` vkrhrkk hk kdjk (6 Cm`j`ok` 5?). Cm`j`o Bjzcje ve` fuurde`h Guhe zeo lk e`os k` fkvk` hk Essyrjsibk mmrdmosleibj`k `ehkrk`. Xeddmzk vksj`oskhk`, weerm`hkr bk fkrmklhk Deibjs, behhk` ed lmkk` fujok` vmmr hk mvkrleib ve` hk Essyrjãrs, k` ed s`kd wkrh Bjzcje j` zjg` bmmhseh Gkruzedkl mlsj`okdh hmmr bk leibjok Essyrjsibk dkokr. Leer hk prmkk

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Cm`j`o Bjzcje mp kk` 5?hk-kkuws sibjdhkrjg j` bk cmmr ve` hk Ye`ce Lerje-ckrc j` Ëbus j` Wwkhk`.

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Gksege fk`-Elmz wkrh hmmr Omh okzm`hk` ml Bjzcje lmkh j` k prek`. J` hk Fjgfkd vj`hk` wk hk vmdok`hk sibkdhce`m``ehk, okrjib kok` hk Essyrjsibk cm`j`o7 Jc wkk bkkd omkh bmk gk kckkroee kok` ljg3  jc zjk gk zkdaok`mkozeelbkjh   gk rezkr`jg rezkr `jg js m  m ljg` l jg` mrk` m rk` hmmrokhrm`ok`. Jc sde ljg` beec hmmr gk `kus k` dko ljg` fj j` gk lm`h  k` vmkr gk mp gk sibrkhk` kruo. (6 Cm`j`ok` 5:762 k` Gksege 9?76:) K` Gksege skdhk Bjzcje okrus lk kk` `jkuwk vmmrspkddj`o7  Heerml ’ hj zko hk Bkkr mvkr hk cm`j`o ve` Essyrjã7 Bjg zed hkzk seh `jk k `e cmlk`. Bjg zed kr okk` pjgd mp easibjkk`, okk` sibjdh

kok` mpbkaak` k` okk` wed kok` mpwkrpk`. Bjg zed mp zjg` sibrkhk` kruockrk` k` hkzk seh `jk k `e cmlk` ’ sprkkc hk Bkkr. (6 Cm`j`ok` 5:796-99 k` Gksege 9?799-98)

Hk seh @j`kvkb uj bk Djfkr Ibrm`jierul he j` 58:9 hmmr Berle` Yibkhkd wkrh vkrveerhjoh (Fjgzm`hkrk (Fjgzm`hkrk Imddkijks [`jvkrsjkj

K` j`hkrheeh7 j` ?>6 v.Ibr. lmks cm`j`o Yk``eibkrjf `jk de`o `ehe bjg hk seh beh mlsj`okdh `eer bujs kruockrk`, mlhe ‒hk k`okd ve` hk Bkkr‚ mp wm`hkrfeerdjgck wjgzk 52;.>>> smdhek` beh okhmmh j` bk celp ve` hk Essyrjãrs. Ee`okzjk` hk sibrjgvkrs ve` hk Fjgfkd hk werk rkhk` ve` Yk``eibkrjfs vkrrkc `jk ck`hk`, vek` zjg bk pdmskdj`ok kj`hk ve` hk fkdkokrj`o mp eds omhhkdjgck j`krvk`jk. Bmkwkd Guhe bjkrhmmr `mo fjg`e kk` kkuw se`hbjkdh, lmks bk cdkj`k cm`j`crjgc ujkj`hkdjgc mib fujok` vmmr hk Essyrjãrs. @e zjg` kruockkr `eer @j`kvkb vkrdjk Yk``eibkrjf zjg` cm`j`osseh `jk lkkr.

ve` Dkjhk`).

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Xwj`jo geer dekr wkrh bjg hmmr zjg` wkk zm`k` vkrlmmrh j` hk klpkd ve` zjg` omh ‒@jsrmib‚ ’ kk` omhbkjh hjk `jk vmmrcml j` Essyrjsibk frm``k`. Wjg` hkrhk zmm` Kserbehhm` vmdohk bkl mp.

KK@ HVELEXJYIB QJYJMK@  Gm`es k` hk vjs j` kk` weerzkookrsfmkc, 51hk kkuw (© _krkdhluskul, _krkdhluskul, Vmtkrhel).

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J` hk lkksk fjgfkdpesseoks hjk mvkr bk kj`hk ve` hk ?hk kkuw v.Ibr. oee`, cdj`c hmmr bmk zweer bk dkvk` wes m`hkr hk Essyrjsibk mvkrbkkrsj`o. Qkrvudh ve` bee k` ve` bk vkrde`ok` ml hk leibkdmmsbkjh

k mvkrwj``k` k` kj`hkdjgc wreec k cu``k` `klk` vmmr ed bk m`rkib, djkp hk prmkk @ebul j` kk` hrelejsib vjsjmk` vmmruj mp hk vkrwmksj`o weerlkk Omh @j`kvkb zmu srek`7 _kk hk fdmkhseh, Kk` k` ed dkuok`, vmd mmrdmosfuj, bk rmvk` bmuh `jk mp!  Bmmr! C`eddk`hk zwkpk`!  Bmmr! Hevkrk`hk wjkdk`!  Hrevk`hk peerhk`, he`sk`hk weok`s, skjokrk`hk rujkrs, vdellk`hk zweerhk` k` odj`skrk`hk spkrk`!  Qkdk hmhk`, hmhk` , lesse‚s djibelk`, m`kdferk djgck`,  gk srujc s rujckd kd mvkr mv kr hk h k djgck` djg ck`  Gk okhreeo okhreeo  gk eds kk` kk ` bmkr, bm kr, Kk` vkrdkjhskr fk` gk, fkhrkvk` j` mvkrjg,  Gk vkrcwe`skd vkrc we`skd vmdck` vm dck` vmmr gk m`uibjok precjgck` K` sellk` vmmr gk mvkrcu`s. Heerml zed jc gk sreaak` ’ sprkkc hk Bkkr ve` hk bklkdsk leibk`. Jc zed gk cdkrk` mpjddk` m mvkr gk okzjib,  gk `eecb `e ecbkjh kjh ee` e e` eddk ed dk vmdck` vm dck` m`k`. m`k `.  gk sibeel sib eelkk ee` eddk de`hk d e`hk` ` dek` de k` zjk`. Jc zed gk m`hkr vujd fkhkdvk`,  Gk fkdeibkdjgc fkde ibkdjgc leck`, leck `,  Gk k cjgc zkk`. zkk `. He` zed jkhkr hjk gk zjk zjib ve` gk eawk`hk` K` zkook`7 ‒@j`kvkb js vkrwmks!‚  _jk zed ml beer rmuwk`=  _eer vj`h jc jkle`h hjk gk rmms=‚  (@ebul 975-?, zjk mmc 676-975:)

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K` mk` bk ormk Essyrjsibk rjgc j` 156 v.Ibr. v.Ibr. kj`hkdjgc wkrh vkrsdeok` fjg kk` okzelk`djgck ee`ved ve` m`hkr e`hkrk` hk Fefyd m`jãrs k` hk Lkhk`, vkrc`kuckdhk Yke`ge zjib mvkr hk m`hkroe`o ve` @j`kvkb, we` Omh beh zjg` fkdmk okbmuhk`7 Bjg zed zjg` be`h ujsrkcck` `eer bk `mmrhk` Essyrjã k orm`hk rjibk`, @j`kvkb m kk` wjdhkr`js leck`, hmr eds kk` wmksjg`. Cuhhk` zuddk` kr kk` ruspdees vj`hk`, eddkrdkj hjkrk` zuddk` kr selk`rmkpk`, ujdk` k` skckdverck`s zuddk` zjib `kskdk` ussk` hk zujdk`. Bmmr bmk bk bujd hmmr hk vk`skrs, puj` djo mp hk hrklpkds, bk ikhkrbmu js dmsokruc. He js kr mvkr ve` hjk vrmdjgck seh, hk seh hjk zm m`fkzmroh dkkahk, hjk heib7 Jc k` jc eddkk`!  Eib, we kk` wjdhkr`js js zk okwmrhk`, kk` ruspdees vmmr wjdhk hjkrk`. _jk kr vmmrfjg cml sjs ussk` zjg` e`hk` k` okfeer vmd easibuw lk zjg` be`h. (Ykae`ge 6759-5;)

OMH Y^EEVX @J@KQKB

Xefecshmms ve`

Hmmr hk ved ve` bk @jkuw-Essyrjsibk rjgc wes @j`kvkb `jk de`okr kk` skrjkuzk fkhrkjoj`o vmmr hk j`wm`krs ve` Jsreãd. Leer hk bkrj``krj`ok` fdkvk` fksee`, k` hk `koejkvk kjok`sibeppk` hjk @j`kvkb wkrhk` mkokhjib ’ errmoe`jk, eomhkrjg k` wrkkhbkjh ’ sreedhk` e mp hk mpvmdokr, Fefydm`. @j`kvkb zkd wkrh mlokvmrlh m kk` ee`sprkck`h djkrejr sylfmmd. Bk kkrsk k` ljssibjk` wkd creibjosk k` irkejksk vmmrfkkdh heerve` js bk  fmkc Gm`es, kk` vkrbeed vkrbe ed uj hk 9hk kkuw v.Ibr. mvkr hk prmkk Gm`es fk`-Eljej. Hkzk prmkk wjs wkd reeh lk hk `mjk ve` @j`kvkb eds hk mkrseh ve` zm`hk k` cweeh. Bmk, zm vreeo hk eukur, zmu Omh bkffk` okrkeokkrh eds hk @j`kvjkk`, hk j`wm`krs ve` @j`kvkb, `eer zjg` weersibuwj`ok` behhk` okdujskrh k` m j`ckkr werk` okcmlk`= Bk cmrk vkrbeed see  fmd ve` wjgsbk w jgsbkhk` hk` k` jrm`jk jrm `jk k` js kk` kk ` preibjok fkspjkokdj`o mp hk cmppjobkjh ve` hk lk`s k` hk vkrokvj`osokzj`hbkjh ve` Omh. Xmk` bjg zeo bmk zm`hjo hk @j`kvjkk` werk`, oe Omh zjg` prmkk Gm`es mphreib bk` k weersibuwk` vmmr bk mmrhkkd he spmkhjo mvkr bk` okvkdh zmu wmrhk`. Leer Gm`es prmfkkrhk `eer Xersjs k vduibk`, ‒wko ve` hk Bkkr‚, mlhe bjg vrkkshk he hk @j`kvjkk` m j`ckkr zmuhk` cmlk` k` he

lkssj`o, cmpkr k` zjdvkr lk ekrkdk` e krkdk` uj bk dkvk` ve`  Gm`es. @khkrde`h, 52hk kkuw, dk`ok 5;.: il (Lkrmpmdje` Luskul m Er, @kw Zmrc).

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Orevurk hmmr ^bjdjps Oeddk lk Gm`es j` @j`kvkb, 5;8?5156 5156 (Vjgcsluskul Elskrhel).

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hk ok`ehjok Omh bk` he` zmu sperk`. Leer @J@KQKB _MVHX XMIB Omh bjkdh Gm`es kok` ’ bk vkrbeed mvkr OKYXVEAX hk smrl k` hk vjs js fkck`h ’ k` bkrbeed- Bk js `jk vkrressk`h he hk m`vkrweibhk zjg` mphreib. Hkzk ckkr okbmmrzeel- k wrmkoj`o ve` hk @j`kvjkk` kk` fkde`ohk Gm`es k` oj`o `eer @j`kvkb, ‒kk` rkus- rjgc bkle wes vmmr dekrk imllk`eereibjok seh, kr ormmk ve` hrjk heorkjzk`‚. sibrjgvkrs. Hk reffjg`k`, hjk j` feddj`osibep Wmhre hk prmkk fkom` k prkhjck`, ckkrhk` j` Fefydm` wmm`hk`, fk`ehruck` fjgvmmrhk @j`kvjkk` kruo `eer bk rkibk peh3 zk  fkkdh  fkkd h hk mprkibbkjh mprkib bkjh ve` hk @j`kvjkk` @j`kv jkk` k`  fkom``k`  fkom` `k` k vesk` k` fkujohk` fku johk` mprkibmprkib - oevk` ujvmkrjok fksibrjgvj`ok` ve` bu` k spjg. Omh vkroe bk` k` fksdmm bk` `jk  fkrmuwvmddk  fkrmuwv mddk okfkhk` okfkh k` k` hehk`, hehk` , m`okwjgm`ok wjgk srek`. He fkvjkd Gm`es `jk7 bjg cm` bk kdh fkhmkdh eds ee`lmkhjoj`o vmmr bk `jk vkrcrmppk` he zkds eersvjge`hk` kk` pufdjkc j` bu` kjok` jgh (Xedlmkh Fewdjk3 wkkhk ce`s wkrh okfmhk` ’ hjk zk he` mmc ie. 8hk-1hk kkuw `e Ibr.). Qmdok`s hk `mo k fee `elk`. ^edksjg`s-reffjg`sk rehjjk wes bk fkrmuw ve` @j`kvkb heerk`kok` mppkrvdeccjo k` m`oklkk`h7

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Orevurk hmmr Ge` Duyck` lk Gm`es hjk hk m`hkroe`o ve` @j`kvkb vmmrspkd, 5?>2 (Vjgcsluskul Elskrhel)

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_e hk j`wm`krs ve` @j`kvkb j` bu` be`hk` behhk` sm`hk` zk ea, leer we zk j` bu` hmzk`, dehk` k` cesk` behhk` fkbjkdhk` zk. (Xedlmkh  Gkrmksgedljk,  Gkrmksged ljk, recee recee  Xe‚e`j 675 1;f)

@e vkkrjo heok` vkrvjkd @j`kvkb j`hkrheeh wkkr j` zm`hk k` lmks zjg hk sre m`hkroee` hjk Gm`es beh vmmrspkdh7 hk seh wkrh vkrzwmdok` hmmr hk eerhk. Hkzk ujkk`dmpk`hk wkkroevk` ve` hk fmkkhmk`j`o j` @j`kvkb wkrpk` hk vreeo mp bmk hk fjgfkd fmkck` Gm`es, @ebul k` Yke`ge zjib j` ibrm`mdmojsib mpzjib m kdceer vkrbmuhk`. K` eds Gm`es ee` @ebul k` Yke`ge vmmreoj`o, we hk pesseok 6 Cm`j`ok` 5876; djgc k jlpdjikrk`, bmk ce` bk he` he @ebul hk vkrwmksj`o ve` @j`kvkb ee`cm`hjohk, krwjgd Gm`es hk @j`kvjkk` ed m fkrmuw beh  fkwmok` k` Omh Om h bk` beh vkrokvk`= vk rokvk`= Bk Xeromkl ’ kk` imddkijk Erelksk pereresk` ve` hk fmkck` j` j ` hk Bkfrkkuwsk Fjgfkd, lmokdjgc hekrk`h uj hk pkrjmhk ve` hk 6hk m hk 8hk kkuw `e Ibr. ’ oee krve` uj he Gm`es kkrhkr wes k` skd he hk j`wm`krs ve` @j`kvkb j`hkrheeh fkrmuw behhk`, leer dekr mp`jkuw zm`hjohk`, weermp hk hmmr @ebul ee`okcm`hjohk sre vmdohk. Mmc j` ‒Bk dkvk` ve` Gm`es‚ j` Qjek prmpbkerul, kk` fmkc mvkr hk fkde`orjgcsk prmkk`dkok`hks, wmrh vkrm`hkrskdh he Gm`es kkrhkr dkkhk (ie. 5sk kkuw `e Ibr.), leer he hk fmkkhmk`j`o ve` hk @j`kvjkk` kvkrokks wes, mlhe Gm`es krmvkr dmmo, weermp Omh bk` eds`mo srek. Hkzk kcs ved `jk eddkk` mp ve`wkok hk jlpdjiejk he fkckrk` `jk ok`mko

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js ml Omh k vkrzmk`k`, leer mmc ve`wkok hk m`okfrujckdjgck jouur ve` hk vedsk prmkk. Bmk he` mmc, ‒Bk dkvk` ve` Gm`es‚ vkrkd m`s he hk prmkk kr vkrvmdok`s vmmr cmms ml lk zjg` lmkhkr `eer kk` vkr de`h k vkrbujzk` k` heer eds vrkklhkdj`o j` feddj`osibep k dkvk` ml k fmkk` vmmr zjg` zm`hk. Hk Gmmhsk bjsmrjius Adevjus Gmskpbus vmdo ee` bk kj`h ve` hk 5sk kkuw `e Ibr. kibkr kk` e`hkrk cmkrs j` zjg` vkrsjk ve` hk fjgfkdsk oksibjkhk`js7 Hk muhk oksibjk-  hk`js ve` hk Gmhk` . Qmdok`s bkl dkkhk @ebul vkkd kkrhkr, j` hk 2sk kkuw v.Ibr., hus vùùr Gm`es. Hkzk ibrm`mdmojsibk vmdomrhk js hufjkus k` dee vkdk vreok` m`fke`wmmrh, leer `k eds hk eukurs ve` hk e`hkrk kcsk` js Gmskpbus krve` mvkrujoh he hk hmmr @ebul vmmrspkdhk sre j`hkrheeh wkrh vmdrmcck`. J` `evmdoj`o ve` hk gmmhsk rehjjk wmrhk` hk @j`kvjkk` mmc j` kk` ve` hk vrmkosk frm``k` ve` hk @jkuwkselk`jsibk kve`okdjã` eoksibjdhkrh eds mm`fkkdhk` ve` werk fmkkhmk`j`o. Qmdok`s Frm` U, kk` vkrzelkdj`o ujspreck` ve` Gkzus hjk hmmr hk kve`okdjsk` Lekôs k` Duies ok frujc  fruj c wkrhk`, zuddk` zudd k` hk @j`kvjkk` @j`kv jkk` zkds okujok` kok` hk Gmhk` hjk Gkzus ewjgzk` eds prmkk ve` hk fmkkhmk`j`o k` hjk wkjokrk` bu` zm`hjok dkvk` veerwkd k zkook`. Bk js omkh hk`cfeer he hkzk kcs wjgs mp kk` frkhkr okfrujc ve` bk vkrbeed ve` Gm`es fj``k` hk ibrjskdjgck e`j-gmmhsk pmdkljkc, k` ljssibjk` wes hk wjgkd mvkr hk mprkibbkjh ve` @j`kvkb fj``k` hk ^edksjg`s-reffjg`sk rehjjk heer kk` rkeijk mp.

� @J@KQKB J@ HK CDEYYJKCK DJXKVEX[[V LK@CM QDEEVHJ@OKVFVMKC

Hk Orjkck` werk` hjkp m`hkr hk j`hruc ve` hk stkhk` j` bkt muhk Lksmpmteljã. J` hk Bjstmrjã` ve` Bkrmhmtus k` hk ^krsjie ve` Itksjes ormkjhk` @j`kvkb k` Fefydm` ujt tmt lytbjsibk prmpmrtjks, lkt stehslurk` ve` fjg`e `kok`tjo cjdmlktkr de`o k` rkuseibtjok ste`hfkkdhk` ve` puur omuh. Xmib wjstk` Orjkcsk bjstmrjij k` okmoreak` wkj`jo ve` @j`kvkb (@j`ms j` bkt Orjkcs). Hk fkde`orjgcstk okfkurtk`jssk` hjk zk `mklk` zjg` hk stjibtj`o ve` @j`kvkb hmmr @j`us k` beer m`hkroe`o tjghk`s hk rkokrj`o ve` Yerhe`epedus. EYYZVJÃ J@ HK OVJKCYK OKYIBJKHYIBVJGQJ@O J` kk` ve` hk emrjslk` ve` ^bmiydjhks ve` Ljdkk, kk` Orjkcsk hjibkr uj hk 1hk kkuw v.Ibr., wmrh @j`kvkb vmmr bk kkrs ok`mklh. Hk fkrkk`hk pesseok wkrh okijkkrh hmmr Hjm Ibrysmsmlus7 ‒Kk` cdkj`k k` omkh fksuurhk seh fmvk` mp kk` fkro js leibjokr he` bk bk  hwezk @j`kvkb‚. Qmdok`s smlljok` js hkzk sprkuc ecmlsjo ve` hk Bkddk`jsjsib-Gmmhsk eukur hjk fkck`hsee eds pskuhm-^bmiydjhks, leer weersibjg`djgckr js he zk wkrh mpokkck`h hmmr hk hjibkr ^bmiydjhks zkd. Fdjgcfeer vm`h bjg he @j`kvkb sdkib wkrh fksuurh, leer

weer bjg hjk lk`j`o mp feskkrhk js `jk hujhkdjgc. Ljssibjk` werk` kr ed j` hk 1hk kkuw v.Ibr. vkrbedk` fkck`h mvkr zwecck Essyrjsibk cm`j`ok`, zmeds zk mmc j` dekrk  frm``k`  frm`` k` k vj`hk` vj`h k` zjg`. z jg`. Hk ujvmkrjosk oksibjkhk`js ve` Essyrjã, j`idusjk vkrbedk` mvkr hk sjibj`o k` ved ve` @j`kvkb, js k vj`hk` j` hk Fjfdjmbkie Bjsmrjie , kk` oksibjkhk`js ve` hk wkrkdh hmmr Hjmhmrms ve` Yjijdjã (5sk kkuw v.Ibr.). v.Ibr.). Hjmhmrms reehpdkkohk bjkr vmmr vkrsibkjhk`k muhkrk wkrck`. Bk wkkhk  fmkc,  fmkc , weerj` weerj ` hk oksibjkhk` oksibj khk`js js ve` Essyrjã Essyrj ã wmrh fkbe`hkdh, js okfeskkrh mp hk ^krsjie  ve` Iksjes ve` I`jhus. Iksjes dkkhk kj`h

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Areolk` ve` hk rmm` ve` Dkmpmdh J lk kk` fkkdk`js ve` cm`j`o @j`ms, ie. 51??, bmmok 5>.: il (© Cu`sbjsmrjsibks Luskul, _k`k`).

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YXEH MMJX MM JX ;hk-fkoj` 8hk kkuw v.Ibr. k` wes ers ee` HK OVMMXYXK YXEH bk bm ve` hk ^krzjsibk cm`j`o Erexkrxks Qmdok`s Iksjes wkrh bk Essyrjsibk rjgc JJ. @e zjg` kruockkr j` Orjkck`de`h sibrkk lk zjg` bmmhseh @j`kvkb oksjib hmmr Iksjes zjg` ^krsjie   mvkr hk oksibjkhk`js hk Essyrjsibk cm`j`o @j`us. Qkdk` bkfve` Ezjã. Bk fmkc zkd js vkrdmrk` okoee`,  fk` okprmfkkrh okprmf kkrh hkzk @j`us k jhk`jjik jhk` jjik-leer kk` ormm ee`ed ijek` k` pesseoks rk` lk kk` ve` hk Essyrjsibk cm`j`ok` js fkweerh okfdkvk`. Bmkwkd `jk hujhkdjgc hjk j` hk spjgckrsibrjfrm``k` wmrhk` okjs we vmmr smmr wkrc Iksjes wjdhk sibrjg- `mklh, zmeds Xucudj-@j`ure J, Yerom` JJ vk` ’ kk` bjsmrjmorejsib wkrc, kk` rmle` m Yk``eibkrjf. Leer okk` ve` hjk pmoj`m kk` hjheijsib wkrc ’ wkrh hk ^krsjie  ok` js kib mvkrujok`h. @j`us js kk` ylkksed fksibmuwh eds kk` bjsmrjmorejk. pjsib Orjkcsk, djkrejrk sibkppj`o7 kk` jiIksjes omdh eds kk` eumrjkj mp bk okfjkh jkvk sjibkr ve` kk` seh, hjk bjg `eer ve` hk Essyrjsibk oksibjkhk`js k` zjg` wkrc zjibzkd `mklhk. Qmdok`s Iksjes fksdmm dkohk hk fesjs vmmr dekrk bjsmrjij hjk mvkr @j`us, `ehe bjg bkkd Ezjã beh vkrmvkrh, Essyrjã sibrkvk`. kk` `jkuwk seh k sjibk` ml zjib krve`

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^epyrus lk djkhksvkrbeed ve` cm`j`o @j`ms k` Ykljreljs, 5sk kkuw `eIbr., bmmok 9>.8 il (fpc-Fjdheok`ur/ Èoypjsibks Luskul u`h ^epyrusselldu`o).

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Orevurk hmmr Ehrjek` Imddekr lk cm`j`o @j`ms ve` @j`kvkb, ie. 5;?>5189 5189 (Vjgcsluskul Elskrhel).

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k vkrzkckrk` he zjg` `eel ok`krejks de`o zmu fdjgvk` vmmrdkvk`. Mp hk mkvkrs ve` kk` rjvjkr ’ Iksjes `mkl bk hk Kuree krwjgd bk kjok`djgc hk Xjorjs wes ’ fmuwhk bjg kk` seh ve` m`okck`hk mlve`o weeree` bjg zjg` kjok` `eel oe. J` hk oksibjkhsibrjgvj`o js @j`us edjgh we mp hk eibkrorm`h okfdkvk`3 bjg wjs hk vkrfkkdhj`o ve` hk Orjkcsk bjsmrjij `mmj zm k prjcckdk` ed s e`hkrk jijkvk Essyrjsibk pkrsm`k`, zmeds Ykljreljs k` Yerhe`epedus. J` hk muhbkjh omdh @j`kvkb eds kk` fjgzm`hkr ormk seh, ljssibjk` wkd hk ormmsk seh hjk mmj okfmuwh wes. Hjmhmrms ve` Yjijdjã, hjk zjib feskkrhk mp hk ^krsjie , sibrjg he ‒hk de`ok zjghk` ve` hk seh kdc

bm`hkrhvjgjo sehks lek`, k` hk cmrkrk `kok`jo‚. (Hjmh. 6.9.6) He zmu fkkck`k` he hk dk`ok ve` hk de`ok zjghk` 6? î 62 cjdmlkkr wes, k` hjk ve` hk cmrkrk 51 î 5? cjdmlkkr, k` he @j`kvkb kk` mppkrvdeck beh ve` m`okvkkr 8;> vjkrce`k cjdmlkkr. Hk sehsluur wes ed kvk` jlpmse`7 ‒_e` hk luur beh kk` bmmok ve` bm`hkrh vmk k` wes zm frkkh he kr hrjk weok`s zjg ee` zjg mvkrbkk` cm`hk` rjghk`3 k` hk sml ve` hk mrk`s wes vjgjk`bm`hkrh k` bu` bmmok wkkbm`hkrh vmk.‚ (Hjmh. 6.9.9) Mmc Rk`mpbm`, hjk hk ruí`ks ve` @j`kvkb lk kjok` mok` zeo (ed ck`hk bjg hk seh `jk eds @j`kvkb, leer eds Lêspjde), f k`ehruc hk mlve`o. Hk elkj`ok` hjk bjg

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`mkl zjg` fksibkjhk`kr, leer `mo skkhs `jk rkedjsjsib7 ‒Hk mlrkc ve` hk luur wes zks perese`ok`,‚ (Rk`. E`   9.8.5>) mkwkd m`okvkkr 9> cjdmlkkr. @j`kvkb wes zm`hkr lkkr kk` ormk seh, leer `jk zù ormm7 j` wkrckdjgcbkjh fksdmko @j`kvkb kk` mppkrvdeck ve` m`okvkkr ?;> bkierk k` wes hk luur lkkr he` 56 cjdmlkkr de`o.

HK QED QE@ @J@KQKB Qmdok`s hk Orjkck` bkktk hk deesk cm`j`o ve` @j`kvkb Yerhe`epedus. Bjg wmrh veec ok`mklh j` hk cdessjkck djkreuur, m`hkr lkkr hmmr Bkrmhmus, Bkdde`jius, Idjeribus, Hjmhmrms, Yrefm k` Errje`us. Yerhe`epedus js weersibjg`djgc okí`spjrkkrh

mp hk Essyrjsibk cm`j`o Essurfe`jped, ed zjg` kr hujhkdjgck vkrsibjddk`. J` hk cdessjkck djkreuur js Yerhe`epedus rjgc, hkiehk` k` dkberojsib. Bk jleom he hk cm`j`o fjg hk Orjkck` beh, wmrh vkrwmmrh hmmr bk vmdok`hk fkrmklhk oresibrj7 ‒Kk, hrj`c, vkrleec u, we` eddk mvkrjok lk`skdjgck hj`ok` zjg` `jks weerh.‚ (Yref. 58.;.:) Ee` hk e`hkrk ce` vkrkd Iksjes he Yerhe`epedus zjg` cm`j`crjgc lmkhjo vkrhkhjohk mk` hk Fefydm`jãrs k` Lkhk` @j`kvkb fkdkokrhk`. Hkzk kok`srjghjobkjh djo lmokdjgc k` orm`hsdeo ee` bk jhkk he Bkdde`jius k` Ieddjsbk`ks k fkrhk frk`ok`, `elkdjgc he kr wkk cm`j`ok` werk` lk hkzkdhk `eel7 hk kk` hkiehk`, hk e`hkr hep-

Hk hmmh ve`  Yerhe`epedus,

oksibjdhkrh hmmr Kuoâ`k Hkdeirmjx, 526?, bmmok 9:6 il (© Lusêk hu Dmuvrk, Hjs. VL@-Ore`h ^edejs / E`oâdk Hkqujkr).

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pkr. J` hk jgh ve` Yerhe`epedus cwelk` hk Fefydm`jãrs, Erefjkrk`, Lkhk` k` ^krzk` j` mpse`h kok` hk Essyrjsibk mvkrbkkrsj`o. Ee`ve`ckdjgc dkck` hk Essyrjãrs ee` hk wj``k`hk be`h, leer krwjgd Yerhe`epedus j` @j`kvkb zjg` rjml vjkrhk, ckkrhk bk jg k` wkrh hk cm`j`osseh mlsj`okdh. Bk fkdko  fdkkc kk` de`ohurjok ee`okdkok`bkjh7 ee`okdkok `bkjh7 ‒Leer j` bk hkrhk geer, `e zwerk, m`mpbmuhkdjgck rkok`ved, okfkurhk bk he hk Kuree, hjk kro bmmo sm`h, kk` hkkd ve` hk seh mvkrspmkdhk k` fmvk`hjk` mvkr kk` ese`h ve` wj`jo sehks hk lurk` hkkh j`smrk`.‚ (Hjmh. 6.6?.5) Hk cm`j`o vkrdmmr eddk bmmp k` ‒fmuwhk kk` k`mrlk fre`hsepkd j` zjg` pedkjs, dkohk ed zjg` omuh k` zjdvkr krfmvk`mp, krfmvk`mp, kvk`eds zjg` vmddkhjok cm`j`cdjgck oerhkrmfk, k` mk`, `ehe bjg zjib lk zjg` im`iufj`ks k` ku`uibk` beh mpoksdmk` j` hk celkr hjk ljhhk` j` hk fre`hsepkd wes okfmuwh, dkvkrhk bjg bk`, zjibzkd k` zjg` pedkjs mvkr ee` hk vdellk`.‚ (Hjmh. 6.6?.6) @euurdjgc js hj vkrbeed `jk bjsmrjsib imrrki. J` wkrckdjgcbkjh wkrh @j`kvkb hmmr m`hkr e`hkrk` hk Lkhk` k` Fefydm`jãrs j`ok`mlk` jghk`s bk fkwj`h ve` kk` ve` hk mpvmdokrs ve` Essurfe`jped. Bk vkrbeed ve` hk vkrfre`hj`oshmmh ve` Yerhe`epedus js wkddjib okí`spjrkkrh mp hk hmmh ve` hk Fefydm`jsibk cm`j`o Ygelesgsgul-ucj`, hjk j` 182 v.Ibr. j` zjg` pedkjs zmu zjg` vkrfre`h.

QKVOE@K ODMVJK Orjkcsk sibrjgvkrs zeok` Essyrjsibk k` Fefydm`jsibk skhk` veec eds jks uj bk vkrdkhk`7 mmj ormms, leer j`ljhhkds wkookveeoh m mp zjg` lj`s j` vkrved. J` hk jgh ve` Bkrmhmus wes Fefydm` `mo kk` rjgck k` j`hrucwkcck`hk seh, krwjgd @j`kvkb ed kk` seh uj bk vkrdkhk` wes. Hkzk `mjk ve` vkrveddk` Essyrjsibk skhk` zjk` wk vmmred

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j` hk Orjkcsk kcsk` uj hk Bkddk`jsjsibk k` Vmlkj`sk jgh, fjgvmmrfkkdh fjg Duije`us (6hk kkuw `e Ibr.)7 ‒_kd, we @j`kvkb fkrk, sibjppkr, he js de`o okdkhk` wkookveeoh. Eddk spmrk` zjg` vkrhwk`k` k` bk js m`lmokdjgc k rehk` weer bk deo. Fefydm` djo heer Swjgzk`h \,\, hjk seh lk hk ormk mrk`s k` hjk k`mrlk luur krmlbkk` ’ leer bk zed `jk de`o hurk` vmmrhe bk `k zm lmkjdjgc k vj`hk` zed zjg` eds @j`kvkb.‚ (Iberm` 69) Bkzkdhk sk`jlk` wmrh j` hk 6hk kkuw `e Ibr. vkrwmmrh hmmr ^euse`jes, eds bjg bk bkk mvkr hk wjspkdurjobkjh ve` Qrmuwk Amru`e7 ‒Lyik`k, he hk Orjkck` ee`vmkrhk j` hk Xrmgee`sk mmrdmo, k` @j`kvkb, hk zkkd ve` bk Essyrjsibk cm`j`crjgc, zjg` vkrdek` k` vkr`jkjoh.‚ (^eus. 2.99.6) Mmj wes @j`kvkb kk` ormk seh, leer j` hk heok` ve` D uije`us k` ^euse`jes wes zk fjg`e vkrokk`. J` wkrckdjgcbkjh vkrdjkp hk kdmmroe`o ve` hk Lksmpmeljsibk skhk` `jk zm s`kd, leer bk fkkdh ve` Lksmpmeljã eds kk` skrvk`hk iuduur wes wjghvkrfrkjh j` hk cdessjkck djkreuur.

IM@ID[YJK Hk Orjkck` behhk` kk` bkkd e`hkr fkkdh ve` @j`kvkb he` wjg `u. J` hk cdessjkck djkreuur wmrh @j`kvkb vmmrokskdh eds kk` ypjsib mmskrsk seh7 rjgc k` ormm, ljssibjk` wkd hk ormmsk seh mmj hmmr lk`sk`be`hk` okfmuwh3 fksuurh hmmr dujk k` vkrwjghk cm`j`ok` hjk zjib wk`kdhk` j` wkkdhk k` bu` dkvk` sdkk` j` bu` berkl, mlrj`oh hmmr im`iufj`ks k` ku`uibk`. Lk e`hkrk wmmrhk`, hk seh wkrh sdkib  fksuurh.  fksu urh. Hj `moed m`ok`ue`ikk m`ok` ue`ikkrhk rhk fkkdh fkkd h js ormk`hkkds okfeskkrh mp Orjkcsk skrkmypk` mvkr Ezjã k` zjg` j`wm`krs, k` sdkibs j` fkpkrck lek mp mp ck``js ve` @j`kvkb k` beer oksibjkhk`js.

� @J@KQKB J@ HK _KYXKVYK C[@YX  GE@  GE @ HK BM@H BM @H

Kurmpksk cu`stk`eers djktk` zjib j`spjrkrk` hmmr hk vkrbeKurmpksk dk` mvkr @j`kvkb. J` hk Ljhhkdkkuwk` k` Vk`ejsse`ik vmmred hmmr hkpesseoks ujt bkt Muhk Xkstelk`t, leer ve`ea hk bkrm`thkccj`o ve` hk ruí`ksteh j` hk `kok`tjk`hk kkuw `etuurdjgc mmc hmmr hk eribkmdmojsibk mfgkitk` zkda. J` bk wkspmreed ve` hk cebkhreed ve` Eljk`s (hjk fkoj` 59hk kkuw wkrh ok fmuwh) fkvj`h fkvj `h zjib kk` skrjk ve` vjkrk`vjkrk` vkkrjo vjkrpessk` lk vmmrskddj`ok` ve` Muhkselk`jsibk prmkk`. Wkvk` siâ`ks spkdk` zjib e j` @j`kvkb k` mp vjkr heerve` wmrh hk seh mmc heehwkrckdjgc eokfkkdh. Hkzk vmmrskddj`ok` zjg` ypkrk`h vmmr hk wkkroevk ve` @j`kvkb j` hk Kurmpksk Ljhhkdkkuwk`. Hk Essyrjsibk seh wkrh fjg`e ujsdujk`h eokfkkdh j` hk im`kx ve` hk fjgfkdvkrbedk`, lkkr j` bk  fjgzm`hkr  fjgz m`hkr hk prmkjkã` prmkjk ã` k` hk ujkj`hkujkj `hkdjgck vkrvuddj`o heerve`. J` Eljk`s cml @j`kvkb vmmr j` ekrkdk` uj bk dkvk` ve` hk prmkk` Yke`ge, @ebul k` Gm`es. Hk prmkjk ve` Gm`es js vkrrkwko bk veecs e-

okfkkdh j` hk wkskrsk cu`s. Mp hk rkdjãs ve` Eljk`s js @j`kvkb `jk bkrck`feer eds kk` mmskrsk, dee see` eds kk` Essyrjsibk seh. Mmc bjkrj` js Eljk`s `jk ewjgck`h7 j` hk ljhhkdkkuwsk cu`s bkk @j`kvkb kk` Kurmpksk ee`fdjc k` js zk `jk m `euwkdjgcs k m`hkrsibkjhk` ve` wkskrsk skhk`. Kk` lmmj vmmrfkkdh heerve` js hk bmuhruc ve` @j`kvkb j` Berle`` Yibkhkds Crm`jkc ve` @kurk`fkro uj 58:9.

BKX ^VMFDKKL QE@ LEEVXK@ QE@ BKKLYCKVIC ^es ve`e hk 51hk kkuw wkrh kr, zkckr m`hkr bule`jsjsib oksibmmdhk cu`sk`eers, lkkr weerhk okbkib ee` bjsmrjsib k` rkojm`eed okrmuwkrk efkkdhj`ok`. Qmmr kk`

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Vkdjã ve` Gm`es j` bk wkspmreed ve` hk cebkhreed ve` Eljk`s, ie. 569>.

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prk` m sibjdhkrjg lk @j`kvkb eds m`hkrwkrp deo he kibkr j`okwjcckdhkr he` vmmr kk` ekrkkd uj fjgvmmrfkkdh bk muhk Vmlk. Mvkr bk ujkrdjgc ve` @j`kvkb wes `elkdjgc zm omkh eds `jks fkck`h. Hk ruj`ks ve` hk seh deok` `mo skkhs vkrsibmdk` m`hkr bk ze`h. Mmc wes kr okk` rkkrk`jklekrjeed7 ck``js ve` e`hkrk Essyrjsibk cu`swkrck` wes kr j` bk _ksk` `jk, `k zm lj` eds ve` Fefydm`jsibk m Ymklkrjsibk. Ymklkrjsibk . Mmc hk fjgfkdsk k` cdessjkck eukurs fmhk` `euwkdjgcs j`mrlejk mvkr hk ysjkck ck`lkrck` ve` @j`kvkb. Hj skdhk kk` cu`sk`eer eds Leerk` ve` Bkklsckric, kk` @khkrde`hsk sibjdhkr lk kk` okhkok` bule`jsjsibk eibkrorm`h, vmmr kk` bees m`mvkrcmlkdjgc prmfdkkl. Qmmr zjg` prk` Hk lurk` ve` Fefydm` , uj hk eibhkdjok rkkcs lk wkrkdhwm`hkrk`, beh Qe` Bkklsckric kvk`lj` vjsukdk vmmrfkkdhk` vmmr be`hk`, leer cm` bjg wkd kruoorjgpk` mp cdessjkck sibrjgvkrs eds Bkrmhmus, Hjmhmrms ve` Yjijdjã k` Yrefm hjk hk vkrsibjddk`hk lm`ulk`k` k` okfmuwk` j` hk seh behhk`  fksibrkvk`.  fksibrk vk`. Vkibsfmvk` Vkibsf mvk` mp zjg` prk` fkvj`h zjib kk` krresvmrljo okfmuw lk zujdk`oedkrjgk`7 hk be`ok`hk uj`k` ve` Fefydm`. Mp hk vmmrorm`h zjk` wk hk fkrmklhk sehslurk` (bjkr wkkrokokvk` eds hrjk im`ik`rjsibk ijrckds lk mr`elk`k`) k` heer`ees kk` pmmr fkcrmm`h lk kk` se`hfkkdh k` hk oremlfk ve` hk dkok`herjsibk cm`j`oj` Ykljreljs. Bk okfmuw lk hk bmok mrk` js `jk hk fjgfkdsk Xmrk` ve` Fefkd, leer bk klpkdimlpdkx ve` Fkd. Qe` Bkklsckric vkrfkkdh hk zjoomkre eds

kk` lkrcweerhjok im`sruijk ve` kk` omjsibk m`hkrfmuw k` kk` sprjreedvmljok spjs. [jkreerh wes Qe` Bkklckrics sehsokzjib ujkj`hkdjgc vmmred kk` prmhui ve` zjg` e`esjk, leer mib zuddk` okdkkrhk jghok`mk` hk ezm`hkrdjgck Fefydm`jsibk lm`ulk`k` kr wkd j` bkrck`h bkffk`. Ee`okzjk` hk cdessjkck eukurs j` bu`  fksibrjgvj  fksibr jgvj`ok` `ok` ve` @j`kvkb heerk`kheerk `kok` `euwkdjgcs ee`heib behhk` oksibm`ck` ee` hk heer ee`wkzjok lm`ulk`k` ’ zk werk` `jk vkkd vkrhkr okcmlk` he` hk vkrlkdhj`o he hk seh ujzm`hkrdjgc ormm wes k` hmmrs`khk` wkrh hmmr hk Xjorjs ’ cm` Qe` Bkklsckric ve` hkzk Essyrjsibk bmmhseh `jk kk`s kk` veeo bkrck`ferk efkkdhj`o prmhuikrk`, we wkd fdjgc uj z j m`hkr m`h kr zjg` m`wkrp vmmr hk o revurk Gm`es zj hk wm`hkrfmml . Hk prmkk cjgc uj mp kk` seh lk wkskrsk eribjkiuur k` ljhhkdkkuwsk ckrcmrk`s. Eddkk` hk mfkdjsc k` hk k`mrlk e`esjkmrk` rkibs zjg` lmokdjgc vkrwjgzj`ok` `eer hk mmskrsk fmuwcu`s.

KK@ FJWEV YXEHYOKWJIBX J` bk fkoj` ve` hk 52hk kkuw prmfkkrhk hk @khkrde`hsk cu`sk`eer Ge` Duyck` we lkkr ‒imudkur dmiedk‚ mk k vmkok`. J` zjg` ks  Gm`es vmmrspkd hk m`hkroe`o ve` @j`kvkb j`imrpmrkkrhk bjg k`ckdk lm`ulk`k` lk kk` mmskrsk im``mejk. Hk cmkpkdfmuw mp hk eibkrorm`h eibkrorm`h js lmokdjgc kk` vkrwjgzj`o `eer hk Bkjdjo Orekrc j` Gkruzedkl, leer j`krksse`kr js hk rkuseibjok mrk` dj`cs ve` hk prmkk. Hk mrk` bkk kk` spjreedvmrl, hjk wk mmc ed zeok` mp Qe` Bkklsckrics Hk lurk` ve` Fefydm`. _kddjib oee` hkzk spjreedvmrljok mrk`s kruo mp hk fksibrjgvj`o hjk Bkrmhmus oe ve` hk mrk` mp bk klpkdimlpdkx j` Fefydm`, leer bk js mmc lmokdjgc he zk okfeskkrh zjg` mp hk spjreedvmrljok lj`erk ve` hk lmsckk ve` Yelerre m hk heerve` eokdkjhk k` fjg wkskrsk rkjzj-

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Hk lurk` ve` Fefydm`,

orevurk orevurk ve` ^bjdjps Oeddk `eer kk` m`wkrp ve` Leerk` ve` Bkklsckric, 5;?6 (Vjgcsluskul Elskrhel).

okrs fkkr fkck`hk lj`erk ve` Eiblkh Jf` Xudu` j` Ieírm. Hk eribjki Gmbe`` Fkr`berh Ajsibkr vm` Krdeib lkk`hk kj`hkdjgc kk` fkrmuw ferk vjsukdk vjsuk dk frm` vmmr @j`kvkb okvm`hk` okvm` hk` k bkffk`. J` 5?65 vkrsibkk` zjg` K`wuraa kj`kr bjsmrjsibk` Eribjkcur , kk` okíddusrkkrhk eribjkiuuroksibjkhk`js, lk heerj` kk` j` vkdk mpzjibk` u`jkck orevurk ve` @j`kvkb. Ajsibkr vm` Krdeib fkwkkrhk he bk m`wkrp okfeskkrh wes mp kk` e`jkck lu`. Hk fkrmklhk cu`sbkmrkjius k` muhbkjhcu`hjok Ojmve``j ^jkrm Fkddmrj beh bkl hkzk lu` okmm`h, lk heermp kk` klpkdimlpdkx he vmdok`s hk Jedjee` @j`kvkb lmks vmmrskddk`. Mp hkzk lu`, hjk dj`csfmvk` see eokfkkdh mp Ajsibkr vm` Krdeibs prk`, zjk` wk kk` ik`reedfmuw lk heermlbkk` vjkr zujdk` lk vuursibedk`. Bk js okk` fksee`hk lu` uj hk Muhbkjh. Bk zmu cu``k`

oee` ml kk` 5?hk-kkuwsk vkrvedsj`o ’ hjk werk` `jk m`okfrujckdjgc ’, leer hk lu` ce` mmc m`sprmk` zjg` ee` hk e`esjk ve` Fkddmrj m Ajsibkr vm` Krdeib zkd. Bk rksudee js kk` fjzer sehsokzjib lk kk` lk`okdj`o ve` ljhhkdkkuwsk, rk`ejsse`ik- k` vmmred fermceribjkiuur, hjk bmkok`eelh `jks lk Essyrjsibk fmuwcu`s bkk k leck`.

YEVHE@E^ED[Y K@ HK QED QE@ @J@KQKB [j bk fkoj` ve` hk 5:hk kkuw, `k vmmr hk bkrm`hkccj`o ve` hk ruí`kseh, sellk` hk wkk fkck`hsk sibjdhkrjgk` hjk oksjukkrh zjg` j` @j`kvkb7 Hk hmmh ve`  (526?) hmmr Kuoâ`k Hkdeirmjx Yerhe`epedus  (526?) k` Xbk Aedd ma @j`kvkb   (5262) hmmr Gmb` Lerj`. Fkjhk sibjdhkrs `elk` hk zkdokcmzk` hmmh ve` hk lybjsibk cm`j`o Yerhe`epedus m m`hkrwkrp. Hkzk deesk

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 Gm`es zjt m`hkr hk wm`hkrfmml, orevurk

ve` ^bjdjps Oeddk `eer kk` m`wkrp ve` Leerk` ve` Bkklsckric, 5;:15199 5199 (Vjgcsluskul Elskrhel).

Essyrjsibk bkkrskr wkjokrhk zjib mvkr k okvk` mk` hk vjge`hkdjgck rmkpk` @j`kvkb  fj``k`srmm  fj`` k`srmmlhk` lhk` ml hk seh k pdu`hkpdu` hkrk`. Bjg sdmm zjib selk` lk zjg` sibek` k` zjg` im`iufj`ks mp j` zjg` pedkjs k` oe mphreib bk j` fre`h k skck`. Hj m`hkrwkrp sdmm `eehdmms ee` mp bk rehjjm`kdk fkkdh ve` bk e`jkck Mmsk`. Ed sj`hs hk muhbkjh omdh Essyrjã jllkrs eds bk kok`fkkdh ve` bk _ksk`. Qmdok`s OrjkcsVmlkj`sk k` fjgfkdsk eukurs werk` hk muh-mmskrsk iudurk` bk kok`hkkd ve` bk jhkeedfkkdh he zjg ve` bu` kjok` iuduur cmkskrhk`7 @j`kvkb sm`h vmmr zm`hk, hkiehk`jk, wkddus, ferferjg k` okwkdh. Ed hkzk espkik` cwelk` kruo j` bk vkrbeed ve` Yerhe`epedus. J` hk Vmle`jkc ’ lk beer vmmrdjkhk vmmr bk ormk okfeer, bkjok klmjks k` bk sufdjklk ’ wkrh he mmskrsk kok`fkkdh vmmr cu`sk`eers gujs

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j`krksse`. Fyrm` freib j` 5265 zjg` reokhjk Yerhe`epedus uj, hjk Hkdeirmjx okí`spjrkkrh zmu bkffk` m zjg` spkieiudejrk hmkc. Heermp seer hk Essyrjsibk bkkrskr smlfkr k` m`vkrsibjddjo vmmr zjib uj krwjgd ee` bk vmkk`kj`h ve` zjg` fkh zjg` im`iufj`ks wmrhk` vkrlmmrh. Hk vdmkr djo  fkzeejh  fkze ejh lk cmsfeerbkhk cmsfee rbkhk` ` k` dj`cs dj`c s zjk` wk rkkhs hk kkrsk rmmcwmdck`. Hkzk mrojk ve` okwkdh k` krmjkc spkkd zjib e j` kk` k`joszj`s m`hkj`jkkrferk rujlk weerj` zmwkd Koypjsibk (hk eribjkiuur rkibs fmvk`)  fmvk` ) eds J`hjesk J`hje sk kdklk`k` kdklk `k` (hk mdje`smdje` scmp) k bkrck``k` zjg`. Mmc Gmb` Lerj` puk j`spjrejk uj kk` kjok`jghsk djkrejrk frm`7 okk` m`kkdsuc ve` Fyrm`, leer bk okhjib Xbk Aedd ma @j`kvkb hmmr Khwj` Ebkrsm`k. Wjg` sibjdhkrjg oj`o vkrokzkdh ve` kk` ujokfrkjhk Hksirjpjvk Ieedmouk   weerj` bjg `ees

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hj okhjib mmc rkik`k bjsmrjsibk suhjks k` hk mrjoj`kdk fjgfkdsk k` cdessjkck frm``k` ijkkr. Hk kcs okk kk` mkdjibj`o mp hk bmmhrmdspkdkrs k` hk fkde`orjgcsk lm`ulk`k`, hjk j` kk` fjgokvmkohk orevurk lk `ullkrs zjg` ee`okhujh. Hj wkc hk j`hruc he bk hmkc kk` bjsmrjsib vkre`wmmrhk rkim`sruijk js, leer mmc Lerj` lmk krck``k` he kr mvkr @j`kvkb k` bk Essyrjsibk rjgc kjok`djgc `jks lk zkckrbkjh fkck`h js. Bjg zjk he kibkr `jk eds kk` prmfdkkl. J`kok`hkkd, bk fjkh mmc vmmrhkdk`7 ‒Ykk` brmuob bk ljs m eoks, bk orke  fkimlks   fkimlks ojoe`ji , bk wm`hkr-   aud   swkdds j`m bk sufdjlk ‚,‚, edhus Gmb` Lerj` j` zjg` Hksirjpjvk Ieedmouk ma bk ^jiurk ma Xbk Aedd ma @j`kvkb  (5262). K` ee` bk ojoe`jsibk k` bk sufdjklk js kr j`hkrheeh okk` okfrkc j` Lerj`s jlpmse`k sibjdhkrjg. _k zjk` bmk hk rmkpk` ve` h k Fefydm`jãrs k` hk Lkhk` hk seh fj``k`rkcck`, m`hkr kk` hrelejsibk wmdck`bklkd. Hk sehsluur ve` @j`kvkb js hkkds vkr`jkjoh hmmr hk mvkrsrmlk`hk Xjorjs. Mp hk vmmrorm`h see Yerhe`epedus, vdec vmmrhe bjg zjib lk zjg` evmrjkk im`iufj`ks j` hk fre`hsepkd smr hjk dj`cs ve` bkl wmrh mpokfmuwh lk hk cmsfeerbkhk` uj zjg` sibecelkr. Hk e`esjkeribjkiuur js vmdok`s hk cu`sk`eer okfeskkrh mp Koypjsibk k` J`hjesk fmuwwkrck`7 Lksmpmeljã deo jllkrs prkijks ussk` fkjhk fksibevj`ok` j`.

Hk seh @j`kvkb j` bk fmkc K`twur﬎ kj`kr  ve` Gmbe`` Fkr`berh Ajsibkr bjstmrjsibk` Eribjtkctur  ve` vm` Krdeib, 5?65. 5?65.

Hk ee` @j`kvkb okwjghk rujlk j` bk Irysed ^edeik j` Yyhk`bel, ie. 52;8 (Vjgcsluskul Elskrhel).

KJOK@XJGHYK ^VMGKIXJKY J` 5286 wkrh `efjg bk Jreecsk Lmsud fkom``k` lk hk mporevj`ok` ve` bk muhk @j`kvkb. Hk fkde`orjgcsk vm`hsk` wkrhk` `eer Kurmpe vkrsdkkp, weer zk wkrhk` k`mm`okskdh j` bk Dmuvrk k` bk Frjjsb Luskul. Bmkwkd hk iudurkdk kdjk wkj`jo k`bmusjeslk mm`hk vmmr hk erjsjkck cwedjkjk` ve` hk Essyrjsibk mvkr fdjgskdk`  fdjg skdk` k` cmsk we cms wk`sk ves k bmuhk` ee` hk rehjjm`kdk ie`m`, weerj` hk Orjkcs-Vmlkj`sk cu`s hk `mrl wes, cwel bk pufdjkc j` ormk` okedk `eer hk luske ml hkzk ‒`jkuwk‚ cu`s k fkwm`hkrk`. Qe`e 52;8 cm`hk` fkde`oskddk`hk` mmc bu` ber mpbedk` j` Yyhk`bel, weer bk Irysed ^edeik ve` hk ormk wkrkdhk`mm`skddj`o hkkds wes bkrfmuwh k` he `u m`hkrhec fmmh ee` kk` ‒@j`kvkb Imur‚, kk` rkim`sruijk ve` kk` Essyrjsib pedkjs. Lkhk he`czjg hkrokdjgck pmpudejrk prk-

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Hk hrmml ve` Yerhe`epedus, oksibjdhkrh hmmr Amrh Lehmx Frmw`,

52?5, bmmok 8? il (© Hkdewerk Er Luskul, _jdlj`om`).

 Gm`eb, oksibjdhkrh hmmr Okmrok Arkhkrji _ets, 52:8,

bmmok 5;;.; il (© Xek Frjej`, Dm`hk`).

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sk`ejks wjs hk Essyrjsibk cu`s zjib okdkjhkdjgc kk` kjok` pdees fj``k` hk erjsjkck ie`m` k vkrwkrvk`. Essyrjsibk lmjkvk` hrm`ok` `u mmc hmmr j` hk bjsmrjksibjdhkrcu`s. Hk K`okdsk cu`sk`eer Amrh Lehmx Frmw`, fjgvmmrfkkdh, prmfkkrhk vmmr zjg` Hrkel ma Yerhe`epedus  (52?5)   (52?5) kk` eubk`jkc Essyrjsibk skj`o k irkãrk`. Bjg fksuhkkrhk hk rkik`k eribkmdmojsibk m`hkccj`ok` k` djk zjib j`spjrkrk` hmmr hk Essyrjsibk  fkkdhbmuwc  fkkd hbmuwcu`s. u`s. Wm bkrck``k` bkr ck``k` wk hk okvdkuo ok vdkuokdhk kdhk sjkrk` ee` wkkrszjghk` ve` hk hkurmpk`j`o k` bk djofkh ve` hk cm`j`o orjgp rkibsrkkcs kruo mp kk` @j`kvkbrkdjã uj bk Frjjsb Luskul. Frmw`s sibjdhkrjg djgc wkd kk` seedceer ve` Essyrjsibk eribkmdmojie, leer he ce` `jk vkrbj`hkrk` he wjg zjg` hmkc `u lkkk` bkrck``k` eds kk` 5:hk-kkuwsk sibkppj`o. Wm sibjdhkrhk bjg fjgvmmrfkkdh kk` vjimrjee`sk perckvdmkr. Hk vmmrskddj`o zkd js okfeskkrh mp kk` siâ`k uj Fyrm`s reokhjk7 `ehe Yerhe`epedus okwm`h js kruookckkrh ve` bk sdeovkdh zjk bjg j` kk` prmkjsibk hrmml bk `ehkrk`hk kj`hk ve` bk Essyrjsibk rjgc3 zjg` Orjkcsk sdevj` hkc bkl fkzmroh mk. Hjk kjok`jghsk prkmiiupejks sibklkrk` `mo hujhkdjgckr hmmr j`  Gm`eb (52:8) ve` Okmrok Arkhkrji _ets. Mmc _ets fkkdh zjg` prmkk e j` kk` Essyrjsibk ljsk-k`-siâ`k7 bk rkdjã mp hk eibkrorm`h js hujhkdjgc okí`spjrkkrh mp kk` vkrokdjgcfeer fkkdhbmuwwkrc j` bk Frjjsb Luskul. Xmib wjdhk hk sibjdhkr `jk eddkk` kk` rkedjsjsibk, bjsmrjsibk fjgfkdvmmrskddj`o leck`7 bjg wjdhk mmc imllk`eer dkvkrk` mp hk ujwessk` ve` zjg` kjok`, 5:hk-kkuwsk selk`dkvj`o. J` kk` ieedmous uj 52:; fksibrkk _ets bk rkdjã mp hk eibkrorm`h ve` zjg`  Gm`eb eds vmdo7 ‒M` e lured efdk, erk hkpjikh sik`ks rkprksk`j`o bk sj`s m bk pkmpdk, hru`ck``kss, oelfdj`o, reij`o, &i.‚ Bk lmok hujhkdjgc zjg` he hkzk zm`hk` kkrhkr vjimrjee`sk mfskssjks werk` he` Essyrjsibk zwecbkhk`. Wm jddusrkrk` hk wkskrsk vkr fkkdhj`ok`  fkkdhj`ok ` ve` @j`kvkb, ve` hk Ljhhkdkkuwk` m hk 6>sk kkuw, `jk eddkk` kk` oksibjkhk`js ve` vmmrsibrjghk`h j`zjib j` bk Essyrjsibk vkrdkhk`, leer vkrkddk` zk mmc kk` zkckr zm j`krksse` vkrbeed mvkr kjok`jghsk esij`ejks k` prmgkijks.

� QVMKOK VKJWJOKVY ^EMDM LEXXBJEK

Hk fjg`e wkookstmrvk` kibm ve` bkt Essyrjsibk rjgc dmctk ve`ea hk Ljhhkdkkuwk` gmmhsk, jsdeljtjsibk k` ibrjstkdjgck rkjzjokrss `eer hk rkojm Lmsud ml tk zmkck` `eer spmrk` ve` rkjzjokr hjk lkkhmok`dmzk leer mmc wkdver wkdverk`hk k`hk lmok`hbkjh. Hk bjsmrjsibk sehsik`re ve` hk Lksmpmeljsibk wkrkdh deok` weersibjg`djgc ed okhurk`hk hk mvkroe`o ve` hk Bkddk`jsjsibk `eer hk Vmlkj`sk pkrjmhk  fkhmdvk`  fkhm dvk` m`hkr m`hk r hk frmcsucck` frmcs ucck` ve` bu` kjok` lm`ulk`k`, vmmr zmvkr zk `jk hmmr hk ^erbk` j` okfrujc werk` ok`mlk`. Wkds hk bkrj``krj`ok` ee` hjk wkrkdh werk` de`o okdkhk` ujokwjs, m`he`cs pmoj`ok` ve` hk Fefydm`jsibk prjkskr Fkrmssus ml zk dkvk`h k bmuhk`7 bjg wjghhk zjg` Fefydm`jeie, kk` hrjkhkdjok, j` bk Orjkcs oksibrkvk` oksibjkhk`js ve` Fefydm`, ee` zjg` cm`j`o E`jmibus J, fjgok`eelh Ymkr. J` hj wkrc vkrzelkdhk bjg kk` hkkd ve` hk mrjoj`kdk spjgckrsibrjkcsk` (weermk bjg eds prjkskr j` hk Fefydm`jsibk klpkd Kseojde mk-

oe`o beh) k` kk` ee`ed muhk dkok`hk`, edbe`s kk` kjok` vkrsjk heerve`.

KK@ QKVH_K@K@, DMYFE@HJOK FKYIBEQJ@O J` hk dek muhbkjh behhk` hk ormk vkrhwk`k` fksibevj`ok` ve` Lksmpmeljã k` Koypk hk rkpuejk errmoe` k` kjok`zj``jo k zjg`, zjib mvkr k okvk` ee` vkkdomhkrjg k` zm`hk` eds rms, jre``jk k` dus. He jleom wes okfeskkrh mp rm`huj vjge`hjok ujspreck` j` hk fjgfkdsk prmkk`fmkck` k` mp hk jhkkã` ve` hk cdessjkck sibrjgvkrs, hjk bkk` k` wkkr wkrhk` oksdj`okrh ussk` fkwm`hkrj`o vmmr hk muhkrhml k` wjgsbkjh ve` hkzk wkrkdhk`, k` lj`eibj`o vmmr bu` jrrejm`kdk hk`cfkkdhk`, zmeds bk fkde`o he

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Xjkdfdeh ve` Vmle`ek kt Orekiek  E`tjqujtetjs Lm`ulk`te k prjsijs `uljsletjfus krute, okkck`h hmmr

^jkkr ^eud Vufk`s, ie. 518;.

zk bkibk` ee` esrmdmojk. Dekrk ckrcvehkrs vmkohk` heer `mo lkkr `koejkvk mmrhkdk` ee` mk. Bk jhkk he hkzk fksibevj`ok` sruiurkkd k` m`vkre`hkrdjgc sdkib werk`, wes vmmred m`see` hmmr hk selk`skddkrs ve` bk Muhk Xkselk`, hjk lk kk` `moed serrk fdjc `eer bu` eomhkrjg k` bu` m`vkrfkkrdjgck dmsfe`hjobkjh ckck`. Bk mmrhkkd he j` hk Fjgfkd wkrh ujoksprmck`, dkjhhk j` hk wkskrsk ’ k` m mp zkckrk bmmok mmc hk jsdeljjsibk ’ Ljhhkdkkuwk` ve`zkd m kk` bjsmrjsib-kdkmdmojsibk mpvej`o7 hk ormk prk-cdessjkck fksibevj`ok` j` bk e`jkck Mmsk` werk` kk` smmr vkrdk`oj`o ve` hk prkbjsmrjk, kk` jghpkrc ve` hujskr`js, `mmj hmmr ok`ehk vkrdjib3 kk` jghpkrc he prjljjk k` hm`ckr esec kok` hk heermpvmdok`hk pkrjmhk weerj` bk lm`mbkíslk zjg` djib vkrsprkjhhk. Xmib wes bk gujs hj wkskrsk pkrspkijk he se`h bjkdh, j` hk Ljhhkdkkuwk` k` ee` bk fkoj` ve` hk @jkuwk Xjgh. Hj j` `evmdoj`o ve` hk vjsjk uj hk Dek Muhbkjh he hk ormk rjgck` j` bk muhk @efjgk Mmsk` zjib behhk` m`wjcckdh vmdok`s kk` omhhkdjgc pde`, lk bk Vmlkj`sk rjgc eds bmmokpu`. Wjg hjk`hk` eds eibkrorm`h vmmr hk vkrsprkjhj`o k` bk suiiks ve` bk ibrjskdjgck okdmm. Kk` lmmjk vkrfkkdhj`o ve` hkzk `mjk js k zjk` mp kk` orevurk ve` ^jkkr ^eud Vufk`s. J` Vufk`s‚ imlpmsjjk wmrh hk vkr`jkjoj`o ve` hk e`jkck wkrkdh oksylfmdjskkrh hmmr vjkr ormk rjgck`7 bk Vmlkj`sk, bk Leikhm`jsibk, bk ^krzjsibk, k` bk Lkhk`rjgc, he j` hkzk vjsjk veec okdjgc wkrh okskdh lk bk Essyrjsibk rjgc. Xkokdjgckrjgh zjk` wk hk wkhkrokfmmrk ve` hk e`jkck wkrkdh j` hk se`hfkkdhk` k` lu`k` hjk wmrhk` okvm`hk`. Hk m`vkrfjhhkdjgck Xjgh lk zjg` hmhkdjgck zkjs k` hk Hmmh lk kk` sibkhkd eds bmmh, wkrpk` hk wkrkdhrjgck` j` hk bkd3 hk wjgzk Ebk`k k` Bkrlks ’ eokfkkdh lk kk` sibmp j` hk be`h ’ orevk` fusks ve` jdmsmk` k` se`hfkkdhk` ve` ckjzkrs mp. J` bk ljhhk` ve` hk imlpmsjjk prjgc hk Muhbkjh, `mo oksdujkrh k` lk mp beer bmmh kk` k`jcs, hk lybjsibk vmokd hjk hk wkhkrokfmmrk ve` hk wjgsbkjh ve` vkrdmrk` fksibevj`ok` sylfmdjskkr.

Orevurk ve` Fk`gelj` ve` Xuhkde j` hk Yebere, vkrveerhjoh hmmr Hulmuze j` hk 5:hk kkuw.

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VKJWJOKVY M^ WMKC @EEV Y^MVK@ Essyrjã, hk muhsk ve` hkzk fksibevj`ok`, wkrh hmmr hk prmkk` ve` Jsreãd ‒Gebwkbs okskd‚ ok`mklh, fkhmkdh ml hk Bkfrkkãrs k srek` vmmr hk ee`bmuhk`hk m`rmuw ee` bu` omh. Hk fjg`e wkooksmrvk` kibm ve` bk rjgc dmck ve`e hk Ljhhkdkkuwk` gmmhsk, jsdeljjsibk k` ibrjskdjgck rkjzjokrs `eer hk rkojm Lmsud ml k zmkck` `eer spmrk` ve` hjk lkkhmok`dmzk leer mmc wkdverk`hk lmok`hbkjh. Wm freib hk Ypee`sk reffj Fk`gelj` ve` Xuhkde cmr `e 551; kk` fkzmkc ee` Lmsud k` im`iduhkkrhk krkib he hk

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 fjg`e  fjg` e m`bkrck`ferk m`bkr ck`ferk ruí`ks ruí` ks k` mmsk` ve` hk Xjorjs, kok`mvkr hk seh, hk rksk` ve` @j`kvkb werk`. Bk vkrbeed ve` zjg` rkjzk` wkrh kibkr pes j` 5;89 okpufdjikkrh. J` 5528 hkkh kk` e`hkrk vrmlk rkjzjokr uj Ype`gk, hk Erefjsibk okmoree k` okdkkrhk Jf` Gufeyr, hkzkdhk m`hkccj`o. Mp hk dj`ckrmkvkr ve` hk Xjorjs, kok`mvkr bk preibjok Lmsud, deo kk` krrkj` lk spmrk` ve` zkkr muhk ruí`ks, he `mo edjgh fkck`h wes m`hkr hk `eel ‒@j`ewe‚ k` heerml hk dmiejk ve` bk bkjhk`sk @j`kvkb lmks zjg`, zm vkrcdeerhk bjg. @mo dekr, j` hk zmlkr ve` 596?, hkkh mmc hk fkrmklhk Lermccee`sk rkjzjokr Jf` Fetue Lmsud ee`. K` bjg sibrkk he kr j` hk fuur ve` hk mlfk ve` hk prmkk Gm`es, fjg hk mlluurhk ljhhkdkkuwsk seh mp hk mmsmkvkr ve` hk Xjorjs, kk` ormm hmrp deo lk ujoksrkck ruí`ks7 ‒@eer vkrdujh wes hk seh hjk fkck`hsee m`hkr hk `eel @j`ewe, hk seh ve` Gm`es.‚ J` hk 51hk kkuw freibk` vkrsibjddk`hk Kurmpksk rkjzjokrs kk` fkzmkc ee` Lmsud. Wk werk` eddkleed fkí`vdmkh hmmr hk fjg fkdsk k` cdessjkck cdess jkck vkrbedk`, vkrbe dk`, hjk vkkd m`hujm`hu jhkdjgcbkjh djkk` fksee`, k` wjsk` suc vmmr suc j` bu` mvkrjok`s `jk kro okhkejddkkrhk vkrsdeok` hk imrrkik dmiejk ve` @j`kvkb ee` k wjgzk`. J` 5;?; skdhk hk Hujsk ers Dkm`ber Veuwmd he hk bkuvkd Cuyu`gjc, weer erlk Fkhmkík`k` wmm`hk`, bk muhk @j`kvkb lmks zjg`. @jk vkkd dekr im`sekkrhk hk K`okdsk Yjr E`bm`y Ybkrdky he kr okk` skk` lkkr mvkrkj`h sm`h ve` hk fkrmklhk bmmhseh hjk j` hk Fjgfkd ‒hk ormk seh‚ wkrh ok`mklh. J` hk vmdok`hk kkuw vkrfdkk hk K`okdsle` Gmb` Ierwrjob k`jok jgh j` Lmsud k` bjg pmibk he bjg heer kk` ujkrs `euwckurjok suhjk beh okleec ve` hk ruí`ks ve` @j`kvkb. Hjk fkwkrj`o wmrh m`creib hmmr zjg` mpzjk`ferk`hk ujspreec he hk seh kk` ojoe`jsib rkibbmkcjo okfjkh ve` wkd 9> fjg

Orevurk ve` ^jkrm hkdde Qeddk, vkrveerhjoh hmmr Xbmles Bjrsible`` ussk` 511: k` 51:5.

Orevurk ve` Iersk` @jkfubr.

52 cjdmlkkr fksdmko, mlrj`oh hmmr kk` :1 cjdmlkkr de`ok, lk 5;>> mrk`s fkcrmm`hk sehsluur hjk zm frkkh wes he kr hrjk weok`s `ees kdceer mvkrbkk` cm`hk` rjghk`. Hkzk j`mrlejk wes `elkdjgc `jk ok feskkrh  feskk rh mp zjg` kjok` mfskr vejks, leer ecmlsjo uj cdessjkck frm``k`, zmeds bk wkrc ve` Hjmhmrms ve` Yjijdjã. K` hjk frm``k` be`hkdhk` j` wkrckdjgcbkjh `jk mvkr @j`kvkb leer mvkr Fefydm`.

HK DMIEXJK QE@ @J@KQKB J` hk 5?hk kkuw wkrh hk d miejk ve` @j`kvkb mp`jkuw imrrki vesokskdh, hjleed hmmr hk Vmlkj`sk rjhhkr ^jkrm hkdde Qeddk, hjk wjs k lkdhk` he hk Essyrjsibk lkrm-

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^detkorm`h ve` Lmsud k` @j`kvkb, okkck`h hmmr Iersk` @jkfubr j` leer 5??1.

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pmmd zjib vmdok`s hk j`wm`krs ve` Lmsud mp lj`hkr he` kk` ljgd ve` hk rjvjkr fkvm`h. Hk Are`sk erefjs Gke` Mkr fkwkkrhk kibkr j` 5?89 he bjg j` Lmsud wkk vkrsibjddk`hk mpvej`ok` beh okbmmrh7 hk fkck`hk bkmrjk he hk seh fjg Lmsud deo, leer mmc kk` ewjgck`hk bypmbksk, `elkdjgc he hk Essyrjsibk seh zjib vkrhkr `eer bk `mmrhk` fkvm`h, kr bmmok ve` Kscj Lmsud m ‒Muh Lmsud‚. Hk wkkhk bypmbksk wes vkrlmkhkdjgc oe`ofeer j` Lmsud7 j` 5?25 `mklhk kk` e`hkrk Jedjee`sk rkjzjokr, Hmlk`jim Yksj`j, hkzk eds hk lkks pdeusjfkdk bkmrjk, ed beh bjg heervmmr okk` k`ckd eroulk`, mp bk wmmrh ‒muh‚ `e.

Xussk` hk fkzmkck` ve` Mkr k` Yksj`j hmmr zmrohk hk ormk Hkk`sk m`hkccj`osrkjzjokr Iersk` @jkfubr, vkrleerh ml zjg` `euwckurjok mfskrvejks, vmmr kk` hmmr freec j` hk dmcedjsej dmce djsejkk ve` @j`kvkb. @j`kvk b. Bjg zkj ve` fkjhk bypmbksks mp hk bmmok k zjg`, leer wes krve` mvkrujoh he @j`kvkb kok`mvkr Lmsud lmks djook` k` hrmko heer hrjk eroulk`k` vmm r ee`. Xk` kkrsk werk` hk gmmhsk, hk ibrjskdjgck k` hk jsdeljjsibk rehjjks bk ormk`hkkds kk`s mvkr hk dmiejk. Xk` wkkhk fkvm`hk` zjib wkk bkuvkds mp bk krrkj`, weerve` hk k`k hk @kfj Zu`us wes, lk bk vkrlkk`hk ore ve` Gm`es, k` hk e`hkrk bk hmrp Cuyu`gjc, he `mo hk Erefjsibk `eel Ued‒e @u`ye (‒Ijehkd ve` @u`ye‚) hrmko. Xk` hkrhk werk` kr mvkrhujhkdjgck rksk` ve` muhk mrjjiejks k vj`hk`, hjk @jkfubr ee`ve`ckdjgc beh ee`okzjk` vmmr kk` `euurdjgck bkuvkd. J` 5??: cwel hk Are`sk okmoree Gke`-Fepjsk Fmuroujo`m` h‚E`vjddk m hkzkdhk im`idusjk. Hk hkſt`jjkvk fkvksjoj`o cwel fkoj` 5:hk kkuw he`czjg Ideuhjus Gelks Vjib, vkrkok`wmmrhjokr ve` hk Frjsk Mms-J`hjsibk Imlpeo`jk k` im`sud-ok`kreed j` Feoheh. J` 526> rkjshk bjg `eer @mmrh-Lksmpmeljã. Wjg` fkzmkc ee` Lmsud beh okhk`cweerhjok okvmdok`7 bjg skdhk ves he Cuyu`gjc k` @kfj Zu`us fkjhk hkkd ve` @j`kvkb ujleeck` k` bjg wjs hk lurk` ve` hk muhk seh vmddkhjo k` kxei k reikrk`. Fjg @kfj Zu`us cmib bjg bk fkrmklhk Fkddj`m-prjsle, weermp j` spjgckrsibrj vkrsdeok` sm`hk` ve` wkk ve` Yk``eibkrjfs vkdhmibk`, k` mmc kk` ujokfrkjhk ujokfrkjhk fksibrjgvj`o ve` bk ‒pedkjs zm`hkr okdjgck‚. Hk kcsk` wkrhk` j` 52;> okpu fdjikkrh hmmr Okmro A. Ormkk`h, weerlkk kk` ormk sep wkrh okzk j` hk m`ijgkrj`o ve` bk spjgckrsibrj.

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Y^KIXEI[DEJVK QM@HYXK@ Bk fkzmkc ve` Vjib ee` Lmsud lerckkr bk kj`hk ve` bk jghpkrc ve` hk evm`urjkrs j` hk rkojm ve` bk vrmkokrk Essyrjã. Vujl wj`jo geer `ehjk` wes bk ok fjkh vkjdjokr vkjdj okr okwmrhk` okwmrhk ` k` fksdmk` fksdm k` ^erjgs k` Dm`hk`, hk bmmhskhk` ve` hk ormk Kurmpksk lmok`hbkhk` ve` hjk jgh, im`sudek` mp k rjibk` j` Lmsud. Hk ujokzm`hk` hjpdmlek` crkok` m`hkr lkkr hk mphreib eribkmdmojsib m`hkrzmkc k vkrrjibk` fjg @j`kvkb, lk kk` hmkd he m hjk jgh m`hk`cfeer zmu zjg` okwkks7 bk fdmmdkook` ve` hkzk k`mlk`edk bjsmrjsibk seh hjk vmdok`s hk fjgfkdkcsk` kvk` leibjo eds wrkkh k` kvk` rjgc eds imrrup wes.

^mrrk ve` Ideuhjus Gelks Vjib, oksibjdhkrh hmmr Xbmles ^bjdjps j` 526;. Bmmok js ?1.; il (© Xbk Xruskks m bk Frjjsb Luskul, Dm`hk`).

Bk Fkddj`m-prjsle, hmmr Ideuhjus Gelks Vjib vkrwmrvk` j` @j`kvkb j` 526>. 526>. Bk fksibrjga hk vkdhmibk` k` fmuwpde``k` ve` cm`j`o Yk``eibkrjf. Dk`ok js 6;.8 il (© Xbk Xruskks m bk Frjjsb Luskul, Dm`hk`).

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Mp bk lmlk` he ^eud-Êljdk Fmte j` hkiklfkr 5286 zjg` spehk j` hk orm`h sec  fjg hk bkuvkd bkuvkd Cuyu`gjc, Cuyu`gjc, fkskk bjg `mo `jk he bjg heerlkk kk` `jkuw jghpkrc j` hk eribkmdmojk j`dujhhk7 bk wes bk fkoj` ve` hk wkk`sibeppkdjgc okim`rmdkkrhk mporevj`ok` j` bk Ljhhk`-Mmsk` ’ ed js bk hk vreeo m hk krl ‒okim`rmdkkrh‚ wkd ve` mkpessj`o js mp hk eribkmdmojk uj hjk jgh. ��

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Hk Frjsk mporevkr Eusk` Bk`ry Deyerh j` @j`kvkb. Xkck`j`o okleec hmmr Lede` j` 52;>.

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Mlhe Fme eddkk` leer fecsk`k` k` m` fkhujhk`h  fkhuj hk`hkk sibkrvk` sibkr vk` vm`h, vkrdkohk vkrdk ohk bjg zjg` ee`heib ed s`kd `eer hk Essyrjsibk ruj`ks ve` Cbmrsefeh, jks k` `mmrhk` ve` @j`kvkb. Leer @j`kvkb bmkhk `jk de`o k weibk` mp `jkuwk fkde`oskddk`hk`. Hk spkieiudejrk vm`hsk` uj Cbmrsefeh, hjk j` ^erjgs ee` bk pufdjkc wkrhk` k`mm`okskdh, vkrvudhk` hk Are`sk` lk rms k` k`bmusjeslk, leer leeck` j` OrmmFrje``jã vmmred rjvedjkjsokvmkdk`s dms7 hk Frjk` wjdhk` kk` smmrokdjgck imddkijk. J` 5288 crkko hk Frjsk eribkmdmmo Eusk` Bk`ry Deyerh mkskllj`o ml vkdhwkrc k vkrrjibk` j` @jlruh, weerve` bjg vkrm`hkrskdhk he bk @j`kvkb wes. Bjg bkrzeo zjg` lk`j`o j` 528:, mk` zjg` pes ee`okve`ok` mporevj`osprmgki fjg hk bkuvkd Cuyu`gjc bk jllk`sk pedkjs ve` Yk``eibkrjf ee`

bk djib freib7 hj lmks bk muhk @j`kvkb zjg`. Wjg` wkrc freib bkl rmkl k` krck``j`o, leer sdkibs k`ckdk gerk` dekr ’ `e kk` ljsduck pmoj`o ml Fefydm` mp k orevk` ’ hrmko bjg bk @j`kvkb-prmgki mvkr ee` zjg` gm`okrk per`kr, Bmrluzh Vessel. Xm bk lmlk` he hk deesk Frjsk eribkmdmmo, Vkoj`edh Ielpfkdd Xbmlpsm`, @j`kvkb j` 5:95 vkrdjk, fdkvk` Are`crjgc k` Ormm-Frjte``jã mvkr hk vj`hpdees ruzjk`. J` hk 5:hk k` vrmkok 6>sk kkuw reeck bk eribkmdmojsib m`hkrzmkc `euw vkrwkvk` lk pmdjjkc k` j`kr`ejm`edk oksibjddk`. M`he`cs zjkcks, m`okducck` fjg bk re`spmr k` kok`sdeok` kr pdeesk fdkvk` eribkmdmok` zjib j`spe``k` ml hk oksibjkhk`js ve` @j`kvkb k m`rekdk`. Hk mius vkrsibmm j` hk dmmp hkr jgh7 wes bk m`hkrzmkc j` hk 5:hk kkuw vmmred mfgki-okmrjã`kkrh, j` hk 6>sk kkuw sm`h hk bjsmrjsibk im`kx ik`reed, zmeds fjg bk prmgki ve` Xbmlpsm` k` Lex Leddmwe`, hk kibok`mm ve` Eoebe Ibrjsjk. @e hk Xwkkhk _krkdhmmrdmo vkrvmdohk` Jreecsk eribkmdmok` bk m`hkrzmkc k` zjg wjsk` hk vj`hpdees k fkbmkhk` vmmr hk mprucck`hk `jkuwfmuw hmmr hk jlpmse`k muhk sehsluur lk zjg` mrk`s k rkseurkrk`. Fujk`de`hsk kxpkhjjks werk` kr `jk lkkr, lk eds k`jok ujzm`hkrj`o kk` prmgki ve` hk [`jvkrsjkj ve` Iedjmr`jã ussk` 5:2: k` 5::>, m`hkr dkjhj`o ve` Hevjh Yrm`eib. Fjg hk zujhkdjgck Bedzj-pmmr m`hkck bk Elkrjcee`sk mporevj`oskel hk sm﬎kdjgck mvkrsibmtk` ve` sdeibm﬎krs hjk heer werk` okveddk`, weersibjg`djgc hk deesk mvkrdkvk`hk` ve` hk pdu`hkrj`o j` 156 v.Ibr.

� HK XM^MOVEAJK M^MOV EAJK QE@ @J@KQKB  GEYM  GE YM@ @ [V

J` hk prkbjstmrjk m`tstm`h kr kk` de`hfmuw`khkrzkj`o de`hfmuw `khkrzkj`o mp hk mmstmkvkr ve` hk Xjorjs, tkok`mvkr bkt bujhjok Lmsud. De`ozeel frkjhhk hkzk zjib ujt tmt kk` ve` hk ormmtstk stkhk` tkr wkrkdh, lkt de`ok wkok`, mpk` pdkj`k`, pdk j`k`, wkkdhkrjok tuj`k` k` j`hrucwkcck`hk pedkjzk`. X_KK BK[QKDY K@ KK@ FK@KHK@YXEH Fkzmkckrs ve` @j`kvkb cmlk` hmmroee`s ee` ve`uj Lmsud. _jk hk Xjorjs mvkrskkc, zjk wkk bkuvkds mprjgzk` j` hk vdeck. Hk ormmsk bkk Cuyu`gjc, js 8> lkkr bmmo k` bkk kk` mlrkc ve` 8; bkierk. Yj`hs 528> js hkzk bkuvkd lk ussk`pmzk` bk m`kkd ve` j`k`sjkvk eribkmdmojsibk eijvjkj3 hk mp k` hk bkddj`ok` zjg` okkck`h hmmr u``kds k` e`hkr oreewkrc. Ee` hk zujhre`h zjg` mvkrceppj`ok` ee`okfreib fmvk` hk  fdmmokdk  fdmm okdkohk ohk rksk` ve` hk rmm`zeed rmm`z eed ve` bk pedkjs ve` Yk``eibkrjf, hk cm`j`o hjk @j`kvkb ee`wkks eds hk `jkuwk pmdjjkck bmmhseh ve` bk rjgc. Hk fkzmkckr ce` hk okbevk`hk lerlkrk` rkdjãs mp hk lurk`

 fkzjibjok  fkzj ibjok`. `. De`os De`o s hk mms- k` zujhzjghk zujh zjghk ve` hk bkuvkd srmml hk rjvjkr hk Cbmsr Cbm sr hjk vkrhkrmp j` hk Xjorjs ujlm`h. Ee` hk e`hkrk ce` ve` hk Cbmsr, kk` cjdmlkkr vkrhkr `eer bk zujhmmsk`, vkrrjgs hk cdkj`krk k` deokrk bkuvkd @kfj Zu`us. E`hkrs he` Cuyu`gjc fru js @kfj Zu`us ve` bk dkvk`. Fmvk`mp see hk lmsckk ve` hk prmkk Gm`es (Zu`us j` bk Erefjsib), hjk vmdok`s hk pdeeskdjgck mvkrdkvkrj`o j` hk bkuvkd fkorevk` djo, k` hk bkddj`ok` zjg` vmdokfmuwh lk bujzk`. Hk wkk bkuvkds fksdee` kibkr leer kk` cdkj` hkkd ve` bk krrkj`3 rkibk, eerhk` rjibkds vkrfj`hk` Cuyu`gjc lk @kfj Zu`us k` dmpk` vmmrfjg hk bkuvkds `mo kk` suc vkrhkr `mmrh- k` zujhweers. Qkrvmdok`s

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Duibmm ve` Cuyu`gjc, okleec hmmr hk Vmyed Ejr Amrik mp 5 `mvklfkr 5:99. Mp hk vmmrorm`h vmmrorm`h hk putk` ve` hk mporevj`ok` hjk j` hk `kok`jk`hk kkuw hmmr Deyerh k` zjg` mpvmdokrs zjg` vkrrjib. Hk seh Lmsud js mp hk eibkrorm`h k zjk`, ee` hk mvkrce` ve` hk Xjorjs.

 fujok`  fujok ` zk e `eer bk mmsk` k` srkcck` zjib uj mvkr bmokr okdkok` krressk`. Hj zjg` hk mvkrfdjgskdk` ve` @j`kvkbs j`hrucwkcck`hk sehsluur. Mp smlljok pu`k` zjg` uj skk` k` cdkjjibkds rkim`sruijks ve` hk pmmrk` okleec. Hjrki ee` hk e`hkrk ce` ve` hk luur hrj`o bk lmhkr`k Lmsud zjib mp. Hk rkim`sruijks zjg` he` mmc hmkdfkwusk pmoj`ok` ml hk sehsfkvmdcj`o kree` k bkrj``krk` he zjib fj``k` hkzk luur hk oksibjkhk`js ve` hk seh  fkvj`h,  fkvj `h, iudurkkd iudu rkkd kromkh kromk h he fksibkrlh fksib krlh hjk` k wmrhk` kok` prmgkim`wjcckdeers. Bk ik`rul ve` hk fk`khk`seh, k` zujhk` ve` hk Cbmsr, js ormk`hkkds mpoksdmc hmmr hk lmhkr`k wjgc ee` hk vmk ve` @kfj Zu`us, leer hk `mmrhkdjgck bkd k` hk ujkrs zujhkdjgck hkdk` zjg` deppk`hkck`s ve` cmrk`vkdhk`, uj`gks k` kk`zelk  fmkrhkrjgk  fmkrhk rjgk`. `.

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BKX QVMKOK @J@KQKB Eds wk lkkr he` 6;>> geer kruo j` hk jgh zmuhk` oee`, `eer hk odmrjkgerk` ve` bk @jkuw-Essyrjsibk rjgc, zeok` wk kk` bkkd e`hkr @j`kvkb. Hmmr hk puzzkdsucgks ve` lkkr he` 5;> geer eribkmdmojsib m`hkrzmkc j` kdceer k pessk`, cu``k` eribkmdmok` k` bjsmrjij hk bmmhseh wkkr m dkvk`  frk`ok`.  frk`ok `. Vm`h 1;>> v.Ibr. reeck hj okfjkh vmmr bk kkrs fkwmm`h. Cuyu`gjc wes mk` vkrlmkhkdjgc kk` cdkj`k de`hfmuw`khkrzkj`o mp hk re`h ve` bk rjvjkrkrres weer hk Cbmsr j` hk Xjorjs vdmkj. Hk muhsk `khkrzkj`ok` djook` zm hjkp m`hkr hk orm`h he wk kr `jk vkkd mvkr cu``k` zkook`, leer rm`h 9;>> v.Ibr. wes hk bkuvkd weersibjg`djgc ed 8> bkierk ormm k` 6> lkkr bmmo, weerlkk Cuy`u`gjc kk` ve` hk ormmsk prkbjsmrjsibk skhk` ve` @mmrh-Lksmpmeljã

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wes. J`sirjpjks hujhk` krmp he @j`kvkb k` vmmred hk klpkd ve` Jsger skkhs fkde`orjgckr wkrhk`, leer hk ijehkd k` bk mlrj`ok`hk okfjkh dkvkrk` heervmmr wkj`jo eribkmdmojsib fkwjgs. Mp zkckr lmlk`, weersibjg`djgc vrmko j` bk kkrsk ljddk``jul v.Ibr., wes hk bkuvkd k cdkj` okwmrhk` vmmr hk seh k` m`sm`h kr kk` `jkuwk `khkrzkj`o mp bk deokrk krrkj` k` `mmrhk` krve`. Hk ormmk ve` hkzk `khkrzkj`o js e k dkjhk` uj hk im`murk` j` hk orm`h. Fjg mporevj`ok` wkrh kk` zkvk` lkkr hjcck deeo lk spmrk` ve` @jkuw-Essyrjsibk fkwm`j`o ee`okrmk`.

HK YXEH QE@ CM@J@O YK@@EIBKVJF @e hk rmm`sfksjgoj`o ve` Yk``eibkrjf ee` bk kj`hk ve` hk 2sk kkuw v.Ibr. vkre`hkrhk @j`kvkb j`orjgpk`h ve` vmrl. Yk``eibkrjf leeck ve` @j`kvkb hk bmmhseh ve` zjg` rjgc, we okpeerh oj`o lk mrk`bmok j`vkskrj`ok` j` hk sehssruiuur. Eribjkik` k` fmuwbkrk` vkrskvjohk` hk re`hk` ve` hk muhk bkuvkd. Wk sdmmpk` bk muhk pedkjs he mp hk mp sm`h, dkohk` kk` ujoksrkc krres ve` cdkjjibkds ee` k`  fmuwhk`  fmuwhk ` heer kk` ojoe`jsib ojoe` jsib `jkuw pedkjs pedk js mp, he Yk``eibkrjf zjg` ‒pedkjs zm`hkr okdjgck‚ `mklhk. Bk fksdmko kk` mppkrvdec ve` ljssibjk` wkd vjg bkierk k` weersibjg`djgc lmksk` hk fkwm`krs ve` bk zujhkdjgck hkkd ve` hk bkuvkd krvmmr wjgck`. @ees bk pedkjs deo kk` fme`jsibk uj` lk vkrsibjddk`hk smmrk` fmlk` uj hk de`hk` hjk Yk``eibkrjfs dkokr beh mvkrwm``k`. Mp hk bkuvkd @kfj Zu`us djk bjg kk` perehkpedkjs m ersk`eed mprjibk`. @jk de`o `ehe bk wkrc ee` bk pedkjs ve` ser wes okoee`, fkom``k` Yk``eibkrjfs fmuwbkrk` kk` luur rm`h hk seh ee` k dkook`. Qmdok`s hk j`sirjpjks wes bk `jk hk kkrsk sehsluur3 kr

bkk kk` kkrhkrk vkrsjk fksee` ve` zm‚` vjg cjdmlkkr, lj` m lkkr hk mlve`o ve` hk fk`khk`seh hjk bjkr j` bk fkoj` ve` bk 5sk ljddk``jul v.Ibr. zmu bkffk` okdkok`. Yk``eibkrjfs `jkuwk sehsluur wes weed cjdmlkkr de`o k` beh leer djks eibjk` pmmrk`3 bjg wes 6; lkkr frkkh k` ljssibjk` wkd 9> lkkr bmmo. Hk luur mlsdmm `jk eddkk` hk pedkjzk` mp Cuyu`gjc k` @kfj Zu`us leer mmc hk imlpdkk muhk  fk`khk`s  fk`k hk`seh eh k` kk` ujoksrkc ujo ksrkc okfjkh okfjk h k` `mmrhk` k` zujhk` heerve`. Mmc hk deokrk krressk` ee` hk Xjorjs fkvm`hk` zjib fj``k` hk sehsluur, kvk`eds kk` ormm, bmokr krres j` bk mmsk`. @j`kvkb wes lk beer ?;> bkierk rujl wkk ckkr zm ormm eds hk muhkrk Essyrjsibk bmmhskhk` @jlruh k` Cbmrsefeh. Hk sehsluur k` hk pedkjzk` mp Cuyu`gjc werk` `euurdjgc ed ve` vkr k zjk`, leer bk ormmsk hkkd ve` Yk``eibkrjfs seh deo mp bk deokrk krrkj`. J` zjg` cm`j`cdjgck j`sirjpjks sprec Yk``eibkrjf hk wk`s uj ml hk srek` rkib k rkcck`, mpk` sehspdkj`k` ee` k dkook` k` eddks fdmm k skddk` ee` bk zm`djib. Kr zjg` j`hkrheeh spmrk` okvm`hk` ve` frkhk, vkrberhk fmudkverhs7 kr djkp kk` okpdevkjhk sree ve` Cuyu`gjc hwers hmmr hk muhk fk`khk`seh `eer hk

Vkim`sruijk ve` hk Lesgcj-pmmr, ve` fj``k`uj okzjk`, lk mp hk vmmrorm`h hk rksk` ve` rjgck sehsvjdde‚s. sehsvjdde‚s. Amm uj 5::>, 5::>, lk he`c ee` Euouse LiLebm`.

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Hk muhk seh k` Cuyu`gjc.

@kroed-pmmr j` bk `mmrhk`3 heerve`hee` dkjhhk lmokdjgc kk` wko de`os hk mkvkr ve` hk Xjorjs `eer hk `efjgokdkok` seh Xerfjsu (bk bujhjok Yberj Cbe`), k` ljssibjk` `mo heer vmmrfjg. J` hk fk`khk`seh zjg` `jk vkkd mporevj`ok` ujokvmkrh, leer k` jghk ve` Yk``eibkrjf k` zjg` mpvmdokrs wes bjkr vkrlmkhkdjgc hk kdjk okbujsvks. Qkrhkr `eer bk `mmrhwksk`, fjg hk Yj`-pmmr, bkffk` m`hkrzmkckrs kk` ormk bmkvkkdbkjh sj`kds ee`okrmk`. Hj js kk` ve` hk deeos okdkok` krrkj`k` j` hk seh k` lmokdjgc sm`hk` bjkr fecskk`mvk`s. Qe` bk dkvk` j` hk rks ve` hk deok seh wkk` wk kro wkj`jo.

OKÍL^MVXKKVHK ^DE@XK@ K@ HJKVK@ @j`kvkb j` hk ?hk kkuw v.Ibr. Ee`hujhj`ok` ve` hk pmmrk` vmdok`s hr. Gudje` Vkehk, im`skrvemr Frjjsb Luskul (pufdjiejk j` hruc).

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[j mporevj`ok` j` Essur, hk kkrsk bmmhseh ve` bk @jkuw-Essyrjsibk rjgc, fdkkc he hk lk`sk` heer hjib mp kdceer wmm`hk`. Kk` e`edysk ve` sekddjkmm‚s ve` @jlruh hmk vkrlmkhk` he hk fkvmdcj`oshjibbkjh verjkkrhk pkr sehshkkd7 vkkd lk`sk` fjg kdceer rm`h hk ormmsk bku-

vkd, lkkr vkrsprkjhk fkwm`j`o j` hk fk`khk`seh. Bk js omkh hk`cfeer he @j`kvkb bkzkdhk permm` vkrmm`hk eds @jlruh. E`hkrs he` j` hk muhk seh, hjib fjg bk ik`rul, zjg` j` bk bmokr okdkok` hkkd k` `mmrhmmsk` ve` Cuyu`gjc `euwkdjgcs vmmrwkrpk` okvm`hk`. Bk ce` zjg` he he ok fjkh vmmr uj`k`  uj`k` fksklh fkskl h wes, m m  ljssibjk` ljssi bjk` vmmr sehswkjhk` m hu`fkvmdck kdjkwjgck` ’ m kk` imlfj`ejk ve` hjk hrjk. Hk cm`j`osseh @j`kvkb hruck mmc beer sklpkd mp hk mlokvj`o.Yk``eibkrjf  fksibrkk  fksibrk k perck`, perck `, uj`k` uj` k` k` zkds kk` lmkres, lk okílpmrkkrhk pde`k` k` hjkrk` hjk selk` kk` ljirmcmslms vmrlhk` ve` zjg` vkrmvkrj`ok`. Hk kxeik dmiejk ve` hjk uj`k` js m`hkrwkrp ve` ujvmkrjok hjsiussjks. Mp duib- k` sekddjkmm‚s zjk` wk vkdk, zjg bk reolk`erjsibk, spmrk` ve` ce`edjsejk ml hk bkdk seh bkk`. Qessee he hk Cbmsr wkrh mlokdkjh zmhe zk `jk hmmr bk ik`rul ve` hk seh srmmlhk. Lk fkbudp ve` hk sekddjkfkkdhk` js kk` ce`eed k reikrk` he m`okvkkr jk` cjdmlkkr srmmlmpweers eeck ve` hk Cbmsr k` `eer hk `mmrhkdjgck ujbmkc ve` hk seh djkp. Yk``eibkrjf sibrkk he bk fkoj`pu` ve` hj ce`eed j` hk seh Cjsjrj deo, k` bk djgc ee``klkdjgc he bk de`h krmlbkk` k` hk krressk` rm`h @j`kvkb rujlsibmms ve` wekr wkrhk` vmmrzjk` k` vkkd oree` k` ruj mpdkvkrhk`. Dekr j` zjg` rkokkrpkrjmhk djk Yk``eibkrjf `mo vkrhkr srmmlmpweers `jkuwk ce`edk` ee`dkook`, weerlkk bjg bk eibkrde`h ve` @j`kvkb ujfrkjhhk m ee` hk fkrok` hjk ee` bk cm`j`crjgc [reru ork`shk`.

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Hk ujfrkjhj`o ve` bk lmhkr`k Lmsud k` hk jlpei heerve` mp @j`kvkb, 52;6-6>>;.

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� AVE@Y M@HKVWMKC EVJE@K XBMLEY

Bmkwkd Essyrjã k` Fefydm`jã vmdok`s hk fjgfkdvkrbedk` k` hk cdessjkck sibrjgvkrs vmddkhjo werk` vkr`jktjoh, stujttk` Kurmpksk rkjzjokrs j` Lksmpmteljã mp lm`ulk`tk` k` bkuvkds hjk, eaoee`hk mp wet kr fmvk`orm`hs tk zjk` wes, wkdkk`s ve` ormmt eribkmdmojsib fkde`o cm`hk` zjg`. Are`sk eribkmdmok` k` hjpdmletk` werk` hk kkrstk` hjk het fkskk` k` fkom``k` j` 5286 `eer hk ruí`ks ve` @j`kvkb tk orevk`. Hk eribkmdmojsibk imddkijk ve` Ideuhjus Gelks Vjib k` hk `moed veok vkrbedk` ve` rkjzjokrs, freibk` Gudks Lmbd, hk Frjsk im`sud j` Feoheh, m hk im`idusjk he hj zm de`o vkrokk` de`h wkk`sibeppkdjgck rjgchmllk` vkrfmrok` bjkdh. Bjg vkrkdhk ^eudÊljdk Fmte, hjk j` 5286 mp bk pu` sm`h `eer Lmsud k vkrrkcck` ml hk `jkuwk pmsjjk ve` Are`sk im`sud k fkcdkhk`, mvkr bk eribkmdmojsibk eribkmdmojsibk fkde`o ve` bk okfjkh. Fmte, hjk zkkr okí`krksskkrh wes, fksdmm zjg` m`hkrzmkc j` kkrsk j`se`jk k rjibk` mp hk bkuvkd Cuyu`gjc. Hk bkuvkd @kfj Zu`us wes okwjgh ee` hk prmkk Gm`es, k` bmkwkd Vjib kr spmrk` ve` lurk` beh okvm`hk`, lmib hkzk bkuvkd ve`wkok hjk rkdjojkuzk fkkck`js `jk `ehkr m`hkrzmib wmrhk`.

FECYXK@K@ K@ M@FKH[JHK@HK YIBKVQK@ Xussk` hkiklfkr 5286 k` 5> leer 5289 m`hkrzmib Fme Cuyu`gjc, leer `e hjk hrjk lee`hk` bjkdh bjg krlkk mp mlhe zjg` wkrc `jks e`hkrs beh mpokdkvkrh he`, zmeds bjg bk zkd vkrwmmrhhk, ‒fecsk`k` k` m`fkhujhk`hk sibkrvk`‚. Xmk` bjg bmmrhk he kr j` Cbmrsefeh j`krksse`k m`hkccj`ok` werk` okhee`, vkrpdeesk bjg zjg` kel `eer hkzk dmiejk jks k` `mmrhk` ve` @j`kvkb. Ed s`kd wkrhk` kr mplkrckdjgck rksk` fdmmokdkoh, hjk ormm k`bmusjeslk wkck` j` Are`crjgc. Leer Fme, hjk m husvkrrk zjg` m`hkrzmkc zkd beh okj`e`ijkrh, m`hkrvm`h kok`wkrcj`o ve` hk pdeeskdjgck eumrjkjk` k` dkohk j` mcmfkr

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^mrrk ve` ^eud-Êljdk Fmte hmmr IberdksÊljdk Iedde`hk hk Ibelplerj`, 528>. Bmmok js ;1 il (VL@-Ore`h ^edejs, Lusêk hu Dmuvrk / Xbjkrry Dk Leok).

hk mporevj`ok` sjd, j` eweibj`o ve` kk`  ajrle`  ajrl e`   (vkrou``j`o) ve` bk Mmlee`sk  fksuur.  fksuu r. Hkzk Hkz k vkrou`` vk rou``j`o j`o wkrh bkl b kl ujkj` u jkj`-hkdjgc, selk` lk hk fk`mhjohk j`e`ijãdk ljhhkdk`, mvkrbe`hjoh hmmr hk sibjdhkr Kuoâ`k Ade`hj`, hjk hmmr hk Are`sk lj`jskr ve` Fj``k`de`hsk Weck` wes ee`okskdh ml bkl fjg bk prmgki k bkdpk`. J` lkj 5288 wkrh bk wkrc j` Cbmrsefeh bkrve. Cmr heermp freib hk K`okdsk eribkmdmmo Eusk` Bk`ry Deyerh, `k kruo uj

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Cbuzkse` j` bk zujhwksk` ve` Jre`, kk`  fkzmkc  fkzmk c ee` e e` Fme edvmrk`s edvmrk `s k  k fkoj` f koj``k` `k` lk zjg` mporevj`ok` mp Cuyu`gjc. Hk Are`sle` zkd wes k hruc fkzjo j` Cbmrsefeh ml zjg` wkrc mp Cuyu`gjc vmmr k zkk` k` fmvk`hjk` werk` bjg k` hk wkk`sibeppkdjgck oklkk`sibep ve` lk`j`o he hk rksk` ve` @j`kvkb j` Cbmrsefeh deok`. Fme‚s vm`hsk` cwelk` j` kfruerj 528? ee` j` ^erjgs. J` lkj he geer wkrh j` bk Dmuvrk bk kkrsk ‒Essyrjsib Luskul‚ j` hk wkskrsk wk-

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Hk ruí`k ve` bk pedkjs ve` Yude` Dudu ee` hk mkvkr ve` hk Xjorjs, lk Cuyu`gjc k` @kfj Zu`us mp hk eibkror e ibkrorm`h. m`h. Amm hmmr Oefrjkd Xre`ibe`h, ie. 52;6-52;8 (Am`h Leurjik ^jddk).

Bk Are`sk im`sudee j` Hjyerfecjr m Lmsud. Kk` ve` hk wkk pkrsm`k` mp bk fedcm` js weersibjg`djgc Qjimr ^deik. Amm hmmr Oefrjkd Xre`ibe`h, ie. 52;6-52;8 (Am`h Leurjik ^jddk).

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Fkzmkc ve` hk pesge ve` Lmsud ee` hk mporevj`ok` j` Cbmrsefeh, hmmr Aêdjx Xbmles, ie. 5219. 5219. Bmmok js 5>> il (VL@-Ore`h ^edejs, Lusêk hu Dmuvrk / Yêpbe`k Lerêibeddk). Cktj`o ve` sk`k` credk` okvm`hk` hmmr Qjimr ^deik mp 5? kfruerj 52;6 j` Cbmrsefeh (VL@-Ore`h ^edejs, Lusêk hu Dmuvrk / Lebjku Vefkeu).

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rkdh okmpk`h k` Fme k` Ade`hj` pufdjikkrhk` rezk`hs`kd bu` mplkrckdjgck fmkc Lm`ulk`s hk @j`jvk   mvkr hk mporevj`ok` j` Cbmrsefeh. @e hk Are`sk Vkvmdujk ve` 5282 vjkd Fme j` m`ok`ehk, leer zjg` `eel  fdkk vmmromkh vmmrom kh vkrfm`h vkr fm`hk` k` lk lk  hk wkhkrmpwkhkrmp se`hj`o ve` @j`kvkb k` bk fkoj` ve` bk m`hkrzmkc `eer Essyrjã.

BMAAKDJGCK VJQEDJXKJX VJQEDJXKJX Bk vmmrfkkdh ve` Fme, hk werk pjm`jkr ve` bk eribkmdmojsib m`hkrzmkc j` Lksmpmeljã, vm`h ujkreerh `evmdoj`o fjg hk K`okdsk`. Bk Frjjsb Luskul djk hk vm`hsk` ve` Deyerh mvkrfrk`ok`, k` j` 52;5 wkrhk` hk kkrsk Essyrjsibk zedk` j`okwjgh. @e kk` fkzmkc j` hezkdhk geer fksdmm hk Are`sk lj`jskr ve` Fj``k`de`hsk Weck`, Dêm` Aeuibkr, hjk m`hkr hk j`hruc wes ve` hk rjgchml ve` hk Essyrjsibk imddkijk, he bk Are`sk m`hkrzmkc j` Essyrjã m`ljhhkddjgc bkrve lmks wmrhk`. Hk pms ve` im`sud j` Lmsud wkrh j` krk bkrskdh, k` hk u`ijk wkrh okou`h ee` Xbmles-Qjimr ^deik. Hkzk crkko hk elfjjkuzk mphreib ml hk mporevj`ok` j` Cbmrsefeh k bkrvek` k` hk bkdk Essyrjsibk rkojm k vkrck``k`, lk j`fkorjp ve` hk vj`hpdeesk` hjk ed hmmr hk K`okdsk` werk` m`hkrzmib. ^deik c`mmpk lkkk` `e ee`cmls vrjk`hsibeppkdjgck fkrkccj`ok` ee` lk

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cmdm`kd Bk`ry Vewdj`sm`, hk Frjsk im`sud j` Feoheh, k` j` ge`uerj 52;6 lmib bjg ve` bkl kk` skrjk j`sirjpjks uj Cuyu`gjc hmiulk`krk`. ^deik rkedjskkrhk zjib he hk K`okdsk` sdkibs kk` hkrhk ve` bk ujoksrkck krrkj` m`hkrzmibk`, k` kr m`sm`h kk` bm﬎kdjgck rjvedjkj ussk` hk Are`sk` k` hk K`okdsk`7 zk wjdhk` `jk vmmr kdceer m`hkrhmk`, leer wkd hk omkhk vkrse`hbmuhj`o fkwerk`. Vewdj`sm` fmmh zkds kk` rujd ee`7 eds hk Are`sk` zmuhk` bkdpk` lk bk vkrvmkr ve` cjsk` lk K`okdsk vm`hsk` `eer Frks, lmibk` zk kk` ee`ed rkdjãs uj @j`kvkb skdkikrk` vmmr bk Dmuvrk. Bjg skdhk mmc ee` ^deik vmmr ml bk krrkj` ve` @j`kvkb mp k hkdk`, weerfjg hk K`okdsk` bk zujhkdjgck hkkd zmuhk` fkbmuhk`. Qe`wkok okfrkc ee`  j`e`ijã` cm` ^deik kibkr `jk mp hj vmmrskd j`oee`. J` hkikl fkr 52;9, `ehe bjg zjg` wkrcpdmko wkrcp dmko beh m`sdeok` k` zjg` vm`hsk` mp hk mkvkr ve` hk Xjorjs beh vkrzelkdh, lmks ^deik lk dkhk mok` ee`zjk` bmk Vewdj`sm`s essjsk`, Bmrluzh Vessel, j` bk `mmrhkdjgck hkkd ve` hk bkuvkd bk pedkjs ve` Essurfe`jped lk zjg` geibrkdjãs k` fjfdjmbkkc fdmmdkohk. Qmdok`s ^deik zmu Vessel kok` bkl bkffk` okzkoh7 ‒Gk beh m`s ee`fmh lmkk` eiikpkrk`, we` wk bkffk` hkzk preibjok vm`hsk` mp gmuw krrkj` okhee`, lk  fkbudp  fkbud p ve` gmuw wkrc`klkrs. wkrc` klkrs.‚‚ Vessel Vesse l zkd  fkwkkrhk  fkwkk rhk kibkr he bjg b jg hj hkkd hk kd ve` hk vj`hv j`hpdees ‚s `eibs beh m`hkrzmib, zm`hkr lkhkwkk` ve` hk Are`sk`. Bk okfrkc ee` okdh hwm`o ^deik pdees k leck` vmmr Bjdlj ^esbe, hk omuvkr`kur ve` Lmsud, hjk j` mcmfkr 52;6 wes fkom``k` lk mporevj`oswkrc mp hk bkuvkd @kfj Zu`us. Okhksjddusjm`kkrh hmmr hkzk krverj`ok` k` hmmr hk reojsibk sibjpfrkuc j` lkj 52;; j` hk Xjorjs, weerfjg kk` ormm hkkd ve` zjg` vm`hsk` vkrdmrk` oj`o, pufdjikkrhk bjg j` 521? @j`jvk k d‚Essyrjk , weerj` bjg

Cmp ve` kk` Essyrjsibk sikpkr uj Cbmrsefeh, 2sk kkuw v.Ibr. Bmmok js 2.1 il (© Cm`j`cdjgck Luske vmmr Cu`s k` Oksibjkhk`js, Frusskd).

Qjimr ^deik j` Lmsud. Amm hmmr Oefrjkd Xre`ibe`h, ie. 52;6-52;8 (Am`h Leurjik ^jddk).

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Lmokdjgc hk vj`hpdees @j`kvkb. Amm hmmr Oefrjkd Xre`ibe`h, ie. 52;6-52;8 (Am`h Leurjik ^jddk).

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vkrsdeo hkkh ve` zjg` wkrc j` Cbmrsefeh k` e`hkrk Essyrjsibk rkojm‚s. Bjg vkrcdeerhk krve` mvkrujoh k zjg` he Cbmrsefeh bk werk @j`kvkb wes, hk seh hjk Hjmhmrms ve` Yjijdjã beh wjddk` fksibrjgvk`, leer hjk j` zjg` bmmh wes vkrslmdk` lk e`hkrk skhk`. @k eds Fme beh ^deik hk jkd ve` zjg` fmkc weersibjg`djgc `jk okcmzk` ve`wkok vkrwerrj`o mvkr hk jhk`jkj ve` Cbmrsefeh, leer ve`wkok hk vmmrskddj`o ve` hk seh @j`kvkb j` hk fjgfkdsk k` cdessjkck frm``k`, hjk zmwkd mp Cuyu`gjc k` @kfj Zu`us eds mp Cbmrsefeh cm` sdee`. Hk `eel ‒@j`kvkb‚ k` bk fjgvmkodjgc `eelwmmrh ‒@j`kvjkjsib‚ wkrhk` j` hjk jgh veec okfrujc eds sy`m`jkl vmmr ‒Essyrjã‚ k`

‒Essyrjsib‚. Xm sdm fk`ehruc hk jkd he hk Are`sk` kkrhkr he` hk K`okdsk` werk`  fkom``k`  fkom ``k` k orevk` mp Cuyu`gjc k` dekr (wkdjsweer mp fksibkjhk` sibeed) zjg ee` zjg lk bk` wkrck`. @jk eddk vm`hsk` ve` ^deik, Arks`kd (hk mporevkr ve` Fefydm`) k` hk K`okdsk` werk` vkrdmrk` okoee` fjg hk sibjpfrkuc, k` hk vmmrwkrpk` hjk hk relp mp ljreiudkuzk wjgzk behhk` mvkrdkkh, cwelk` j` 52;1 j` Are`crjgc ee`. Cmr heer`e fksdmm Are`crjgc hk mporevj`ok` j` Essyrjã smp k zkk`, kok` hk wjd Are`ijsquk Fmuvk, hk mpvmdokr mpvm dokr ve` ^deik j` Lmsud. Are`sk luske k` e`hkrk m`hkrzmkcsj`skddj`ok` `elk` bk wkrc j` @j`kvkb k` Essyrjã mvkr, okí`spjrkkrh hmmr hk pjm`jkrs Fme k` ^deik.

� M^OVEQJ@OK@ HMMV BKX FVJXJYB L[YK[L  GMB@  GM B@ I[VXJ I[ VXJ Y

@jkt eddkk` mp hk Are`sk`, leer mmc mp hk Frjk` beh Essyrjã kk` k`mrlk ee`trkccj`oscreibt. Hk Frjtsk eribkmdmmo Eustk` Bk`ry Deyerh, hjk hk ruí`ks fjg Lmsud hkſt`jtjka jhk`tjſtikkrhk eds bkt muhk @j`kvkb, vmkrhk vkrsibjddk`hk mporevj`osielpeo`ks ujt. Bkt wkrc het bjg k` zjg` mpvmdokrs bkffk` vkrrjibt, bkk vkkd fjgokhreok` ee` m`zk ck``js ve` bkt okfjkh k` ve` @j`kvkb j` bkt fjgzm`hkr. DEZEVH K@ WJG@ �� ^EDKJYWEDK@ J` 528; vkrsibkk` Eusk` Bk`ry Deyerh k` m`kdk, zm`hkr wjgkd hk ormmsk ve` hk vrmkok Essyrjã-m`hkrzmkckrs. Bmkwkd zjg` m`hkrzmkc zjib vmmred mp @jlruh im`ik`rkkrhk, hkkh bjg ussk` 5281 k` 52;5 mmc ujokfrkjh mporevj`oswkrc j` @j`kvkb. Bjg  fkprmkhk  fkprm khk zkds zk ds cmrk cmr k jgh j gh zjg` z jg` okduc mp @kfj @kf j Zu`us, leer heer vm`h bjg cdeerfdjgckdjgc wkj`jo lkkr he` kk` peer efdkk` lk hk jkds k` hk ok`kedmojk ve` hk Essyrjsibk cm`j`o Kserbehhm` k` k`ckdk fecsk`k` lk spjgckrsibrj. Wjg` fkde`orjgcsk vm`hs mp Cuyu`gjc wes bk Wujhwkspedkjs ve` cm`j`o Yk``eibkrjf, he zjib bk fks dee fksibrjgvk` j` zjg` kjok` wmmrhk`7

‒J` hj ore`hjmzk fmuwwkrc bkf jc `jk lj`hkr he` kk`k`zkvk`jo zedk`, celkrs k` oe`ok` m`sdmk`, lk lurk` hjk vrjgwkd zm`hkr ujzm`hkrj`o fkcdkkh werk` lk okfkkdhbmuwhk edfesk` pdek` weermp hk mmrdmok`, rjmlak` k` bkdhk`hehk` ve` hk Essyrjsibk cm`j`o werk` ujokfkkdh. Eddkk` ed j` he hkkd ve` bk okfmuw js kr jghk`s ljg` m`hkrzmkc, ruw oksibe, :22> vmk ma fjg`e wkk ljgd S9,6 cl\ ee` fes-rkdjãas fdmmokdkoh, k` heer`ees 6? pmmrk`, okvmrlh hmmr cmdmssedk okvdkuokdhk sjkrk`- k` dkkuwk`saj`xk`.‚ 

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^mrrk ve` Eusk` Bk`ry Deyerh, oksibjdhkrh j` 52:5 hmmr Duhwjo Gmbe`` ^essj`j Bmmok js 15.? il (@ejm`ed ^mrrej Oeddkry, Dm`hk`).

M`he`cs hk ormmsibedjobkjh ve` Deyerhs mporevj`osprmgki bkk bjg `eer sibej`o lj`hkr he` hk bkd ve` bk okfmuw m`hkrzmib. Xmib freib bjg vkdk rkdjãs ee` bk djib, m`hkr e`hkrk rkkcsk` weerj` hk fkdkokrj`o k` vkrmvkrj`o ve` hk seh Deibjsb werk` vkrfkkdh k` vmmrskddj`ok` ve` kk` vkdhmib j` hk lmkressk` k` bk ujbecck` k` re`spmrkrk` ve` okvdkuokdhk sjk-

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rk` vmmr bk pedkjs. Edbmkwkd hj pedkjs j` 156 v.Ibr. wkrh vkrwmks, vm`hk` hk Frjsk eribkmdmok` `euwkdjgcs mfgkik`, eddkk` kk` ormm ee`ed cdkjefdkk` lk spjgckrsibrj. Deyerh fksibrjg he vmmred hk vdmkrk` ve` celkrs 8> k` 85 fkhkc werk` lk kk` hjcck deeo j`eik k` okfrmck` efdkk`, ve` smls wkd ‒9> ik`jlkkr m lkkr‚.

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@e Deyerhs kruockkr `eer K`okde`h j` hk dk`k ve` 52;5 cwelk` hk mporevj`ok` mp Cuyu`gjc m`hkr dkjhj`o k see` ve` cmdm`kd Bk`ry Vewdj`sm`, hk Frjsk im`sud j` Feoheh, k` Ibrjsje` Vessel, hk Frjsk vjikim`sud j` Lmsud. Vessel vmkrhk hk heokdjgcsk dkjhj`o mvkr hk mporevj`ok`. Bk j`krksse`sk we zk j` hkzk pkrjmhk vm`hk` wes kk` vkrzelkdj`o mlfks uj hk ^erbjsibk jgh lk k`ckdk omuhk` lesckrs.

HK FJFDJMXBKKC QE@ EYY[VFE@J^ED J` 52;9 vmdohk Bmrluzh Vessel, Deyerhs vmmrledjok essjsk`, Vewdj`sm` k` zjg` kjok` frmkr Ibrjsje` mp. Bmrluzh wkrck m 52;8 mp Cuyu`gjc k` vm`h m`hkr e`hkrk hk _jk Mfkdjsc, hjk weersibjg`djgc hekkrhk uj hk rkokkrpkrjmhk ve` Essur`esjped J, k` bk sk`k` se`hfkkdh ve` hk omhj` Jsger lk kk` j`sirjpjk ve` Essur-fkd-cede, cm`j`o ve` Essyrjã j` hk 55hk kkuw v.Ibr. Leer zjg` ormmsk vkrhjk`sk wes hk m`hkccj`o ve` bk @mmrhpedkjs ve` Essurfe`jped lk zjg` edrjgck rkdjãs, zmeds hk j`hrucwkcck`hk dkkuwk`geibsiâ`ks. Mmc j` bk @mmrhpedkjs wkrhk` vkkd cd kjefdkk` okvm`hk`, hjk selk` lk hk efdkk` uj bk Wujhwkspedkjs bk ormmsk hkkd vmrlk` ve` hk Cuyu`gjc-imddkijk j` bk Frjjsb Luskul7 hk fjfdjmbkkc ve` Essurfe`jped. Hkzk imddkijk js kk` zkkr weerhkvmddk frm` vmmr essyrjmdmok`.

Xu``kdmporevj`ok` j` Cuyu`gjc. Equerkd okleec hmmr Arkhkrjic Iberdks Immpkr, ie. 52;> (© Xbk Xruskks m bk Frjjsb Luskul, Dm`hk`).

Vkdjã uj @j`kvkb weermp Fefydm`jsibk okve`ok`k` k` Essyrjsibk smdhek` k zjk` zjg`. Bmmok js ?5 il (© Esblmdke` Luskul, Mxmrh)

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Fdehomuhk` okzjibslesckr uj hk ^erbjsibk jgh. @j`kvkb, 6hk kkuw `e Ibr. Bmmok js 5? il (© Xbk Xruskks m bk Frjjsb Luskul, Dm`hk`).

J` 52;8 oe Vessel bk smcgk mvkr ee` _jddjel Ck``k Dmus, hjk selk` lk hk cu`sk`eer _jddjel Fmuibkr m leer 52;; mp Cuyu`gjc wkrck j` mphreib ve` bk Frjsk Essyrje` Kxievejm` Au`h. Wk rjibk` zjib mmc mp bk @mmrhpedkjs, weer zk `mo lkkr rkdjãs lk geibekrkdk` ee`rmk`.

FVM@Y, OM[H K@ JGWKV @e 52;; deo bk oreewkrc mp Cuyu`gjc sjd m hk cmls ve` Okmrok Yljb j` 52?9. Bjg beh `eel okleec mk` bjg j` hk Cuyu`gjcimddkijk hk Fefydm`jsibk vkrsjk ve` bk fjg fkdsk zm`hvdmkhvkrbeed zm`hvd mkhvkrbeed m`hkck m`hk ck k` wkrh `u hmmr bk Frjjsb Luskul ujokzm`hk` ml bk m`frkck`hk hkkd k zmkck`. Bjg vkrvudhk

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zjg` ljssjk, leer vkrhkr dkvkrhk` zjg` mporevj`ok` `jk vkkd mp. @e j` 52?9 k` j` 52?8 wkkr k`ckdk lee`hk` mp hk vj`hpdees k bkffk` hmmrokfreib, ckkrhk Yljb j` 52?1 mp`jkuw kruo3 kibk rksudek` fdkvk` uj k` bjg sjkr j` hk fuur ve` Edkppm, mp wko `eer bujs. J` bk Wujhwkspedkjs ve` Yk``eibkrjf vm`h bjg m`hkr lkkr ‒kk` hkkd ve` kk` crjseddk` rmm` S…\ k zkkr okbevk`h ml k cmpjãrk`, leer we hk vmrl fkrk, vmmr zmvkr fkweerh ok fdkvk`, skrc okdjgck`h mp hk frm`zk` rmm` hjk hk bkkr Deyerh mp @jlruh vm`h‚, k` kk` sk`k` dekj lk wkk okvdkuokdhk ceeibjok` ee` wkkrsce`k` ve` kk` vees. Hkzk hekkr `k eds hk omuhk` lesckrs uj hk dekrk ^erbjsibk jgh. Xussk` 52?2 k` 5226 dkjhhk Bmrluzh Vessel j` mphreib ve` bk Frjjsb Luskul kk` `jkuw prmgki j` @j`kvkb k` hkzk ckkr m`hkrzmib bjg `jk eddkk` Cuyu`gjc leer mmc @kfj Zu`us. Heervmmr lmk bjg wkd kkrs kk` peer bujzk` cmpk` mp hkzk ‒bkjdjok‚ k` heerml m`mkoe`ckdjgck bkuvkd, leer bk rksudee wes leokr. _kd wjs bjg k lkdhk` he hk lmsckkfksuurhkrs fjg fmuwwkrczeelbkhk` vùùr 52?2 kk` frm`zk` rmm` behhk` okvm`hk` ‒vmd j`sirjpjks k` vmmrskddj`ok` ve` hjkrk` k` frm`zk` ſtourk`‚. Qkrsibjddk`hk u`ijm`erjssk` behhk` zjib kk` suc ve` hkzk rmm` mkokãjok`h. Vessel vm`h mmc jgzkrk` bkdlk` j` @j`kvkb, hekrk`h uj hk Yesse`jhjsibk Yesse`jhjsibk pkrjmhk. Hk vmdok`hk eribkmdmmo hjk bjkr `elk`s bk Frjjsb Luskul ee` bk wkrc oj`o, wes Kr`ks Edrkh Xbmlpsm` _eddjs Fuhok. Bjg wkrck kr wkk skjzmk`k`, 5222-522: k` 52:>-52:5, k` wes vmmr`elkdjgc okí`krksskkrh j` cdkjefdkk`.

HK XKL^KDY QE@ @EF[ K@ JYGXEV Hk mporevj`ok` hmmr bk Frjjsb Luskul wkrhk` j` 5:>9 bkrve hmmr Dkm`erh _jddje l Cj`o k` Vkoj`edh Ielpfkdd Xbmlpsm`. Cj`o

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^mrrk ^mrrk ve` Bmrluzh Vessel, oksibjdhkrh hmmr Erbur Eicde` Bu` j` 521:. 521:. Bmmok js 55> il (© Xbk Xruskks Xruskks m bk Frjjsb Luskul, Dm`hk`).

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Kr`ks Edrkh _eddjs Fuhok, j` 5:9> okmmorekkrh okmmorekkrh hmmr Fesse`m (@ejm`ed ^mrrej Oeddkry, Dm`hk`). Vkoj`edh Ielpfkdd Xbmlpsm`, okmmorekkrh j` 5:98 hmmr _edkr Ym`kle` (@ejm`ed ^mrrej Oeddkry, Dm`hk`).

Cmpkrk` bmmh ve` kk` Eccehjsibk vmrs, okvm`hk` j` 5:9>-5:95 j` @j`kvkb. Bmmok js 91.1 il (@ejm`eed Luskul ve` Jrec, Feoheh).

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oj`o ee` bk wkrc fjg bk Wujhwkspedkjs k` bk @mmrhpedkjs k` vkrrjibk kk` ormm ee`ed ksfmrj`ok` vkrsprkjh mvkr hk bkuvkd. Xbmlpsm` im`ik`rkkrhk zjib j` 5:>8 k` 5:>; vmmred mp hk klpkd ve` @efu, weerve` lk` vkrlmkhhk he hk rksk` ussk` hk wkk pedkjzk` deok`. Xwj`jo geer dekr, j` 5:6?, ckkrhk Xbmlpsm` kruo `eer @j`kvkb ml zjg` wkrc fjg hk klpkd ve` @efu vmmr k zkk`. J` bk skjzmk` ve` 5:6:-5:9> m`hkrzmib bjg kk` okfjkh k` mmsk` ve` hk klpkd, weerve` bjg k` m`rkibk lkk`hk he heer kk` cdkj` pedkjs ve` Essur`esjped JJ beh oksee`. K` kk` geer dekr rjibk bjg zjg` ee`heib mp hk klpkd ve` Jsger, ljhhk` mp Cuyu`gjc. Qmdok`s hk spjgckrsibrjkcsk` beh cm`j`o Essur`esjped JJ j` hk :hk kkuw v.Ibr. j` @j`kvkb kk` klpkd ok fmuwh hjk hj k weersibjg`dj weersib jg`djgc gc m bk bk  kj`h ve` ve ` hk @jkuw-Essyrjsibk pkrjmhk j` okfrujc wes. Qe` bk fmuwwkrc zkd fdkkc kibkr wkj`jo lkkr mvkr k zjg` he` kk` pdemrl ve` cdkjjibkds. Leer hk mplkrckdjgcsk vm`hs ve` he skjzmk` wes bk cmpkrk` bmmh ve` kk` Eccehjsibk vmrs, uj ie. 65>> v.Ibr., kok`wmmrhjo kk` ve` hk prm`csucck` j` bk Jrec Luskul j` Feoheh. J` bk skjzmk` 5:9>-5:95 ormk Lex Leddmwe`, hk kibok`mm ve` Eoebe Ibrjsjk, `ees hk klpkd ve` Jsger kk` 6? lkkr hjkp oe, bkdkleed m ee` hk `euurdjgck fmhkl. Wjg` mporevj`ospu ’ 5; vjkrce`k lkkr ee` hk mppkrvdeck k` zjib `eer fk`khk` mk vkrsleddk`h m 6 vjkrce`k lkkr ’ m`budhk spmrk` ve` hk eibkrkk`vmdok`hk iudurk` hjk mp hkzk pdkc behhk` fksee`, m k` lk hk Bessu`e-iuduur uj bk zkshk ljddk``jul v.Ibr. Hk rksudek` ve` hkzk mpkrejk zjg` ve` m`sibeferk weerhk okfdkck` vmmr hk ck``js mvkr hk prkbjsmrjsibk eribkmdmojk j` @mmrh-Jrec.

� EVIBKMDMOJK, EVIBKMDMOJK, ^MDJXJKC ^MDJX JKC K@ Y^JM@EOK AVKHKVJIC LEVJM AEDKY

Bkt js kk` pmpudejr tbkle j` hktkitjvk- k` spjm`eokrmle`s7 pmdjtjkck j`trjoks, imlpdmk` k` eribkmdmojk j` bkt Ljhhk`-Mmstk`. Hjt jlpdjikkrt wkddjibt het bkt eddkleed ſtitjk wes, leer bkt eribkmdmojsib m`hkrzmkc j` hjt okfjkh fdjgct ve` fkoj` 5:hk kkuw tmt hk Xwkkhk _krkdhmmrdmo `euw vkrwkvk` tk zjg` okwkkst lkt pmdjtjkc k` spjm`eok. Het beh eddks tk leck` lkt hk jlpkrjedjstjsibk pde``k` ve` hk Kurmpksk leibtk`, hjk vmkt ee` hk orm`h wjdhk` crjgok` j` bkt Mmlee`sk okfjkh. Eribkmdmok`, hjk rujlk ck``js behhk` ve` bkt de`h, hk lk`sk` k` hk tedk`, wkrhk` j`okzkt eds ‒eok`tk`‚. K@OKDY�AVE@YK YIBKVL[XYKDJ@OK@ Bk vkrbeed fkoj` lk hk srjgh ussk` K`okde`h k` bk Are`crjgc ve` @epmdkm` ml hmlj`e`jk j` Lksmpmeljã, kk` okfjkh he ve` ormm srekojsib fkde`o wes eds hmmroe`o `eer Frjs-J`hjã. J` 52>2 52 >2 wkrh Ideuhjus Gelks Vjib, vkrfm`hk` ee` hk Frjsk MmsJ`hjsibk Imlpeo`jk, `eer Feoheh oksuurh ml lkkr k wkk` k cmlk` mvkr hk fkrkccj`ok` ussk` hk Are`sk` k` hk pdeeskdjgck eumrjkjk`. Eds krverk` okmoree dkjhhk Vjib eribkmdmojsibk prmgkik` fjg Fefydm` k` dekr fjg @j`kvkb. Bjg wes hk kkrsk hjk

 fkrmuwferk  fkrm uwferk pdeko p dekorm`hk` rm`hk` ve` @j`kvkb @j`k vkb kck`hk, cmr vmmrhe bjg j` 5265 mp vjkrk`hkrjogerjok dkkjgh fkzwkkc ee` ibmdkre. Vjibs ee`wkzjobkjh wes `mo leer bk fkoj` ve` hk K`okds-Are`sk sibkrluskdj`ok` j` Lksmpmeljã, hjk hkik``jede`o zmuhk` vmmrhurk`, zjg bk lk kk` m`hkrmm` ve` bmkdjgcbkjh. Bedvkrwkok hk gerk` 8> ve` hk 5:hk kkuw dkohk zmwkd hk Are`sk im`sud ^eud-Êljdk Fme eds hk K`okdsk evm`urjkr k` hjpdmlee Eusk` Bk`ry Deyerh kk` Essyrjsibk bmmhseh fdmm, rkspkijkvkdjgc Cbmrsefeh k` @jlruh, hjk fkjhk wkrhk` ee`okzjk` vmmr bk fjgfkdsk @j`kvkb.

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^detkorm`h ve` @j`kvkb, okkck`h hmmr Ideuhjus Gelks Vjib j` 526>.

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M`ljhhkddjgc zm`hk` Fme k` Deyerh bu` spkieiudejrk vm`hsk` pkr fmm hk Xjorjs e k` hk zkkã` mvkr, k` j` 528? wkrhk` zk j` hk rkspkijkvk `ejm`edk luske luske k`mm`okskdh. Bk Dmuvrk wes bk Frjjsb Frj jsb Luskul wkdjsweer kk` peer lee`hk` vmmr, leer hk K`okdsk` wm``k` ode`srjgc weer bk oj`o ml hk pufdjkck fkde`oskddj`o. Bk deesk bmmhsuc j` hk srjgh ussk` K`okde`h k` Are`crjgc ml Lksmpmeljã k` `ejm`edk prksjok spkkdhk zjib kk` peer geer dekr e, j` hk pkrjmhk 52;6-52;;. M`hkr kj`hkdmzk wjsk` k` fksibudhjoj`ok` mlrk` hk oreerkibk` zkk kk` `jkuwk ok`krejk eribkmdmok` hk mporevj`ok` vmmr. Im`sud Qjimr ^deik oj`o vmmr hk Are`sk`

ee` bk wkrc j` Cbmrsefeh, k` hk ibrjskdjgck Essyrjãr Bmrluzh Vessel dkjhhk bk K`okdsk prmgki j` Cuyu`gjc, weer dekr bk wkrckdjgck @j`kvkb fdkkc k djook`. [jkj`hkdjgc sdmk` hk kels kk` fkse`h k` spreck` zk e bu` vm`hsk` okzelk`djgc `eer Kurmpe k vkrsibkpk`. J` 52;; vkrrmc kr kk` hmmr Are`sk` fkle`h sibjp vmd cms ferk mfgki m fgkik` k` ve`uj ve `uj Feoheh F eoheh `eer hk bevk`bevk `seh Fesre. Bk djkp `jk omkh e7 bk sibjp wkrh ee`okveddk` hmmr pjrek` k` zm`c lk dehj`o k` ed `eer hk fmhkl ve` hk Xjorjs. @e hkzk reokhjk ckkrhk` hk Are`sk` `mmj lkkr kruo `eer Essyrjã3 hk Frjk` mroe`jskkrhk` `mo k`ckdk kxpkhjjks j` hk hkik``je hjk vmdohk`.

Ceer ve` hk Feohehspmmrdjg` (© [`jvkrsjkjsfjfdjmbkkc [`jvkrsjkjsfjfdjmbkkc Qrjgk [`jvkrsjkj Elskrhel).

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_mmddky k` Dewrk`ik j` Cerckljsb j` 5:59 (© Xbk Xruskks m bk Frjjsb Luskul, Dm`hk`).

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H[JXYK J@XKVKYYK _k leck` kk` sprm`o ve` vjgjo geer vmmruj j` hk jgh. Vm`h hk kkuwwjsskdj`o fkom``k` mmc hk Hujskrs zjib k fklmkjk` lk bk mporevj`oswkrc j` bk Ljhhk`-Mmsk`. Bu` k`bmusjeslk wes ee`okwecckrh hmmr hk suiiksvmddk vkrwkrvj`o ve` Bkddk`jsjsibk vmmrwkrpk` uj Xurcjgk ’ zmeds bk ^kroelm`edeer ’ hmmr hk Fkrdjg`sk luske. He`czjg hk j`spe``j`ok` ve` ckjzkr _jdbkdl JJ k` bk Hujsk Mrjã`ok`mmsibep cm` Vmfkr Cmdhkwky j` Fefydm` ee` bk wkrc k` _edkr E`hrkek j` Essur. Xkokdjgckrjgh fmuwhk` zk selk` lk hk Mmlee`sk sude` Efhôd-Beljh JJ ee` kk` spmmrwko ve` Fkrdjg` `eer Feoheh. Hkzk elfjjkuzk m`hkr`klj`o hjk`hk kim`mljsibk k` srekojsibk hmkdkj`hk`, k` fkkck`hk hk zmvkkdsk fkhrkjoj`o vmmr hk Frjsk orkkp mp J`hje. Hk Frjk` fksdmk` bk prmgki `euwdkk`h j` hk oek` k bmuhk`. Hk eribkmdmmo Dkm`erh _mmddky, hjk `elk`s bk Frjjsb Luskul dkjhkr wes ve` hk mporevj`ok` fjg Cerckljsb (ee` hk buj-

hjok Yyrjsib-Xurcsk ork`s), k` zjg` essjsk` Xbmles Khwerh Dewrk`ik, fkkr fkck`h eds Dewrk`ik ve` Erefjã, suurhk` ussk` 5:5> k` 5:9; mmookujok`vkrsdeok` ve` hk vmrhkrj`ok` ve` hk Feohehfeb` `eer bk Frjsk Amrkjo` Mjik. Hj furkeu sm`h m`hkr supkrvjsjk ve` Hevjh Okmrok Bmoerb, eribkmdmmo k` im`skrvemr ve` bk Esblmdke` Luskul j` Mxmrh. Wm wkrhk` hk Frjk` mp hk bmmok okbmuhk` ve` hk ormkjk`hk prm fdklk`  fdkl k` hjk hk Hujskrs Hujs krs m`hkrvm` m`hk rvm`hk`. hk`. Hjk prmfdklk` wkrhk` ujkj`hkdjgc zm ormm he bk deesk regki j` Jrec `jk wkrh vmdmmjh ’ weer K`okde`h dekr wkkr ve` prmjkkrhk.

HK KKVYXK _KVKDHMMVDMO Xmk` hk Kkrsk _krkdhmmrdmo ujfrec wkrhk` Bmoerb k` Dewrk`ik bkrk`joh, leer `u j` Ieírm. Bmoerb cwel kj`h 5:5; ee` bk bmmh ve` bk Eref Furkeu k see`, kk` j`djibj`ok`ehkdj`o hjk hk Hujs-Xurcsk eijvjkjk` fkspjm`kkrhk. Mmc Dewrk`ik wkrh j` Ieírm oksejm`kkrh k` leeck ierrjârk eds bk irkejkvk frkj` k` hk dkjhkr ve`

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hk Erefjsibk mpse`h j` 5:5?, hjk kj`hjohk lk hk j``elk ve` Eqefe k` hk mvkrwj``j`o mp hk Mmlee`sk srjghcreibk` j` hk Dkve`. Wk crkok` okzkdsibep ve` kk` Frjsk Mrjã`rkjzjoskr, hk krverk` wkk`sibepskr Okrruhk Fkdd. @e hk vkrmvkrj`o ve` Feoheh j` 5:5? spkkdhk Fkdd j` pmdjjkc k` iudurkkd mpzjib kk` fkde`orjgck rmd j` bk Frjsk le`heeokfjkh Jrec. Lkhk he`czjg beer vrjk`hsibep lk cm`j`o Aejsed J crkko zk bk vmmr kdceer he kr j` 5:69 kk` eribkmdmojsib luskul wkrh mpokrjib7 bk Jrec Luskul. MVJK@X^MDJXJC  XKOK@  XKOK@

K@OKDE@H Leer mmc Hujsk eribkmdmok` hkj`shk` `jk kruo vmmr spjm`eok. Kê` ve` bk` wes Lex vm` Mppk`bkjl, okfmrk` j` 521> eds kdo ve` kk` okrk`mllkkrhk Gmmhsk fe`cjkrse-

ljdjk uj Fkrdjg`. @e zjg` hjk`spdjib k bkf fk` vkrvudh fjg bk oerhkrkojlk` ve` hk ude`k` (weer bjg hk mkcmlsjok ckjzkr m`lmktk), ckkrhk bjg zjib e ve` hk eljdjk-m`hkr`klj`o k` dkohk zjib mk mp rkjzk` j` Yyrjã k` Lksmpmeljã, bk mfskrvkrk` ve` Fkhmkík`k`sellk` k` kk` suhjk Erefjsib. M`he`cs zjg` Gmmhsk eibkrorm`h wjs bjg vje zjg` im``kijks j` 52:1 kk` pms eds eteibê fjg bk Hujsk im`sudee j` Ieírm k fkleibjok`, weer bjg m 5:5> fdkk. Hmmr zjg` rkquk`k pmdjjkck reppmreoks vmmr Fkrdjg` m`wjcckdhk bjg kk` bkibk fe`h lk _jdbkdl JJ, lk wjk bjg sprec mvkr kk` eddje`jk lk hk Xurck` k` hk `mmhzeec ve` kk` Mrjk`pmdjjc  kok` K`okde`h. @ehe bjg m`hkr hruc ve` hk Frjtk` wes m`sdeok` fjg bk im`sudee ’ bmkwkd bjg ese`h beh ok`mlk` ve` zjg` gmmhsk jhk`jkj k` kk` ehkddjgck jkd beh vkrwmrvk` ’ mroe`jskkrhk bjg ussk` 5:55 k` 5:59 kk` er-

Lex vm` Mppk`bkjl j` hk k` ve` Jfrebjl ^esbe, 52:: (Lex Arkjbkrr vm` Mppk`bkjl-sjibj`o).

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Kk` Essyrjsibk rkdjk uj @jlruh lk kk` srjghsiâ`k, ?8;-?6? v.Ibr. Bmmok js ?5 il (Vjgcsluskul ve` Muhbkhk`).

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ibkmdmojsibk kxpkhjjk `eer Xkdd Bede j` bk bujhjok @mmrh-Yyrjã. Heer m`hkck bjg hk Erelksk seh Ouze`e k` mmc kk` m he` mk m`fkck`hk smmr fksibjdhkrh eerhkwkrc uj bk `kmdjbjiul (ie. 1>>>-;>>> v.Ibr.). Xmk` Xmk` Hujsde`h j` hk Kkrsk _krkdhmmrdmo kk` vkr fm`h sdmm lk Xurcjgk ckkrhk Mppk`bkjl kruo j` hk pmdjjkc lk bk pde` ml hk Erefjkrk` ee` k zktk` m kk` gjbeh kok` hk Frjtk`, we ujkj`hkdjgc `jk vkkd mpdkvkrhk. J` 5:8> cmms bjg hk zjghk ve` Bjdkr k` kxpm-

skkrhk bjg zjg` reejk vm`hsk` uj Xkdd Bede j` kk` perjiudjkr luskul j` Fkrdjg`. J` 5:8; wkrh bk luskul hmmr hk okeddjkkrhk` ok fmlferhkkrh k` kk` geer dekr sjkr bjg eds kk` vkrfjtkrh le`. J` hk eokdmpk` hkik``je zjg` hk hujzk`hk` fesedsibkrvk` ve` hk fkkdhk` uj Xkdd Bede lk k`okdk`okhudh k` ormm vecle`sibep j` kdceer okzk, k` sj`hs 6>55 wmrhk` hk siudpurk` k`mm`okskdh j` bk ^kroelm`luskul j` Fkrdjg`.

� JVEECY M@HKVWMKC  GMB@  GM B@ LEIOJ LE IOJ @@JY @@ JY

Qe`ea hk gerk` 5:;> werk` bkt vmmred Jreecsk eribkmdmok` hjk bkt m`hkrzmkc j` @j`kvkb vmmrtzkk`. Wjg ormkvk` m`hkr e`hkrk vkrhkr j` bkt pedkjs ve` Yk``eibkrjf mp Cuyu`gjc k` rksteurkkrhk` rksteurkkrhk` hk stehspmmrtk`. @KFJ Z[@[Y @e hk Xwkkhk _krkdhmmrdmo cwel bk m`hkrzmkc j` @j`kvkb m`hkr dkjhj`o k see` ve` Jreecsk eribkmdmok`. Qe`e fkoj` gerk` zksjo wkrh kk` skrjk ormk prmgkik` ujokvmkrh, ee`okvmkrh hmmr wkk`sibeppkrs eds Lmbellkh Edj Lusee, Xerjq Lehbdmml k` Le`bed Gefur, dkok`herjsibk `elk` j` hk Jreecsk eribkmdmojk. Eddkrkkrs wkrhk` hk mporevj`ok` fjg Yk``eibkrjfs pedkjs mp Cuyu`gjc bkrve, weerfjg hk `ehruc deo mp bk wkskdjgck hkkd ve` bk okfmuw. Hk rmm`zeed wkrh mp`jkuw ujokorevk` k` mlokvmrlh m kk` mpk`duibluskul. Heer`ees rjibk bk Jreecsk m`hkrzmkc zjib mp @kfj Zu`us, hk wkkhk ormk bkuvkd ve` @j`kvkb, weer j` hk Essyrjsibk jgh bk ersk`eed k` kk` fkde`orjgc pedkjs beh-

hk` oksee`. Xjghk`s hk mporevj`ok` ee` hk `mmrhmmszjghk ve` hk bkuvkd j` 5:;9 ’ m mp hk heo ve` ve`heeo bk k`jok ormmsibedjok eribkmdmojkprmgki mp @kfj Zu`us ’ wkrhk` hk rksk` okvm`hk` ve` kk` lm`ulk`edk mkoe`ospmmr lk celkrs ee` wkkrszjghk ve` kk` okpdevkjhk mkoe`oswko. Kr wkrhk` sibjkrk`hk vm`hsk` okhee`, zmeds fecsk`k` k` sk`k` veewkrc lk j`sirjpjks, kk` ormk bmkvkkdbkjh cdkjefdkk`, hrjk fkkdhk` ve` hk Koypjsibk erem Xeberqe k` êê` ve` hk omhj` E`uck. Fjg dekrk, cdkj`krk mporevj`osprmgkik` mp @kfj Zu`us cwel kr kk` sucgk luur kvmmrsibjg` lk rkdjãs ve` peerhk`, rujkrs k` wkk okvdkuokdhk sjkrk`fkkdhk` lk lk`sk`bmmhk`, lmokdjgc hkzkdhk hjk Vessel j` 52;6 beh ee`okrmk`.

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HK YXEHY^MMVXK@

^detkorm`h ve` hk mporevj`ok` j` 5:;8 5:;8 mp @kfj Zu`us, j` 5:;8 vkrveerhjoh vkrveerhjoh hmmr Lmbellkh Edj Lusee.

Hk sehspmmrk` vmrlhk` bk hkrhk spkkrpu` ve` hk Jreecsk wkrczeelbkhk`. J` meed zjg` kr zkvk` pmmrk` m`hkrzmib, weerve` hk Ygelesg-pmmr hk mpveddk`hsk js. Hkzk pmmr wkrh preibjo okrkseurkkrh, lk ce`kdk` k` ed. Ee` wkkrszjghk` wkrh mmc kk` dj`c suc ve` hk sehluur lk zjg` mrk`s bkrfmuwh. Mmc hk @kroedpmmr wkrh vmddkhjo okrkseurkkrh k` crkko zjg` wkk reejk okvdkuokdhk sjkrk` kruo, hjk hmmr Deyerh werk` mpokorevk`. Kk` j`sirjpjk hjk bjkr j` 5::6 wkrh okvm`hk` vkrlkdh he Yk``eibkrjf kr okdkok`bkjh ve` bk @jkuwgeerskks kok`mvkr hkzk pmmr kk` ecģu -klpkd djk fmuwk`. Hk Lesgcjpmmr lk zjg` wkk mrk`s wkrh bkrfmuwh k` mmc hk Eheh-pmmr wkrh mpokorevk`, ee`ve`ckdjgc vmmred ml lkkr k wkk` k cmlk` mvkr hk fmmowkdvj`o lk bk mmo mp hk rkseurejk ve` hk Lesgcj-pmmr. Cdkj`krk prmgkik` fkrmk` hk Essur-pmmr, hk Yj`pmmr k` hk Bedzj-pmmr. Bk m`hkrzmkc ee` hk Bedzj-pmmr Bedzj-pmmr  wkrh j` 5:2: 5:2: bkrve hmmr kk` kxpkhjjk ve` hk [`jvkrsjy m Iedjmr`je m`hkr dkjhj`o ve` Hevjh Yrm`eib.

HK FK@KHK@YXEH

Fkkdhk` ve` erem Xeberqe j` bk im`skrvkrj`osdefmremrjul. im`skrvkrj`osdefmremrjul. Amm uj 5:;8. 5:;8.

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J` hk fk`khk`seh ve` @j`kvkb wkrhk` mkveddjok m`hkccj`ok` okhee` hjk ee`dkjhj`o vmrlhk` m vkrhkr m`hkrzmkc. Wm wkrh j` hk vkdhk` k` `mmrhk` ve` hk wko `eer Krfjd kk` pedkjseibjo fmuwwkrc lk YyrmBjjjsibk zujdfesklk`k` ee`okrmk` (lmokdjgc kk` fģ bjdą`j ), he edfesk` crujck` lk j`sirjpjks ve` Essurfe`jped fdkkc k bkrfkrok`. Fjg hk mporevj`ok` hjk vmdohk` `e hk vm`hs ve` kk` Bkrlks-fkkdh k` `mmrhk` ve` @kfj Zu`us cwel kk` cdkj`k klpkd kvmmrsibjg` k` wkrhk` spmrk` ve` kk` Bkddk`jsjsib-^erbjsibk `khkrzkj`o  fdmmokdk  fdmm okdkoh. oh. He kr k r j` hjk hj k pkrjmhk pkrj mhk j`hkrhee j` hkrheehh

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Okvdkuokdhk sjkr okvm`hk` mp @kfj Zu`us. Amm uj 5:2?.

Duibmm ve` hk Ygelesg-pmmr uj 5:?1.

spreck wes ve` fkwm`j`o wkrh fkvksjoh hmmr hk m`hkccj`o ve` kk` rkibbmkcjok mkrekd lk kk` mkwjghj`osj`sirjpjk ve` cm`j`o Yedle`esskr Yedle`e sskr JJJ (:hk kkuw v.Ibr.) okrjib ee` hk Yjfjj, zkvk` crjgosomhk`, lk kk` dekrk mkwjghj`oskcs j` bk Orjkcs. Hk eribkmdmok` sujk` mmc mp kk` ee`ed peerhk`rmook` uj hk rkokkrpkrjmhk ve` Yk``eibkrjf k` mp wkk ^erbjsibk okwkdhk mlfks.

J` 6>55 de`ikkrhk hk u`jvkrsjkj ve` Lmsud kk` `jkuw mporevj`osprmgki okrjib mp bk pedkjs ve` Essurfe`jped. Heerfjg wkrhk` k`ckdk vkrrkcck` ve` bk pedkjs fdmmokdkoh k` cwelk` eddmzk sibkrvk` ve` ok fkkdhbmuwhk  fkkd hbmuwhk rkdjãs rkdjã s ee` bk djib. d jib. Mmc hkzk h kzk mporevj`ok` dkvkrhk` fkwjgzk` mp he hj krrkj` j` hk Bkddk`jsjsib-^erbjsibk k` hk Fyze`jg`sk pkrjmhk fkwmm`h wes.

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HK OVMMXYXK YXEH XKV _KVKDH

H  K  K  D   �  

Qkrokdkck` lk e`hkrk e`hkrk rjgck` j` bk @efjgk Mmsk` fdkk Essyrjã okhurk`hk hk zmok`eelhk hm`ckrk kkuwk` (ie. 56>>-:>> v.Ibr.) .Ibr.) leibjo k` omkh okmroe`jskkrh, ed sdm`c bk krrjmrjul krrjmrjul ee`zjk`djgc. Bk wes kk` pkrjmhk weerj` Koypk k` Fefydm`jã, k` rkojm‚s eds E`emdjã k` hk Dkve`jg`sk cus j` smijeedkim`mljsib k` pmdjjkc mpzjib j`kk`smrtk` hmmr cdjleevkre`hkrj`o k` j`ſtdrejk hmmr `jkuwk ormkpk`. ��

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Vkim`sruijk ve` hk @kroed pmmr, kk` ve` hk mkoe`ospmmrk` ve` @j`kvkb (© Dker`j`o Yjks, j`i.).

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_eer e`hkrk rjgck` we`ckdhk`, wjs Essyrjã hk sefjdjkj k fkwerk`, k` zm wkrh hk cjkl okdkoh vmmr bk @jkuw-Essyrjsibk rjgc. _k cu``k` skddk` he hj rjgc m se`h cwel lk hk rmm`sfksjgoj`o ve` cm`j`o Eheh`jrerj JJ j` :55 v.Ibr. Mp k`ckdk ujzm`hkrj`ok` `e hrmkok` eddk heermpvmdok`hk cm`j`ok` fjg ee` hk okseok ujfrkjhj`o ve` bk rjgc, he zjib j` hk ?hk kkuw v.Ibr. ujsrkck ve` Koypk m _ks-Jre`, k` ve` Xurcjgk m hkdk` ve` bk Erefjsibk sibjkrkjde`h. Hk Essyrjãrs behhk` kk` vmmrsprm`o mp bu` vjge`hk` hmmrhe zk srjghweok`s k` `jkuwk mmrdmoswkrcujok` okfrujck`. Lkhk he`czjg hk Essyrjsibk ‒Cm`j`oswko‚ cm`hk` zk s`kd ve` hk k`k `eer hk e`hkrk ork`s rkjzk`. @ejm`edjsjsibk sk`jlk`k` k` mpse`hk` j` hk m`hkrwmrpk` `ejks wkrhk` m`hkrhruc lk zwerk srek`, lessedk hkpmrejks k` hk ee`skddj`o ve` Essyrjsibk omuvkr`kurs. Bk Essyrjsibk rjgc

wes bk kkrsk wkrkdhrjgc j` hk oksibjkhk`js k` hk lekrjãdk Essyrjsibk iuduur vkrsprkjhhk zjib m j` hk vkrsk ujbmkck` ve` bk @efjgk Mmsk`. Bk okmorejsibk k` pmdjjkck ik`rul ve` bk @jkuw-Essyrjsibk rjgc fkvm`h zjib mp hk vdecks k` wksk` k` mmsk` ve` hk Xjorjs j` bk bujhjok @mmrh-Jrec, k` hk mjijãdk bmmhseh wkrh kk` ee`ed ckkr vkrpdees. Hk kkrsk cm`j`ok` rksjhkkrhk` j` Essur, hk zujhkdjgcsk seh j` bk ik`redk Essyrjsibk okfjkh. Bu` pedkjzk` werk` vkrreejh lk sk`k` pdek`, kk` eribjkim`jsib sjgdkdklk` he kk` ves ck`lkrc ve` hk Essyrjsibk fmuwcu`s fdkk m hk m`hkroe`o ve` bk rjgc, ee` bk kj`h ve` hk ?hk kkuw v.Ibr. M`hkr cm`j`o Essur`esjrped JJ wkrh @jlruh hk `jkuwk bmmhseh, k` hk zkkd ve` bk rjgc fdkk heer okvksjoh m ?66 v.Ibr., mk` Yerom` JJ fksdmm kk` vmddkhjo `jkuwk seh k sjibk`. Bjg wjdhk he zjg` bmmhseh, hjk bjg hk `eel ‒Amr ve` Yerom`‚ oe (bk bujhjok Cbmrsefeh), eddk kkrhkrk skhk` j` ormmk k` preib mvkrrm. Xmk` bjg s`kuvkdhk k` mp bk sdeovkdh wkrh eibkrokdek`, vkrdjk zjg` zmm` Yk``eibkrjf Cbmrsefeh k` rmc `eer @j`kvkb, kk` `khkrzkj`o lk kk` de`ok oksibjkhk`js. Yelk` lk zjg` mpvmdokrs, ve` wjk Essurfe`jped vkrrkwko hk fkck`hsk js, wjs bjg hk j`vdmkh ve` bk @jkuwEssyrjsibk rjgc `mo vkrhkr uj k frkjhk` k` leeck bjg ve` @j`kvkb hk ormmsk seh kr wkrkdh.

�� _EXKV _EXKV QMMV QMM V BKX B KX EYYZVJYIBK VJGC HE@JKDK LMVE@HJ FM@EIMYYJ

Hk wkdveert ve` bkt @jkuw-Essyrjsibk rjgc wes stkrc ee`ckdjgc ve` hk vmkhskdvmmrzjk`j`o vmmr hk j`wm`krs. Hk cm`j`ok` fkskk` het ljsmmostk` aeteed cm`hk` zjg` k` dkohk` jrrjoetjkce`edk` ee` ml hrmok pkrjmhks tk mvkrfruook`. Mmc wjdhk` zk lkt hkzk steedtgks ve` bmmostee`hk fmuwcu`hk detk` zjk` bmk supkrjkur bu` rjgc k` zjgzkda werk`. FKHVKJOJ@O QMMV EYYZVJÃ Hk oksibjkhk`js ve` bk @jkuw-Essyrjsibk rjgc js k zjk` eds kk` de`o prmiks ve` ok fjkhsujf  fjkh sujfrkjhj` rkjhj`o7 o7 j` hk 2sk k` ?hk kkuw v.Ibr. wes bk vkrmvkrk` ve` hk wkrkdh m`hkrhkkd ve` kk` jhkmdmojk. Mp zjg` bmmokpu` wes Essyrjã bk ormmsk rjgc j` hk oksibjkhk`js ve` bk muhk @efjgk Mmsk` vùùr hk mpcmls ve` hk ^krzk`. Hk cm`j`ok` dkohk` bu` prksejks ujokfrkjh ves j` kcs k` fkkdh k` fksibmuwhk` hk j`resruiuur hjk zk djkk` ee`dkook` eds kk` jddusrejk ve` bu` suiiksvkrbeed. Lk bu` wekr fmuwcu`hjo  fmuwc u`hjokk sysklk`, sysklk` , wkok``kwkrck wkok`` kwkrck` ` k` `jkuwk bmmhskhk` k` prmvj`ijkskhk` hruck` zk kk` ormm sklpkd mp bk de`hsibep k` dkojjlkkrhk` zk bu` okzeo.

Eokzjk` ve` Essur, zkkd ve` hk mppkromh k` rkdjojkuzk bmmhseh ve` bk rjgc, deok` eddk fkde`orjgck Essyrjsibk skhk` j` kk` okfjkh weer hk `kkrsdeobmkvkkdbkjh j` bkmrjk vmdhmk`hk wes ml zm`hkr cu`slejok jrrjoejk oree` k vkrfmuwk`. Hk rkok` vjkd kibkr m`rkokdlejo k` kr wes `moed kk`s spreck ve` de`ohurjok hrmmok ’ j` bk bujhjok Yyrjã k` Jrec cu``k` hrmmokpkrjmhks wkd vjkr m vjg geer ee`bmuhk`. Kr reh he` mmc bkrbeedhkdjgc sibeersk mp ve`wkok ljsmmosk`. J` hk spjgckrsibrjkcsk` wmrh lkdhj`o okleec ve` vmkhskdkcmrk` j` vkrsibjddk`hk rkojm‚s ve` bk rjgc. J` 1;? v.Ibr. sibrkk hk esrmdmmo k` prjkskr Eccudde`u j` kk` frjk ee` cm`j`o Essurfe`jped7 ‒Hk rkok`s ve` hj geer

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Ceer lk hk fkde`orjgcsk wekrsysklk` ve` bk Essyrjsibk rjgc.

werk` eok`mlk` k` kr wkrh okk` mmos  fj``k`okb  fj`` k`okbeedh eedh.‚.‚ Ee` bk kj`h ve` hk 2sk k` bk fkoj` ve` hk ?hk kkuw v.Ibr. beh kr j` bk ber ve` Essyrjã kk` fkvmdcj`oskxpdmsjk pdeesokvm`hk`, ormk`hkkds vkrmmrzeec hmmrhe hk Essyrjsibk cm`j`ok` mvkrwm``k` vmdck` hwm`ok` zjib fj``k` hk rjgcsork`zk` k vksjok`. Mvkrfkvmdcj`o k` hrmmokpkrjmhks lmkk` kk` fkhrkjoj`o bkffk` okvmrlh vmmr bk Essyrjsibk kim`mljsibk k` pmdjjkck syskkl. Ml hk rjsjim‚s k fkpkrck`, fmuwhk` hk Essyrjsibk vmrsk` ojoe`jsibk k` ujkrs okeve`ikkrhk wekr fmuwcu`hjo  fmuwc u`hjokk `kwkrck ` kwkrck` ` hjk h jk bk de`hsibep de`h sibep j`orjgpk`h vkre`hkrhk`.

CM@J@CDJGCK CM@ J@CDJGCK BE@HXKCK@J@O Hk ee`dko ve` jrrjoejksysklk` hmmr bk bkdk de`h beh `jk eddkk` j`vdmkh mp hk j`rjibj`o ve` hk dkkrujlk, leer mmc mp hk imddkijkvk pkrikpjk ve` bk `u j` iuduur okfreibk de`hsibep k` hk heerlkk vkr fm`hk`  fm`h k` sylfmdjkc sylfm djkc.. Hk `jkuwk im`sruiim`sr ui-

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jks wkrhk` vmmrzjk` ve` okhk`ckck`s eds rmsrkdjãs, sâdks k` cm`j`cdjgck j`sirjpjks. Hkzk wkrhk`, kr m`hkrsrkpj`o ve` hk cm`j`cdjgck leib k` hk omhhkdjgck dkojjlejk heerve`, ee`okfreib mp dmiejks lk kk` sylfmdjsibk fkkck`js, zmeds kk` frm` m hk pdkc weer bk wekr ve` kk` rjvjkr `eer kk` ce`eed wkrh okdkjh. Qmmrfkkdhk` zjg` hk rmsrkdjãs fjg hk lm`hj`o ve` hk @ebr EdCedf j` Djfe`m` k` fjg Cbj`js j` @mmrh-Jrec. Wk wkrhk` mmc ee` hk ork`s m j` bk fujk`de`h okpdees eds kk` ‒cm`j`cdjgck be`hkck`j`o‚, kk` kck` he bk okfjkh wes j`okdjgh fjg bk ‒De`h ve` Essur‚, zmeds hk Essyrjãrs bu` de`h `mklhk`. J` bk bujsde`h, ussk` hk veddkjk` ve` hk Xjorjs k` hk Cbefur, wkrhk` k`mrlk ce`edk` okorevk` hjk bk wekr ve` rjvjkrk`, wehj‚s k` hk vkdk cersfrm``k` `eer hk skhk` k` ecckrs dkjhhk` k` zm hk skhkdjgck k` hklmorejsibk m`wjcckdj`o ve` bk rjgc fkvmrhkrhk`. [j eribkmdmojsibk vm`hsk` k` kcs frm``k`  frm``k ` fdjgc fdjg c he hk Essyrjãrs Essyrj ãrs ed j` hk wkkhk bkd ve` hk 59hk kkuw v.Ibr. mvkr

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rkojm`edk jrrjoejksysklk` fksibjck`. Xucudj-@j`ure J sjibk mp hk mmsmkvkr ve` hk Xjorjs, kk` dukdk hrjk cjdmlkkr srmmlmpweers ve` hk seh Essur, kk` `jkuwk bmmhseh, hjk bjg Cer-Xucudj-@j`ure `mklhk, ‒Bevk` ve` Xucudj-@j`ure‚. Ml hkzk `jkuwk seh ’ hjk lk beer ;>> bkierk zkvk` leed zm ormm wes eds Essur ’ k` beer eibkrde`h kim`mljsib dkvk`sve feer k leck`, leck` , wkrh kk` jrrjoejksysk jrrj oejksyskkl kl ee`okdkoh he bjg ^eu lksberj  `mklhk, bk ‒Vkibveerhjobkjhsce`eed‚. ‒Jc bkf bk Vkibveerhjobkjhsce`eed frkkh okleec k` Sbk dek` srmlk`\ `eer hk bkjdjok pdeesk`. Qe` hk mpfrk`os ve` bk wekr ve` hj ce`eed bkf jc rkokdlejo mkre`hks dek`  frk`ok`  frk`ok ` ee` hk ormk omhk`, omhk` , ljg` bkrk`, vmmr edjgh.‚ Hj ce`edk`syskkl, he ’ zmeds hk cm`j`o j` kk` e`hkrk j`sirjpjk skd ’ ‒bk dkvk` j` bk de`h fksibkrl, mvkrvdmkh  frk`o  frk`o  k` hk vkdhk` v kdhk` ve` ljg` lj g` seh bkk mlokvmrlh m fkwekrhk ecckrs‚, js hkkds vje sekddjkfkkdhk` okreikkrh k` hmmr eribkmdmok` fksuhkkrh. Bk fksm`h uj kk` ce`eed he kvk`wjghjo ee` hk Xjorjs djkp k` hk bmok rjvjkrkrressk` k` mmsk` ve` hk seh hmmrs`kkh, k` kk` wkkhk ce`eed he fkom`  fjg hk fk`khk f k`khk`dmm `dmmpp ve` hk Wef. W ef.

J@OVKK^ J@ BKX DE@HYIBE^ Hk vkrpdeesj`o ve` hk pmdjjkck zkkd ve` Essur `eer Cer-Xucudj-@j`ure wkrh okvmdoh hmmr hk sjibj`o ve` `jkuwk bmmhskhk`7 kkrs @jlruh hmmr Essur`esjped JJ, vkrvmdok`s Cbmrsefeh hmmr Yerom` JJ k` m sdm @j`kvkb hmmr zjg` zmm`, Yk``eibkrjf. Qe`e hk Ljhhk`-Essyrjsibk pkrjmhk wkrhk` mmc `jkuwk, mlve`orjgck prmvj`ijkik`re oksjib, zmeds Xkdd Ybkjcb Beleh ee` hk fk`khk`dmmp ve` hk Cbefur k` Krfjd. J` hk @jkuw-Essyrjsibk jgh crkko hk m`wjcckdj`o ve` hkzk `jkuwk skhk` kk` jlpuds hmmr hk sysklejsibk ee`dko ve` kk` ujok-

 frkjh jrrjoejk`k jrrj oejk`kwkrc, wkrc, ormkr k` imlpdkxkr imlpd kxkr he` j` hk vmmroee`hk kkuwk`. Bk jrrjoejksyskkl j` hk mlokvj`o ve` @jlruh wmrh fksibrkvk` mp kk` sâdk uj bk pedkjs ve` Essur`esjped JJ. Hk kcs fkgufkd hk j`euourejk ve` bk fmuwwkrc j` 2?: v.Ibr., kk` jk` heok` hurk`hk ikrklm`jk weervmmr hk cm`j`o lkkr he` 1:.>>> oesk` beh ujok`mhjoh, m`hkr wjk hk fkwm`krs ve` @jlruh, fujk`de`hsk u`ijm`erjssk` k` `mefkdk` uj zjg` kjok` pedkjs7

Bk jrrjoejkce`eed ve` @jlruh (Gesm` [r, Berverh [`jvkrsjy).

‒Qe`ea hk fmvk`dmmp ve` hk Wef bkf jc kk` ce`eed okorevk` he hk fkro fjg hk mp hmmrs`jgh, Sk`\ jc bkf bk ^ej bkoeddj S‒Ce`eed hks mvkrvdmkhs‚\  ok`mklh. Jc bkf hk wkjhk` ve` hk Xjorjs fkwekrh Sk`\ j` hk mlokvj`o fmmloeerhk` okpde`

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Yekddjkfkkdhk` (ljssjk 5>9: ve` IMVM@E CB-8e, 62 kfruerj 5:1?) ve` bk bmmhce`eed mp bk dj`ckrkrres ve` hk Xjorjs, k` zujhk` ve` @jlruh (Gesm` [r, Berverh [`jvkrsjy).

lk eddkrdkj arujfmlk`. Jc bkf wjg` okpkrs Sk`\ kkrskdj`ok`maakrs okfreib ee` Essur, ljg` bkkr, k` j` hk klpkds ve` ljg` de`h. Jc bkf hkzk seh okwjgh ee` Essur, ljg` bkkr. J` hk de`hk` weer jc hmmrbkk` fk` okrmcck` k` hk bmmode`hk` hjk jc bkf hmmrcrujs, bkf jc hk vmdok`hk fmlk` Sk`\ pde`k` okzjk`7 Smpsmllj`o ve` 85 pde`k``elk`\. Bk ce`eed kj`hjo j` kk` wekrved hjk zjib mvkr hk uj`k` ujsmr. Hk we`hkdwkok` zjg` hmmrrmcck` ve` okurk`. _ekrsrmlk` Szm edrjgc\ eds skrrk` ee` hk bklkd vdmkjk` hk dusbma j`.‚ 

XVE@Y^MVX MQKV _EXKV Bk @jlruh-jrrjoejkce`eed wes m`wmrpk` ml j`k`sjkvk kkd mp hk mvkrsrmlj`osvdeck ve` hk Xjorjs k` hk bmokr okdkok` krressk` fjg @jlruh lmokdjgc k leck`,

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leer mmc ml hk pedkjsuj`k` k fkwekrk`, weer hk cm`j`o kk` sylfmdjsibk vkrzelkdj`o fmlk` uj eddk mvkrwm``k` de`hk` beh okpde`. Bk js kk` okeskkrh ee`okdkoh byhreudjsib syskkl ve` zm‚` 9; cjdmlkkr de`o, he hk im`murk` ve` bk rjvjkrkrres kkrs j` zujhwkskdjgck k` he` j` `mmrhkdjgck rjibj`o vmdo k` fjg @jlruh ujcml. Bk wekr wkrh vje kk` m`hkreerhs ce`eed m`rmcck` ee` hk Cbezjr, kk` zjgrjvjkr ve` hk  fmvk`dmmp  fmvk` dmmp ve` hk Wef. Hj syskkl js ee` hk mppkrvdeck zjibfeer eds kk` rjg vkrjiedk sibeibk` hjk mp rkokdlejok ese`h ve` kdceer zjg` okorevk` ml bk m`hkreerhsk ce`eed ee` k dkook`. Qkrhkr srmmleweers,  fjg @kouf, zjg` `mo wkk ve` hj smmr smmr  u``kdsysklk` m`hkc. Vkik` m`hkrzmkc bkk ujokwkzk` he hk ce`edk` mmc kk` re`spmru`ijk behhk`. De`os hk rjvjkrk` j` hk vruibferk @evcurvdeck, weer oree` wkrh vkrfmuwh, zjg` spmrk` ve` cehklurk` okvm`hk`.

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Vmsrkdjã Vmsrkdjã lk ekkdhj`ok` ve` cm`j`o Yk``eibkrjf (dj`cs k` rkibs) k` hk wkk Essyrjsibk mppkromhk` Essur k` Ludjssu fjg hk cmp ve` Yk``eibkrjfs ce`eed j` Cbj`js (He`jkdk Lmre`hj Fm`eimssj, De`h m @j`kvkb Eribekmdmojied ^rmgki).

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XKIB@JYIB BMMOYXE@HGK

Kk` rjvjkr lk vjssk` mp kk` rkdjã uj bk Wujhwkspedkjs (© E`okdm Vufj`m, JsIV, LJFEIX e`h IVEYX).

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Heeruj js e k dkjhk` he bk ce`eed he hkzk vdeck lk @jlruh vkrfm`h, wkrh ok frujc  fruj c ml oree`, oree` , orm`hsmk` orm`hs mk` k` lk`sk` lk`sk ` ve` k` `eer hk bmmhseh k vkrvmkrk`. Kk` `mo ormkr k` imlpdkxkr ce`edk``kwkrc wkrh ussk` ?>9 k` 122 v.Ibr. hmmr Yk``eibkrjf ee`okdkoh j` bk eibkrde`h ve` zjg` bmmhseh @j`kvkb. Hj `jkuwk rkojm`edk syskkl wes bk lkks el fjjkuzk  fjj kuzk wekrfmuwcu` wekrf muwcu`hjok hjok prmgki prmgk i j` hk oksibjkhk`js ve` Essyrjã. Bk mlvek 68> cjdmlkkr ee` ce`edk` k` okce`edjskkrhk skjzmk`sokfm`hk` wekroe`ok`, cehks, u``kds, equehuik`, wekrckrj`ok`, hellk`, suwlkrk` k` rkskrvmjrs. Mmc bjkr wkrhk` rmsrkdjãs ee`okfreib ml hk wekrfmuwcu`hjok vkrrjibj`ok` ve` hk cm`j`o k krk`.

@jk eddkk` j` bk ber ve` bk rjgc wkrhk` wekrfmuwcu`hjok wkrck` ee`okdkoh, leer mmc rm`hml prmvj`ijedk bmmhskhk` k` j` hk wkskdjgck prmvj`ijks. Wm vmmrzeo Yk``eibkrjf hk ormk seh Erfkde ve` wekr vje kk` m`hkrorm`hs ce`eed ve` 69 cjdmlkkr de`o. Mmc j` hk Cbefurveddkj j` bk `mmrhmmsk` ve` bk bujhjok Yyrjã js kk` jlpmse` ce`edk``kwkrc ee` bk djib okcmlk`7 kk` 6>> cjdmlkkr de`o syskkl lk vkreccj`ok` ee` wkkrszjghk` ve` hk rjvjkr hk Cbefur. Bk wkskdjgck ce`eed wkrh okvmkh hmmr hk fmvk`dmmp ve` hk Cbefur, bk mmskdjgck ce`eed djkp de`os hk mmszjghk ve` hk vudcee` Ceucef k` crkko zjg` wekr ve` hk Geobgeob, hk fkde`orjgcsk zjgrjvjkr ve` hk Cbefur. Bk kxeik fmuwgeer ve` hj ojoe`jsibk skdskd js `mo skkhs kk` pu` ve` hjsiussjk, leer m`he`cs kk` mlsrkhk` bkmrjk he bk mmskdjgck ce`eed, he ujcml fjg Xkdd Ybkjcb Beleh, j` hk Ljhhk`-Essyrjsibk pkrjmhk wkrh okorevk` (59hk kkuw v.Ibr.), zjg` kr fkrmuwferk ee`wjgzj`ok` he bk `kwkrc uj bk @jkuwEssyrjsibk jghpkrc sel. _k wkk` `mo `jk we kr `e hk ved ve` Essyrjã js okfkurh lk hkzk kib`jsibk bmmose`hgks weerlkk hk Essyrjsibk cm`j`ok` hk kim`mljsibk m`wjcckdj`o ve` bu` rjgc wjdhk` sjludkrk` k` hk mjijãdk dkzj`o ve` bu` prksejks k` suiiks wjdhk` fkcreibjok`. _eersibjg`djgc wkrhk` zk `e bk wkoveddk` ve` bk ik`redk okzeo vkrweerdmmsh.

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Hk okmoreſtsibk djooj`o ve` @j`kvkb leectk hkzk steh tmt kk` stretkojsibk pdkc vmmr be`hkd. Eds bmmahsteh ve` kk` ludtjiudturkkd rjgc wes @j`kvkb fmvk`hjk` kk` ik`trul ve` iudturkdk ujtwjsskdj`o. Eribkmdmojsibk vm`hstk` fkvkstjok` hjt. Hk lmhkr`k wkrkdh ck` @j`kvkb, fkbedvk ve` hk rkik`k fkrjibk` mvkr hk vkrwmksj`o hmmr rkdjojkuzk e`ejij, vmmred ve` hk esij`krk`hk pedkjsrkdjãs hjk m`hkr lkkr k zjk` zjg` j` bk Frjjsb Luskul. Hkzk rkdjãs vkrfkkdhk` hk wepk`kjk` ve` hk cm`j`ok` k` bu` dkokrs. Hk ‒m`hkrjkdj`o‚ j` spjgckrsibrj vkrkd we kr k zjk` js k` vmrl heerlkk kk` rjgck frm` ve` j`mrlejk mvkr hk kdjk j` bk @jkuw-Essyrjsibk rjgc. @euurdjgc sm`h @j`kvkb ed vkr vmmrhe bk mporevj`oswkrc fkom` fkck`h eds kk`  fkde`orj  fkde `orjgc gc bjsmrjsib bjsmr jsib ik`rul. ik`ru l. Wmwkd j` bk Muhk eds j` j ` bk @jkuwk Xkselk` wmrh hk seh lkkrhkrk ledk` ok`mklh, zjg bk vmmred j` `koejkvk zj`. M`he`cs he `koejkvk  fkkdh  fkkd h wes hk seh, zkckr k` jghk jgh k ve` bk

@jkuw-Essyrjsibk @jkuw-Essyrjsibk rjgc, kk` ik`rul ve` m`hkrwjgs k` iuduur, k` fmmh zk kk` imlmrefkdk dkkmlokvj`o ’ edbe`s vmmr hk kdjk ’ ve`wkok hk vkdk perck`, vjgvkrs k` sibehuwrjgck prjãdk` fjg hk pedkjzk` k` klpkds. He js e k dkjhk` uj hk rkdjãs k` hk j`sirjpjks mp hk cdkjefdkk`, weerve` hk lkksk zjg` ee`okrmk` j` hk fjfdjmbkkc ve` Essurfe`jped. @j`kvkb bkk lkkr spjgckrsibrjkcsk` mpokdkvkrh he` wkdck e`hkrk Lksmpmeljsibk vj`hpdees mmc.

M^OVEQJ@OYVKY[DXEXK@ Hmmr beer djooj`o vdecfjg bk pu` weer hk Xjorjs selk`vdmkj lk hk Cbmsr k` fjg kk` vmmrhk j` hk rjvjkr, lmk @j`kvkb hk jhkedk dmiejk zjg` okwkks vmmr kk` mvkrsdeopdees.

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Wkokdehruc uj hk [ruc-pkrjmhk, okvm`hk` j` @j`kvkb, 99>>-95>> v.Ibr. Bmmok js 9.: il (emlsjo uj bk erjckd ve` Imddm` k` Vkehk 5:29, ſto. 5).

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J`hkrheeh fdjgc uj eribkmdmojsib m`hkrzmkc he ed j` hk fkoj`jgh spreck wes ve` kxkr`k im`eik`. Kr zjg` ehrucck` okvm`hk` ve` rmdzkokds uj hk [ruc-pkrjmhk, hjk vkrokdjgcfeer zjg` lk zkokds uj [ruc zkd (j` bk zujhk` ve` Lksmpmeljã) k` kdhkrs. He wjgs krmp he bk be`hkds`kwkrc zjib ussk` ie. 9;>> k` 9>>> v.Ibr. v.Ibr. ujsrkck ve` Wujh-Jrec m Mms-Xurcjgk, k` ve` @mmrh-_ks-Yyrjã m _ks-Jre`. _k cu``k` eddkk` leer ojssk` `eer hk bmkvkkdbkjh k` eerh ve` hk vkrbe`hkdhk omkhkrk`, leer bk see ves he de`hfmuwprmhuik` kk` ormm ee`hkkd vmrlhk`, kvk`eds khkdsk`k` zmeds cmr`edjg` k` depjs dezudj. Bmkwkd kr ed sj`hs 5286 mporevj`ok` pdeesvj`hk` j` @j`kvkb, wkk` wk `mo leer wkj`jo mvkr bk heokdjgcs dkvk` j` hk

seh. Bk mporevj`oswkrc wes vmmr`elkdjgc okrjib mp hk pedkjzk` k` hk klpkds3 vmmr bujskdjgck eribjkiuur k` bujsbmuhkdjgck vmmrwkrpk` wes vkkd lj`hkr fkde`oskddj`o k` we mmc `jk bkdp js he hk cwedjkj ve` hk vrmkokrk mporevj`ok` k` ve` hk pufdjiejks k wk`sk` mvkrdee. Kr zjg` vkkd @jkuw-Essyrjsibk rmdzkokds okvm`hk`, leer sdkibs k`ckdk heerve` cmlk` uj wkk`sibeppkdjgc okim`rmdkkrhk mporevj`ok`. Vmdzkokds zjg` fkde`orjgc ve`wkok bu` jim`morejk, hjk m`hkr lkkr j`zjib okk j` hk prjvê-omhshjk`s, leer mmc ve`wkok hk j`mrlejk hjk wk cu``k` edkjhk` uj hk ehrucck` ve` hjk zkokds mp efdkk`, fjgvmmrfkkdh he kr kk` okujok ee`wkzjo wes fjg bk sdujk` ve` kk` mvkrkk`cmls m fjg hk ujspreec j` kk` rkibszeec. Bkdees js kr bkkd wkj`jo okpufdjikkrh mvkr zkokdj`ok` mp efdkk` uj @j`kvkb, krwjgd hjk m`s gujs vkkd zmuhk` cu``k` vkrkddk` mvkr hekrj`o k` j`bmuh ve` iudurkdk k` kim`mljsibk fkrkccj`ok`. _e wk wkk` mvkr bk kim`mljsibk dkvk` j` bk Essyrjã ve` bk 5sk ljddk``jul v.Ibr. js ecmlsjo uj kk` peer pedkjseribjkvk` k` eribjkvk` ve` bmok u`ijm`erjssk`3 eddkheeosk zeck` wkrhk` fdjgcfeer mp vkroe`ckdjgck lekrjedk` vesokdkoh, k` lkksed wkrh heervmmr `jk bk Eccehjsibk spjgckrsibrj, leer bk Erelksk edefk okfrujc. Hk fuddek   m cdkjzkokdj`ok` hjk wkd fkweerh zjg` okfdkvk` wkrhk` lkksed vmmrzjk` ve` ehrucck` ve` sklpkdzkokds, hjk vkkd lj`hkr j`mrlejk dkvkrk` he` rmdzkokds. Fmvk`hjk` fkvek` Essyrjsibk rmdzkokds leer wkj`jo j`sirjpjks, dee see` hekkrferk j`sirjpjks, k` ve` hk okpufdjikkrhk @jkuw-Essyrjsibk rmdzkokds cml he` `mo leer kk` zkkr fkpkrc ee`ed uj @j`kvkb. _k ck``k` hk jim`morejk hus, leer cu``k` hjk eddkk` hekrk` vje sjgde`edysk.

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IKHKV, BM@J@O K@ YXV[JYQMOKDKJKVK@ YXV[JYQMOKDKJKVK@ He @j`kvkb kk` fkde`orjgc iudurkkd ik`rul wes cu``k` wk vmmr`elkdjgc mpleck` uj hk kcsk`, hjk djib wkrpk` mp hk zeckdjgck eijvjkjk` ve` hk @jkuw-Essyrjsibk @jkuw-Essyrjsibk kdjk. Ee` hk @jkuw-Essyrjsibk be`hkdskcsk` zjg` vkrsibjddk`hk suhjks okwjgh, leer @j`kvkb `kkl heerj` skkhs kk` zkkr fksibkjhk` pdees j`. Hk kcsk` uj hjk ‒e`hkrk bmmhseh‚ Essur k` uj @jlruh spkdk` kk` vkkd ormkrk rmd. Xmib cu``k` wk uj hk okokvk`s edkjhk` wkdck rmd @j`kvkb j` hk @jkuw-Essyrjsibk be`hkd bkk okspkkdh. Leer we js hk hkj`jjk ve` be`hkd= Hjk sjlpkdk vreeo lmok` wk `jk mvkr bk bmmh zjk`, we` hk vkdk omkhkrk` k` orm`hsmk` hjk vmdok`s hk kcsk` ve` be`h m be`h oj`ok` zjg` j` k hkdk` j` vjkr bmmhiekomrjkã`7 mmrdmosfuj, rjfuk`, (hjpdmlejkck) oksibk`ck` k` heehwkrckdjgck rujdbe`hkd (mkwkd ‒kibk be`hkd‚), weerfjg hk deesk hrjk smls lmkjdjgc ve` kdceer k m`hkrsibkjhk` zjg`. Kk` eribkmdmmo wkrc lk hkzk vjkr iekomrjkk`, k` kk` jdmdmmo dkks hk kcsk`, weermp  fksdjs  fks djs lmk lmk  wmrhk` wmrh k` mvkr m vkr bk b k we erbkjh erb kjhsok sok-bedk ve` hk kcs. Hmmrhe hk kcsk` ecmlsjo zjg` uj hk eribjkvk` ve` hk bmokrk crj`ok` crjgok` wk eddkk` j`zjib j` hk be`hkd j` hurk, zkdhzelk k` kxmjsibk prmhuik` ’ zeck` eds fesjsdkvk`sljhhkdk`, sibmk`k` k` lkufjdejr cmlk` `jk vmmr j` hkzk kcsk`. Khkdsk`k`, cmsfeer bmu eds ikhkr k` fuxus, jvmmr, wjg`, bm`j`o, dj``k`, wmd, lkedk` (zmeds cmpkr, j`, frm`s, jgzkr, zjdvkr k` omuh), odes, srujsvmokdkjkrk`, wjkrmmc, peerhk` k` kxmjsibk hjkrk`, wkrhk` ee`okvmkrh, vkkded uj okfjkhk` fujk` hk ork`zk` ve` bk rjgc. _jg` cwel uj @mmrh-Yyrjã k` Wujh-Xurcjgk, jvmmr uj Yyrjã k` Ak`jijã, ikhkrbmu uj Djfe`m`, zjdvkr uj bk Xeurus-

okfkrok j` Xurcjgk weer bk `mo skkhs wmrh okhmdvk`, k` peerhk` weersibjg`djgc uj [reru j` bk bujhjok Mms-Xurcjgk k` _ks-Jre`. Wmeds okzkoh wkrhk` hkzk omkhkrk` smls vkrwmrvk` hmmr mmrdmovmkrj`o, leer mmc eds rjfuu ve` vezedsek` hjk kk` mmrdmo wjdhk` vmmrcmlk` k` zjib zkckr wjdhk` skddk` ve` hk vkjdjobkjh k` vrkhk hjk hk Essyrjsibk ljdjejrk leib fmmh. Xrjfuk` k` hjpdmlejkck ojk` zjg` desjo uj kdceer k bmuhk`3 weersibjg`djgc wes bk vmmred kk` cwksjk ve` fudcomkhkrk` kok`mvkr sucomkhkrk`. Amrlkkd okzjk` fkbmmrhk eddks j` bk rjgc he` wkd mk ee` hk cm`j`o, leer j` hk precjgc spkkdhk perjiudjkr fkzj ujkreerh kk` fkde`orjgck rmd ’ zjg bk he kr vje hk fkdesj`o kk` eerhjo pkrik`eok kruovdmkjhk `eer bk bm.

Cdkjefdk uj Côdkpk, Xurcjgk, lk okokvk`s mvkr bk be`hkdsvkrckkr ussk` E`emdjã k` Essyrjã, 6>>>-52>> v.Ibr. Bmmok js 8.9 il (© Cm`j`cdjgck Luske vmmr Cu`s k` Oksibjkhk`js, Frusskd).

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Vkdjã uj @j`kvkb lk kk` ekkdhj`o ve` kk` peerh kok` kk` fkroeibjok eibkrorm`h, eibkrorm`h, ?hk kkuw v.Ibr. Bmmok js 5?.6 il (© Ajzwjddjel Luskul, Ielfrjhok).

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BKKVYKVY QE@ HK _KO Kr wes kk` ormk kim`mljsibk rmd wkookdkoh vmmr hk Essyrjsibk elceru‚s . Hj werk` be`hkderk`, m fkkr okzkoh ormk m`hkr`klkrs hjk zkd k`mrlk rjgchml vkroeerhk`3 j` hjk lek zkds he zk okdh dkk`hk` ee` hk cm`j`ok` ’ kk` smmr ‒Vmbsibjdhs‚ eve` de dkrk. Hkzk ormkp js mmc wkd vkrokdkck` lk cm`j`cdjgck okze`k` eds Yjr Are`ijs Hreck k` Ibrjsmkd Imdulfus, we` zk leeck` veec de`ok k` okveerdjgck rkjzk`. Wk wkrck` vkkded j` hjk`s ve` hk cm`j`o k` iml fj`kkrhk`  fj`k krhk` zeck` lk hjpdm h jpdmlejk. lejk. Kk` ljssibjk` we ‒deokrk‚ iekomrjk be`hkderk` wes hjk ve` hk fkd ḣerre`j, dkkrdjgc hk ‒bkkrskrs ve` hk wko‚. Wjg vmrlhk` per`krsibeppk` m j`vkskrj`osormkpk`,

k` wjsk` vkkd cepjeed ee` be`hkdsweer k vkroerk`. Hkzk iekomrjk ck``k` wk vmmred uj hk eribjkvk` hjk j` Essur zjg` okvm`hk`. Hk be`hkderk` uj fkjhk iekomrjkã` rmcck` rm`h, leer zk vkrfdkvk` mmc okrkokdh vmmr kk` de`okrk pkrjmhk j` fujk`de`hsk skhk`, weer zk eds imllkrijkkd eok` mprehk`. Bu` wkrc wes hujhkdjgc `jk vmmr fkbmuhk`  fkbm uhk` ee` ‒eumibm`k ‒eumi bm`k Essyrjãrs‚, Essyrj ãrs‚, we` bk werk` mmc fujk`de`hkrs, zmeds Ak`jijãrs. Erefjsibk celkdk`hrjgvkrs wkrhk` j`okzk vmmr bk re`spmr pkr cerevee`. Hk Essyrjãrs leeck` okfrujc ve` fkrmklhk be`hkdsbevk`s eds Xyrus, Yjhm` k` Cerckljsb. De`ok jgh e``kxkkrhk` zk hkzk skhk` `jk ’ zk djkk` bu` kkuwk`muhk j`resruiuur j`ei, k` crkok` bu` hkkd vje

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 fkdesj`o  fkde sj`ok`. k`. Xyrus Xyru s j` bk fjgzm`hk fjgz m`hkrr ok`mm ok`mm  kk` zkckrk vrjgbkjh fj``k` hj syskkl7 bk lmib vrjg fksibjcck` mvkr bk ikhkrbmu j` Djfe`m`, weerve` sibkpk` k` pedkjzk` wkrhk` okfmuwh, krwjgd hk mldjook`hk rkojm‚s wkd m`hkrwmrpk` werk` ee` hk Essyrjsibk bkkrsibeppjg. _kdck spmrk` ve` ed hkzk fkhrjgvjobkjh zjg` kr `mo k vj`h k` j` hk @jkuw-Essyrjsibk  fkwm`j`osd  fkwm` j`osdeok`= eok`= Eds wk lkkr l kkr wjddk` wjddk ` wkk` wk k` mvkr hk im`eik` lk e`hkrk de`hk`, k` hk j`vdmkh heerve` mp hk Essyrjsibk iuduur, zed bk m`hkrzmkc zjib lmkk` rjibk` mp vmmrwkrpk` k` jim`morejsibk k` eribjkim`jsibk sjgdk` hjk ee`mm`feer ujbkkls zjg`. Hk kkrhkr ok`mklhk fkhkrkdjgck werk` zuddk` `jk wmrhk` ee`okrm-

k` k` lkedk` wkrhk` mlokslmdk` vmmr bkrokfrujc k` dekr, mk` bk Essyrjsibk rjgc k` kj`hk cwel, wkookvmkrh hmmr hk vkrmvkreers. Oreojk` fkvek` smls `mo khkdsk`k`, leer hk fkde`orjgcsk eribkmdmojsibk ee`wjgzj`ok` vmmr hk im`eik` ussk` @j`kvkb k` e`hkrk de`hk`, zjg` eribjkim`jsib ve` eerh, vmmred j` hk vmrl ve` dmooje‚s k` uj`k`.

Vkdjã uj @j`kvkb weermp kk` Ak`jijsib sibjp mp hk Kuree js k zjk`, ?>;-125 v.Ibr. Bmmok js 11 il (© Xbk Xruskks m bk Frjjsb Luskul, Dm`hk`).

F[JXK@DE@HYK J@QDMKH J @QDMKHK@ K@ Lkkrhkrk @jkuw-Essyrjsibk cm`j`ok`  fmuwhk`  fmuwhk ` ‒dmooje‚s‚. ‒dmo oje‚s‚. Hk krl ‒dmooje‚ ‒dmo oje‚ js kk` rkhkdjgck vkredj`o ve` bk Essyrjsibk fkorjp fģ bjdą`j , weerve` hk kylmdmojk `mo m`fkck`h js. Eribkmdmok` okfrujck` hkzk krl, hjk ecmlsjo js uj hk e``edk` ve` hk

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Vkdjã ve` hk Essyrjsibk cm`j`o Xjode-pjdkskr JJJ uj kk` pedkjs j` @jlruh, 2sk kkuw v.Ibr. Bmmok js :9.2 il (VLM, Dkjhk`).

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cm`j`ok`, lk hk vmdok`hk hkj`jjk7 kk` ok fmuw lk kk` rkibbmkcjo rkibbm kcjo orm`hpde orm` hpde` ` k` kk` zujdk`oedkrjg ee` hk de`ok zjghk hjk mkoe`o  fmmh m m  kk` rkkcs rkk cs rujlk rujl k vkrrkcck` vkrrk cck` okde`ok de`ckkrh hmmr cdkj`krk celkrs hjk kr hwers mp sm`hk`. Cm`j`ok` eds Xjode-^jdkskr

JJJ, Yerom` JJ k` Yk``eibkrjf fmuwhk` hj smmr cdkj`k pedkjzk` k` zk krck`hk` kxpdjijk he zk hkzk spkijjkck fmuwsjgd behhk` mvkrok`mlk` ‒uj bk wksk`‚, selk` lk hk krl fģ bjdą`j   zkd. J` @j`kvkb sm`h lj`sk`s êê` dmooje k` kr wes kr mmc kk` fujk` hk seh, okfmuwh vmmr hk crmm`prj`s. _e hk cm`j`ok` mmc ve` bk fujk`de`h behhk` mvkrok`mlk` werk` hk kxmjsibk pde`k` k` fmlk` weerlkk zk bu` pedkjsuj`k` vkrreejhk`. Hjk uj`k` werk`  fkhmkdh  fkhm kdh ml m l imlmr imlmr  k` m`spe``j` m`spe ``j`oo k fjkf jkhk` ee` hk cm`j`o k` zjg` eljdjk, leer zk jddusrkkrhk` kokdjgckrjgh hk vkrsrkcck`hk okmorejsibk k` smijedk leib ve` hk cm`j`o. Hk uj` hjk Yk``eibkrjf j` @j`kvkb beh dek` ee`dkook` wes fkrmklh ml zjg` dmre k` wekrwkrck`, k` deo lmokdjgc ee` hk fesjs ve` hk dekrk lybk` mvkr hk be`ok`hk uj`k` ve` Fefydm`. Bjg js eokfkkdh mp kk` rkdjã uj bk pedkjs ve` zjg` cdkj`zmm` Essurfe`jped, weermp mmc hk eïehk ve` kk` fģ bjdą`j  k zjk` js. Wmeds gk leo vkrweibk` fjg hk bmmhseh ve` kk` ormm rjgc zjg ` kr j` @j`kvkb hus vkkd ee`wjgzj`ok` k vj`hk` ve` vkr k` wjgh rkjck`hk im`eik` k` wkhkrzjghsk iudurkdk k` kim`mljsibk j`vdmkhk`. Hkzk deesk ormk bmmhseh ve` bk @jkuw-Essyrjsibk rjgc, `e Essur, @jlruh k` Cbmrsefeh, wkrh j` 156 v.Ibr. okpdu`hkrh k` j` fre`h oksmck` k` `mmj lkkr j` muhk odmrjk bkrskdh. Bk js k bmpk` he bk fkkdh he wk ve` hj hy`eljsibk, j`kr`ejm`edk, iudurkdk ik`rul bkffk` okirkãkrh mp fesjs ve` kcsk` k` eribkmdmojsibk vm`hsk`, hmmr mkcmlsjok, wkk`sibeppkdjgc okim`rmdkkrhk mporevj`ok` ce` wmrhk` ujokfrkjh k` vkrskrc.

�� FKVMKLHK CM@J@OK@ FVEHDKZ G. ^EVCKV

Hk @jkuw-Essyrjsibk cm`j`ok` wjstk` bu` rjgc oksteeo ujt tk frkjhk` tmt kk` m`okck`hk mlve`o. Kk` j`hrucwkcck`hk prkstetjk, hjk zk hkkds tk he`ck` behhk` ee` bu` iberjsletjsibk cerectkr k` bu` vkrlmok` ml ormmt tk hk`ck`. Xmib wes gujst bu` tklpkrelk`t mmc kk` kssk`tjãdk aeitmr fjg hk j`kk`stmrtj`o ve` bkt rjgc. YK@@EIBKVJF LEECX @J@KQKB XMX BMMAHYXEH Vm`h ?>; v.Ibr. wkrh Yk``eibkrjf m cm`j`o ve` bk @jkuw-Essyrjsibk rjgc okcrmm`h. He lmk kr beesjo ee` mk zjg` okoee`7 zjg` vehkr Yerom` JJ wes oks`kuvkdh mp bk sdeovkdh. ^dmskdj`o beh Yk``eibkrjf hk efsmduk leib mvkr kk` rjgc he kk` ormm hkkd ve` bk bujhjok Ljhhk`-Mmsk`  fksrkkc.  fksrkk c. Bjg wes zjib krve` krve ` fkwus fkwu s he hk m`vmmrzjk`k hmmh ve` zjg` vehkr m ormk prmfdklk` cm` dkjhk` k` `el kk` lmkhjo  fksduj.  fksdu j. Bjg B jg vkrdjk vk rdjk Cbmrsefeh, Cbmrse feh, hk m`vmdmmj m`vm dmmj-hk bmmhseh ve` zjg` vehkr, k` vkrpdeesk bk ik`rul ve` bk rjgc `eer @j`kvkb. Heer fmuwhk bjg kk` pedkjs he kk` @jkuwEssyrjsibk cm`j`o weerhjo wes ’ bk ‒pedkjs

zm`hkr okdjgck‚ ’ k` bjg vkre`hkrhk hk muhk seh j` kk` fdmkjk`hk lkrmpmmd. Yk``eibkrjfs pedkjs wkrh mvkrvdmkhjo vkrsjkrh lk sk`k` luurrkdjãs weermp eddkrdkj ekrkdk` werk` eokfkkdh7 mmrdmosbe`hkdj`ok`, fmuwwkrczeelbkhk` k` rkdjojkuzk rjukdk`. Vkuseibjok sjkrk` lk lk`sk`bmmhk` sjkrhk` hk okfmok` hkurmpk`j`ok` k` bk pedkjsimlpdkx fksibjck mvkr kk` im`se`k ee`vmkr ve` srmlk`h wekr, kk` uj` lk kxmjsibk fmlk`, zkdhzelk pde`k` k` hjkrk` uj bk bkdk rjgc, k` kk` berkl. Hmmr zjg` gerk`de`ok rej`j`o eds crmm`prj`s beh Yk``eibkrjf zjib m`wjcckdh m kk` okwjkcsk pmdjjius k` kk` fkcweel ljdjejr dkjhkr. Wjg` seus k` mpvmkhj`o beh-

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Vkdjã uj Cbmrsefeh lk cm`j`o Yerom` JJ, 2sk kkuw v.Ibr. Bmmok js 2: il (Luskm Eribkmdmojim, Xurjg`).

hk` kibkr mmc kk` wreeczuibjok, bmmolmkhjok pkrsmm` ve` bkl okleec. Hkzk kjok`sibeppk` cwelk` vmdmp m ujj`o j` zjg` omkh okhmiulk`kkrhk vkdhmib `eer ^edksj`e k` j` zjg` pmoj`ok` ml hk de`ohurjok vkk ussk` Essyrjã k` Fefydm`jã k  fksdkibk`.  fksdk ibk`. Xkcsk` k` cu`sbjsmrjsibk frm``k` mvkr hk ^edksjg`sk vkdhmib ve` Yk``eibkrjf sibksk` kk` fkkdh ve` kk` cm`j`o hjk krverk` wes j` fkdkokrj`ok` k` wjs bmk bjg hmmr k hrkjok` lk okwkdh zjg` rjgc cm` vkrskrck`. Xmib djgc bk krmp he Yk``eibkrjf zjib j` ^edksj`e beh vkrckck` mp hk creib k` hk vesfkrehk`bkjh ve` bk Koypjsibk dkokr.

FEFZDM@ OK^D[@HKVH

Vkdjã uj @j`kvkb weermp hk fkdkokrj`o ve` kk` seh hmmr Essyrjsibk fmmosibutkrs k` spkkrwkrpkrs k zjk` js, ?>8-125 v.Ibr. Bmmok js 1>.9 il (Lkrmpmdje` Luskul m Er, @kw Zmrc).

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Mmc hk le`jkr weermp bjg mloj`o lk hk ‒Fefydm`jsibk cwksjk‚ zko vkkd mvkr zjg` pkrsmm`djgcbkjh. Bmkwkd hk Essyrjãrs j` hk kkrsk bkd ve` bk 5sk ljddk``jul v.Ibr. hk pmdjjkck leib behhk` j` bk @efjgk Mmsk`, wes Fefydm` bk iudurkdk k` rkdjojkuzk ik`rul. Mlhe hkzk seh fmvk`hjk` hjib fjg bk Essyrjsibk rjgc deo, beh zk kk` fjgzm`hkrk pmsjjk j` bk fujk`de`hfkdkjh ve` Essyrjã. Yk``eibkrjf sec vkkd pmdjjkck k` ljdjejrk k`krojk j` Fefydm`, leer he dkjhhk m kk` de`ohurjo im`dji weer hk lkksk sehsik`re j` Wujh-Lksmpmeljã fjg fkrmcck` reeck`. @ehe bjg hk okbek Ibedhkkãr Lkrmheib-Fedehe` ve` hk Fefydm`jsibk rmm` beh oksmk`, djk Yk``eibkrjf hjk`s pdees j``klk` hmmr kk` srmle`3 lmokdjgc hrmko bjg hk leib zkds mvkr ee` zjg` zmm` k` krok`eel Essur-`ehj`-sgulj, hjk dekr wkrh m`vmkrh k` okhmmh. Bk vkrdjks ve` zjg` zmm`, hk crmm`prj`s ve` bk rjgc, lmk kk` zwerk cdep vmmr bkl zjg` okwkks, we` hk ljdjejrk mpkrejks ve` Yk``eibkrjf behhk` ed s`kd lkkr wko ve` wreecmkk`j`ok` he` ve` srekojsibk eijks.

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@ehe zjg` dkokrs bk lkkrleeds behhk` lmkk` edkook` kok` hk leib, s`kdbkjh k` sdjlbkjh ve` hk Fefydm`jãrs, vkrdmmr Yk``eibkrjf zjg` okhudh. Bjg mlsj`okdhk Fefydm` k` wjs hk seh `e lee`hk` ve` bm`okrs`mmh k` zjkcks j` 12: v.Ibr. k vkrmvkrk`. Heer`e cmkdhk bjg zjg` wmkhk mp hk seh k` beer j`wm`krs7 vmdok`s kjok` zkook` leeck bjg hk okfmuwk` lk hk orm`h okdjgc, pdu`hkrhk bjg hk klpkds, `el bjg hk omhk`fkkdhk` lkk k` dkjhhk bjg zkds ce`edk` ml zmhe bk wekr hk rkse`k` ve` hk seh cm` wkospmkdk`. Hk j``elk k` pdu`hkrj`o ve` Fefydm` wes kk` ljdjejrk rjml, leer mmc kk` hjpdmlejkck relp hjk kk` ckkrpu` j` hk Essyrjsibk pmdjjkck oksibjkhk`js lerckkrhk. Hk Fefydm`jsibk cwksjk wkrh kr `jk lkk mpokdms, j`kok`hkkd7 hk hehk` ve` Yk``eibkrjf zkk` kk` rkkcs ve` okfkurk`jssk` j` oe`o hjk ujkj`hkdjgc zmu dkjhk` dkj hk` m hk j`kk`smrj`o ve` bk @jkuw-Essyrjsibk rjgc. Hjk rkkcs fkom` lk hk lmmrh mp Yk``eibkrjf.

Hkejd ve` kk` rkdjã uj @j`kvkb lk kk` Essyrjsib mmrdmoswkrcujo jghk`s hk fkdkokrj`o ve` Deibjsb (© Xbk Xruskks m bk Frjjsb Luskul, Dm`hk`).

^rjsle uj @j`kvkb weermp hk fmuweijvjkjk` ve` cm`j`o Kserbehhm` zjg` fksibrkvk`, ?hk kkuw v.Ibr. (@ejm`eed Luskul ve` Jrec, Feoheh).

KK@ WJKCKDJGCK CM@J@O Mp hk wj`josk heo ve` hk lee`h Xkfk  (weersibjg`djgc hkiklfk r) j` 125 v.Ibr., `jk de`o `ehe Yk``eibkrjf Kserbehhm` m krok`eel beh fk`mklh, wkrh Yk``eibkrjf vkrlmmrh hmmr kk` m lkkr ve` zjg` zm`k`. Hk hehkr m hehkrs ’ muhkrk frmkrs ve` Kserbehhm` ’ werk` hmmr Yk``eibkrjf okpesskkrh, weersibjg`djgc mlhe zk hk pkib behhk` he bu` lmkhkr kk` ve` hk Fefydm`jsibk vrmuwk` ve` Yk``eibkrjf wes. @ehe Kserbehhm` hk m`rus hjk bjkrmp vmdohk hk cmp beh j`okhruc, fkskko bjg j` 12> v.Ibr. hk rmm`. Kserbehhm` beh kk` sdkibk okzm`hbkjh. Bmkwkd wk weersibjg`djgc `mmj zuddk` wkk` we bkl prkijks le`ckkrhk, js uj hjvkrsk kcsk` e k dkjhk` he bk oj`o

Cdkjefdk uj @j`kvkb lk vmmrspkddj`ok` ve` kk` okccm, 1;> v.Ibr. Bmmok js ?.; il (©@J@M, Dkjhk`).

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kk` kj`h lk bk bkrfmuwk` ve` hk seh Fefydm`. Ml vmmr hk be`h djook`hk rkhk`k` wes Kserbehhm` kr vkkd ee` okdkok` ml zjg` mpvmdoj`o smkpkd k dek` vkrdmpk`. Bjg cmms Essurfe`jped m krok`eel ve` hk Essyrjsibk rmm` k` fk`mklhk kokdjgckrjgh Ygelesg-sgule-ucj`, kk` e`hkrk, bed-Fefydm`jsibk zmm`, m bkkrskr ve` Fefydm`jã. J` 11: v.Ibr. mvkrdkkh Kserbehhm` eds okvmdo ve` zjg` zjkck.

FKC_EEL LEEV _VEECW[IBXJO

Hkzk skdk vkrbeed mvkr bk im`stji ussk` hk Essyrjsibk cm`j`o Essurfe`jped k` hk Kdeljjsibk cm`j`o Xk-ulle`, ie. 18; v.Ibr. Bmmok js 82 il (© Cm`j`cdjgck Luske vmmr Cu`s k` Oksibjkhk`js, Frusskd).

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ml kk` ibrm`jsibk ee`hmk`j`o hjk bkl kr`sjo vkrzweck. Bjg beh rkokdlejo des ve`  freecee`veddk`, bujhujsdeo, bujhm`skcj`ok`, `kusfdmkhj`ok` k` ljssibjk` kpjdkpjsibk ee`veddk`. [j hk vkdk frjkvk` ve` ersk` k` slkkcfkhk` ee` hk zm``komh js e k dkjhk` he hk Essyrjsibk okdkkrhk`, kxmrijsk` k` mreckdprjkskrs kjok`djgc `jk wjsk` bmk zk hk cm`j`o lmksk` fkbe`hkdk`. Hk okfrkccjok djibelkdjgck okskdhbkjh ve` Kserbehhm` ce` hk rkhk` zjg` okwkks weerml bjg k` zjg` zmm` Essurfe`jped zjib j`k`sjk fkzjobjkdhk` lk weerzkookrjg. Kserbehhm`s ebe`ckdjgcbkjh ve` hk mreckdprjkskrs ee` bk bm wmrh okíddusrkkrh hmmr bk kj he bjg lj`sk`s hrjk ckkr kk` rjukkd ujvmkrhk weerfjg kr kk` pdeesvkrve`ok`hk cm`j`o mp hk rmm` wkrh okzk, zmhe eedk vmmrspkddj`ok` hk pdeesvkrve`okr zmuhk` rkk` j` pdees ve` hk kibk cm`j`o. M`he`cs zjg` cwedk` dkvkrhk Kserbehhm` j`hrucwkcck`hk prksejks j` zjg` weedgerjok bkkrsibeppjg. Wm vkrmvkrhk bjg kk` ormm hkkd ve` hk @jgdveddkj k` cwel bjg

Essurfe`jped cwel j` 112 v.Ibr., mk` bk @jkuw-Essyrjsibk rjgc zjg` odmrjkjgh fkdkkhk, mp hk rmm`. Ee` bk fkoj` ve` zjg` rkokkrpkrjmhk mm`hk bjg zjib kk` veerhjok dkjhkr k` kk` ujskck`hk ljdjejr srekko. Bjg vkrskvjohk hk orkkp ve` Essyrjã mp hk Dkve`jg`sk cus, vkrmvkrhk `jkuwk okfjkhk` j` Jre` k` rmc wkkleed k` srjghk kok` Koypk. Heerhmmr wkrh bk Essyrjsibk rjgc ormkr he` mmj. @k eds zjg` vmmroe`okr m`hkr`el Esssurfe`jped mmc ormk  fmuwprmgkik  fmuwp rmgkik`3 `3 zm djk bjg bk spkieiudej spki eiudejrk rk @mmrhpedkjs j` @j`kvkb vkrrjgzk`. Qe` zjg` pkrsmm`djgcbkjh bkffk` wk kk` vrjg omkh fkkdh. Wm wkk` wk he bjg bjkdh ve` geok`, peerhrjghk` k` fmmosibjkk`. Mp pedkjsrkdjãs js k zjk` bmk bjg hkzk eijvjkjk` ujvmkr j` hk cm`j`cdjgck pde`k`- k` hjkrk`uj`k` hjk bjg j` @j`kvkb beh dek` ee`dkook`. Essurfe`jped wes mmc hk k`jok Essyrjsibk cm`j`o hjk okdkkrh wes. He bjg hk sibrjcu`s mkokwjgh wes, fdjgc uj hk j`spe``j`ok` hjk bjg zjib bkk okrmms ml kcsk` uj bk bkdk rjgc k vkrzelkdk` k` vkrlmkhkdjgc mmc k eribjvkrk`. M`hkr zjg` bmkhk m`sm`h zm hk ‒fjfdjmbkkc ve` Essurfe`jped‚. M`zk ck``js ve` Lksmpmeljsibk djkreuur bkffk` wk j` kjk ormk`hkkds ee` hkzk cm`j`o k he`ck`.

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Hk djkhk ve` Essurfe`jped vmmr cu`s cwel mmc m ujj`o j` bk fkrmklhk dkkuwk`geibrkdjã uj zjg` pedkjs. Hk rkedjsjsibk wkkroevk ve` hk skrvk`hk dkkuwj`,  fjgvmmrfk  fjgvm mrfkkdh, kdh, js u`jkc u`jk c j` hk Lksmpmelj Lksmpm eljsibk sibk cu`s. cu`s . Bmkwkd hk lm`erib `jk rkibsrkkcs fkrmcck` wes fjg hk vkrveerhjoj`o ve` hkzk ekrkdk`, cu``k` wk krve` ujoee` he bjg wkd we k zkook` beh mvkr hk ujvmkrj`o . Xkok`mvkr zjg` j`krkssk vmmr iuduur k` zjg` ljdjejrk veerhjobkhk` sm`h zjg` `kjoj`o ml, `k eds zjg` ormmvehkr, pkrsmm`djgck rjvedjkjsokvmkdk`s lkk k dek` spkdk` fjg zjg` fksdjssj`ok`. Heerhmmr duck bk bkl `jk ml bk vkrfm`h he zjg` vehkr beh fkrkjc hmmr Essurfe`jpeds bedfrmkr mp hk Fefydm`jsibk rmm` k pdeesk` j` se`h k bmuhk`. Bk im`dji ussk` hk wkk bedfrmkrs fkom` mk` hk bkrfmuw ve` hk seh Fefydm` wkrh sjdokdkoh k` hk rkperjejk ve` hk omhk`fkkdhk` `eer Fefydm`jsibk klpkds wkrh kok`okbmuhk`. He beh kk` hmlj`m-kki he ujlm`hhk j` kk` de`hkdjgck mpse`h. Xjghk`s hk vjge`hkdjgcbkhk` hjk heeruj vmmrvdmkjhk`, wkrhk` eddk hjpdmlejkck prksejks ve` Kserbehhm` k`jkokhee` k` deejhk bk im`dji ussk` hk Essyrjãrs k` hk Kdeljkk`, kk` vmdc he k` mmsk` ve` bk Essyrjsibk rjgc dkkhk, wkkr mp. Hk bkkrsibeppjg ve` Essurfe`jped hjk zm vkkdfkdmvk`h wes fkom``k`, m`eerhhk j` kk` furokrmmrdmo ussk` hk bed frmkrs. Hk srjgh iudl iudlj`kkrh j`kkrhkk j` kk` wreeczuibj wreec zuibjok ok k` cmsferk vkdhmib lk hk vmddkhjok vkr`jkjoj`o ve` Kdel eds rksudee. Hk Essyrjãrs behhk` j`ussk` zmvkkd vjge`hk` okleec he bk `jk vkrwm`hkrdjgc wes he @j`kvkb j` 156 v.Ibr. wkrh vkr`jkjoh. J` bu` srkvk` `eer ujfrkjhj`o ve` bu` orm`hok fjkh behhk` behhk ` hk Essyrjsibk Essyrj sibk cm`j`ok` cm`j`o k` kk` m`fkbkkrsm`fk bkkrs feer ormm rjgc okirkãkrh. okirkãk rh. Fmvk`hjk` Fmvk`h jk` behhk` behhk ` zk hk ckjzkrdjgck sibecjs ujokpu lk bu` lkoedmle`k  fmuwprmgkik  fmuwp rmgkik` ` k` bu` cmsferk ljdj ljdjejrk ejrk mpkrejks, mpkre jks, hjk j` kdc okved okhkkdkdjgc vmmrvdmkjhk` uj re`iu`k. Wm hrmko bu` pkrsmm`djgcbkjh fjg ee` hk m`hkroe`o ve` bk rjgc he zk zkd behhk` mpokfmuwh.

Kk` cdkjefdk uj hk fjfdjmbkkc ve` Essurfe`jped lk kk` reolk` ve` bk Ojdoelksgkpms, ?hk kkuw v.Ibr. Bmmok js 66 il (© @J@M, Dkjhk`).

Hkejd ve` rkdjã uj @j`kvkb lk skrvk`hk dkkuwj`, ie. 18; v.Ibr. Bmmok js 82 il (© Cm`j`cdjgck Luske vmmr Cu`s k` Oksibjkhk`js, Frusskd).

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Hk fjfdjmbkkc ve` Essurfe`jped Cm`j`o Essurfe`jped vkrhjkpk zjib, j` kok`skddj`o m zjg` vehkr k` ormmvehkr, oreeo j` djkrejrk k` wkk`sibeppkdjgck m`hkrwkrpk`. Bjg zmu zjib zkds hk Eccehjsibk k` hk Yulkrjsibk eed bkffk` kjok`okleec. Okhrkvk` hmmr zjg` djkhk vmmr hk dktkrk` vkrzelkdhk bjg eddkrdkj Essyrjsibk k` Fefydm`jsibk kcsk` k` dkohk heerlkk j` zjg` Wujhwkspedkjs hk kkrsk fjfdjmbkkc ee`. Hk imddkijk sm`h vmddkhjo j` hjk`s ve` bk wkdzjg` k` hk leib ve` hk cm`j`o, k` kr wkrhk` he` mmc vmmr`elkdjgc kcsk` mvkr weerzkookrjg, rkdjojkuzk rjukdk` k` ok`kkscu`hk vkrzelkdh. Heer`ees fkvetk hk fjfdjmbkkc lj`sk`s êê` kxklpdeer ve` eddk imlpmsjjks hjk j` bk 5sk ljddk``jul v.Ibr. fkck`h werk`. He leec hk spjgckrsibrjaefdktk` sibrjaefdkt k` ve` @j`kvkb m kk` m`ljsferk frm` ml j`zjib k crjgok` j` hk djkrejrk k` e`hkrk kcsk` uj hjk jgh. Fjg hk pdu`hkrj`o ve` hk seh j` 156 v.Ibr. reeck mmc hk fjfdjmbkkc kr`sjo fksibehjoh. Hk kkrsk vkrhjkpj`o ve` bk pedkjs, weer bk ormmsk hkkd ve` hk fjfdjmbkkc wes m`hkrokfreib, zeck `eer fk`khk` weerhmmr hk spjgckrsibrjaefdktk` j` vkdk succk` ujkk`spetk`. Xussk` 5282 k` 5:96 wkrhk` eddk okvm`hk` reolk`k` mvkrokfreib `eer bk Frjjsb Luskul j` Dm`hk`. Bk medk ee`ed reolk`k` lmk rm`h hk 95.>>> djook`3 `eer sibetj`o zmuhk` hjk reolk`k` ussk` hk 16>> hk ??;> imlpdkk efdktk` lmkk` mpdkvkrk`. Xm kfruerj 6>51 werk` kr j` meed 1>19 reolk`k` j` kdceer okzk.

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J` hk odmrjktjgh ve` bkt @jkuw-Essyrjsibk rjgc vkrrkzk` j` @j`kvkb vkrsibjddk`hk vkrsibjddk`hk cm`j`ospedkjzk`. Cmstk` `mib lmkjlm kjtk wkrhk` okspeerh ml hkzk pedkjzk` kk` weer cm`j`cdjgc ee`zjk` tk okvk`. Wk fkbmmrhk` tmt hk ormmtstk okfmuwk` ve` bu` tjgh. _e _e wk wkk` mvkr hk @jkuw-Essyrjsibk @jkuw-Essyrjsibk pedkjzk` j` @j`kvkb fkpkrc zjib m hk kxklpderk` uj hk ?hk kkuw v.Ibr., v.Ibr., mk` hk cm`j`o lk zjg` bm j` hkzk seh zkkdhk. Kr werk` ed kkrhkr pedkjzk` j` hk seh okfmuwh, leer heermvkr js vrjgwkd `jks fkck`h. Bk lkrk`hkkd ve` hk pedkjzk` uj hk ?hk kkuw v.Ibr. sel uj hk rkokrj`ospkrjmhk ve` Yk``eibkrjf. Bk Wujhwkspedkjs wkrh ussk` ?>9 k` 1:6 v.Ibr. v.Ibr. okfmuwh mp Cuyu`gjc, hk fkde`orjgcsk fkde`orjgc sk bkuvkd ve` hk seh. Bk wes bk vmmr`eelsk pedkjs ve` bk rjgc k` vkrvj`o bk cm`j`ospedkjs j` Cbmrsefeh ’ he leer cmr hjk rmd beh vkrvudh ’ k` bk `mo muhkrk @mmrhwkspedkjs j` @jlruh. @e hk vmdmmjj`o ve` bk Wujhwkspedkjs wkrh fkom``k` lk hk fmuw ve` kk` lj-

djejr ersk`eed mp hk e`hkrk bkuvkd ve` hk seh, @kfj Zu`us. Hj imlpdkx wkrh ok frujc  fruj c eds wkkhk pedkjs pedk js ve` hk seh. J` hk cm`j`cdjgck kcsk` wmrh bk fksibrkvk` eds kk` lm`ulk`eed, wkkdhkrjo j`okrjib pedkjs weer weersibjg`djgc hk prj`sk` k` cj`hkrk` uj fujk`de`hsk bmokrk crj`ok` wkrhk` okbujsvks k` mpokdkjh. Xjghk`s bk fkwj`h ve` Essurfe`jped, rm`h 18; v.Ibr., wkrh mp Cuyu`gjc kk` hkrhk pedkjs okfmuwh7 bk cmdmssedk @mmrhpedkjs. Mvkr hk e`hkrk, lj`hkr jlpmse`k pedkjzk` hjk j` hk seh lmkk` bkffk` oksee`, js `jk bkkd vkkd fkck`h.

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M@XQE@OYXWEDK@ QMMV BM@HKVH LK@YK@ Hk cm`j`ospedkjzk` vmrlhk` bk ber ve` hk Essyrjsibk see7 zk hjk`hk` `jk eddkk` eds vkrfdjg ve` hk cm`j`cdjgck eljdjk, leer bkrfkrohk` mmc hk sibecjs ve` bk rjgc. Fmvk`hjk` wkrhk` bjkr bmmoweerhjobkjhs fkcdkhkrs  fkcd khkrs m`ve`ok`. m`ve` ok`. Hkzk fmuwwkrck` fmuwwkr ck`  fkbmmrhk`  fkbmm rhk` m hk ormmsk ormm sk ve` bu` jgh. jgh . Wk werk` mvkrvdmkhjo okhkimrkkrh, vmmred lk sk`k` rkdjãs. Xkcsk`, efkkdhj`ok` k` eribjkim`jsibk kdklk`k` dkvkrk` weerhkvmddk j`mrlejk mvkr hk kvk`klk`k` hjk j` bk pedkjs pdeesvm`hk`, leer mvkr bk heokdjgcs dkvk` ve` hk pedkjsfkwm`krs wkk` wk `mo vrjgwkd `jks. _jk kk` Essyrjsib pedkjs fkzmib cm` dkkrdjgc k` jouurdjgc `jk ml hk cm`j`o bkk`7 hk cm`j`osvkrrkcck` deok` vmmrj`, lkkk` fjg hk j`oe`o, k` mvkred j` bk pedkjs wes zjg` fkkdk`js prmlj`k` ee`wkzjo.

Orm`hpde` ve` bk Wujhwkspedkjs j` @j`kvkb (© Hevjh Ckrej).

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Bmkwkd hk mkoe`o m`okwjgkdh ee` kk` skdki okzkdsibep wes vmmrfkbmuhk`, hmk hk eribjkiuur vkrlmkhk` he hk pedkjzk` werk` eoksklh mp hk m`ve`os ve` ormk ormkpk`. Hk lkksk m`ve`oszedk` fmhk` rujlk ee` zm‚` bm`hkrh lk`sk` k` selk` lk hk e`hkrk celkrs cm`hk` hk pedkjzk` ee`zjk`djgc ormkrk ormkpk` bkrfkrok`. Fjg hk lkksk eijvjkjk` werk` kibkr cdkj`krk ormkpk` fkrmcck`, ee`okvudh lk bk mlve`orjgck cm`j`cdjgc okvmdo. Hk lkksk fmuwcu`hjok ee`pessj`ok` hjk j` hk dmmp ve` hk ?hk kkuw v.Ibr. wkrhk` hmmrokvmkrh, behhk` m hmkd `mo ormkrk ormkpk` k cu``k` m`hkrfrk`ok`. Hkzk m`wjcckdj`o js k rkdekrk` ee` hk ujfrkjhj`o ve` bk rjgc, hjk m okvmdo beh he kr skkhs lkkr Essyrjsibk elfk`erk` k` prmvj`ijedk k` fujk`de`hsk vkrkok`wmmrhjokrs werk` hjk bk pedkjs fkzmibk` m kr wkrck`.

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XVMM@WEDK@ K@ _MM@QKVXVKCCK@ Hk j`hrucwkcck`hsk zedk` deok` okormkpkkrh j` bk ljhhk` ve` bk pedkjs, k` hk rmm`zeed wes edjgh hk kkrsk rujlk hjk lk` fkreh, kk` smmr hrklpkd `eer hk rks ve` bk pedkjs. Wm‚` rmm`zeed wes `mo ormkr he` hk e`hkrk rujlks, lk kk` mppkrvdeck ve` ie. ;>> vjkrce`k lkkr k` kk` bmmok hjk weersibjg`djgc ussk` hk 5; k` hk 52 lkkr deo. Hk pedkjzk` werk` j`okhkkdh j` sujks, mkwkd ezm`hkrdjgck zeedormkpk`. Hkzk sujks fksm`hk` uj kk` ormk, ludj-u`ijm`kdk rujlk ’ edjgh hk rujlk hjk eds kkrsk wkrh fkrkhk` ’ mlrj`oh hmmr e`hkrk vkrrkcck`, weerm`hkr kk` fehcelkr. Hk lkksk sujks werk` `jk rkibsrkkcs lk kdceer vkrfm`hk`, we fkkck`hk he kr  fj``k`pd  fj`` k`pdeesk eesk` ` k` oe`ok` `mhjo werk` ml ve` hk k`k `eer hk e`hkrk k oee`. Hmmr bk ee`ed oe`ok` zm cdkj` lmokdjgc k bmuhk`, cm` eddks k` jkhkrkk` omkh fkweec wmrhk` k` wes bk lmokdjgc ml fkpeedhk hkdk` ve` bk pedkjs e k sdujk` zm`hkr he e`hkrk hkdk` m`mkoe`ckdjgc wkrhk`. Mp fesjs ve` bu` djooj`o j` bk pedkjs cu``k` wk ve` fkpeedhk m`ve`oszedk` skddk` he zk kk` wmm`u`ijk behhk`. Kk` spkijjkc sdeepvkrrkc js kibkr `jk bkrck`feer. Hk okvm`hk` eribjkim`jsibk k` hkimrejkvk kdklk`k` wjgzk` krmp he hkzk zedk` fkhmkdh werk` vmmr rkdejks ve` dkhk` ve` bk cm`j`osbujs, lk `elk ve` hk cm`j`oj` k` hk crmm`prj`s. Hk vkrrkcck` wkrhk` he` mmc sdkibs j`ijhk`kkd eds dmokkrcelkr j`okrjib. Bmkwkd kr `mo skkhs okhjsiussjkkrh wmrh mvkr hk mlve`o k` eerh ve` bk Essyrjsibk bm, djgc bk krmp he bk pedkjs eddkk` pkrle`k`k bujsvksj`o fmmh ee` hk cm`j`cdjgck eljdjk k` kk` ee`ed deokrokpdeesk pedkjsu`ijm`erjssk`.

BKX W[JH_KYX^EDKJY QE@ YK@@EIBKVJF Bk Wujhwkspedkjs vmdhkkh ee` hk rkokds ve` hk Essyrjsibk eribjkiuur7 hk celkrs werk` okormkpkkrh j` ezm`hkrdjgck sujks, hk hmmroe`osrmuks wkrhk` okvmrlh hmmr  fj``k`pd  fj`` k`pdeesk` eesk` k` oe`ok`, oe`ok `, k` hk rmm`zeed rmm`z eed deo vmmree` bk ik`redk hkkd ve` bk pedkjs. He ik`redk hkkd wes ee`okdkoh rm`hml hrjk fj``k`pdeesk`3 zm werk` hk vkrsibjddk`hk hkdk` ve` bk pedkjs wkd ve` kdceer oksibkjhk`, leer lk kk` lj`jledk ese`h krussk`. Bk Wujhwkspedkjs fksibjck wkd mvkr vkkd lkkr k` vkkd lm`ulk`edkrk m`ve`ossujks he` hk muhkrk cm`j`ospedkj-

Orm`hpde` ve` bk @mmrhpedkjs j` @j`kvkb (© Hevjh Ckrej).

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Vkdjã uj @j`kvkb lk kk` spkkrvkibkr hjk kk` rm`h sibjdh hreeo, kk` sibutkr lk bk bmmh ve` kk` vjge`h k` wkk rujkrs lk kk` de`s, ?hk kkuw v.Ibr. Bmmok js 8? il (© Luskm Ijvjim Eribkmdmojim, Qk`kjã).

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zk` j` Cbmrsefeh k` @jlruh. Hk ormmsk sujks deok` rm`hml fj``k`pdees 5:, hjk rkibsrkkcs k fkrkjck` wes ve`e bk fj``k`bm fjg hk rmm`zeed. Hk ormmsk sujk wkrh okvmrlh hmmr celkrs 6: m k` lk 85. Hk fkrmklhk fjfdjmbkkc ve` Essurfe`jped  fkvm`h  fkvm` h zjib j` kk` vksjfudk vksjf udk (celkr (cel kr 85) hjk vkrfm`hk` wes lk kk` fehcelkr j` hk `mmrhkdjgck vdkuokd ve` hk sujk. Eibkr j` hk sujk deok` hrjk cdkj`krk celkrs (9;-9?) weerve` hk ljhhkdsk wes okhkimrkkrh lk rkdjãs mvkr bk fkdko ve` Deibjsb, kk` mpse`hjok seh j` hk Wujhkdjgck Dkve`. Wmeds okfrujckdjgc j` hk ?hk kkuw v.Ibr. wes hk sujk mpokfmuwh rm`h wkk ormk pereddkddk vkrrkcck`. Hk rujlkdjgck bjãreribjk hjk zm m`sm`h vmrlhk kk` frkuc lk hk kkrhkrk Essyrjsibk eribjkiuur.

Qe` muhsbkr wes hk kkrsk zeed weer lk` fj``k`cwel mmc hk fkde`orjgcsk, k` he zjk` wk j` hj pedkjs kruo j` hk rmm`zeed. Kk` ypjsibk rmm`zeed fkvetk wkk zjpdeesk` vmmr hk cm`j`o7 êê` fjg hk luur kok`mvkr hk ik`redk j`oe`o k` êê` eibkr j` hk rujlk. Hkzk j`hkdj`o vmdohk kk` muhk Lksmpmeljsibk rehjjk. Hk zjpdeesk` wkrhk` okeiik`ukkrh hmmr `jssk` hjk ujfu`hjo werk` okhkimrkkrh lk eakkdhj`ok` ve` hk cm`j`o. Eibkr j` hk rmm`zeed, mp kk` ormm sk`k` pmhjul, sm`h hk kjok`djgck rmm` ’ hjk `jk fkweerh js okfdkvk`. Hkzk rmm` wes hk fkde`orjgcsk pdkc j` bk pedkjs. J` e`hkrk m`ve`oszedk` werk` smmrokdjgck, leer lj`hkr mpveddk`hk zkkds ee`ok freib, mmc lkksed lkkse d eibkr j` hk rujlk. r ujlk. Hk sujks j` bk Wujhwkspedkjs ve` Yk``eibkrjf behhk` kk` e`hkrk j`hkdj`o he` hk lkksk sujks uj hk vmmreoee`hk pedkjzk`. Hk fdj`hk lurk` ’ weer kk` rmm` kok`ee` cm` wmrhk` okpdees ’ wkrhk` vkrve`ok` hmmr hkurk`. Wm m`sm`hk` essk` hjk hwers hmmr hk sujk djkpk` k` hk celkrs lk kdceer vkrfm`hk`. Bk eiik` cwel heerhmmr k djook` mp hk celkrs eibkr j` hk sujk. _eersibjg`djgc werk` hkzk sujks fkhmkdh vmmr fe`ckk` k` e`hkrk fjgkk`cmlsk` hjk `jk j` hk rmm`zeed pdeesvm`hk`. Hk vkrrkcck` hjk j` hk kkrsk pdees kk` wmm`u`ijk behhk`, lmkk` j` bk ormk`hkkds m`fkck`hk wkskdjgck hkkd ve` bk pedkjs bkffk` okdkok`. Hj wmm`okhkkdk wes eoksibkjhk` ve` hk fkde`orjgcsk m`ve`ossujks, leer `jk lj`hkr lm`ulk`eed. Bk mlvek lj`sk`s êê` ormk fj``k`pdees (18) lk kk` ee`ork`zk`hk sujk ee` hk wkszjghk. Qmdok`s j`sirjpjks wkrh hkzk rujlk okfmuwh vmmr Yk``eibkrjfs cm`j`oj` Xesglkul-Ygerre, ed js he `jk e k dkjhk` uj hk eribjkiuur m hk hkimrejk, hjk, `k eds j` hk rks ve` bk pedkjs, uj

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ljdjejrk ekrkdk` fksm`h. Hk zeed djgc mp hk ormk m`ve`ossujks ve` bk pedkjs k` wes weersibjg`djgc fkhmkdh vmmr rkikpjks k` fjgkk`cmlsk`. Hk lkks jlpmse`k wmm`- k` m`ve`ossujk (celkrs ?/2) deo `ees fj``k`pdees 1, ussk` bk wkskdjgck hkkd ve` bk pedkjs k` hk rmm`zeed. Hkzk vkrrkcck` werk` weersibjg`djgc fksklh vmmr hk cm`j`o. J` kok`skddj`o m hk lkksk e`hkrk m`ve`ossujks j` bk pedkjs, fksibjck hkzk mvkr esyllkrjsib okpdeesk hkurk`, weerhmmr bk okbkkd kk` we oksdmk`kr j`hruc leeck. J` he mpzjib, k` mmc we hk pmsjjk fj``k` bk pedkjs fkrk, djgck` hkzk rujlks mp hk cm`j`ossujk j` bk @mmrhwkspedkjs ve` Essur`esjrped j` @jlruh. Hkrokdjgck mvkrkk`cmlsk` lk hk muhkrk pedkjzk` j` @jlruh zjg` zkdhzeel.

BKX @MMVH^EDKJY QE@ EYY[VFE@J^ED _k esk` j` bk hujskr mvkr bk hmkd ve` Essurfe`jpeds @mmrhpedkjs. Bk wes ee`zjk`djgc cdkj`kr he` bk Wujhwkspedkjs, he `mo skkhs j` okfrujc wes k` jghk`s bk fkwj`h ve` Essurfe`jped wkrh okrk`mvkkrh, k` js he` mmc weersibjg`djgc `jk okfmuwh kr vkrve`oj`o ve` he pedkjs. Qe`wkok hk `eel, fģ rkh ȟj, mkwkd ‒bujs vmmr hk rmm`mpvmdokr‚, wmrh vkkded ee`ok`mlk` he bk vmmr hk crmm`prj`s fksklh wes, leer he js eddkrlj`s zkckr. Wmeds okfrujckdjgc fjg hk cm`j`ospedkjzk` uj hkzk pkrjmhk dkjhhk kk` lm`ulk`edk oe`o `eer kk` eibkrj`oe`o (zeed Y). Hkrokdjgck k`rkks fksm`hk` mmc kkrhkr ed, leer crkok` j` hk ?hk kkuw v.Ibr. kk` sejokr ee`zjk` hmmrhe kr zujdk` ee` wkr-

Vkim`sruijk ve` bk Wujhwkspedkjs j` @j`kvkb okleec hmmr Dker`j`o Yjks (© Dker`j`o Yjks, j`i.)

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hk` mkokvmkoh. Wujdk` cwelk` `jk veec vmmr j` Essyrjã k` wkrhk` lkksed, zmeds j` hj okved, eddkk` okfrujc vmmr kk` k`rkkrujlk ee` bk fkoj` ve` kk` oe`o. He zk zm zkdhzeel zjg` okujo ve` hk `eer fj``k`

okrjibbkjh ve` hk Essyrjsibk zedk`7 kk` hmmroe`o `eer hk fujk`wkrkdh wes kr `jk. Hkzk k`rkkrujlk ve` bk @mmrhpedkjs  fmmh weersibj we ersibjg`dj g`djgc gc mkoe`o mkoe `o m kk` k k` cm`j`ccm`j `cdjgck uj` rm`hml bk pedkjs.

BKX ^EDKJY QE@ HK FK@KHK@YXEH

Bk Wujhwkspedkjs j` @j`kvkb j` lkj 6>>2. Lk he`c ee` Hje`k Yjkfre`h.

Orm`hpde` ve` bk pedkjs ve` hk ve` hk fk`khk`seh (© Hevjh Ckrej).

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Bmkwkd hk fk`khk`seh vmd lmk bkffk` oksee` lk vmmr`elk wm`j`ok`, zjg` kr sdkibs ve` êê` pedkjs hkejds fkck`h. Bk  fmuwwkrc  fmuwwk rc zmu fecsk`k` fecs k`k` lk j`sirjpj`sir jpjks ve` Yk``eibkrjf k` zujdfesklk`k` lk j`sirjpjks ve` Essurfe`jped bkf fk` mlve. He hmk vkrlmkhk` vkrlm khk` he bk pedkjs kk` cm`j`cdjgc oksibk`c wes, weersibjg`djgc okfmuwh vmmr kk` Essyrjsibk prj`s. Bk orm`hpde` js vkrokdjgcfeer lk he ve` bk @mmrhpedkjs k` bk m`vmdmmjhk Wujhwkspedkjs ve` Kserbehhm` j` @jlruh. Hk fkde`orjgcsk sujks zjg` ck`lkrck`h vmmr hk vjdde‚s ve` hk kdjk j` hk ?hk kkuw v.Ibr. Hk ormmsk sujk fksm`h uj wkk rujlk celkrs, lk kk` ik`redk es hjk `eer kk` cdkj`krk celkr eibkrj` dkjhhk. Hk fkde`orjgcsk ussk`hkurk` werk` vkrsjkrh lk zujdk`, kk` vmrl ve` hkimrejk hjk weersibjg`djgc ’ edbe`s j` kk` cm`j`cdjgck mlokvj`o ’ fģ bjdą`j  wkrh ok`mklh.

�� HK X[J@K@ X[J @K@ QE@ YK@@EIBKVJF YXK^BE@JK HEDDKZ

Hk Essyrjsibk cm`j`o Yk``eibkrjf fmuwhk `jkt eddkk` jrrjoetjkce`edk` vmmr hk de`hkrjgk` rm`hml @j`kvkb, leer mmc vmmr zjg` cm`j`cdjgck tuj`k`. J`sirjptjks fksibrjgvk` wkkdhkrjok tuj`k` k` rkdjãas tm`k` kk` vkkdbkjh ee` okwessk`, equehuitk` k` wetkrveddktgks. Js bkt lmokdjgc het hk dkok`herjsibk be`ok`hk tuj`k` ve` Fefydm` zjib kjok`djgc j` @j`kvkb fkvm`hk`= Yk``eibkrjf vkrkd mp kk` cdkjprjsle he bjg j` 1:8 v.Ibr. hk orm`h `ees zjg` `jkuwk Wujhwkspedkjs beh mpokbmmoh k` kr uj`k` beh ee`okdkoh. Bjg beh, zmeds bjg bk mlsibrkk, kk` ‒wm`hkr vmmr eddk vmdck`‚ okirkãkrh, weerlkk bjg hmkdhk mp hk berlm`jkuzk kk`bkjh ve` bk pedkjs k` hk uj`. Hkzk fmuwwkrck` fkvm`hk` zjib mp hk bmok bkuvkd Cuyu`gjc k` ckck` `eer bk mmsk` uj mvkr hk rjvjkr hk Cbmsr k` `eer bk wksk` mp hk Xjorjs. Kkrhkrk Essyrjsibk cm`j`ok` behhk` bu` spkieiudejrk fmuwwkrck` mmc eds ‒wm`hkr‚ fksklpkdh, leer lk hk mkvmkoj`o ‒vmmr eddk vmdck`‚ hkkh Yk``eibkrjf kr `mo kk` sibkpgk fmvk`mp.

YIBVMKA QE@ EVIBJLKHKY Yk``eibkrjfs uj`k` werk` ‒be`ok`hk‚ uj`k`, ee`okdkoh mp sk`k` krressk` hjk mp eriehks rusk`. Cmr okdkhk` zjg` zk okjhk`jjikkrh eds hk dkok`herjsibk be`ok`hk uj`k` ve` Fefydm`. He hk uj`k` hmmr hk cdessjkck sibrjgvkrs pkr efujs ee` hk seh Fefydm` wkrhk` okcmppkdh, cwel hmmrhe kr vkrwerrj`o fksm`h mvkr vkrsibjddk`hk zeck`7 @j`kvkb wkrh vkrwerh lk Fefydm`, Yk``eibkrjf lk hk Fefydm`jsibk cm`j`o @kfuceh`kzer k` hk Xjorjs lk hk Kuree. He hk uj`k` fmvk` mp kk` eriehk deok`, fkkck` he hk pde`k` ebe`ckdjgc werk` ve` kk` kxkr`k wekrvmmrzjk`j`o. Qmdok`s kjok` zkook` beh Yk``eibkrjf kk` j`ok`jkuzk lkbmhk ujokheib ml im`-

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Fkrok` k` wekr j` Cmkrhjse` (He`jkdk Lmre`hj Fm`eimssj, De`h m @j`kvkb Eribekmdmojied ^rmgki).

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j`u wekr mlbmmo k frk`ok`. Fjg hjk lk- ck`hsm`hk` eds kk` wkrkdhwm`hkr7 zk bkrbmhk wkrh kk` j`srulk` okfrujc he uj  fkrohk`  fkrohk ` kk` kk ` kib`js k ib`jsib ib bmmos b mmose`hg e`hgkk he h e kk` k k` wkk frm`zk` m`hkrhkdk` fksm`h, kk` ojë-  dmmpgk `el lk hk zweerkcreib. lebbu (fmmlsel/ijdj`hkr) k` kk` edelj-  Bk wekr vmmr hk uj`k` wkrh eokep u  (kk` smmr pedlfmml/spjreed). Hj j`sru- ve` hk rjvjkr hk Omlkd j` hk fkrok` ve` lk` vkrvj`o hk rehjjm`kdk sbehua , kk` Cmkrhjse`, kk` bkkd kj`h k` `mmrhmmskllkr hjk wkrh `kkrokdek` k` mpokbeedh k` ve` @j`kvkb. Heervmmr wes kk` ce`eed lk fkbudp ve` kk` im`reokwjib. lk equehuik` ee`okdkoh he bk wekr Lk hk krl edelju   wmrh hk `eer deokr okdkok` rjvjkrk` k` mvkr veddkjk` le``kdjgck hehkdpedl ee`okhujh. J` dkjhhk, m bk ujkj`hkdjgc hk bmokr okdkok` Lksmpmeljsibk siudpurk` js hkzk eok- bkuvkd Cuyu`gjc fkrkjck. Bk ce`eed wes  fkkdh lk kk` spjreedperm spjree dpermm` m` mp hk sel zm‚` :; cjdmlkkr de`o k` hk bkddj`osbmkc ml bkl k m`hkrsibkjhk` ve` hk vrmuwk- wes zm fkrkck`h he bk wekr ee` bk  kj`hk djgck hehkdpedl, hjk kk` sibkdpk`- m ruj- mlbmmo djkp m bedvkrwkok hk bkuvkd. Lk k`permm` bkk. Hk ijdj`hkr k` hk spjreed hk bjkrfmvk` fksibrkvk` kib`jkc wkrh bk (m sibrmk) vmrlk` selk` hk zmokbkk` vkrvmdok`s `eer hk uj`k` okre`spmrkkrh. ‒sibrmk ve` Eribjlkhks‚, hjk hk cdessjk- Bk ce`eed lk zjg` equeh uik` ce` wmrhk` ck eukur Yrefm `mkl eds kib`jkc ml okhekkrh ee` hk be`h ve` hk pedkjsrkdjãs wekr `eer hk be`ok`hk uj`k` ve` Fefydm` weermp Yk``eibkrjf js eokfkkdh k` hmmr k frk`ok`. Hj lkibe`jkc vkrcdeer vmmr ljhhkd ve` cm`j`osj`sirjpjks mp fkpeedhk kk` hkkd weerml Yk``eibkrjfs uj`k` fk- pu`k` de`os bk regki.

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OK[VJOK YIBEH[_FMLK@ J` bk @mmrhpedkjs js kk` rkdjã okvm`hk` uj hk jgh ve` Yk``eibkrjfs cdkj`zmm` Essurfe`jped lk lmokdjgc kk` efkkdhj`o ve` hk uj`. Xk zjk` zjg` kk` sk`k` krres lk kk` equehui k` kk` pevjdgmk` lk zujdk`. Hk fkpde`j`o wmrh vkrfkkdh hmmr sibkslejok skrkmypk` ve` kk` ormk` fdjgvk`hk  fdjg vk`hk hk``k`smm hk`` k`smmr r k` kk` fdehvkrdj fdeh vkrdjkkzk`hk rujfmmlsmmr. Hjk vkrwjgzk` `eer hk okurjok sibehuwfmlk` ve` bk Ele`usokfkrok j` bk bujhjok @mmrhwks-Yyrjã k` Wujhmms-Xurcjgk, kk` preibjok srkkc hjk Yk``eibkrjf, zm vkrcdeerhk bjg, j` zjg` uj`k` wjdhk `efmmsk`. Ml wkdck fmlk` bk prkijks oee js `jk k eibkrbedk`. J` e`hkrk j`sirjpjks bkk Yk``eibkrjf bk mvkr zkdhzelk pde`k` hjk bjg beh lkkok`mlk` uj bk fujk`de`h, leer hjk werk` lmokdjgc fkhmkdh vmmr e`hkrk uj`k` j` k` rm`h hk fk`khk`seh. K`ckdk kkuwk` dekr sdmko Edkxe`hkr hk Ormk vdec fjg hk rjvjkr hk Omlkd zjg` celp mp, k`ckdk heok` vmmr hk ‒sdeo fjg Oeuoelkde‚, vkr`mklh `eer hkzk rjvjkr k` hk seh Xkdd Omlkd. Bjg beh oksibjkhsibrjgvkrs lkkok`mlk` ml zjg` rkjzk` k` rjmlk` ves k dkook`. Bk js zkkr ee``klkdjgc he zjg bk ce`eed k` hk eq uehuik` lk bu` j`sirjpjks k` fkkdhbmuwwkrck` bkffk` weerok`mlk` k` ujdko bkffk` okcrkok` mvkr hk u`ijk. Wk lmkk` wkdbees mvkr hj wm`hkr bkffk` oksibrkvk`, leer okk` ve` bu` kcsk` js fkweerh okfdkvk`. ^es vkkd dekr, j` hk 5sk kkuw v.Ibr., ijkkrhk` k` perereskkrhk` cdessjkck sibrjgvkrs reolk`k` uj hkzk vkrdmrk` crm`jkck`. Qe` Hjmhmrms ve` Yjijdjã wkk` wk he hk uj`k` we ormmk (ie. 56> lkkr de`o k`  frkkh),  frkkh) , vmrl k` krressk`sru krress k`sruiuur iuur fkrk fkrk  wkd we wkobehhk` ve` kk` Orjkcs bkekr. ^bjdm` ve` Fyze`jul Fyz e`jul dkohk rm`h 6>> v.Ibr. v.Ibr. hk `ehruc mp bk fmvk`sk krres, weer kk`

zujdk`oe`o wes ee`okdkoh. Hjk beh kk` j`ok`jkus okdeeoh hec ve` pedlsellk` k` eerhk weermp fmlk` uj fkrosrkck` wkrhk` okpde` hjk sibehuw fmhk` k` hk we`hkdeers mloevk` lk okurk`. Hj oe hk bkdk uj` kk` fjg`e fmvk``euurdjgck ujsredj`o. Xmk` eribkmdmok` bedvkrwkok hk 5:hk kkuw ’ `k vmmr hk mpcmls ve` hk mmorejk ’ j` @j`kvkb pedkjzk` k` rkdjãpe`kdk` mpormkvk`, kck`hk` zk vkkd ve` hkzk pe`kdk` `e zmhre zk uj hk orm`h werk` okbeedh. Wk okfrujck` kk` ielkre duijhe , kk` prjsle lk wkk dk`zk` weerlkk kk` efkkdhj`o mp pepjkr cm` wmrhk` okprmgkikkrh, hjk zk vkrvmdok`s `ermcck`. Hk mrjoj`kdk kck`j`ok` zjg` vkrzelkdh j` vjkr cmdmssedk fmkchkdk` hjk zjib `u j` bk Frjjsb Luskul fkvj`hk`. Mp kk` krve` see` hrjk zweer okbevk`hk rkdjãs weermp kk` uj` js eokfkkdh3 fmvk`ee` js kk` zujdk`rjg k zjk` lk kk` okdeeoh hec weermp fmlk` ormkjk` ’ prkijks zmeds ^bjdm bk fksibrkk.

Vkdjã ve` bk percde`hsibep j` @j`kvkb, 18;-19; v.Ibr. Bmmok js 6>2.9 il (© Xbk Xruskks m bk Frjjsb Luskul, Dm`hk`).

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@EHV[C M^ HK X[J@EVIBJXKIX[[V

Xkck`j`o ve` kk` rkdjã uj bk Wujhwkspedkjs lk hk zujdk`oe`o k` hk heermp okpde`k fmlk` (© Xbk Xruskks Xruskks m bk Frjjsb Luskul, Dm`hk`).

Vkim`sruijk ve` Yk``eibkrjfs pedkjsuj`k`, hmmr Xkrry Fedd (Ykpbe`jk Heddky).

Xkck`j`o ve` Essurfe`jpeds uj`rkdjã (Ykpbe`jk Heddky).

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Hk kcsk` ve` Yk``eibkrjf mvkr hk uj`k` k` hk wekrmkvmkr, k` hk efkkdhj`ok` mp hk sk`k` rkdjãs j` @j`kvkb cmlk` j` vkkd mpzjibk` mvkrkk` lk hk vkrbedk` hjk j` hk cdessjkck jgh wkrhk` oksibrkvk` mvkr bk wkrkdhwm`hkr ve` hk be`ok`hk uj`k`. @k eds j` hk cdessjkck vkrsdeok` djo j` hk Essyrjsibk efkkdhj`ok` hk `ehruc mp hk sruiuur k` eribjkiuur ve` hk uj`k`. Leer bk ce` omkh zjg` he kr mmc rkdjãs bkffk` fksee` weermp hk fkpde`j`o ik`reed sm`h. Wm zjg` mp kk` e`hkr rkdjãreolk` uj bk Frjjsb Luskul okhkejddkkrhk pde`k` k zjk`, weerve` kr êê` ’ m`he`cs hk vkrhwk`k` cdkurk` ’ k bkrck``k` js eds kk` dkdjk k` kk` e`hkrk eds kk` wjg`re`c. Vmfkr Cmdhkwky, hjk ve` 52:: m 5:5? mporevj`oswkrc vkrrjibk j` Fefydm`, mppkrhk he bk okwkdhk okfmuw ve` bk Wujhpedkjs j` Fefydm` kk` heckrres fkze k` fkwkkrhk he he hk dmiejk ve` bk wkrkdhwm`hkr cm` zjg`. Leer bjg wes zjib kr krhkok ve` fkwus he hk Fefydm`jsibk k` cdessjkck kcsk` `jk mvkrkk`cwelk` lk zjg` vm`hsk` k` lmks m zjg` spjg im`iduhkrk` he kr mmc okk` e`hkrk pdkc j` Fefydm` vjkd ee` k wjgzk` vmmr hk fkrmklhk be`ok`hk uj`k`. Ee` hk muhkrk, e`esjkrjgck efkkdhj`ok` lk hecuj`k`, klpkdmrk`s, bmuj`k` k` wekrrehkrk`, cu``k` wk `u mp weerbkjh okfeskkrhk rkim`sruijks mkvmkok` hmmr Essyrjsibk frm``k` k iml fj`krk`  fj`k rk` lk j`mrlejk j`mrl ejk ve` hk cdessjkck cdess jkck sibrjgvkrs.

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Bkt spjgckrsibrj js kk` sibrjsmmrt weerj` hjvkrsk tedk` cu``k` wmrhk` ujtokhruct. J` @j`kvkb zjg` tedrjgck cdkjtefdkk` k` e`hkrk vmmrwkrpk` lkt sibrj okvm`hk`. Hkzk okvk` `jkt eddkk` j`amrletjk mvkr bkt dkvk` j` bkt Vjgc k` ee` bkt bma, leer mmc mvkr hk vkrsibjddk`hk `etjm`edjtkjtk` j` hk steh. VJKXK@ YZD[Y K@ @EXXK CDKJ Bk spjgckrsibrj wkrh ujokvm`hk` j` hk [ruc-pkrjmhk, ussk` 9;>> k` 9>>> v.Ibr., k` vkrsprkjhhk zjib s`kd ve`uj Ymklkr j` Wujh-Jrec `eer hk rks ve` bk muhk @efjgk Mmsk`. Bk wes ee`ve`ckdjgc fkhmkdh vmmr hk Ymklkrjsibk eed, leer wkrh ed spmkhjo mmc okfrujc vmmr e`hkrk edk`, lk `elk bk Eccehjsib k` ve`e m`okvkkr 6>>> v.Ibr. hk bmmhhjedkik` heerve`, bk Fefydm`jsib k` bk Essyrjsib. Bk spjgckrsibrj fksee uj kck`s weerlkk wmmrhk` k` dkkrorkpk` wmrhk` wkkrokokvk` k` wkrh lk kk` rjkk` sydus oksibrkvk` mp zmrovudhjo okvmrlhk k` `mo `jk mpokhrmmohk cdkjefdkk`. Hk efdkk` wkrhk` j` hk kkrsk pdees okfrujc vmmr ehlj-

`jsrejkvk kcsk`, leer mmc vmmr frjkvk` k` im`reik`, djkreuur k` okdkkrhk wkrck`. Qe`e hk 65sk kkuw v.Ibr. wkrh spjgckrsibrj mmc ee`okfreib mp lk fjgk`wes  fksrkck`  fksrkck ` bmuk` sibrjge sibrj gefdkk fdkk`, `, hjk kk` vkkd okfrujc lkhjul wkrhk` j` hk @jkuwEssyrjsibk pkrjmhk. Cm`j`cdjgck j`sirjpjks wkrhk` heerk`kok` hjcwjgds ee`okfreib mp huurzelkr lekrjeed, zmeds skk` (pdek`, se`hfkkdhk`, rmswe`hk`) k` lkeed (vek`, fkkdhk`, wepk`s), j` bk fjgzm`hkr we``kkr hkzk fksibrkvk` vmmrwkrpk` k`mm` wkrhk` okskdh. Xjghk`s bk wkkhk ljddk``jul m`sm`hk` prjsle‚s, zksbmkcjok cmdmllk` ve` cdkj, weermp cm`j`cdjgck e``edk` wkrhk` oksibrkvk`.

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Ydkibs fjg ujzm`hkrj`o wkrhk` e`hkrk edk` he` bk Ymklkrjsib k` bk Eccehjsib lk spjgckrsibrj wkkrokokvk`. _e``kkr fjgvmmrfkkdh hk j`wm`krs ve` @j`kvkb mp k`jo lmlk` Burrjjsib spreck` ’ kk` eed hjk rm`h @j`kvkb vmmrcwel ’, he` zmuhk` hk ehlj`jsrejkvk k` e`hkrk kcsk` mib j` bk Eccehjsib zjg` mpokskdh, ljssibjk` wkd lk Burrjjsibk j`vdmkhk`, leer j` prj`ijpk j` hk sibrjgeed hjk hk sibrjgvkr mp sibmmd beh okdkkrh. Lk bk mk`klk` ve` hk vkrsprkjhj`o ve` bk Erelkks j` bk @jkuwEssyrjsibk rjgc oj`ok` smlljok sibrjgvkrs krmk mvkr ml kk` cmrk selk`vetj`o ve` hk j`bmuh ve` kk` im`rei j` bk Erelkks k` lk edefkjsib sibrj mp bk cdkjefdk mk k vmkok`. Erelkks wkrh lk j`c mp dkkr k` msreie   (pmsibkrvk`) oksibrkvk`, smls zkds j`okcres mp cdkjefdktk`.

HK QVMKOYXK XKCYXK@

^rjsle, j` @j`kvkb okvm`hk` hmmr cmdm`kd Xeydmr. Xeydmr. J` hk mmrsprm`ckdjgc mp kk` u`hkrj`o ee`okfreibk kcs wmrhk` hk vkdhmibk` ve` cm`j`o Yk``eibkrjf k` hk fmuw ve` bk ersk`eed fksibrkvk`, 1:5 v.Ibr. v.Ibr. Bmmok js 92.5 il (© Xbk Xruskks m bk Frjjsb Luskul, Dm`hk`).

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Bk muhsk oksibrkvk` hmiulk` he j` @j`kvkb js okvm`hk`, js kk` okfrmck` efdk lk okeddk`. Hj kcsgk sel uj hk [rucpkrjmhk k` okk okk` k`ckdk ee`wjgzj`o mvkr hk eed hjk oksprmck` wkrh. [j hk QrmkoHy`esjkck pkrjmhk sel kk` sk`k` reolk` lk kk` Eccehjsibk j`sirjpjk, ljssibjk` uj hk Muh-Eccehjsibk pkrjmhk, mk` cm`j`o Le`jsgusgu hk klpkd vmmr hk omhj` Jsger fmuwhk, zmeds kk` dekrk j`sirjpjk ve` Ygelsgj-Eheh m`s vkrkd. Mp orm`h ve` hk Burrjjsibk `elk` ve` hk sehsomhj` Ygeusge m Ygewusgce k` ve` kk` ve` hk bkkrskrs, Xjsgeed, cu``k` wk im`iduhkrk` he @j`kvkb jghk`s hk 65sk kkuw v.Ibr. m`hkr Burrjjsibk j`vdmkh sm`h, ljssibjk` ed ve`e hk vrmkok Muh-Eccehjsibk pkrjmhk. Hk Burrjkk` werk` kk` fkvmdcj`osormkp hjk mk` k` `mmrhk` ve` @j`kvkb dkkhk. Hk omhj` Ygeusge ve` @j`kvkb rk﬎k` wk vmmr bk kkrs ee` mp kk` efdk he hekkr uj bk 81sk rkokrj`osgeer ve` cm`j`o Ygudoj ve` [r (65sk kkuw v.Ibr.)

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k` Xjsg-eed cml vmmr j` e`hkrk kcsk` uj hkzkdhk jgh. Hk Burrjjsibk j`vdmkh fdjgc vkrhkr uj hk `eel ve` Jsgers bkjdjohml, fę `ebj (Fkhbujs), mp hk _jtk Mfkdjsc ve` lmokdjgc cm`j`o Essur`esjrped J. Xjghk`s bk vrmkok wkkhk ljddk``jul djkk` hk cm`j`ok` ve` Essur j`sirjpjks eibkr j` @j`kvkb, weerj` hjcwjgds kk` vrmlk be`hkdj`o wkrh vesokdkoh. Mmc hj ypk kcs vkrkd `jks mvkr hk mk` j` hkzk seh oksprmck` eed. Qmdok`s frjkvk` uj hk pedkjseribjkvk` ve` hk ee` hk Ljhhk`-Kuree okdkok` seh Lerj (fkoj` 52hk kkuw v.Ibr.) wes @j`kvkb mmc fkck`h m`hkr hk `eel @j`k, k` u`okkrhk bk eds bkjdjok seh ve` @urruoul (lmokdjgc bk bujhjok Lmsud). Cmr `e hk hmmh ve` cm`j`o Ygelsgj-Eheh vkrfdkk Wezjge, kk` bkkrskr ve` hk Xurucckkãrs uj bk `mmrhkdjgck Weorms-okfkrok, j` @j`kvkb. Heer zjg` k`ckdk efdkk` okvm`hk`, weerm`hkr frjkvk` k` kk` djkrejrk kcs, lk j`sirjpjks j` bk MuhFefydm`jsibk hjedki ve` bk Eccehjsib. Hk vkrlkdhj`o ve` kk` le` ok`eelh ‒^jzjoerre ve` @j`ue‚ mp kk` efdkreolk` ve` bk Burrjjsibk ‒Djkh hkr Qrjgdej`o‚ djgc krmp k hujhk` he @j`kvkb j` hk 5?hk kkuw v.Ibr. `mo skkhs m`hkr Burrjjsibk j`vdmkh sm`h, `k zmeds weersibjg`djgc bk okved wes jghk`s hk heermpvmdok`hk Lje`j-pkrjmhk. @j`kvkb wes ve` hk 58hk kkuw m ee` hk vkrwmksj`o j` 156 v.Ibr. hk bmmhseh ve` hk okdjgc`eljok Essyrjsibk prmvj`ijk. Hk sibrjg- k` sprkkceed wkrhk` hk Ljhhk`- k` @jkuw-Essyrjsibk vmrlk` ve` bk Eccehjsib. Ydkibs k`ckdk Ljhhk`Essyrjsibk cdkjefdkk` zjg` j` hkzk seh mpokorevk`.

ck` k` eribjkvk`. Bk ormmsk hkkd js mpokorevk` j` bk Wujhwkspedkjs3 bjkrfjg oee bk, `k eds fjg hk kcsk` hjk j` bk ljdjejrk ersk`eed mp @kfj Zu`us zjg` ee`okrmk`, vmmred ml okdkkrhk, ehlj`jsrejkvk k` gurjhjsibk kcsk`. Hk okdkkrhk kcsk` uj bk Wujhwkspedkjs k` bk @mmrhpedkjs  fkbmmrhk`  fkbm mrhk` m hk cm`j`cdjgck cm`j` cdjgck vkrzelkdj` vkrze lkdj`oo ve` Essurfe`jped. Hkzk imddkijk mlvek kcsk` hjk werk` oksibrkvk` j` bk oksibrkvk` j` bk Ye`heerh-Fefydm`jsib, he js kk` djkrejrk vmrl djkrejrk vmrl hjk j` Essyrjã wkrh okfrujc vmmr cm`j`cdjgck j`-

Cdkjefdk uj @j`kvkb lk cmmpim`rei ve` kk` bujs, 16; v.Ibr. Dk`ok js 5>.6 il (© Xbk Xruskks m bk Frjjsb Luskul, Dm`hk`).

HK @JK[_�EYYZVJYIBK ^KVJMHK [j hk @jkuw-Essyrjsibk pkrjmhk zjg` fjg`e 95.>>> fksibrkvk` hmiulk`k` okvm`hk`. Hkzk sellk` uj vkrsibjddk`hk jghvec-

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Hkejd ve` kk` rkdjã uj @j`kvkb weermp cm`j`o Essurfe`jped geok`h k zjk` js lk kk` sydus m sibrjgsja j` zjg` omrhkd, 18;-19; v.Ibr. (© Xbk Xruskks m bk Frjjsb Luskul, Dm`hk`).

sirjpjks k` djkrejrk kcsk` k` weerj` smls hk lmkhkreed ve` hk sibrjgvkr hmmrsibklkr, k` j` bk Ymklkrjsib. Essurfe`jped wes kk` ve` hk wkj`jok Lksmpmeljsibk cm`j`ok` hjk spjgckrsibrj cm`hk` dkzk` k` sibrjgvk`. Mp luurrkdjãs mvkr hk dkkuwk`geib js bjg eokfkkdh lk j` zjg` omrhkd kk` sibrjgsj ve` bk ypk he wkrh ok frujc  fruj c vmmr lk l k wes fkcdkhk fkc dkhk sibrjg si brjgekd ekdgks. gks. Hk cm`j`cdjgck imrrkspm`hk`jk k` hk ehlj`jsrejkvk k` im`reiukdk hmiulk`k` uj @j`kvkb zjg` ujokokvk` j` hk skrjk Yek Eribjvks ma Essyrje .

BKX EVELKKY Hk j`djgvj`o ve` ormk ee`eddk` Erelkksedjok lk`sk` fjg bk Essyrjsibk rjgc zmrohk vmmr hk vkrsprkjhj`o ve` hk Erelksk eed k` bk edefkjsib sibrj hmmr bk okbkdk rjgc. Bk Erelkks wkrh zkds hk wkkhk eed, `e bk Essyrjsib. Mlhe bk Erelkks veec mp vkroe`ckdjgc lekrjeed wkrh oksibrkvk`, zjg` kr sdkibs wkj`jo kcsk` kruookvm`hk`. _kd

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zjg` kr cmrk fjgsibrjk` j` bk Erelkks okvm`hk` mp cdkjefdktk` lk spjgckrsibrj. Hk pmpuderjkj ve` bk Erelkks wes `jk m` fkwjs. Cm`j`o Yerom` JJ e`wmmrhhk j` hk cmpjk ve` kk` j` Cuyu`gjc kruookvm`hk`  frjk ee` kk` fksuurhkr j` hk Fefydm`jsibk seh [r7 ‒SEe`oee`hk we gjg ljg sibrkk\7 —J`hjk` bk hk cm`j`o fkbeeo wjd jc ljg`  fmmhsibeppk` ee` hk cm`j`o mp Erelksk Erelksk hmiulk`k` surk`“ ’ weerml zmu gjg ljg okk`  fkrjibk` j` bk Eccehjsib Eccehjsib sibrjgvk`=‚ Hk muhs fkck`hk k` okhekkrhk Erelksk kcs j` @j`kvkb js kk` sibudhmmrcm`hk uj 1?8 v.Ibr. Kk` msreim` lk heermp kk` frjk j` bk Erelkks uj m`okvkkr 1;> v.Ibr. js okvm`hk` j` Essur3 hkzk kcs sel uj hk jgh ve` Essurfe`jped k` be`hkd mvkr hk mpse`h ve` zjg` frmkr Ygelesg-sgul-ucj`. Cdkrck` hjk mp dkrk` rmddk` j` bk Erelkks sibrjgvk` k` e`hkrk` hjk lk spjgckrsibrj sibrjgvk`, zjg` selk` eokfkkdh mp pedkjsrkdjãs uj @j`kvkb ve`e hk rkokrj`osjgh ve` cm`j`o Yk``eibkrjf.

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MQKVJOK XEDK@ K@ YIBVJAXYMMVXK@ He`czjg hk j`kr`ejm`edk pmdjjkc ve` bk @jkuw-Essyrjsibk rjgc cwelk` ve`e hk jgh ve` cm`j`o Yerom` JJ mmc hmiulk`k` j` kk` e`hkrk eed he` bk Eccehjsib m bk Erelkks j` @j`kvkb krkib. Kk` zkdhzeel okved ve` kk` kcs j` Koypjsibk bjkrmodjkk` cml vmmr mp hk j`hruc ve` kk` zkokd ve` hk Cusgjjsibk erem Ygefecm (2sk kkuw v.Ibr.) mp hk smp ve` kk` crujc. Qkrsibjddk`hk Koypk`erk` vksjohk` zjib j` @j`kvkb, leer ve` bk` zjg` okk` kcsk` j` Koypjsib sibrj kruookvm`hk`. Kk` im`rei uj bk fkoj` ve` hk rkokrj`o ve` Yk``eibkrjf be`hkd mvkr hk vkrcmmp ve` kk` bujs ee` kk` le` lk hk Essyrjsibk `eel Ṧjddj-Essur, hjk kk` ‒Koypjsib sibrjgvkr‚ wmrh ok`mklh. Qjkr ve` hk okujok` hreok` kk` Koypjsibk `eel, weerm`hkr Yguse`qu, weerm`hkr Yguse`qu, 'hk sibmm`zmm` (=) ve` hk cm`j`o', hjk eds, hjk eds ojgzkdeer ee` bk bm j` @j`kvkb vkrfdkk. Kk` e`hkrk Koypjsibk prj`s wes @efu-sgęzjfe``j (mmc kk` Eccehjsibk `eel), hk mkcmlsjok erem ^sellkjibus ve` Yejs, hjk j` @j`kvkb dkkhk k` jghk ve` Kserbehhm` k` Essurfe`jped. [j hkzkdhk jgh sel kk` efdk lk kk` mpsmllj`o ve` okdkkrhk` ee` bk cm`j`cdjgck bm3 m`hkr bk` fkvj`hk` zjib hrjk ‒Koypjsibk okdkkrhk`‚ k` hrjk ‒Koypjsibk sibrjgvkrs‚, hjk okdkkrhk hmiulk`k` uj Koypk fjg zjib cu``k` bkffk` okbeh. Xk`sdmk zjg` vkrsibjddk`hk kcsk` (weerm`hkr kk` cdkjefdk k` fuddek) lk j`sirjpjks j` bk Bjãrmodyjsib-Duwjsib k` efdkk` lk frjkvk` j` bk @jkuwKdeljjsib mp Cuyu`gjc ee`okrmk`. Hk spjgckrsibrjrehjjk kj`hjohk lk hk ved ve` @j`kvkb j` 156 v.Ibr. Hk seh wkrh jghk`s hk Bkddk`jsjsibk jgh wkkr fkwmm`h, we m`hkr e`hkrk js k zjk` ee` hk kruookvm`hk` Orjkcsk wjg-j`sirjpjks.

Xkck`j`o ve` kk` rkdjã uj bk Wujhwkspedkjs ve` @j`kvkb, lk heermp sibrjgvkrs ve` bk Eccehjsib k` bk Erelkks.

Wkokdehruc mp okfecck` cdkj lk j`sirjpjk j` Koypjsibk bjãrmodjkk`. bjãrmodjkk`. @j`kvkb, 6;sk-52hk 6;sk-52hk hy`esjk. Dk`ok js 8.5 il (© Xbk Xruskks m bk Frjjsb Luskul, Dm`hk`).

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Ojdoelksg k` K`cjhu Mp kk` ee`ed lk spjgckrsibrja fksibrkvk` cdkjefdktk` uj hk fjfdjmbkkc ve` Essurfe`jped see` hkdk` ve` kk` ormm vkrbeed7 bk Ojdoelksg-kpms. Hj vkrbeed js vkrlmkhkdjgc m`see` j` bk 9hk ljddk``jul v.Ibr. k` vkrsprkjhhk zjib mvkr bk bkdk @efjgk Mmsk`. Mvkr kk` jghsfkskc ve` vkdk bm`hkrhk` gerk` wkrhk` hk vkrbedk` ve` Ojdoelksg mpoksibrkvk`. Kk` ve` hk lkks mplkrckdjgck hkdk` wkrh hmmr hk Frj Okmrok Yljb m`hkc k` vkrkd mvkr kk` zm`hvdmkh weeree` eddkk` Mk`epjsgjl k` zjg` vrmuw lk kk` zkdokfmuwh sibjp wjsk` k m`s`eppk`. Hk mvkrkk`cmlsk` lk bk fjgfkdsk zm`hvdmkhvkrbeed zjg` mpveddk`h. M Ojdoelksg kib bkka fksee` js wjgkdeibjo, leer bjg wmrh j` bk kpms `kkrokzk eds cm`j`o ve` [ruc, kk` e`jkck seh j` bk zujhk` ve` Jrec. Yelk` lk zjg` vrjk`h K`cjhu fkdkka bjg eddkrdkj evm`urk`. Wm hmhk` zjg hk hklm` Bulfefe, we K`cjhu lk hk hmmh lmk fkcmpk`. J` zjg` deesk urk` fksibrjga K`cjhu hk bkd ee` zjg` vrjk`h k` hjkpfkhrmkh h jkpfkhrmkh rkjs Ojdoelksg kk`zeel vkrhkr. Bjg fksduj mp zmkc k oee` `eer bk kkuwjok dkvk`, k` heervmmr wk`h bjg zjib m Mk`epjsgjl, hk k`jok m`skrkdjgck lk`s k` vmmrmuhkr ve` Ojdoelksg. Hjk vkrwjgs bkl `eer kk` leojsib crujh he mp hk zkkfmhkl ormkj. Ojdoelksg sdeeo krj` bk crujh k fkleibjok`, leer kk` sde`o skkd bk krwjgd bjg ee` bk fehk` js. Bk imlpdkxk vkrbeed, vmd ormk bkle‚s eds dkvk` k` hmmh, vrjk`hsibep k` djkhk, reec lk`sk` mmc ve`heeo hk heo `mo.

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J` bkt @jkuw-Essyrjsibk @j`kvkb dkjhhk` zmwkd okwm`k lk`sk` eds cm`j`ok` kk` m`zkckr fkstee`. Wk werk` mvkrokdkvkrh ee` hk orjddk` ve` eddkrdkj omhhkdjgck wkzk`s. Kk` hkkd heerve` beh bkt hmmroee`s omkh lkt bk` vmmr, leer hk rkst wes ve` `eturk ok`kjoh m`bkjd tk stjibtk`. JYGXEV, YGELEYG K@ @KVOED Qmmr hk Essyrjãrs wes bk dkvk` hmmrrmcck` ve` rkdjojk. Wk fksibmuwhk` eddk fkde`orjgck kdklk`k` ve` bu` u`jvkrsul ’ zmeds hk lee`, okrs, wekr, bk sibrj k` mmrdmovmkrj`o ’ eds omhhkdjgc k`mlk`k`, kk` dkvk`hk HJ@OKV  m  m jdu , mkwkd kk` omhbkjh. Eddks we kr j` bk u`jvkrsul okfkurhk, wkrh okí`krprkkkrh eds eijk k` rkeijk ve` hkzk leibjok jdu‚s , hjk zjib j` vkrsibjddk`hk vmrlk` ee` hk wkrkdh mm`hk`. Lkksed `elk` zk lk`skdjgck okhee`k` ee`, leer smls werk` zk zjibfeer eds kl fdkkl  fdkk l m eds ed s se`hfkkd se` hfkkdhh ’ he m dkvk` dk vk` wkrh okwkc lk ujvmkrjok rjukdk`, zmeds bk ‒wessk` ve` hk lm`h‚ k` bk ‒mpk`k` ve` hk lm`h‚. Omhbkhk` le`jkskkrhk` zjib mmc j` mfgkik` m eds pkrsm`jjiejk ve` pde`k-

k`, leer fmvk`ed werk` zk k bkrck``k` j` bk vkrsibjg`skd he zk fkdjibeelhk`, zmeds wekr, kk` smrl m kk` hehkdpedl. Hk omhj` Jsger wkrh fjgvmmrfkkdh vmmrokskdh eds kk` lk`skdjgc wkzk` lk fmvk``euurdjgck creibk`, eds hk pde`kk Qk`us k` eds sylfmmd ve` skcsukdk djkhk, kxejsibk prmkjkã` k` mmrdmovmkrj`o ’ zk wes edjgh prmlj`k` ee`wkzjo mp pdeesk` weer srjgh wkrh okvmkrh. Hk zm``komh Ygelesg beh kk` lk`skdjgck okhee`k, leer mm`hk zjib mmc eds hk zm`. Bjg sm`h vmmr rkibveerhjobkjh7 mp zjg` heokdjgcsk rkjs de`os hk bklkd zeo bjg jllkrs eddks we kr okfkurhk, k` vkdhk heer kk` vm``js mvkr. Hk omh @kroed, bkkr ve` hk m`hkrwkrkdh, wkrh okessmijkkrh lk hk hmmh, pdeok` k` mmrdmok`.

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Cdkjpdequktk uj Mfe,

XKL^KDY

Jrec, lk lmokdjgc kk`

Eddk fkde`orjgck omhbkhk` fksibjck` mvkr kk` kjok` klpkd j` kk` ve` hk ormk skhk` ve` Essyrjã. Ymlljok` behhk` zkds klpkds j` lkkrhkrk skhk`, weer zk j` vkrsibjddk`hk verje`k` wkrhk` ee`fkhk`. Hkzk bkjdjohmllk` wkrhk` fksibmuwh eds bu` wm`j`o k` hk omhk` wkrhk` bjkr heokdjgcs okcdkkh,

vmmrskddj`o ve` hk omhj` Jsger, 5?>> v.Ibr. Bmmok js 1.? il (VLM, Dkjhk`).

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okvmkh k` vkrzmroh. Bu` eljdjkdkhk`, fkhjk`hk` k` bmvkdj`ok` werk` deokrk omhk` hjk fjg bk` j`wmm`hk`. Fmvk`hjk` fmhk` hk klpkds m`hkrhec k` fksibkrlj`o ee` eddkrdkj omhhkdjgck etrjfuk` hjk mmc eds omhk` wkrhk` fkbe`hkdh k` vmkhskdm﬎krs crkok`, bmkwkd hk okdmvjok` zjib `jk m bk` wk`hhk` ml budp. Mmc hk okfrujcsvmmrwkrpk`

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ve` hk omhk`, zmeds fkhhk`, weok`s, fmk` k` wepk`s, werk` bjkr k vj`hk`. J` smlljok okveddk` oj`o lk` kr ve` uj he hk omhhkdjgcomhhkdjgcbkjh ve` hk fkwm`krs esreedhk mp m`hkrhkdk` ve` hk klpkds zkd, hk hkurk` fjgvmmr fkkdh, hjk heerml wkrhk` fksibmuwh eds omhbkhk` mp zjib weeree` kvk`kk`s m﬎kroevk` lmksk` wmrhk` ee`okfmhk`.

Hk fkde`orjgcsk klpkd j` @j`kvkb wkrh Klesglesg ok`mklh k` wes bk vkrfdjg ve` hk omhj` Jsger ve` @j`kvkb, hjk bjkr fmvk`ed wkrh okãkrh eds omhj` ve` hk mmrdmo k` eds fksibkrlvrmuw ve` hk cm`j`o. Eds mmrdmosomhj` wes Jsger ed j` hk jgh ve` hk kkrsk Essyrjsibk vkrmvkrj`ok` ve` ormk weerhk okwkks vmmr hk cm`j`o k` zjg` rjgc, leer

Cdkjpdequktk uj Jrec lk lmokdjgc kk` vmmrskddj`o ve` hk omhj` Jsger, 6>>>5?>> v.Ibr. Bmmok js ;.1 il (VLM, Dkjhk`).

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Frm`zk` fkkdhgk ve` kk` Essyrjsibk omh. Essur, 2sk-?hk kkuw v.Ibr. Bmmok js 55.8 il (Yeedjibk Luskk` zu Fkrdj` - Qmrhkresjejsibks Luskul, okmmorekkrh okmmorekkrh hmmr Mde L. XkÝ`kr).

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mk` Yk``eibkrjf rm`h ?>; v.Ibr. @j`kvkb m zjg` `jkuwk bmmhseh vkrcmms, crkko zjg eds perm`ks ve` hkzk seh kk` `mo fkde`orjgckrk rmd. Kr werk` lkkr omhk` lk kk` kjok` klpkd j` @j`kvkb. Kk` ve` bk` wes @efu, omh ve` bk sibrj k` fkbkkrhkr ve` hk ‒Xefdkk` ve` bk Dm‚, hjk hk mkcmls ve` hk cm`j`o k` hk see vkrcm`hjohk`. Mmc Esgsgur, hk mppkromh ve` hk Essyrjsibk omhk`wkrkdh, fkze selk` lk zjg` okledj` Jsger kk` kjok` klpkd weer @j`kvkb bk @jkuwgeerskks vjkrhk. Qkrhkr sm`hk` kr klpkds vmmr hk zm``komh Ygelesg, hk lee`omh Yj`, hk zkvk` bklkdsk crjgokrs hjk ‒Yjfjj‚ wkrhk` ok`mklh, k` weersibjg`djgc mmc vmmr Eheh, hk omh ve` smrl, wekr k` mmrdmo. Eds cm`j`cdjgck bmmhseh vkrkkrhk @j`kvkb `jk eddkk` hk omhk` hjk j` hk seh wmm`hk`, leer mmc hk omhk` ve` bk bkdk rjgc. Hj fdjgc m`hkr lkkr uj kk` j`sirjpjk hjk cm`j`o Kserbehhm` j` hk ?hk kkuw v.Ibr. djk ee`frk`ok` j` bk ersk`eed he j` zjg` mphreib wes okfmuwh. Hk kcs js zmwkd kk` ujj`o ve` hk omhshjk`sfkdkvj`o ve` hk @j`kvjkjsibk kdjk j` hk deesk heok` ve` bk @jkuw-Essyrjsibk rjgc eds kk` vrkuohkvmddk ujrmkp ve` hk ‒cm`j`o ve` hk vjkr cwerk` Sve` hk wkrkdh\‚, hjk zjg` mmrdmoszuibjok omhk` kk` sibjkrk`h oksibk`c oe, `elkdjgc kk` `jkuw ersk`eed vmmr bk Essyrjsibk dkokr, bu` ljdjejrk vkrdk`osuc mp eerhk. Kserbehhm` wjghhk bk fmuwwkrc j` ‒lk fdjghsibep, okgufkd, Sk`\ lkdmhjkuzk okze`ok`‚, zm see kr. ‒Jc bkf hk omhk` Esgsgur, Fkd, @efu, Jsger ve` @j`kvkb, Sk`\ Jsger ve` Erfkde, hk omhk` ve` Essyrjã, bk` eddk`, ujok`mhjoh bjkr fj``k` k rkhk`. Jc bkf bu` rjgck, zujvkrk mkrs fkrkjh k` ljg` oevk` vmmrokdkoh. Hjk omhk` bkffk`, lk se`hvesjo ber, ljg` cm`j`osibep okzkok`h.‚ Hk deokrk fk-

sibkrlomhk`, hjk okk` kjok` klpkd behhk`, crkok` kk` pdkc j` hk hkurmpk`j`ok` ve` kk` ve` hk pedkjzk`, j` hk vmrl ve` ok fkkdhbmuwhk  fkkd hbmuwhk,, ormk, okvdkuokdh okvdk uokdhkk sjkrk` sjkrk ` m dkkuwk`, ml ‒ljg` cm`j`cdjgck peh k fkweck` Sk`\… lk okduccjo k leck`‚.

Cml j` hk vmrl ve` kk` be`h, weersibjg`djgc okfrujc fjg rkdjojkuzk rkdjojkuzk ikrklm`jks. Yyrjã k` Xurcjgk, :hk kkuw v.Ibr. Dk`ok js ?.8 il (VLM, Dkjhk`).

VKDJOJK[WK XECK@ QE@ HK CM@J@O [j cm`j`cdjgck kcsk` ved e k dkjhk` he hk hrjk bmmheck` ve` hk Essyrjsibk bkkrskr rkdjojkus ve` eerh werk`. Bjg lmks hk Essyrjsibk omhk` hjk`k` eds bmokprjkskr, klpkds vmmr bk` fmuwk` k` hkzk m`hkrbmuhk`, k` okfjkhk` vkrmvkrk` ‒ve` hk rjgzk`hk zm` m hk m`hkroee`hk zm`‚. Bk hmkd ve` hkzk deesk eec wes vmmred rjfuk` k` rmmfuj k vkroerk`, zmhe bjg klpkds cm` fmuwk` k` hk omhk` hk mvkrvdmkh cm` fjkhk` weeree` zk okwk`h werk`. J` zjg` rmd eds bmokprjkskr rkjshk hk cm`j`o rkokdlejo `eer Essur, bk rkdjojkuzk ik`rul ve` bk rjgc, ml heer hk fkde`orjgcsk seesrjukdk` uj k vmkrk`. Mmc oj`o bjg j` hjk u`ijk `eer hk skhk` @jlruh k` Krfjd, weer hk mvkrwj``j`ok` ve` bk dkokr lmksk` wmrhk` okvjkrh. J` @j`kvkb zkd vkrvudhk hk cm`j`o vmmred rkdjojkuzk pdjibk` lk kk` dmcedkr cereckr. Wm dkjhhk bjg hk geerdjgcsk @jkuwgeersvjkrj`o k` mkrhk bjg, fjgoksee` hmmr kk` prjkskr, vmkhskd k` hrj`ck` ee` hk pdeeskdjgck omhk` eds m`hkrhkkd ve` bk ącudu-rjukkd.

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Bmk cm`hk` hk cm`j`ok` ve` Essyrjã `mo `khkrdeok` djghk` lk ed hjk sku`= Eds he`c fmuwhk` zk klpkds vmmr hk omhk`, zmrohk` zk vmmr bk` k` `mhjohk` bk` eds krkoes uj j` bu` pedkjzk`.

C_EEHEEVHJOK _KWK@Y

Yk`k` rkdjã uj @j`kvkb lk kk` kcs mvkr hk omhj` Ludjssu, hjk veec wmrh okíhk`jſtikkrh okíhk`jſtikkrh lk hk omhj` Jsger ve` @j`kvkb, ie. 18; v.Ibr.

Mmc zjg` rmd eds mppkrfkvkdbkffkr ve` bk dkokr beh kk` rkdjojkuzk fkkck`js. Hk vmdok`hk j`sirjpjk ve` Kserbehhm` uj bk ersk`eed dee zjk` he hk cm`j`o zjg` mmrdmok` wm` mlhe bjg kk` wkrcujo ve` hk omhk` wes, bu` ujvmkrk`hk ljdjejrk ljdje jrk leib mp eerhk7

Bmmok js 89.; il (@J@M, Dkjhk`).

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Hk omh Esgsgur, vehkr ve` hk omhk`, oea lk Shk leib\ ml Sskhk`\ j` puj` k dek` veddk` k` k Sbkr\fkvmdck` Sk`\ bk Essyrjsibk orm`hokfjkh uj k frkjhk`3 hk omh Yj`, bkkr ve` hk crmm`, vkrmrhk`hk he bkdhbeajok creib Sk`\ rmfuus okwkdh ljg` dm wes3 hk omh Ygelesg, djib ve` hk omhk`, vkrbjka ljg` okwjibjok `eel m hk bmmosk re`o3 hk omh Lerhuc, cm`j`o hkr omhk`, zmrohk krvmmr he hk vrkks vmmr ljg` cm`j`osibep zjib mvkr hk fkrookfjkhk` vkrsprkjhhk eds kk` hjibk ljs3 hk omh @kroed, leibjosk hkr omhk`, sibm`c ljg  akdbkjh, preib k` vkrsibr vk rsibrjccj jccj`o3 `o3 Sk`\ hk omhj` Jsger, hk vrmuwk ve` hk srjgh k` mmrdmo, oea lk kk` leibjok fmmo Sk`\ kk` akddk pjgd eds oksibk`c.

Eibkr hk ormk omhk` ve` @j`kvkb dmkrhk` kibkr mmc hklm`k`. Hj werk` cweeheerhjok, deokrk wkzk`s hjk wkd eds omhbkhk` wkrhk` fksibmuwh, leer `jk wkrhk` ee` fkhk`  fkhk ` k` okk` kjok` k jok` klpkd k lpkd behhk` be hhk`.. Mlhe zk relpspmkh k` zjkck freibk`, wkrhk` zk okwkkrh k` eds zk mib krok`s bu` j`rkc behhk` ok`mlk` lmksk` zk okhwm`ok` wmrhk` k vkrrkcck`. Heervmmr fksm`hk` ujokfrkjhk prmikhurks, ujokvmkrh hmmr spkijeed heervmmr ee`okwkzk` prjkskrs. Ymls wkrhk` hk hklm`k` mp ese`h okbmuhk` lk efkkdhj`ok` ve` fksibkrlomhk` hjk ml hk beds wkrhk` okhreok`, m lk pdequkks weermp deokrk, fksibkrlomhk` werk` eokfkkdh k` hjk, m`hkr fkokdkjhj`o ve` fkzwkrj`osmrludks, j` hk bmkck` ve` hk celkrs k` m`hkr hrklpkds k` vk`skrfe`ck` wkrhk` fkorevk`. Eds kk` ve` hk cwkdokksk` kr mib j` sdeeohk jkle`h cre`czj``jo m hmhkdjgc zjkc k leck`, wkrh okpmmoh bkl uj k hrjgvk` lk rjukdk` weerfjg cdmcck` k` dkkuwk`cmsuuls cwelk` cjgck`.

�� BKX KJ@HK KJ @HK QE@ KK@ _KVKDHYXEH LEVI QE@ HK LJKVMM^

Bkt kj`hk ve` hk leibtjok steh @j`kvkb, k` heerlkk bkt @jkuw-Essyrjsibk rjgc, wkrh vkrmmrzeect hmmr kk` eddje`tjk ve` vjge`hk` ve` hk Essyrjãrs. Ed kkuwk`de`o j`trjokkrt hkzk okfkurtk`js sibrjgvkrs, cu`stk`eers k` eribkmdmok`. e ribkmdmok`. J` zjg` vkkrjk`hk rkokrj`osgeer fkdkokrhk hk Fefydm`jsibk cm`j`o @efmpmdesser hk Essyrjsibk bmmhseh @j`kvkb. Bk wes hk lee`h Yjle`u, vmdok`s m`zk cedk`hkr hk lee`h lkj m gu`j, ve` bk geer 156 v.Ibr. Hk Fefydm`jsibk rmkpk` behhk` mp bu` lers `eer bk `mmrhk` bu` creibk` okfu`hkdh lk m`hkr e`hkrk` hk Lkhk` uj bk Weormsokfkrok j` _ks-Jre`, le``k` wjkr vmmrmuhkrs eds djgweibk` ve` hk Essyrjsibk cm`j`ok` behhk` okhjk`h. Bk fkdko huurhk hrjk lee`hk`. J` hk lee`h Efu wjsk` zk kk` frks k sdee` j` hk vkrhkhjoj`o ve` @j`kvkb k` vkrwmkstk` zk hk seh. Hk Essyrjsibk cm`j`o Yj`-sgerru-jgcu` sjkr j` hjk pkrjmhk, lmokdjgc j` hk srjgh. Hk vkrmvkreers sdkkpk` kk` k`mrlk fuj j` hk weib,

weer`e hk Lkhk` `eer bujs kruockkrhk`. @efmpmdesser fdkk k` okfrujck @j`kvkb eds ujvedsfesjs vmmr vkdhmibk` kok` we kr `mo rkstk ve` bk Essyrjsibk rjgc.

J@ MMVDMO XKOK@ EYYZVJÃ Hk ved ve` @j`kvkb wes kk` hmmrsdeookvk`hk okfkurk`js j` hk mmrdmo ussk` Essyrjã k` zjg` vmmrledjok m`hkrhe`k`, hk Lkhk` k` hk Fefydm`jãrs, hjk zkckr vjg geer kkrhkr wes fkom``k`. @efmpmdesser, weersibjg`djgc kk` kdo ve` kk` vmmree`see`hk eljdjk hjk lk hk Essyrjãrs beh okimdde fmrkkrh,  fmrkkrh , beh j` 16; v.Ibr. kk` m`ebe`ckm`e be`ckdjgck hy`esjk oksjib j` Fefydm`. @ehe bjg hk rkojm uj hk Essyrjsibk orkkp beh fkvrjgh, ruck bjg j` 15; v.Ibr. v.Ibr. mp `eer `ee r bk ik`-

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Aedd ma @j`kvkb,

okkck`h hmmr Gmb` Lerj` j` 526:.

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redk hkkd ve` Essyrjã. Xkokdjgckrjgh mpk`hk` mmc hk Lkhk` hk ee`ved mp bk okbek rjgc7 j` 158/159 v.Ibr. `elk` zjg bk rkdjojkuzk ik`rul Essur j`, weer`e zk lk hk Fefydm`jãrs kk` vkrfm`h sdmk` kok` bu` oklkk`sibeppkdjgck vjge`h. Qmdok`s Fefydm`jsibk frm``k` rmk` ‒hk cm`j`o ve` Ecceh SFefydm`jã\ k` Iyexerks Scm`j`o ve` hk Lkhk`\ kdceer fujk` hk seh weer zk m kk` wkhkrzjghs eccmmrh cwelk` k` edokbkdk vrkhk sdmk`‚. Xwkk geer dekr vkrmvkrhk` k` vkrwmksk` zk, zmeds okzkoh, @j`kvkb, leer hk Essyrjãrs fmhk` `mo k`ckdk gerk` kd vkrzk. [j hk imrrkspm`hk`jk lk prmvj`ijedk ik`re fdjgc he pdeeskdjgck elfk`erk` smdhek` wjkrvk` ml bu` skhk` k vkrhkhjok`, k` hk deesk Essyrjsibk cm`j`o, Essur-ufeddj JJ, wjs j` 1>: v.Ibr. zkds `mo orm`hokfjkh k bkrmvkrk` j` bk `mmrhk` ve` Yyrjã. Bjg crkko bjkrfjg sku` ve` hk Koypk`erk` k` hk fkvmdcj`o j` hk wkskdjgck okfjkhk` ve` bk @efjgk Mmsk`. Bk cmsk Fefydm`jã `mo jk` geer ml bk bkdk

okfjkh he kkrhkr m`hkr Essyrjsib fkwj`h beh oksee`, k vkrmvkrk`. Hk ee`ved mp Gkruzedkl j` ;:? v.Ibr. k` hk vkrwmksj`o ve` hjk seh rujl jk` geer dekr, fksibrkvk` j` hk Bkfrkkuwsk Fjgfkd, leeck` hkkd uj ve` hj lmkjzelk prmiks. J` Fefydm`jsibk frm``k` js mpveddk`h wkj`jo k vj`hk` mvkr ed hkzk mmrdmok`. _eer hk Essyrjãrs bu` cm`j`ok` kkrhk` hmmr ujokfrkjh vkrsdeo k hmk` ve` bu` ljdjejrk wepk`kjk`, dkohk` hk Fefydm`jãrs hk `ehruc mp e`hkrsmmrjok prksejks. J`mrlejk mvkr mmrdmok` js ujsdujk`h k vj`hk` j` fkc`mpk crm`jkck`, weerj` zeckdjgck mpsmllj`ok` wmrhk` okokvk` ve` bu` ljdjejrk im`stjik`. Ee` hk ved ve` @j`kvkb wmrh j` hkzk crm`jkck` okk` fjgzm`hkrk ee`heib oksibm`ck`. Hksed`jktklj` wes bk kk` iruijeed lmlk`, he hk lmhkr`k bjsmrjij krkib ee`wjgzk` eds bk fkoj` ve` bk kj`hk ve` bk Essyrjsibk rjgc. Eribkmdmojsib fkwjgs k` fksibmuwj`ok` mvkr hk m`hkroe`o ve` hk seh j` Orjkcsk k` fjgfkdsk frm``k` sevk` hkzk vjsjk.

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FKDKOKVJ@O K@ QKV_MKYXJ@O Eribkmdmojsib m`hkrzmkc fkvksjo he hk ee`ved ve` hk Fefydm`jãrs k` hk Lkhk` mp vkrzk sujk k` he kr kk` de`ohurjok fkdkokrj`o vmdohk. [j mporevj`ok` j` hk gerk` 5::> fjg hk zujhmmskdjgck Bedzj-pmmr fdkkc he hk mrjoj`kdk, zkvk` lkkr frkhk k`rkk lk cdkjjibkds m wkk lkkr wes vkrsledh ml zm lecckdjgckr j`hrj`okrs kok` k cu``k` bmuhk`. Hkzk eribjkim`jsibk ee`pessj`ok` zjk` wk mmc fjg hk e`hkrk pmmrk` j` @j`kvkb. Hk sckdkk` hjk fjg fmvk`ok`mklhk mporevj`ok` zjg` ee`okrmk`, okujok` ve` hk vkrsibrjccj`ok` weerlkk hk vkrmvkrj`o okpeerh oj`o. J` hk Bedzj-pmmr deok` hk rksk` ve` weed pkrsm`k`7 vmdwessk` le``k`, leer mmc ehmdksik`k gm`ok`s, wkk cj`hkrk` k` kk` jk` lee`hk` muhk fefy. He zjg sjkrvk` eds okvmdo ve` okvkibk` fdjgc uj hk pjgdpu`k`, de`spu`k` k` spkrk` hjk `ees bu` djibelk` wkrhk` m`hkc. @euurdjgc js hk vm`hs ve` m`sibudhjok sdeibmkrs mp zjib `jk vkrfezj`owkcck`h, we` hk j``elk ve` kk` seh djkp vrjgwkd edjgh uj mp kk` fdmkhfeh. _k wkk` kibkr he @j`kvkb `e hk vkrmvkrj`o kk` spkijedk fkbe`hkdj`o crkko. Qmdok`s hk crm`jkc wkrh hk seh lk hk orm`h okdjgcokleec, k` eribkmdmojsib m`hkrzmkc j` hk 5:hk k`  fkoj`  fkoj ` 6>sk 6> sk kkuw kk uw fkvksjo fk vksjo he7 mp vkrsibj v krsibjdddk`hk pdeesk` wkrhk` hjcck deok` es m`hkc. Leer hk vkrwmksj`o vm`h pes k`jok jgh `e hk j``elk ve` hk seh pdees k` kr wkrh okrjib k wkrc okoee`. Eds wk omkh cjgck` `eer hk rksk` ve` hk sk`k` rkdjãs weerlkk hk pedkjslurk` werk` fkcdkkh, zjk` wk he fkpeedhk jourk` lmkhwjddjo zjg` mkokeckdh7 bu` mok` k` `kuzk` zjg` wkookbec, kvk`eds hk j`sirjpjks weerj` bu` jhk`jkj wkrh vkrlkdh. Hk hmkdwjk` ve` hj okwkdh wkrhk` zmrovudhjo okskdkikkrh7 bk fkrm m`hkr lkkr hk Essyrjsibk

cm`j`o k` cm`j`oj`, kk` Kdeljjsibk imddefmrekur ve` hk Essyrjãrs k` kk` smdhee hjk wes eokfkkdh mp bk lmlk` he bjg hk Kdeljjsibk cm`j`o m`bmmhhk. He hk `ehruc deo mp pkrsm`k` hjk mmj hk Kdeljkk` cweeh behhk` fkrmcck`h, hmk vkrlmkhk` he esellkdj`ok` ve` he vmdc hkkd`elk` ee` hk vkr`jkdj`ok`. Hk le``k` hjk hk efkkdhj`ok` fksibehjohk`, zweejhk` `jk ducreec lk kk` lmckrbelkr j` bk rm`h, leer vkr`jkjohk` mp rjukdk wjgzk hk efkkdhj`ok` hjk zk bk lkks vkresibuwhk`, lk bk hmkd zk ve` bu` leib k fkrmvk`. _eersibjg`djgc im`-

Hkejd ve` kk` rkdjã uj @j`kvkb weermp bk bmmh ve` hk smdhee fkwus js fksibehjoh, ?hk kkuw v.Ibr. (©v E`okdm Vufj`m, JsIV, LJFEIX e`h IVEYX).

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Kk` cdkjefdk uj Fefydm` weermp kk` mmrdmosvkrcderj`o js oksibrkvk`. Kk` Fefydm`jsibk cm`j`o, weersibjg`djgc @efmpmdesser, @efmpmdesser, fkjib hk Essyrjsibk cm`j`o krve` he bjg zjib kk`

ik`rkkrhk` hk Lkhk` k` hk Kdeljkk` zjib mp cm`j`o Essurfe`jped, hjk Yuse, Yu se, hk bmmhseh ve` Kdel j` bk wksk` ve` Jre`, beh  fkdkokrh,  fkdko krh, krwj k rwjgdgd hk Fefydm`j Fefy dm`jãrs ãrs bk oklu` behhk` mp cm`j`o Yk``eibkrjf, hk vkrwmkskr ve` Fefydm`. Qmmrhe zk hk pedkjzk` j` fre`h seck`, lmkk` zk krhmmrbkk` zjg` okdmpk` ml hk imlpdkxk rkdjãs k` j`sirjpjks k fksuhkrk`.

vjge`h beh okmm`h hmmr Fefydm`jsibk klpkdsibetk` `eer @j`kvkb lkk k `klk`, 161-1>; v.Ibr. Dk`ok js 56.? il (© Xbk Xruskks m bk Frjjsb Luskul, Dm`hk`).

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HK _VEEC QE@ FEFZDM@ _eerml lmks @j`kvkb imlpdkk ve` hk eerhfmhkl wmrhk` okveeoh= Kk` mplkrckdjgc hmiulk` he wkrh mpokskdh vmmr @efmpmdesser fjkh j`zjib j` hkzk cwksjk. Bk fkrk kk` mmrdmosvkrcderj`o weerj` hk ee`veddkr hk ljshehk` ve` Essyrjã

kok` Fefydm` mpsml7 ‒[ wkrh kk` vjge`h ve` Fefydm`, u pdu`hkrhk bk de`h k` vmkrhk Shk fuj\ e `eer Essyrjã. Hk kjok`hmllk` ve` hk Kseojde Shk klpkd ve` hk omh Lerhuc\ k` Fefydm` bkf u wkookbeedh k` S`eer @j`kvkb\ okzm`hk`. [ hmmhhk hk muhsk` ve` hk seh.‚ @efmpmdesser zwmkr @j`kvkb lk okdjgck lu` kruo k fkedk`7 ‒Jc zed Fefydm` wrkck`. Hk fkzjj`ok` ve` hk Kseojde k` Fefydm` zed jc kruofrk`ok`… Hk luur ve` @j`kvkb, hjk ve` skk` js, zed jc, zmeds fkvmdk` hmmr Lerhuc, hk ormk bkkr, mpbmpk` eds kk` fkro ze`h. SHk seh\ ve` Yk``eibkrjf, hk zmm` ve` Yerom`, cj`h ve` kk` bujssdee, vkrmvkreer ve` SFefydm`\, pdu`hkreer ve` Fefydm`jã, zjg` wmrkds zed jc uj-

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rucck` k` hk u`helk`k` ve` bk de`h zed jc ujwjssk`.‚ Bjg vkrwjgs hujhkdjgc `eer hk vkrmvkrj`o ve` Fefydm` hmmr Yk``eibkrjf, hjk pdeesvm`h j` 12: v.Ibr., zm‚` ?; geer vmmr hk ee`ved mp @j`kvkb. Mmookujok` ve` hjk ee`ved werk` kr `jk lkkr, leer Yk``eibkrjfs fjgzm`hkr fkkdhk`hk k` okhkejddkkrhk vkrsdeo wes kr `mo wkd. Bk wes kk` rjsce`k m`hkr`klj`o weerlkk Yk``eibkrjf hk mmr` ve` Lerhuc, hk bmmosk omh ve` bk Fefydm`jsibk pe`bkm`, erjkp mvkr zjibzkd k` zjg` mpvmdokrs. @efmpmdesser prmjdkkrhk zjib eds hkok`k hjk hkzk we`heeh wrkkck, k` bjg hkkh prkijks bkzkdhk eds Yk``eibkrjf beh okhee`3 edbe`s, bjg bkrbeedhk Yk``eibkrjfs wmmrhk` j` zjg` kjok` oksibrjk`. He wkk` wk `jk uj hk Fefydm`jsibk kcsk`, leer uj dekrk vkrsdeok` ve` fjgfkdsk k` Orjkcsk sibrjgvkrs, hjk, okujok hk okhkejddkkrhbkjh ve` bu` vkrbedk`, hkrokdjgck kcsk` fjg hk be`h lmkk` bkffk` okbeh. Hk fjgfkdsk prmkk @ebul, k` hk Orjkcsk bjsmrjius Iksjes, hjk rm`h 8>> v.Ibr. v.Ibr. ee` bk ^krzjsibk bm vkrfdkk, wkk`  fkjhk`  fkjh k` k vkrkddk` vkrkd dk` he @j`kvkb jghk`s jgh k`s hk Fefydm`jsibk ee`ved m`hkr wekr wkrh okzk. Lmhkr`k okdkkrhk` bkffk` zjib bk bmmh okfrmck` mvkr kk` omkhk vkrcderj`o vmmr hkzk heeh, leer vmmreds`mo zm`hkr suiiks. Bk djgc he` mmc ee``klkdjgc he @ebul k` Iksjes zjib feskkrhk` mp kk` seedgk Fefydm`jsibk rkmrjkc he wes ujokdmc hmmr hk Essyrjsibk vkrsdeok` mvkr hk fkdkokrj`o ve` Fefydm`. J` hjk vkrsdeok` beh Yk``eibkrjf vkrcdeerh he bjg Fefydm`

ve` hk eerhfmhkl beh wkookspmkdh hmmr hk Kuree ml k dkjhk`, k` he bjg bk krrkj` beh dek` kruockrk` `eer zjg` mmrsprm`ckdjgck mkse`h ve` wekrjok ibems. _eersibjg`djgc wjdhk @efmpmdesser bk vkrbeed vkrsprkjhk` he bjg eds vkrokdhj`o bkzkdhk beh okhee` lk @j`kvkb, ed wes he ysjkc m`lmokdjgc. Iksjes vkrvmdohk zjg` vkrbeed lk kk`  fksibrjgv  fksib rjgvj`o j`o ve` hk hmmh ve` Yerhe`epedu Yerhe`e peduss ’ hkzk jouur wes okfeskkrh mp Essurfe`jped, `jk mp hk vkkd lj`hkr fkck`hk Yj`-sgerrujsgcu`, hjk heerwkrckdjgc hk deesk cm`j`o j` @j`kvkb wes. Qmdok`s hk Fefydm`jsibk crm`jkc sjkr Yerhe`epedus jghk`s hk fkdkokrj`o. Bjg djk kk` ojoe`jsibk fre`hsepkd ee`dkook`, lk ed zjg` omuh k` zjdvkr krfmvk`mp, sdmm zjib selk` lk zjg` im`iufj`ks k` ku`uibk` mp j` kk` ujokspeerhk rujlk fj``k`j` k` sec bk okbkkd j`  fre`h.  fre`h . Hk Kurmpksk Kurmpk sk rmle`jij rmle` jij uj hk vrmkok 5:hk kkuw werk` okesij`kkrh hmmr hj reojsibk kj`hk. Bk fkrmklhsk rksudee heerve` js Hk hmmh ve` Yerhe`epedus   uj 526?, weerj` Kuoâ`k Hkdeirmjx zjg` vkrfkkdhj`o hk vrjgk dmmp djk k` hk Essyrjãr pmrrkkkrhk eds kk` sude` uj bk Ljhhk`Mmsk`, epebjsib eibkrmvkr djook`h mp zjg` wkkdhkrjok hjve`, mlrj`oh hmmr `eeck berklvrmuwk`. J` wkrckdjgcbkjh lmk bk bkkd e`hkrs zjg` okoee`, leer hk fkdkokrj`o ve` @j`kvkb wes zm`hkr lkkr kk` fkde`orjgck kpjsmhk j` hk oksibjkhk`js ve` bk muhk @efjgk Mmsk`, kk` kpjsmhk hjk krkib ed kkuwk`de`o fdjg j`rjokrk`.

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VKIK@XK OKYIBJKHK@JY

H  K  K  D  � 

Hk vkrwmksj`o ve` @j`kvkb lerckkrhk `jk eddkk` hk j`smrj`o ve` bk Essyrjsibk rjgc, leer fkkck`hk mmc bk kj`hk ve` hujzk`hk` gerk` im`j`uk fkwm`j`o j` hk seh zkd.

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Hk Xjorjs k` Lmsud rm`h 5:6>.

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Bmk vkroj`o bk hk j`wm`krs ve` @j`kvkb `e hk ved ve` bu` seh= Eokzjk` ve` lj`jledk rkperejks ee` hk klpkds ve` @efu k` Jsger k` ee` bk Wujhwkspedkjs, k` speerzelk kck`k` he kr j` hk fk`khk`seh lk`sk` bkffk` okfjvecckkrh, fksibjcck` wk vmmreds`mo mvkr wkj`jo ee`wjgzj`ok` he hk seh j` hk kkrsk gerk` `e hk vkr`jkjoj`o fkwmm`h wes. Eddkk` uj hk Eibeklk`jhjsibk pkrjmhk (;;>-99> v.Ibr.) zjg` kr spmrk` ve` fkwm`j`o okvm`hk`. Hk Orjkcsk bjsmrjius Rk`mpbm` rmc j` 8>5 v.Ibr. hmmr @j`kvkb, j` hjk jgh fkck`h eds Lêspjde, k`  fksibrjg  fksibr jg hjk pdkc j` zjg` E`efesjs   eds kk` vkrdek` ruí`kseh. Eribkmdmojsibk okokvk`s uj @j`kvkb djgck` hjk fksibrjgvj`o k  fkvksjok`.  fkvks jok`. J` hk cdessjkck cdess jkck vkrsdeok` vkrsdeo k` mvkr hk mvkrwj``j`o ve` Edkxe`hkr hk Ormk mp Herjus JJJ wmrh @j`kvkb kibkr ok`mklh eds rkkrk`jkpu` vmmr hk dmiejk ve` bk sdeovkdh, we krmp zmu cu``k` wjgzk` he

hk ck``js mvkr hk dmiejk ve` hk seh pes `e hk Eibeklk`jhjsibk pkrjmhk vkrdmrk` oj`o. [j hk vm`hs ve` Bkddk`jsjsibk lu`k`, Bkddk`jsjsib eerhkwkrc k` wkk j`sirjpjks, js e k dkjhk` he @j`kvkb fkwmm`h wkrh ussk` hk 9hk k` 6hk kkuw v.Ibr. @e hk m`fj`hj`o ve` bk Ykdkuijhjsibk rjgc wkrh @j`kvkb j` hk 6hk kkuw v.Ibr. vkrmvkrh hmmr hk ^erbjsibk cm`j`o Ljbrjheks J. _k wkk` he kr mp Cuyu`gjc ^erbk` bkffk` okwmm`h k` he kr lmokdjgc kk` klpkdimlpdkx bkk oksee`. J` bk Wujhwkspedkjs js kk` cedcsk`k` fkkdhgk ve` Bkreidks okvm`hk` uj hkzk pkrjmhk, k` j` hk fk`khk`seh k` `mmrhk` ve` @kfj Zu`us kk` se`hfkkdh ve` Bkrlks. Xm `mo mk bkffk` wk okk` ee`wjgzj`ok` he bjkr Vmlkj`k` bkffk` vkr fdkvk`,  fdkvk `, leer kk` ormm ee`ed ee` ed lu`k` uj bk fkoj` ve` hk 9hk kkuw `e Ibr. hujh wkd mp kim`mljsibk fe`hk` ussk` @j`kvkb k` hk Vmlkj`sk mrk` de`os hk Xjorjs, Xjo rjs, hk mmsork`s ve` bk Vmlkj`sk rjgc. Bk ibrjsk`hml cwel j` hk 5sk kkuw `e Ibr. `eer Lksmpmeljã k` ormkjhk s`kd, vmmred `e hk sjibj`o ve` hk Ckrc ve` bk Mmsk` j` hk 1hk kkuw. Kr zjg` eribkmdmojsibk fkwjgzk` he kr mp Cuyu`gjc kk` ormk ibrjskdjgck oklkk`sibep dkkhk, k` mp @kfj Zu`us wkrh wkrh j` hk 8hk 8 hk kkuw `e Ibr. kk` cdmmskr mpokrjib kr krk ve` hk prmkk Gm`es. @e hk cmls ve` hk jsdel j` 19?-18> `e Ibr. vkrpdeesk zjib bk bk  leibsik`rul `eer Lmsud, he ee` hk e`hkrk ce` ve` hk Xjorjs deo k` m ee` hk Mmlee`sk pkrjmhk hk vmmr`eelsk seh j` hk rkojm fdkk.

�� @J@KQKB K@ LMY[D BJCLEX FEYBKKV ED�EY_EH

Bmkwkd @j`kvkb vrjgwkd ve` hk eerhfmhkl wkrh wkookveeoh, fdkka hk steh kk` fkde`orjgck rmd spkdk` j` hk rkdjojkuzk trehjtjks, lkt `elk j` bkt ibrjstk`hml. J` okm okmpmdjtjkc pmdjtjkc mpzjibt `el Lmsud j` hk dmmp ve` bkt 5stk ljddk``jul `e Ibr. kibtkr hk ik`tredk pmsjtjk j` hk rkojm mvkr. Hk ruí`ks ve` @j`kvkb wkrhk` okzjk` eds hk rkstk` ve` kk` odmrjk rjgc vkrdkhk`. @j`kvkb fkdkkhk beer bmmojg j` hk ?hk kkuw v.Ibr. eds bmmhseh ve` bk @jkuwEssyrjsibk rjgc. Ed s`kd `e hk imlpdkk vkrwmksj`o j` 156 v.Ibr. rmcck` hk j`wm`krs wko k` heer`e wkrh @j`kvkb `mo sdkibs spmrehjsib fkzmib. Xmk` hk Orjkcsk bjsmrjius Rk`mpbm` j` 8>5 v.Ibr. hmmr bk Essyrjsibk  fj``k`de`h  fj``k`de `h rmc, sujtk bjg mp hkzk mmj zm jlpmse`k seh, weer wkj`jo lkkr ve` mvkr wes. Bk Essyrjsibk vmdc sjkr kibkr `jk uj7 kk` ee`ed @j`kvjkk` fdkk j` hk mlokvj`o wm`k`, e`hkrk` rmcck` `eer bk fkrode`h j` bk bujhjok Cmkrhjse`.

QE@ LÊY^JDE XMX LMY[D Hk muhk seh @j`kvkb mp hk mmsmkvkr ve` hk Xjorjs js ujokfrkjh fksuhkkrh, leer

hk oksibjkhk`js ve` hk `khkrzkj`o mp hk wksmkvkr ve` hk Xjorjs crjgo wkj`jo ee`heib. [j eribkmdmojsibk k` bjsmrjsibk okokvk`s ved e k dkjhk` he hkzk ce` ve` hk rjvjkr ed j` hk Ljhhk`-Essyrjsibk jgh fkvmdc reeck, mk` @j`kvkb kk` fkde`orjgc pmdjjkc k` rkdjojk us ik`rul wes. J` hkzk k` hk heermpvmdok`hk @jkuw-Essyrjsibk pkrjmhk fmuwhk` hk Essyrjãrs vksj`ok` de`os hk rjvjkr kr vkrhkhjoj`o ve` @j`kvkb. Kk` heerve` cwel k see` mp kk` bkuvkd hjk `u Cudeje wmrh ok`mklh. Kr zjg` ee`wjgzj`ok` he `e hk m`hkroe`o ve` @j`kvkb kk` hkkd ve` hk j`wm`krs `eer hkzk bkuvkd vkrbujshk. Hj wes mmc hk pdkc hjk Rk`mpbm` j` zjg` E`efesjs   fksibrkk mk` bjg bk ok fjkh ee` e e` bk kj`h k j`h ve` ve ` hk ;hk kkuw k kuw v.Ibr. fk-

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Amm ve` hk muhk seh ve` Lmsud j` 6>>: ([@KYIM).

zmib7 ‒kk` mlbkj`h ceskkd, vkrveddk` k` vkrdek`, j` hk fuur ve` hk seh Lêspjde‚. Hk `eel Lêspjde js bmmosweersibjg`djgc eokdkjh ve` bk Essyrjsibk wmmrh lusbped-  du, he ‒fk`khk`vkrhjkpj`o‚ m ‒deeo okfjkh‚  fkkck`, m ve` lesbpkd, ‒vkrveddk`‚ m ‒fksibehjoh‚. @e hk cmls ve` hk Orjkck`, wkrh hk `eel vkre`hkrh j` Leijkd m Lmskddk, he de`ozeel mvkroj`o j` Lewŝjd m Lmsud, hk bujhjok `eel ve` kk` ve` hk ormmsk skhk` j` Jrec. J` zjg` lmhkr`k Erefjsibk vmrl,  fkkck` hkzk `eel ‒m`lmkj`ospdees‚ ‒m`lmkj`ospdees‚ k` hk seh wmrh mmc wkd hk fruo ussk` bk Erefjsib sibjkrkjde`h k` hk Dkve` ok`mklh.

FJYYIBM^ QE@ @J@KQKB [j bjsmrjsibk hmiulk`k` fdjgc he bk ibrjsk`hml zjib ve`e hk 5sk kkuw `e Ibr. vkrsprkjhhk m j` Lksmpmeljã. Hk Essyrjãrs werk` hk kkrsk` j` hj okfjkh hjk  fkckkrh wkrhk`3 kk` prmiks he mpveddk`h mpved dk`h ok`mko mvkrkk`cwel lk hk fjgfkdsk vmmrspkddj`o hjk Gksege vkdk kkuwk` kkrhkr hkkh. Mmc hk Erelkkãrs mlerlhk` bk ibrjsk`hml k` bk Erelkks wkrh hk bmmheed

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vmmr hk ibrjskdjgck rjk` k` dekr hk eed ve` eddk zk`hkdj`ok`. Hk gmmhsk oklkk`sibep, hjk bjkr ed dkkhk mk` hk zk`hkdj`ok` ee`cwelk`, vkrslmd j` kjk lk hk ibrjskdjgck ormkpk`. Ed hkzk ormkpk` m`wjcckdhk` zjib m ckrckdjgck oklkk`k`, hk vmmrdmpkrs ve` hk bujhjok Yyrjsib-ibrjskdjgck oklkk`sibep j` Lmsud. Bk ibrjsk`hml frkjhhk zjib, vmmred `e hk sjibj`o ve` hk Ckrc ve` bk Mmsk` j` hk 1hk kkuw `e Ibr., s`kd uj. Lksmpmeljã wkrh j`okhkkdh j` fjshmllk`, weerm`hkr hjk ve` @j`kvkb k` Lmsud. Eribkmdmojsib m`hkrzmkc bkk ujokwkzk` he kr j` Cuyu`gjc kk` ormk ibrjskdjgck oklkk`sibep wmm`hk. Fjg @kfj Zu`us wkrh ed j` hk 8hk kkuw `e Ibr. kk` cdmmskr oksjib kr krk ve` hk prmkk Gm`es. Kk` kkuw dekr, jghk`s hk Fyze`jg`sk pkrjmhk, wkrh hj cdmmskr hk zkkd ve` hk fjssibmp ve` @j`kvkb. @e hk cmls ve` hk jsdel j` 19?-18> `e Ibr. `el bk fkde`o ve` Lmsud ve`wkok hk srekojsibk djooj`o mp hk wksmkvkr ve` hk Xjorjs s`kd mk, k` j` 1;> wkrh hk fjssibmppkdjgck zkkd `eer hkzk seh vkrpdees.

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Omuhk` lu` ve` Fehr ed-Hj` Dudu. Lmsud, 5699-

LMY[D J@ HK JYDELJXJYIBK ^KVJMHK J` 19? `e Ibr. vjkdk` Lmsud k` e`hkrk `khkrzktj`ok` ee` wkkrszjghk` ve` hk Xjorjs zm`hkr fdmkhvkrojkk` j` be`hk` ve` hk lmsdjls k` ve`e he lmlk` m`wjcckdhk Lmsud zjib m kk` fdmkjk`hk seh. Kr vkrsibk`k` lmsckkã` k` ckrck`, kr wkrhk` srek` ee`okdkoh k` kr wkrhk` ceskdk`, pedkjzk`, lerck` k` sibmdk` okfmuwh. Lmsud wkrh kk` rkojm`eed ik`rul k` fkrkjck beer odmrjkjgh m`hkr hk bkkrsibeppjg ve` Fehr eh-

Hj` Dudu, kk` ve` hk jsdeljjsibk dkjhkrs uj hk 59hk kkuw. Hk sibjtkrk`h okhkimrkkrhk ed-@urj-lmsckk, hjk mlsrkkcs 55?> wkrh ok fmuwh hmmr @ur eh-Hj` We`oj okdh eds bk eribjkim`jsibk prm`csuc ve` hjk jgh. Hk lj`erk bkk kk` huffkdk rep `eer hk mp k` wes lk zjg` ;> lkkr kk` ve` hk bmmosk ve` Jrec m bjg j` 6>5? wkrh vkrwmks. J` hk dek jsdeljjsibk k` hk Mtmlee`sk pkrjmhk m`wjcckdhk hk seh zjib m kk` ik`rul vmmr lkeedfkwkrcj`o. Xk` jghk ve` hk Eefko-hy`esjk j` Lmsud, mk` bk

56;2. 56;2. Hjelkkr js 6.2 il (© Ajzwjddjel Luskul, Ielfrjhok). Cmpkrk` lu`t ve` @esjr ed-Hj` Lebluh lkt kk` eakkdhj`o ve` kk` okzjibt. Lmsud, 565:-5699. Hjelktkr js 6.: il (© Ajzwjddjel Luskul,

Ielfrjhok).

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Hk seh Lmsud fkoj` wj`josk kkuw (Elkrjie` Imdm`y,  Gkruzedkl).

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okfjkh pmdjjkc rkdejk sefjkd wes, fkrkjck hj be`hwkrc kk` ujzm`hkrdjgc bmmo `jvkeu, zmeds mmc hk Frjsk rkjzjokr Geicsm` im`sekkrhk j` 5?1?. Hk elfeibsdjkhk` ve` Lmsud ok`mk` vkkd ee`zjk` k` bu` prmhuik` wkrhk` `eer Ezjã k` Kurmpe okãxpmrkkrh. Hk mfgkik` hjk bjkr wkrhk` vkrveerhjoh ’ bujsbmuhkdjgck vmmrwkrpk`, okrkkhsibeppk`, wepk`s, hkurk`, wkrcujok` vmmr orm`hfkwkrcj`o k` sjkrehk` ’ zjg` k bkrck``k` ee` hk vkdk lk`skdjgck k` hjkrdjgck vmmrskddj`ok` weerlkk zk wkrhk` vkrreejh. J` Lmsud wkrhk` mmc lu`k` oksdeok`. Jleh eh-Hj` We`oj, hjk j` 5562 hk kkrsk Eefko-vmrs wkrh, irkãkrhk zjg` kjok` lu`k`, lk lkeed ve` kk` bmok zujvkrbkjhsoreeh k` @esgcj- m Cmkſtsibk j`sirjpjks. Hk lu`k` wkrhk` okleec ve` cmpkr (stus), zjdvkr m frm`s (hjrbels) k` omuh (hj`ers).

Mp k`ckdk lu`k` werk` lk`sk` m hjkrk` eokfkkdh3 jks we zkdhzeel wes j` hk dek jsdeljjsibk pkrjmhk.

KJOK@ OKYIBJKHK@JY Qe`e hk vrmkok jsdeljjsibk pkrjmhk werk` hk j`wm`krs ve` Lmsud rms mp bu` muhk  fmuwwkrck`,  fmuwwkr ck`, weermk weerm k mmc hk rksk` ve` @j`kvkb fkbmmrhk`. @j`kvkb wes m`hkrhkkd ve` hk de`ok oksibjkhk`js ve` OrmmLksmpmeljã eds kk` ve` hk ormmsk skhk` ve` hk muhk wkrkdh. K` zk spkkdhk k` spkkd kk` fkde`orjgck rmd j` vkrsibjddk`hk rkdjojkuzk rehjjks, weerm`hkr bk ibrjsk`hml k` hk jsdel. Hk sibrjgvkrs ve` bk Muhk Xkselk`, cdessjkck sibrjgvkrs eds Bkrmhmus k` Rk`mpbm`, k` eddmzk Erefjsibk k` jsdeljjsibk bjsmrjij wjsk` ve` bk fksee` ve` @j`kvkb. Ymlljok`

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ve` bk` freibk` zkd kk` fkzmkc ee` hk muhk ruí`ks k` ee` Lmsud. Eribkmdmojsibk vkrck``j`ok` j` hk 5:hk k` 6>sk kkuw k` hk m`hkccj`o ve` hujzk`hk` j`rjokrk`hk Essyrjsibk mfgkik` vkre`hkrhk` @j`kvkb ve` kk` lyskrjkuzk k` vkrokk` seh j` kk` esfeer sylfmmd ve` sibmm`bkjh k` leib. Qe`e kj`h 5:hk kkuw, leer vmmred j` hk 6>sk kkuw fkom``k` hk j`wm`krs ve` Lmsud bk fkde`o ve` bu` kromkh k` iuduur j` k zjk` ’ heerlkk djkpk` zk rujl vmmr mp e`hkrk Jreecsk skhk`. Hk rksk` ve` @j`kvkb wkrhk` fksibmuwh eds kk` mpk`duibluskul weer m`hkrwjgs wkrh okokvk`, leer he mmc lmib wmrhk` ok frujc  fruj c vmmr pjic`jic pjic `jicss k` eljdjkfjg eljdj kfjgkk`cm kk`cmllsk`. Bk hmkd wes ml ck``js k vkrsprkjhk` mvkr bk oklkk`sibeppkdjgck vkrdkhk` k` zm hk fkde`oskddj`o vmmr hk kjok` oksibjk-

hk`js ee` k wecckrk`. Eribkmdmojsibk vj`hpdeesk` zmeds @j`kvkb vkrkok`wmmrhjok` kk` fkde`orjgck pkrjmhk j` bk vkrdkhk` ve` Jrec. Lmsud k` @j`kvkb hreok` hk  fmmhsibep  fmmh sibep uj he gk `jk kib `eer hk mkcmls cu` cjgck` zm`hkr gk j` bk vkrdkhk` k vkrhjkpk`. Bk Lmsud Luskul, oksjib j` 5:;6, mm` ee` bmk ormm hk iudurkdk fkde`oskddj`o ve` hk j`wm`krs js. Bk wmrh fksibmuwh eds bk fkde`orjgcsk luskul j` Jrec `e bk @ejm`eed Luskul j` Feoheh. Bk bujhjok okfmuw, he uj 5:?8 sel, fksdee kk` mppkrvdeck ve` 5;>> vjkrce`k lkkr k` mlve kxpmsjjkrujlks, ce`mrk`, imddkokzedk`, kk` fjfdjmbkkc k` kk` hkpm vmmr muhbkhk`. Hk k`mm`skddj`o js m`hkrvkrhkkdh j` vjkr bkle‚s7 prkbjsmrjk, Essyrjã, hk ^erbjsibk seh Bere k` vm`h-

Bk Lmsud Luskul j` mcmfkr 6>>2. Lk he`c ee` Hje`k Yjkfre`h.

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Yekddjkfkkdh ve` @j`kvkb, mlokvk` k` okhkkdkdjgc mpoksdmc hmmr hk lmhkr`k seh Lmsud (Ommodk Leps).

sk` uj hk jsdeljjsibk pkrjmhk. @e pdu`hkrj`ok` j` 6>>9 wkrh bk luskul j` eprjd 6>>: okrkseurkkrh, lk sku` ve` luskmdmmo Yuer Ojfsm` ve` [@KYIM. Hrjk geer dekr wkrh bk mjijkkd okmpk`h k` cm`hk` sibmdjkrk` k` suhk`k` kr wkkr krkib ’ m hk cmls ve` JY.

LMY[D, @J@KQKB K@ JY Mp 5> gu`j 6>58 `elk` JY-ljdje`k` hk seh Lmsud k` hk ruí`ks ve` @j`kvkb j`  fkzj.  fkzj . M`ljhh M` ljhhkddjg kddjgcc vkr`jk vk r`jkdhk` dhk` zk kk` k k` ormm hkkd ve` hk bjsmrjsibk, eribkmdmojsibk k` rkdjojkuzk sylfmdk`, mlhe zk hk oksibjkhk`js k` jhk`jkj ve` hk fkvmdcj`o wjdhk` ujwjssk`. Kk` hjkpkpu` wes hk vkr-

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wmksj`o ve` bk Lmsud Luskul, weerve` hk fkkdhk` mp 61 kfruerj 6>5; wkrkdhwjgh k zjk` werk`. Qkrvmdok`s wkrhk` hk eribkmdmojsibk vj`hpdeesk` j` hk mlokvj`o ve` Lmsud, weerm`hkr @j`kvkb, okpdu`hkrh k` vkr`jkjoh. Hk sibehk hjk hkzk rkik`k irjsjs bkk ee`okrjib j` hk rkojm Lmsud js k`mrl7 luske, fjfdjmbkck` k` mpk`ferk eribjkvk` zjg` dkkookrmmh, lkkr he` 6; klpkds, 9? ckrck` k` cdmmskrs k` ?> lmsckkã` wkrhk` vkr`jkdh k` j` 6>51 vjkd mmc hk vj`hpdees @j`kvkb k` prmmj ee` hk vkr`jkdzuib. @j`kvkb js j` beer de`ok oksibjkhk`js wkk ckkr okveddk`3 we m`s rks js hk bmmp he hk spmrk` hjk fkweerh zjg` okfdkvk` vmmromkh fksibkrlh cu``k` wmrhk`.

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Xussk` hkiklfkr 6>58 k` leert 6>51 bkk bkt Jtedjee`sk lj`jstkrjk ve` kraomkh, iudturkdk zeck` k` tmkrjslk lkt fkfk budp ve` setkddjktfkkdhk` j` ceert okfreibt bmkvkkd sibehk JY bkk ee`okrjibt ee` bkt Jreecsk kraomkh. HEXEFEYK Hk kkrsk sep j` hj prmgki wes bk mpzkk` ve` kk` heefesk lk bk kromkh j` @mmrh-Jrec, ve` hk prkbjsmrjk m ee` hk Mmlee`sk pkrjmhk, j`okhkkdh pkr prmvj`ijk (@j`kvkb, Yede eh-Hj`, Cjrcuc, Hjyede k` E`fer). Bk prmgki wkrh okj`e`ijkrh hmmr bk Hjrkimree-ok`kreed ve` M`wjcckdj`osselk`wkrcj`o k` bk Jedjee`sk lj`jskrjk ve` fujk`de`hsk zeck`, j` selk`wkrcj`o lk hk Jreecsk Hkperklk` ve` Muhbkhk`, k` kr zjg` j`ussk` m`okvkkr wkkhujzk`h dmiejks k` lm`ulk`k` mpok`mlk`. Mp hj lmlk` wmrh hk djgs ujokfrkjh lk fjgzm`hkrbkhk` hjk k zjk` zjg` mp hk j`ljhhkds vrjgokokvk` fkkdhk` ve` hk Elkrjcee`sk Imrm`e-

sekddjkk`. Fjg wjgzk ve` skkcprmk js mp kk` ee`ed dmiejks hk sibehk oklm`jmrh hmmr rkik`k sekddjkfkkdhk` ve` vmmr k` `e hk fkzkj`o ve` JY lk kdceer k vkrokdjgck`. Mp fesjs ve` hk fkvj`hj`ok` zjg` kr kib`jsibk reppmrk` mpokskdh, lk heerj` hk bjsmrjsibk eibkrorm`h, kk` fksibrjgvj`o ve` bk krrkj` k` kk` j`sibej`o ve` mlve`o k` eerh ve` hk sibehk. Bk ormkjk`hk j`mrlejkfkse`h wmrh ee`okvudh lk  fkrmuwferk  fkrm uwferk lkhjerkpmr lkhj erkpmreoks eoks k` lk okokvk`s uj wkk`sibeppkdjgck prmgkik`. Hk dmiejks hjk hkkd ujleeck` ve` hk skkcprmk, okskdkikkrh j` `euwk selk`wkrcj`o lk Jreecsk imddkoe‚s ve` hk Yeesimlljssjk ve` muhbkhk`, werk` hk vjg ormk Essyrjsibk bmmhskhk` (Essur,

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Yekddjkfkkdh ve` @j`kvkb weermp fksibehjoj`ok` ve` vùùr euousus 6>5; zjg` ee`okokvk`. Hk wjtk skrrk` lerckrk` rkik`krk, rkik`krk, vkrlmkhkdjgc hmmr pdu`hkreers okorevk` u``kds, hjk m eprjd 6>51 hmmr Elkrjcee`sk imddkoe‚s ve` EYMV zjg` okdmcedjskkrh. Hk pjgd wjgs `eer kk` `jkuw perckkrkrrkj` vmmr vreibweok`s k` kk` eerhk` wed j` hk h k rjvjkr, hjk mp kkrhkrk mm‚s `jk zjibfeer wes. Yeehjeorel ve` hk mlve`o (l6) ve` vkrsibjddk`hk smmrk` sibehk ee` @j`kvkb m euousus 6>5;. Hk `jkuwk jddkoedk fkfmuwj`o wjgs weersibjg`djgc mp mk`klk`hk prjvejskrj`o ve` hk orm`h.

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Cer-Xucudj-@j`ure, @jlruh, Cbmrsefeh k` @j`kvkb) k` bk bjsmrjsibk ik`rul ve` Lmsud. J` ge`uerj k` kfruerj 6>51 js j` selk`wkrcj`o lk bk Jreecsk Hkperklk` ve` Muhbkhk` ck``js mvkr rklmk sk`-  sj`o -kib`jkck` -kib`jkck` k` hk vkrveerhjoj`o ve` eribkmdmojsibk ceerk` mp fesjs ve` OJY mvkrokhreok` ee` Jreecsk imddkoe‚s. Wm cu``k` zjg m`ebe`ckdjgc zkd j`mrlejk vkroerk`. e

YIBEHK J@ @J@KQKB J` bk okved ve` @j`kvkb zjg` eribjkfkkdhk` ve` 5; `mvklfkr 6>59, vùùr hk fkzkj`o hmmr JY, vkrokdkck` lk fkkdhk` ve` 6: euousus 6>5;. Hk vkrwmksj`ok` hjk hmmr JY wkrkdhwjgh j` hk pufdjijkj zjg` ok freib k` ujokfreib ujok freib ee`heib ee`h eib crkok` j` hk lkhje, zjg` j` smlljok okveddk` `jk oklecckdjgc weer k `klk` mp hk sekddjk fkkdhk`.  fkkd hk`. He okdh fjgvmmrf fjgv mmrfkkdh kkdh vmmr hk kxpdmsjks weerlkk kj`h ge`uerj-fkoj` k fruerj  frue rj 6>5; hk ‒sehsluur‚ ‒sehslu ur‚ wkrh mpokfdempokf dezk`. Hkzk zjg` ve` kk` e`hkrk mrhk, mlhe ’ zm`hkr hk cwksjk k feoekddjskrk` ’ hk luur ormk`hkkds fksm`h uj rkim`sruijks uj hk gerk` 5:?>s. Mmc mvkr hk m`bkrskdferk sibehk hjk wkrh ee`okrjib ee` hk cmdmssedk Essyrjsibk fkkdhk` fjg hk @kroedpmmr dkvkrk` hk sekddjkmm‚s okk` j`mrlejk ee`okzjk` hk mfgkik` hmmr kk` hecim`sruijk werk` eoksibkrlh. Bk eribkmdmojsibk krrkj` k` wksk` ve` hk @kfj Zu`us-lmsckk, hjk j` gudj k` euousus 6>58 lk hk orm`h okdjgc wes okleec, vjkd kvk`kk`s k` prmmj ee` hk vkr`jkdzuib ve` JY. J` hj okved wkrh kk` hkkd ve` hk frmcsucck` j` hk eribkmdmojsibk okud ee` hk wksre`h oksmr. Hjk okud beh vmmrbkk` okhjk`h eds fkropdees vmmr hk rksk` ve` bk ersk`eed ve` Kserbehhm`. J` hk zujhmmsbmkc ve` Yk``eibkrjfs vkrhkhjoj`oswkrck` wkrh kk` zks lkkr bmok luur ve` skk` k` cdkjjibkds zweer mkok-

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eckdh hmmr fuddhmzkrs. He okdh lmokdjgc mmc vmmr kk` hkkd ve` kk` cdkj`k `khkrzkj`osbkuvkd kvk` fujk` hk vkrhkhjoj`osdj`jk ve` hk seh. Bk djgc krmp he bjkr kk` esedwko wmrh ee`okdkoh hjk bk zujhkdjgck hkkd @j`kvkb ve` wks `eer mms zed hmmrcrujsk`.

Xwkk sekddjkfkkdhk` (e k` f) ve` hk zujhmmsbmkc ve` Yk``eibkrjfs ijehkd, hekrk`h ve` rkspkijkvkdjgc rkspkijkvkdjgc `mvklfkr 6>59 k` euousus 6>5;.

HK QMMV@EELYXK FKHVKJOJ@O7 FKFM[_J@O J` kfruerj 6>51 lkdhhk ‒Xbk Elkrjie` Yibmmds m Mrjk`ed Vkskerib‚ (EYMV) he kr pde``k` werk` ml kk` wkkhk hmmroe`oswko ee` k dkook` j` bk `mmrhkdjgck hkkd ve` bk mlluurhk okfjkh, he m he` mk lk rus wes okdek`. J`ussk` zjg` kr `jkuwk ok fmuwk` vkrrkzk` j` hj okfjkh. Bk ee`hkkd `jkuwfmuw j` @j`kvkb wkrh j` 6>55 oksibe mp 81 prmik`, leer hk okokvk`s m`k` ee`

Hk sehsluur js okhkkdkdjgc mlvkr okbeedh hmmr fuddhmzkrs ml pdees k leck` vmmr kk` frkhk, m`vkrberhk wko. Hk vjgvkr mp e. 9e hjk kk` bkuvkd djgc k mlrj`ok`, js hrmmookdkoh.

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Ibrm`mdmojsibk m`wjcckdj`o ve` vkrsibjddk`hk smmrk` sibehk k` vkrsmrj`ok` ee` @j`kvkb ussk` 6>59 k` 6>51.

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he bk ussk` 6>55 k` 6>5; js okskok` `eer 8: prmik`. Jddkoedk fkfmuwj`o fdjgc vkrrkwko hk kr`sjosk fkhrkjoj`o k zjg` vmmr hkzk e`jkck seh. Bmkwkd `jk eddk sibehk zjibfeer js mp hk sekddjkmm‚s, cu``k` wk im`iduhkrk` he wk lk hkzk lkbmhk kk` fkrmuw feer fkkdh f kkdh crjgok` cr jgok` ve` ve ` we kr oee`hk oee`h k js, zm`zm` hkr fkí`vdmkh k wmrhk` hmmr prmpeoe`he. Okfdkck` js mmc he hk krosk sibehk `jk js ee`okrjib hmmr jddkoedk orevkrs mp zmkc `eer muhbkhk`, leer hmmr k`krzjghs hk sysklejsibk vkr`jkjoj`o ve` hk okrkim`srukkrhk lm`ulk`k` k` j`resruiuur vmmr bk mkrjslk, k` e`hkrzjghs hmmr bk `kokrk` ve` hk vkrhreok` kr fksibkrlj`o ve` iudurkkd kromkh, we bkk okrksudkkrh j` hk skkhs vkrhkr mpruc ck`hk `jkuwfmuw. Hk sjuejk vkre`hkr kibkr j` rep klpm7 bk rkik`sk EYMV-reppmr leec

lkdhj`o ve` kk` rkkcs `jkuwk mporevj`ok`, `eer vkrdujh j` hk vmrl ve` u``kds hjk hmmr pdu`hkreers j` hk sehsluur wmrhk` okorevk`, lk `elk fjg hk bmkck` ve` hk vkrhkhjoj`oswkrck`. Mmc js kr j` bk ljhhk` ve` hk eribkmdmojsibk vj`hpdees kk` ormk perckkrpdees ee`okdkoh lk heer vdecfjg kk` eerhk` wed hjk hk dmmp ve` hk rjvjkr m`hkrfrkkc. Bk djgc krmp he hk vkrsibjddk`hk smmrk` jddkoedk eijvjkjk` k` mporevj`ok` fjg @j`kvkb kdceer skkhs s`kddkr mpvmdok`.

QKV@JKDJ@OK@ K@ @JK[_FM[_ J@ ���� J` `mvklfkr 6>51 zjg` hk `jkuwk mm‚s ve` hk _mrdhQjkw 9-sekddjk oke`edyskkrh. Bk okfjkh wes mk` `mo j` be`hk` ve` JY. Hk fkvj`hj`ok` zjg` fjgkk`okfreib mp hk pdekorm`hk` mp fdehzjghk` 591 k` 59?. Hk

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kkrsk efkkdhj`o okk kk` fkkdh ve` hk ibrm`mdmojsibk m`wjcckdj`o ve` hk vkrsibjddk`hk smmrk` sibehk k` vkrsmrj`ok` ee` @j`kvkb ussk` 6>59 k` 6>51. Mp hk wkkhk js hk sibehk m`hkrvkrhkkdh j` iekomrjkã` zmeds `jkuwfmuw k` mpzkkdjgck vkr`jkdj`o ve` lm`ulk`k` k` e`hkrk kdklk`k`. Hk efkkdhj`o mp fdehzjghk 591 okk j`mrlejk mvkr hk vkrwmksj`o ve` hk @kroedk` hk Lesbcj-pmmr, hjk JY lk vkkd elel wkrkdhcu`hjo leeck, k` mvkr hk sysklejsibk m`le`kdj`o ve` hk fksibkrlk`hk mvkrceppj`ok` fjg Yk``eibkrjfs Wujhwkspedkjs mp Cuyu`gjc k` vkr`jkdj`ok` ee` bk pedkjs zkd, hjk hkzk ckkr `jk eds prmpeoe`he wkrhk` j`okzk. Bk puj` k` hk rkdjãs zjg` ck``kdjgc `eer e`h krk dmiejks okfreib. okfreib. Hk pdekorm`h fkvksjo mmc hk j` bk kkrhkrk reppmr vkrlkdhk ujfrkjhj`o ve` hk

`jkuwfmuw j` 6>5; k` 6>51, vmmr`elkdjgc j` hk `mmrhmmsbmkc ve` bk mlluurhk sehokfjkh. Hk efkkdhj`o bjkrfmvk` okk kk` j`hruc ve` hk j`k`sjkj ve` hk fmuweijvjkjk` j` bk `mmrhkdjgck hkkd ve` bk krrkj`. Bk oee `jk eddkk` ml bujzk`, leer ck``kdjgc mmc ml cessk` k` fmmloeerhk`. Hk ormk`k pdkcck` j` hj hkkd hmk` mmc vkrlmkhk` he hk mk`klk`hk fkwm`j`o imddkijk k` ik`reed wmrh okmroe`jskkrh. Hj js e k dkjhk` uj hk zmrovudhjok sibkjhj`o ve` hk pkrikdk`, weerve` hk mrhk`j`o `mo edjgh wmrh fkpeedh hmmr hk mpmorejk ve` hk Essyrjsibk seh. Xk` zujhk` ve` hk rjvjkr bkk hk fmuw ve` hk vkrberhk wko, hjk ed kr`sjok sibehk beh ee`okrjib ee` hk vj`hpdees zkd k` ee` hk sehsluur, kr weersibjg`djgc vmmr okzmroh he hk prjvejskrj`o ve` hj hkkd ve` @j`kvkb js oksmp.

Hk sibehk ee` bk krrkj` ve` @j`kvkb fj``k` hk sehslurk`, vkrhkkdh j` iekomrjkã`.

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^rj`s Ideus Am`hs cml mp vmmr iuduur m`hkr vuur Hk vkr`jkjoj`o ve` bk kromkh ve` @j`kvkb see `jk mp zjibzkd. Xmk` hk Jreecsk mvkrbkjh j` gudj ve` hj geer hk im`rmdk bkrcrkko mvkr Lmsud, fdkkc he kr jghk`s bk rkojlk ve` Jsdeljjsibk Yee `jk eddkk` ee` @j`kvkb, leer mmc ee` e`hkr kromkh j` hk rkojm vkkd sibehk js mkokfreib. Bk oee bjkr `jk ml ducreec ve`hedjslk, leer ml okrjibk ee`veddk` hjk eds hmkd bkffk` kkuwk`muhk oksibjkhk`jssk` k` u`jkck iuduurujj`ok` k vkr`jkjok`. Bk Iudured Klkrok`iy Vkspm`sk (IKV)-prmorelle ve` bk @khkrde`hsk ^rj`s Ideus Am`hs vkrzk zjib kok` hj smmr vkr`jkjoj`o hmmr selk` lk dmcedk mroe`jsejks k` kxpkrs kromkh vkjdjo k skddk` k` weer `mhjo k sefjdjskrk`. Ed sj`hs 6>>9 wkrp bk IKV zjib mp eds kk` ‒elfude`ikhjk`s vmmr iuduur‚ j` Jrec. @e hk ved ve` bk Bmksskj`-rkojlk sibmm bk hk Ik`redk [`jvkrsjkj ve` Feoheh k budp fjg hk bkrfmuw ve` hk fjfdjmbkkc k` beer imddkijk. Bjkrmp vmdohk` m`hkr lkkr rej`j`ok` mp bk okfjkh ve` relpk`fksrjghj`o vmmr Jreecsk kromkhkxpkrs. Mp hj lmlk` js bk IKV-prmorelle mmc `euw fkrmcck` fjg hk bkrmpfmuw ve` kromkh k` iudurkdk j`skddj`ok` j` Lmsud.  @jk k`ckd j` Jrec, leer mvkred kr wkrkdh wmrh kromkh fkhrkjoh hmmr `euurrelpk` k` im`stjik`. Heerml m`hkrsku` IKV wkrkdhwjgh j`hjvjhuk` k` mroe`jsejks hjk, bmkwkd hk okverk` smls ormm ormm zjg`, fkrkjh zjg` eddks eddks k okvk` ml m`s oklkk`sibeppkdjgck kromkh k fkbmuhk` vmmr hk vmdok`hk ok`krejks. Lkkr j`mrlejk mvkr hkzk k` e`hkrk eijvjkjk` ve` bk ^rj`s Ideus Am`hs7 www.prj`sideusam`hs.`d .

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E[XK[VY Bjcle Fesbkkr Ed-Esweh Ed-Esweh  js vmmrledjo hjrkikur ve` bk Lmsud Luskul. Y. Fkrdjmz js vkrfm`hk` ee` bk Lj`jskrjk vmmr iudurkkd kromkh k` mkrjslk ve` Jedjã. E. Fje`ibj js vkrfm`hk` ee` bk Lj`jskrjk vmmr iudurkkd kromkh k` mkrjslk ve` Jedjã. Y. Ielpe`e js prmkssmr ee` hk [`jvkrsjî hj Yjk`e. Gmb` Iurtjs wes vrmkokr vkrfm`hk` ee` bk Frjjsb Luskul k` wkrc `u vmmr bk Jre` Bkrjeok Amu`hejm`. K. Hedde Dm`oe js vkrfm`hk` ee` hk [`jvkrsjî hkodj Yuhj hj ^ehmve. Ykpbe`jk Heddky js klkrjus prmkssmr ee` hk Mxmrh Mx mrh [`jvkrsjy. Ge` Okrrj Hkricsk` js hmik` ee` hk [`jvkrsjkj Dkjhk`. Arkhkrjic Lerjm Aedks js klkrjus prmkssmr ee` hk [`jvkrsjî hkodj Yuhj hj [hj`k. Ge` hk Bm`h js im`skrvemr fjg hk ehkdj`o oksibjkhk`js ve` bk Vjgcsluskul Elskrhel. Hevjh Ckrtej js vkrfm`hk` ee` Xbk Bkfrkw [`jvkrsjy j` Gkrusedkl. Gmb` LeiOj``js js vkrfm`hk` ee` hk [`jvkrsjy m Ielfrjhok. ^emdm Lettbjek  js klkrjus prmkssmr ee` hk [`jvkrsjî hkodj Yuhj hj Vmle ‒De Yepjk`ze‚.

Hjkhkrjc G._. Lkjgkr js klkrjus prmkssmr ee` hk [`jvkrsjkj Dkjhk`. Leri Qe` Hk Ljkrmmp js prmkssmr ee` hk Imdulfje [`jvkrsjy j` @kw Zmrc. Zmrc. He`jkdk Lmre`hj Fm`eimssj  js prmks p rmkssmr smr ee` hk [`jvkrsjî hkodj Yuhj hj [hj`k. Frehdky G. ^erckr js prmkssmr ee` hk [`jvkrsjy m [eb j` Yed Deck Ijy. Duies ^ktjt  js  js im`skrvemr muhk @efjgk Mmsk` j` bk Vjgcsluskul ve` Muhbkhk` j` Dkjhk`. Ferfere @. ^mrtkr js vkrfm`hk` ee` hk Berverh [`jvkrsjy. Erje`k Xbmles js im`skrvemr muhk @efjgk Mmsk` j` bk Lusêk hu Dmuvrk j` ^erjgs. Gesm` [r js prmkssmr ee` hk Berverh [`jvkrsjy. H. Qjik`zuttm js vkrfm`hk` ee` hk [`jvkrsjî hkodj Yuhj hj ^ehmve k` ee` bk Lj`jskrjk vmmr iudurkkd kromkh k` mkrjslk ve` Jedjã. L. Qjhedk js vkrfm`hk` ee` hk [`jvkrsjî hkodj Yuhj hj ^ehmve. Lk`im Qdeerhj`okrfrmkc wes vkrfm`hk` ee` hk Qrjgk [`jvkrsjkj ve` Elskrhel. _jl _kjgde`h  js hjrkikur ve` bk Vjgcsluskul ve` Muhbkhk` j` Dkjhk`. Gôrok` We`ok`fkro js prmkssmr ee` hk [`jvkrsjkj Dkjhk`.

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Frj`cle`, G.E., 5::5. Fefydm`je j` bk Ybehmw m Essyrje (?8?-161 (?8?-161 F.I.), j` Xbk Ielfrjhok E`ijk` Bjsmry JJJ, ^er 67 Xbk Essyrje` e`h Fefydm`je` Klpjrks e`h Mbkr Yeks ma bk @ker Kes, arml bk Kjobb m bk Yjxb Ik`urjks FI , khs. G. Fmerhle`, J.K.Y. Khwerhs, @.O.D. Bellm`h & Y. Ymddfkrokr. Ielfrjhok7 Ielfrjhok [`jvkrsjy ^rkss, 5-12. Lehbdmml, X. & E.L. Lebhj, 5:?1. @j`kvkb. Feobheh7 Vkpufdji m Jreq, Lj`jsry m J`mrlejm`, Hjrkimrek Ok`kred m E`jqujjks. Lebjek, ^., 5:::. @j`jvk. Ode`zvmddk Beupseh Essyrjk`s . Lô`ibk`7 Bjrlkr Qkrdeo. ^kj, D.^. & H. Lmre`hj Fm`eimssj, 6>5?. @j`kvkb. Bmmahseh ve` kk` wkrkdhrjgc . Dkjhk`7 Yjhksm`k ^rkss. Vkehk, G.K., 5::2-6>>5. @j`jvk (@j`kvkb). Vkeddkxjcm` hkr Essyrjmdmojk u`h Qmrhkresjejsibk` Eribèmdmojk  :,  :, 922-899. Yrm`eib, H., 5::8. Qjddeok m Lkrmpmdjs7 @j`kvkb e`h bk Fkoj``j`os m [rfe`jsl j` @mrbkr` Lksmpmelje, j` @umvk am`-  hezjm`j `kd Qjij`m Mrjk`k e`jim7 rk-  edî k jhkmdmoje. Etj hkd imddmqujm, 8-1 hj-  iklfrk 5::5, kh. Y. Lezzm`j. Yklj`erj hj Mrjk`edjsjie 8. ^jse7 [`jvkrsjy m ^jse, 2;-558.

Fm`iquk, G., 5:2?. 5:2?. Hjmhmrus Yjiudus (JJ, 5-98) mvkr Lksmpmeljã. Kk` bjsmrj-  sibk cmllk`eer . Frusskd7 ^edkjs hkr Eiehkljã`. Ddkwkddy`-Gm`ks, D. & G. Vmfsm`, 6>5>. Iksjes‚ Bjsmry ma ^krsje7 Xedks ma bk Mrjk` . Xre`sdejm`. Dm`hm` e`h @kw Zmrc7 Vmudkhok.

@j`kvkb j` hk fjgfkdsk, gmmhsk k` ibrjstkdjgck trehjtjks

^j`ckr, E., 6>>:. @ebul e`h bk Orkkc Xrehjjm` m @j`kvkb‚s @j`kvkb‚s Aedd.  Gmur`ed  Gmur` ed ma Bkfrkw Yirjpurks  1,  1, 6-51.

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Fmbrkr, A.@., A.@., 6>>9. Mrjk`edjsl e`h Qjsued Iudurk7 Jleoj`j`o Lksmpmelje j` @j`kkk`b-Ik`ury Kurmpk . Ielfrjhok7 Ielfrjhok [`jvkrsjy ^rkss. @kvjddk, C., 6>>?. Xbk kerdy Vkikpjm` m Ajssibkr vm` Krdeib‚s ‒K`wur kj`kr bjsmrjsibk` Eribjkiur‚.  Gmur`ed  Gmur` ed ma bk  11 (6), Ymijky ma Eribjkiured Bjsmrje`s  11 5;8-1:. Ykjpkd, _., kh., 6>>9. Hkr Xurlfeu zu Fefkd. [rspru`o u`h Qjkdaed vm` Ypreibk u`h Yibrja, ^er 57 Hkr fefydm`jsibk Xurl j` hkr bjsmrjsibk` Ôfkrdjkakru`o, hkr Eribèmdmojk u`h hkr Cu`s . _jk`7 Cu`sbjsmrjsibks Luskul. Qrmkok rkjzjokrs

Uesbe, Y., 5:??. Lmsud j` bk @mks m Amrkjo` Xrevkdkrs. Fey` ed-@ebrey`  Gmur`ed  Gmur` ed ;. Yjlpsm`, Y. G., 6>>9. Arml ^krskpmdjs m Fefydm` e`h @j`kvkb7 Xbk Vkhjsimvkry m bk E`ijk` @ker Kes, j` K`djobk`lk`7 Hjsimvkrj`o bk _mrdh j` bk Kjobkk`b Ik`ury , khs. C. Ydme` & E. Fur`k. Dm`hm`7 Frjjsb Luskul, 5:66>5, 6:9-8.

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Dulshk`, Y., 6>>8. Xbk ^rmhuijm` m Ypeik e @j`kvkb. Jreq  11,   11, 52?-:?. [r, G.E., 6>59. Xbk Lmrpbmdmoy m @kmEssyrje` Ijjks. Yuferu  1-?, 55-66. [r, G.E., 6>5?. ^bysjied e`h Iudured De`hsiepks m Essyrje, j` Fdeicwkdd Imlpe`jm` m Essyrje , kh. K. Arebl. Mxmrh e`h Ledhk`7 _jdky Fdeicwkdd, 59-9;.

Dersk`, L.X., 5::1. Xbk Im`quks ma Essyrje7 Kxievejm`s j` e` E`jquk De`h, 528>-  521>. Dm`hm` e`h @kw Zmrc7 Zmrc7 Vmudkhok. Vkehk. G.K., 5::8. Dks rkdejm`s e`odm-re`ïejsks k` Essyrjk, j` Hk Cbmrsefeh î ^erjs. De hêimuvkrk hks Essyrjk`s , kh. K. Am`e`. ^erjs7 Dmuvrk, 551-9;. Vjibkr, X., X., 6>>2. Kspjm`eok e`h @ker Keskr` Eribekmdmoy7 E Bjsmrjmorepbjied Yurvky. ^ufdji Eribekmdmoy  ?  ? (8), 656-8>.

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Fme, ^.K. & K.@. Ade`hj`, 528:-52;>. 5 28:-52;>. Lm`ulk`s hk @j`jvk . ; vmds. ^erjs7 Jlprjlkrjk `ejm`edk. Ibkvedjkr, @., 6>>6. De rkibkribk eribêmdm-  ojquk are`ïejsk eu Lmyk`-Mrjk`7 5286-  5:8? . ^erjs7 Êhjjm`s Vkibkribk sur dks Ijvjdjsejm`s. ^deik, Q., 521?. @j`jvk k d‚Essyrjk . ^erjs7 Jlprjlkrjk jlpêrjedk. Mporevj`ok` hmmr bkt Frjtjsb Luskul

Aedks, A.L. & F.G. Bjicky, khs., 5:2?. Eusk` Bk`ry Deyerh fkwkk` bk Mrjk` e`h Qk`jik . Vmle7 D‚Krle hj Frksib`kjhkr. Dersk`, L.X., 5::1. Xbk Im`quks ma Essyrje7 Kxievejm`s j` e` E`jquk De`h, 528>-  521> . Dm`hm` e`h @kw Zmrc7 Zmrc7 Vmudkhok. Xbmlpsm`, V.I. & V._ V._. Buibj`sm`, 5:6:. 5:6:. E Ik`ury ma Kxpdmrejm` e @j`kvkb . Dm`hm`7 Duzei & Im. Eribkmdmojk, pmdjtjkc k` spjm`eok

E`hkrsm`, Y., 6>59. Dewrk`ik j` Erefje7 _er, _er, Hkikj, Jlpkr jed Amddy e`h bk Lecj`o ma bk Lmhkr` Ljhhdk Kes . @kw Zmrc7 Hmufdkhey. LiLkkcj`, Y., 6>5>. Xbk Fkrdj`-Feobheh Kxprkss7 Xbk Mmle` Klpjrk e`h Okrle`y‚s Fjh amr _mrdh ^mwkr . Ielfrjhok, LE7 Berverh [`jvkrsjy ^rkss.

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Edgufmmrj, E., 6>51. Xbk Kxievejm`s m bk Imddkok m Ers e Cuyu`gjc (E`ijk` @j`kvkb), j` Xbk ^rmvj`ijed Eribekmdmoy ma bk Essyrje` Klpjrk , khs. G. LeiOj``js, H. _jick & X. Orkk`jkdh. LiHm`edh J`sjuk Lm`morepbs. Ielfrjhok7 Ielfrjhok [`jvkrsjy ^rkss, 5>?-51. Lehbdmml, X., 5:1?. Kxievejm`s e @j`kvkb7 E ^rkdjlj`ery Vkpmr (5:1;5:1?). Yulkr  69,  69, ?1-26. Lehbdmml, X., 5:12. 5:12. @j`kvkb7 Xbk 5:1?5:12 ielpejo`. Yulkr  68,   68, 8;-;5. Yudkjle`, E., 5:?5. Vksuds m bk Kxievejm`s Kxievejm`s m bk  bk [`jvkrsjy m Lmsud e bk _edds m @j`kvkb. Ehef Ed-Veajhej` 5, 8;-:? SErefji\. _etkr vmmr bkt Essyrjsibk rjgc

Feoo, E.L., 6>>>. Essyrjsibk _esskrfeuk`7 De`hwjrsibeadjibk _esskrfeuk` jl Ckr`de`h Essyrjk`s zwjsibk` hkr 6. Bèdak hks 6. u`h hkr 5. Bèdak hks 5. Gebreusk`hs v. Ibr.  Lej`z el Vbkj`7 ^bjdjpp vm` Wefkr`. Côb`k, B., 6>56. _ekr _ekr mr Essyrje, j` ^rmikkhj`os ma bk ?b J`kr`ejm`ed Im`orkss m` bk Eribekmdmoy ma bk E`ijk` @ker Kes , khs. V. Lebkws & G. Iurjs. _jksfehk`7 Berressmwjz Qkrdeo, ;;:-?5.

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Lmre`hj Fm`eimssj, H., 6>5?. _ekr mr @j`kvkb7 Xbk @j`kvkb Jrrjoejm` Yyskl j` bk Vkojm`ed Vkojm` ed Im`kx m bk ‒Essyrje` Xrje`odk‚7 E Ajrs Okmeribekmdmojied Essksslk`, j` _ekr amr Essyrje , kh. B. Côb`k. Yuhje Ibe furk`sje ?. _jksfehk`7 Berressmwjz. Vkehk, G.K., 5:?2. Yuhjks j` Essyrje` Okmorepby7 Yk``eibkrjf e`h bk _ekrs m @j`kvkb. Vkvuk h‚essyrjmdmojk k h‚er-  ibêmdmojk mrjk`edk ?6, 8?-?6, 5;?-2>. [r, Gesm` E. 6>>;. Yk``eibkrjf‚s @mrbkr` Essyrje` Ie`eds7 @kw J`sjobs rml Yekddjk Jleokry e`h Ekrjed ^bmmorepby. Jreq  1?795?-98;.  1?795?-98;. @jkuw-Essyrjsibk @jkuwEssyrjsibk be`hkd

Eufk, L.K., 6>59. Imllkrik e`h Imdm`jzejm` j` bk E`ijk` @ker Kes . Ielfrjhok7 Ielfrjhok [`jvkrsjy ^rkss.

^erpmde, Y., 5:2>. Xbk Lurhkr m Yk``eibkrjf, j` Hkeb j` Lksmpmelje , RRQJk Vk`im`rk essyrjmdmojquk j`kr-  `ejm`ed , kh. F. Edskr. Lksmpmelje 2. Impk`beok`7 Ecehkljsc Amrdeo, 5?5-26. ^reibtjok pedkjzk`

Bkj`rjib, K., 5:28. Hjk ^edèsk jl edk` Lksmpmeljk` . Hk`clèdkr e`jckr Eribjkcur 5;. Fkrdj`7 Hk Oruykr. Ckrej, H., 6>5;. Xbk Eribjkiurk ma Dek Essyrje` Vmyed ^edeiks . Mxmrh7 Mxmrh [`jvkrsjy ^rkss. Ckrej, H., 6>5;. Xbk Ouerhje`s e bk Hmmrs7 K`krj`o b k Ymubwks ^edeik j` @j`kvkb. Gmur`ed ma @ker Keskr` Yuhjks  ?8 (6), 96;-8:. Xur`kr, O., 5:?>. Xbk Yek Eperlk`s m Dek Essyrje` ^edeiks. Jreq  96  96 (6), 5??-659. Hk tuj`k` ve` Yk``eibkrjf

Fkrmklhk cm`j`ok`

Oreysm`, E.C., 5::5. Essyrje7 Yk``eibkrjf e`h Kserbehhm` (?>8-11: F.I.), j` Xbk Ielfrjhok E`ijk` Bjsmry JJJ, ^er 67 Xbk Essyrje` e`h Fefydm`je` Klpjrks e`h Mbkr Yeks ma bk @ker Kes, arml bk Kjobb m bk Yjxb Ik`urjks FI , khs. G. Fmerhle`, J.K.Y. Khwerhs, @.O.D. Bellm`h & Y. Ymddfkrokr. Ielfrjhok7 Ielfrjhok [`jvkrsjy ^rkss, 5>9-85. Oreysm`, E.C., 5::5. Essyrje 112-19; F.I.7 Xbk Vkjo` m Esburfe`jped, j` Xbk Ielfrjhok E`ijk` Bjsmry JJJ, ^er 67 Xbk Essyrje` e`h Fefydm`je` Klpjrks e`h Mbkr Yeks ma bk @ker Kes, arml bk Kjobb m bk Yjxb Ik`urjks FI , khs. G. Fmerhle`, J.K.Y. Khwerhs, @.O.D. Bellm`h & Y. Ymddfkrokr. Ielfrjhok7 Ielfrjhok [`jvkrsjy ^rkss, 586-16.

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Heddky, Y., 6>59. Xbk Lyskry ma bk Be`oj`o Oerhk` ma Fefydm`. E` Kdusjvk _mrdh _m`hkr Xreikh. Mxmrh7 Mxmrh [`jvkrsjy ^rkss Spepkrfeic wjb imrrkijm`s, 6>58\. Yibrjgvk` k` sprkck`

Iellermse`m, L., 6>58. Xbk Iu`kjmrl Yydus. Lksmpmelje  8:,  8:, ;9-:>. Djvj`osm`k, E., 6>>?. Esburfe`jped7 Djkrek mr `m= Wkjsibrja aôr Essyrjmdmojk u`h Qmrhkresjejsibk Qmrhkresjejsibk Eribèmdmojk  :?  :? (5), :2-552. Veh`kr, C., 5::;. Xbk Vkdejm` Fkwkk` Amrle e`h Im`k` m @km-Essyrje` Xkxs, j` @j`kvkb 156 FI Xbk Odmry e`h Aedd ma bk Essyrje` Klpjrk , kh. V. Lejde. Bkdsj`cj7 Bkdsj`cj [`jvkrsjy ^rkss, 19-?2.

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Omhk`, hklm`k` k` rkdjojk

Vkik`tk vkrwmkstj`ok`

Fmêrm, G., 6>>5. Vkdjojm` j` E`ijk` Lksmpmelje . Ibjieom, JD7 [`jvkrsjy m Ibjieom ^rkss. Delfkr, _.O., 6>>8. Jsber m @j`kvkb. Jreq  11,  11, 9;-:. ^m`orez-Dkjsk`, F., 6>5;. Vkdjojm` e`h Jhkmdmoy j` Essyrje . Fmsm` e`h Fkrdj`7 Hk Oruykr. ^mrkr, F.@., 6>>8. Jsber m @j`kvkb e`h Bkr Imddefmremr, Jsber m Erfkde, j` bk Vkjo` m Essurfe`jped. Jreq  11,  11, 85-8. ^mrkr, F.@., kh., 6>>:. _be Js E Omh= E`brmpmlmrpbji e`h @m`-  e`brmpmlmrpbji Espkis ma Hkjy j` E`ijk` Lksmpmelje . _j`m`e Deck, J@7 Kjsk`freu`s.

He`j L. H., Elr Ed-Ezl, E. Iu`km, Y. ^k`eibm, F. Vmbe`j, L. Oefrjkd, C. Cekribkr, G. M‚Im``kdd 6>51e. EYMV Iudured Bkrjeok J`jjejvks (IBJ)7 ^de``j`o amr Yeakouerhj`o Bkrjeok Yjks j` Yyrje e`h Jreq . @KE-^YBYY-58->>5 _kkcdy Vkpmr ?:-2>. Akfruery 9-51, 6>51. He`j L. H., Elr Ed-Ezl, E. Iu`km, Y. ^k`eibm, F. Vmbe`j, L. Oefrjkd, C. Cekribkr, G. M‚Im``kdd 6>51f. EYMV Iudured Bkrjeok J`jjejvks (IBJ)7 ^de``j`o amr Yeakouerhj`o Bkrjeok Yjks j` Yyrje e`h Jreq . @KE-^YBYY-58->>5 _kkcdy Vkpmr :5-:6 ’ Eprjd 6?-Ley 5>, 6>51. Eiiksskh e bk sjk www.esmr-syrje`bkrjeok.mro.

Bkt kj`hk ve` kk` wkrkdhsteh

^jicwmrb, H., 6>>;. Kxievejm`s e @j`kvkb7 Xbk Bedzj Oek. Jreq  1?  1? (5), 6:;-951. Yrm`eib, H., 5::?. 5::?. @mks m` bk Aedd m @j`kvkb, j` Essyrje 5::;. ^rmikkhj`os ma bk 5>b E``jvkrsery Yylpmsjul ma bk @km-Essyrje` Xkx Imrpus ^rmgki , khs. Y. ^erpmde & V.L. _bjj`o. Xbk @kmEssyrje` Xkx Imrpus ^rmgki. Bkdsj`cj7 Bkdsj`cj [`jvkrsjy ^rkss, 9>?-68. @j`kvkb k` Lmsud

Ed-Yeykob, Y., 5:69. Bjsmry ma Lmsud . Koyp. Feulkr, I., 6>>1. Xbk Iburib ma bk Kes7 E` Jddusrekh Bjsmry ma Essyrje` Ibrjsje`jy . Dm`hm` e`h @kw Zmrc7 J.F. Xeurjs. Frusesim, ^., ^., 6>51. Xbk Essyrje` Yiudpurks j` bk Lmsud Iudured Luskul7 E ^rkdjlj`ery Essksslk` m _be _es m` Hjspdey Fkmrk Jsdelj i Yek‚s Eeic.  ?; (6),  Gmur`ed  Gmur` ed ma @ker Keskr Ke skr` ` Yuhjks  Y uhjks  ?; 6>;-82.

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��� De`hsibep j` @mmrh-Jrec (He`jkdk Lmre`hj Fm`eimssj, De` h m @j`kvkb Eribekmdmojied ^rmgki).

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QKVCDEVK@HK _MMVHK@DJGYX K@ VKOJYXKV Eibeklk`jhjsibk pkrjmhk (;;:-99> v.Ibr.) ’ ^krjmhk weerj` bk cm`j`osbujs

ve` hk Eibeklk`jhk` ormk hkdk` ve` bk Ljhhk`-Mmsk` rkokkrhk. Mmc wkd ^krzjsibk pkrjmhk ok`mklh. 5?, 561 Eheh ’ Hk Lksmpmeljsibk omh ve` smrl, wekr, hm`hkr k` mmrdmo. 55? Ecjtu-tklpkd ’ Essyrjsibk klpkd weer bk `jkuwgeerskks wkrh okvjkrh. ?8 Eccehjsib ’ Ykljjsibk eed hjk ussk` ie. 62>> v.Ibr. v.Ibr. k` hk 5sk kkuw `e Ibr. j` ormk hkdk` ve` bk @efjgk Mmsk` wkrh okfrujc. 21, :1, 5>?-555 Eccudde`u ’ Essyrjsibk esrmdmmo k` prjkskr. ?: Erelkks  ’ Ykljjsibk eed hjk hmmr hk Erelkkãrs j` @mmrh-Lksmpmeljã wkrh okfrujc. J` hk 2sk kkuw v.Ibr. wkrh bk Erelkks hk vmkreed j` ormk hkdk` ve` bk @efjgk Mmsk`. 5>2, 55>-555, 562 Esgsgur ’ Mppkromh ve` hk Essyrjsibk omhk`wkrkdh. Fkze kk` kjok` klpkd j` @j`kvkb weer bk  @jkuwgeerskks wkrh okvjkrh. 555, 55?-552 EYMV ’ Xbk Elkrjie` Yibmmds m Mrjk`ed Vkskerib. 598-591 Essurfe`j ped (rko. 11:-16? v.Ibr.) v.Ibr.)  ’ @jkuw-Essyrjsibk @jkuw-Essyrjsibk cm`j`o hjk ve`uj @j`kvkb bk rjgc rkokkrhk. 55, 51, 99-98, ;:, 19, ?8-?;, ?8-?;, ?2-?:, ?2 -?:, 2;, :>, :8-:?, :8-:?, 5>>5>6, 5>;-5>1, 5>:-556, 566-569 Essyrjã ’ Kk` rjgc he fksm`h ussk` 6>>> k` 156 v.Ibr. v.Ibr. Bk ckr`ok fjkh deo j` @mmrh-Jrec @mm rh-Jrec,, @j`kvkb @j`k vkb wes we s j` hk @jkuw-Essyrjsibk jgh hk bmmhseh.

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Hk bkkrsibeppjg ve` hk Essyrjãrs wmrh m`hkrvkrhkkdh j` hrjk pkrjmhks7 bk MuhEssyrjsibk, bk Ljhhk`-Essyrjsibk k` bk @jkuw-Essyrjsibk rjgc. 6>-65, 69, 6;, 6:-9>, 92, 86, 8;, ;;, ;2-15, 19, 1:, ??-?:, 2>, 28, 21-22, :6, :8, 5>6, 5>:, 558, 55?56>, 566, 595 Fefydm` ’ Bmmhseh ve` bk Fefydm`jsibk rjgc, okdkok` ee` hk rjvjkr hk Kuree, m`okvkkr 2> cjdmlkkr k` zujhk` ve` Feoheh. 2, 6;-61, 6:, 98, 91, 9?, 9?, 85, 89, 89 , 82, 1>, 1?, 1?, ?>, :>, :6-:;, 5>9-5>8, 5 >1, 55:, 566-569 Fefydm`jã ’ Kk` rjgc he fksm`h ussk` 52>> k` ;9: v.Ibr. v.Ibr. Bk ckr`okfjkh deo j` Wujh-Jrec. Hk bkkrsibeppjg ve` hk Fefydm`jãrs wmrh m`hkrvkrhkkdh j` hrjk pkrjmhks7 bk Muh-Fefydm`jsibk, bk Ljhhk`-Fefydm`jsibk k` bk @jkuwFefydm`jsibk rjgc. 2, 55, 6;, 99-98, 91, 9:, 85, ;;, 19, ??, :6-:;, :6-:;, 5>9, 55:-569 Fefydm`jsib  ’ Hjedki ve` bk Eccehjsib. 18, :1, 5>1-5>?, 5>:-55>, 56>, 569 Feohehspmmrwko ’ Keppk ve` hk spmmrdjg` hjk hk Hujskrs wjdhk` ee`dkook` ml Fkrdjg` lk hk ^krzjsibk Omd k vkrfj`hk`, ussk` Cm`ye (Xurcjgk) k` Feoheh (Jrec). 1:-?> Fkdd, Okrtruhk Leroerkt Dmwtbje` (52125:61) ’ Frjsk sibrjgskr, m`hkccj`os-

rkjzjoskr k` eribkmdmok. Wjg wes fkrmcck` fjg hk mprjibj`o ve` bk @ejm`edk Luskul j` Feoheh. ?5 Fkddj`m, Cerd (5?:5-526>) (5?:5-526>) ’ Hujsk mrjã`edjs k` fkokdkjhkr ve` Ideuhjus Gelks

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Vjib jghk`s zjg` vkrfdjg j` @j`kvkb j` 526>. Bjg sjkr j` Lmsud. 88-8; Fmtte, ^eud- Êljdk (52>6-52?>)  ’ Ok`euredjskkrhk Are`sk hjpdmlee k` eribkmdmmo. Bjg wkrck j` 5286 j` @j`kvkb k` heer`e vmmred j` Cbmrsefeh. 56, 5:, 8?82, ;;-;1, ;2, 1>, 1?, 1: Fuhok, Kr`kst Edarkh Xbmlpsm` _eddjs (52;?-5:98)  ’ Frjsk koypmdmmo k` mrjã`-

edjs. Bjg wkrck ussk` 5222 k` 52:5 j` @j`kvkb. 18, 11 Fyze`tjg`sk pkrjmhk (968-18> `e Ibr.)  ’ ^krjmhk weerj` hk Fyze`jg`k` hk leib behhk` j` bk Ljhhk`-Mmsk`. 5?, ?;, 562 Ibrjstjk, Helk Eoetbe Lery Iderjsse (52:>-5:?1) ’ Frjsk sibrjgskr. Beer

le`, Lex Leddmwe`, wes eribkmdmmo k` ormk m`hkr e`hkrk j` @j`kvkb. 82, 11 Irysted ^edeik ’ Okfmuw ve` hk wkrkdhk`mm`skddj`o ve` 52;5 j` Dm`hk`. Bk beh kk` @j`kvkb Imur weerj` kk` Essyrjsib pedkjs wes `eokfmuwh. 9: Kdel ’ Kk` rjgc j` bk zujhwksk` ve` Jre` lk Yuse eds bmmhseh. Bk wmrh vmmr bk kkrs ok`mklh rm`h 6?>> v.Ibr. v.Ibr. k`  fdkk  fdkk  fksee` fk see` m 189 18 9 v.Ibr. :8-:;, 565-566 565-5 66 Kdeljtjsib  ’ Xeed ve` bk rjgc Kdel. 555 Klesglesg ’ Fkde`orjgcsk klpkd j` @j`kvkb k` vkrfdjg ve` hk omhj` Jsger. 55; Kserbehhm` (rko. 125-11: v.Ibr.)  ’ @jkuwEssyrjsibk cm`j`o hjk ve`uj @j`kvkb bk rjgc rkokkrhk. 51, 68, 15, :9-:;, 5>6, 555, 55?-552, 59; Kuareet  ’  ’ Vjvjkr lk kk` dk`ok ve` 6?9; cjdmlkkr, hjk fkoj` j` Xurcjgk k` hmmr Yyrjã k` Jrec srmml. 96, 98, 2:, 5>9, 5>:, 569 Ade`hj`, Gke`-Feptjstk Kuoâ`k (52>:522:)  ’ Are`sk mrjã`edjs, sibjdhkr, er-

ibkmdmmo k` pmdjjius. Bjg wkrck lk Fme mp hk Essyrjsibk vj`hpdees Cbmrsefeh. ;1, ;2

Ojdoelksg ’ Bmmhrmdspkdkr j` bk

Ojdoelksg-kpms, weerj` bjg selk` lk zjg` vrjk`h K`cjhu eddkrdkj evm`urk` fkdkk. Wjg` `eel fkrus weersibjg`djgc mp kk` bjsmrjsibk, leer m`fkck`hk dkjhkr ve` [ruc uj bk 9hk ljddk``jul v.Ibr. :;, 556 OJY ’ Kk` okmorejsib j`mrlejksyskkl weerlkk rujlkdjgck okokvk`s m j`mrlejk mvkr okmorejsibk mfgkik` cu``k` wmrhk` fkbkkrh k` oke`edyskkrh. 59; Bkklsckric, Leertk` ve` (58:2-5;?8) ’ @khkrde`hsk cu`ssibjdhkr. 9;-92 Bkddk`jstjsibk pkrjmhk (ie. 996-19 v.Ibr.) v.Ibr.)

’ ^krjmhk weerj` bk Ljhhk`-Mmsk` m`hkr Orjkcs fkwj`h vjkd, m`hkr e`hkrk hmmr hk vkrmvkrj`ok` ve` Edkxe`hkr hk Ormk. 5?, 98, 85, ?>, 555, 561 Bkrmhmtus (82;-ie. 86> v.Ibr.) ’ Muhorjkcsk bjsmrjius k` oksibjkhsibrjgvkr. 6:, 6:, 99-98, 91, 59> Bjzcje (rko. ?6;-1:1 v.Ibr.) ’ Cm`j`o ve` bk rjgc Guhe j` hk Wujhkdjgck Dkve`. 65-69 Burrjktk` ’ Qmdc he rm`h 6;>> v.Ibr. j` @mmrh-Lksmpmeljã dkkhk. Wk spreck` Burrjjsib. 5>2-5>: Jsgter ’ Bmmhomhj` ve` @j`kvkb, omhj` ve` hk mmrdmo k` fksibkrlvrmuw ve` hk cm`j`o. :, ;5, 19-18, 11, 5>2-5>:, 559-55;, 55?-552, 561 Jsreãd  ’ Cm`j`crjgc j` hk Wujhkdjgck Dkve` ussk` :95 k` ?66 v.Ibr. 6>-65, 6;, 86 Gksege ’ Kk` prmkk hjk wmrh ok`mklh j` bk Muhk Xkselk`. 6>, 69, 562 Gm`es ’ Kk` prmkk hjk wmrh ok`mklh j` bk Muhk Xkselk` k` j` hk Cmre`, k` hk `eel ve` kk` ve` hk fjgfkdfmkck`. Gm`es rkjs `eer @j`kvkb ml hk m`hkroe`o ve` hk seh k vkrcm`hjok`. M`hkrwko wmrh bjg hmmr kk` ormk vjs j`oksdjc k` ujokspuwh. 2, 65, 68-6:, 9;-91, 92, 89-88, 8:, ;;, 561, 562

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Guhe  ’ Cm`j`crjgc j` hk Wujhkdjgck Dkve`

ussk` :66 m ;21 v.Ibr. v.Ibr. 65, 69 Cbmsr ’ Wjgrjvjkr ve` hk Xjorjs hjk hwers hmmr @j`kvkb srmml. :, 8:-;>, ;6, 2;, 5>9 Cj`o, Dkm`erh _jddjel (521:-5:5:)  ’ Frjsk eribkmdmmo k` essyrjmdmmo. Bjg wkrck j` @j`kvkb ussk` 5:>9 k` 5:>;. 18 Cbmrsefeh ’ Bmmhseh ve` bk @jkuwEssyrjsibk rjgc k` jghk ve` cm`j`o Yerom` JJ (dek 2sk kkuw v.Ibr.). v.Ibr.). Hkzk seh (‒Amr ve` Yerom`‚) js `mmj eok fmuwh mlhe hk cm`j`o cm` j`o vmmrjghj vmmr jghjoo sjkr. sj kr. 2, 5>, 51, 82, ;5, ;;-;1, ;2-1>, 1?, 1:, ?2, 25, :>-:6, :?, 5>>, 59; Cuyu`gjc ’ Kk` ve` hk wkk `khkrzkj`osbkuvkds j` @j`kvkb. :-5>, 89-88, 8?-;9, ;;-;?, ;:-15, 19-18, 11, 1:, ?9, :?, 5>95>8, 55>-555, 561, 562, 591-59? Deibjsb ’ Muhk seh j` hk Wujhkdjgck Dkve`, okdkok` k` zujhk` ve` Gkruzedkl. Hk Essyrjsibk fkdkokrj`o ve` hkzk seh wmrh eokfkkdh mp kk` rkdjã j` bk Wujhwkspedkjs ve` Yk``eibkrjf. 2, 16, :9, 5>> Dewrk`ik, Dewrk`ik, Xbm les Khwerh (5222-5:9;)

’ Frjsk sibrjgvkr, eribkmdmmo k` ljdjejr. Bjg js fkkr fkck`h eds Dewrk`ik ve` Erefjã. ?> Deyerh, Eustk` Bk`ry (525?-52:8)  ’ Frjsk eribkmdmmo k` pmdjjius. Bjg js fkck`h hmmr zjg` mporevj`oswkrc j` @jlruh k` @j`kvkb. 56, 82 , ;>, ;1, ;2, 15-18, 1?, 1?, 1:, ?8 Dkve`t  ’   ’ Bjsmrjsib-okmorejsibk `eel vmmr bk wkskdjgck hkkd ve` bk Ljhhk`Mmsk`, hjrki k` mmsk` ve` hk Ljhhkdde`hsk Wkk. ?5, ??, :8, 5>>, 562 Dmatus, _jddjel Ck``ktb (529>-52;2)  ’ Frjsk okmdmmo k` eribkmdmmo. Bjg m`hkck hk muhk seh [ruc k` vmkrhk j` 52;8 mporevj`ok` uj j` @j`kvkb. 18

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Leddmwe`, Yjr Lex Khoer Duijk` (5:>85:?2) ’ Frjsk eribkmdmmo hjk j` 5:95-5:96

mporevj`ok` ujvmkrhk j` @j`kvkb, kibok`mm ve` Eoebe Ibrjsjk. 82, 11 Lkhk` ’ Kk` vmdc he ussk` ie. ?>> k` ;;> v.Ibr. j` Jre` wmm`hk. Yelk` lk m.e. hk Fefydm`jãrs vkr`jkjohk` zk @j`kvkb j` 156 v.Ibr. v.Ibr. 2, 55, 6;, 99-98, 9:, 86 ,55:-566 Lksmpmteljã ’ Okfjkh ussk` hk Xjorjs k` hk Kuree. Hk krl wmrh okfrujc j` kk` bjsmrjsibk im`kx. 65, 6:, 6:, 98, 9:, 85, 88, ;>, ;;, ;2, 1?, 1:, 1:, ?5, 2;-21, :6, :8-:;, 5>>, 5>8, 55>, 561, 562, 59> Lêspjde ’ Muhk `eel vmmr hk seh Lmsud j` @mmrh-Jrec. 96, 561-562 Ljhhk`-Mmstk` ’ Ee`hujhj`o vmmr hk bujhjok pmdjjkck rkojm hjk bk okfjkh mlve ve` @mmrh-Erjce m k` lk Eobe`jse`. :, 8?, 1?, ?>, :5, 569 Ljtte`j ’ Burrjjsib cm`j`crjgc j` @mmrhYyrjã k` @mmrh-Jrec. Fdmkjjgh wes ussk` 5;>> k` 56?; v.Ibr. v.Ibr. 5?, 5>: @efjgk Mmstk` ’ Okfjkh he bk bujhjok ^edksj`e, Jsreãd, Gmrhe`jã, Yyrjã, Djfe`m`, Xurcjgk, Jrec, Jre` k` bk Erefjsib sibjkrkjde`h mlve. Hk krl wmrh okfrujc j` kk` bjsmrjsibk im`kx. 5?, 86, ??-?:, :6, 5>?, 556, 56>, 569 @efu ’ Essyrjsibk k` Fefydm`jsibk omh ve` bk sibrj k` fkbkkrhkr ve` hk ‒Xefdkk` ve` Dm‚. 18, 11, 55?, 561 @ebul ’ Bk 98sk fmkc ve` hk Bkfrkkuwsk fjgfkd. Bk fkve kk` prmkjk mvkr hk m`hkroe`o ve` @j`kvkb. 68, 62, 9;, 569 @kfj Zu`us ’ Kk` ve` hk wkk `khkrzkj`osbkuvkds fj``k` hk Essyrjsibk lurk` ve` @j`kvkb. Qmdok`s jsdeljjsibk k` ibrjskdjgck rehjjks djo bjkr hk prmkk Gm`es fkorevk`. :-5>, 59, 88, 8:, ;>-;9, ;;, ;?, ;:-15, 18, ?9-?;, :?, :?, 5>:, 561, 562, 59;-59?

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@kmdjtbjiul (ie. 55.>>>-;5>> v.Ibr.) v.Ibr.) ’

^krjmhk okck`lkrc hmmr kib`jsibk k` smijedk vkre`hkrj`ok`, zmeds hk mvkroe`o ve` geok`-vkrzelkdk` `eer kk` selk`dkvj`o lk pkrle`k`k `khkrzktj`ok`. 5?, 5?, ?6 @kroed ’ Hk Essyrjsibk k` Fefydm`jsibk omh ve` hk m`hkrwkrkdh. 559, 552 @jkfubr, Ierstk` (5?99-525;) ’ Kk` Hujsk wjscu`hjok, iermoree k` rkjzjokr j` Hkk`sk hjk`s. 89-88 @jlruh ’ Fkde`orjgck muhk seh j` @mmrhJrec. Hk `khkrzkj`o wes fkwmm`h ussk` hk 5?hk kkuw k` 156 v.Ibr. v.Ibr. k` wkrh j` hk :hk kkuw jghk`s hk rkokrj`ospkrjmhk ve` cm`j`o Essur`esjrped JJ hk bmmhseh ve` bk @jkuw-Essyrjsibk rjgc. 2, 59, 51, 82, ;5, ;6, 15, 18, 1?, 1?, ?6, ?2, ?2 , 25-26, 28, 2?, :>, :?, 5>>-5>6, 55?, 59; @j`us ’ Hk lybjsibk sjibkr ve` hk seh @j`kvkb. 6:-96 Mttmlee`sk pkrjmhk (5;51-5:52) (5;51-5:52) ’ ^krjmhk weerj` bk Mmlee`sk rjgc ve`uj Xurcjgk mvkr ormk hkdk` ve` bk Ljhhk` Mmsk` rkokkrhk. 5?, ;1, 1?, 1?, ?>-?5, ?>-?5 , 561, 56:, 599 ^ertbjsibk pkrjmhk (68? v.Ibr.-968 v.Ibr.-968 `e Ibr.) ’ ^krjmhk weerj` hk ^erbk` mvkr

ormk hkdk` ve` bk Ljhhk`-Mmsk` rkokkrhk`. Wk werk` e cmlsjo uj Jre`. 5?, 5?, 85, 19-18, ?8-?;, 561, 595 ^krzjsibk rjgc (ie. ;;> v.Ibr.-1;5 `e Ibr.)

’ Kk` vkrzelkdj`o ve` hy`esjkã` j` Jre`, weerm`hkr hjk ve` hk Eibeklk`jhk`, ^erbk` k` Yesse`jhk`. 9>, 86, 569 Vessel, Ibrjstje` (52>2-52?6)  ’ Frjsk vjikim`sud j` Lmsud k` kk` ve` hk mporevkrs ve` @j`kvkb. Frmkr ve` Bmrluzh Vessel. 19 Vessel, Bmrluzh (5261-5:5>)  ’ Eribkmdmmo uj Lmsud lk kk` vmmrdjkhk vmmr eddks we Frjs wes. Bjg wes kk` ve` hk mporevkrs ve` @j`kvkb. 56, 5 6, 82, ;:, 191;, 1:, ?9

Vewdj`sm`, Yjr Bk`ry Irkswjick Irkswjick (525>52:;) ’ Frjsk eribkmdmmo, essyrjmdmmo k`

hjpdmlee. Bjg spkkdhk kk` fkde`orjgck rmd  fjg bk b k m`ijgkrk` m `ijgkrk` ve` bk b k spjgckrsib sp jgckrsibrj rj.. ;:, 19 Vjib, Ideuhjus Gelks (5?2?-526>) (5?2?-526>) ’ Frjsk rkjzjokr k` e`jquejr, k` kk` ve` hk kkrsk m`hkrzmkckrs ve` @j`kvkb. 56, 88-8;, ;;, 1?-12 Vmlkj`sk pkrjmhk (19 v.Ibr.-968 `e Ibr.)

’ ^krjmhk weerj` ormk hkdk` ve` bk Ljhhk`-Mmsk` m`hkr dkjhj`o sm`hk` ve` Vmlk. 5?, 98, 92-9:, 85-89, 561 Yerhe`epedus ’ Kk` jijkvk Essyrjsibk cm`j`o hjk veec okdjgcokskdh wmrh ee` hk @jkuw-Essyrjsibk @jkuw-Essyrjsibk cm`j`o Essurfe` jped. Qmdok`s hk cdessjkck cd essjkck djkreuur pdkkohk bjg zkdlmmrh jghk`s bk fkdko ve` @j`kvkb. 55, 6>, 6:, 96-98, 9?-8>, 569 Yerom` JJ (rko. ?65-ie. ?>; v.Ibr.)  ’ @jkuwEssyrjsibk cm`j`o hjk Cbmrsefeh eds bmmhseh ujcmms. Qmmrhe Qmmrhe hk seh e e  wes sjkr bjg mp bk sdeovkdh. 5>, 51, 9>, ?2, 25, :>-:9, 55>-555 Yesse`jhjsibk pkrjmhk (668-1;5 `e Ibr.) ’ ^krjmhk weerj` hk Yesse`jhk` bkkrsk` j` Jre`. Wk vkrsdmkok` hk ^erbk` j` 668 `e Ibr. 5?, 18, Ykdkuijhk`rjgc ’ Vjgc oksjib rm`h 955 v.Ibr. hmmr cm`j`o Ykdkuius J @jiemr, kk` ve` hk ok`kreeds ve` Edkxe`hkr hk Ormk. Bk rjgc fksdmko ormk hkdk` ve` bk Ljhhk`-Mmsk`. 561 Ykdkuijhjsibk pkrj mhk (955-19 v.Ibr.) v.Ibr.) ’ ^krjmhk weerj` hk Ykdkuijhk` hk leib behhk` j` bk Ljhhk`-Mmsk`. Bk werk` `ecmlkdj`ok` ve` bk Leikhm`jsibk rjgc ve` Edkxe`hkr hk Ormk. 5? Ykljreljs ’ Ajijkvk Essyrjsibk cm`j`oj`, fkck`h uj hk cdessjkck djkreuur. Wk wmrh veec okdjgcokskdh lk Yellurele, hk kibok`mk ve` cm`j`o Ygelsgj-Eheh Q. 95-96, 91

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Yk``eibkrjf (rko. ie. ?>;-125 v.Ibr.)

[r ’ Yeh j` Wujh-Lksmpmeljã.

’ @jkuw-Essyrjsibk cm`j`o hjk ve` @j`kvkb hk `jkuwk bmmhseh leeck. 2, 5>-55, 51, 69, 9>, 88-8;, 82-8:, ;5-;6, 15, 18, ?9-?;, ?2, 25, 29-28, :>-:9, :?, ::-5>>, 5>6-5>1, 55>-555, 55?, 566-569, 59;, 59?, Ybkrdky, Yjr E`tbm`y (5;1;-519;) ’ Kk` Frjsk rkjzjokr. 89 Yjfjttj ’ Kk` ormkp ve` zkvk` crjgosomhk` j` Lksmpmeljã. ?;, 55? Yj` ’ Hk Lksmpmeljsibk lee`omh. 55?-552 Yj`-sgerru-jsgcu` (rko. 169-156 v.Ibr.) ’ Deesk Essyrjsibk cm`j`o hjk j` @j`kvkb rkokkrhk. Bjg vm`h hk hmmh jghk`s hk vkrwmksj`o ve` zjg` bmmhseh. 51, 55:, 569 Ygelesg ’ Hk zm``komh j` Essyrjã k` Fefydm`jã. 559, 55?-552 Yljtb, Okmrok (528>-52?1) ’ Frjsk essyrjmdmmo k` m`hkcckr ve` bk Ojdoelksgkpms. Kk` ve` hk mporevkrs ve` @j`kvkb. 18, 556 Ymklkr ’ @eel ve` kk` rjgc uj bk 8hk k` 9hk ljddk``jul v.Ibr. j` WujhLksmpmeljã. 91, 5>?-5>2, 55> Ytrm`eib, Hevjh (5:95-) ’ Yibmsk eribkmdmmo hjk vmmr hk [`jvkrsjy m Iedjmr`je mporevj`ok` vkrrjibk j` @j`kvkb. 82, ?8 Yuse ’ Bmmhseh ve` bk Kdeljjsibk rjgc, okdkok` j` _ks-Jre`. _ks-Jre`. 566

Eribkmdmok` bkffk` bjkr fkwm`j`osrksk` okvm`hk` uj hk pkrjmhk ve` 8>>> m ;9; v.Ibr. 5>2, 55> [r JJJ-pkrjmhk (ie. 655>-6>>6 v.Ibr.) v.Ibr.)  ’ ^krjmhk weerj` hk Ymklkrjsibk hy`esjk ve` hk seh [r hk fkde`orjgcsk leib wes j` Wujh-Lksmpmeljã. 5? [rertu  ’ Muh cm`j`crjgc j` ik`reed Xurcjgk, rm`h bk lkkr Qe`. Fdmkjjgh wes ussk` 21> k` ;2; v.Ibr. v.Ibr. 2, ;6, 2? [ruc ’ @khkrzkj`o j` Wujh-Lksmpmeljã mp hk mmskdjgck mkvkr ve` hk Kuree. Eribkmdmok` bkffk` fkwm`j`osrksk` okvm`hk` ve` 8>>> 8 >>> v.Ibr. v.Ibr. m 8;> `e Ibr. 5?, 556 [ruc-pkrjmhk (ie. 86>>-95>> v.Ibr.)  ’ ^krjmhk hjk js ok`mklh `eer hk seh [ruc k` wkrh okck`lkrc hmmr hk m`wjcckdj`o ve` skhk` k` bk sibrj j` WujhLksmpmeljã. 21, 5>?-5>2 _etts, Okmrok Arkhkrji (525?-5:>8)  ’ Kk` K`okdsk cu`ssibjdhkr k` fkkdhbmuwkr. Wjg` sibjdhkrjg  Gm`eb  js okí`spjrkkrh mp hk Essyrjsibk fkkdhbmuwcu`s. 8>

Xbmlpsm`, Vkoj`edh Ielpfkdd (52?15:85) ’ Kk` Frjsk eribkmdmmo k` essyrjm-

dmmo. Kk` ve` hk mporevkrs ve` @j`kvkb. 82, 18, 11 Xjodet-^jdkskr JJJ (rko. ?8;-?6? v.Ibr.) ’ @jkuw-Essyrjsibk @jkuw-Essyrjsibk cm`j`o. Bjg rkokkrhk ve`uj @jlruh k` wes kk` ve` hk suiiksvmdsk ljdjejrk k` pmdjjkck dkjhkrs ve` bk rjgc. 51, :> Xjorjs ’ Kk` ve` hk ormmsk k` fkde`orjgcsk rjvjkrk` j` bk Ljhhk`-Mmsk` (5:>> cjdmlkkr). 2-:, 56, 96, 91, 9:, 89, 8:-;9, ;?, ;?, ;:, 1:, ?2, 2>-26, 2;, 5>9, 561-56:

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_mmddky, Yjr Iberdks Dkm`erh (522>-5:1>)

’ Frjsk eribkmdmmo. Bjg vkrwjkr eel lk hk m`hkccj`o ve` hk cm`j`osorevk` ve` [r. ?> Rk`mpbm` (ie. 89>-9;; v.Ibr.)  ’ Kk` Muhorjkcsk sibrjgvkr k` eukur ve` m`hkr e`hkrk hk E`efesjs . 55, 96, 561-56?, 59> Wef, Ormtk ’ Kk` rjvjkr hjk m`sprj`o j` Xurcjgk k` jks k` zujhk` ve` Lmsud j` hk Xjorjs ujlm`h. 25-26

Duies ^ktjt k` He`jkdk Lmre`hj Fm`eimssj (rkh.)

—_kd, wet @j`kvkb fktrka, sibjppkr sibjppk r, het js de`o okdkhk` okdkhk ` wkookveeoh. Eddk spmrk`  zjg` vkrhwk`k` k` bkt js m`lmokdjgc tk rehk` weer bkt deo.“ deo.“ ’ Duije`us @j`kvkb, hk leibtjok bmmahsteh bmmahsteh ve` bkt Essyrjsibk Essyrj sibk rjgc, aesij`kkrhk aesij `kkrhk cdessjkck k` mmstkrsk sibrjgvkrs, rkjzjokrs k` oksibjkhcu`hjok` sj`hs hk vkrwmkstj`o j` 156 vmmr Ibrjstus. Wjg sibktsk` kk` jllk`sk, hjibtfkvmdctk hjibtfkvmdctk steh lkt :> cjdmlktkr de`ok stehslurk`, preibtjok pedkjzk` k` cmdmssedk ste`hfkkdhk` ve` omuh. Yj`hs 5286 m`hkrzmkck` eribkmdmok` hk ruí`ks ve` @j`kvkb, hjk okdkok` zjg` ee` hk mmstkdjgck mkvkrs ve` hk Xjor js, vdecfjg hk lmhkr`k steh Lmsud j` Jrec. Jr ec. Hk bm`hkrhhujzk`hk` mfgkitk` hjk j`tussk` zjg` mpokorevk` vkrtkddk` kk` j`trjokrk`h vkrbeed mvkr dkvk` k` hmmh j` kk` Lksmpmteljsibk steh. Hjt fmkc im`ik`trkkrt zjib mp hk fdmkjpkrjmhk ve` @j`kvkb j` hk zkvk`hk kkuw vmmr Ibrjstus, Ibrj stus, hk cdessjkck k` rkdjojkuzk frm``k`, k` hk evm`turk` ve` rkjzjokrs k` eribkmdmok`. Heerfjg js kr e e`heibt vmmr bkt letkrjãdk kraomkh ve` hk steh, het mmc tkok`wmmrhjo tkok`wmmrhjo wmrht fkhrkjoh. Hk eutkurs zjg` tmm`ee`okvk`hk spkijedjstk` j` bu` vecokfjkh k` wkrczeel fjg fj``k`- k` fujtk`de`hsk fujtk`de `hsk wktk`sibeppkdjgck j`stkddj`ok`, weerm`hkr hk u`jvkrsjtkjtk` u`jvkrsjtkjtk` ve` Dkjhk`, D kjhk`, [hj`k, Berverh, Mxamrh Mx amrh k` Ielfrjhok. Hkzk pufdjietjk vkrsibkk` `eer ee`dkjhj`o ve` hk tk`tmm`stkddj`o tk`tmm`stk ddj`o ‒@j`kvkb, ‒@j `kvkb, bmmahsteh bmmahsteh ve` kk` wkrkdhrjgc‚ j` bkt Vjgcsluskul ve` Muhbkhk`.

Yjhkstm`k ^rkss JYF@7 JYF@7 :?2-:>-22:>-;81-: