9 the Lighting Handbook - Zumtobel !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

The Lighting Handbook

Your concise reference book – always ready to hand.

Chapter 1

Lighting technology and lighting application Chapter 2

Standard values for indoor and outdoor lighting Based on the new European standards Chapter 3

Products Chapter 4

Lamps and ballasts Chapter 5

Lighting and room management Chapter 6

Quickplan – calculating the n° of lum. required Chapter 7

Technical information Chapter 8

Checklists Chapter 9

Services Chapter 10

Notes

Imprint: For questions and suggestions on the “The Lighting Handbook”:

2nd edition, revised and updated, December 2008

The Lighting Handbook

Zumtobel Lighting GmbH Schweizer Strasse 30 Postfach 72 6851 Dornbirn, AUSTRIA T +43/(0)5572/390-0 F +43/(0)5572/22 826

Chapter 1

Lighting technology and lighting application What is light? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2–3

Basic parameters used in lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Luminous flux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Luminous intensity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Illuminance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Luminance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Traditional quality characteristics of lighting . . . . . . . . The right light – traditional and new quality criteria . Illuminance – definition of terminology . . . . . . . . . . Glare – glare limitation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Light colour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Colour rendition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Measuring illuminance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lighting technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Types of lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lighting concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Humanergy Balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Comprehensive assessment of lighting quality (ELI) . . . Visual performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vista . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Visual comfort . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Empowerment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calculation of energy efficiency (LENI) . . . . . . . . . . . .

4–5 4 5 5 5 6–8 6 6–7 7 8 8 9 10 – 11 12 – 13 14 – 15 16 16 – 18 17 17 17 18 18 19

What is light? Light is that part of the electromagnetic spectrum that is perceived by our eyes.

What is light?

What does the human eye see?

Wavelength [m] 10-10

Gamma rays

Relative spectral brightness perception

X-rays

1.0

Ultraviolet

0.8

Visible light

Night

Day

0.6

-5

10

0.4 Infrared Microwaves

100

Television, VSW Medium wave

105

0.2 350 450 550 650 750 Wavelength [nm] Wavelength [m]

Radio waves

The Lighting Handbook

By day we see in colour, while at night we can only see in shades of grey.

Light has a triple effect: – Light for visual functions – llumination of task area in conformity with relevant standards – glare-free and convenient – Light creating biological effects – Supporting people’s biological rhythms – Stimulating and motivating

The Lighting Handbook

– Light for emotional perception – Pleasant lighting enhancing the interior design – Makes people relax and feel at ease

Chapter 1 / 3

Basic parameters used in lighting Luminous flux – Luminous intensity – Illuminance – Luminance

Luminous flux q

I=

q

E=

q

Lumen [lm] Luminous intensity I

Illuminance E

Candela [lm/sr]=[cd]

Lux [lm/m2]=[lx] Luminance L L=

L=

[lm/(sr*m2)]=[cd/m2]

Luminous flux The luminous flux describes the quantity of light emitted by a light source. The luminous efficiency is the ratio of the luminous flux to the electrical power consumed (lm/W). It is a measure of a lamp’s economic efficiency.

4 / Chapter 1

Abbreviation: Unit:

q lm

Phi Lumen

The Lighting Handbook

solid angle into which luminous flux is emitted area hit by luminous flux visible areas of light source reflectance of area 3.14 for diffuse surface areas

Luminous intensity The luminous intensity describes the quantity of light that is radiated in a particular direction. This is a useful measurement for directive lighting elements such as reflectors. It is represented by the luminous intensity distribution curve (LDC).

Abbreviation: Unit:

P cd

Candela

Illuminance Illuminance describes the quantity of luminous flux falling on a surface. It decreases by the square of the distance (inverse square law). Relevant standards specify the required illuminance (e.g. EN 12464 “Lighting of indoor workplaces”).

Abbreviation: Unit:

E lx

Lux

Abbreviation: Unit:

L cd/m2

Illuminance: (lm) E(lx) = luminous flux 2 area (m )

The Lighting Handbook

Luminance Luminance is the only basic lighting parameter that is perceived by the eye. It specifies the brightness of a surface and is essentially dependent on its reflectance (finish and colour).

Chapter 1 / 5

Traditional quality characteristics of lighting The right light – traditional and new quality criteria T R A D I T I O N A L

N E W

Harmonious brightness distribution Sufficient illumination level

Glare limitation Avoidance of reflections

Good modelling Correct light colour Appropriate colour rendition

Quality criteria Changing lighting situations

Energy efficiency Daylight integration

Personal control

Light as an interior design element

Illuminance – definition of terminology Each term corresponds to the new European standards (see Chapter 2 / 2). Illuminance maintenance value E m: value that the illuminance level must not fall below in the visual task area. Visual task area: illuminance levels are specified for specific visual tasks and are designed for the area in which these may take place. If the precise location is not known, then the whole room or a specific working area is used to define it. The visual task area may be a horizontal, vertical or inclined plane.

Maintenance factor: the initial value multiplied by the maintenance factor gives the illuminance maintenance value. The maintenance factor accounts for the reduction in luminous flux from lamps, luminaires and room surfaces in the installation, and can be determined on a case-by-case basis. The maintenance schedule (the cleaning and maintenance intervals for the lamps and installation) must be documented. See also Chapter 8 / 22 on “Economic efficiency calculation”.

6 / Chapter 1

The Lighting Handbook

Area immediately surrounding the visual task area: here illuminance may be one level lower than in the visual task area (e.g. 300 lx to 500 lx).

Relative illuminance (%) initial value

150 125 100

maintenance value

75 50 25

operating time Maintenance value = maintenance factor x initial value Glare – glare limitation

– luminaires with limited luminance levels – blinds

cause

The Lighting Handbook

– loss of concentration – more frequent mistakes – fatigue

– reflective surfaces – incorrect luminaire arrangement – incorrect workstation position

effect

– luminaires without glare control – very bright surfaces

Reflected glare

– loss of concentration – more frequent mistakes – fatigue

remedy

Direct glare

– matching luminaire to workstation (layout) – indirect lighting – matt surfaces

Chapter 1 / 7

Light colour The light colour describes the colour appearance of the light. Colour temperature Appearance

Association

ww

up to 3,300 K

reddish

warm

nw

3,300 K – 5,300 K

white

intermediate

tw

above 5,300 K

blue-ish

cool

Ww = warm white, nw = intermediate, tw = cool white

The light colour sets the underlying mood of the room! Colour rendition Colour rendition index Ra ≥ 90 80–89 70–79 60–69 40–59 20–39 Daylight Incandescent lamp Compact fluorescent lamp Fluorescent lamp Mercury vapour highpressure lamp Metal halide lamp Sodium vapour highpressure lamp

Application examples (minimum requirements for Ra): Ra ≥ 90: colour inspection Ra 80 – 89: offices Ra 70 – 79: electronics industry

Ra 60–69: assembly work Ra 40–59: fabrication shop Ra 20–39: warehouses

Display format on fluorescent lamps Example 840: 8

40

Ra ≥ 80

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The Lighting Handbook

Colour temperature 4,000 K (nw)

Measuring illuminance Mean illuminance is the arithmetic mean of the point brilliance levels measured with a luxmeter in a defined grid, under precisely specified conditions. Measuring instruments: description and precision – L: maximum precision, tolerance 3% – A: high precision, tolerance 5% – B: average precision; tolerance 10% (minimum requirement) Measuring conditions – avoid external light/daylight (measure separately and subtract) – check mains voltage and ambient temperature – use new, burnt-in lamps (discharge lamps 100 h) Measuring grid and measuring level – workplaces = 0.75 m; sports facilities (floor) = 0.03 m – circulation areas, stairs, car parks (floor) = 0.03 m – cylindrical illuminance = 1.2 m – measuring grid: congruent triangles; approx. 1 m distance – measuring grid not congruent with arrangement grid

The Lighting Handbook

Size of measuring field 1m 5m 10 m 50 m 100 m

Grid element spacing 0.2 m 0.5 m 1.0 m 3.0 m 5.0 m

Chapter 1 / 9

Lighting technology Under the new European standard for interior workplace lighting, EN 12464, (psychological) glare is assessed by the unified glare rating method (UGR), which is based on a formula for glare. It takes account of all the luminaires in a system contributing to the sensation of glare. UGR tables derived from this formula are provided by the manufacturers for glare rating. The Quickplan tables in Chapter 6 and the lighting catalogues contain reference values for specific room sizes.

(

UGR = 8 log 0.25 Lb (1)

 LP 2

2

(2)

)

The UGR method takes account of all the luminaires in the system that contribute to the glare sensation (2) as well as the brightness of walls and ceilings (1). It produces a UGR index. The two methods – the one set out in DIN 5035 and the one defined in EN 12464 – produce comparable results.

≤ 16 ≤ 19 ≤ 22 ≤ 25 ≤ 28

Technical drawing Reading, writing, training, meetings, computer-based work Craft and light industries Heavy industry Railway platforms, foyers

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The Lighting Handbook

UGR limits (UGRL), that must not be exceeded:

3 4

1

a hs 2

8 6 4 3

45°

55°

65°

 = 85°



75°

8 103

2

3 4 5 6 8 104 2 Luminance L in cd/m2

A 85°

Quality class for nominal illuminance (lx) 1000 750 500