9. Paradigm Shift_Genap_2014-2015_TP.pptx

Program Studi  Studi Teknik  Teknik  Perminyakan  Perminyakan FakultasTeknologi  Fakultas Teknologi  Kebumian dan  Kebumian dan Energi   Energi  UniversitasTrisakti  Universitas Trisakti 

Dr. Ir. Eko Widiant Widianto, o, MT  Semester Genap Genap_201 _2014 4 - 201 5

LECTURE MATERIALS 1

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INTRODUCTION: Definition, Level Petroleum Investigation, Role of Geophysical Methods

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Fundamental Fundamental of Seismic Method

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Seismic Acquisition

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Seismic Processing

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Seismic Structural Interpretation

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Seismic Stratigraphic Interpretation

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Seismic Interpretation Exercise (2X)

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Review of Gravity Method

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Paradigm Shift in Gravity Data Utilization

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Gravity data analysis for Oil and Gas Exploration

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Gravity Data analysis for Reservoir Monitoring

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Resources Classification System

Play

1st 2nd 3rd 4th

• EXPLORATION • DELINEATION • DEVELOPMENT • PRODUCTION

Frequently used of geophysical methods for surface recording and typical application Geophysical method

Physical property measured

Typical applications

Comment on applicability

Seismology

Seismic wave velocity, seismic impedance contrast, attenuation, anisotropy

Delineation of stratigraphy and structures in petroleum exploration

Exploration seismology is the most widely used geophysical method in petroleum exploration.

Gravity Surveys

Rock density contrast

Reconnaissance of largescale density anomalies in petroleum and mineral exploration

Gravity survey are generally less expensive but have less resolving power than seismic exploration.

Magnetic susceptibility

Reconnaissance of the crustal magnetic properties, especially for determination of basement features

Aeromagnetic surveys are widely used in both petroleum and mining application for determining large, deep structure.

Mineral exploration

These methods are used most frequently in mining exploration and well logging (resistivity, SP, and induction log)

Magnetic Surveys

or the rock’s intrinsic

magnetization

Electrical and electromagnetic surveys

Rock resistivity, capacitance, and inductance properties

GRAVITY AND MAGNETIC ANALYSIS CAN ADDRESS VARIOUS PETROLEUM ISSUES (1)

ISSUE   

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GRAVITY & MAGNETIC TASK

Source Rock Deposition Where were the source rocks deposited? How deep are the source rocks? Source Maturation Where are the cooking pots and fetch areas? What is the present-day heat influx into the basin and how much dose it vary? What is the thickness of the crust? What is the overburden? “

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Hydrocarbon Migration How much relief is there on the basement? What are the shape of the cooking pots ?  Are major vertical conduits near surface areas?  Are major lineations present and how do they relate with more recent geologic features? “

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INTEGRATED WITH

Depth to magnetic basement Regional basin enhancements

Seismic data Regional geology

Depth to magnetic basement Isostatic residual Sediment thickness Depth versus density modeling Regional structural modeling Curie point (regional heat flow) Delineation of volcanic

Seismic data Well data Density and Velocity data Heat-flow data

Magnetic inversion Depth to magnetic basement  Vertical fault identification Gradient analysis Regional depocenter and sediment path enhancement

Well and outcrop data Topography Remote sensing Seismic data Sequence stratigraphic analysis Seismicity

GRAVITY AND MAGNETIC ANALYSIS CAN ADDRESS VARIOUS PETROLEUM ISSUES (2)

ISSUE Reservoir Prediction Where are the thickest sediment? Where are the highest sand probability? Where was the sources of sedimentation? What is the influence of tectonic on deposition? Have the sediment depocenters shifted over time? What is the compaction history of the sediments? Do the sands have lateral continuity and connectivity? Trap Where are the major structures? What is the structural grain?  Are faults in the sedimentary section?  Are lateral porosity changes present?

GRAVITY & MAGNETIC TASK

INTEGRATED WITH

Depocenter and sediment path enhancement. Integrated basin modeling Density inversion Provenance (magnetic lithology) determination Sedimentary magnetic analysis Paleomagnetic analysis Integrated velocity analysis (2-D and 3-D)

Seismic data

Residuals and enhancements 2-D/3-D structural/stratigraphic modeling Fault identification – gradient analysis Structural inversion Density inversion

Seismic data Outcrop information Topography Remote sensing Seismicity

Lithology data (outcrop and well) Sequence stratigraphic analysis Biostratigraphic data

Development and Production Phases: Problem statement 

1. How we can build reservoir model accurately? 2. How we can monitor and image the dynamic properties of reservoir until field termination? 3. How we can optimize production? 4. How we can improve the Recovery Factor?

What reservoir properties do we want to predict? The critical reservoir characteristic Static properties:  1. Fluid phase (oil and gas percent)

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Areal extent of the trap Depth Thickness Compartmentalization Reservoir net to gross Porosity

Dynamic properties:  1. Well deliverability 2. Reservoir connectivity 3. Permeability 4. Pressure change 5. Phase change 6. Reservoir compaction

Multi-diciplin approach for reservoir model Geomechanical Data

Fluid Data

Fluid Model

Geomechanical Model

Petrophysical Data

Production Logging Data

Petrophysical

Production Logging Model

  Model

Geochemical Data

Geochemical Model

RESERVOIR  RESERVOIR  MODEL MODEL

Geophysical Model

 

Tracer Model

Well test Model Geological Model Well test Data

Geophysical Data Geological Data

Tracer Data

Data Process ing A lg orithm Phys ical Properties E xtraction R es ervoir Monitoring Technolog y  Data Vis ualization Integ ration of Dicipline

Project phase 1) Exploration

Critical subsurface information  

Proven Petroleum System and Play Resources information

Technology Involvement   

2) Delineation

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Total hydrocarbon volume  Areal limits of petroleum reservoir Deliverability

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3) Development

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Compartmentalization Exact locations of development wells

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4) Production

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Hydrocarbon saturation and pressure changes Flow restrictions and channeling

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Geophysics Geology Concept Drilling Geophysics Geology Concept Drilling Reservoir Geophysics Development Geology Drilling Reservoir Production Reservoir Geophysics

Some aspects which drive gravity utilization Improve R ecovery Factor   Hardware / Ins trumentation   Multi Dicipline A pproach  E fficient Time Laps e Technolog y for R es ervoir Monitoring  Problems in G eophys ical A cquis ition due to G eolog ical conditions   S ocial Problem 

PLAY IDENTIFICATION

TACTICS

Regional reconnaissance Petroleum system analysis

PROSPECT CAPTURE

Prospect identification and risk assessment Lease and G&G acquisition

Play analysis Establishing exploration focus and G&G expenditure

Tectonostratigraphic framework  Basin Modeling

PROSPECT EVALUATION

Prospect Risk reduction Drill-site decision (less complex prospect)

RESOURCES APPRAISAL

 Asset delineation and development Drill-site decision ( complex imaging)

RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT

Reservoir performance monitoring Enhance recovery

USE HIGHER RESOLUTION MAGNETIC DATA PLAY IDENTIFICATION

PROSPECT CAPTURE

PROSPECT EVALUATION

RESOURCES APPRAISAL

MAGNETIC UTILIZATION

Regional depth to magnetic basement Regional tectonic analysis Euler deconvolution Curie point analysis

Detailed basement Detailed, integrated interpretation 2D/3D modelingDetailed fault and faulting, basement lineament analysis structure, volcanic, Delineation of salt edges, and volcanics, salt, sediment timing and  “Depth slicing” and shale lineament analysis Sedimentary magnetic analysis

Detailed 2D / 3D modeling inversion Integrated depth migration (preor postack) Magnetostartigraphy

MAGNETIC RESOLUTION REQUIRED *

20 km spacing 5 – 8 km grid 1 – 5 nT Continental grids, older surveys

2 – 5 km spacing 1 - 2 km grid 0.5 – 2 nT Modern digital surveys, marine surveys, digitized older analog surveys

0.25 – 0.5 km spacing 0.1 – 0.5 nT High-resolution, low-altitude surveys Borehole magnetometer

0.5 - 1 km spacing 0.1 – 0.5 nT High-resolution, lowaltitude surveys

RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT

None published

* Typical required resolution; needs to be tailored to source depth and signal strength Gibson, R.I. & Millegan, P.S.; 1998

THE PARADIGM SHIFT IN GRAVITY DATA UTILIZATION BY USING THE HIGHER RESOLUTION OF GRAVITY DATA GRAVITY DATA

GRAVITY UTILIZATION

GRAVITY RESOLUTION REQUIRED *

PLAY IDENTIFICATION

PROSPECT CAPTURE

PROSPECT EVALUATION

RESOURCES APPRAISAL

RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT

Isostatic residual Regional tectonic analisis Basin and depocenter enhancement Regional modeling Digital data integration (with remote sensing, etc)

Semiregional structural / stratiigraphic modeling Target-spesific enhancements Layer stripping for improved delineation of exploration targets Sensitivity studies tied to density and lithology

Detailed, integrated 2D / 3D modeling (with seismic horizons, density, and velocity information) Porosity / pressure prediction Salt edge / base determination Enhanced velocity analysis

Integrated 3D rock properties and velocity modeling Integrated depth migration (pre-or poststack) Borehole gravityremote porosity detection Detection of shallow hazards

Integrated reservoir characterization

1 – 5 mGal 2 – 20 km wavelength Continental grids, satelite gravity, airborne gravity

0.2 – 1 mGal 1 – 5 km wavelength Conventional marine and land surveys

0.1 – 0.5 mGal 0.5 – 2 km wavelength High-resolution land and marine surveys

0.1 – 0.5 mGal 0.2 – 1 km wavelength 0.01 – 0.005 mGal (borehole) High-resolution land, marine, and gradiometer surveys

0.02 – 0.1 mGal 1 – 5 years

Modified from Gibson, R.I. & Millegan, P.S.; 1998

Borehole gravity

Time-lapse precision gravity , including for Carbon Storage Monitoring

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Regional Study

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Leads and Prospect Generation

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Drillable Prospect Generation

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Drilling

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Plan of Development

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Reservoir Monitoring

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Gravity, Magnetic, 2D Seismic

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2D or 3D Seismic

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2D or 3D Seismic

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Borehole Seismic (Checkshot, VSP) 3D Seismic Reflection, Resistivity

Time lapse Geophysics (4D Gravity, 4D Seismic)